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WaitingLineModels
LearningObjectives
1. Beabletoidentifywherewaitinglineproblemsoccurandrealizewhyitisimportanttostudythese
problems.
2. Knowthedifferencebetweensinglechannelandmultiplechannelwaitinglines.
3. UnderstandhowthePoissondistributionisusedtodescribearrivalsandhowtheexponential
distributionisusedtodescribeservicestimes.
4. Learnhowtouseformulastoidentifyoperatingcharacteristicsofthefollowingwaitinglinemodels:
a.SinglechannelmodelwithPoissonarrivalsandexponentialservicetimes
b.MultiplechannelmodelwithPoissonarrivalsandexponentialservicetimes
c.SinglechannelmodelwithPoissonarrivalsandarbitraryservicetimes
d.MultiplechannelmodelwithPoissonarrivals,arbitraryservicetimes,andnowaiting
e.SinglechannelmodelwithPoissonarrivals,exponentialservicetimes,andafinitecalling
population
5. Knowhowtoincorporateeconomicconsiderationstoarriveatdecisionsconcerningtheoperationof
awaitingline.
6. Understandthefollowingterms:
queuingtheory steadystate
queue utilizationfactor
singlechannel operatingcharacteristics
multiplechannel blocking
arrivalrate infinitecallingpopulation
servicerate finitecallingpopulation
queuediscipline
141
Chapter14
Solutions:
1. a. =5(0.4)=2perfiveminuteperiod
x - x -2
b. P (x) = e = 2 e
x! x!
x P(x)
0 0.1353
1 0.2707
2 0.2707
3 0.1804
c. P(DelayProblems)=P(x>3)=1P(x3)=10.8571=0.1429
2. a. =0.6customersperminute
P(servicetime1)=1e(0.6)1=0.4512
b. P(servicetime2)=1e(0.6)2=0.6988
c. P(servicetime>2)=10.6988=0.3012
3. a. P0 = 1 - = 1 - 0.4 = 0.3333
0.6
b. 2 (0.4)2
Lq = = = 1.3333
( - ) 0.6 (0.6 - 0.4)
c. L = L q + = 1.3333 + 0.4 = 2
0.6
Lq
d. Wq = = 1.3333 = 3.3333 min.
1 0.4
e. W = Wq + = 3.3333 + 1 = 5 min.
0.6
f. Pw = = 0.4 = 0.6667
0.6
n n
4. Pn = P0 = 0.4 (0.3333)
0.6
n Pn
0 0.3333
1 0.2222
2 0.1481
3 0.0988
P(n>3)=1P(n3)=10.8024=0.1976
5. a. P0 = 1 - = 1 - 10 = 0.1667
12
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WaitingLineModels
b. Lq = 2 = 102 = 4.1667
( - ) 12 (12 - 10)
c. Lq
Wq = = 0.4167 hours (25 minutes)
1.25
6. a. P0 1 1 0.375
2
2 1.252
b. Lq 1.0417
( ) 2(2 1.25)
Lq 1.0417
c. Wq 0.8333 minutes(50seconds)
1.25
1.25
d. Pw 0.625
2
e. Averageonecustomerinlinewitha50secondaveragewaitappearsreasonable.
2 (2.5) 2
7. a. Lq 0.5000
( ) 5(5 2.5)
2.5
L Lq 0.5000 1
5
Lq 0.5000
b. Wq 0.20 hours (12 minutes)
2.5
1 1
c. W Wq 0.20 0.40 hours (24 minutes)
5
2.5
d. Pw 0.50
5
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Chapter14
8. =1and=1.25
1
P0 1 1 0.20
1.25
2 1
Lq 3.2
( ) 1.25(0.25)
1
L Lq 3.2 4
1.25
Lq 3.2
Wq 3.2 minutes
1
1 1
W Wq 3.2 4 minutes
1.25
1
Pw 0.80
1.25
Eventhoughtheservicesrateisincreasedto=1.25,thissystemprovidesslightlypoorerservice
duetothefactthatarrivalsareoccurringatahigherrate.Theaveragewaitingtimesareidentical,
butthereisahigherprobabilityofwaitingandthenumberwaitingincreaseswiththenewsystem.
2.2
9. a. P0 1 1 0.56
5
2.2
b. P1 P0 (0.56) 0.2464
5
2 2
2.2
c. P2 P0 (0.56) 0.1084
5
3 3
2.2
d. P3 P0 (0.56) 0.0477
5
e. P(Morethan2waiting)=P(Morethan3areinsystem)
=1(P0+P1+P2+P3)=10.9625=0.0375
2 2.22
f. Lq 0.3457
( ) 5(5 2.2)
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WaitingLineModels
Lq
Wq 0.157 hours(9.43minutes)
10. a.
=2 =3 =4
Averagenumberwaiting(Lq) 1.3333 0.5000
Averagenumberinsystem 2.0000 1.0000
(L)
Averagetimewaiting(Wq) 0.6667 0.2500
Averagetimeinsystem(W) 1.0000 0.5000
Probabilityofwaiting(Pw) 0.6667 0.5000
b. Newmechanic =$30(L)+$14
=30(2)+14=$74perhour
Experiencedmechanic =$30(L)+$20
=30(1)+20=$50perhour
Hiretheexperiencedmechanic
11. a. =2.5=60/10=6customersperhour
2 2.5 2
Lq = = = 0.2976
( - ) 6 (6 - 2.5)
L = L q + = 0.7143
Lq
Wq = = 0.1190 hours (7.14 minutes)
W = W q + 1 = 0.2857 hours
Pw = = 2.5 = 0.4167
6
b. No;Wq=7.14minutes.Firmshouldincreasethemeanservicerate()fortheconsultantorhire a
secondconsultant.
c. =60/8=7.5customersperhour
2 2.5 2
Lq = = = 0.1667
( - ) 7.5 (7.5 - 2.5)
Lq
Wq = = 0.0667 hours (4 minutes)
Theservicegoalisbeingmet.
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Chapter14
12.
P0 = 1 - = 1 - 15 = 0.25
20
Lq = 2 = 152 = 2.25
( - ) 20 (20 - 15)
L = L + = 3
Lq
Wq = = 0.15 hours (9 minutes)
W = W q + 1 = 0.20 hours (12 minutes)
Pw = = 15 = 0.75
20
WithWq=9minutes,thecheckoutserviceneedsimprovements.
13. Averagewaitingtimegoal:5minutesorless.
a. Onecheckoutcounterwith2employees
=15=30perhour
Lq = 2 = 152 = 0.50
( - ) 30 (30 - 15)
Lq
Wq = = 0.0333 hours (2 minutes)
b. Twochanneltwocountersystem
=15=20perhourforeach
FromTable,P0=0.4545
Recommendonecheckoutcounterwithtwopeople.ThismeetstheservicegoalwithWq=2
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WaitingLineModels
minutes.Thetwocountersystemhasbetterservice,buthastheaddedcostofinstallinganew
counter.
60
14. a. 8 customers per hour
7.5
5
b. P0 1 1 0.3750
8
2 52
c. Lq 10417
.
( ) 8(8 5)
Lq 10417
.
d. Wq 0.2083 hours (12.5 minutes)
5
5
e. Pw 0.6250
8
f. 62.5%ofcustomershavetowaitandtheaveragewaitingtimeis12.5minutes.Ocalaneedstoadd
moreconsultantstomeetitsserviceguidelines.
15. k=2,=5,=8
UsingtheequationforP0,P0=0.5238
Lq
b / g P 0.0676
2
1!( k ) 2
0
Lq 0.0676
Wq 0.0135 hours (0.81 minutes)
5
P0 0.5238 P1
b / gP 5 (0.5238) 0.3274
1
0
1! 8
Pw=P(n2) = 1P(n1)
= 10.52380.3274=0.1488
Twoconsultantsmeetservicegoalswithonly14.88%ofcustomerswaitingwithanaveragewaiting
timeof0.81minutes(49seconds).
16. a. P0 = 1 - = 1 - 5 = 0.50
10
2 52
b. Lq 0.50
( ) 10(10 5)
Lq
c. Wq 0.1 hours(6minutes)
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Chapter14
1
d. W Wq 0.2 hours (12 minutes)
e. Yes,unlessWq=6minutesisconsideredtoolong.
17. a. FromTable,P0=0.60
2
b. L q = ( / ) P0 = 0.0333
1! (k - )2
c. Lq
Wq = = 0.0067 hours (24.12 seconds)
e. Thisserviceisprobablymuchbetterthannecessarywithaveragewaitingtimeonly24seconds.
Bothchannelswillbeidle60%ofthetime.
18. Arrivalrate:=5.4perminute
Servicerate:=3perminuteforeachstation
a. UsingthetableofvaluesofP0,/=1.8,k=2,andP0=0.0526
( / )
k
(1.8) 2 (5.4)(3)
Lq P0 (0.0526) 7.67
(k 1)!(k ) 2 (2 1)!(6 5.4) 2
L Lq 7.67 1.8 9.47
Lq 7.67
Wq 1.42 minutes
5.4
1
W Wq 1.42 0.33 1.75 minutes
k 2
1 k 1 5.4 2(3)
Pw P0 0.0526 0.8526
k ! k 2! 3 2(3) 5.4
b. Theaveragenumberofpassengersinthewaitinglineis7.67.Twoscreeningstationswillbeableto
meetthemanagersgoal.
c. Theaveragetimeforapassengertomovethroughsecurityscreeningis1.75minutes.
19. a. Forthesystemtobeabletohandlethearrivals,wemusthavek>,wherekisthenumberof
channels.With=2and=5.4,wemusthaveatleastk=3channels.
148
WaitingLineModels
Toseeif3screeningstationsareadequate,wemustcomputeLq.
UsingthetableofvaluesofP0,/=2.7,k=3,andP0=0.02525(halfwaybetween/=2.6and
/=2.8)
( / )
k
(2.7)3 (5.4)(2)
Lq P0 (0.02525) 7.45
(k 1)!(k ) 2 2!(6 5.4) 2
Having3stationsopensatisfiesthemanagersgoaltolimittheaveragenumberofpassengersinthe
waitinglinetoatmost10.
b. Theaveragetimerequiredforapassengertopassthroughsecurityscreeningis
Lq 7.45
Wq 1.38
5.4
1
W Wq 1.38 0.5 1.88 minutes
Note:TheaboveresultsarebasedonusingthetablesofP0andanapproximatevalueforP0.Ifa
computerprogramisused,weobtainexactresultsasfollows:
P0=0.0249
Lq=7.35
W=1.86minutes
1.2
20. a. Note 1.60 1. Thus,onepostalclerkcannothandlethearrivalrate.
0.75
Tryk=2postalclerks
FromTablewith 1.60 andk=2,P0=0.1111
( / )2
Lq P0 2.8444
1!(2 ) 2
L Lq 4.4444
Lq
Wq 2.3704 minutes
1
W Wq 3.7037 minutes
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Chapter14
Pw=0.7111
Use2postalclerkswithaveragetimeinsystem3.7037minutes.Noneedtoconsiderk=3.
b. Tryk=3postalclerks.
2.1
FromTablewith 2.80 andk=3,P0=0.0160
.75
( / )3
Lq P0 12.2735
2(3 ) 2
L Lq 15.0735
Lq
Wq 5.8445 minutes
1
W Wq 7.1778 minutes
Pw=0.8767
Threepostalclerkswillnotbeenoughintwoyears.Averagetimeinsystemof7.1778minutesand
anaverageof15.0735customersinthesystemareunacceptablelevelsofservice.Postoffice
expansiontoallowatleastfourpostalclerksshouldbeconsidered.
21. Fromquestion11,aservicetimeof8minuteshas=60/8=7.5
2 (2.5)2
Lq = = = 0.1667
( - ) 7.5 (7.5 - 2.5)
L = L q + = 0.50
TotalCost =$25L+$16
=25(0.50)+16=$28.50
Twochannels:=2.5=60/10=6
Usingequation,P0=0.6552
2
L q = ( / ) P0 = 0.0189
1! (2 - )2
L = L q + = 0.4356
TotalCost=25(0.4356)+2(16)=$42.89
Usetheoneconsultantwithan8minuteservicetime.
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WaitingLineModels
22. =24
SystemA SystemB SystemC
Characteristic (k=1,=30) (k=1,=48) (k=2,=30)
SystemCprovidesthebestservice.
23. ServiceCostperChannel
TotalCost=cwL+csk
SystemBisthemosteconomical.
24. =2.8,=3.0,Wq=30minutes
a. =2.8/60=0.0466
=3/60=0.0500
b. Lq=Wq=(0.0466)(30)=1.4
c. W=Wq+1/=30+1/0.05=50minutes
11:00a.m.
25. =4,W=10minutes
a. =1/2=0.5
b. Wq=W1/=101/0.5=8minutes
c. L=W=4(10)=40
26. a. Expressandinmechanicsperminute
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Chapter14
=4/60=0.0667mechanicsperminute
=1/6=0.1667mechanicsperminute
Lq=Wq=0.0667(4)=0.2668
W=Wq+1/=4+1/0.1667=10minutes
L=W=(0.0667)(10)=0.6667
b. Lq=0.0667(1)=0.0667
W=1+1/0.1667=7minutes
L=W=(0.0667)(7)=0.4669
c. OneChannel
TotalCost=20(0.6667)+12(1)=$25.33
TwoChannel
TotalCost=20(0.4669)+12(2)=$33.34
OneChannelismoreeconomical.
27. a. 2/8hours=0.25perhour
b. 1/3.2hours=0.3125perhour
2 2 2 2 2 2
c. L q = + ( / ) = (0.25) (2) + (0.25 / 0.3125) = 2.225
2 (1 - / ) 2 (1 - 0.25 / 0.3125)
d. Lq
Wq = = 2.225 = 8.9 hours
0.25
e. W = Wq + 1 = 8.9 + 1 = 12.1 hours
1.3125
28. =5
a.
Design
A 60/6=10
B 60/6.25=9.6
b. DesignAwith=10jobsperhour.
c. 3/60=0.05forA0.6/60=0.01forB
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WaitingLineModels
d.
Characteristic DesignA DesignB
P0 0.5000 0.4792
Lq 0.3125 0.2857
L 0.8125 0.8065
Wq 0.0625 0.0571
W 0.1625 0.1613
Pw 0.5000 0.5208
e. DesignBisslightlybetterduetothelowervariabilityofservicetimes.
29. a. =3/8=.375
=1/2=.5
b.
L q = = (.375)2 (1.5) 2 + (.375 / .5)2 = 1.7578
2 2 + ( / )2
2 (1 - / ) 2 (1 - .375 / .5)
L=Lq+/=1.7578+.375/.5=2.5078
TC=cwL+csk=35(2.5078)+28(1)=$115.71
c.
CurrentSystem(=1.5) NewSystem(=0)
Lq = 1.7578 Lq = 1.125
L = 2.5078 L = 1.875
Wq = 4.6875 Wq = 3.00
W = 6.6875 W = 5.00
TC = $115.77
TC=cwL+csk=35(1.875)+32(1)=$97.63
d. Yes;Savings=40($115.77$97.63)=$725.60
Note:Evenwiththeadvantagesofthenewsystem,Wq=3showsanaveragewaitingtimeof3
hours.Thecompanyshouldconsiderasecondchannelorotherwaysofimprovingtheemergency
repairservice.
30. a. =42=20
i (/)i/i!
0 1.0000
1 2.1000
2 2.2050
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Chapter14
3 1.5435
6.8485
j Pj
0 1/6.8485 = 0.1460
1 2.1/6.8485 = 0.3066
2 2.2050/6.8485 = 0.3220
3 1.5435/6.8485 = 0.2254
1.0000
b. 0.2254
c. L=/(1Pk)=42/20(10.2254)=1.6267
d. Fourlineswillbenecessary.Theprobabilityofdeniedaccessis0.1499.
31. a. =20=12
i (/)i/i!
0 1.0000
1 1.6667
2 1.3889
4.0556
j Pj
0 1/4.0556 = 0.2466
1 1.6667/4.0556 = 0.4110
2 1.3889/4.0556 = 0.3425
P2=0.342534.25%
b. k=3 P3=0.1598
c. L=/(1P4)=20/12(10.0624)=1.5626
32. a. =40 = 30
i (/)i/i!
0 1.0000
1 1.3333
2 0.8888
3.2221
P0=1.0000/3.2221=0.3104 31.04%
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WaitingLineModels
b. P2=0.8888/3.2221=0.2758 27.58%
c.
i (/)i/i!
3 0.3951
4 0.1317
P2=0.2758
P3=0.3951/(3.2221+0.3951)=0.1092
P4=0.1317/(3.2221+0.3951+0.1317)=0.0351
d. k=3with10.92%ofcallsreceivingabusysignal.
33. a. =0.05=0.50/=0.10N=8
n
N!
n (N - n) !
0 1.0000
1 0.8000
2 0.5600
3 0.3360
4 0.1680
5 0.0672
6 0.0202
7 0.0040
8 0.0004
2.9558
P0=1/2.9558=0.3383
F
G I F0.55IJ(1 0.3383) 0.7215
Lq N
H JK(1 P ) 8 G
0
H0.05K
L=Lq+(1P0)=0.7213+(10.3383)=1.3832
Lq 0.7215
Wq 2.1808 hours
( N L) (8 13832
. )(0.05)
1 1
W Wq 2.1808 4.1808 hours
0.50
b. P0=0.4566
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Chapter14
Lq=0.0646
L=0.7860
Wq=0.1791hours
W=2.1791hours
c. OneEmployee
Cost =80L+20
=80(1.3832)+20=$130.65
TwoEmployees
Cost =80L+20(2)
=80(0.7860)+40=$102.88
Usetwoemployees.
34. N=5=0.025=0.20/=0.125
a.
n
N!
n (N - n) !
0 1.0000
1 0.6250
2 0.3125
3 0.1172
4 0.0293
5 0.0037
2.0877
P0=1/2.0877=0.4790
0.225
b. Lq N (1 P0 ) 5 (1 0.4790) 0.3110
0.025
c. L=Lq+(1P0)=0.3110+(10.4790)=0.8321
Lq 0.3110
d. Wq 2.9854 min
( N L) (5 0.8321)(0.025)
1 1
e. W Wq 2.9854 7.9854 min
0.20
f. Trips/Days =(8hours)(60min/hour)()
=(8)(60)(0.025)=12trips
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WaitingLineModels
TimeatCopier: 12x7.9854=95.8minutes/day
WaitTimeatCopier: 12x2.9854=35.8minutes/day
g. Yes.Fiveadministrativeassistantsx35.8=179min.(3hours/day)
3hoursperdayarelosttowaiting.
(35.8/480)(100)=7.5%ofeachadministrativeassistant'sdayisspentwaitingforthecopier.
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35. N=10=0.25=4/=0.0625
a.
n
N!
n (N - n) !
0 1.0000
1 0.6250
2 0.3516
3 0.1758
4 0.0769
5 0.0288
6 0.0090
7 0.0023
8 0.0004
9 0.0001
10 0.0000
2.2698
P0=1/2.2698=0.4406
F
G I F4.25IJ(1 0.4406) 0.4895
b. Lq N
H JK(1 P ) 10 G
0
H0.25K
c. L=Lq+(1P0)=0.4895+(10.4406)=1.0490
Lq 0.4895
d. Wq 0.2188
( N L) (10 10490
. )(0.25)
1 1
e. W Wq 0.2188 0.4688
4
f. TC = cwL+csk
= 50(1.0490)+30(1)=$82.45
g. k=2
TC = cwL+csk
= 50L+30(2)=$82.45
50L = 22.45
L = 0.4490orless.
h. UsingTheManagementScientistwithk=2,
L = 0.6237
TC = cwL+csk
= 50(1.6237)+30(2)=$91.18
Thecompanyshouldnotexpandtothetwochanneltruckdock.
1418