Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bryant Mather
Chairman
Richard W. Kriner
Chairman
deg C
15 25 35
40 5 0 6 0 70 8 0 9 0
Air temperature, deg F
Fig. 1-Effect of concrete and air temperatures, relative humidity, and wind velocity on the rate of evaporation of surface
moisture from concrete. This chart provides a graphic method of estimating the loss of surface moisture for various weather
conditions. To use the chart, follow the four steps outlined above. When the evaporation rate exceeds 0.2 (1.0
measures shall be taken to prevent excessive moisture loss from the surface of unhardened concrete; when the
rate exceeds 0.1 (0.5 such measures may be needed. When excessive moisture loss is not prevented, plastic
shrinkage cracking is likely to occur
equal to those obtained at 28 days of curing at 70 F (21 The temperature of the concrete during its early
C). However, autoclaving is a special case, since at such stages is affected by various factors such as: the ambient
elevated temperatures and pressures there are chemical temperature, the absorption of solar heat, the hea t re-
reactions which produce products that are not formed at leased by the hydration of the cement, and the initial
lower temperatures (see 1.3.2.6). Methods of accelerated temperature of the materials. Evaporation of mixing or
curing of concrete compression test specimens are given curing water at the surface of the concrete can produce
in ASTM C 684 (1.3.1.11). a significant cooling effect, which is beneficial as long as
308-4 ACI STANDARD
porarily stopped but bleeding may continue resulting in 2.7-Low-pressure (or atmospheric-pressure) steam
map cracking of the membrane film, requirin g reap- curing
plication of the curing compound. In some highway work, Low-pressure or atmospheric-pressure steam curing is
the applicable specifications may allow water-soluble covered in detail in ACI Standard 517 (1.3.2.7). Atmo-
linseed-oil base membrane-forming compounds t o be ap- spheric-pressure steam curing is commonly used in the
plied before the water sheen has gone. When forms are manufacturing of concrete product s to accelerate early
removed, the exposed concrete surface should be wet strength development.
with water immediately and kept moist until the curing
compound is applied. Just prior to application, the 2.8-Evaluation of curing procedures
concrete should be allowed to reach a uniformly damp ASTM C 156 (1.3.1.6) may be used for comparing the
appearance with no free water on the surface and then water-retention effectiveness of concrete curing mater-
application of the compound should be begun at once. ials.* Maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content by
Pigmented compounds must be stirred to assure even dis- direct application of water, either by spraying, ponding,
tribution of the pigment during application, unless the or wet covers, has often been stated to be the ideal
formulation contains a thixotropic agent to prevent method. Such methods are satisfactory only so long as
settlement. the presence of water is continuous and the concrete
does not dry out to such a degree that the development
2.4-Cold-weather protection and curing of desired properties is prevented. Intermittent wetting,
In cold weather concrete should be cured and pro- especially after an initial 2 or 3 days of satisfactory
tected from freezing in accordance wit h ACI Committee curing, will allow continued strength gain although not as
306 (1.3.2.4). Although concrete exposed to cold weather rapid as continuous curing. Intermittent curing during
is not likely to dry at an undesirable rate, particular early stages of curing is likely to result in surface cracks
attention should be given to maintaining satisfactory and reduced service durability.
moisture in concrete that is undergoing the protection The efficiency of curing with plastic or reinforced
required by ACI 306. Concrete should be protected from paper sheets depends on the extent to which they seal
freezing at least until it develops a compressive strength water in, or are in contact with the concrete. Any leakage
of 500 psi (3.4 MPa); nonair-entrained concrete should at the edges or joints between the sheets, or through
never be allowed to freeze and thaw in a saturated tears or pin holes will reduce the efficiency. The same is
condition. Air-entrained concrete should not be allowed true for liquid membrane-forming compounds, if the ap-
to freeze and thaw in a saturated condition before plication is not uniform or not at the proper rate; loss of
developing a compressive strength of 3500 psi (2 4 MPa). moisture through thin or uncovered spots reduces the
These factors should be considered especially for curing efficiency. Also, if the application is delayed too
concrete placed late in the fall. long there may be substantial water loss before the sur-
face is sealed.
It is not always possible to determine the degree of
2.5-Hot-weather curing
curing efficiency since the atmospheric conditions during
Concrete should be cured in hot weather in ac-
the time of curing play a major role in curing. During
cordance with the provisions of the report o f ACI
rainy or foggy weather little or no effort is needed to
Committee 305 (1.3.2.3.). Since hot weather leads to
achieve curing, although protection of the surface against
more rapid drying of concrete, protection and curing are
washout or erosion in heavy rainfall may be needed. For
critical. Water curing, if used, should be continuous to
a very low humidity environment particular care should
avoid volume changes due to alternate wetting and be taken to prevent excessive moisture loss from the con-
drying. The need for adequate continuous curing is
crete.
greatest during the first few days after placement of
concrete in hot weather. During hot weather, provided 2.9-Criteria for effectiveness of curing
favorable moisture conditions are continuously main- 2.9.1 General-Curing will be effective, by definition,
tained, concrete may attain a high degree of maturity in if the moisture content and temperature that were main-
a very short time. tained allowed the desired levels of concrete properties
to develop and prevented the undesirable cracking, dust-
2.6-High-pressure steam curing ing, scaling, and crazing that can resul t from failure to do
High-pressure steam curing, or autoclaving is covered so. Such consequences, if the result of improper curing,
in detail in the report prepared by ACI Committee 516 usually are caused by failure to maintain a satisfactory
(1.3.2.6). This curing process is used in the production of moisture content in the concrete immediately adjacent to
some concrete masonry units, asbestos-cement pipe, and surfaces. Therefore, this Chapter has primarily dealt with
lightweight cellular concrete. Products made with ap- methods and materials for preventing concrete surfaces
propriate mixtures and cured by autoclaving are char-
*See also Carrier, R E., Turing Materials, Chapter 44 of Significance Tests
acterized by reduced drying shrinkage and increased
l
and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, ASTM STP 169B, 1978,
sulfate resistance. pp. 774-786 with 9 references.
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR CURING CONCRETE 308-9
Studies have shown that the transformation is concrete to excessive variations in temperature. If stresses
reasonably correct when adequate information is avail- due to variations in temperature excee d tensile strength,
able about the concrete mixture, moisture loss does not cracking of the slabs will occur. The selected method of
occur from the concrete, air temperatures are not ex- curing will affect the variation in temperature of the
treme, and the concrete temperature remains relatively concrete; therefore curing methods should be selected to
constant. The following information must be available in minimize early variations in temperature under condi-
order that an estimate of the in-place concrete strength tions normally encountered.
can be made: a) The strength-time relationship of the 3.1.2 Curing procedures- If needed in order to main-
concrete under standard laboratory conditions; b) A tain a satisfactory moisture content and temperature, the
time-temperature record of the in-place concrete. These entire surface of the newly placed concrete should be
may be obtained by use of expendable thermistors or treated in accordance with one of the water curing or
thermocouples cast at varying depths in the concrete. The sealing methods described in Chapter 2 or a combination
location giving the lowest values should be the source of thereof, beginning after finishing operations have been
the temperatures used in the computations. completed and as soon as marring of the concrete will
Other properties of concrete, such as the degree of not occur.
permeability, resistance to abrasion, resistance to freezing Under usual placing conditions either sealing materials
and thawing, and resistance to sulfate attack, are also or continuous curing under wet burlap, cotton mats, rugs,
improved by curing. Consequently, curing beyond that or other similar material may be used.
needed to develop a certain strength is often desirable. If plastic shrinkage cracking starts to develop, the
It should not be surprising that the length of curing concrete should be initially cured by fog spraying (Sec-
prescribed for different types of concrete varies. In each tion 2.2.2), sprayed with an evaporation retarding com-
instance, the recommended length of curing is based on pound, covered with pre-soaked burlap or cotton mats,
what is practical and yet sufficient. or measures taken to reduce the effective temperature or
wind velocity or both. Exposed surfaces of the slab
2.10-Minimum curing requirements should be entirely covered, and kept wet or sealed until
Natural curing from rain, mist, high humidity, low firm enough to permit foot traffic without damage.
temperature, moist backfill, etc., may be regarded as Mats used for curing may either be left in place and
sufficient to provide ample curing when its effect is at kept saturated for completion of the curing, or may be
least the equivalent of keeping the concrete moist for the removed at the end of an initial curing period and the
first 14 days if made with Type II cement, 7 days if made concrete surface covered with liquid membrane-forming
with Type I cement, or 3 days with Type III cement, if curing compounds, plastic sheeting, reinforced paper, wet
kept above 50 F (10 C), unless otherwise prescribed in earth, or straw, or water.
the project specifications. 3.1.3 Duration of curing-For daily mean ambient
temperatures above 40 F (5 C) the recommended mini-
mum period of maintenance of moisture and temperature
for all procedures is 7 days or the time necessary to
CHAPTER 3-CURING FOR attain 70 percent of the specified compressive o r flexural
DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS strength, whichever period is less. If concrete is placed
with daily mean ambient temperature 40 F (5 C) or
3.1-Pavements and other slabs on the ground lower, precautions should be taken to prevent damage by
3.1.1 General-Slabs on the ground include highway freezing as recommended by ACI 306 (1.3.2.4).
and airfield pavements, canal linings, parking-lot slabs,
driveways, sidewalks, and floor slabs on grade in build- 3.2-Structures and buildings
ings. Slabs have a high ratio of exposed surface area to 3.2.1 Scope-Concrete in structures and buildings in-
volume of concrete, and, without measures to prevent it, cludes cast-in-place walls, columns, slabs, beams, and all
the moisture loss due to evaporation from the concrete other portions of buildings except slabs on ground which
can be so large and so rapid as to result in plastic are covered in 3.1. It also includes small footings, piers,
shrinkage cracking, and have a deleterious effect on retaining walls, bridge decks, railings, wing walls, and
strength, abrasion resistance, and frost resistance. Rapid tunnel linings and conduits. Not included are mass con-
loss of moisture from the fresh concrete may also result crete, precast concrete, and special constructions as
from inadequate moistening of some subgrades prior to described in Section 3.4.
placement of slabs. To prevent such loss of moisture 3.2.2 Curing procedures-Under usual placing condi-
from fresh concrete in slabs, and to provide reserve tions, curing should be accomplished by one or a com-
moisture for curing, the subgrade should be prewetted bination of methods from Chapter 2.
and, after finishing the slab, curing should be begun as When additional curin g of underside surfaces is
soon as possible. required after removal of forms, either apply liquid
The high ratio of exposed surface area to volume of membrane-forming curing compound promptly or
concrete can also result in subjecting inadequately cured sprinkle sufficiently to keep continuously moist.
308-10 ACI STANDARD
For vertical and other formed surfaces, after the Such procedures hav e been described by ACI
concrete has hardened and while the forms are still in Committee 207 (1.3.2.1).
place, form ties may be loosened and water should be For heavily reinforced concrete elements such as
applied to run down on the inside of the form if blast-off pads, heavy machinery foundations, an d load-
necessary to keep the concrete wet. Immediately fol- transfer girders, it is desirable to avoid high temperature
lowing form removal, the surfaces should be kept rise during the first few days, but internal concrete tem-
continuously wet by a water spray or water-saturated peratures as high as 130 F (55 C) are frequently found in
fabric. Liquid membrane-curing compound may be used such elements. However, due to the large amount of re-
if authorized by the specifications for the work or inforcement in such construction, these high temper-
otherwise properly approved. Such authorization or atures may not be harmful.
approval should not be given when the concrete has a 3.3.3 Methods and duration of curing-Water curing
water-cement ratio of 0.4 or less by weight.* may be used to keep horizontal or sloping unformed
3.2.3 Duration of curing and protection-When the surfaces of mass concrete continuously wet. Water
daily mean ambient temperature is above 40 F (5 C), spraying, wet sand, or water-saturated fabrics can be
curing should be continuous for a minimum of 7 days or used. The use of a liquid membrane-forming curing
for the time necessary to attain 70 percent of the compound may be permitted if the surface is not a con-
specified compressive or flexural strength, whichever struction joint, or provided the membrane is removed by
period is less. If concrete is placed with daily mean sandblasting before casting the adjacent concrete. The
ambient temperature 40 F (5 C) or lower, precautions appearance of a membrane-coated exposed surface may
should be taken as recommended by ACI 306. For some also be a factor to consider.
structural members, such as columns where high strength For vertical and other formed surfaces, after the
[6000 psi (41 MPa) or greater] is required curing periods concrete has hardened and the forms are still in place,
may be increased to 28 days or greater to allow develop- the form ties may be loosened and water should be sup-
ment of the required strength of the concrete. plied to run down on the inside of the form as necessary
to keep the concrete wet. Immediately following form
3.3-Mass concrete removal, the surfaces should be kept continuously wet by
3.3.1 Scope-Mass concrete is any volume of cast-in- a water spray or water-saturated fabric.
place concrete with dimensions large enough to require Curing should start as soon as the concrete has
that measures be taken to cope with the generation of hardened sufficiently to prevent surface damage. For
heat and attendant volume change to minimize cracking. unreinforced massive sections not containing pozzolan,
Its most frequent occurrence is in piers, abutments, dams, curing should be continued for not less than two weeks.
heavy footings, and similar massive constructions. Usually Where pozzolan is included as one of the cementing
the cement content (or total cementitious material con- materials, the minimum time for curing should be not
tent) will range from about 200 to 500 lb per (about less than three weeks. For construction joints, curing
120 to 300 Mass concrete also includes some should be continued until resumption of concrete place-
tremie concrete placements and some large girders and ment or until the required curing period is completed.
columns where high strength, high cement content, and For heavily reinforced massive sections, curing should be
moderate sized aggregates are required. Due to the heat continuous for a minimum of 7 days as described in Sec-
generated in such large masses, temperature control tion 3.2.2.
assumes considerable importance if harmful thermal
stresses are to be prevented. The curing practices 3.4-Other construction
described below should be followed. 3.4.1 Precast units-A precast concrete unit is one that
3.3.2 Temperature control-For very large unreinforced is cast, cured and finished in a place or position other
structures, such as dams, where the design criteria are than that which it occupies in service. Typical precast
such that it is necessary to establish a reasonably stable concrete units are pipe, block, brick, and structural
and uniform temperature throughout the mass as soon as members such as channels, single- and double-tees,
practicable after placement, particularly to avoid columns, and floor and wall panels. These units are
cracking, the internal temperature during hydration generally given accelerated curing in order to achieve
should not rise more than 20 to 25 F (11 to 14 C) above economical reuse of forms and casting space.
the mean annual ambient temperature. To achieve this, Due to the variety of units and methods of manu-
various steps may be taken including: facture, different curing procedures are used. Concrete
block, brick, precast pipe, and other units are removed
a) Use a low cement content from the forms immediately after casting, allowing most
b) Use a pozzolan or other mineral admixtures of the surface of the unit to be exposed to ambient con-
c) Cool the concrete materials
d) Use ice instead of mixing water * See Klieger, Paul, Early High-Strength Concrete for Prestressing,
e) Use embedded cooling pipe in the concrete Proceedings, World of Conference on Prestressed Concrete, San Francisco , July
1957, A5-1 to AS-14 (PCA Res. Bull. No. 91).
f) Use low-heat cement
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR CURING CONCRETE
ditions. Some precast pipe, and vertically cast panels ACI 506 (1.3.2.5) (see 2.3.3).
remain almost completely enclosed in their forms for 12 3.4.4 Refractory concrete* -Refractory concrete that
to 24 hr before they are stripped. Channels, single- and uses portland cement as the binder should be cured in
double-tees, and horizontally cast panels represent an accordance with the procedu res described in Chapter 2 .
intermediate condition of exposure; although the units Refractory concrete that employs calcium-aluminate
remain in the forms, large areas are not covered or cement as the binder should be cured in accordance with
enclosed. Curing of such concrete units with large the instructions of the manufacturer of th e calcium-
surfaces exposed requires considerable care to assure that aluminate cement used. Normally, for such concrete,
an excessive amount of water is not lost from the surface curing wouId be complete in 24 hr after mixing.
throughout the curing cycle. 3.4.5 Cement paint, stucco, and plaster-The same fog
Although they could be cured at normal temperatures, spray device used for dampening the surface s to which
most precast units are cured at temperatures between these materials are applied may be used to moisten the
125 and 185 F (52 to 85 C) for periods of 12 to 72 hr. applied cement paint, stucco, or plaster after application.
Autoclaved units are cured at temperatures above 325 F Such water spray should be applied be,tween coats where
(160 C) for 5 to 36 hr. Recommendations regarding more than a single coat is used, and then two or three
curing procedures are discussed by ACI Committees 516 times a day for at least 2 days following completion of
and 517 dealing with high pressure and atmospheric the paint, stucco, or plaster application. Required
pressure steam curing, respectively (1.3.2.6 and 1.3.2.7). frequency of moistening depends on weather conditions.
3.4.2 Vertical slipform construction-Chimneys , silos, The curing should be started as soon as the applied
elevator shafts, and other structures erected using vertical paint, stucco, or plaster has hardened sufficiently not to
slipforming methods should be cured in accordance with be damaged by the spray. Application of excess water to
the procedures used in curing other vertical surfaces, the extent that it flows down the surface should be
recognizing the particular problem o f slipform construc- avoided. Frequently enclosing the work area to maintain
tion. A wet skirt of suitable length in contact with the high relative humidity will be sufficient.
concrete can be carried up by attachment under the fin- 3.4.6 Shell structures-Thin shells are unusually sus-
ishers platform, as could a system of sprays or fog ceptible to shrinkage cracking if improperly cured. In hot
nozzles. The walls for slipform construction for example, weather, preliminary fog spray curing, followed by wet
receive a short initial cure by the form. The use of a burlap or water curing is advisable. In cold weather,
curing compound is often necessary due to the short time special precautions against freezing such as protective
the concrete is protected by the form and wet skirt. How- blankets are required. At moderate temperatures [40 to
ever, the use of curing compound may not be desirable 70 F (4 to 21 C)], normal curing methods are usually
on the inside of certain silos due to possible fire hazard, satisfactory.
toxicity, or contamination of material to be stored there- 3.4.7 Insulating concrete-The surface of insulating
in, and on the outside of the silos because of color vari- concrete in which a dry unit weight o f 50 (800
ations that could result from uneven application of curing or less is attained, should normally be kept mo ist
compound. The inside of a silo can usually be kept above for a period of not less than 3 days using whichever of
40 F (5 C) during cold weather and enclosed to maintain the procedures listed in Chapter 2 is most appropriate.
a high humidity for curing. In some methods of construc- The insulating concrete should then be allowed to air dry
tion, the inside of a silo may need to be ventilated to before application of supplementary covering. Ponding or
avoid excessive buildup of heat. When this is done, the excessive water curing is not desirable since the concrete
vents should be arranged to keep drafts from the walls, may absorb considerably more water than is required for
which would tend to dry the inside of walls excessively hydration of the cement.
unless they are, in some way, water cured. 3.4.8 Concrete with colored or metallic surface-Such
3.4.3 Shotcrete-Shotcrete is usually placed in thin concrete requires special curing procedures to avoid
layers and has rough surfaces. Shotcrete surfaces should staining. The manufacturer of the coloring or surfacing
be kept continuously wet for at least 7 days. Liquid materials should be consulted regarding methods for
membrane curing is satisfactory where no additional avoiding such staining.
shotcrete or paint is to be applied and the appearance is
acceptable. Because of the rough surface, liquid mem-
brane-forming curing compound should be applied at a l Refractory Concrete: Summary of State-of-the-Art has been published. A
higher rate than on ordinary concrete surfaces, usually at summary with a Chapter on Curing, drying, firing, appeared in Concrete
International, V. 1, No. 5, May 1979, pp. 62-77.
about 100 per gal. (0.40 as recommended by