RADIOGRAPHY PROCEDURE FOR

WELDED JOINTS
PROJECT : CGP,ANGUL
CLIENT : JINDAL STEEL AND POWER LTD.
CONSULTANT : LURGI INDIA COMPANY PVT.LTD

CONTRACTOR: SWASTIK LLOYDS ENGG. PVT.LTD.

PROCEDURE FOR

RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDED JOINTS

ISSUED FOR
0 05/04/12 REVIEW/APPRO SUKHDEO KUMAR MRIDUL
VAL KAKOTI
DESCRIPTION PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED BY
REV DATE
OF REVISION BY SLEPL BY SLEPL JSPL/TKPTI

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 DATE: 05/04/12 REV: 0

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 1 of 8

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SECTION 1: PURPOSE

2. SECTION 2: SCOPE

3. SECTION 3: APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

4. SECTION 4: PROCEDURE

5. SECTION 5: EXAMINATION

6. SECTION 6: REWORK & REPAIR

7. SECTION 7: ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

8. SECTION 8: PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION

9. SECTION 9: RADITION SAFETY

10. SECTION 10: INSPECTION & TEST PLAN

11. SECTION 11: FORMATS

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 2 of 8

 1. PURPOSE

The purpose of this procedure is to provide guidelines to job performer viz.

Radiographers, Interpreters, Radiography site in charge and / or Radiation safety
officers (as per Govt. of India Rules) to minimize probably of errors or Non
conformance including safety regulations.

2. SCOPE

This specification and procedure describes the method & technique for radiographic
examination of welds of structural & process piping using X ray and Gamma ray
source.

3. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

A. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Section V. Article 2 and Article - 22.
B. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Section VIII. Div. I
C. ASME B31.3 Process Piping
D. DOCUMENT NO.-D101497414484(NDT REQUIREMENTS)

4.0 PROCEDURE
4.1 Permit to Work
Necessary permit to work shall be obtained by the Radiography Agency from BVIL,
and/or Client. Daily Routine Work Permit shall be issued as per Radiography Work
Permit format.

4.2 Radiation Source:

ISOTOPE : Ir 192/ Co-60 With remotely operated camera
X-Ray machine of required capacity (Panoramic / Unidirectional)

4.3 Monitoring Instrument

A Radiation Survey Meter
B Dosimeter
C TLD Badges
D Densitometer
E Film Viewer

5.0 Examination

During the job SLEPL along with BVIL and/or Client, if required, shall specify to
radiography party, the date and time that examination has to start. SLEPL shall be
responsible to organize working periods / Program of radiography agency on day-
to-day basis.

5.1 Surface preparation

Materials & surface
The material shall include carbon steel, Stainless steel & Alloy steel Surfaces shall
satisfy the requirements of the applicable material specifications with additional
conditioning if necessary by any suitable process to a degree that surface

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 3 of 8

 irregularities cannot mask or be confused with discontinuities. Weld profiles shall be
acceptable to the applicable codes and standards.
5.2 Location of the weld in the radiograph
Markers in the form of lead arrows or other symbols shall be placed so that the
position of the weld can be identified on the radiograph.
5.3 System of Identification
A system shall be used to produce permanent identification on the radiograph
traceable to the contract, line no., component, weld or weld seam or part numbers,
welder numbers and date as appropriate. This identification on the radiograph shall
not obscure the area of interest.
5.4 Marking
In general, permanent marking on the work piece will provide reference points for
the accurate relocation of the position of each radiograph. This will be done by
yellow crayon markers / White paint markers.
5.5 Overlap of films
In radiography a continuous length of weld with separate films, the segment for
film interpretation shall have minimum 1/2 inch of overlap on both the sides to
ensure that no portion of the weld remains unexamined.

5.6 Image Quality Indicator (IQI)

An IQI of steel of a type specified in documents BS3971, EN462-1, SE-747 (for wire
type) DIN 54 : 109 DIN 62 FE / ASTM Wire type / Plate type penetrameter shall be
placed on each film. It must be placed on the surface facing the source of radiation
across the weld.
Only where this surface is inaccessible shall the IQI be placed on the film side. In
case of DW technique, it shall be on film side.

Sensitivity in case of wire type penetrameter shall be calculated as

follows. d
a = t X 100

Where a = were sensitivity in %

d = Smallest Diameter of wire visible in the radiograph
T = Thickness of Object.
5.7 TECHNIQUES FOR MARKING RADIOGRAPHS
Setting up of the film and source of radiation
This procedure shall be demonstrated at site by the radiography agency under all
given parameters and a qualification record, which shall be followed through out the
project. The essential elements of an report should follow LI Spec and relate to the
following:

Source
Material Type
Material Thickness
Film Type
Film Density
Source to film distance
Isotope Type

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 4 of 8

 Screen type and thick
Curies
Time of exposure
Filter if any
Time temporary development for hand and/or dry processing access time
of automatic processing.
Sensitivity
IQI

5.8 Radiographic technique

Following exposure techniques shall be observed.

6.4.1. For NPS < 2.5 - DWDI

a. Elliptical Minimum 2 shots, 90 Deg. Apart

b. Superimposed Minimum 3 Shots 60 Deg. Apart. Minimum SFD 300
mm

6.4.2. For NPS 3 and above

a. DWDI as in 6.4.1 above, or

b. DWSI 3 shots each of 120 Deg. Arc length to cover full joint.

6.4.3. For NPS > 16 , SWSI, SOURCE INSIDE, may be used

a. Parallel Coverage, no of exposure to be depending on situation.

b. Full coverage Panoramic exposure.

5.9 Films and Screens

Films used for radiography will be as per relevant LI / applicable specification. Lead
screen shall be used on both sides of film to enhance the photographic effect of
radiation passing through the film. Thickness of screen shall be 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

5.10 Direction, Alignment of Radiation

The direction of the central beam of radiation shall be centered on the area of
interest wherever practical.

5.11 Back Scatter Radiation

A lead symbol B with minimum dimension of in height and 1/16 in thickness
shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to
determine, if back scatter radiation is exposing film.

5.12 Geometric Unsharpness

Geometric unsharpness (penumbra effect) Ug of the radiograph shall be
determined in
accordance with : Ug = f.t/d
Where f = size of focal spot /mm
t = thickness of object being radiographed (mm)
DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 5 of 8
 d = distance from source to object (mm)

Geometric un-sharpness of the radiograph shall not exceed 0.5 mm for wall
thickness up to 50mm.

5.13 Size of Area Examined

The maximum length of the weld to be taken into consideration at each exposure
shall be determined by the distances as mentioned in 5.12.

5.14 Radiographic Density

The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the
appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI and the area
of interest shall be between 2 to 4 for gamma ray and 1.8 to 3.6 for XRays shall be
measure by a densitometer a tolerance of + 30% & -15% in density is allowed for
variation between densitometer reading .

5.15 Processing
Films shall be processed by manual process in accordance with the
recommendations of the manufacturer. Film shall be free from mechanical,
chemical or other blemishes to the extent that they will not mask or confuse image
of any discontinuity in the area of interest in the radiography. Wetting agent shall
be used for removing water marks.

5.16 Viewing of Radiographs

Processed films shall be viewed in viewer or illuminator having following
characteristics.
a. Variable Aperture
b. Variable Intensity
c. Foot Contact Switch and
d. Reading Light Facility

A calibrated Densitometer or a density strip shall be used to verify the film density .

5.17 EXPOSURE TIME

Exposure time would be decided by using the standard formula

(FF) X 2 (T / HVT) X (SFD) 2 X 60

T=
Ci X RHM X (100)2
Where t = Exposure time in Minute.
FF = Film factor which depends upon type of film.
T = Object of Thickness.
SFD = Source of Film Distance in CM
HVT = Half Value of Thickness of object
Ci = Strength of Source in Curie.
RHM = Roentgen per hour at I Meter.

PRACTICAL WAY OF CALCULATION

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 6 of 8

 In practice exposure time should be determined using exposure scale usually
available with radiography agency.

5.18 IDENTIFICATION OF FILM

Radiographs shall be identified by superimposing lead letter and numbers adjacent to

the weld. This will be exposed to radiation. There shall contain:-

a. Line No.
b. Dia Meter of the Joint
c. Joint Number
d. Thickness of component
e. Welder No.
f. Radiography No.
g. Date of radiography
h. Penetrameter Designation

5.19 RECORDS
For each examination a radiographic record / report shall be produced containing
the following information.
Report number
Examination date
Weld or item identification.
Welder identification.
Source type.
Source to film distance.
Material and thickness.
Exposure time.
Film Type
Penetrameter type and number
The records of all welds radiography shall be properly catalogued and filed to
permit ready location and identification during and after construction.
Films shall be kept in wrappers to facilitate storing or as required by contract.

6.0 REWORK & REPAIR

The joint not meeting the acceptance criteria shall be re tested.
The re testing shall be carried out on full length of repaired portion of the weld as
per earlier marking for comparison of original with repair film. The radiographs of
repairs shall be identified with a lead marker R with sequential numbers for each
repair (R, R1, R2...) in addition to other identification. The radiographs of penalty
joint identification shall be in suffix "P".

7.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Radiographs shall be viewed for defects are described in Table No. 341.3.2A
of ANSI b 31.3 welds shall be rejected if defects seen exceeds in sec as
described in Table 324.3 2A of ASNSI B 31.3 and / or ASME section VIII, Div-1,
clause UW 51 & 52.

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 7 of 8

8.0 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
All personnel performing RADIOGRAPHY shall have the experience for producing
radiographs. Radiography shall be evaluated by at least a Level-II in R.T method.
Only authorized personnel by BARC to carry / handle the isotope used. Performing,
operating & supervising of radiation work shall be carried out under a designated
site In-charge of the radiography contractor. All certification remains current and
shall be available for review.

9.0 RADIATION SAFETY

9.1 The safety shall be followed as per regulations & guidelines laid by BARC (Bhabha
Atomic Research Center), the body, which controls movements of radioactive
substance in INDIA.
9.2 Radiography work shall be carried out when there is minimum occupancy. A
personnel working in the area where radiography work is to be done shall be
informed prior to start of the radiography work to move away from radiation zone.
Radiographer will be responsible for protection & monitoring of every persons
working with or near radation source.
9.3 The area shall be cordoned off using ribbon rope and radiation warning signboards
to be displayed out side the cordoned area. The radiation level out side the
condoned off area shall not exceed 0.25 MR. Radiation survey meter shall be used
to check the radiation level.
9.3 An isolated place covering an area approximately 15 x 15 feet as allotted by
Client /LI shall be made for storing the radiation source, as per the norms laid by
BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center) Trombay, Mumbai .Proper care to be taken
to ensure safe custody of Source. Incase of theft of Source, Site In-charge to be
informed immediately. Police compliant to be lodged & BARC to be informed
accordingly.

10.0 INSPECTION &TEST PLAN - SLEPL/JSPL/CGP/ITP-02

11.0 FORMATS
Radiography Offering Report:SLEPL/JSPL/CGP/F-04
Radiography Interpretation Report:SLEPL/JSPL/CGP/F-05

DOC. NO.: SLEPL/JSPL/CGP JP-02 Rev-0 Sheet 8 of 8