1-Northern Transp Co V City of Chicago

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Northern Transp. Co. v. City of Chicago, 99 U.S. 635 (1878)
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9 Otto 635, 25 L.Ed. 336
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ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the
}
Northern
}
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}
District of Illinois.
\par
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\u160\'3f
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This is an action of trespass on the case by the
}
Northern
}
}
}
Transportation Company of Ohio against
}
Chicago
}
}
}
, Ill., to recover damages sustained by reason of the construction by that city of
a tunnel under the
}
Chicago
}
}
}
River along the line of La Salle Street. The company offered evidence tending to
prove that it possessed a certain lot in
}
Chicago
}
}
}
, with dock and wharfing rights and privileges; that it owned a line of steamers
running between Ogdensburgh, New York, and
}
Chicago
}
}
}
, and touching at intermediate points; that during 1869 and 1870 it
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*636
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}
had thirteen or fourteen of them employed, five of them arriving and departing
each week from its dock on said lot, where it had, at an expense of $17,000,
constructed a warehouse and shed used in loading and unloading them, and where its
office was located; that its dock extended eighty feet on the south side of the lot
which abutted on the
}
Chicago
}
}
}
River, a navigable stream; that the city commenced, Nov. 1, 1869, building a
tunnel under the river on the east line of the lot at its intersection with the
river and La Salle Street, and erected a coffer-dam in front of the dock; that said
dam remained until some time in August, 1870; that about Nov. 1, 1869, the city
commenced excavating La Salle Street, and excavated it for some distance, blocking
up the doors of the warehouse on that street, and leaving free only the entrance on
Water Street; that by reason of the construction of said dam plaintiff was unable
to bring its boats up to the dock or to land freight and passengers thereat, and
was compelled to rent and remove to other docks and sheds; and that the negligent
and improper manner in which the work, especially the excavating, was done, greatly
damaged and injured the warehouse, and caused the walls to crack, settle, and in
several places to fall.
\par
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\u160\'3f
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The city offered testimony tending to prove that the work was, without unnecessary
delay, well and carefully done; that the coffer-dam as constructed was required for
the construction of the tunnel; that the company could during the time have had
access with its boats to a portion of the lot; and that the obstructions complained
of were unavoidable in the proper construction of the tunnel.
\par
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\u160\'3f
\par
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To the following portions of the charge of the court to the jury the plaintiff
excepted:--
\par
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\u160\'3f
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\u8216\'3fThe defendant had the right under the law to enter upon La Salle Street
and make such public improvements as in the judgment of the city authorities were
necessary, and to construct the tunnel in question; and for that purpose to enter
upon the portion of the river in front of the plaintiff\rquote s lot and construct
the coffer-dam there, if it was necessary to enable them to construct the
tunnel.\u8217\'3f
\par
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\u160\'3f
\par
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\u8216\'3fThe plaintiff took its lot subject to the right of the city to
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*637
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make these necessary public improvements in the streets. The method of crossing
the river at this point, whether by a ferry, a bridge, or a tunnel, was one to be
determined by the city authorities; and when they had determined to effect the
crossing by a tunnel, they had a right to use and occupy so much of the street as
was necessary to construct the tunnel, using due skill and care and despatch always
in doing it, so as not unnecessarily to interfere with private property.\u8217\'3f
\par
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\u160\'3f
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\u8216\'3fAlthough the plaintiff may for the time being have been deprived of the
beneficial use of its property by such entry upon the street, and access to the
property through the street practically prevented by the occupation of the street
for the purposes of constructing the tunnel, and although access to the lot from
the river may have been partially prevented during this time, yet these were
incidental inconveniences, to which the plaintiff, as the owner of this lot, must
submit in order that the public may be accommodated by the construction of this
tunnel. The city had the same right to enter upon the river for the purpose of
erecting works there to facilitate the construction of the tunnel that it had to
enter upon the street and construct the tunnel itself, always, however, subject to
the condition that they should not unnecessarily or negligently injure the
plaintiff.\u8217\'3f
\par
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\u160\'3f
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\u8216\'3fThere is left, however, the question to be considered by you in the light
of the evidence as to whether this work in La Salle Street was so unskilfully or
negligently done as to cause any part of the walls to fall or the building to be
impaired. You have heard all the testimony bearing upon this question. It shows
that the southeast corner of the warehouse, where the office and vault were
situated, became so impaired by the cracking or leaning of the wall outwardly that
it was deemed necessary to take it down; and it was taken down and rebuilt.
Although there was no apparent settling of the ground in the immediate vicinity,
nor any caving in, yet the wall seemed to fall from some cause from that point, and
the claim is that it fell from the construction of this tunnel by some displacement
of the surface, which was, perhaps, not apparent to the eye. You will also bear in
mind that the evidence shows that further along, near the north end of the
plaintiff\rquote s building, there was
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*638
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}
a caving in of the bank, so that the earth near, or perhaps immediately under, the
wall was to some extent displaced. The wall fell down there and was subsequently
rebuilt, and the building repaired to some extent. You have heard all the testimony
in regard to the extent of the repairs, and to the manner in which the building was
left, and it is for you to say whether the building was substantially restored to
its original condition by the repairs which were made, so that the plaintiff, on
the removal of the coffer-dam, and the other obstructions to the access to the
property, could again enter into the enjoyment of his property as fully as before.
If you are satisfied that the building was not so far repaired as to make it as
useful for the plaintiff\rquote s purposes as it was before these injuries
occurred, then the plaintiff will be entitled to recover such damages as would make
it as useful for his purposes.\u8217\'3f
\par
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\u160\'3f
\par
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The plaintiff asked the court to instruct the jury \u8216\'3fthat even if the city
be entitled to lay a coffer-dam along across the river, they had no right to lay it
in front of the company\rquote s lot and dock, and for any damages which it may
have suffered by the coffer-dam being in front of its dock it is entitled to
recover in this action;\u8217\'3f but the court refused; the presiding judge
stating, \u8216\'3fI refuse the instruction, always assuming that the proof shows
that the coffer-dam was a necessity. I look upon the river just as I do the street.
The city had the same right to go into the river and construct a coffer-dam, in
order to complete this work, that it had to go into a street and put down a track
or any other work necessary in order to carry on improvements.\u8217\'3f To which
the plaintiff duly excepted.
\par
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\u160\'3f
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**3
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The court, on motion of the defendant, further charged the jury, \u8216\'3fIf you
are satisfied from the evidence that the sinking or rather the cracking of the wall
was due to the weight of the walls upon the selvage or portion of the earth which
was left, and not to the removal of the material taken out of the street, that is,
from the pit, then the defendant would not be liable. If you are satisfied that if
the wall had not stood upon the plaintiff\rquote s lot at the place where it did,
there would have been no change in the level of the ground there, but that the
change in the level which caused the deflection of the wall was caused by the
weight of the wall resting upon
}
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*639
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the earth after the excavation was made, then the defendant is not liable. The
principle is precisely like two adjacent owners, one man building a building and
sinking his foundation four feet into the ground, the adjoining owner may think it
is necessary for him to set his six or ten feet into the ground, and he excavates
for that purpose. Now, if the first wall built, by reason of its own weight, causes
the earth to crush or cave away after the excavation below there has been made upon
the adjoining lot, the owner of the adjoining lot making the deeper excavation is
not liable. Each man, in other words, must look out for his own
foundation.\u8217\'3f To all of which the plaintiff excepted.
\par
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\u160\'3f
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There was a verdict for the defendant. Judgment was rendered thereon, and the
company sued out this writ of error.
\par
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\u160\'3f
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Land in Natural State
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The right of adjoining landowners of lateral support extends only to the soil in
its natural condition and does not protect whatever is placed upon the soil
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Actions for Injuries
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An instruction that if jury were satisfied from the evidence that sinking of
plaintiff\rquote s wall or the cracking thereof was due to the weight of the wall
upon the selvage or portion of the earth which was left and not to the removal of
material which was taken out of the street by defendant, and that if the wall had
not stood upon plaintiff\rquote s lot where it did there would have been no change
in the level of the ground there, but that the change in the level which caused the
deflection of the wall was due to the weight of the wall resting upon the earth
after the excavation was made, then defendant was not liable therefor was proper.
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Excavations, Embankments, and Structures Affecting Adjoining Land
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Every landowner has a right to have his land preserved unbroken, and an adjoining
owner excavating on his own land is subject to such restriction that he must not
remove the earth so near to the land of his neighbor that his neighbor\rquote s
soil will crumble under its own weight and fall upon his land.
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Commerce
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"http://www.westlaw.com/Browse/Home/KeyNumber/83k82.35/View.html?
Public Highways, Navigable Waters, and State Lands
\par
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Navigable rivers wholly within a state are not outside of state jurisdiction, so
long as congress does not interfere.
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Municipal Corporations
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"http://www.westlaw.com/Browse/Home/KeyNumber/268k269(2)/View.html?
Construction, Improvement, and Repair
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Where a street was extended across a river, the city not only had the power but the
duty to provide for convenience of passage which it could do either by erection of
a bridge or construction of a tunnel under the river and along the line of the
street.
\par
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Structures and Other Works in Streets
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An action was brought against a city to recover damages for injuries to the
plaintiff\rquote s business and property, resulting from the construction by it of
a tunnel under a navigable river along the line of a street at a point where the
plaintiff\rquote s warehouse and dock were located. Held, that the city, having
been properly authorized by statute to construct the tunnel, and having proceeded
with due care and skill, was not liable for consequential damages caused to persons
specially injured, nor for a temporary obstruction to the access to the
plaintiff\rquote s lot caused by the erection of a cofferdam in the river, the same
having been necessary to enable it to construct the tunnel, and having been
maintained no longer than was necessary.
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}
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\par
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Where a municipality was authorized to improve a street by building a bridge over a
navigable river by the state, city was the agent of the state and performing a
public duty imposed upon it by the legislature and the persons appointed to make or
improve the street were not answerable for consequential damages if they acted
within their jurisdiction and with care and skill.
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As respects the liability of a city which improved a street by building a bridge
over a navigable river as respects an adjoining property owner, it was immaterial
whether the fee of the street was in the state or in the city or in the adjoining
lot owner.
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Cases that cite this headnote
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Nuisance
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}
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Acts Authorized or Prohibited by Public Authority
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A legislature may authorize and direct acts to be done which are harmful to
individuals and which without authority would be nuisances, but if the statute be
such as the legislature has power to pass, the acts are lawful and are not
nuisances unless the power has been exceeded.
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[10]
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Nuisance
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\par
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}
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Acts Authorized or Prohibited by Public Authority
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That cannot be a nuisance such as to give a common law right of action which the
law authorizes.
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[11]
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Nuisance
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\par
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}
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Actions for Damages
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Where the legislature directs acts to be done which are harmful to individuals, a
grant of power of a right to compensation for consequential injuries caused by the
authorized erection may be given to those who suffer, but the right is a creature
of statute and has no existence without it.
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[12]
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Eminent Domain
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"http://www.westlaw.com/Browse/Home/KeyNumber/148k2.19/View.html?
Highways and Streets
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A municipality authorized to improve a street by building a bridge over a navigable
river incurs no liability for damages unavoidably caused to adjoining property by
obstructing the street, since acts done in the proper exercise of governmental
powers, and not directly encroaching on private property, are not a taking, within
the constitutional prohibition against the taking, of private property for public
use without compensation.
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Attorneys and Law Firms
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Mr. R. P. Spalding
}
}
for the plaintiff in error.
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Mr. Joseph F. Bonfield, contra
}
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.
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I0f2a844b89fc11db9765f9243f535}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**4
}
}
1. That which the law authorizes cannot be a nuisance such as to give a common-law
right of action.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
2. A municipal corporation, authorized by law to improve a street by building on
the line thereof a bridge over, or a tunnel under, a navigable river, where it
crosses the street, incurs no liability for the damages unavoidably caused to
adjoining property by obstructing the street or the river, unless such liability be
imposed by statute.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
3. If the fee of the street is in the adjoining lot-owners, the State has an
easement to adapt the street to easy and safe passage over its entire length and
breadth. When making or improving the streets within its limits, in the exercise of
an authority conferred by statute, a city is the agent of the State, and, if it
acts within that authority, and with due care, despatch, and skill, is not at
common law answerable for consequential damages.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
4. Acts done in the proper exercise of governmental powers, and not directly
encroaching upon private property, although their consequences may impair its use,
are not a taking within the meaning of the constitutional provision which forbids
the taking of such property for public use without just compensation therefor.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
5. The owner who makes excavations on his land is liable, if he thereby deprives
that of adjoining proprietors of its lateral support, while it is in its natural
condition; but their right to such support does not protect whatever they have
placed upon the soil increasing the downward and lateral pressure.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I0f2a844c89fc11db9765f9243f535}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
MR. JUSTICE STRONG delivered the opinion of the court.
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
We are of opinion that no error has been shown in this record, though the
assignments are very numerous. The action was case to recover damages for injuries
alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiffs in consequence of the action of
the city authorities in constructing a tunnel or passageway along the line of La
Salle Street and under the
}
Chicago
}
}
}
River, where it crosses that street. The plaintiffs were the lessees of a lot
bounded on the east by the street, and on the south by the river, and the principal
injury of which they complain is, that by the operations of the city they were
deprived of access to their premises, both on the side of the river and on that of
the street, during the prosecution of the work. It is not claimed that the
obstruction was a permanent one, or that it was continued during a longer time than
was necessary to complete the improvement. Nor is it contended that there was
unreasonable delay in pushing the work to completion, or that the coffer-dam
constructed in the river, extending some twenty-five or thirty feet in front of the
plaintiff\rquote s lot, was not necessary, indeed indispensable, for the
construction of the tunnel.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The case has been argued on the assumption that the
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*640
}
}
erection of the coffer-dam, and the necessary excavations in the street,
constituted a public nuisance, causing special damage to the plaintiffs, beyond
those incident to the public at large, and hence, it is inferred, the city is
responsible to them for the injurious consequences resulting therefrom. The answer
to this is that the assumption is unwarranted. That cannot be a nuisance, such as
to give a common-law right of action, which the law authorizes. We refer to an
action at common law such as this is. A legislature may and often does authorize
and even direct acts to be done which are harmful to individuals, and which without
the authority would be nuisances; but in such a case, if the statute be such as the
legislature has power to pass, the acts are lawful, and are not nuisances, unless
the power has been exceeded. In such grants of power a right to compensation for
consequential injuries caused by the authorized erections may be given to those who
suffer, but then the right is a creature of the statute. It has no existence
without it. If this were not so, the suffering party would be entitled to repeated
actions until an abatement of the erections would be enforced, or perhaps he might
restrain them by injunction.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**5
}
}
Here the tunnel of which the plaintiffs complain, or rather its construction, was
authorized by an act of the legislature of the State, and directed by an ordinance
of the city councils. This we do not understand to be denied, and it certainly
cannot be. The State, and the city councils, as its agents, had full power over the
highways of the city, to improve them for the uses for which they were made
highways, and the construction of the tunnel was an exercise of that power. Since
La Salle Street was extended across the river, the city not only had the power, but
it was its duty, to provide for convenience of passage. This it could do either by
the erection of a bridge, or by the construction of a tunnel under the river and
along the line of the street. And the grant of power by the legislature to build a
bridge or construct a tunnel carried with it, of course, all that was necessary for
the exercise of the power. We do not understand this to be controverted by the
plaintiffs in error. Their argument is, that though the city had the legal right to
construct the tunnel, and to do
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*641
}
}
what was necessary for its construction, subject to the condition that in doing
the work there should be no unnecessary interference with private property, yet it
was liable to make compensation for the consequential damages caused to persons
specially injured. To this we cannot assent.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
It is immaterial whether the fee of the street was in the State or in the city or
in the adjoining lot-holders. If in the latter, the State had an easement to repair
and improve the street over its entire length and breadth, to adapt it to easy and
safe passage.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
It is undeniable that in making the improvement of which the plaintiffs complain
the city was the agent of the State, and performing a public duty imposed upon it
by the legislature; and that persons appointed or authorized by law to make or
improve a highway are not answerable for consequential damages, if they act within
their jurisdiction and with care and skill, is a doctrine almost universally
accepted alike in England and in this country. It was asserted unqualifiedly in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
The Governor and Company of the British Cast-Plate Manufacturers
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Meredith
}
}
, 4 Durnf. & E. 794; in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Sutton
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Clarke
}
}
, 6 Taun. 28; and in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Boulton
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Crowther
}
}
, 2 Barn. & Cres. 703. It was asserted in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Green
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
The Borough of Reading
}
}
, 9 Watts (Pa.), 382;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
O\rquote Connor
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Pittsburg
}
}
, 18 Pa. St. 187; in
}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?
findType=Y&serNum=1823003737&pubNum=2679&originatingDoc=I3ebad11db5bc11d993e6d35cc6
1aab4a&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Docu
mentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Callendar
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Marsh
}
}
, 1 Pick. (Mass.) 418;
}}}
as well as by the courts of numerous other States. It was asserted in
}
aab4a&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Docum
entItem&contextData=(sc.Search)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Smith
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
The Corporation of Washington
}
}
(20 How. 135),
}}}
in this court; and it has been held by the Supreme Court of Illinois. The
decisions in Ohio, so far as we know, are the solitary exceptions. The doctrine,
however it may at times appear to be at variance with natural justice, rests upon
the soundest legal reason. The State holds its highways in trust for the public.
Improvements made by its direction or by its authority are its acts, and the
ultimate responsibility, of course, should rest upon it. But it is the prerogative
of the State to be exempt from coercion by suit, except by its own consent. This
prerogative would amount to nothing if it does not protect the agents for improving
highways which the State is compelled to employ. The remedy, therefore, for a
consequential injury resulting from the State\rquote s action through its agents,
if there
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*642
}
}
be any, must be that, and that only, which the legislature shall give. It does not
exist at common law. The decisions to which we have referred were made in view of
Magna Charta and the restriction to be found in the constitution of every State,
that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation
being made. But acts done in the proper exercise of governmental powers, and not
directly encroaching upon private property, though their consequences may impair
its use, are universally held not to be a taking within the meaning of the
constitutional provision. They do not entitle the owner of such property to
compensation from the State or its agents, or give him any right of action. This is
supported by an immense weight of authority. Those who are curious to see the
decisions will find them collected in Cooley on Constitutional Limitations, page
542 and notes.
}
The extremest qualification of the doctrine is to be found, perhaps, in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Pumpelly
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Green Bay Company
}
}
, 13 Wall. 166,
}}}
and in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Eaton
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Boston, Concord, & Montreal Railroad Co.
}
}
, 51 N. H. 504.
}}}
In those cases it was held that permanent flooding of private property may be
regarded as a \u8216\'3ftaking.\u8217\'3f In those cases there was a physical
invasion of the real estate of the private owner, and a practical ouster of his
possession. But in the present case there was no such invasion. No entry was made
upon the plaintiffs\rquote lot. All that was done was to render for a time its use
more inconvenient.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**6
}
}
The present Constitution of Illinois took effect on the 8th of August, 1870, after
the work of constructing the tunnel had been substantially completed. It ordains
that private property shall not be \u8216\'3ftaken or
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
damaged
}
}
\u8217\'3f for public use without just compensation. This is an extension of the
common provision for the protection of private property. But it has no application
to this case, as was decided by the Supreme Court of the State in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Chicago
}
}
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Rumsey
}
}
, recently decided, and reported in
}
Chicago
}
}
}
Legal News, vol. x. p. 333. That case also decides that the city is not liable for
consequential damages resulting from an improvement made in the street, the fee of
which is in the city, provided the improvement had the sanction of the legislature.
It also decides that La Salle Street is such a street, and declares that a recovery
of such damages by an
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*643
}
}
adjacent lot-holder has been denied by the settled law of the State up to the
adoption of the present Constitution. There would appear, therefore, to be little
left in this case for controversy.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
It is insisted, however, that the plaintiffs may recover for the obstruction to the
access of their lot, caused by the coffer-dam in the river. It is admitted that the
dam was necessary to enable the city to construct the tunnel under the river; and
it is not complained that it was unskilfully built, or that it was kept in the
stream longer than the necessities of the work required, but it is contended that
neither the State nor the city had any right to obstruct passage on the river at
all. Yet the river is a highway, a State highway as well as a national. It has long
been held that navigable rivers wholly within a State are not outside of State
jurisdiction so long as Congress does not interfere. An abridgment of the rights of
those who have been accustomed to use them, unless it comes in conflict with the
Constitution or a law of the United States, is an affair between the government of
the State and its citizens, of which this court can take no cognizance.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Wilson
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
The Black Bird Creek Marsh Co.
}
}
, 2 Pet. 250.
}}}
In numerous instances, States have authorized obstructions in navigable streams.
They have authorized the erection of bridges, the piers of which have been more or
less impediments to navigation. In this case the coffer-dam was only a temporary
obstruction. It was no physical encroachment upon the plaintiffs\rquote property,
and it was maintained only so long as it was needed for the public improvement. The
tunnel could not have been constructed without it. We cannot doubt that it was
lawfully placed where it was, and having thus been, that the city is not
responsible in damages for having erected and maintained it while discharging the
duty imposed by the legislature, the obstruction not having been permanent or
unreasonably prolonged.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
We have examined the decisions of the courts of Illinois, and others to which we
have been referred by the plaintiffs in error, but in none of them was it decided
that a riparian owner on a navigable stream, or that an adjoiner on a public
highway, can maintain a suit at common law against public agents
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*644
}
}
to recover consequential damages resulting from obstructing a stream or highway in
pursuance of legislative authority, unless that authority has been transcended, or
unless there was a wanton injury inflicted, or carelessness, negligence, or want of
skill in causing the obstruction.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**7
}
}
Very many of the decisions relied upon were cases in which it appeared that the
acts complained of as having wrought injurious consequences were done by private
individuals, for their own benefit, and without sufficient legislative authority.
The distinction between cases of that kind and such as the present is very obvious.
It was well stated by Gibbs, C. J., in
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Sutton
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Clarke (supra
}
}
), which, as we have seen, was decided on the ground that the defendant was acting
under the authority of an act of Parliament, deriving no advantage to himself
personally, and acting to the best of his skill and within the scope of his
authority, and so was not liable for consequential damages. \u8216\'3fThis
case,\u8217\'3f said the Chief Justice, \u8216\'3fis totally unlike that of the
individual who for his own benefit makes an improvement on his own land according
to his best skill and diligence, not foreseeing it will produce injury to his
neighbor; if he thereby, though unwittingly, injure his neighbor, he is liable. The
resemblance fails in this most important point, that his act is not done for a
public purpose but for private emolument. Here the defendant is not a volunteer: he
executes a duty imposed upon him by the legislature, which he is bound to
execute.\u8217\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The observations we have made cover the whole case as made for the plaintiffs in
error, except the point presented by the sixteenth assignment. That was not
mentioned in the argument, but we will not overlook it.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
There was evidence at the trial that during the progress of the necessary
excavation of La Salle Street a portion of the walls of the plaintiffs\rquote
buildings on the lot cracked and sunk. This was caused by the caving in of the
excavation in the street, the timbers used for bracing the sides having given way.
In reference to this testimony the court instructed the jury that if they were
satisfied from the evidence that the sinking of the wall, or rather the cracking of
the wall, was due to the weight of the wall upon the selvage or portion of the
earth which was left, and not to the removal of the material
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*645
}
}
which was taken out of the street, that is, from the pit, the defendants were not
liable. If they were satisfied that if the wall had not stood upon the
plaintiffs\rquote lot where it did there would have been no change in the level of
the ground there, but that the change in the level which caused the deflection of
the wall was due to the weight of the wall resting upon the earth after the
excavation was made, then the defendant was not liable for that.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
We think this instruction was entirely right. The general rule may be admitted that
every land-owner has a right to have his land preserved unbroken, and that an
adjoining owner excavating on his own land is subject to this restriction, that he
must not remove the earth so near to the land of his neighbor that his
neighbor\rquote s soil will crumble away under its own weight and fall upon his
land. But this right of lateral support extends only to the soil in its natural
condition. It does not protect whatever is placed upon the soil increasing the
downward and lateral pressure. If it did, it would put it in the power of a lot-
owner, by erecting heavy buildings on his lot, to greatly abridge the right of his
neighbor to use his lot.
}
It would make the rights of the prior occupant greatly superior to those of the
latter.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Wyatt
}
}
v.
}
findType=Y&pubNum=3516&cite=3BARNADOL871&originatingDoc=I3ebad11db5bc11d993e6d35cc6
1aab4a&refType=IC&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Docu
mentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Harrison
}
}
, 3 Barn. & Adol. 871;
}}}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Lasala
}
}
v.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Holbrook
}
}
, 4 Paige (N. Y.), 169;
}}}
Washburn, Easements, c. 4, sect. 1.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**8
}
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Judgment affirmed
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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\par
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}
99 U.S. 635, 9 Otto 635, 1878 WL 18229, 25 L.Ed. 336
\par
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1-Northern Transp Co V City of Chicago

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