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SOLUTION
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where w is angular frequency obtained as
w = 1 = 1 = p # 10 4
LC b p l # 10
100 -6
So, T = 1 = 2p = 200 ms
f w
As IC = Im sin wt oscillates between - ve and - ve half cycle so,
circuit is conducting for only half of cycle and thyristor is open after half cycle.
i.e., the conduction period = T = 100 ms
2
SOL 1.9.2 Option (D) is correct.
Given, the rated armature current
Ia^rated h = 20 A
as rated armature voltage
Va^rated h = 150 volt
Also, for the armature, we have
La = 0.1 mH , Ra = 1 W
and T = 50% of Trated ^T " Torqueh
So, we get
I = 6Ia^rotatedh@^0.5h = 10 A
N = Nrated ,
I f = I f rated " rated field current
At the rated conditions,
E = V - Ia^ratedh Ra
= 150 - 20 ^1 h = 130 volt
For given torque,
V = E + Ia Ra = 130 + ^10h^1 h = 140 V
Therefore, chopper output = 140 V
or, D ^200h = 140
or, D = 140 = 0.7 (D " duty cycle)
200
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SOL 1.9.4 Option (B) is correct.
Here, the average current through the capacitor will be zero. (since, it is a boost
converter). We consider the two cases :
Case I : When MOSFET is ON
ic =- i 0
1
(i 0 is output current)
(since, diode will be in cut off mode)
Case II : When MOSFET is OFF
Diode will be forward biased and so
ic = Is - i 0
1
(Is is source current)
Therefore, average current through capacitor
i + Ic
Ic, avg = c 1 2
2
DTs ^- io h + ^1 - D h Ts ^Is - io h
& 0= (D is duty ratio)
2
Solving the equation, we get
Is = i0 ....(1)
^1 - D h
Since, the output load current can be given as
V/ 12/0.6
i 0 = V0 = s 1 - D = = 1A
R R 20
Hence, from Eq. (1)
Is = i 0 = 1 = 5 A
1-D 0.6 3
SOL 1.9.5 Option (D) is correct.
We consider the following two cases :
Case I : When Q1, Q2 ON
In this case the + ve terminal of V0 will be at higher voltage. i.e. V0 > 0 and so
i 0 > 0 (i.e., it will be + ve ). Now, when the Q1 , Q2 goes to OFF condition we
consider the second case.
Case II : When Q 3 , Q 4 ON and Q , Q2 OFF :
In this condition, - ve terminal of applied voltage V0 will be at higher potential
i.e., V0 < 0 and since, inductor opposes the change in current so, although the
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The voltage current wave forms are shown in figure below.
We note that, for continuous load current, the flywheel diode conducts from p
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Only option C allow bi direction power flow from source to the drive
= 3 3 # 400 # 2
p 3
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= 540.6 V
Resistance of filter choke is 10 W, So
(V0) max = E + IR chock
540.6 = 400 + I (10)
I - 14 A
SOL 1.9.16 Option (D) is correct.
kVA rating = 3 VL IL = 3 # 400 # 6 # 14
p
= 7.5 kVA
SOL 1.9.17 Option (A) is correct.
The figure shows a step down chopper circuit.
a Vout = DVin
where, D = Duty cycle and D < 1
SOL 1.9.18 Option (C) is correct.
Given figure as
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The I -V characteristic are as
2 2 Vdc
300 = cos 0c
1
p
Vdc = 300p
2 2
1
At a = 60c, Vdc = ? 2
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iL =- 100 cos pt
iL (peak) = 1 Amp for p < wt vL = vin = 0
Maximum dv on TM = 50 V/msec
dt
Minimum value of C1 =?
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R + jXL = 50 + 50j
` tan f = wL = 50 = 1
R 50
f = 45c
so, firing angle a must be higher the 45c, Thus for 0 < a < 45c, V0 is
uncontrollable.
SOL 1.9.26 Option (D) is correct.
A 3-f voltage source inverter is operated in 180c mode in that case third harmonics
are absent in pole voltage and line voltage due to the factor cos (np/6). so both
are free from 3rd harmonic components.
SOL 1.9.27 Option (B) is correct.
In this case f = 1
TON1 + TON 2
TON 2
and, D =
TON1 + TON 2
SOL 1.9.28 Option (B) is correct.
Given a = 30c, in a 1-f fully bridge converter
we know that,
Power factor = Distortion factor # cos a
D.f. (Distortion factor) = Is(fundamental) /Is = 0.9
power factor = 0.9 # cos 30c
= 0.78
SOL 1.9.29 Option (A) is correct.
Output of this
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Here the inductor makes T1 and T3 in ON because current passing through T1
and T3 is more than the holding current.
SOL 1.9.30 Option (C) is correct.
Input is given as
current
V - 2Ia + 150 = 0
Ia = V + 150
2
` I1 = 10 A, So
V =- 130 V
2Vm cos a =- 130
p
2# 2 # 230 cos a =- 130c
p
a = 129c
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Option (B) is correct.
SOL 1.9.32
THD = 1 -1
DF2
where
DF = Ia1 = 0.78 # 10 = 0.955
Ia 0.816 # 10
1 2
` THD = b 0.955 l - 1 = 31%
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So P = Vd # Id
Id = 50 # 1000 = 119.05
420
RMS value of thyristor current = 119.05 = 68.73
3
SOL 1.9.36 Option (B) is correct.
Single phase full wave half controlled bridge converter feeds an Inductive load.
The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common dc bus. The converter
has to have free wheeling diode because the converter does not provide for free
wheeling for high values of triggering angles.
SOL 1.9.37 Option (D) is correct.
If we connect the MOSFET with the VSI, but the six MOSFETs are connected in
bridge configuration, in that case they also operated as constant current sources
in the saturation region so this statement is false.
SOL 1.9.38 Option (C) is correct.
Given that, total harmonic distortion
THD = Vrms - V 12
2
V1 # 100
440 = Km # 1500 # 2p
60
Km = 2.8
cos a = 0.37
at this firing angle
Vt = 3 2 # 440 # (0.37) = 219.85 V
p
Ia = 1500 = 34.090
440
Isr = Ia 2/3 = 27.83
p.f. = Vt Is = 0.354
3 Vs Isr
SOL 1.9.40 Option (D) is correct.
Vs = 230 = 57.5
4
Here charging current = I
Vm sin q = 12
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q1 = 8.486 = 0.148 radian
Vm = 81.317 V
e = 12 V
There is no power consumption in battery due to ac current, so average value of
charging current.
Iav(charging) = 1 [2Vm cos q1 - e (p - 2q1)]
2p # 19.04
= 1 [2 V cos q1 - 12 (p - 2q1)]
2p # 19.04 # m #
= 1.059 W/A
SOL 1.9.41 Option (C) is correct.
Conduction angle for diode is 270c as shown in fig.
So R = Vm = 7 = 46.67 W
Ig max 150 mA
SOL 1.9.44 Option (A) is correct.
We know that the pulse width required is equal to the time taken by ia to rise
upto iL
so, Vs = L di + Ri (VT . 0)
dt
ia = 200 [1 - e- t/0.15]
1
Here also t = T, ia = iL = 0.25
0.25 = 200 [1 - e- T/0.5]
T = 1.876 # 10- 4 = 187.6 ms
Width of pulse = 187.6 ms
Magnitude of voltage = 10 V
Vsec rating of P.T. = 10 # 187.6 ms
= 1867 mV-s is approx to 2000 mV-s
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SOL 1.9.45 Option (D) is correct.
If we varying the frequency for speed control, V/f should be kept as constant so
that, minimum flux density (Bm ) also remains constant
So, V = 4.44NBm Af
n = 1 np
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Let we have
R solar = 0.5 W , I 0 = 20 A
so Vs = 350 - 20 # 0.5 = 340 V
` 340 = 3 # 440 # 2 cos a
p
cos a = 55c
So each thyristor will reverse biased for 180c - 55c = 125c.
SOL 1.9.51 Option (C) is correct.
In this circuitry if SCR gets open circuited, than circuit behaves like a half wave
rectifier.
So
I avg = Average value of current
= 1 #
p-q
(Vm sin wt - E) dq
1
2pR q 1
= 1 [2 (230
2p # 2 # # 2 ) cos q - 200 (p - 2q1)]
= 11.9 A
SOL 1.9.52 Option (B) is correct.
In this given circuit minimum gate pulse width time= Time required by ia rise
up to iL
i2 = 100 3 = 20 mA
5 # 10
`
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20
anode current I = I1 + I2 = 0.02 + 5 [1 - e- 40t]
0.05 = 0.05 + 5 [1 - e- 40t]
1 - e- 40t = 0.03
5
T = 150 ms
SOL 1.9.53 Option (B) is correct.
Given IL = 10 A . So in the + ve half cycle, it will charge the capacitor, minimum
time will be half the time for one cycle.
so min time required for charging
= p = p LC
w0
= 3.14 # 2 # 10- 3 # 10- 6 = 140 m sec
SOL 1.9.54 Option (C) is correct.
Given Ton = 140 m sec
Average output = Ton # V
Ttotal
Ttotal = 1/f = 1 = 1 msec
103
-6
so average output = 140 # 10-3 # 250 = 35 V
1 # 10
SOL 1.9.55 Option (A) is correct.
The conduction loss v/s MOSFET current characteristics of a power MOSFET is
best approximated by a parabola.
SOL 1.9.56 Option (B) is correct.
In a 3-f bridge rectifier
Vrms = 400 V , f = 50 Hz
This is purely resistive then
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R 1 - e- T/Ts
(TI) max = Vs = 100
4fL 4 # 103 # 200 # 10- 3
= 0.125 A
SOL 1.9.61 Option (C) is correct.
Tst = 15 Nm
TL = 7 Nm
= 2 rad/sec2
a
= Ia
T
so = Tst - TL = 8 Nm
T
I = 8 = 4 kgm2
2
SOL 1.9.62 Option (B) is correct.
We know that Vrms = 230 V
so, Vm = 230 # 2 V
If whether a 1 90c
Then Vpeak = Vm sin a = 230
230 2 sin a = 230
sin a = 1
2
angle a = 135c
SOL 1.9.63 Option (D) is correct.
When we use BJT as a power control switch by biasing it in cut-off region or in
the saturation region. In the on state both the base emitter and base-collector
junction are forward biased.
SOL 1.9.64 Option (A) is correct.
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) across full wave rectifier is 2Vm
Vm = 50 2 V
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Ripple frequency = 3f = 3 # 400 = 1200 Hz
So from V0 ripple frequency = 1200 Hz
SOL 1.9.67 Option (C) is correct.
Given that R = 0.15 W
I = 15 A
So average power losses = 1 # p/w I 2 Rdt
(2p/w) 0
= w # 102 # 0.15 # p/w
2p
= 7.5 W
SOL 1.9.68 Option (D) is correct.
Output dc voltage across load is given as following
1
Vdc = 2 V ; 1 &(2p - a) + sin 2a 0E2
ap 2
1
1 p sin p/2 2
=
2 # 230 2
>p # 'a2p - 4 k + b 2 l1H
p
4
= 317.8 V
2
(317.8) 2
losses = V dc = = 10100 W
R 100
SOL 1.9.69 Option (C) is correct.
Vs = 100 V , duty ratio = 0.8 , R = 10 W
so
500 - (- 1500) 2p
a =; E # 60 = 418.67 rad/sec
2
0.5
and T = 40 Nm
T = Ia
I = T # 40 = 0.096 kgm2
a 418.67
SOL 1.9.73 Option (D) is correct.
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When thyristor turned on at that time J2 junction will break. So J1, J2, J3 all
are in forward bias.
SOL 1.9.74 Option (D) is correct.
The ON-OFF state of switch is given on VDS - IS plane as following
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3
4VS
Output voltage V0 = / b np l^sin nd h^sin nwt h^sin np/2h
n = 1, 3, 5
` RMS value of fundamental component
Vrms(fundamental) = 4VS sin d # 1
2p
a = 120c, 2d = 120c & d = 60c
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SOL 1.9.85 Option (B) is correct.
From figure
(V12) rms = : 1 # V s2 dwD
f 1/2
p0
f
= Vs # f = Vs
p p
SOL 1.9.86 Option (C) is correct.
Given that, V = 200 sin wt
f = 50 Hz
Power dispatched in the load resistor R = ?
First we have to calculate output of rectifier.
(V0) rms = : 1 # (200 sin wt) 2 dwtD
p 1/2
p0
= 200 ; # b 1 - cos 2wt l dwtE
p 1/2
p 0 2
= 200 ;1 b wt - sin 2wt l E
p 1/2
p 2 2 0
200 1 1/2
200
= : # pD =
p 2 2
Power dissipiated to resistor
^V0h2rms e 200
2
2
PR = = o = 400 W
R 50
SOL 1.9.87 *
Given f = 20 kHz
D = 0.5
Power transferred from source V1 to V2 = ?
Time period t = 1 = 1 = 50 m sec
f 20 # 10- 3
D = 0.5
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-6
25 # 10
SOL 1.9.88 Option (B) is correct.
For providing electrical isolation it is necessary to connect a pulse transformer at
the output stage of a thyristor triggering circuit.
SOL 1.9.89 Option (A) is correct.
In ac to dc circulating current dual converters if triggering angles are a1 and a 2
, than it is necessary that
a1 + a2 = 180c
SOL 1.9.90 Option (D) is correct.
Given a half wave Thyristor converter supplies a purely inductive load
Triggering angle a = 120c
than extinction angle b = ?
output is given by
i 0 = Vm sin (wt - f) - Vm sin (a - f) exp b - R - a l ...(1)
Z Z wL
We know at extinction angle i.e. wt = b , i 0 = 0
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from equation (1), at (wt = b)
0 = Vm sin (b - f) - Vm sin (a - f) ec
Z Z
or sin (b - f) = sin (a - f)
or b-f = a-f
or b = a = 120c
SOL 1.9.91 Option (D) is correct.
a f = 50 Hz
So total time = 1 = 1 = 20 msec
f 50
Conduction time for each feedback diode in a cycle is being given by
t conduction = 20 = 2.5 msec
8
SOL 1.9.92 *
Given a voltage commulated thyristor chopper circuit in figure which is operated
at 500 Hz, with 50% duty ratio.
IL = 20 A (constant)
We have to evaluate
(a) Toff for thyristor Th 1
(b) L = ? if peak current through Th 1 is 180% limited
(c) Maximum instantaneous output voltage
-6
Turn off time Toff = CVs = 6 # 10 # 100 = 30 m sec
IL 20
Peak current through Th 1
i Th = I 0 + Vdc C
1
L
a i Th = 1.8IL = 1.8 # 20 = 36 A
1
36 = 20 + 100 6 # 10- 6
L
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or 0.16 = 6 # 10- 6
L
-6
L = 6 # 10 2 = 2.34 # 10- 4 H
(0.16)
Maximum instantaneous output voltage
Vm = 2Vdc = 200 V
SOL 1.9.93 *
Given in figure separately excited dc motor is controlled by varying its armature
voltage using 1-f full converter bridge.
Motor voltage constant Kv = 2.5 V/rad/sec
Motor Torque T = 140 Nm , a = 60c
armature current continuous and ripple free.
(a) Ia = ?
(b) Nm = ?
(c) rms of fundamental component of input current.
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(a) a Motor Torque T = Eb Ia and Eb = Kv w
Than Kv wIa = Tw
Ia = T = 140 = 50 Amp
Kv 25
(b) In dc motor we know
Ia = V0 - Eb
Ra
V0 = 2Vm cos a
p
Eb = V0 - Ia Ra
= 2 # 250 2 cos 60c
p
Eb = 500 2 # 2 - 20 (0.2)
p
Eb = 215.2 V
w = Ea Ia = 215.2 # 20 = 30.74 rad/sec
T 140
(c) Rms value of fundamental component of input current
Isr = Ior
2 ; 1 b(p - a) + 1 sin 2a lE
1/2
p 2
Ior = 56 Amp , a = 60c
Isr = 56
1 p
2 : ap - k + 1 sin 120cD
1/2
p 3 2
***********