Tuesday, March 21, 2017

5:10 PM

Other Propagation Models

Other Types of Propagation Models
o Topographic models
Use topographic databases or models of transmission path
to estimate received power
Examples: Longley-Rice/ITS, Durkin's
o Parametric models
Use parameters that describe propagation environment
to estimate average received powers
Parameters include antenna heights, terrain type,
building heights, street widths
Examples: Okumura, Hata, Walfisch, PCS Microcell

Longley-Rice/ITS Irregular
Terrain Model
Valid for f: 40 MHz

60 GHz
Techniques
o Geometric optics (i.e., 2-ray ground-reflection model)
o Knife-edge diffraction
o Far-field scatter
o Van der Pol-Bremmer far-field diffraction
Modes of operation
o Point-to-point mode: uses detailed terrain path profile
o Area mode: estimates path-specific parameters
Modifications
o For urban areas, urban factor (UF) used to account
for urban clutter

Durkin's Model
Techniques
o Uses topographic database
o Ignores off-radial reflections (no multipath propagation)
o Classifies paths in 3 ways
LOS with no obstructions in 1st Fresnel zone
LOS with inadequate 1st Fresnel zone clearance (6 dB loss)
 No LOS path: (1,2,3, >3 diffraction edges)
Advantages
o Can read digital elevation map & produce signal strength contour
o Does not predict propagation effects due to foliage,
buildings, multipath

Okumura Model
Widely used for signal prediction in urban areas
Applicable for:
o frequency f: 150 MHz

1920 MHz
o distance d: 1 km

100 km
o transmit antenna height hte: 30 m

1000m
Based on extensive measurements
Technique
o Find free space path loss, LF
o Determine median attenuation relative to free space Amu(f,d)
from curves
o Add other correction factors for antenna heights and terrain

o Optional correction factors can be used, including terrain undulation height, isolated ridge
height, average terrain slope, and mixed land-sea parameter

Hata Model
Empirical formulation of Okumura loss data
Applicable for: f: 150 MHz

1500 MHz, hte: 30 m

200 m,
hre: 1 m

10 m
Standard formula for urban areas is

where a(hre) is a correction factor for effective mobile antenna height, and depends on coverage
area
 Similar formulas (3.85), (3.86) are available for suburban
and rural environments
Valid for large-cell systems, but not PCS systems
Has been extended to 2 GHz by European Co-operative for Scientific and Technical research
(EURO-COST-231 Model)

Walfisch Model
Known as Walfisch-Bertoni or Walfisch-Ikegami Model
Models losses in urban environment
o free space loss Lf
o rooftop-to-street loss Lrts
depends on street widths, frequency, height of reflection relative to receive
antenna, and angle of incidence relative to street
o multiscreen diffraction loss due to rows of buildings Lms
depends on distance between buildings, frequency,
height of reflection and antennas, and propagation distance
L50=Lf + Lrts Lms
See IS-95 CDMA and cdma2000 by Vijay Garg

Wideband PCS Microcell

Model
Uses 2-ray ground-reflection model for LOS microcells
Uses log-distance model for obstructed (OBS) environment
(n: 2.56

2.69,

: 7.67

9.31)

Indoor Propagation Models

Indoor propagation is affected by the same mechanisms as outdoors: reflection, diffraction,
scattering
Indoor conditions lead to more variation in signal levels
Increased variation is caused by many factors in indoor environment, including sensitivity to
o building materials and construction
o antenna placement
o doors opened or closed
In general, indoor channels are classified as LOS or OBS
Measurements and
Calculations
For OBS channels, the propagation losses depend on the materials of the partitions and
obstacles the signal passes through
These partition losses are categorized into same-floor
and between-floor losses
These losses are tabulated in tables 3.3-3.5 in the book
Examples of same-floor losses
o Concrete wall: 18-15 dB @ 1300 MHz
o Sheetrock (2 sheets): 2 dB @9.6 GHz
o Dry Plywood: 1 dB @9.6 GHz
o Wet Plywood: 19 dB @9.6 GHz
o Aluminum (1/8 in): 47 dB @9.6 GHz

Losses Between Floors

Can also quantify partition losses between floors
FAF = floor attentuation factor (in dB)
Typical values of FAF for Office Building:
FAF, 915 MHz FAF, 1900 MHz

1 Floor 13.2 26.2

2 Floors 18.1 33.4

3 Floors 24.0 35.2

4 Floors 27.0 38.4

5 Floors 27.1 46.4

*** Note that attenuation caused by one floor >> attenuation caused by additional floors

Log-distance Path Model

Log-distance path model is valid for many indoor environments
Values of parameters have been measured for different types of buildings
Typical parameter values:
Building Frequency (MHz) n
(dB)

Retail Sore 914 2.2 8.7

Office, Hard Partition 1500 3.0 7.0

 Office, Soft Partition 900 2.4 9.6

Suburban Home 900 3.0 7.0

Attenuation-Factor Model
Modifies log-distance model for multiple-floor propagation
Method 1

where nSF= same-floor path-loss exponent

Method 2
o eliminates FAF by making path-loss exponent depend on # of floors

where nMF is the multi-floor path loss exponent

Typical values of nSF, nMF:
Same Floor 3.0

Through One Floor 4.19

Through Two Floors 5.04

Through Three Floors 5.22

Signal Penetration into

Buildings
Signal strength increases with height (less attenuation due to urban clutter)
Typically 7.6

16.4 dB penetration loss on ground floor

Penetration loss decreases at about 2 dB/floor until about the 9th, and then increases
Penetration loss in front of windows

6 dB < than locations with no windows

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