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Abstract
The efficiency and structural performance of steel-concrete decks
Design of Steel-Concrete is highly improved in composite action. This is because the high
tensile resistance of steel complements the compression strength of
Composite Decks concrete in bending.
Table of Contents
Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Decks ................................... 1
Abstract ....................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents ............................................................................ 2
Table of Figures .............................................................................. 2
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................... 3
2.0 Background ............................................................................... 3
3.0 Statement of the Problem and the Solution Approach .............. 4
4.0 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet .................................................... 5
4.1 Calculation of Specified and Factored Loads ....................... 6
4.2 Analysis and Design Procedure ............................................ 6
5.0 Visual Basic Analysis Tool..................................................... 12
5.1 Limitations on the Use of the Visual Basic Analysis Tool . 13
5.2 Program Set-Up .................................................................. 13
6.0 Conclusion .............................................................................. 15
7.0 Bibliography ........................................................................... 16
Appendix A: Visual Basic Code ............................................... 17
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Composite T-Beam cross section . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 2: Stress distribution along member's width and equivalent
width. .............................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: The possible locations of neutral ..................................... 8
1.0 Introduction analysis, complementary visual basic software has also been
Design of composite steel and concrete structures has become an developed that calculates important section properties upon the
essential component of engineering due to the widely popular use click of a button.
of the two materials in construction. Applications of design with
composite sections range from buildings, to bridges, to This report provides a general overview of the theory behind
foundations, and to special structures. composite design and construction. The approach taken to develop
the above design tools is discussed. Thereafter, an overview of the
The high tensile resistance of steel and the compression strength of step-by-step design procedure outlined in the spreadsheet is
concrete complement each other in construction and their provided, followed by a detailed description of the methods used in
combination makes for highly efficient design. Therefore, steel- implementing the complementary visual basic software. The
concrete composite sections can be advantageous in that they allow directions for use and the limitations of each tool are also
for use of shallower steel beams in construction, consequently discussed.
reducing the steel weight. The highly efficient cross section also
means stiffer floors and/or decks for the same depth and therefore It is our assumption that the engineer using the spreadsheet and the
increased span. complementary software presented in this project has an adequate
grasp of the fundamentals that govern how composite structures
To ensure composite action between concrete and steel, shear work. As such, the procedures outlined in the subsequent sections
connectors such as Nelson studs are required. Therefore some of are derived mainly by using codes of practice or by the direct
the disadvantages of composite section design can be the extra cost application of prescribed equations as quick design procedures for
of shear connector and their presence as a tripping hazard during composite members.
construction. Also, during service, the vibration of the floor/deck
may sometimes be an issue due to the shallow depth of the 2.0 Background
sections. Finally, design of composite sections requires more Composite structural members are made by joining a steel
engineering time and effort. component to a concrete component. For the purposes of this
project, the composite steel-concrete section for a deck is analyzed.
Therefore, it is worthwhile to develop tools to help with rapid Such a section consists of a steel member, such as a wide flange
analysis and design of steel-concrete sections and to assess the steel beam, connected to a concrete component, such as a floor
usefulness of their application for projects. The objective of this slab. The connections between the materials are created by the use
project is to develop simple and easy to use tools to allow rapid of shear connectors such as Nelson studs, as is shown in figure 1.
engineering calculation and documentation. As such, a spreadsheet
has been developed that takes user input information with regards
to loads and dimensions of the section and performs step-by-step
analysis to aid with design. For the purposes of very quick
The main outputs of the spreadsheet and the software herein 1. CISC Sections
presented are the following: 2. Loads
3. User Input
Effective width of concrete slab, b1
4. Analysis
Moment resistance of composite section, Mr, for full and partial
shear transfer Worksheet "CISC Sections" is simply a database of steel sections
Sum of factored resistances of all shear connections, Qr, for 100 that provides section properties for specified steel wide-flange
percent connections members. The user need not utilize this worksheet. Worksheet
Transformed moment of inertia, It
"Loads" accepts user input loads, dimensions and limit states load
factors and determines specified and factored applied bending
Transformed section modulus, St
moments and shear on the member.
In addition to the above outputs, the Excel spreadsheet performs
Worksheet "User Input" accepts material properties, factors, and
checks to ensure conditions during construction are satisfactory
sectional dimensions for the concrete deck, steel beam and shear
and determines the number of shear connectors required.
connectors to be used in analysis and design. The worksheet is set
4.1 Calculation of Specified and Factored Loads that in calculating the live load, the area reduction factor Rf is
The construction of composite sections consists of the following utilized. This factor which is influenced by the tributary area of the
three major stages: composite deck section, is introduced in NBCC 2005 clause
4.1.5.9.(3) to account for the unlikelihood of the event that the
1. Stage 1: Steel beams/girders are installed entire specified live load is applied at the same location on the
2. Stage 2: Decking and/or formwork is laid above the steel beams roof/floor deck.
and wet concrete is poured
3. Stage 3: Concrete has hardened and acts together with steal Section 17.11 of the Canadian Standard Association (CSA) S16-01
requires that the stresses in the tension flange of the steel section
During the first stage, the steel member must have enough capacity due to the loads applied before the concrete strength reaches
to withstand its own weight. At the second stage, the steel member 0.75f'c plus the stresses at the same location due to the remaining
and the concrete slab are still in non-composite action since specified loads considered to act on the composite section shall not
concrete has not yet hardened. As such, the steel member must exceed Fy.
hold up its own weight as well as the live loads during construction
due to the placement of decking/formwork and pouring of the Therefore, moments due to specified loads (unfactored) during
concrete slab. Finally, once concrete has hardened at the third phases 1, 2 and 3 of construction as previously discussed are also
stage, steel member and the concrete slab must resist all specified calculated in this section. These unfactored applied moments are
loads in composite action. then used in combination with the transformed section modulus to
determine stresses during each construction phases. It is then
During stages 1 and 2, the steel beam is treated like a temporary ensured that the sum of these stresses does not exceed the yield
structure. Work Safe B.C. requires that all temporary structures strength of steel.
have capacity to resist a minimum of 2 kPa construction live load.
This construction live load may require the selection of deeper 4.2 Analysis and Design Procedure
steel section for construction purposes even though a shallower In this section, each step of analysis and design as outlined in the
member would suffice once composite action is achieved. This spreadsheet are discussed in detail. The equations and CSA
may be a source of inefficiency in design where shallower references employed at each step are also provided.
members are crucial.
Step 1: Check to ensure steel beam/girder has adequate capacity
The factored applied moment and shear are calculated according to under construction loads
the provisions of National Building Code (NBCC) 2005 and using
the live and dead load factors as appropriate. These factored As was mentioned before, before concrete is poured or hardened,
applied moment and shear are used in the analysis section to assess the steel beams installed act as temporary structural members. The
the strength of the section in composite action. It must be noted
moment resistance of the steel section is determined based on its uniformly distributed along the width of the element as shown in
yield strength and its plastic section modulus as follows: Figure 2.
(1)
member and the span of the member. This effective width is then Step 5: Determine whether the neutral axis is in concrete or in steel
used in the subsequent calculations. section
As mentioned before, the location of the neutral axis can be The location of the neutral axis can be determined through
determined by establishing the location at which equilibrium of comparing the values for Tr and Cr. Figure 3 illustrates the possible
forces is achieved. For this the concept of shear flow is used. locations of the neutral axis in a composite steel-concrete section.
C f A (2)
T f A (3)
compression. Since the tensile resistance of concrete is assumed to If the neutral axis was found to be in concrete, the location of the
be zero, the only available direction for the neutral axis to move, neutral axis relative to the top fibre of the section is determined in
from the steel-concrete interface, to establish static equilibrium is Step 7. If the neutral axis was determined to be in steel, the exact
upward into the concrete. form of the equation of equilibrium and the moment resistance of
the section will depend on whether the neutral axis is in the steel
Similarly, as shown in Figure 3b, if the compressive strength of flange or the steel web. Therefore, if the neutral axis was found to
concrete is smaller than the tensile resistance of the steel section, be in steel, Steps 8a through 8c help determine whether it is in steel
then the shear transferred across the interface will be as much flange or steel web. Steps 9a through 9c, determine the exact
resistance as concrete can offer. Therefore, the neutral axis in this location of the neutral axis, the resulting internal compressive and
case will be in the steel section. tensile forces at the cross-section of the composite member and
their corresponding moment arms. Given the above information
Taking the above concepts into account, Step 5 on the spreadsheet the moment resistance of the section for all three possible locations
identifies whether the neutral axis is in concrete or in steel. Once of the neutral axis; in concrete, in steel flange and in steel web can
this is identified, it becomes easier to find the exact location of the be found respectively.
neutral axis.
In step 10, based on the actual location of the neutral axis
Step 6: Factored horizontal shear force determined in steps 5 and/or 8c, the appropriate moment resistance
of the composite cross-section is chosen and displayed.
Before moving on to finding the exact location of the neutral axis
and subsequently the section's moment resistance, having Once the section bending moment resistance is determined, it is
identified whether the neutral axis is in steel or in concrete, the time to check for total stresses. But before stresses can be found,
amount of horizontal shear force can easily be determined for full the section's transformed moment of inertia and elastic section
or partial shear transfer as follows: modulus must be determined. For this, the location of the centroid
of the section in the vertical direction must first be identified.
C if N. A. in steel
Q (4)
T % shear transfer if N. A. in concrete Steps 11 through 13: Determine the location of the composite
section's centroid in the vertical direction
Step 7 through 10: Find the exact location of neutral axis and
corresponding moment resistance The following general equation is used in order to find the
composite section's centroid:
Whether the neutral axis was found to be in concrete or in steel,
solving the equation of equilibrium for Tr = Cr provides the exact A
y (5)
location of the neutral axis in either case. A
Steps 17 through 25: Check shear capacity The load at which the web buckles in shear depends on both and
Since the spreadsheet allows the user to specify wide flange beams the aspect ratio, , which is the ratio of stiffener spacing to web
or built-up sections, before determining the shear capacity of the height. The aspect ratio of the section is calculated in Step 18.
section, its slenderness ratio must be checked. This is to ensure that
the cross section does not buckle before reaching its shear In Steps 19 and 20, the shear buckling coefficient, kv, and the
capacity. To prevent this from happening, clause 14.3.1 of the CSA aspect coefficient, ka, are determined based on the calculated value
S16-01 specifies a maximum slenderness ratio of , for of aspect ratio, respectively given the following equations as
F provided in CSA S16-01 section 13.4.1.1:
webs of beams and girders, where Fy is the specified minimum
yield point of the compression flange steel. 4
.
a
if h 1
k a (9)
In cases where the section is found to be slender, its shear capacity 5.34 if h 1
of can be improved and the onset of buckling delayed through the
addition of stiffeners.
k (10)
Considering the above, the slenderness ratio of the web is
calculated in Step 17 and a warning message is displayed if web
buckling is determined to be an issue. The user may choose to As can be seen from equation (9), for unstiffened beams and
change the design if the web slenderness becomes an issue. girders the shear buckling coefficient is equal to 5.34 since the
stiffener spacing is assumed to approach infinity.
It must be kept in mind, however, that the web of a slender girder
can carry loads even after it has buckled inelastically in shear. The shear buckling coefficient is then used to determine elastic and
Shear buckling is characterized by diagonal tension strands in the inelastic critical plate buckling stress in shear, Fcre and Fcri,
web. The diagonal pattern of shear buckles allows the development respectively, in Step 21 according to the following two equations
of zones of tension called tension fields. The shear strength respectively, as set forth in CSA S16-01 section 13.4.1.1:
arising from the tension-field action in the web develops a band of
tensile forces that occur after the web has buckled under diagonal
290 (11)
compression. Equilibrium is maintained by the transfer of forces to
the vertical stiffeners. As the girder load increases, the angle of
tension field changes to accommodate the greatest carrying (12)
capacity. The longitudinal component of the tension field must be
transmitted to the flange in the adjacent panel.
The above information is used in Step 22 to calculate the value of and 27 the area of shear studs and the concrete pull-out area are
shear stress, Fs, based on equations (a) through (d) of S16-01 calculated based on user input values for stud diameter and height.
clause 13.4.1.1 depending on the range within which the In Step 28, the factored shear resistance per stud in concrete is
slenderness ratio, , falls as follows: determined based on type of slab specified. In Step 29, the factored
shear resistance of each stud is determined based on their cross
h k sectional area and ultimate capacity using the following equation
F 0.66F if 439
w F given in CSA S16-01 clause 17.7.2.1:
F k k h k
F 290 if 439 502 0.5 A f E
h
w F w F q smaller of (14)
A F
k h k
F F k 0.5F 0.866 F if 502 621 Then, the number shear studs required is determined by dividing
F w F
the horizontal shear force determined in step 6 by the stud shear
k h capacity as determined above.
F F k 0.5F 0.866 F if 621
F w
Finally, in Step 24, the shear resistance of the cross section is 5.0 Visual Basic Analysis Tool
determined according to section 13.4.1 of S16-01 using the Although the spreadsheet discussed in section 4 is a very useful
following equation: analysis and design tool, it may not be very practical to use for
very quick checks of cross section properties. When sectional
V A F (13) moment resistance and properties are needed to be accessed very
quickly, it is often more practical to refer to tables or other rapid
where Aw is the area of steel web calculated in Step 23. In Step 25, access information tools. Tables with sectional properties of
the shear resistance of the section is compared with the factored composite decks can be found in the Handbook of Steel
applied shear and a warning message is displayed if the applied Construction. However, it may be useful to have a tool that allows
shear exceeds shear resistance of the section. a more flexible selection of sectional dimensions and/or material
properties. The complementary Visual Basic tool provided for this
Steps 26 through 32: project allows quick calculation of important section properties for
user specified section dimensions and material strengths.
To ensure that composite action is achieved, shear flow must be
transferred from the concrete slab to the steel section. This is why The proceeding sections provide a background on the assumptions
shear connectors, such as Nelson Studs are used to connect the based on which the complementary Visual Basic analysis tool was
concrete deck to the steel beams or girders. Therefore, in Steps 26 developed. Detailed descriptions of the methods used to create the
analysis tool are also given. Following similar procedures as in the dimensions and material properties of both steel and concrete
previous section this software calculates the shear transfer across components of the composite deck.
the interface of a user-specified composite steel-concrete deck
section, determines the moment resistance of the section for 100, The software operator, Visual Basic Application (VBA)
70, and 40 percent shear transfer, and calculates the cross section's subroutine, implemented as part of the spreadsheet, is called
transformed moment of inertia and elastic section modulus. CompositeSection() and its main function consists of the following
three components:
5.1 Limitations on the Use of the Visual Basic 1. Extract the user-input data and assign them to appropriate
Analysis Tool variables defined publicly in the subroutine
As is the case with any engineering software, the person using the 2. Call upon various functions to calculate all necessary values
composite section program for analysis must fully understand the to determine shear transfer, moment resistance for full and
fundamentals and methodologies used in the calculations. The partial shear transfer, transformed moment of inertia and
results obtained from engineering software should never be taken transformed section modulus
to be flawless; the user must have at least an idea of what results 3. Output the results at the user interface
are to be expected, and sample verifying calculations should
always be completed. The remainder of the VBA module created for this tool contains
several functions that will appropriately be called upon by the
The composite design program provided as part of this assignment operator subroutine CompositeSection().
is limited in that it assumes linear elastic-perfectly plastic
behaviour of both the steel and concrete. It also calculates the The first of such functions in the VBA module is called
transformed moment of inertia and section modulus based on 100 AreaSteel(). This function simply calculates the total area of the
percent shear connection. Moreover, the area of steel is calculated steel section according to the dimensions specified by the user. The
based on the assumption that the steel section can be divided into value of the area of steel returned by this function is used in the
perfectly rectangular segments. When using the program for main subroutine, other functions and is also output at the user
analysis, the user must keep these limitations of the program in interface.
mind.
Function EffecitveWidth() takes the values for the length and span
of the concrete member, as provided by the user, and through the
procedure described in section 4.2 determines the effective width
5.2 Program Set-Up
of concrete in compression.
The user interface for the complementary visual basic tool is a
spreadsheet designed to receive the user input for section
Function AreaConc() determines the total area of the concrete extends from the centroid of the area of concrete in compression to
based on the provided thickness of concrete slab and the previously the centroid of the steel section.
calculated effective width.
Function NAinSteel() takes two parameters; the first parameter is
Function Shear() compares the values calculated for tensile the percentage of shear transfer and the second parameter is the
resistance of steel and compressive resistance of concrete and total area of the steel cross section. This function is designed to
determines the necessary shear transfer based on the procedure calculate moment resistance for full or partial shear transfer.
described in step 4 of section 4.2. This function returns the value
for Qr, and is later called upon by other functions as well as the First, function NAinSteel() determines the area of steel in
main subroutine in determining horizontal shear and the location of compression, Asc, in a similar fashion as described in section 4.2
neutral axis. The value of Qr then is also output at the user step 8.
interface.
Once the area of steel in compression is determined, the function
If function Shear() determines that shear flow, Qr, is equal to Tr NAinSteel() compares this value to the area of one steel flange.
(i.e. the case in which Tr<Cr) then, the main subroutine, This will determine whether the neutral axis is in the steel flange or
CompositeSection(), calls upon function NAinConcrete() to return the steel web. This function will then call upon one of two
the value of the composite sections moment resistance. This functions NAinSteelWeb() or NAinSteelFlange() accordingly.
function calculates moment resistance by assuming 100 percent
shear transfer and that the neutral axis is in the concrete. Function NAinSteelFlange() takes the area of steel in compression,
Asc, and the percentage of shear transfer as its parameters. It then
Alternatively, if the shear flow determined by function Shear() is determines the distance to the neutral axis from the top of the
equal to Cr (i.e. the case in which Tr>Cr) then, the main subroutine, flange based on the area of steel in compression and the user input
CompositeSection(), calls upon function NAinSteel() to return the for flange width.
value of the sections moment resistance, assuming, this time. that
the neutral axis is the steel. At this point, Function NAinSteelFlange() calculates the moment
arm for each compressive or tensile resistance with respect to the
Function NAinConcrete() determines the location of the neutral bottom of the section. This function will then calculate the
axis in concrete through the following simplified equation: compressive resistance in concrete as the full shear transferred, Qr,
multiplied by the function parameter, percentage shear transferred.
a = Tr / (Cr / thickness of concrete) Once this is calculated, the moment due to each force can be
NAinConcrete then simply calculates the moment resistance of the determined. The value returned by this function is the sum of all
section as the couple force Cr and Tr separated by a lever arm that moments calculated.
Function NAinSteelWeb() follows the exact same procedure used sectional properties of a steel-concrete composite T-beam section
in function NAinSteelFlange(). However, to locate the neutral axis, for purposes of design and analysis. Among information output for
only the web portion of the area of steel in compression is used. the user are the effective width of the concrete slab, the bending
The location to the neutral axis is then determined as its distance moment and shear capacity of the composite section along with its
from the bottom of the top flange. From here, the moment arms transformed moment of inertia and elastic section modulus.
and moments are calculated as before and the sum of the moments These tools provide quick and accurate solutions to calculations
is returned as the final moment resistance. that would normally be tedious to complete by hand. However, as
is true with all engineering software, the user must be familiar with
Function MomentInertia() takes into consideration the location of the fundamental concepts underlying design of composite sections
neutral axis (for the transformed section) and the value returned by and utilize the output of the spreadsheet and the software
the function ybar() and determines the moment of inertia based on judiciously.
methodologies outlined in section 4.2 step 14.
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 Bibliography
Bradford, Mark A., Deric J. Oehlers. "Elementary Behaviour of
Composite Steel and Concrete Structural Members." Butterworth-
Heinemann, 1999. 1-15.
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction. "Handbook of Steel
Construction." Toronto, Ontario: Quadratone Graphics Ltd., 2006.
Appendix A: Visual Basic Code 'Extract necessary data for concrete from the Input worksheet:
Sheets("Composite Sections").Activate
Option Explicit
Range("C4").Select
fi_c = ActiveCell.Value 'assign strength
'decalre public steel properties to be shared among various functions
reduction factor of concrete
Public fi_s As Double
Range("C5").Select
Public fy As Double 'yield strength of steel
alpha = ActiveCell.Value
Public tf As Double 'thickness of flange
Range("C6").Select
Public bf As Double 'flange width
fc = ActiveCell.Value 'assign compressive
Public d As Double 'overall depth of steel
strength of concrete (MPa)
Public tw As Double 'thickness of web
Range("E4").Select
Public Asteel As Double 'Area of Steel
t = ActiveCell.Value 'assign thickness of
concrete
'declare public concrete properties to be shared among various functions
Range("E3").Select
Public fc As Double 'compressive strength of
h = ActiveCell.Value 'assign thickness of
concrete
concrete
Public fi_c As Double
Public alpha As Double 'usually equals 0.85
Public t As Double 'thickness of the
concrete section
Public S As Double
'Extract necessary data for steel from the Input worksheet:
Public L As Double
Range("E7").Select
Public beff As Double
tw = ActiveCell.Value
Public Aconc As Double 'Area of Concrete
Range("E8").Select
bf = ActiveCell.Value
Public Cr As Double 'compression resistance
Range("E9").Select
Public Tr As Double 'tensile resistance
tf = ActiveCell.Value
Public Qr As Double 'shear flow
Range("C7").Select
Public A As Double 'distance from the top of the
fi_s = ActiveCell.Value 'assign strength reduction factor
compression zone to the neutral axis
for steel
Public h As Double 'deck thickness
Range("C8").Select
Public Es As Double 'Modulus of elasticity of steel
fy = ActiveCell.Value 'assign Yield strength of steel
Range("E10").Select
Sub CompositeSection()
d = ActiveCell.Value 'assign Total depth of steel
section
Dim Asteel As Double 'Asteel=total area of steel
Range("C9").Select
section
End If Aw = tw * (d - (2 * tf))
Cw = d / 2
'calculate area of one of the steel flanges Af2 = Af1 - Area
Af = bf * tf Cf2 = d - (tf / 2) - (x / 2)
'Sheets("Composite Sections").Activate Cf3 = d - (x / 2)
'ActiveSheet.Cells(11, 10) = Af 'checked V = Qr * Percentage 'shear transferred in concrete is the
'compare the area of steel in compression Asc percentage of total Q
'if the area of steel in compression is less than the area of one flange, then CC = t / 2 + d + h
N.A. is in the flange
Dim Mr1 As Double
If Asc <= Af Then
Dim Mr2 As Double
NAinSteel = NAinSteelFlange(Asc, PercentageShear)
Dim Mr3 As Double
Else
Dim Mr4 As Double
'otherwise the N.A. is in the steel web
Dim Mr5 As Double
NAinSteel = NAinSteelWeb(Asc, PercentageShear)
'Calculate each individual moment
End If
Mr1 = (fi_s * fy * Af1 * Cf1) / 10 ^ 6
End Function
Mr2 = (fi_s * fy * Aw * Cw) / 10 ^ 6
Mr3 = (fi_s * fy * Af2 * Cf2) / 10 ^ 6
Function NAinSteelFlange(Area As Double, Percentage As Double) As
Mr4 = (fi_s * fy * Area * Cf3) / 10 ^ 6
Double
Mr5 = (V * CC) / 10 ^ 6
'Declare variables to calculate individual areas and their centroids
'take the sum of moments acting on the cross section about the bottom of
Dim x As Double 'distance from the top of top flange to
the steel
NA
NAinSteelFlange = Abs(Mr1 + Mr2 + Mr3 - Mr4 - Mr5)
Dim Af1 As Double 'Area of each flange (bottom flange)
Dim Cf1 As Double 'Centroid of bottom flange
End Function
Dim Aw As Double 'Area of web
Dim Cw As Double 'centroid of web
Function NAinSteelWeb(Area As Double, Percentage As Double) As
Dim Af2 As Double 'Area of the part of top flange in tension
Double
Dim Cf2 As Double 'Centroid of tension part of top flange
'Declare variables to calculate individual areas and their centroids
Dim Cf3 As Double 'Centroid of part of top flange in
Dim x As Double 'distance from the top of top flange to
compression
NA
Dim V As Double 'Total shear force transferred
Dim Af1 As Double 'Area of each flange (bottom flange)
Dim CC As Double 'Centroid of concrete in compression
Dim Cf1 As Double 'Centroid of bottom flange
Dim Aw1 As Double 'Area of web in compression
x = Area / bf
Dim Cw1 As Double 'centroid of web in compression
Af1 = tf * bf
Dim Aw2 As Double 'Area of web in tension
Cf1 = tf / 2
End If c = d + h + t - ybar()
n = Es / 4500 / Sqr(fc)
btr = beff / n
If y > d Then
Else
End If