International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Static Synchronous Compensator
(SATACOM) Performance for Grid
Connected Wind Turbines
Mahdi Ali Abdul-Hussain, Salah Mahdi Ali
Abstract-The principle aim for using SATATCOM is reactive
power control for regulation and reduction of unbalance cases
which happen in the electrical grid. When connected the wind
farm to the power system, it appears two fundamental issues;
stability and control. A thorough study is needed to identify the
potential problems and to develop measures to mitigate them.
Although the connection of wind farm into an existing
transmission system does not require a major redesign, it
necessitates additional control and compensating equipment to
enable recovery from severe system disturbance.
This paper investigates the use of a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) along with wind farm for the purpose
of stabilizing the grid voltage after, grid side disturbances such as
a three phase or two phase short circuit fault, sudden load
changes (increasing or decreasing) and temporary trip of a wind
turbine or wind farm (in our case). This paper is focusing on
fundamental grid operational requirement which are connected
with wind farm to maintain nominal voltages at the point of
common coupling by regular voltage and show the results with
and without the STATCOM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Human activities, the most important of which are the
burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, cause severe
damage to the environment [1]. Climate change has become
a significant problem for the young and the big and one of
the most important problems affecting the national growth
of any country [2]. The consumption of fossil fuels has
doubled in recent years due to the increase in population
across the globe [3]. The fluctuation of oil prices caused
economic disasters both for producing and importing
countries [4].
The world has to turn to clean, renewable and
environmentally friendly alternatives such as solar, wind
and geothermal energy [5, 6]. Solar energy has gone a long
way and solar power plants are now available in most parts
of the world. They can also be generated at the house level
and are connected to the network or unrelated [7, 8].
The use of wind energy in electrical systems has been
increased in all over the world in the recent years. Many
new problems have appeared which developed a demand for
treating these problems related to making the electrical
system stable. This system naturally has variable energy
resources as steam plants, gas, atomic, hydraulic,
photovoltaic and wind energy [9].
Dr. Mahdi Ali Abdul-Hussain is currently lecturer in the Energy and
Renewable Energies Technology Centre, University of Technology, Iraq. E.
mail: 11025@uotechnology.edu.iq
Dr. Salah Mahdi Ali is currently working in Institute of noise and
vibration-university technology Malaysia. E. mail: salahmtc@yahoo.com
128
In the past, the wind energy share in the electricity
system was representing a tiny part. However, the increased
and continuous connection of huge wind farms to the
electricity grid (which wasn't representing any fear in the
past). In recent days, the connection of wind farms to the
grid plays a major role in achieving the required power for
the subjected load including the disturbance conditions in
the grid [10].
The connection requirements with the grid are
standards that are being legislated by controlling agencies to
control the homogenous work between the wind farms and
the electrical grids. These standards vary from one country
to another and the wind farms systems have to manage these
requirements to be able to connect to the grid [11].
One of the primary issues related to connecting the
wind farm to the grid is the stability of the voltage of
electrical system when a fault or disturbance happens in the
grid. At this stage, the electrical system will be not able to
satisfy the load requirements due to voltage reduction exists
because of these faults, heavy lad conditions, or the sudden
stop of one of the generating units. The static synchronous
compensating system (STATCOM) is used widely in
electrical systems because of its ability to control the elastic
power flow that helps the grid in insuring stability in the
natural operation or in fouling cases or other transferring
conditions [12].
The reason for using STATCOM in the wind farms is
its ability to provide a supporting voltage for the bar in case
of voltage bar's reduction or absorbing the additional
reactive power from the electrical system due to loads
reduction and preserve the voltage at it nominal value.
Most of the wind generators installed in the past were
inductive generators which consume reactive power from
the system even in natural operation conditions. In the last
years, high numbers of wind turbines with variable speeds
with doubled fed induction generators. In the normal
condition, the generator operates with power factor near
one. The inductive generator may need reactive power
during its facing for some disturbances as three phase fault
near the wind farm. For satisfying the grid requirement
without stopping the wind turbines during the fault
existence, the farms with reactive generators has to use a
capacitors group to introduce a supporting reactive power
for the grid in its normal and abnormal operation.
The flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) were
used to control the power flow and to damping the electrical
system frequencies. This technology can be used to increase
the power of the transmission lines, control the frequency,
provide a passing frequency to support the system and
protect it from collapse. The FACTS equipment can be used
practically in wind farms to enhance the passing and
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
dynamic stability for the general electrical system. flow between the sources V1 and V2. V1 represents the
STATCOM as one of the FACTS equipment can be used in controlled system frequency while V2 the resulted
wind farms to support the passing frequency conditions and frequency in VSC. In steady state case, the resulted V2
to prevent the system from collapsing. The FACTS frequency from VSC is in the same phase with V1, and the
equipment can support for the stable and dynamic angle equals zero. The power flow depends on the
conditions and can improve the dynamic and passing frequency, if V1V2 , then the reactive power flow (Q)
stability. flows fromV1 toV2 while the STATCOM absorbs the
In this investigation, the focus was concentrated on reactive power. The power value can be calculated by [14]:
making the wind farms to provide reactive power in the
normal operation conditions. In addition to the conditions
where the system frequency are not in the required levels. In
(1)
this study, of the STATCOM performance will be checked
using Matlab/Simulink program. The study was conducted
to evaluate the important effect of STATCOM on the
stability of grid's frequency after disturbances happened in
the grid due to the existence of sharp defect in the system, or
sudden variation in the system's load (increase or decrease)
or the one of the wind turbines or farms stopping for a
temporary period [13].

II. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
(STATCOM) DESCRIPTION
STATCOM is one of the FACTS equipment which uses the
power electronics to control the power flow and improve the
passing stability in the electricity systems. It controls the
frequency in the side stations as it controls the reactive
power injection or absorbing it from the electrical system.
When the systems' frequency is low the STATCOM injects
capacitive power. And when the system frequency is high
then it absorbs the inductive power. Figure (1) represents a
schematic diagram for the STATCOM compounds where
elements from power electronics can be us like IBGTs or
IGCTs. The STATCOM basically consists of two parts, the
power and control. The power circuit consists of Transistor
Bridge (6 transistors) and three coils works as a frequency
increaser, and a capacitor with high storage capacity for
storing and injection the capacitive power. The bridge
control circuit consists of a group controlling the pulse
width and inspection and measuring current and frequency
group. The current is controlled by internal circuit that
reforming it. The outer circuit measures the frequency and
generates pulses so it can maneuver in the power capacitive
in the three phases. This power sometimes it is being stored
and in other cases it is injected during very little times
according the net frequency wave and makes the current
wave as the frequency wave, and then the power factor is
improved to achieve the almost unit value. The general
figure of the system is used in many applications. These
applications vary according to the leading and inspection
system. It can be used to omit the fittings in the general net
and improve the power parameter where it can control the
system and work as the system requirements. In other
words, it works in storing and injecting the current
according to the subjected error. This system can be
operated as branch active filter operates directly with the
grid. Also, it can be used as an AC/DC converter operates at
unit power factor [12, 13].
III. OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF THE
STATCOM
Fig. 1 STATCOM circuit and operation principle
The capacitor is connected on the direct current side (DC) of
the VSC and acts as continuous frequency source. In steady
state case, V2 must have a small phase difference from V1
to compensate the transforming waste of the VSC and
preserve the capacitor charged. The capacitors, in general,
connected to the constant speed wind turbines to improve
the system's frequency as it is the source of reactive power.
Fixed discharge capacitors can improve strained stability of
the system but is not sensitive to frequency changes.
Constant capacitor cannot act as a single source to
compensate for reactive power. One of the main benefits of
using STATCOM is that the compensated power is not
dependent on the level of frequency in the contact point,
which means that the compensated current does not decline.
The wind farm productivity varies as well as the total load
all the day. Compensating the reactive power is required to
preserve the frequency levels steady in the electrical system.
The unbalance of the reactive power can affect seriously on
the grid frequency. This effect can be reduced by using
STATCOM as it can contribute in the requirements of low
voltage during default or disturbance occurrence in the grid
[15, 16].
IV. STATCOM MODEL:
Figure (2) shows the basic configuration, equivalent circuit
and model for the STATCOM connected to AC electrical
system bar by a coupling transformer. In this STATCOM
the maximum current compensator is independent of the
system's voltage. Hence, it operates in its full power all time
even in low voltages. The characteristics of the STATCOM
are:
Its elastic abilities to control voltage to improve
the electric quality.
Quick response.
It can be used with heavy variable loads.
The output of control system is proportional to with voltage
difference (Vc-V), as in the equation:

Figure (1) represents the operating principles of the (2)

STATCOM through which the reactive and inactive power

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 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
The basic components of the STATCOM are the shunt virtual grid. This system was simulated using a
inverter and the convertor. The control system is used to Matlab/Simulink program as shown in Figure (4). The
make the voltage capacity in the bar constant. The transient cases of the system performance which were
STATCOM evaluation depends on many parameters which simulated by Matlab/Simulink are:
are controlled by the reactive power value that needed by
the system to recover or bypass the faults occur in the
electrical system. The final evaluation of the STATCOM
determined by the system economic, where the STATCOM
capacity must be selected to satisfy in the minimum limits to
make it stable after the temporary disturbances the system
exposed to. The faults expected to happen and the ability of
the system to get rid of them also determines the size of the
type [17].

Fig. 3 Suggested Electrical System

- To show the STATCOM performance during short

Fig. 2 Basic configuration and Equivalent Circuit of STATCOM
cut of a three phase circuit that is considered the
worst failure in the electrical grid. Variable
STATCOM powers were used for this purpose.
- A sudden change in the load.
- Sudden stop of the wind turbines.

V. LOCATION OF THE STATCOM

The STATCOM must be fixed nearest the load bar for many
reasons: The source of the support reactive power must be
as near as possible to the point that needs support. Another
reason for the studied system, the location of the
STATCOM is better on the load bar as it is high sensitive
for voltage in this point. The main characteristic for using it
in the system is to reduce the losses and to increase the
maximum transporting ability. The location is selected to be
in a suitable location which needs compensated reactive
power. The attachment of the STATCOM on the load bar
reduces the reactive power flow through transporting lines.
Thus, the line current reduces as well as the losses (IR). For
this reason, the compensating sources are always as near as
possible from load [18, 19].
VI. THE SUGGESTED SYSTEM
To evaluate the STATCOM in this research, the STATCOM
was used by connecting it on one of the grid bars and
studying the support reactive power, which introduce it to
the electrical system. Three-phase electrical system was
suggested as shown in Figure (3). This system consisted of a
traditional electricity plant that contains synchronous
generator with 30 MVA power and three wind turbines.
These turbines have double fed induction generators (DFIG)
each generator's power is of 3 MW. These turbine are
connected to a common bus bar (B1). The system total
resistive load is 4 MW, and the inductive load is 2Mvar
connected to bus bar No. 6 which is the load bar. The
system voltage is 20kV, and the transport lines length is 10
km, and each line has a reluctance of 0.06+j0.6 .
The system is connected to an external grid with a short
circuit power of 50 MVA [20, 21]. As there is no wind
farms in Iraq a wind farm was suggested and connected to
130
Fig. 4 Simulation of the Suggested System by Using Matlab/Simulink
According to the above mentioned, a STATCOM connected
to a load bar B6 was assumed, as well as capacitors with
different capacities connected to the same bus bar.
Synchronous generators respond immediately to the
disturbances that occur in the system. While the double fid
induction generators in the wind turbines difficult to have a
quick response for the disturbances as same as the
synchronous generators. For this reason, additional devices
are needed to assist in keeping the electrical grid in its
steady state during and after the disturbance. The proposed
testing system has two kinds of generator, the first is
synchronous and the other is induction type operated at
normal operation. When the system is simulated by
Matlab/Simulink the focus will be on monitoring the bus bar
B6 voltage and how the STATCOM respond at trouble
occurrence in this proposed grid. One of the main objectives
of this study is to evaluate the system needs of a device to
assist it to return back to stable state as soon as possible
during the error or disturbance period. The reactive power of
the STATCOM source is connected always near the point
that needs compensating, and this case is the main incentive
to connect the STATCOM on load bus bar. However, the
main demand for the reactive power always changes which
made it a must to put a compensating system to control the
reactive power level in the system [22, 23].
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
the voltage was raised to 860 V on the nominal value 850V).
VII. THE SIMULATION RESULTS The capacitors have an influence on raising the voltage drop
during the error period when high capacitors' values were
1- Three Phase Short Cut Case used but its effect was out the nominal grid voltage. When
1-1 Three Phase Short Cut Case With STATCOM the STATCOM operation compared with the capacitors
Three-phase circuit malfunction was tested on the load bus performance, the STATCOM has kept the voltage values
bar without the STATCOM. The fault was occurred on the constant and stable before, during, and after the error
bus bar B6 while the bar has resistive load of 4 MW and occurrence (when a 5 MVA STATCOM was used) [26].
inductive load of 2 MVAr and the bar nominal voltage was
850 V/Line. When the error was occurred the voltage was
dropped to 590 V. The voltage reduction to this value could
cause a disconnection of the bus bar from the grid. The
second case tested was using STATCOM with 5 MVAr
powers which made the error voltage rose to 670 V. In the
third case, 10 MVAr STATCOM was used which resulted in
increasing the voltage drop to 730 V. The fourth case, a 12
MVAr STATCOM was used, and the voltage drop was
raised to 750 V. The fifth case, a STATCOM of 15 MVAr
was used to raise the voltage drop to 850 V. Figure( 5)
shows the results of all the tests conducted to indicate the
STATCOM operation to fit its power to raise the drop Fig. 6 The relation between voltage and time with and without capacitors
employment.
voltages level [24, 25].

2- The Sudden Change In The Load

2-1 An Emergency Drop In The Load
In this case, the inductive load was dropped by 50% and the
resistive load by 25% during time t=7 sec and returned the
load back to its origin values at t=7.2 sec. The results show
that when the load is dropped causes an excess in the
reactive power of the grid which causes an increase in the
bus bar load voltage and an unstable condition in the
Fig. 5 Performance of STATCOM in deferent power value during fault electrical system, where the bar's voltage increased from its
nominal value (850 V) to 870 V as the Figure 7 represents.
TABLE 1, THE CONDUCTED TESTS DETAILS WITH AND This case was without the use of STATCOM.
WITHOUT THE STATCOM
STATCOM Voltage Voltage Voltage drop raise
power (before (during percentage (%)
error) error)
V V
Without using 850 590 69.4
STATCOM

STATCOM (5 850 660 77.6

MVA)
STATCOM (10 850 730 85.8
MVA)
STATCOM (12 850 750 88.2 Fig. 7 The sudden load drop without STATCOM
MVA)
STATCOM (15 850 850 100
MVA) Figure 8 manifests the use of STATCOM effect on the
voltage stability as it behaves as a spare bank for the
1-2 Short Circuit Error By Using Capacitors Bank As A
reactive power that absorbs the excess reactive power and
Compensating Equipment keeping the voltage at its nominal value [27].

The error started at t=7 sec and ended at t=7.08 sec. The
error was occurred on the load bar B6 while the bar was
loaded with a resistive load 4 MW and inductive load 2
MVA. The voltage in this case was 850 V/Line. The system
was tested at three variable operation cases. Figure (6)
shows the voltage drop results during this case without and
with capacitors bank. The figure shows the tested cases:
- The bar without any compensation equipment.
- The bar with capacitors of 500 kVA only.
- The bar with capacitors of 700 KVA only.
The figure result indicates that the capacitors use affect the
nominal voltage before the short cut error occurrence (where Fig. 8 the sudden load drop with STATCOM case

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 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Figure 9 clarifies a comparison between the electrical
system disturbance case and the system stability case with
the STATCOM and without it.
In this case, a sudden load was added (50% increase in the
inductive load and 25% of resistive load). The increment
was started at t=7 sec and continued to t=7.2 sec. Fig 10
shows the voltage on the load bath bar in the case of no
STATCOM, where the voltage reduced lower than its
nominal value (850 V) to 832 V.

Fig. 12 Comparison of voltage values on the load bar at the sudden increase
of load with and without STACOM

3. When The Wind Farm Out Of Surface

The third studied case was when the wind farm (9 MW) was
stopped at time t=7 sec and returned to operation at t=7.2
sec. The impact of this cut off on the voltage was studied.
Fig. 9 a comparison between the electrical system disturbance case and the
This cut off caused reduction in the voltage lower than the
system stability case nominal value where its value reached in this case 841 V.
The grid, here, was not loaded with its full load. This case
represents an unstable voltage load case when there was no
2-2 An Emergency Increase In The Load
STATCOM. Figure 13 shows load voltage in the pre-
mentioned case.

Fig. 10 Sudden increase in the load causes reduction in the voltage level
(without STATCOM)
Fig.13 the period of the wind farm cut off and its return to work with no
SATATCOM used
In the case of STATCOM availability, the response is fast
where it worked on compensating the reactive power and
met the additional load requirements and achieved the
stability case for the electrical system and maintained the
voltage nominal value stable, as shown in Figure 11 [28]

Fig. 14 shows the voltage returned to its stable case with using STATCOM.

The figure results reveals that using STATCOM the voltage

value stayed at its nominal value during the cutting off and
restarting process [29].
Fig.11 Sudden increase in the load with STATCOM

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 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Fig. 14 the period of the wind farm cut off and its return to work with
SATATCOM used
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
The electrical power produced from wind farm varies with
wind speed in nature. For this reason we need efficient
control of the wind farm when it is connected to the grid.
The dynamic compensating of the reactive power is an
efficient procedure to maintain the electricity quality and
voltage stability. When a number of wind turbines which
depend in its operation on inductive generators are
connected to the grid, the grid become weaker and required
adding control devices for this kind of generators that do not
have the ability for improving as known in the synchronous
generators. This study focused on the studding the normal
and dynamic performance of wind turbines at and after the
disturbance case.
The study results indicated that the connection of
STATCOM to the wind turbines system supplies the system
with efficient control. The suitable power STATCOM can
supply necessary compensating reactive power in the case of
error or grid disturbance. If the STATCOM was with higher
power and volume, it can be used to control the system
voltage and improves the grid reliability especially when
faults or disturbance occurs.
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