PeriodTandFrequencyf S.I.Units: s Hz Vectors?

No

WhatdoPeriodandFrequencymean?
PeriodTisthenumberofsecondsittakesforsomethingtocomplete1entire
cycle/revolution.

Frequencyfisthenumberofcycles/revolutionscompletedbyanobjectin1second.

T = seconds
cycle
cycles
f = second

2R
v= T
v = 2Rf

v=speedoftheobjectmovinginthecircle
T=periodoftheobject
f=frequencyoftheobject
R=radiusofthecircletraveled

Note:RPMstandsforrevolutionsperminute.

ExampleQuestion:
Question:AmoontravelsaroundaplanetinacircularorbitofradiusRandconstant
speedS.Whatistheperiodandfrequencyoftheorbitintermsofgivenquantitiesand
fundamentalconstants?
Period Frequency
A. 2R
S
2S
R
B. 2R
S 2R
S
C. 2R
S
S
2R
D. 2 2R
T
Answer:C
CentripetalAccelerationaC m/s2
S.I.Unit: Yes
Vector?
WhatdoesCentripetalaccelerationmean?
Centripetalaccelerationacisaccelerationthatcausesamasstotravelinacircle.

TheCentripetalAccelerationacalwayspointsintothecircletraveledbytheobject.
TheCentripetalAccelerationaconlychangesdirectionofvelocity,itdoesnotspeedup
theobjectorslowdowntheobject.

ExampleQuestion:
Question:ParticleAistravelinginacirclewithspeedSandradiusR.IfparticleBtravels
withtwicethespeedofAandtwicetheradiusofA.Whatistheratiooftheacceleration
ofaAcomparedtotheaccelerationofB?
A. 0.5
B. 1
C. 2
D. 4
Answer:A
CentripetalForcesFc S.I.Unit: N Yes
Vector?
WhatdoesCentripetalForcemean?
Centripetalforcesarenotanewtypeofforce.

ThetermCentripetalForceisjustalabelforanyof
theregularforceswevealreadymet(Fg,FT,Fn,Fs)
thathappentobemakingsomethingmoveina
circularpath.

ac= F c /m (ac=v2/R)
v2/R= F c /m

ac=thecentripetalacceleration
F c =thenetcentripetalforceontheobject

m=massoftheobjectmovinginthecircle
v=speedoftheobjectmovinginthecircle
R=radiusofthecircularpath

Note:Youonlyplugincentripetal/radialforcesinto
F c .Ifthereareforcesthatpointinthetangential

directiontheygointoaseparateNewtonssecond
lawequationforthatdirection.

ExampleQuestion:
Question:AballofmassMrollsoverthetopofahillofradiusRwithaspeedS.Atthe
topofthehill,whatisthemagnitudeofthenormalforceexertedontheballbytheroad?
2
A. M g + M SR
2
B. M g M SR
C. M g
2
D. M SR

Answer:B
NewtonsUniversalForceofGravityFG S.I.Unit: N
Vector? Yes
WhatdoesNewtonsUniversalForceofGravitymean?
AllmassesMintheuniversepull/attracteveryothermassmwithgravitationalforceFG.

TheforceFGisproportionaltothemasses(Mandm),andinverselyproportionaltothe
squareofthecentertocenterdistanceRbetweentheobjects.

FG=GMm/R2

FG=gravitationalforcebetweenmassesMandm
G=Universalgravitationalconstant=6.67x10-11Nm2/kg2
M=oneofthemasses
m=theothermass
R=thecentertocenterdistancebetweenthetwomassesMandm

ExampleQuestion:
Question:TwomassesbothofmassMexertagravitationalforceFoneachother.Ifone
massisexchangedforamass3M,andthedistancebetweenthemassesistripled,what
isthenewgravitationalforce?
A. F
B. 3F
C. F/3
D. F/9
Answer:C
 Accelerationduetogravityg(Gravitational eld)S.I.Unit:N/kgorm/s2Vector?Yes

WhatdoesAccelerationduetoGravityorGravitationalFieldmean?
Theaccelerationduetogravitygisalsocalledthegravitational eld.

Massescreateagravitational eldgaroundthem.The eldgcausesagravitational
forceonothermassesthatendupinthegravitational eldg.

g=GM/R2
g=gravitational eld/acccreatedbyM
G=6.67x10-11Nm2/kg2
M=themasscreatinggravitational eldg
R=thedistancefromMtothepointinspace
whereyouaredeterminingthevalueofg

FG=mg or g=FG/m
FG=gravitationalforceexertedonmassm
m=themassplacedinthegravitational eld
whichwascreatedbyM


ExampleQuestion:
Question:AhypotheticalPlanetXhas3timesthemassofEarthandhalftheradiusof
Earth.WhatistheaccelerationduetogravityonplanetXintermsoftheacceleration
duetogravityonEarthgE?
A. 1
3 gE
B. 3
2 gE
C.4gE
D.12gE

Answer:D

Density S.I.Unit: kg/m3 No
Vector?

Whatdoesdensitymean?
Densityistheamountofmasspervolumeforamaterial.Concretehasalargerdensity
thanStyrofoamsinceconcretehasmoremasspervolumethanStyrofoam.

Wecanusethedensitytodeterminethemassofanobjectifwealsoknowthevolume.

=M/V

=densityofthemassM
M=themass
V=thevolumeofthemassM

ExampleQuestion:
Question:AhypotheticalPlanetXhas3timesthedensityofEarthandhalftheradiusof
Earth.WhatistheaccelerationduetogravityonplanetXintermsoftheacceleration
duetogravityonEarthgE?
A. 1
2 gE
B. 2
3 gE
C.gE
D. 23 gE
Answer:D
GravitationalOrbits

WhatdoGravitationalOrbitsmean?
Whenanastronomicalobject(likeaplanet)orbitsanotherastronomicalobject(likethe
sun)wesayitisinagravitationalorbit.

Iftheorbitisacirclewecanusetheformulaforcentripetalaccelerationtorelatethe
speed,radiusoforbit,andmass.

ExampleQuestion:
Question:AspacestationofmassMSorbitsanaltitude3RaboveaplanetofmassMP
andradiusRasseeninadiagrambelow.Adi erentspacestationofmass3MSorbitsan
altitude2Raboveaplanetofmass4MPandradius2R.Ifthespeedofthestationof
massMSisv,whatisthespeedofthespacestationofmass3MS?
A. 1
2 v
B.
3
2 v
C.2v

D.
2
3 v

Answer:C