2/22/2009

MainWindSystems

Module4:WindTurbinesand OnShore
Systems
MohamedA.ElSharkawi
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
University of Washington
UniversityofWashington
Seattle,WA98195 OffShore
ff h
http://SmartEnergyLab.com
Email:elsharkawi@ee.washington.edu

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.1 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.2

KeyPartsofWindTurbine PowerFlow BladePower

Gearbox
Pblade
Highspeedshaft
Rotatingblades MechanicalPower
WindPower Pm
Pwind
Housing gear G
Generatorand ElectricPower
GearPower
Lowspeedshaft
converter
Pgear Pe
Yaw

Tower

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.3 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.4

1
 2/22/2009

PowerFlow Example
TehachapiisadesertcityinCaliforniawithan
Captured
Captured Inputto
Input to Inputto
Input to Outputpower
Output power
Wind powerfrom gearbox generator P elevationofabout350m,andisknownforits
Power Wind e
Pgear Pm extensivewindfarms.
Pwind Pblade
1. Computethepowerdensityofthewindwhentheair
temperatureis30oCandthespeedofthewindis5m/s
2. Awindturbineatthesitehasthreerotatingblades;
Lossesin
each is 60 m in length Compute the power captured by
eachis60minlength.Computethepowercapturedby
Lossesin thebladesassumingthecoefficientofperformanceis
Lossesinrotating generator
gearbox
bladesandrotor 30%
Coefficientof mechanism
Performance

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.5 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.6

Solutionofpart1 Example
350
353 ComputethetotalefficiencyiftheCoefficientof
e 29.3( 30 273) 1.12 kg/m
g 3
30 273 performanceis30%,theefficiencyoftherotating
f i 30% th ffi i f th t ti
bladeandrotormechanismis90%,theefficiencyof
1 1 thegearboxis95%andtheefficiencyofthegenerator
w3 1.12 * 53 70.0 W/m is70%
2 2
Solution
Pwind A r 2 * 60 2 * 70 792 kW
C p blade gear generator 0.3 * 0.9 * 0.95 * 0.7 18 %
Pblade Pwind * C p 792 * 0.3 237.6 kW

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.7 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.8

2
 2/22/2009

1.5MWTurbine

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.9 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.10

BasicWindTurbineSpecifications(2MW)
RapidGrowthofWindTurbineSize
RotorDiameter=80meters
2500
SweptArea=5,026m2
2000 2000 Blade Rotation 15 5 16 5 rpm
BladeRotation=15.516.5rpm
GeneratorVoltage=690Volts
1500 1500 Capacity=1,8002,000kW
kW

Nacelle(housing)Weight=77tons
1000 RotorWeight=41tons
750
Tower Weight = 105 tons
TowerWeight=105tons
500 500
TotalWeight=223tons
300
50 100
0
1980 1984 1992 1995 1998 2004 2006

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.11 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.12

3
 2/22/2009

GE3.6MW TypicalBladelength
Bladelength(m) PowerRating(kW)
27 225
2733 300
3340 500
4044 600
4448 750
4854 1000
5464 1500
6472 2000
7280 2500

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.13 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.14

CanWeExceed100m? VESTAS
Windspeedincreaseswithheight aboveground 1.8MW
100mdiametercanproduce35MW
Canwegohigherthan100m?
Introducestransportationconstraintsinmost
highways
Maxtrailerdimensionis4.1m(H)X2.6m(W)
Requireslargecranesthatarenotreadilyavailable
Producesanewsetoftechnicalandenvironmental
problems(impactongrid,wake,etc.)

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.15 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.16

4
 2/22/2009

OffShoreWindSystem

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.17 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.18

TwoBladesTurbines
RunsatfastspeedtoimproveCp
Advantages:
g
Gearboxratioisreduced
Bladeseasiertoassembledonground
Disadvantages:
Forthesamewindspeed,thetwoblade
systemcaptureslesspowerthenthe
threebladesystem
Createsgyroscopic imbalances(bending
momentduetotowerwindshade)
Higherspeedmeansmorenoise
Higherrateofbirdcollisions
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.19 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.20

5
 2/22/2009

BendingMoments(2blade)
Whenonebladeisatthetop,itis WindForce
receivingthemaximumforceofthe
wind
Thebottombladeisintheshadow
ofthetower;thusreceivingless
force
Theforcesarenotbalancedathub
Torqueonthehubispulsating,
thusstressingthehubgears
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington
BendingMoments(3blade)
Thebottombladeinthe
shadowofthetower
receiveslessthanthe
maximumforce
Theothertwobladesarenot
WindForce
intheverticalposition,so
they also receive less than
theyalsoreceivelessthan
themaximumforce
Theforcesarealmost
balancedatthehub
4.21 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.22

ThreeBladeTurbine Whynot5or7Blades?
Advantages: Moreexpensive WindForce

Slow rotation Increasewindwalleffect

Increase wind wall effect
threebladescapture moreenergythan
twobladesforthesamewindspeed Reductionofwindspeed
Gyroscopicforcesarebetterbalanced infrontoftheblades,
Moreaesthetic,lessnoise,fewerbird thusreducingthe WindForce
collisions
amountofenergythat
Disadvantages: canbecapturedbythe
Slowerrotationincreasesgearboxcosts
blade
Rotorcannotfullyassembledonthe
ground
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.23 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.24

6
 2/22/2009

Pitch,YawandFeatherControl TypicalPowerSpeedCharacteristics
Mostturbinesoperateatwindspeedof12 30mph

Power
PitchControl Windpower
TomaximizeCp
ReduceCp whenwindspeedproducespower Rated
OutputPower
higherthantheratingoftheturbine Power
Regulatetheoutputpoweroftheturbineaspart
ofgridcontrolaction
YawControl
Toaligntherotortofacethewind Rampup
Rampdown
Feathering
Tolockthebladesathighwindspeeds(>50mph) Ratedspeed Cutoutspeed
Cutinspeed

4.25
WindSpeed 4.26
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington

WindTurbinePerformance TypicalOnShoreSystem
Vestas V80 Power Curve FarmCollection
2000
GridConnection HVGSU Point
1800 Point Point
1600
1400
TrunkLine
Power kW

1200 WPS
1000
800
600 GSU
Grid xfm
f
400 WindPower
200 System
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Windspeed MPH
HVGSU:HighVoltagesideofGenerationStepUptransformer
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.27 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.28

7
 2/22/2009

TypicalOffShoreSystem OffShore
FarmCollection
GridConnection HVGSU Point
Point Point
TrunkCable
MarineCable
WPS

GSU
Grid xfm
f WindPower
System

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.29 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.30

OffshoreWindEnergy OffshoreWindEnergy
Normallybetween25MW
Agoodmatchbetweengenerationand 80126minbladelength
d
demandd Transportationrestrictionislessthanonshoresystems
28statesintheUSAhavecostallines Mostlyinrelativelyshallowwater(upto30m)
Marinecablesareusedtoconnectthesystemstothe
Thesestatesconsumes78%ofthenational shorestations
electricenergy Cablecapacitance ismuchhigherthanthatfor
overheadlines
900MWoffshorecapacityinstalledinEurope
p y p Thismayresultinleading
Thi lt i l di powerfactorattheshore
f t t th h
10offshoresystem,2.4GWcapacityare station
Inductivecompensationmaybeneededtoprevent
consideredintheUSA theovervoltageattheshorestation

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.31 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.32

8
 2/22/2009

ChallengestoOffshoreSystems
Highcost ofinstallation
Transportation,construction,foundations,
anchors,andmoorings
Highcostofmaintenance
Technologyislimitedfordeepwaters
Windspecificsafetystandards
Wind specific safety standards
offshoreoilandgasstandards
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington
ChallengestoOffShoreWind
Predictionofthedynamicforcesandmotions
acting on off shore turbines are needed
actingonoffshoreturbinesareneeded
Offshorewindsaremuchmoredifficult to
characterizethanwindsoverland
Marinelife
Foundationscanactasartificialreefs
fishpopulationincreases
birdpopulationincreases
birdcollisionsincreases
4.33 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.34

ChallengestoOffShoreWind
Interferencewith
commercialshippingandfishing
recreationalboating.
Couldaffectmaritimeradarsystems
Visualimpactsforsystemsclosetoshores
Impactsoflowfrequencymotionnoiseon
I t fl f ti i
mammals

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.35 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.36

9
 2/22/2009

FactorsAffectingWindGeneration
FloatingTechnology
Windspeedandlengthofwindseason
Mostwindturbinesoperateat416m/s
Diameter ofrotatingblades
Thepowercapturedisproportionaltothesquareof
theradius
a10%increaseinthebladelengthwillresultin
21%increaseinthecapturedpower

Efficiency ofwindturbinecomponents

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.37 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.38

FactorsAffectingWindGeneration FactorsAffectingWindGeneration

Pitchcontrol Arrangementoftheturbines(arrayeffect)
Withpitchcontrol,theTSR
p , canbeadjustedto
j thebladesofthefrontturbinescreatewakesofturbulent
windthatcanreachtherareturbines
producepoweratawiderangeofwindspeeds.
efficiencyisreducedwhenwindisturbulent.
YawControl Reliabilityandmaintenance
Mostwindturbinesareequippedwithyaw Thecostofelectricitygeneratedbythewindfarmisa
mechanismtokeepthebladesfacingintothe functionof
windasthewinddirectionchanges
g Capitalcost,landuse,maintenance,andcontractualarrangement.
Theearlydesignsofwindturbineswerehighmaintenance
Someturbinesaredesignedtooperateon
machinesaswellascostineffectivesystems.
downwind;theseturbinesdon'tneedyaw Newerdesignshavereliabilityratearound98percent
mechanismsasthewindalignstheseturbines.

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.39 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.40

10
 2/22/2009

WindTurbineTechnolgies
Generator
AsynchronousGenerator(InductionMachine)
SquirrelCageInductionGenerator(SCIG)
q g ( )
WoundRotorInductiongenerator(WRIG)
SynchronousGenerator(SG)
TypesofWindTurbineSystems Controls
NoControl
FixedVARcompensation
Internalvoltageandvar control
External flicker and reactive power controls
Externalflickerandreactivepowercontrols
Pitchcontrol
AGCparticipation
Stabilityandridethroughfaultcontrol

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.41 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.42

TypesofWTG Type1:SCIGwithFixedCompensation
Type1: Squirrelcageinductiongeneratordirectly FarmCollection
GridConnection HVGSU Point
coupled tothegrid.Mayhavepitchcontrol
to the grid May have pitch control Point Point
SCIG
Type2:Woundrotor inductionmachinewith TrunkLine
externalrotorresistancecontrol Gear
Box
Type3: WoundrotorDoublyfedinduction
generator(Voltageinjectedintherotorwinding) GSU
Grid xfm
f
Type4: Synchronousorinductiongenerator,the Fixed
statorisconnectedtothegridviapower Compensation
converter. HVGSU:HighVoltagesideofGenerationStepUptransformer
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.43 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.44

11
 2/22/2009

Type1:SCIGwithVariableCompensation Type2:WoundRotorIG
FarmCollection
Point FarmCollection
GridConnection HVGSU
P i t
Point WRIG
Point Point
SCIG
TrunkLine
Gear Gear
Box
Box
GSU
Grid xfm
f
Variable
Compensation

HVGSU:HighVoltagesideofGenerationStepUptransformer
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.45 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.46

Type3:DoublyFedInductionGenerator Type3:DFIGwithAGC
(DFIG)
WRIG
FarmCollection Gear
P i t
Point WRIG Box

Gear FarmCollection
Point
Box AC/DC+DC/AC
Pitchangle

Grid Injectedvoltage

AC/DC+DC/AC Conditions

AGC
Commands WindConditions
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.47 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.48

12
 2/22/2009

Type4:SGwithAGC PerformanceComparison

AC/DC+DC/AC Type1 & 2 Type 3 Type 4

Voltage Control Poor Better Best
FarmCollection Flicker Control Poor Better Best
Point
Excitation Low Voltage Ride-Through Poor Better Best
Pitchangle Stability Control Poor Better Best
Excitationcontrol
AGC Control Poor Better Best
Grid
Conditions
Commands
AGC
WindConditions
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.49 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 4.50

13