Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISBN: 978-1-58001-612-4
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This publication is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc.
Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distrib-
uted or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical
means (by way of example, and not limitation, photocopying or recording by or in an information storage re-
trieval system). For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications,
4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478. Phone 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233).
The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate; however, it is being provided for informa-
tional purposes only and is intended for use only as a guide. Publication of this document by the ICC should not
be construed as the ICC engaging in or rendering engineering, legal or other professional services. Use of the
information contained in this workbook should not be considered by the user to be a substitute for the advice of
a registered professional engineer, attorney or other professional. If such advice is required, it should be sought
through the services of a registered professional engineer, licensed attorney or other professional.
Trademarks: International Code Council and the International Code Council logo and the International
Building Code are trademarks of International Code Council, Inc.
First Printing: April 2009
PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
iii
Foreword
The Structural Checklist made its debut in 1996. The checklist was initially designed to assist users of the 1994
UBC, a code that had undergone a major change. To help facilitate a smooth and successful transition for code
users, it was recognized that a variety of code resources were needed. Ms. Susan Dowty, S.E., Senior Staff Engi-
neer at ICBO, one of ICCs legacy organizations, was quick to identify specific needs of code users, and thus, the
first Structural CheckList was born.
With the publication of the 2000 International Building Code, and its vast array of changes to the structural
provisions, ICBO called upon the special talents of Ms. Dowty again to act as the project head in updating the
Structural CheckList to the 2000 IBC. This effort resulted in the popular publication2000 IBC CheckList:
Structural Provisions.
Because of the extensive reliance on referenced structural standards in the 2006 IBC compared to the 2003 and
2000 IBC, updating the IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions from the 2000 IBC to the 2006 IBC would be a
formidable and tedious task. The ICC project manager assigned to update the CheckList, John R. Henry, turned
to a colleague, Y. Henry Huang, P.E., who agreed to take on the project.
In addition to being the Building Official for the City of Tustin, California, Mr. Huang has years of experience in
the development of structural code provisions through ASCE, SEAOC, ICBO and ICC structural committees. Mr.
Huangs experience, which includes structural design, code development, design review and plan check while at
the County of Los Angeles and the Cities of Simi Valley and Tustin, made him uniquely qualified to handle the
project. Having served as a design engineer in private practice, plan check engineer and building official, he has
firsthand experience with the challenges faced by both the plan checker and structural designer alike. Mr.
Huangs work was also helped by engineers who are knowledgeable and experienced with the IBC and its refer-
enced standards to make this latest edition all inclusive, accurate and usable.
Hamid Naderi
Vice President
Business and Product Development
International Code Council
Preface
The purpose of the 2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions is to provide a comprehensive resource tool for
those involved in structural plan review and design under the provisions of the International Building Code
(IBC). This publication is designed to save plan reviewers countless hours in generating project-specific check-
lists. It provides a comprehensive list of structural comments for code requirements found in Chapters 16
through 23 of the IBC. Because the 2006 IBC relies on referenced structural standards even more than the
previous editions, the requirements outlined in this checklist are in many cases based on the referenced
standard rather than the IBC itself.
The 2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions is also available in rtf and pdf formats on an optional CD-ROM,
which gives reviewers the added opportunity to adapt the checklist to a specific project or process. Structural
design professionals will also find the checklist invaluable as a resource to assist with code compliance during
the design process. It affords designers the opportunity to make necessary revisions and effectively reduce the
time it takes to complete the structural plan check process.
As the trend of adopting national design standards in the building code continues, the checklist is especially
valuable because it also includes specific comments pertaining to the following referenced structural standards:
ASCE 7-05 (Loads)
ACI 318-05 (Concrete)
ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05 (Masonry)
AISC 360-05 (Steel)
AISC 341-05 (Steel Seismic)
AF&PA NDS 05 (Wood)
This product has been designed so that the plan reviewer can quickly go through the document and easily iden-
tify those comments that are required to generate a complete structural checklist for a specific project. A section
number from the code or standard is referenced within each comment so that the user may easily refer to the
provision for further clarification. Also, each comment has been further classified with a subject title to allow
the user to quickly identify which comments are pertinent to the project being reviewed.
When completing a typical structural plan review, it can be very frustrating to search through the code to find
the applicable referenced standards and pinpoint the applicable sections. Oftentimes plan reviewers need to
refamiliarize themselves with a design method or standard before even beginning a plan review. These
painstaking tasks have already been completed for the plan checker and consolidated into this product. In addi-
tion, there are many helpful illustrations, definitions, tables and charts that organize the code requirements in a
logical manner for direct application to structural drawings and details. Blank spaces have been provided for the
plan reviewer to insert needed information for a specific project where appropriate.
The comments included in this publication are based exclusively on the 2006 IBC Structural Provisions found in
Chapters 1623 and the major associated structural standards referenced in Chapter 35. Code requirements to
be checked at the time of field inspection are not included.
Note that although the 2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions is comprehensive, it does not include all
possible structural requirements in the building code and the referenced standards. There is no substitute for
careful study and comprehension of each code provision. The checklist items and illustrations published herein
reflect the understanding of the author and ICC staff and are not binding on the building official. As indicated in
Section 104.1 of the IBC, the building official has the ultimate responsibility for rendering interpretations of the
code.
Users of this checklist are encouraged to send comments, questions or suggestions for future updates by email
to: checklist@iccsafe.org.
Acknowledgments
Developing a product of this magnitude required the special talents of many individuals. Special thanks go to Y.
Henry Huang, P.E., for taking on the project of updating the 2000 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions to the
2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions, and to Susan Dowty, S.E., author of the first Structural CheckList in
1996. Their extensive knowledge, expertise and experience made the product and the update possible. Because
of the extensive reliance on referenced standards in the 2006 IBC, the task of updating the Structural Checklist
from the 2000 to the 2006 IBC proved to be a formidable task.
Mr. Huang would like to like to express his appreciation to the following individuals who graciously gave of their
time to review and share their expertise:
Bob Chittenden, S.E. Principal, Chittenden Engineering, Auburn, California (Masonry)
Tom Hale, S.E. California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (Masonry)
John Henry, P.E. Principal Staff Engineer - ICC (All chapters)
James Lai, S.E. Structural Engineer, La Canada Flintridge, California (Concrete)
Philip Line, P.E. American Forest and Paper Association (Wood)
Peter Maranian, S.E. Principal, Brandow and Johnston Associates, Los Angeles, California (Steel)
Mr. Huang would also like to express his appreciation to the following individuals who offered their advice and
support:
Paul Armstrong, P.E. Interwest Consulting Group, Long Beach, California
Tom Van Dorpe, S.E. VanDorpe Chou Associates, Inc., Orange, California
Ritchie Kato, S.E. CSG Consultants, Costa Mesa, California
Chris Tokas, S.E. California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
ICC would like to extend appreciation to the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations for their
sponsorship and continuing support.
The associations listed below have generously allowed ICC to extract and use portions of their texts:
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 318-05/318R-05 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-05)
The Masonry Standards Joint Committees 2005 Building Code for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS
402), Specification for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602) and Commentaries (MSJC)
American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA)
National Design Specification for Wood Construction, 2005 Edition (NDS-05)
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC)
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC-360-05)
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 341-05)
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Portland Cement Association (PCA)
Notes on ACI 318-05
A team of talented and highly qualified people who put in many hours of effort produced this publication.
Thanks to Roger Mensink for project management and editing; Mike Tamai for designing and illustration; Mary
Bridges for designing the cover; Cindy Rodriguez for production coordination, and researching and obtaining all
copyright permissions; and John R. Henry for overseeing and managing the updated project.
Table of Contents
Foreword.................................................................................................................. iii
Preface ...................................................................................................................... v
H. Flood loads.......................................................................................................... 29
I. ASD No allowable stress increase ....................................................................... 29
J. Alternative basic load combinations ..................................................................... 29
K. Dead loads .......................................................................................................... 30
L. Live loads............................................................................................................. 30
1. Administration
Chapter 1 of the International Building Code (IBC) is important because it contains the
administrative provisions of the code. In addition to the scope and applicability of the code,
Chapter 1 covers the purpose of the code, and duties and responsibilities of the building official
and registered design professional. Chapter 1 includes requirements for construction docu-
ments, permits and inspections, and provisions related to alternative materials and methods of
construction. Because the 2006 IBC relies on referenced structural standards, Section 102.4
pertaining to reference standards is of particular importance. The purpose of the present chap-
ter is to provide an overview of the administrative provisions of the IBC prior to presenting the
structural checklist beginning with Chapter 2, Submittal Documents.
1. Conflicts. Where, in any specific case, different sections of this code specify different
materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall
govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific require-
ment, the specific requirement shall be applicable. (Section 102.1)
2. Other laws. The provisions of this code shall not be deemed to nullify any provisions of
local, state or federal law. (Section 102.2)
3. Application of references. References to chapter or section numbers, or to provisions
not specifically identified by number, shall be construed to refer to such chapter, sec-
tion or provision of this code. (Section 102.3)
4. Referenced codes and standards. The codes and standards referenced in this code
shall be considered part of the requirements of this code to the prescribed extent of
each such reference. Where differences occur between provisions of this code and refer-
enced codes and standards, the provisions of this code shall apply. (Section 102.4)
5. Partial invalidity. In the event that any part or provision of this code is held to be ille-
gal or void, this shall not have the effect of making void or illegal any of the other parts
or provisions. (Section 102.5)
1. Enforce, interpret and adopt policies and procedures to clarify code. The building
official is authorized and directed to enforce the code. The building official has the
authority to interpret the code and to adopt policies and procedures to clarify the code.
(Section 104.1)
2. Limits. Such interpretations, policies and procedures shall be in compliance with the
intent and purpose of this code. Such policies and procedures shall not have the effect
of waiving requirements specifically provided for in this code. (Section 104.1)
3. Inspections. The building official shall make all of the required inspections, or the
building official shall have the authority to accept reports of inspection by approved
agencies or individuals. Reports of such inspections shall be in writing and be certified
by a responsible officer of such approved agency or by the responsible individual.
(Section 104.4)
4. Unusual technical issues. The building official is authorized to engage such expert
opinion as deemed necessary to report upon unusual technical issues that arise,
subject to the approval of the appointing authority. (Section 104.4)
5. Used materials and equipment. The use of used materials that meet the requirements
of this code for new materials is permitted. Used equipment and devices shall not be re-
used unless approved by the building official. (Section 104.9.1)
6. Modifications. Wherever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out the
provisions of this code, the building official shall have the authority to grant
modifications for individual cases, upon application of the owner or owners representa-
tive, provided the building official shall first find that special individual reason makes
the strict letter of this code impractical and the modification is in compliance with the
intent and purpose of this code and that such modification does not lessen health,
accessibility, life and fire safety, or structural requirements. The details of action grant-
ing modifications shall be recorded and entered in the files of the department of
building safety. (Section 104.10)
7. Alternative materials, design and methods of construction and equipment. The
provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to
prohibit any design or method of construction not specifically prescribed by this code,
provided that any such alternative has been approved. An alternative material, design
or method of construction shall be approved where the building official finds that the
proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the intent of the provisions of this
code, and that the material, method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at
least the equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire
resistance, durability and safety. (Section 104.11)
8. Research reports. Supporting data, where necessary to assist in the approval of
materials or assemblies not specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid
research reports from sources approved by the building official. (Section 104.11.1)
9. Tests. When the building official considers there is insufficient evidence of compliance
with the provisions of this code, or evidence that a material or method does not conform
to the requirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for alternative
materials or methods, the building official shall have the authority to require tests as
C. Registered design professional. The building official should ensure the design professional
in responsible charge performs the following duties:
2. Submittal Documents
A. Construction documents. Construction documents are required to be submitted in accor-
dance with Sections 106 and 1603.
d. Wind load. The following information should be shown regardless of whether wind
loads govern the design of the lateral-force-resisting system of the building. (Section
1603.1.4)
(1) Basic wind speed (3-second gust), miles per hour (km/hr).
(2) Wind importance factor, I, and occupancy category. (Note: Table 1604.5 should
be used to determine Occupancy Category. Do not use Table 1-1 of ASCE 7.)
(3) Wind exposure. If more than one wind exposure is utilized, the wind exposure
and applicable wind direction should be indicated.
(4) The applicable internal pressure coefficient.
(5) Components and cladding. The design wind pressures in terms of psf (kN/m2)
to be used for the design of exterior component and cladding materials not
specifically designed by the registered design professional.
e. Earthquake design data. The following information related to seismic loads should
be shown, regardless of whether seismic loads govern the design of the lateral-
force-resisting system of the building: (Sections 1603.1.5 and 1802.6)
(1) Longitude and altitude of the building (for determining site class).
(2) Seismic importance factor, I, and Occupancy Category. (Note: Table 1604.5
should be used to determine Occupancy Category. Do not use Table 1-1 of
ASCE 7.)
(3) Mapped spectral response accelerations, SS and S1.
(4) Site class.
(5) Soil Classification and design load-bearing capacity. (Section 1802.6)
(6) Spectral response coefficients, SDS and SD1.
(7) Seismic design category.
(8) Basic seismic-force-resisting system(s).
(9) Design base shear.
(10) Seismic response coefficient(s), CS.
(11) Response modification factor(s), R.
(12) Analysis procedure (Equivalent lateral-force procedure, Simplified analysis
procedure, Modal response spectra analysis, Linear time-history analysis,
Nonlinear time-history analysis) used.
f. Flood design data. For buildings in whole or in part located in flood hazard areas
established in Section 1612.3, provide documentation as required in Section
1612.3. The documentation should include the following information, referenced to
the datum on the communitys Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), regardless of
whether flood loads govern the design of the building: (Section 1603.1.6)
(1) In flood hazard areas not subject to high-velocity wave action, the elevation of
the proposed lowest floor, including the basement.
(2) In flood hazard areas not subject to high-velocity wave action, the elevation to
which any nonresidential building will be dry floodproofed.
(3) In flood hazard areas subject to high-velocity wave action, the proposed eleva-
tion of the bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member of the lowest floor,
including the basement.
g. Special loads. Where applicable, special loads should be indicated with appropriate
section of the code. (Section 1603.1.7)
B. Calculations.
C. Soils report.
1. Foundation and soils investigation required. A foundation and soils investigation re-
port should be submitted in accordance with Section 1802.2 because of one or more of
the following:
a. Questionable soil: Justify the classification, strength or compressibility of the soil
or load-bearing value used in design. (Section 1802.2.1)
b. Expansive soil: The project area may have expansive soil. Soil tests are required.
(Section 1802.2.2)
c. Groundwater table: The project area may have high groundwater table. A
subsurface soil investigation should be performed to determine whether the existing
groundwater table is above or within 5 feet (1524 mm) below the elevation of the
lowest floor level where such floor is located below the finished ground level
adjacent to the foundation. Alternatively, provide waterproofing in accordance with
Section 1807. (Section 1808.2.2.3)
d. Pile and pier foundations: Provide foundation and soils investigation report for the
design and construction of pile and pier foundations. (Section 1808.2.2.4)
e. Unusual rock strata: Subsurface explorations at the project site indicate variations
or doubtful characteristics in the structure of the rock. Additional number of bor-
ings should be made to a depth of not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) below the level
of the foundations to provide assurance of the soundness of the foundation bed and
its load-bearing capacity. (Section 1808.2.2.5)
f. Seismic Design Category (SDC) C and higher: (Section 1802.2.6) An investigation
should be conducted and should include an evaluation of the following potential
hazards resulting from earthquake motions:
(1) Slope instability.
(2) Liquefaction.
(3) Surface rupture that is due to faulting or lateral spreading.
g. Seismic Design Category (SDC) D and higher: (Section 1802.2.7) An investigation
should be conducted and should include an evaluation of the potential hazards re-
quired by Section 1802.2.6. Additionally, the investigation should include:
(1) A determination of lateral pressures on basement and retaining walls that are
due to earthquake motions.
(2) An assessment of potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength
loss, including estimation of differential settlement, lateral movement or reduc-
tion in foundation soil-bearing capacity, which should address mitigation
measures. Such measures should be given consideration in the design of the
structure and can include but are not limited to ground stabilization, selection
of appropriate foundation type and depths, selection of appropriate structural
systems to accommodate anticipated displacements, or any combination of
these measures. The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss should be
evaluated for site peak ground acceleration magnitudes and source
characteristics consistent with the design earthquake ground motions. Peak
ground acceleration should be determined from a site-specific study taking into
account soil amplification effects, as specified in Chapter 21 of ASCE 7.
Alternatively, use peak ground acceleration equal to SSD/2.5 for design.
(Section 1802.2.7)
2. Soil information and soils report recommendations. The soil classification and de-
sign load-bearing capacity should be shown on the construction documents. Design of
building and foundation system should conform to the recommendations of the soils
report. (Section 1802.6)
3. Content of soils report. The soils investigation report should include the information
itemized in Section 1802.6, and when applicable, Sections 1802.2.1 through 1802.2.7
as follows: (Section 1802.6)
a. A plot showing the location of test borings and/or excavations.
b. A complete record of the soil samples.
c. A record of the soil profile.
d. Elevation of the water table, if encountered.
e. Recommendations for foundation type and design criteria, including but not limited
to: bearing capacity of natural or compacted soil; provisions to mitigate the effects
of expansive soils; mitigation of the effects of liquefaction, differential settlement
and varying soil strength; and the effects of adjacent loads.
f. Expected total and differential settlement.
g. Pile and pier foundation information in accordance with Section 1808.2.2.
h. Special design and construction provisions for footings or foundations founded on
expansive soils, as necessary.
i. Compacted fill material properties and testing in accordance with Section 1803.5.
The statement of special inspections shall be submitted with each permit application, in
conjunction with construction documents as a condition of permit issuance. The statement
of special inspections must identify the special inspections and structural observations that
will be provided for the following work. (Section 106.1)
Statement(s) of special inspections. The statement of special inspections should be pre-
pared by the registered design professional in responsible charge in accordance with Section
1705 for submittal by the permit applicant (see Section 1704.1.1). (Sections 106.1, 1704.1.1
and 1705.1)
Inspection of fabricators. Structural load-bearing members and assemblies should be
fabricated on the premises of a fabricators shop approved by the jurisdiction, or provide
special inspection in accordance with Section 1704.2 for the following items
_____________________________. (Section 1704.2)
1. Steel construction. Special inspections for steel elements of buildings and structures
shall be provided in accordance with Section 1704.3 and Table 1704.3. (See Items
_____________________________.)
2. Welding. Welding inspection should be provided in accordance with Section 1704.3.1
and Table 1704.3. (Note: for seismic applications, AWS D1.8 is the referenced standard
supplemental to D1.1 for welding of structural steel.)
3. High-strength bolts. Periodic or continuous special inspection should be provided for
installation of high-strength bolts in accordance with AISC specifications, Section
1704.3.3 and Table 1704.3.
4. Concrete construction. Special inspections and verifications should be provided in
accordance with Section and Table 1704.4. (See Items _____________________________.)
5. Masonry construction.
a. Level 1 special inspection should be provided for masonry construction in accor-
dance with Sections 1704.5.1, 1704.5.2 and Table 1704.5.1.
b. Level 2 special inspection should be provided for masonry construction in accor-
dance with Section 1704.5.3 and Table 1704.5.3.
c. Certain structures designed using Empirical Designed Method (see Item 18.K of this
Checklist) do not require special inspection in accordance with Section 1704.5 and
Table 3.1. (Section 1704.5)
Table 3.1
Masonry Levels of Special Inspection Requirement
Type of facility
Occupancy Category I, II, III Occupancy Category IV
(Section 1704.5.2) (Section 1704.5.3)
Design Method Empirical Engineered Empirical Engineered
6. Wood construction.
a. Prefabricated wood structural elements. Special inspection should be provided
for the fabrication process of prefabricated wood structural elements and assem-
blies in accordance with Section 1704.2. Special inspection for site-built assemblies
should be required to determine that those elements are in compliance with ap-
proved plans. (Section 1704.6)
b. High-load diaphragms. Special inspection should be provided for high-load dia-
phragms designed in accordance with Table 2306.3.2 in accordance with Section
1704.6.1. The special inspector should inspect the wood structural panel sheathing
to determine that the grade and thickness are as shown on the approved building
plans. Additionally, the special inspector should verify the nominal size of framing
members at adjoining panel edges, the nail or staple diameter and length, the
number of fastener lines and that the spacing between fasteners in each line and at
edge margins conform to the approved plans. (Section 1704.6.1)
7. Soils. Special inspection should be provided for placement of fill more than 12 inches
(305 mm) in depth to determine compliance with approved soils report and plans in
accordance with Sections 1704.7 and 1803.5 and Table 1704.7.
8. Pile foundations. Special inspection should be provided for pile foundations to deter-
mine compliance with approved soils report and plans in accordance with Section
1704.8 and Table 1704.8.
9. Pier foundation. Special inspection should be provided for pier foundations to deter-
mine compliance with approved soils report and plans in accordance with Section
1704.9 and Table 1704.9.
10. Sprayed fire-resistant materials. Special inspection for sprayed fire-resistant
materials applied to structural elements and decks should be provided in accordance
with Sections 1704.10.1 through 1704.10.5.
11. Mastic and intumescent fire-resistant coatings. Special inspection for mastic and
intumescent fire-resistant coatings applied to structural elements and decks should be
provided to determine compliance with approved plans in accordance with Section
1704.11.
12. Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). Special inspection should be provided
for exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) in accordance with Section 1704.12.
13. Special cases. Special inspection is required for the following items:
_____________________________. (Section 1704.13)
14. Smoke Control. (Nonstructural) Smoke control systems should be tested by a qualified
special inspector in accordance with the International Fire Code (IFC). (Section 1704.14)
Seismic Design
Category Special inspection required
Structural observation for seismic resistance should be provided where one of the following
conditions exists: (Section 1709.2)
1. The structure is classified as Occupancy Category III or IV in accordance with Table
1604.5.
2. The height of the structure is more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the base.
3. The structure is in SDC E and Occupancy Category I or II and more than two stories in
height.
4. Structural observation is specifically required by the building official for the following
systems or items: _____________________________.
Structural observation for wind should be provided for those structures sited where the ba-
sic wind speed exceeds 110 mph (49 m/s) determined from Figure 1609, where one of the
following conditions exists: (Section 1709.3)
1. The structure is classified as Occupancy Category III or IV in accordance with Table
1604.5.
2. The height of the building is greater than 75 feet (22 860 mm).
3. The observation is specifically required by the building official for the following systems
or items: _____________________________.
1. Structural testing for seismic resistance should be provided for reinforcing and
prestressing steel (Section 1708.3), structural steel (Section 1708.4) and seismically
isolated structures (Section 1708.6) for the following systems in accordance with
Section 1708:
2. Structural testing for masonry should be provided for the following in accordance with
Section 1708.1:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
1. Strength design. Design of buildings (other structures, or parts) should support the
applicable factored load combinations without exceeding the strength limit states for
the materials of construction. (Section 1604.1.1)
2. Allowable stress design. Design of buildings (other structures, or parts) should sup-
port the applicable nominal load combinations without exceeding the allowable stresses
for the materials of construction. (Section 1604.1.1)
3. Seismic design. For seismic design, seismic analysis and design procedures to be used
in the design of building structures and their components should be as prescribed in
Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Design ground motions. The building structure should include complete lateral and
vertical force-resisting systems capable of providing adequate strength, stiffness and
energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground motions within the pre-
scribed limits of deformation and strength demand. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
5. Member design, connection design and deformation limit. Individual members,
including those not part of the seismic-force-resisting system, should be provided with
adequate strength to resist the shear, axial forces and moments determined in accor-
dance with ASCE 7, and connections should develop the strength of the connected
members or the forces indicated in Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7)
Structural systems and members should have adequate stiffness to limit deflection and
lateral drift
1. Deflection limits for roof members. The deflection of roof members should be shown
to comply with the following limitations. (Section 1604.3.1 and Table 1604.3)
CONSTRUCTION L S or W D+L
Goal of Design/Analysis
Strength Strength
Required (Q) Available (P)
Strength or
Load and Resistance
Factor Design Allowable Strength
Design
Strength Reduction Available Strength
Factor (Provided by strength Margin of Safety
applied to Nominal of materials) Applied to Nominal
Strength Pn Strength Pn
Pn /
= Allowable Strength
Pn
Design Strength =
Strength Strength
Required (Q) Available (P)
(From Step 1) (From Step 2)
For roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per foot [1.19 degrees (0.0208 rad)], the design
calculations should include verification of adequate stiffness to preclude progressive
deflection in accordance with Section 8.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 1611.2)
2. Deflection limits for floor members. The deflection of floor members should be shown
to comply with the following limitations. (Section 1604.3.1 and Table 1604.3)
Construction L S or W D+L
l l
3. Deflection limits for exterior walls and interior partitions. The deflection of exterior
walls and interior partitions should be shown to comply with the following limitations:
(Section 1604.3.1 and Table 1604.3)
Construction L S or W D+L
l
l
Table 4.1
Deflection LimitsConcrete Construction
[Source: ACI 318-05, Table 9.5(b), reproduced with permission from ACI]
TABLE 9.5(b)MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS
Type of Member Deflection to be considered Deflection installation
11. Seismic deformation and drift limits. The deformation of the structure should not ex-
ceed the prescribed limits where the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces.
(Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7) See Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7 for drift limits applicable to
earthquake loading. (Section 1604.3)
1. Show in calculations load effects on (structural members at), and/or (connections at)
_____________ and/or (system at) _____________ and/or (components at) _____________
and/or (cladding at) _____________. (Section 1604.9)
2. Design of (member at _____________) or (connection at _____________) should be deter-
mined by methods of structural analysis considering (equilibrium) and/or (general
stability) and/or (geometric compatibility) and/or (short- and long-term material
properties.) (Section 1604.4)
3. (Member at _____________) will accumulate residual deformations under repeated service
loads. The analysis should take into account the added eccentricities expected to occur
during their service life. (Section 1604.4)
4. Load path. The _____________ system or _____________ (method of construction) should
be based on a rational analysis in accordance with well-established principles of
mechanics. (Section 1604.4)
a. Provide details to show a complete load path capable of transferring loads from
their point of origin to the load-resisting elements. (Section 1604.4) (Section 12.1.3 of
ASCE 7)
b. All parts of the structure between separation joints should be interconnected to form
a continuous path to the seismic-force-resisting system, and the connections should be
capable of transmitting the seismic force (Fp) induced by the parts being connected.
(Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
c. (Any smaller portion of the structure) should be tied to the remainder of the struc-
ture with elements having a design strength capable of transmitting a seismic force of
0.133 times the short period design spectral response acceleration parameter, SDS,
times the weight of the smaller portion or 5 percent of the portions weight, whichever is
greater. (This connection force does not apply to the overall design of the seismic-force-
resisting system.) (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Force distribution. The total lateral force should be distributed to the various vertical
elements of the lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities,
considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm. (Section 1604.4)
6. Rigid elements not part of the lateral-force-resisting system. Provide design of (rigid
elements assumed not to be a part of the lateral-force-resisting system) to justify that
they are permitted to be incorporated into buildings. Their effect on the action of the
system should be considered. (Section 1604.4)
7. Torsion due to eccentricity. For buildings with nonflexible diaphragms, the increased
forces induced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting from torsion that
is due to eccentricity between the center of application of the lateral forces and the cen-
ter of rigidity of the lateral-force-resisting system should be considered in design.
(Section 1604.4)
8. Overturning effects. The structure should be designed to resist the overturning effects
caused by the lateral forces specified in Chapter 16. See Section 1609 for wind loads,
Section 1610 for lateral soil loads and Section 1613 for earthquake loads. (Section
1604.4)
9. Connection to supports. A positive connection for resisting horizontal force acting
parallel to the member should be provided for each beam, girder or truss either directly
to its supporting elements, or to slabs designed to act as diaphragms. (Where the
connection is through a diaphragm, the members supporting element must also be
connected to the diaphragm.) The connection should have a minimum design strength of
5 percent of the dead plus live load reaction. (Section 12.1.4 of ASCE 7)
10. Counteracting structural actions. Continuous load paths should be provided for
transmitting design forces to the foundation. Where sliding is used to isolate the
elements, the effects of friction between sliding elements should be included as a force.
(Section 1604.9)
Note: Table 1-1 of ASCE 7 is not consistent with Table 1604.5 of the
IBC. The IBC should be used to determine Occupancy Category. Do not
use Table 1-1 of ASCE 7.
2. Structure is occupied by two or more occupancies not included in the same Occupancy
Category. It should be assigned the classification of _____________, the highest
occupancy category corresponding to the various occupancies. (Section 1604.5)
3. Structures have two or more portions that are structurally separated. Each portion
should be separately classified. (Section 1604.5)
4. Where a separated portion of a structure provides (required access to) (or required
egress from) (or shares life-safety components with) another portion having a higher
occupancy category, both portions should be assigned to the higher occupancy category
of ______________. (Section 1604.5)
5. Importance factors. Snow, wind and seismic load importance factors of _____________
should be used in accordance with ASCE 7. (Table 7-4, Table 6-1 and Table 11.2-1 of
ASCE 7)
Figure 4.1
Anchorage of concrete and masonry wall
2. Walls should be designed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor spacing
exceeds 4 feet (1.22 m). (Section 1604.8.2)
3. Required anchors in masonry walls of hollow units or cavity walls should be embedded
in a reinforced grouted structural element of the wall. (Section 1604.8.2)
(For additional requirements for anchorage of concrete and masonry walls, see ASCE 7 Sec-
tion 11.7.5 for Seismic Design Categories A and B, and Section 12.11 for Seismic Design
Categories C through F.)
1. Deck to wall anchorage. Decks should be positively anchored to the primary structure
and designed for both vertical and lateral loads in accordance with Section 1604.8.3.
2. Toenails prohibited. Deck attachment to the primary structure should not use toenails
or nails subject to withdrawal. (Section 1604.8.3)
3. Decks with cantilevered framing members. For decks with cantilevered framing
members, connections to exterior walls or other framing members should be designed
and constructed to resist uplift resulting from the full live load specified in Table 1607.1
acting on the cantilevered portion of the deck. (Section 1604.8.3)
4. Connection of diaphragm to supports. Deck acting as diaphragm. Positive connection
should be provided for slabs designed to act as diaphragms directly to either each beam,
girder or truss to its supporting elements, for resisting horizontal force acting parallel to
the member. Where the connection is through a diaphragm, the members supporting
element must also be connected to the diaphragm. The connection should have
minimum design strength of 5 percent of the dead plus live load reaction. (Section
12.1.4)
G. Wind and seismic detailing. Lateral-force-resisting systems should meet seismic detailing
requirements and limitations prescribed in this code and ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and
Appendix 11A, even when code prescribed wind loads are greater than seismic load effects.
(Section 1604.10)
H. Flood loads.
I. ASD No allowable stress increase. An allowable stress increase should not be used with
the basic load combination of Section 1605.3.1. (Section 1605.3.1.1)
J. Alternative basic load combinations. Structures and portions thereof should be designed
for the most critical effects in accordance with Section 1605.3.2. (Section 1605.3.2)
1. Only two-thirds of the minimum dead load should be used in load combinations for the
counteracting effects of dead and wind loads. (Section 1605.3.2)
2. Where wind loads are calculated in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7, the coeffi-
cient should be taken as 1.3. (Section 1605.3.2)
3. Reduction of foundation overturning from Section 12.13.4 of ASCE 7 should not be
used when using alternative load combinations to evaluate sliding, overturning and soil
bearing at the soil-structure interface. (Section 1605.3.2)
Note: When using alternative basic allowable stress design load combinations
that include wind or seismic loads, allowable stresses are permitted to be in-
creased or load combinations reduced where permitted by the material chapter
of this code or the referenced standards. (Section 1605.3.2)
Note: The vertical seismic load effect, E v, in Equation 12.4-4 of ASCE 7 may be
taken as zero when using alternative basic load combinations for proportioning
foundations for loadings, which include seismic loads. (Section 1605.3.2)
K. Dead loads.
L. Live loads.
1. Unspecified live loads. For occupancies or uses not designated in Table 1607.1, the
specified live loads should be approved by the building official. (Section 1607.2)
2. Uniform loads. A uniform live load of _____________ should be used for _____________ in
accordance with Table 1607.1. (Section 1607.3)
3. Concentrated loads. A concentrated live load of _____________ should be used for
_____________ in accordance with Table 1607.1. (Section 1607.4)
4. Distribution of concentrated live loads. Concentrated loads should be distributed
over an area of 2.5 feet square (0.58 m2) and should be located so as to produce the
maximum load effects. (Section 1607.4)
5. Partition loads. In buildings where partition locations are subject to change and where
the specified live load does not exceed 80 psf (3.83 kN/m2), a partition live load of not
less than 15 psf (0.74 kN/m2) should be included in accordance with Section 1607.5.
(Section 1607.5)
6. Trucks and bus garages. The minimum live load for garages having trucks and buses
should be at least 50 psf (2.40 kN/m2) or that specified in Table 1607.6, whichever is
greater. (Section 1607.6)
7. Loads on handrails, guards, grab bars and vehicle barriers. Handrails, guards, grab
bars and vehicle barriers should be designed and constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 1607.7. (Section 1607.7) Glass handrail assemblies and guards should also comply
with Section 2407. (Section 1607.7.1)
8. Impact loads on elevator. Elevator loads should be increased by 100 percent for im-
pact, and the structural supports should be within the limits of deflection prescribed by
ASME A17.1 (Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators). (Section 1607.8.1)
9. Impact loads on machinery and moving loads that involve unusual vibration.
Machinery loads should be increased to allow for impact as prescribed in Section
1607.8.2. (Section 1607.8.2)
Note: Minimum uniformly distributed live loads, Lo, in Table 1607.1 are
permitted to be reduced in accordance with either Section 1607.9.1 or
1607.9.2. (Section 1607.9)
10. Reduction in floor live loads for members that have KLLAT 400 S.F in accordance
with Section 1607.9.1.
a. Live load should not be reduced for member (_____________), which has a KLLAT
value less than 400 square feet (37.16 m2). (Section 1607.9.1)
b. Maximum reduction in live load. The reduced design live load, L, should not be
less than: (Section 1607.9.1)
- 0.5 Lo for members supporting one floor.
- 0.4 Lo for members supporting two or more floors.
c. Limitations for heavy live loads. Live loads in excess of 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2)
should not be reduced (except as permitted in Section 1607.9.1.1.). (Section 1607.9.1.1)
d. Passenger car garages. Live loads for passenger car garages should not be reduced
(except as permitted in Section 1607.9.1.2.). (Section 1607.9.1.2)
e. Public assembly occupancies. Live load should not be reduced for public assembly
occupancies with 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2) live load. (Section 1607.9.1.3)
f. One-way slabs. Live loads for one-way slabs should not be reduced (except as
permitted in Section 1607.9.1.4.). (Section 1607.9.1.4)
11. (Alternate) reduction in floor live loads in accordance with Section 1607.9.2. (No
tributary area limits unless specifically noted.)
a. Group A occupancies. Live loads should not be reduced for floors in Group A
occupancies. (Section 1607.9.2, Item 1)
b. Heavy live loads. Live loads in excess of 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2) should not be re-
duced (except for members supporting two or more floors, which are permitted to be
reduced by 20 percent). (Section 1607.9.2, Item 2)
c. Passenger vehicle parking garages. Live loads should not be reduced in passenger
vehicle parking garages (except for members supporting two or more floor, which are
permitted to be reduced by a maximum of 20 percent). (Section 1607.9.2, Item 3)
d. Member supporting live load exceeding 100 psf, or area not more than 150 square
feet (13.94 m2), should not be permitted to reduce live load. (Section 1607.9.2, Item 4)
12. Distribution of uniform floor live loads. Uniform floor live loads should be distributed
such that the full dead loads are on all spans in combination with floor live loads on
adjacent spans or alternate spans (see Figure 4-2). (Section 1607.10).
Figure 4.2
Alternate span loading of continuous beams
13. Attics in one- and two-family dwellings should be designed to resist the live loads in
accordance with Table 1607.1, Item 28, Footnotes i, j and k. (Table 1607.1, Item 28,
Footnotes i, j and k)
14. Roof live loads.
a. Roof live loads on sloped surfaces. Roof live loads on sloped surfaces should be
assumed to act vertically on the horizontal projection as shown in Figure 4-3 in
accordance with Section 1607.11.
Figure 4.3
Projected live loads on roofs
b. Distribution of roof loads. Where uniform roof live loads are reduced to less than
20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) in accordance with Section 1607.11.2.1 on members arranged to
create continuity, loads should be distributed such that the full dead loads are on all
spans in combination with live loads on adjacent spans or alternate spans. (Section
1607.11.1)
c. Reduction in roof live loads. Live loads of 100 psf (4.79kN/m2) or less should not
be reduced for roof members except as specified in Section 1607.11.2. (Section
1607.9.1.4)
d. Minimum uniformly distributed roof live loads. Uniformly distributed roof live
loads should be determined depending on specific conditions as follows:
(1) Flat, pitched and curved roofs should be designed for a minimum live load in
accordance with the equations specified in Section 1607.11.2.1. (Section
1607.11.2.1)
(2) Greenhouse roof should be designed for a minimum live load of 12 psf (0.58
kN/m2). (Section 1607.11.2.1)
(3) Promenade roofs, roof gardens and roofs used for assemblies should be designed
for a minimum live load as required in Table 1607.1. (Section 1607.11.2.2)
(4) Roofs used for landscaping should be designed for a minimum live load of 20 psf
(0.958 kN/m2) excluding the weight of landscaping materials, which are considered
dead load. (Section 1607.11.2.3)
(5) Awnings and canopies should be designed for a minimum live load as required in
Table 1607.1, as well as for snow loads and wind loads as specified in Sections
1608 and 1609. (Section 1607.11.2.4)
15. Crane loads. Crane live loads should be the rated capacity of the crane. Design of run-
way beams, including connections and support brackets, of moving bridge cranes and
monorail cranes should include the maximum wheel loads of the crane and the vertical
impact, and lateral and longitudinal forces induced by the moving crane, in accordance
with Section 1607.12. (Section 1607.12)
16. Minimum horizontal loads on interior walls and partitions. All interior walls and
partitions that exceed 6 feet (1829 mm) in height should have adequate strength to
resist not less than a horizontal load of 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2) in accordance with Section
1607.13. (Section 1607.13)
5. Snow Loads
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
A. Minimum snow load. The design snow load should not be less than roof live loads deter-
mined in accordance with Section 1607. (Section 1608.1)
Note:
Methodology. The procedure established for determining design snow loads is as follows
(Section C7.0 of ASCE 7):
1. Determine the ground snow load for the geographic location (Sections 7.2 and C7.2).
2. Generate a flat roof snow load from the ground load with consideration given to (1)
roof exposure (Sections 7.3.1, C7.3 and C7.3.1), (2) roof thermal condition (Sections
7.3.2, C7.3 and C7.3.2), (3) occupancy and function of structure (Sections 7.3.3
and C7.3.3).
3. Consider roof slope (Sections 7.4 through 7.4.5 and C7.4).
4. Consider partial loading (Sections 7.5 and C7.5).
5. Consider unbalanced loads (Sections 7.6 through 7.6.4 and C7.6).
6. Consider snow drifts: (1) on lower roofs (Sections 7.7 through 7.7.2 and C7.7) and
(2) from projections (Sections 7.8 and C7.8).
7. Consider sliding snow (Sections 7.9 and C7.9).
8. Consider extra loads from rain on snow (Sections 7.10 and C7.10).
9. Consider ponding loads (Section 7.11 and C7.11).
10. Consider existing roofs (Sections 7.12 and C7.12).
11. Consider other roofs and sites (Section C7.13).
12. Consider the consequences of loads in excess of the design value (see Section
C7.0 of ASCE 7).
4. Ground snow load determination for elevations above the limits indicated in Fig. 7-1 of
ASCE 7 or for sites within CS areas for the project site should be based on an extreme
value statistical analysis of data available in the vicinity of the site using a value with a
2 percent annual probability of being exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval). (Sec-
tion 7.2 of ASCE 7) (Section 1608.2)
C. Slope of roof. In areas where roof slope is equal to or less than 5 degrees (0.09 rad), the
provisions of Section 7.3 of ASCE 7 for flat roof snow loads should be applied.
D. Flat roof snow loads. (Slope 5 degrees) The flat roof snow load, pf, should be computed
using Equation 7-1 of ASCE 7, after obtaining the following information. (Section 7.3 of
ASCE 7)
4. Rain-on-snow surcharge. Roof design shall include a 5 lb/ft2 (0.24 kN/M2) rain-on-
snow surcharge to the balanced load case only (Where Pg is 20 lb/ft2 (0.96 kN/m2) or
less, and roof slope is less than W/50) in accordance with Section 7.10 of ASCE 7. (Sec-
tion 7.10 of ASCE 7)
5. Ponding instability. Progressive deflection (ponding) caused by full snow loads should
be investigated (for roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per foot (1.19 degrees) to pre-
clude ponding instability in accordance with Section 7.11 of ASCE 7. (Section 7.11 of
ASCE 7)
6. Flat roof snow load, pf, of _____________________________ should be computed as:
pf = 0.7CeCtIpg. (Section 7.3 of ASCE 7)
E. Sloped roof snow load (slope > 5 degrees). The sloped roof snow load, ps, should be
determined using Equation 7-2 of ASCE 7, after obtaining the following information on roof
slope factor. (Section 7.4 of ASCE 7)
2. Sloped roof snow load, ps, should be computed as: ps = Cspf. (Eq. 7-2 of ASCE 7) (Sec-
tion 7.4 of ASCE 7)
3. Ice dams and icicles along eaves. The following types of warm roofs that drain water
over their eaves shall be capable of sustaining a uniformly distributed load of 2pf on all
overhanging portions. No other loads except dead loads shall be present on the roof
when this uniformly distributed load is applied. (Section 7.4.5 of ASCE 7)
a. Warm roofs that are unventilated and have an R-value less than 30 ft2 h F/Btu
(5.3C m2/W) and
b. Warm roofs that are ventilated and have an R-value less than 20 ft2 h F/Btu
(3.5C m2/W).
F. Partial loading. The effect of having selected spans loaded with balanced snow load and
remaining spans loaded with half the balanced snow load should be analyzed for continu-
ous and cantilever members in accordance with Section 7.5 of ASCE 7; see also Figure 5.1.
(Section 7.5 of ASCE 7)
G. Unbalanced snow loads. Unbalanced roof snow loads should be determined in accordance
with Section 7.6 of ASCE 7. Winds from all directions should be accounted for when
establishing unbalanced loads (see Figures 5.2). Use Section 7.6.1 for hip and gable roofs
(see Figure 7.5 of ASCE 7), Section 7.6.2 for cold roofs, Section 7.6.3 for multiple folded
plate, sawtooth (see Figure 5.4) and barrel vault roofs (see Figure C7-3 and Example 2,
Chapter C7 of ASCE 7) and Section 7.6.4 for dome roofs (see Figures 5.3 and 5.4 of ASCE 7).
(Section 7.6 of ASCE 7)
Figure 5-1
Partial loading diagrams for continuous beams
Figure 5-2
Figure 5-3
Balanced and unbalanced snow loads for hip and gable roofs
Figure 5-4
Balanced and unbalanced snow loads for a sawtooth roof
Figure 5-5
Drifts formed at windward and leeward steps
H. Drifts on lower roofs. Roofs should be designed to sustain localized loads from snow drifts
that form in the wind shadow of: (a) higher portions of the same structure; and (b) adjacent
structures and terrain features, in accordance with Sections 7.7.1 and 7.7.2 of ASCE 7 (see
Figures 5-5, 5-6 and 5-7).
Figure 5-6
Configuration of snow drifts on lower roofs
Figure 5-7
Draft snow on adjacent low structures
I. Roof projections. Drift loads that are due to the following projections above the roof should
be determined in accordance with Section 7.8 of ASCE 7 (see Figure 5-8). (Parapets and/or
equipment at _____________________________.)
J. Sliding snow. The load caused by snow sliding off a sloped roof onto a lower roof should be
addressed in accordance with Section 7.9 of ASCE 7 for:
1. slippery upper roofs with slopes greater than 1/4 on 12, and
Figure 5-8
Snow drifting at roof projections
Figure 5-9
Additional Surcharge due to Sliding Snow
6. Wind Loads
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
SBCCI SSTD 10 Standard for Hurricane Resistant Residential Construction
AF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM) for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
NAAMM FP 1001 Guide Specifications for Design of Metal Flag Poles
TIA/EIA-222 Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures
ASTM E1886 Section 6.5.9.3, Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic
Pressure Differentials, 2002.
ASTM E1996 Section 6.5.9.3 Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes,
2003.
A. General.
1. Wind pressures should be assumed to come from any horizontal direction and to act
normal to the surfaces considered. (Section 1609.1.1)
2. Shielding. Wind loads should not be reduced for the effect of shielding by other
structures. (Section 1609.1)
3. Standards for wind loads. Wind loads on every building or structure should be deter-
mined in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7. The type of opening protection required,
the basic wind speed and the exposure category for a site is permitted to be determined
in accordance with Section 1609 or ASCE 7. (Section 1609.1.1)
4. Other wind standards. The following design standards may be used subject to the
limitations set forth in Section 1609.1.1.1.
a. SBCCI SSTD 10 Standard for Hurricane Resistant Residential Construction for
Group R-2 and R-3 buildings subject to the limitations of Section 1609.1.1.1.
b. AF&PA WFCM for residential structures subject to the limitations of Section
1609.1.1.1.
c. Metal Flag Poles - NAAMM FP 1001.
d. Steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures - TIA/EIA-222
5. Scope. Buildings and other structures, including the main wind-force-resisting system
(MWFRS) and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and constructed
to resist wind loads as specified herein. (Section 6.1.1 of ASCE 7)
6. Wind pressures acting on opposite faces of each building surface. In the calculation
of design wind loads for the MWFRS and for components and cladding for buildings, the
algebraic sum of the pressures acting on opposite faces of each building surface shall
be taken into account. (Section 6.1.3 of ASCE 7)
1. Main wind-force-resisting systems (MWFRS). The wind loads should not be less than
10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) multiplied by the area of the building or structure projected on a
vertical plane normal to the wind direction. (Section 6.1.4.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Components and cladding. The design pressure should not be less than 10 psf (0.48
kN/m2) acting in either direction normal to the surface. (Section 6.1.4.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Open buildings and other structures. The wind loads should not be less than 10 psf
(0.48 kN/m2) multiplied by the area, Af, which is the area either normal to the wind
direction or projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. (Section 6.1.4.1 of ASCE
7)
C. Anchorage against overturning, uplift and sliding. Structural members and systems, and
components and cladding should be designed to resist wind-induced overturning, uplift and
sliding, and provide continuous load paths for those forces to the foundation in accordance
with Section 1604.9.
D. Maximum resisting dead load. When using dead load to resist overturning, uplift and
sliding in the alternative basic load combinations of Section 1605.3.2, the dead load should
be assumed to be 2/3 of the minimum dead load likely to be in place during the design wind
event. Where wind loads are calculated in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7, the
coefficient shall be taken as 1.3. (Section 1605.3.2)
Wind-borne debris region: Areas within hurricane-prone regions within 1 mile (1.61
km) of the coastal mean high-water line where the basic wind speed is 110 miles (48.4
m/s) per hour or greater; or where the basic wind speed is 120 miles (52.8 m/s) per hour
or greater; or Hawaii. (Section 1609.2)
b. Glazed openings located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above grade should meet the
provisions of the Small Missile Test of ASTM E 1996.
2. Louvers. Louvers protecting intake and exhaust ventilation ducts not assumed to be
open that are located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of grade should meet requirements of an
approved impact-resisting standard or the Large Missile Test of ASTM E 1996. (Section
1609.1.2.1 of ASCE 7)
G. Design procedures. The design wind loads should be determined using one of the following
procedures: (6.1.2 of ASCE 7) (See Figure 6-1)
Figure 6-1
Method determination for wind load analysis
The following should be considered when using the simplified procedure in accordance with
Section 6.4 of ASCE 7.
1. Limits of MWFRS. To use the simplified procedure, the building should meet all follow-
ing requirements, and components and claddings should meet all the requirements of
Section 6.4.1.2:
a. It is a simple diaphragm building as defined in Section 6.2.
b. It is a low-rise building as defined in Section 6.2.
c. It is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2 and conforms to the wind-borne debris
provisions of Section 6.5.9.3.
d. It is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Section 6.2.
e. It is not classified as a flexible building as defined in Section 6.2.
f. It does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading,
vortex shedding, instability that is due to galloping or flutter; and it does not have a
site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
g. It has an approximately symmetrical cross section in each direction with either a
flat roof or a gable or hip roof with 45.
h. It is exempted from torsional load cases as indicated in Note 5 of Fig. 6-10; or, the
torsional load cases defined in Note 5 do not control the design of any of the
MWFRSs of the building.
2. Limits on components and cladding. To use the simplified procedure for the design of
components and cladding the building must meet all the following conditions:
a. The mean roof height h must be 60 ft.
b. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2 and conforms to the wind-borne
debris provisions of Section 6.5.9.3.
c. The building is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Section 6.2.
d. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to across
wind loading, vortex shedding, instability that is due to galloping or flutter; and it
does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of
upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.
e. The building has either a flat roof, a gable roof with 45, or a hip roof with
27.
3. Design procedure method 1 simplified. (Section 6.4.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Basic wind speed. The basic wind speed, V, of _____________________________ from
Figure 6-1 and Section 6.5.4 of ASCE 7 should be used. (Section 6.4.2)
b. Wind importance factor. Wind importance factor of _____________________________
should be determined from Table 6-1 of ASCE 7 based on structural categories of
IBC Table 1604.5. (Section 6.4.2)
The following should be considered when using the analytical procedure in accordance with
Section 6.5 of ASCE 7.
1. Scope. Building (or other structure) should meet both the following conditions in order
to use Method 2 to determine design wind loads: (Section 6.5.1 of ASCE 7)
a. It is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Section 6.2 of ASCE 7.
b. It does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading,
vortex shedding or instability that is due to galloping or flutter; or, it does not have
a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
2. Limitations. Buildings or other structures not meeting the requirements of Section
6.5.1, or having unusual shapes or response characteristics, should be designed using
recognized literature documenting such wind load effects or should use the wind tunnel
procedure specified in Section 6.6 of ASCE 7. (Section 6.5.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Shielding. There should be no reductions in velocity pressure due to shielding by
buildings and other structures or terrain features. (Section 6.5.2.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Air permeable cladding. Design wind loads determined from Section 6.5 of ASCE 7
should be used for air permeable cladding. (Section 6.5.2.2 of ASCE 7)
1. Scope. Wind tunnel tests should be used where required by Section 6.5.2. (Section
6.6.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Test conditions. Wind tunnel tests, or similar tests employing fluids other than air,
used for the determination of design wind loads for any building or other structure,
should be conducted in accordance with Section 6.6 of ASCE 7. (Section 6.6.2 of ASCE
7)
K. Roof systems.
1. Roof deck and roof coverings. The roof deck and roof coverings should be designed to
withstand the wind pressures determined in accordance with ASCE 7. (Section
1609.5.1 and 1609.5.2)
2. Rigid tile. Wind loads on rigid tiles should be determined in accordance with Section
1609.5.3.
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
A. General. Basement, foundation and retaining walls should be designed to resist minimum
lateral soil loads as specified in Table 1610.1. (Section 1610.1)
B. At-rest pressure. Basement walls and other walls in which horizontal movement is re-
stricted at the top shall be designed for at-rest pressure. (Section 1610.1).
1. Basement walls not more than 8 feet below grade supporting flexible floor systems are
permitted to be designed for active pressure.
C. Active pressure. Retaining walls free to move and rotate at the top are permitted to be de-
signed for active pressure. (Section 1610.1)
D. Surcharge loads. Design lateral pressure from surcharge loads shall be added to the lateral
earth pressure load. (Section 1610.1)
E. Expensive soil. Design lateral pressure shall be increased where soils with expansion
potential are present at the site. (Section 1610.1)
F. Sliding and overturning. Retaining walls should be designed for a factor of safety of 1.5
against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift (See Figure
7-1.). (Section 1806.1)
Figure 7-1
Retaining wall forces
8. Rain Loads
Applicable Standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
A. Design rain loads. Each portion of a roof should be designed to sustain the load of rain-
water that will accumulate on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is blocked
plus the uniform load caused by water that rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage
system at its design flow (See Figure 8-1). (Section 1611.1 and ASCE 7, Chapter C8)
Figure 8-1
Roof portion
B. Ponding on roofs with slopes less than 1/4:12. Roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per
foot (1.19) should be investigated by structural analysis to ensure that they possess ade-
quate stiffness to preclude progressive deflection in accordance with Section 8.4 of ASCE 7.
(Section 1611.2)
C. Controlled drainage.
1. Roofs equipped with hardware to control the rate of drainage should be equipped with a
secondary drainage system at a higher elevation that limits accumulation of water on
the roof above that elevation. (Section 8.5 of ASCE 7)
2. Roof should be designed to sustain the load of all rainwater that will accumulate to the
elevation of the secondary drainage system plus the uniform load caused by water that
rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow (in accordance
with Section 8.3 of ASCE 7). (Section 8.5 of ASCE 7)
3. Justify roof ponding stability in accordance with Section 8.4). (Section 8.5 of ASCE 7)
1. Drainage across property lines should not exceed that which existed prior to grading.
(Appendix Section J109.4)
2. Excess or concentrated drainage should be contained on site or directed to an approved
drainage facility. (Appendix Section J109.4)
3. Erosion of the ground in the area of discharge should be prevented by installation of
nonerosive down drains or other devices. (Appendix Section J109.4)
9. Flood Loads
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Flood Resistant Design and Construction (ASCE 24-05)
Crawlspace Construction for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA/FIA-
TB-11-01)
A. Applicability. Section 1612 should be applicable to all new construction of buildings and
structures within flood hazard areas that are established in accordance with Section 1612.3.
(Section 1612)
1. To establish flood hazard areas, the Federal Emergency Management Agency report
entitled The Flood Insurance Study for the [INSERT NAME OF JURISDICTION], as
amended or revised with the accompanying Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) and Flood
Boundary and Floodway Map (FBFM) and related supporting data along with any revi-
sions should be used. (Section 1612.1)
2. Building is located in more than one flood hazard area. The provisions associated with
the most restrictive flood hazard area should apply. (Section 1612.1)
C. Design and construction. Buildings and other structures in flood hazard areas should be
designed and constructed in accordance with ASCE 24. (Section 1612.4)
1. Buildings and structures in designated flood hazard areas should have the finished
ground level of under-floor spaces such as a crawl space equal to or higher than the
outside finished ground level. The exception exempts under-floor spaces of Group R-3
buildings that meet the requirements of FEMA/FIA-TB-11, Crawlspace Construction for
Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas (Section 1807.1.2.1).
D. Flood hazard documentation. For buildings in flood hazard areas a flood hazard report
shall be prepared and sealed by a registered design professional and submitted to the build-
ing official in accordance with Section 1612.5.
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
A. Earthquake design data. The following information related to seismic loads should be
shown, regardless of whether seismic loads govern the design of the lateral-force-resisting
system of the building: (Sections 1603.1.5 and 1613.5)
1. Seismic importance factor and Occupancy Category. The structure should be as-
signed a seismic importance factor (I) of ______________ based on Table 11.5-1 of ASCE 7
and an Occupancy Category of ______________ based on Table 1604.5. (Section 1603.1.5
item 1) (Note: In lieu of ASCE 7 Table 1-1)
2. Ground motion parameters.
a. A mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for
short period, Ss, of ______________ and for 1-second period, S1, of ______________
should be used from Figures 1613.5(1) through (14) or from the USGS website at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
based on the longitude and latitude of the site. (Section 1613.5)
3. Site class determination.
a. Site Class D should be assigned to the site of the structure unless another site
classification is determined in accordance with Section 1613.5.2. (Section 1613.5.2)
Figure 10-1
Design response spectrum
Figure 10-2
Definition of story above grade (Figure 12.4-1 of FEMA 450-1 NEHPR 2003)
b. Grade plane should be the reference plane representing the average of finished
ground level adjoining the structure at all exterior walls. Where the finished ground
level slopes away from the exterior walls, the reference plane should be established
by the lowest points within the area between the buildings and the lot line or,
where the lot line is more than 6 ft (1,829 mm) from the structure, between the
structure and a point 6 ft (1,829 mm) from the structure. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)
C. Criteria selection.
1. Continuous load path. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and
stiffness to transfer forces induced by the design earthquake ground motions to the
final point of resistance should be provided as described below. (Section 1604.4)
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Figure 10-3
Minimum lateral force
Figure 10-4
Anchorage of concrete and masonry walls *SDC A
b. Load path connections (SDC A). All parts of the structure between separation
joints should be interconnected in accordance with Section 11.7.3 of ASCE 7. Any
smaller portion of the structure should be tied to the remainder of the structure
with elements having design strength of not less than 5 percent of the portions
weight. (Section 11.7.3 of ASCE 7)
c. Anchorage of concrete or masonry walls (SDC A). Concrete and masonry walls
should be anchored to floors, roofs and other structural elements that provide lat-
eral support for the wall, as specified in Section 11.7.3 of ASCE 7, but not less than
280 lbs/linear ft (4.09 kN/m) substituted for E in the load combinations of Section
1605.2 or 1605.3, or Section 2.3 or 2.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 1604.8.2 and Section
11.7.5 of ASCE 7) (See Figure 10.4.)
1. Defining the seismic force-resisting system (SDC B F). A basic lateral and vertical
seismic force-resisting system should be identified from Table 12.2-1, or a combination
of systems in accordance with Sections 12.2.2-4 of ASCE 7). (Section 12.2.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Response modification coefficient, R (SDC B F). A response modification coefficient,
R, of ______________ should be used in accordance with Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7
corresponding to the assumed structural system of ______________. (Section 12.2.1 of
ASCE 7)
3. System overstrength factor, o (SDC B F). A system overstrength factor, o, of
______________ should be used, in accordance with Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7, Item
______________. (Section 12.2.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Deflection amplification coefficient, Cd (SDC B F). A deflection amplification coeffi-
cient, Cd, of ______________ should be used in accordance with Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7,
Item ______________.
5. Systems not listed in Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 (SDC B F). Submit analytical and test
data that establish the dynamic characteristics and demonstrate the lateral force resis-
tance and energy dissipation capacity to be equivalent to the structural systems listed
for equivalent response modification coefficient, R, system overstrength coefficient, o,
and deflection amplification coefficient, Cd, values. (Section 12.2.1 of ASCE 7)
6. Dual systems (SDC B F).
a. For the dual system, the moment frame should be capable of resisting at least 25
percent of design forces. The total seismic force resistance should be provided by
the combination of the moment frames and the shear walls or braced frames in
proportion to their rigidities. (Section 12.2.5.1 of ASCE 7)
b. (SDC D F) The special moment frame at ______________ is required by Table 12.1-
1 as part of the dual system. The frame should be continuous to the foundation.
(Section 12.2.5.5 of ASCE 7)
7. Combination of framing systems in different directions (SDC B F). Different sys-
tems are used along each of the orthogonal axes. The respective R, Cd and o
coefficients should apply to each system, including the limitations on system use con-
tained in Table 12.2-1. (Section 12.2.2 of ASCE 7)
8. Combination of framing systems in the same direction (SDC B F).
a. Where a combination of different structural systems is used in the same direction,
other than those combinations considered dual systems, the more stringent system
limitations in Table 12.2-1 should apply and should be designed in accordance with
Section 12.2.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.2.3 of ASCE 7)
b. R-value for vertical combinations. The value of the response modification coeffi-
cient, R, used for design at any story should not exceed the lowest value of R that is
used in the same direction at any story above that story. (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE
7)
c. Cd and 0 values for vertical combinations. The deflection amplification factor,
Cd , and the system overstrength factor, o, used for the design at any story should
not be less than the largest value of this factor that is used in the same direction at
any story above that story. (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)
d. Vertical combination of flexible upper portion over rigid lower portion. Two-
stage equivalent lateral force procedure is permitted to be used if the structure has
a flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion, and the design of the structure
complies with all of the following: (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)
(1) The stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the stiffness of the upper
portion.
(2) the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the
upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
(3) The flexible upper portion is designed as a separate structure using the
appropriate values of R and .
(4) The rigid lower portion is designed as a separate structure using the appropri-
ate values of R and . The reactions from the upper portion were those
determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of the
R/ of the lower portion. This ratio should not be less than 1.0.
e. R-value for horizontal combinations. The value of the response modification
coefficient, R, used for design at any story should not be greater than the least
value of R for any of the system in that direction. (Section 12.2.3.2 of ASCE 7)
f. R-value for horizontal combinations for light-frame construction or structures
with flexible diaphragms. Least value of R for the different structural systems
found in each independent line of resistance may be used when the following three
conditions are met:
(1) Occupancy Category I or II building, and
(2) two stories or less in height, and
(3) use of light-frame construction or flexible diaphragms.
The value of R used for design of diaphragms in such structures should not be
greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction.
(Section 12.2.3.2 of ASCE 7)
(2) Steel IMF not meeting the limitations set forth in Section 12.2.5.6 are permitted
to be up to a height of 35 feet as follows:
a) Buildings in SDC D
b) In SDC E, up to 35 ft (10.6 m), where the roof or the floor dead load sup-
ported by and tributary to the moment frames does not exceed 35 psf (1.68
kN/m2) and the dead load of the exterior walls tributary to the moment
frame does not exceed 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2).
d. Single-story steel IMF and OMF (C.3 and C.4 of Table 12.2-1) in SDC F (Section
12.2.5.8 of ASCE 7). Height of single-story steel IMF and OMF buildings are permit-
ted to be increased up to a height of 65 ft (20 m) where,
(1) dead load supported by and tributary to the roof does not exceed 20 psf (0.96
kN/m2), and
(2) dead loads of the exterior walls tributary to the moment frame does not exceed
20 psf (0.96 kN/m2).
11. Cantilever column systems. Cantilever column systems as defined in Section 11.2 of
ASCE 7 are permitted as indicated in Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 and must meet the
following: (Section 12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7)
a. The axial load on individual cantilever column elements calculated in accordance
with the load combinations of Section 2.3 should not exceed 15 percent of the de-
sign strength of the column to resist axial loads alone, or
b. For allowable stress design, the axial load stress on individual cantilever column
elements, calculated in accordance with the load combinations of Section 2.4
should not exceed 15 percent of the permissible axial stress, and
c. Foundation and other elements used to provide overturning resistance at the base
of cantilever column elements should have the strength to resist the load combina-
tions with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2.
d. Overstrength factor reduction. Overstrength factor for cantilever column systems
cannot be reduced in accordance with footnote g, Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7. (ASCE 7-
05 errata posted May 3, 2007.)
12. Inverted pendulum-type structures. Inverted pendulum type structures as defined in
Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 must meet the following:
a. Inverted pendulum type structures (except elevated tanks, vessels, bins and hop-
pers) meeting the definition of Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 should be designed in
accordance with Section 15.4.1, Item 1b using the Seismic Coefficients and Factors
of Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1b and Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7)
b. Supporting columns or piers of inverted pendulum-type structures should be de-
signed for the bending moment calculated at the base determined using the
procedures given in Section 12.8 of ASCE 7 and varying uniformly to a moment at
the top equal to one-half the calculated bending moment at the base. (Section
12.2.5.3 of ASCE 7)
E. Irregular and regular classification (SDC B F). Structures should be classified as regular
or irregular in accordance with Section 12.3.2 of ASCE 7, based on horizontal and vertical
configurations. (Section 12.3.2 of ASCE 7)
F. Diaphragm flexibility. The structural analysis should consider the relative stiffness of dia-
phragms and the vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system.
b. Diaphragms of wood structural panels or untopped steel decks in one- and two-
family residential buildings of light-frame construction shall also be permitted to be
idealized as flexible. (Section 12.3.1.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Diaphragms constructed of wood structural panels or untopped steel decking shall
also be permitted to be idealized as flexible, provided all of the following conditions
are met: (Section 1613.6.1)
(1) Toppings of concrete or similar materials greater than 11/2 inches (38 mm)
thick should not be placed over wood structural panel.
(2) Each line of vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system should com-
ply with the allowable story drift of Table 12.12-1 of ASCE 7.
(3) Vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system should be light-framed
walls sheathed with wood structural panels rated for shear resistance or steel
sheets.
(4) Portions of wood structural panel diaphragms that cantilever beyond the verti-
cal elements of the lateral-force-resisting system should be designed in
accordance with Section 2305.2.5.
d. Calculated flexible diaphragm condition. Diaphragms that do not comply with
Sections 12.3.1.1 of ASCE 7 and 1613.6.1 are permitted to be idealized as flexible,
provided the computations show that the maximum in-plane deflection of the dia-
phragm under equivalent tributary lateral load is more than two times the average
story drift of adjoining vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system of the
associated story as shown in Fig. 10.5. (Section 12.3.1.3 of ASCE 7)
Figure 10-5
Flexible diaphragm
4. Rigid diaphragm condition. Diaphragms of concrete slabs or concrete filled metal deck
with span-to-depth ratios of 3 or less in structures that have no horizontal irregularities
should be considered rigid. (Section 12.3.1.2 of ASCE 7)
G. Types of analysis procedure. The structural analysis required by Chapter 12 should consist of
one of the methods listed below as permitted by Table 12.6-1 or Section 12.14 of ASCE 7.
1. Simplified design procedure (SDC B E). The simplified procedure is permitted for
structures that meet the criteria prescribed in Section 12.14 of ASCE 7. See Item I.
(Section 12.14 of ASCE 7)
2. Equivalent lateral-force procedure. (SDC B F). (See Item H.) (Section 12.8 of ASCE 7)
3. Modal response spectrum analysis (SDC B F). (See Item I.) (Section 12.9 of ASCE 7)
4. Seismic response history procedures (linear or nonlinear) (SDC B F). (See Item I.)
(Chapter 16 of ASCE 7)
H. Modeling criteria. (Section 12.7 of ASCE 7)
1. Foundation modeling. (Section 12.7.1 of ASCE 7)
a. For purposes of determining seismic loads, the structure should be considered to
be fixed at the base, or
b. Where foundation flexibility is considered it should be in accordance with Section
12.13.3 or Chapter 19 of ASCE 7.
2. Effective seismic weight. (Section 12.7.2 of ASCE 7) The effective seismic weight, W,
should include the total dead load and the following loads:
a. Storage loads. Total seismic weight should include 25 percent of the floor storage
reduced live load in ______________ areas. (Section 12.7.2, item 1 of ASCE 7)
b. Partition loads. Total seismic weight should include the actual partition weight but
not less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2). (Section 12.7.2, item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Permanent equipment. Total seismic weight should include the operating weight
of the following permanent equipment ______________. (Section 12.7.2, item 3 of
ASCE 7)
d. Snow load. Total seismic weight should include 20 percent of the uniform design
snow load. (Section 12.7.2, item 4 of ASCE 7)
3. Structural modeling. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7) Mathematic model should:
a. Include effects of applied loads and any imposed displacements or P-Delta effects,
b. Include the stiffness and strength of elements at ______________ because these ele-
ments are significant to the distribution of forces and deformations in the structure,
and
c. Represent the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the structure.
4. 3-D model. Structures (that have horizontal structural irregularity Type 1a, 1b, 4 or 5
of Table 12.3-1) should be analyzed using a 3-D representation in accordance with the
criteria set forth in Section 12.7.3 including all of the following: (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE
7)
a. A minimum of three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of translation in two
orthogonal plan directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis should be
included at each level of the structure. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
b. The diaphragms stiffness characteristics. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
c. The participation of the diaphragm in the structures dynamic response. (Section
12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
e. The effects of cracked sections for concrete and masonry elements. (Section 12.7.3
of ASCE 7)
f. The contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift for steel moment
frame systems. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Interaction effects deformation compatibility. Moment-resisting frames are en-
closed or adjoined by (______________) elements that are more rigid and not part of the
seismic force-resisting system. (Section 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
a. These frames should be designed so that the action or failure of those elements will
not impair the vertical load and seismic force-resisting capability of the frame. (Sec-
tion 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
b. The design should provide for the effect of these rigid elements on the structural
system at structural deformations corresponding to the design story drift ( ) as
determined in Section12.8.6. (Section 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
c. The effects of these elements should be considered while determining the irregulari-
ties defined in Section 12.3.2. (Section 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
I. Simplified design procedure (SDC B E). The simplified design procedure set forth in Sec-
tion 12.14 cannot be used, because the structure has one or more of the following
condition(s): (Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE 7)
1. Occupancy Category is III (or IV) in accordance with Table 1604.5. (Section 12.14.1.1,
Item 1 of ASCE 7)
2. The site class, defined in Section 1613.5.2 or Chapter 20 of ASCE 7, is class E or F.
(Section 12.14.1.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
3. Exceeds three stories in height above grade. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
4. The seismic force-resisting system is not bearing wall system or building frame system,
as indicated in Table 12.14-1. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
5. The structure does not have two or more lines of lateral resistance in ______________
direction(s.) (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
6. Line of resistance is not provided on ______________ side of the center of mass in
_______________ direction. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
7. Structure has flexible diaphragms. Overhangs beyond the outside line of shear walls or
braced frames do not satisfy a d/5 (Eq. 12.14-1). (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 7 of ASCE 7)
8. Buildings has nonflexible diaphragm. The distance between the center of rigidity and
the center of mass parallel to ______________ axis exceeds 15 percent of the greatest
width of the diaphragm parallel to that axis. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
9. Equations 12.14-2A and -2B should be satisfied for ______________ axis direction. (Sec-
tion 12.14.1.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
m m e1 2 m
k1i d12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2A)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1
m m e1 2 m
k1i d 12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2B)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1
Note: Eq. 12.14-2A and -2B need not be checked where a structure meets all the follow-
ing limitations:
a. The arrangement of walls or braced frames is symmetric about each major axis
direction.
b. The distance between the two most separated lines of walls or braced frames is at
least 90 percent of the dimension of the structure perpendicular to that axis
direction.
c. The stiffness along each of the lines considered for Item b above is at least 33 per-
cent of the total stiffness in that axis direction.
10. Lines of resistance of the lateral force-resisting system at______________should be ori-
ented at angles of no more than 15 from alignment with ______________ axes of the
building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 9 of ASCE 7)
11. The simplified design procedure must be used for each major orthogonal horizontal axis
direction of the building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 10 of ASCE 7)
12. System has irregularities of in-plane or out-of-plane offsets of lateral force-resisting ele-
ments; therefore, it cannot use the Simplified Design Procedure. (Section 12.14.1.1,
Item 11 of ASCE 7
Exception: Out-of-plane and in-plane offsets of shear walls are permitted in two-story
buildings of light-frame construction, provided that the framing supporting the upper
wall is designed for seismic force effects from overturning of the wall amplified by a
factor of 2.5.
13. The lateral-load-resistance of story ______________ is less than 80 percent of the story
above. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 12 of ASCE 7)
1. Seismic base shear. The seismic base shear, V, in ______________ direction should be
determined in accordance with the following equation: V = CsW (Eq. 12.8-1 of ASCE 7)
(Section 12.8.1 of ASCE 7)
a. The seismic response coefficient, Cs, should be determined in accordance with Sec-
tion 12.8.1.1. (Section 12.8.1.1 of ASCE 7-Supplement 2)
b. The seismic response coefficient, Cs, should be 0.044 SDSI, but not less than 0.01.
(Section 12.8.1.1 of ASCE 7-Supplement 2)
c. The Fundamental Period, T, should not exceed the product of the coefficient for up-
per limit on calculated period (Cu ) from Table 12.8-1 and the approximate
fundamental period, Ta, determined from Eq. 12.8-7 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.8.2 of
ASCE 7)
d. The Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta, in seconds, should be determined in
accordance with Section 12.8.2.1 of ASCE 7.
2. Vertical distribution of seismic forces. The seismic forces along the building height
should be determined using Equations 12.8-11 and 12.8-12 in accordance with Section
12.8.3 of ASCE 7. (See Figure 10-6.) (Section 12.8.3 of ASCE 7)
3. Vertical distribution flexible above rigid. Two-staged procedure for flexible above
rigid. A two-staged equivalent lateral force procedure may be used for structures having
flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion in accordance with Section 12.2.3.1 of
ASCE 7. (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Horizontal shear distribution. (Section 12.8.4 of ASCE 7)
a. The seismic design story shear in any story ( ) (kip or kN) should be determined
from Equation 12.8-13 of Section 12.8.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.8.4 of ASCE 7)
b. Building diaphragms are flexible.
Figure 10-6
Vertical distribution of force
(1) The design story shear should be distributed to the various vertical elements
based on the tributary area of the diaphragm to each line of resistance in
accordance with Section 12.3.1.3 of ASCE 7. (Sections 12.3.1.3 and 12.8.4 of
ASCE 7)
c. Building diaphragms are rigid.
(1) The seismic design story shear () (kip or kN) should be distributed to the vari-
ous vertical elements in the story under consideration based on the relative
lateral stiffness of the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm. (Sections
12.3.1.2 and 12.8.4 of ASCE 7)
(2) Inherent torsion. The inherent torsional moment should be included in the
design where the location of center of mass and center of stiffness are different.
(Section 12.8.4.1 of ASCE 7)
(3) Accidental torsion. The calculated center of mass at each level should be dis-
placed 5 percent, plus the inherent torsion to account for the accidental torsion
effect. (Section 12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)
(a) Accidental torsion should be considered in both directions. (Section
12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)
(b) Accidental torsion (where forces are applied concurrently in two orthogo-
nal directions) should be applied to (x or y) direction to produce the
greatest effect. (Section 12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)
Figure 10-7
Story drift determination
(3) Horizontal irregularity (SCD C F). Building has horizontal irregularity Types
(1a or 1b) of Table 12.3-1. The design story drift, , should be the largest
difference of the deflections along any of the edges of the structure at the top
and bottom of the story under consideration. (Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7)
(4) Moment frames (SDC D F). For seismic force-resisting systems composed
solely of moment frames, the design story drift ( ) should not exceed a/ for
any story. is the redundancy factor determined from Section 12.3.4. (Section
12.12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
d. Diaphragm deflection. The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm should not ex-
ceed the permissible deflection of the attached elements in accordance with Section
12.12.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.12.2 of ASCE 7)
7. P-delta effects.
a. Stability coefficient The stability coefficient should be determined using Equa-
tion 12.8-16. (Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
b. Redesign of elements. > max as determined in Equation 12.8-17. The structure
is potentially unstable and should be redesigned. (Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
c. P-delta effects. P-delta effects should be included when 0.1 < max. The in-
terstory drifts should be determined by rational analysis or amplified in accordance
with Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7.(Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
d. Automated analysis including P-delta effects. from Eq. 12.8-16 may be divided by
(1 + ) before checking Eq. 12.8-17. (Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
1. Seismic load effect, E. The seismic load effect, E, should be computed in accordance
with the following equations set forth in Section 12.4.2 of ASCE 7;
E = QE + 0.2SDSD and
E = QE 0.2SDSD
Em = oQE 0.2SDSD
i. In SDC D F, structures where each story resisting more than 35 percent of the
base shear complies with the requirements of Table 12.3-3. (Section 12.3.4.2, Item
a of ASCE 7)
j. In SDC D F, regular structures meeting the requirements of Item b, Section
12.3.4.2 of ASCE 7) (Section 12.3.4.2, Item b of ASCE 7)
3. Conditions where is 1.3. All other structures in SDC D F.
A. Simplified design procedure. The simplified design procedure set forth in Section 12.14
cannot be because of (one or more) of the following condition(s): (Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE
7)
1. Occupancy Category is III (or IV) in accordance with Table 1604.5. (Section 12.14.1.1,
Item 1 of ASCE 7)
2. The site class, defined in Section 1613.5.2 or Chapter 20 of ASCE 7 is class E or F.
(Section 12.14.1.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
3. Structure exceeds three stories in height above grade. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 3 of
ASCE 7)
4. The seismic-force resisting system is not a bearing wall system or building frame sys-
tem, as indicated in Table 12.14-1. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
5. The structure does not have two or more lines of lateral resistance in
_____________________________ major axis direction(s). (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 5 of
ASCE 7)
6. Line of resistance is not provided on _____________________________ side of the center of
mass in _____________________________ direction. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
7. Structure has flexible diaphragms with overhangs beyond the outside line of shear walls
or braced frames that do not satisfy a d/5 (Eq. 12.14-1). (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 7 of
ASCE 7)
8. The building does not have flexible diaphragms, and the distance between the center of
rigidity and the center of mass parallel to _____________________________ axis exceeds 15
percent of the greatest width of the diaphragm parallel to that axis. (Section 12.14.1.1,
item 8 of ASCE 7)
9. Equations 12.14-2A and -2B should be satisfied for _____________________________ axis
direction: (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
m m e1 2 m
k1i d12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2A)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1
m m e1 2 m
k1i d12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2B)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1
Note: Equations 12.14-2A and -2B need not be checked where a structure fulfills all the
following limitations:
a. The arrangement of walls or braced frames is symmetric about each major axis
direction.
b. The distance between the two most separated lines of walls or braced frames is at
least 90 percent of the dimension of the structure perpendicular to that axis
direction.
c. The stiffness along each of the lines considered for Item b above is at least 33 per-
cent of the total stiffness in that axis direction.
10. Lines of resistance of the lateral force-resisting system at _____________________________
should be oriented at angles of no more than 15 from alignment with
_____________________________ axes of the building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 9 of ASCE 7)
11. The simplified design procedure must be used for each major orthogonal horizontal axis
direction of the building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 10 of ASCE 7)
12. System has irregularities of in-plane or out-of-plane offsets of lateral force-resisting ele-
ments; therefore, cannot use Simplified Design Procedure. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 11
of ASCE 7)
(Note: EXCEPTION: Out-of-plane and in-plane offsets of shear walls are permit-
ted in two-story buildings of light-frame construction, provided that the framing
supporting the upper wall is designed for seismic force effects from overturning
of the wall amplified by a factor of 2.5.)
B. Seismic design category (SDC). The seismic design category should be determined in
accordance with Table 11.6-1 of ASCE 7 using the value of SDS from Section 12.14.8.1 of
ASCE 7. (Section 1613.5.6.2, and Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE 7)
C. Design basis. To use the simplified procedure, the following must be addressed (Section
12.14.2 of ASCE 7):
1. The structure should include complete lateral and vertical-force-resisting systems with
adequate strength to resist the design seismic forces, specified in this section, in
combination with other loads.
2. Design seismic forces should be distributed to the various elements of the structure and
their connections using a linear elastic analysis in accordance with the procedures of
Section 12.14.8.
3. The members of the seismic force-resisting system and their connections should be de-
tailed to conform with the applicable requirements for the selected structural system as
indicated in Section 12.14.4.1.
4. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and stiffness should be pro-
vided to transfer all forces from the point of application to the final point of resistance.
5. The foundation should be designed to accommodate the forces developed.
1. All members of the structure, including those not part of the seismic force-resisting sys-
tem, should be designed using the seismic load effects of Section 12.14.3, unless
otherwise exempted. (Section 12.14.3 of ASCE 7)
2. Seismic load effects should include the axial, shear and flexural member forces result-
ing from horizontal and vertical seismic forces in Section 12.14.3.1. (Section 12.14.3 of
ASCE 7)
3. Seismic load effect, E, should be determined considering the effects of horizontal (Eh)
and vertical (Ev) seismic forces in accordance with Section 12.14.3.1 of ASCE 7. (Section
12.14.3.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Seismic load combinations. Where the prescribed seismic load effect, E, defined in
Section 12.14.3.1, is combined with the effects of other loads as set forth in Chapter 2,
the seismic load combinations prescribed in Section 12.14.3.1.3 should be used for
structures not subject to flood or atmospheric ice loads in lieu of the seismic load
combinations in Section 2.3.2 (Strength Design) or Section 2.4.1 (Allowable Stress
Design). (Section 12.14.3.1.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Seismic load (horizontal) effect including a 2.5 overstrength factor. (Section
12.14.3.2 of ASCE 7) The seismic load effect, E, of the following elements should be
modified to account for system overstrength in Section 12.14.3.2. (Section 12.14.3 of
ASCE 7):
a. Columns, beams, trusses or slabs supporting discontinuous walls or frames (SDC
B F) (Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7)
b. Collector elements (see Fig. 12.10-1 of ASCE 7), splices, and their connections to
resisting elements (SDC C F) (Section 12.10.2.1 of ASCE 7)
E. Seismic force-resisting system. (Section 12.14.4 of ASCE 7)
1. Selection and limitations. The basic lateral and vertical seismic force-resisting system
should conform to one of the types indicated in Table 12.14-1 and the detailing require-
ments referenced in the table. The appropriate R-value in Table 12.14-1 should be used
in determining the base shear and element design forces.
2. Special framing and detailing requirements. Special framing and detailing require-
ments should comply with ASCE 7 Section 12.14.7 and IBC Chapters 19, 21, 22 and 23
based on the seismic design category of the structure. (Section 12.14.4.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Combinations of framing systems. (Section 12.14.4.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Horizontal combinations. Different seismic force-resisting systems are permitted
to be used in each of the two principal orthogonal building directions. Where a
combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the
same direction, the R-value used for design in that direction should not be greater
than the least R-value for any of the systems utilized in that direction.
F. Diaphragm.
1. The seismic base shear should be computed using Equation 12.14-11 of ASCE 7.
FS DS
V W (Eq. 12.14-11)
R
2. W = effective seismic weight of structure in Eq. 12.14-11 and should include the total
dead load and the following loads:
a. Storage loads. Total seismic weight should include 25 percent of the floor storage
reduced live load in _____________________________ areas. (Section 12.14.8.1, Item 1
of ASCE 7)
b. Partition loads. Where required by Section 4.2.2 of ASCE 7, total seismic weight
should include the actual partition weight but not less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2).
(Section12.14.8.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Permanent equipment. Total seismic weight should include the operating weight
of the following permanent equipment _____________________________. (Section
12.14.8.1, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Snow load. Where flat roof snow load exceeds 30 psf, total seismic weight should
include 20 percent of the uniform design snow load. (Section 12.14.8.1, Item 4 of
ASCE 7)
I. Vertical distribution of forces. The forces at level x should be calculated using Equation
12.14-12 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.14.8.2 of ASCE 7)
WX
Fx V (Eq. 12.14-12)
W
J. Horizontal distribution of forces. The seismic design story shear in any story should be
determined using Equation 12.14-13 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.14.8.3 of ASCE 7)
1. Flexible diaphragm. For structures with flexible diaphragm design, base shear should
be distributed using tributary area rules. Two-dimensional analysis is permitted. (Sec-
tion 12.14.8.3.1 of ASCE 7)
2. For structures with diaphragms that are not flexible, the seismic design story shear, Vx ,
(kip or kN) should be distributed to the various vertical elements of the seismic force-
resisting system in the story under consideration based on the relative lateral
stiffnesses of the vertical elements and the diaphragm (Section 12.14.8.3.2 of ASCE 7)
and include the torsional moment, Mt (kip-ft or KN-m) resulting from eccentricity be-
tween the locations of center of mass and center of rigidity. (Section 12.14.8.3.2.1 of
ASCE 7)
K. Drift limits and building separation. The design story drift should be taken as a minimum
of 1 percent of story height unless justified by computation. (Section 12.14.8.5 of ASCE 7)
L. Torsion. The design of structures with diaphragms that are not flexible should include the
torsional moment, Mt, (kip-ft or KN-m) resulting from eccentricity between the locations of
center of mass and center of rigidity. (Section 12.14.8.3.2.1 of ASCE 7)
M. Overturning. The structure should be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the
seismic forces determined in Section 12.14.8.2. The foundations of structures should be de-
signed for not less than 75 percent of the foundation overturning design moment, Mf (kip-ft
or kN-m) at the foundation-soil interface. (Section 12.14.8.4 of ASCE 7)
N. Design and detailing requirements. The design and detailing of the components of the
seismic force-resisting system should comply with the requirements of Section 12.14.7.
(Section 12.14.7 of ASCE 7)
1. Connections. (Section 12.14.7.1 of ASCE 7) Connections design should comply with all
of the following:
a. All parts of the structure between separation joints should be interconnected.
b. Connection should be capable of transmitting the seismic force, Fp, induced by the
parts being connected.
c. Any smaller portion of the structure should be tied to the remainder of the struc-
ture with elements having a strength of the higher of 0.20SDS times the weight of
the smaller portion or 5 percent of the portions weight.
d. Provide a positive connection for resisting a horizontal force acting parallel to each
beam (or girder, or truss), either directly to its supporting elements, or to slabs de-
signed to act as diaphragms.
e. Connection is through a diaphragm at _____________________________. The members
supporting element should also be connected to the diaphragm. The connection
should have minimum design strength of 5 percent of the dead plus live load
reaction.
2. Openings or reentrant building corners. (Section 12.14.7.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Openings in shear walls, diaphragms or other plate-type elements should be pro-
vided with reinforcement at the edges of the openings or reentrant corners designed
to transfer the stresses into the structure.
b. The edge reinforcement should extend into the body of the wall or diaphragm a dis-
tance sufficient to develop the force in the reinforcement.
3. Perforated shear walls of wood structural panels should be designed in accordance
with AF&PA SDPWS. (Section 12.14.7.2 of ASCE 7)
4. Collector elements. (Section 12.14.7.3 of ASCE 7)
a. Collector elements, splices and their connections to resisting elements should be
designed to resist the forces, including a 2.5 overstrength factor as defined in
Section 12.14.3.2.
b. In structures, or portions thereof, braced entirely by light-frame shear walls, collec-
tor elements, splices and connections to resisting elements should be designed to
resist forces in accordance with Section 12.14.7.4.
5. Diaphragms. Floor and roof diaphragms should be designed to resist the design seismic
forces at each level, Fx, calculated in accordance with Section 12.14.8.2. (Section
12.14.7.4 of ASCE 7)
a. Diaphragms should be designed to resist both the shear and bending stresses
resulting from all design forces.
b. Diaphragms should have ties or struts to distribute the wall anchorage forces into
the diaphragm.
c. Diaphragm connections should be positive, mechanical or welded type connections.
6. Anchorage of concrete or masonry structural walls. Anchorage of concrete or
masonry structural walls should be anchored to all floors, roofs and members that
provide out-of-plane lateral support for the wall or supported by the wall. (Section
12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7)
a. For structures with flexible diaphragm. The anchorage should provide a positive
direct connection with strength to resist horizontal forces in equation 12.14-8 in
accordance with Section 12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7)
b. For structures with diaphragm that are not flexible. The anchorage should pro-
vide a positive direct connection with strength to resist horizontal forces of Section
13.3.1 of ASCE 7 (using ap=1.0 and Rp = 2.5) (Section 12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7)
c. Transfer of anchorage forces into diaphragm. (Section 12.14.7.5.1 of ASCE 7)
(1) Diaphragms should be provided with continuous ties or struts between dia-
phragm chords to distribute these anchorage forces into the diaphragms.
(2) Diaphragm connections should be positive, mechanical or welded.
(3) Chords should be added to form subdiaphragms to transmit anchorage forces
to the main continuous cross-ties.
(4) The length-to-width ratio of structural subdiaphragms should not exceed 2.5 to
1.
(5) Connections and anchorages should be capable of resisting the prescribed
forces between the diaphragm and the attached components.
(6) Connections should extend into the diaphragm a sufficient distance to develop
the force transferred into the diaphragm.
d. Wood diaphragms. (Section 12.14.7.5.2 of ASCE 7)
(1) In wood diaphragms, the continuous ties should be in addition to the dia-
phragm sheathing.
(2) Anchorage should not be accomplished by use of toe nails or nails subject to
withdrawal.
(3) Wood ledgers or framing should not be used in cross-grain bending or cross-
grain tension.
(4) The diaphragm sheathing should not be considered effective as providing the
ties or struts required by this section.
e. Metal deck diaphragms. In metal deck diaphragms, the metal deck should not be
used as the continuous ties required by this section in the direction perpendicular
to the deck span. (Section 12.14.7.5.3 of ASCE 7)
f. Embedded straps. Diaphragm to structural wall anchorage using embedded straps
should be attached to, or hooked around, the reinforcing steel or otherwise termi-
nated so as to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel. (Section 12.14.7.5.4
of ASCE 7)
7. Bearing walls and shear walls.
a. Exterior and interior bearing walls and shear walls and their anchorage should be
designed equal to 0.4SDSI times the weight of the wall, Wc, normal to the surface,
but not less than 10 percent of the weight of the wall. (ASCE 12.14.7.6 of ASCE 7)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
A. Requirements for Seismic Design Category B and higher (SDC B F). Structures as-
signed to SDC B and higher should satisfy the following requirements:
1. Basic requirements. Seismic design, seismic analysis and design procedures used in
the design of building structures and their components should be as prescribed in
Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Complete force-resisting systems. The building structure shall include complete lat-
eral and vertical force-resisting systems capable of providing adequate strength,
stiffness and energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground motions within
the prescribed limits of deformation and strength demand. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Member design. Internal forces and deformations in the members of the structure
should be determined corresponding to the design seismic forces (Section 12.1.1 of
ASCE 7). Individual members, including those not part of the seismic force-resisting
system, should be provided with adequate strength to resist the shears, axial forces and
moments determined in accordance with Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.2 of
ASCE 7)
4. Connection design. Connections should develop the strength of the connected mem-
bers or the forces indicated in Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7)
5. Deformation limit. The deformation of the structure and members should not exceed
the prescribed limits where the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces.
(Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7)
6. Continuous load path. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and
stiffness should be designed and detailed to adequately transfer all forces from their
point of application to the final point of resistance. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
7. Interconnection.
a. All parts of the structure between separation joints should be interconnected to
form a continuous load path to the seismic force-resisting system. (Section 12.1.3
of ASCE 7)
b. Elements connecting a smaller portion of the structure to the remainder of the
structure should have a design strength to transmit a seismic force of 0.133SDS
times the weight of the smaller portion but not less than 5 percent of the portions
weight. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
Note for Item 7b: This connection force does not apply to the overall de-
sign of the seismic force-resisting system. Connection design forces
need not exceed the maximum forces that the structural system can
deliver to the connection. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
10. Vertical irregularities. The design must consider the effects of vertical irregularities as
prescribed in Table 12.3-2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Type 4 vertical in-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force-resisting element
irregularity exists (Figure 12-1). Columns, beams, trusses or slabs supporting
discontinuous walls or frames of structures should have the design strength to re-
sist the maximum axial force that can develop in accordance with the load
combinations with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2. (Section 12.3.3.3 of
ASCE 7)
b. Connections of discontinuous elements to the supporting members should be
adequate to transmit the forces for which the discontinuous elements were required
to be designed. (See Figure 12-2.) (Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7)
Figure 12-1
Vertical irregularity Type 4
Figure 12-2
Horizontal irregularity Type 4
Note: Structural walls are defined as walls that meet the definition for
bearing walls or shear walls. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)
Figure 12-3
Collectors
Figure 12-4
Anchorage of concrete and masonry wall SDC B
13. Cantilever column systems. Cantilever column systems as defined in Section 11.2 of
ASCE 7 should be designed in accordance with Section 12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7. (Section
12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7)
14. Inverted pendulum-type structures. Inverted pendulum-type structures as defined in
Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 should be designed in accordance with Section 12.2.5.3 of
ASCE 7. (Section 12.2.5.3 of ASCE 7)
15. Direction of seismic load. The direction of seismic load should be that which will pro-
duce the most critical load effect in each component. This requirement can be met if the
design seismic forces are applied independently in each of the two orthogonal directions.
(Section 12.5.2 of ASCE 7)
16. Foundation.
a. Design and construction of foundation systems should comply with Section 12.13
of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.5 of ASCE 7)
b. Reduction of foundation overturning. (When using alternative load combinations
in Section 1605.3.2 to evaluate sliding, overturning and soil bearing at the soil-
structure interface.) The reduction of foundation overturning from Section 12.13.4 in
ASCE 7 should not be used. (Section 1605.3.2)
c. Foundation for cantilever column systems. Foundation and other elements used
to provide overturning resistance at the base of cantilever column elements should
have the strength to resist the load combinations with overstrength factor of
Section 12.4.3.2. (Section 12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7)
B. Requirements for Seismic Design Category C and higher. (SCD C F) The structures
assigned to SDC C and higher should satisfy the following requirements, in addition to the
requirements for SDC B (Section A of this Checklist.)
Figure 12-5
Torsional amplification factor, Ax
Figure 12-6
Anchorage of concrete and masonry walls SDC C and higher
The minimum anchorage force at a floor or roof should not be reduced. (Section
12.11.2.2.7 of ASCE 7)
Figure 12-7
Example of plan irregularity Type 5
5. Collector elements requiring load combinations with overstrength factor for Seis-
mic Design Categories C through F. In structures or portions in SDC C or higher, not
entirely braced by light frame shear walls, collector elements (see Fig. 12.10-1 of ASCE
7), splices and their connections to resisting elements should resist the load combina-
tions with overstrength of Section 12.4.3.2. (Section 12.10.2.1 of ASCE 7)
6. Direction of seismic load for nonparallel systems-irregularity. For structures having
horizontal irregularity Type 5 of Table 12.3-1 (nonparallel systems) as shown in Figure
12-7, the requirement of Section 12.5.3 of ASCE 7 should be satisfied. Loading applied
to structures should conform to the requirements of Section 12.5.3 and use either the
Orthogonal Combination Procedure or Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal Ground
Motion as prescribed in Section 12.5.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.5.3 and Table 12.3-1 of
ASCE 7)
C. Requirements for Seismic Design Category D and higher. (SDC D F) The structures as-
signed to SDC D and higher should satisfy the following requirements, in addition to the
requirements for SDC B and C (Sections A and B of this Checklist).
Note 1: Peak ground acceleration shall be determined from a site-specific study taking
into account soil amplification effects, as specified in Chapter 21 of ASCE 7. (Section
1802.2.7).
Note 2: Exception to Section 1802.2.7: A site-specific study need not be performed, pro-
vided that peak ground acceleration equal to SDS/2.5 is used, where SDS is determined
in accordance with Section 21.2.1 of ASCE 7.
Figure 12-8
Examples of plan irregularities 1 4
b. Structural irregularity of any type in Tables 12.3-1 and 12.3-2, and structural sys-
tems not listed in Table 12.6-1, should be analyzed with either Model Response
Spectrum Analysis in accordance with Section 12.9 of ASCE 7 or Seismic Response
History Procedures in accordance with Chapter 16 of ASCE 7. (Tables 12.3-1, 12.3-
2 and 12.6-1 of ASCE 7)
c. Prohibited irregularity in SDC D. Structures in SDC D or higher should not have
vertical structural irregularity type 5b. (Section 12.3.3.1 of ASCE 7)
d. Prohibited irregularity in SDC E and F. Structures in SDC E and F should not
have horizontal irregularity type 1b or vertical irregularity type 1b or 5a. (Section
12.3.3.1 of ASCE 7)
Definition: Permissible deflection. Deflection that will permit the attached ele-
ments to maintain structural integrity under the individual loading and continue to
support the prescribed loads. (Section 1620.3.3)
(1) Each story resisting more than 35 percent of the base shear in the direction of
interest complies with Table 12.3-3.
(2) Structures that are regular in plan at all levels, provided that the seismic force-
resisting systems consist of at least two bays of seismic force-resisting
perimeter framing on each side of the structure in each orthogonal direction at
each story resisting more than 35 percent of the base shear. The number of
bays for a shear wall shall be calculated as the length of shear wall divided by
the story height, or two times the length of shear wall divided by the story
height for light-framed construction.
b. The value of is permitted to equal 1.0 for the following in accordance with Section
12.3.4.1 of ASCE 7:
Drift calculation and P-delta effects.
Design of nonstructural components.
Design of nonbuilding structures that are not similar to buildings.
Design of collector elements, splices and their connections for which the load
combinations with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2 are used.
Design of members or connections where the load combinations with over-
strength of Section 12.4.3.2 are required for design.
Diaphragm loads determined using Equation 12.10-1.
Structures with damping systems designed in accordance with Chapter 18.
c. Redundancy factor, , should be equal to 1.3 for SDC D, E or F. (Section 12.3.4.2 of
ASCE 7)
4. Redundancy factor, , in the design of diaphragms.
a. For inertial forces calculated in accordance with Eq. 12.10-1, the redundancy factor,
, should equal 1.0. (Section 12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
b. For transfer forces, the redundancy factor, , should be the same as that used for
the structure. (Section 12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
c. For structures having horizontal or vertical structural irregularities of the types
indicated in Section 12.3.3.4, the increased force requirements specified in that
section should also apply for diaphragm and collector connections. (Section
12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
5. Building separations. (Section 12.12.3 of ASCE 7)
All portions of the structure should be designed to act as an integral unit unless
structurally separated a distance sufficient to avoid damage under total deflection
determined in accordance with Section 12.8.6 of ASCE 7.6.
6. Column or wall as part of two or more interacting systems. Any column or wall as
part of two or more intersecting seismic force-resisting systems and subjected to axial
load acting along either principal plan axis equaling or exceeding 20 percent of the axial
design strength of the column or wall should be designed for the most critical load effect
due to application of seismic forces in any direction. Either of the procedures of Section
12.5.3 (a) or (b) are permitted to be used to satisfy this requirement. Except as required
by Section 12.7.3, 2-D analyses are permitted for structures with flexible diaphragms.
(12.5.4 of ASCE 7)
D. Requirements for Seismic Design Category E and F. The structures assigned to SDC E
and F should satisfy the following requirements, in addition to the requirements for SDC B,
C and D (Sections A, B and C of this Checklist.)
Figure 12-9
Vertical irregularity Type 1B
Figure 12-10
Vertical irregularity Type 5
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Guidelines for Seismic Restraint for Direct-hung Suspended Ceiling Assemblies (zones 3 4) by
the Ceilings & Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA) (2004)
Recommendations for Direct-hung Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panel Ceilings (zones 0 2) by the
Ceilings & Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA) (2004)
A. General. Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components that are
permanently attached to structures and their supports and attachments, should be
designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions in accordance with
ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. (Section 1613.1)
1. Scope.
a. Nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their
supports and attachments should be designed in accordance with Chapter 13 of
ASCE 7. (Section 13.1.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Architectural, mechanical and electrical components supported by nonbuilding
structures shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7. (Section
15.3.3 of ASCE 7)
2. Seismic Design Category. Nonstructural components should be assigned to the same
Seismic Design Category as the structure that they occupy or to which they are
attached. (Section 13.1.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Component Importance Factor, Ip. A component importance factor of
_____________________________ for _____________________________ should be assigned in
accordance with ASCE 7 Section 13.1.3.
Note: The following nonstructural components are exempt from the requirements of this
Chapter. (Section 13.1.4 of ASCE 7)
1. Architectural components with Ip equal to 1.0 in SDC B other than parapets supported
by structural walls.
2. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC B.
3. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC C with Ip equal to 1.0.
4. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC D, E or F with Ip equal to 1.0 and both
of the following apply:
a. Flexible connections between the components and associated ductwork, piping and
conduit are provided, and
b. Components are mounted at 4 ft (1.22 m) or less above a floor level and weigh 400
lb (1780 N) or less.
5. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC D, E or F with Ip equal to 1.0, and both
of the following apply:
a. Flexible connections between the components and associated ductwork, piping and
conduit are provided, and
b. The components weigh 20 lb (89 N) or less or, for distribution systems, weigh 5
lb/ft (73 N/m) or less.
6. Reference documents using Allowable Stress Design. Design using reference docu-
ments using allowable stresses rather than strengths should comply with Section 13.1.7
of ASCE 7.
7. General design requirements. Architectural, mechanical and electrical (AME) compo-
nents, supports and attachments should comply with the sections referenced in Table
13.2-1 of ASCE 7. The design must comply with one of the following methods: (Section
13.2.1 of ASCE 7)
Table 13.1 Applicable requirements for architectural, mechanical and electrical components:
supports and attachments
Mechanical and
Force and Architectural Electrical
Nonstructural Element General Design Displacement Attachment Component Component
(i.e., Component, Support, Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements
Attachment) Section 13.2 Section 13.3 Section 13.4 Section 13.5 Section 13.5
B. Seismic demands on components. The horizontal seismic design force should be applied
at the components center of gravity and distributed relative to the components mass
distribution. (Section 13.3.1 of ASCE 7)
1. Seismic design force. The horizontal seismic design force, Fp, should be determined in
accordance with Equation 13.3-1. Fp need not exceed 1.6SDSIpWp, nor be less than
0.3SDSIpWp. (Section 13.3.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Seismic relative displacements. Seismic relative displacements, Dp, should be deter-
mined in accordance with the equations in Sections 13.3.2.1 and 13.3.2.2, and the
effects of seismic relative displacements should be considered in combination with
displacements caused by other loads for the design of components. (Section 13.3.2 of
ASCE 7)
3. Displacements between structures. Component design should consider displacements
between structures in accordance with Section 13.3.2.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.2.2 of
ASCE 7)
C. Component anchorage.
1. Continuous load path. A continuous load path of sufficient strength and stiffness be-
tween the component and the supporting structure should be provided. (Section 13.4 of
ASCE 7)
2. No frictional resistance. Component seismic attachments should be accomplished by
bolts, welds or other positive fasteners without consideration of frictional resistance
produced by the effects of gravity. (Section 13.4 of ASCE 7)
3. Friction clips. Friction clips are not permitted for anchorage attachment. (Section
13.4.6 of ASCE 7)
4. Anchors in concrete or masonry. Anchors embedded in concrete or masonry should
be proportioned to carry the lowest of the following:
a. 1.3 times the force in the component and its supports or connected part due to the
prescribed forces. (Section 13.4.2 of ASCE 7)
b. The maximum force that can be transferred to the anchor by the component and its
supports. (Section 13.4.2 of ASCE 7)
5. Component Response Modification Factor Rp. Component Response Modification
Factor Rp should be selected from Table 13.5-1 or 13.6-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.3.1 of
ASCE 7) but cannot exceed 1.5.
EXCEPTION:
Rp may exceed 1.5, provided one of the following conditions are met: (Section 13.4.2 of
ASCE 7)
1. The component anchorage is designed to be governed by the strength of a ductile
steel element.
2. The design of postinstalled anchors in concrete used for the component anchorage
is prequalified for seismic applications in accordance with ACI 355.2.
(4) All fasteners in the connecting system such as bolts, inserts, welds and dowels,
and the body of the connectors should be designed for the force (Fp) determined
by Section 13.3.1 with values of Rp and ap taken from Table 13.5-1 applied at
the center of mass of the panel. (Section 13.5.3, Item d of ASCE 7)
(5) Where anchorage is using flat straps embedded in concrete (or masonry), such
straps shall be attached to or hooked around reinforcing steel or otherwise
terminated so as to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel or to
assure that pullout of anchorage is not the initial failure mechanism. (Section
13.5.3, Item e of ASCE 7)
6. Out-of-plane bending. Transverse or out-of-plane bending or deformation of a compo-
nent or system that is subjected to forces as determined in Section 13.5.2 should not
exceed the deflection capability of the component or system. (Section 13.5.5 of ASCE 7)
7. Glass in glazed curtain walls, glazed storefronts and glazed partitions. (Sections
13.5.4 and 13.5.8.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Glass in glazed curtain walls, glazed storefronts and glazed partitions should be de-
signed and installed in accordance with Section 13.5.9 of ASCE 7. (Sections 13.5.4
and 13.5.8.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Seismic drift limits for glass components. Determine seismic drift limits for glass
components fallout, the drift causing glass fallout from the curtain wall, storefront
or partition in accordance with AAMA 501.6, or by engineering analysis. (Section
13.5.9.2 of ASCE 7)
8. Suspended ceilings. Suspended ceilings should meet the requirements of either indus-
try standard construction as specified in Section 13.5.6.2 or integral construction as
specified in Section 13.5.6.3.
The weight of the ceiling, Wp, should include the ceiling grid and panels light fixtures if
attached to, clipped to, or laterally supported by the ceiling grid, and other components
that are laterally supported by the ceiling, andnot be less than 4 psf (19 N/m2).
The seismic force, Fp, shall be transmitted through the ceiling attachments to the build-
ing structural elements or the ceiling structure boundary. (Section 13.5.6)
a. Industry standard construction. Suspended ceilings should be designed in accor-
dance with Section 13.5.6.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.6.2 of ASCE 7)
(1) SDC C. Suspended ceilings should be designed and installed in accordance
with ASTM C635, ASTM C636 and the CISCA for Seismic Zones 0 2 as modi-
fied by Section 13.5.6.2.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.6.2.1 of ASCE 7)
(2) SDC D F. Suspended ceilings should be designed in accordance with ASTM
C635, ASTM C636 and the CISCA for Seismic Zones 3 4 as modified by
Section 13.5.6.2.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.6.2.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Integral construction. Design considers the sprinkler system and ceiling grid tied
together as an integral unit. Such a design should consider the mass and flexibility
of all elements involved, including the ceiling system, sprinkler system, light fix-
tures and mechanical (HVAC) appurtenances. Such design shall be performed by a
registered design professional. (Section 13.5.6.3 of ASCE 7)
9. Access floors. Access floors should be designed to meet the force requirements of Sec-
tion 13.5.7.1. (Section 13.5.7 of ASCE 7)
a. The weight of the access floor, Wp, should include the weight of the floor system,
100 percent of the weight of all equipment fastened to the floor and 25 percent of
the weight of all equipment supported by, but not fastened to the floor. The seismic
force, Fp, should be transmitted from the top surface of the access floor to the
supporting structure. (Section 13.5.7.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Overturning effects of equipment fastened to the access floor panels should be
considered. The ability of slip on heads for pedestals should be evaluated for
suitability to transfer overturning effects of equipment. (Section 13.5.7.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Maximum concurrent axial load should not exceed the portion of Wp assigned to the
pedestal under consideration while checking individual pedestals for overturning
effects. (Section 13.5.7.1 of ASCE 7)
10. Special access floors. Special access floors using a Component Response Modification
Factor Rp of 2.5 should be designed to meet the force requirements of Section 13.5.7.1
and additionally comply with the following in accordance with Section 13.5.7.2: (Section
13.5.7.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Connections transmitting seismic loads should consist of mechanical fasteners, an-
chors satisfying the requirements of Appendix D of ACI 318, welding or bearing.
Design load capacities should comply with recognized design codes and/or certified
test results. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
b. Seismic loads should not be transmitted by friction, power actuated fasteners,
adhesives or by friction produced solely by the effects of gravity. (Section 13.5.7.2,
Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. The design analysis of the bracing system should include the destabilizing effects of
individual members buckling in compression. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Bracing and pedestals should be of structural or mechanical shapes produced to
ASTM specifications that specify minimum mechanical properties. Electrical tubing
should not be used. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
e. Floor stringers that are designed to carry axial seismic loads and that are mechani-
cally fastened to the supporting pedestals should be used. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 5
of ASCE 7)
11. Partitions. Partitions that are tied to the ceiling and partitions more than 6 feet (1829
mm) in height should be laterally braced to the building structure in accordance with
Section 13.5.8.1.
Such bracing shall be independent of any ceiling splay bracing.
Bracing should be spaced to limit horizontal deflection at the partition head to be
compatible with ceiling deflection requirements as determined in Section 13.5.6 for
suspended ceilings and elsewhere in Chapter 13 of ASCE for other systems. (Section
13.5.8.1 of ASCE 7)
EXCEPTION:
Partitions that meet all of the following conditions:
1. The partition height is 9 ft (2,740 mm) or lower.
2. The linear weight of the partition does not exceed the product of 10
lb (0.479 kN) times the height (ft) of the partition.
3. The partition horizontal seismic load does not exceed 5 psf.
E. Mechanical and electrical components. Mechanical and electrical components, and their
supports and attachments, should be designed in accordance with Section 13.6 of ASCE 7.
Appropriate coefficient should be selected from Table 13.6-1. (Section 13.6 of ASCE 7)
f. Mechanical components with Ip greater than 1.0 should be designed for the seismic
forces and relative displacements defined in Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 and should
satisfy the following additional requirements:
(1) Eliminate seismic impact for components vulnerable to impact, for components
constructed of nonductile materials, and in cases where material ductility will
be reduced on account of service conditions, e.g., low temperature applications.
(Section 13.6.3, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
(2) Evaluate effects of loads imposed on components by attached utility or service
lines, owing to differential movement of support points on separate structures.
(Section 13.6.3, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
(3) Where piping or HVAC ductwork components are attached to structures that
could displace relative to one another and for isolated structures where such
components cross the isolation interface, the components should be designed
to accommodate the seismic relative displacements defined in Section 13.3.2.
(Section 13.6.3, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
6. Electrical components. Electrical components with Ip greater than 1.0 should be de-
signed for the seismic forces and relative displacements defined in Sections 13.3.1 and
13.3.2 of ASCE 7 and the following additional requirements: (Section 13.6.4 of ASCE 7)
a. Eliminate seismic impact between components. (Section 13.6.4, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
b. Evaluate effects of loads applied on the components by attached utility or service
lines that are attached to separate structures. (Section 13.6.4, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Wrap-around restraints should be used for batteries on racks to secure the batter-
ies on the rack. Spacers should be used between restraints and cells to prevent
damage to cases. Racks should be evaluated for sufficient lateral load capacity.
(Section 13.6.4, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Internal coils of dry type transformers should be positively attached to their
supporting substructure within the transformer enclosure. (Section 13.6.4, Item 4
of ASCE 7)
e. Electrical control panels, computer equipment and other items with slide-out
components should have a latching mechanism to hold the components in place.
(Section 13.6.4, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
f. Electrical cabinet design should comply with the applicable National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards. Cutouts in the lower shear panel not
made by the manufacturer and significantly reducing the strength of the cabinet
should be evaluated. (Section 13.6.4, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
g. The attachments for additional external items weighing more than 100 lb (445 N)
should be evaluated or provided by the manufacturer. (Section 13.6.4, Item 7 of
ASCE 7)
h. Conduit, cable trays, or similar electrical distribution components should be de-
signed to accommodate the seismic relative displacements defined in Section 13.3.2
(Section 13.6.4, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
thickness should be used between the bumper and components to limit the im-
pact load. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
(5) Expansion anchors should not be used for nonvibration isolated mechanical
equipment rated over 10 hp (7.45 kW). (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
(Note: Undercut expansion anchors are allowed.)
f. The supports for electrical distribution components should be designed for the seis-
mic forces and relative displacements defined in Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of
ASCE 7 (if any of the following conditions apply): (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
(1) Ip is equal to 1.5, and conduit diameter is greater than 2.5 in. (64 mm) trade
size. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6a of ASCE 7)
(2) Trapeze assemblies supporting conduit, and bus ducts or cable trays where Ip
is equal to 1.5 and the total weight of the bus duct, cable tray or conduit sup-
ported by trapeze assemblies exceeds 10 lb/ft (146 N/m). (Section 13.6.5.5,
Item 6b of ASCE 7)
(3) Supports are cantilevered up from the floor. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6c of
ASCE 7)
(4) Supports include bracing to limit deflection. (Section 13.6.5.5 , Item 6d of
ASCE 7)
(5) Supports are constructed as rigid welded frames. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6e of
ASCE 7)
(6) Attachments into concrete utilize nonexpanding insets, power actuated fasten-
ers or cast iron embedments. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6f of ASCE 7)
(7) Attachments utilize spot welds, plug welds or minimum size welds as defined
by AISC. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6g of ASCE 7)
g. For piping, boilers and pressure vessels, attachments to concrete should be suit-
able for cyclic loads. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 7 of ASCE 7)
h. For mechanical equipment, drilled and grouted-in-place anchors for tensile load
applications should use either approved expansive cement or expansive epoxy grout.
(Section 13.6.5.5, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
8. Utility and service lines.
a. At ( _______________ ) (the interface of adjacent structures or portions of the same
structure that may move independently), utility lines should be provided with
adequate flexibility to accommodate the anticipated differential movement. Differen-
tial displacement calculations should be determined in accordance with Section
13.3.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.6 of ASCE 7)
b. The effects of possible interruption of utility service on the designated seismic sys-
tems in buildings in Occupancy Category IV should be considered. For soil with Site
Class E or F, where the seismic coefficient SDS at the underground utility or at the
base of the structure is equal to or greater than 0.33, details should be provided to
protect underground utilities and utility interfaces between the structure and the
ground. (Section 13.6.6 of ASCE 7)
9. HVAC ductwork.
a. Required seismic supports. Seismic supports are required for HVAC ducts with
Ip = 1.0, provided either of the following conditions are met for the full length of
each duct run: (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
(1) HVAC ducts are suspended from hangers that are more than 12 inches (305
mm) in length from the top of the duct to the supporting structure. The hang-
ers should be detailed to avoid significant bending of the hangers and their
attachments.
(2) HVAC ducts have a cross-sectional area of more than 6 square feet (0.557 m2).
b. HVAC duct systems should be fabricated and installed in accordance with approved
standards. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
c. Components installed in-line with the duct system. Components installed in-
line with the duct system (e.g., fans, heat exchangers and humidifiers) with an
operating weight greater than 75 pounds (334 N) should be supported and laterally
braced independent of the duct system and should meet the force requirements of
Section 13.3.1. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
d. Appurtenances such as dampers, louvers and diffusers should be positively at-
tached with mechanical fasteners. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
e. Unbraced piping attached to in-line equipment should be provided with adequate
flexibility to accommodate differential displacements. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
10. Piping systems general. All piping systems should be designed and constructed in
accordance with Section 13.6.8 of ASCE 7.
Design of seismic supports for piping systems should be in accordance with one of the
following: (Section 13.6.8 of ASCE 7)
a. Fire protection sprinkler systems.
(1) Fire protection sprinkler systems in SDC C. Seismic support for fire protec-
tion sprinkler systems should be in accordance with NFPA 13. (Section 13.6.8.2
of ASCE 7).
(2) Fire protection sprinkler systems in SDC D F. Seismic support for fire
protection sprinkler systems should be in accordance with Section 13.6.8.3 of
ASCE 7. (Section13.6.8.3 of ASCE 7) (Note: Exceptions of Section 13.6.8 do not
apply, see item E.11 of this Checklist for detailed requirements.)
b. For piping systems other than fire protection sprinkler systems. No additional
seismic supports required where:
(1) Piping supported by rod hangers. Hangers in the pipe run should be 12
inches (305 mm) or less in length from the top of the pipe to the supporting
structure; hangers should be detailed to avoid bending of the hangers and their
attachments, and to show piping can accommodate expected deflections. (Sec-
tion 13.6.8 item 1 of ASCE 7)
(2) High-deformability piping. High-deformability piping should be designed and
constructed to avoid impact with larger piping or mechanical components or to
protect the piping in the event of such impact; and the nominal pipe size
should be as follows: (Section 13.6.8 item 2 of ASCE 7)
(a) For SDC C, where Ip is greater than 1.0, the nominal pipe size should be 2
inches (51 mm) max. (Section 13.6.8, Item 2b of ASCE 7)
(b( For SDC D F, where Ip is equal to 1.0, the nominal pipe size should be 3
inches (76 mm) maximum; where Ip is greater than 1.0, the nominal pipe
size should be 1 inch (25 mm) maximum. (Section 13.6.8, Items 2c and 2a
of ASCE 7)
c. Elevator system piping should comply with Section 13.6.10 of ASCE 7. (Note:
ASME A17.1 amended by Section 13.6.10.1 through 4) (Sections 13.6.8 and 13.6.10
of ASCE 7)
d. ASME pressure piping systems. Pressure piping systems, including their supports,
should be designed and constructed in accordance with ASME B31 using the force
and displacement requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE 7. (Section
13.6.8.1 of ASCE 7)
e. Other piping systems. Other piping systems should be designed and constructed
in accordance with either ASME B31 or NFPA 13 using the force and displacement
requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE 7, or in accordance with the
requirements of Section 13.6.11 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.8.4 of ASCE 7)
11. Fire protection sprinkler systems. (SDC D F) Fire protection sprinkler systems in
SDC D, E or F should be designed and constructed in accordance with the following
requirements: (Section 13.6.8.3 of ASCE 7)
a. The hangers and sway bracing of fire protection sprinkler systems should satisfy
both of the following requirements: (Section 13.6.8.3 item 1 of ASCE 7)
(1) The hangers and sway bracing are designed and constructed in accordance
with NFPA 13.
(2) The force and displacement requirements are in accordance with Sections
13.3.1 and 13.3.2.
b. The fire protection sprinkler system piping itself should meet the force and
displacement requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2. (Section 13.6.8.3, Item 2
of ASCE 7)
c. The design strength of the fire protection sprinkler system piping for seismic loads
in combination with other service loads and appropriate environmental effects
should be based on the following material properties: (Section 13.6.8.3, Item 3 of
ASCE 7)
(1) For piping and components constructed with ductile materials (e.g., steel,
aluminum or copper), 90 percent of the minimum specified yield strength.
(2) For threaded connections in components constructed with ductile materials, 70
percent of the minimum specified yield strength.
(3) For piping and components constructed with nonductile materials (e.g., plastic,
cast iron or ceramics), 10 percent of the material minimum specified tensile
strength.
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (API 620 Tenth
Edition-2002)
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage (API 650-10th Edition, Addendum 4, 2005)
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction (API 653-2001)
A. Scope. Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonbuilding structures and
nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their supports
and attachments, should be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake
motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. (Section
1613.1)
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Seismic design of the following structures are exempt from the seismic requirements
of ASCE 7 and should be in accordance with other regulations: (Item 4, Section
11.1.2 of ASCE 7)
Vehicular bridges
Electrical transmission towers
Hydraulic structures
Buried utility lines and their appurtenances
Nuclear reactors
2. Other nonbuilding structures where specific seismic provisions have yet to be devel-
oped. (Section 15.1.1 of ASCE 7) (Note: ref. FEMA 450-2 NEHRP Commentary,
Chapter 14.)
1. Strength and other design criteria shall be obtained from the seismic requirements of
ASCE 7 or its referenced documents.
2. Where reference documents define acceptance criteria in terms of allowable stresses as
opposed to strength, the design seismic forces should be obtained from ASCE 7 and
used in combination with other loads as specified in Section 2.4 of ASCE 7 and used di-
rectly with allowable stresses specified in the reference documents. (Section 15.1.2,
Item b of ASCE 7)
3. Detailing should be in accordance with the reference documents. (Section 15.1.2, Item b
of ASCE 7)
1. < 25% combined weight condition. The weight of the nonbuilding structure is less
than 25 percent of the combined weight. Design seismic forces of the nonbuilding struc-
ture should be determined in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7 where the values
of Rp and ap should be determined in accordance with Section 13.1.5. The supporting
structure should be designed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 or
Section 15.5 of ASCE 7, as appropriate with the weight of the nonbuilding structure
considered in the determination of the effective seismic weight, W. (Section 15.3.1 of
ASCE 7)
2. 25% combined weight condition. The weight of the nonbuilding structure is equal
to or greater than 25 percent of the combined weight. Analysis should combine the
structural characteristics of both the nonbuilding structure and the supporting
structures to determine the seismic design forces in accordance with Section 15.3.2 of
ASCE 7 as follows: (Section 15.3.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Rigid component. The nonbuilding structure has rigid component dynamic
characteristics (T < 0.06s) as defined in Section 15.4.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.3.2,
Item 1 of ASCE 7)
(1) Component should be considered a rigid element with appropriate distribution
of its effective seismic weight.
(2) The supporting structure should be designed in accordance with the require-
ments of Chapter 12 or Section 15.5 of ASCE 7 as appropriate.
(3) The R-value of the combined system should be the R-value of the supporting
structural system.
(4) The nonbuilding structure and attachments should be designed for the forces
using the procedures of Chapter 13 where the Rp value should be equal to the
R-value of the nonbuilding structure in Table 15.4-2, and ap should be 1.0.
b. Nonrigid component. The nonbuilding structure has nonrigid characteristics (T
0.06s) as defined in Section 15.4.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.3.2, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
(1) The nonbuilding structure and supporting structure should be modeled to-
gether in a combined model with appropriate stiffness and effective seismic
weight distributions.
(2) The combined structure should be designed in accordance with Section 15.5 of
ASCE 7 with the R-value of the combined system taken as the lesser R-value of
the nonbuilding structure or the supporting structure.
(3) The nonbuilding structure and attachments should be designed for the forces
determined for the nonbuilding structure in the combined analysis.
F. Rigid nonbuilding structures. The following rigid nonbuilding structures (those with pe-
riod, T, less than 0.06 seconds) and their anchorages should be designed in accordance
with Equation 15.4-5 and distributed with height in accordance with Section 12.8.3 of
ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.2 of ASCE 7)
________________________________
________________________________
G. Loads. The seismic effective weight W for nonbuilding structures shall include all dead load
as defined for structures in Section 12.7.2. For purposes of calculating design seismic forces
in nonbuilding structures, W also shall include all normal operating contents for items such
as tanks, vessels, bins, hoppers and the contents of piping. W shall include snow and ice
loads where these loads constitute 25 percent or more of W or where required by the build-
ing official based on local environmental characteristics. (Section 15.4.3 of ASCE 7)
I. Drift limitations. Provide rational analysis to indicate how drift limitations of Section
12.12.1 of ASCE 7 can be exceeded without adversely affecting structural stability or at-
tached or interconnected components and elements such as _____________________________
and piping. P-delta effects shall be considered. (Section 15.4.5 of ASCE 7)
J. Deflection limits and structure separation. Deflection limits and structure separation
shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7 unless specifically amended in Chapter 15.
(Section 15.4.7 of ASCE 7)
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
N. Tanks and vessels. Section 15.7 of ASCE 7 applies to all tanks, vessels, bins and silos, and
similar containers storing liquids, gases and granular solids supported at the base, using
reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastic
materials. (Section 15.7.1 of ASCE 7)
Tanks and vessels supported at the base, as well as their attachments and anchorage,
should be designed in accordance with Sections 15.7.2-5 of ASCE and the following sections:
1. Inverted pendulum type structures (except elevated tanks, vessels, bins and hoppers)
meeting the definition of Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 should be designed in accordance with
Section 15.4.1, Item 1b using the Seismic Coefficients and Factors of Table 15.4-2 of
ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1b and Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7)
2. Supporting columns or piers of inverted pendulum-type structures should be designed
for the bending moment calculated at the base determined using the procedures given
in Section 12.8 or 15.4, whichever is higher, of ASCE 7 and varying uniformly to a mo-
ment at the top equal to one-half the calculated bending moment at the base. (Section
12.2.5.3 of ASCE 7)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, including Supplement No. 1 dated 2006
(AISC 341)
A. Seismically isolated structure. Every seismically isolated structure and every portion
thereof should be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter
17 of ASCE 7. (Section 1613.1)
1. Steel OMF and OCBF. (SDC D F) Steel OMFs and OCBFs with heights exceeding
limits in Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 are permitted up to 160 feet if:
a. RI is 1.0, and
b. Structural steel designed in accordance with AISC 341. (Section 1613.6.2)
B. Structures with damping system. Every structure with a damping system and every por-
tion thereof should be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of
Chapter 18 of ASCE 7. (Section 1613.1)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
National Design Specifications (NDS) for Wood Construction (AF&PA NDS-05)
Technical Report - Basic Requirements for Permanent Wood Foundation Systems (AF&PA T.R.
No. 7-87)
Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations (WRI/CRSI-81)
Standard Requirements for Analysis of Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils
(PTI-2004)
1. Required soils report. A foundation and soils investigation report should be submitted
in accordance with Section 1802.2 because of one or more of the following conditions:
a. Questionable soil (Section 1802.2.1)
b. Expansive soil (Section 1802.2.2)
c. Groundwater table (Section 1808.2.2.3)
d. Pile and pier foundations (Section 1808.2.2.4)
e. Unusual rock strata (Section 1808.2.2.5)
f. The structure is determined to be SDC C, D, E or F (Sections 1808.2.2.6 and
1808.2.2.7)
2. Foundation and soils investigation required for SDC C F (SDC C F). Soils
investigation is required and should include evaluation of the following potential
hazards resulting from earthquake motions: slope instability, liquefaction and surface
rupture that are due to faulting or lateral spreading in accordance with Section
1802.2.6. (Section 1802.2.6 or Section 11.8.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Additional soils investigation requirements for SDC D, E and F (SDC D F). Soils
investigation is required and should include evaluation of the following potential
hazards resulting from earthquake motions:
a. Lateral pressures on basement and retaining walls (when applicable) that are due
to earthquake motions. (Section 1802.2.7, Item 1, or Section 11.8.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Assessment of potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength loss for
site peak ground acceleration magnitudes and source characteristics consistent
with the design earthquake ground motions. Mitigation measures should consider
the design of the structure including ground stabilization, selection of appropriate
i. Compacted fill material properties and testing in accordance with Section 1803.5.
(Section 1802.6, Item 9)
Note: Where climatic or soil conditions warrant, the slope of the ground away
from the building foundation may be reduced to not less than one unit vertical in
48 units horizontal (2 percent). (Section 1803.3)
c. Swales. Swales for draining and diverting water away from the building should be
sloped a minimum of one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2 percent) within 10
feet (3048 mm) of the building foundation. (Section 1803.3)
d. Impervious surfaces. Impervious surfaces within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the building
foundation shall be sloped a minimum of one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2
percent) away from the building. (Section 1803.3)
e. Settlement of backfill. The procedure used to establish the final ground level adja-
cent to the foundation should consider effects of additional settlement of the
backfill. (Section 1803.3)
2. Flood hazard areas. Buildings located in the flood hazard areas designated by the
FEMA Flood Hazard Map must conform to the requirements of Section 1803.4. (Section
1803.4)
3. Compacted fill. Compacted fill used to support footings should be specified in an ap-
proved report in accordance with Section 1803.5. (Section 1803.5)
4. Controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Controlled low-strength material (CLSM)
used to support footings should be specified in a report in accordance with Section
1803.6 for approval. (Section 1803.6)
Note: When using the alternate load combinations in Section 1605.3.2 that in-
clude wind or earthquake loads, an increase of 1/3 is permitted for load-bearing
values provided in Table 1804.2. (Table 1804.2, Footnote d)
1. Lateral sliding resistance. Lateral sliding resistance for clay, sandy clay, silty clay and
clayey silt should not exceed one-half the dead load. (Section 1804.3)
Note 1: The lateral resistance values derived from the table may be increased
by the tabular value for each additional foot (305 mm) of depth to a maximum of
15x the tabular value. (Section 1804.3.1 and Table 1804.2)
Note 2: Isolated poles for uses such as flagpoles or signs and poles used to sup-
port buildings that are not adversely affected by a 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) motion at
the ground surface due to short-term lateral loads may be designed using
lateral-bearing values equal to 2x the tabular values. (Section 1804.3.1 and
Table 1804.2)
1. Top surface of footings. The top surface of footings should be level. (Section 1805.1)
2. Required stepped footings. Where the surface of the ground slopes more than 10 per-
cent, foundations should be stepped. (Section 1805.1)
3. Minimum depth of footings. The minimum depth of footings below the undisturbed
ground surface should be shown on the plans to be 12 inches (305 mm). (See Figure
16-1.) (Section 1805.2)
4. Footings and frost line. Footings should be shown on the plans to extend below the
frost line. (Frost depth = _________ inches) (See Figure 16-2.) (Section 1805.2.1) (Note:
exceptions for small building may apply in accordance with Section 1805.2.1.)
5. Isolated footings. Isolated footings on granular soil should be located in accordance
with Figure 16-3. (Section 1805.2.2)
6. Shifting or moving soils. When subsoils are shallow and of a shifting or moving
character, footings should be carried to a minimum depth of _______ ft below existing
grade to ensure stability. (Section 1805.2.3)
7. Footings on or adjacent to slopes. The placement of structures, including pools, on or
adjacent to slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical to 3 units horizontal (33 percent slope)
should comply with Section 1805.3.
8. Width of footings. The minimum width of footings should be 12 inches (305 mm). (See
Figure 16.1.) (Section 1805.4.1)
Figure 16-1
Minimum footing dimensions
(Sections 1805.2, 1805.4 and Table 1805.4.2)
Figure 16-2
Footing below the frost line
(Section 1805.2.1)
Figure 16-3
Isolated footing (Section 1805.2.2)
9. Design loads.
a. Footings should be designed for the most unfavorable effects caused by the
combinations of loads specified in Sections 1605.2 or 1605.3. (Section 1805.4.1.1)
Note 1: The dead load is permitted to include the weight of foundations, footings
and overlying fill. (Section 1805.4.1.1)
Note 2: Reduced live loads, as specified in Sections 1607.9 and 1607.11, are
permitted to be used in the design of footings. (Section 1805.4.1.1)
b. Vibratory loads that are due to machinery operations should be considered in the
design. (Section 1805.4.1.2)
10. Concrete footing strength. Concrete in footings should have a specified compressive
strength f c , of not less than 2,500 psi (17.2 MPa). (Section 1805.4.2.1)
11. Footing seismic ties (SDC D F). Individual spread footings for SDC D, E or F struc-
tures on Site Class E or F soil should be interconnected by ties in accordance with
Section 1805.4.2.2. (Section 1805.4.2.2)
12. Plain concrete footings. For plain concrete footings supporting other than light-frame
construction, the edge thickness should not be less than 8 inches (203 mm) for footings
on soil. (Section 1805.4.2.3)
Note 1: For plain concrete footings supporting other than light-frame construc-
tion of Group R-3 occupancies, the edge thickness is permitted to be 6 inches,
provided the footing does not extend beyond a distance greater than the thick-
ness of the footing on either side of the supported wall. (Section 1805.4.2.3,
Exception)
Note 2: For plain concrete footings supporting light-frame construction of Group
R-3 occupancies, the edge thickness is permitted to be 6 inches (Table 1805.4.2,
Footnote g)
13. Depth of masonry-unit footings. The depth of masonry-unit footings should not be
less than twice the projection beyond the wall, pier or column. (See Figure 16-4.)
(Section 1805.4.3.1)
Figure 16-4
Minimum masonry-unit footing dimensions
(Section 1805.4.3.1)
14. Width of masonry-unit footings. The width of masonry-unit footings should be at least
8 inches (203 mm) wider than the wall supported thereon. See Figure 16.4. (Section
1805.4.3.1)
15. Steel grillage footings. Steel grillage footings should comply with the requirements of
Section 1805.4.4.
16. Timber footings. Timber footings should comply with the requirements of Section
1805.4.5.
17. Wood foundations. Wood foundations should be treated and identified in accordance
with the requirements of AF&PA Technical Report No.7 and Section 1805.4.6. (Section
1805.4.6.)
18. Foundation (basement) walls concrete and masonry.
a. General. Concrete and masonry foundation (basement) walls laterally supported at
the top and bottom should be designed in accordance with Chapter 19 or 21,
respectively. (Section 1805.5)
b. Walls up to 10 feet in height. Concrete and masonry foundation walls meeting the
requirements in Tables 1805.5 (1) through (5) and which are 10 feet or lower in
height should be designed in accordance with Sections 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5.
(Section 1805.5 and Tables 1805.5 (1) (5))
c. Limitations of Tables 1805.5 (1) through (5). To use Tables 1805.5(1) through
1805.5(5), the following should be specified on the plans in accordance with Sec-
tions 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5.
(1) Minimum thickness should comply with Section 1805.5.1. (Section 1805.5.1)
(2) Vertical reinforcement should have a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi
(414 MPa) or in accordance with Section 1805.5.2.1, Item 1.
(3) Concrete should have a specified compressive strength of at least 2,500 psi
(17.2 MPa) at 28 days. (Section 1805.5.2.1, Item 5)
(4) Grout should be in accordance with Table 2103.12 or ASTM C476. (Section
1805.5.2.2, Item 3 and Section 2103.12)
(5) Hollow masonry units should be installed with Type M or Type S mortar in
accordance with Section 2103.8. (Section 1805.5.2.2, Item 6)
(6) For concrete foundation wall with window and door openings, provide mini-
mum two #5 bars around openings and extend minimum 24 inches beyond the
corners of the openings. (Section 1805.5.1, Item 1)
(7) Seismic requirements for concrete foundation walls. (SDC C F) To use Ta-
bles 1805.5(5) in SDC C through F, concrete foundation walls are limited to the
requirements of Sections 1805.5.5.1 and 1908.1.15 ACI 318 Section 22.10.1,
Item (a). (Section 1805.5.5.1)
(8) Seismic requirements for masonry foundation walls. (SDC C F) To use
Tables 1805.5(1) through (4) in SDC C through F, masonry foundation walls
are limited to the requirements of Section 1805.5.5.2, Items (2) through (4) and
Sections 2106.4, 2106.5 and 2106.6 for SDC C, D and E F, respectively.
(Section 1805.5.5.2)
d. Drainage. A drainage system should be installed in accordance with Sections
1806.4.2 and 1806.4.3, or walls should be designed for the hydrostatic pressure of
undrained backfill. (Section 1805.5.6)
19. Pier and curtain wall foundations.
a. In SDC A C, pier and curtain wall foundation construction should be in accor-
dance with the requirements of Section 1805.5.7. (Section 1805.5.7) (See Figure 16-
5.)
b. Pier and curtain wall foundations are not permitted in SDC D or higher.
20. Designs employing lateral bearing (for embedded posts and poles.) Designs for
embedded posts and poles should be in accordance with Section 1805.7.
21. Designs for expansive soils. Designs for expansive soils should be in accordance with
Section 1805.8.
Expansive soils defined (Section 1802.3.2): Soils meeting all four of the follow-
ing provisions shall be considered expansive, except that tests to show
compliance with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall not be required if the test prescribed in
Item 4 is conducted:
1. Plasticity Index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in accordance with ASTM
D 4318.
2. More than 10 percent of the soil particles pass a No. 200 sieve (75 m),
determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.
3. More than 10 percent of the soil particles are less than 5 micrometers in
size, determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.
4. Expansion Index greater than 20, determined in accordance with ASTM D
4829.
Figure 16-5
Masonry pier and curtain wall
E. Retaining walls. Retaining walls shall be designed to ensure stability against excessive
foundation pressure and water uplift, and for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding
and overturning. (Section 1806.1)
F. Dampproofing and waterproofing. Walls or portions thereof that retain earth and enclose
interior spaces and floors below grade should be waterproofed and dampproofed in accor-
dance with Section 1807. Ventilation for crawl spaces should comply with Section 1203.4.
(Section 1807.1)
1. Foundation investigation for piers and piles. The foundation investigation report
should specifically address the following issues in accordance with Section 1808.2.2:
a. Recommended pier or pile types and installed capacities (Section 1808.2.2, Item 1)
Figure 16-6
Pile cap requirement
(Section 1808.2.4)
7. Flexural strengths (SDC D F). Flexural strengths of the grade beam or pile cap
should be greater than that of columns that are the vertical lateral-force-resisting
elements.
The connection between batter piles and grade beams or pile caps should be designed
to resist the nominal strength of the pile acting as a short column. Batter piles and
their connection should be capable of resisting system overstrength forces and mo-
ments from the load combinations of Section 1605.4. (Section 1808.2.23.2.3)
1. Timber piles. Timber piles should be designed in accordance with the AFPA NDS, and
compliance with Section 1809.1 should be demonstrated. (Section 1809.1)
2. Precast concrete piles. (Section 1809.2) The following requirements for precast con-
crete piles should be met:
a. Minimum dimension. The minimum lateral dimension should be 8 inches (203
mm). Corners of square piles should be chamfered. (Section 1809.2.1.2)
b. Reinforcement. Reinforcement should comply with the requirements of Section
1809.2.1.3. (See Figure 16-7.)
3. Precast nonprestressed piles. (Section 1809.2.2) The following requirements for pre-
cast nonprestressed concrete piles should be met:
a. Concrete strength. Concrete should have a minimum specified compressive
strength, f c , of not less than 3,000 psi (20.68 MPa). (Section 1809.2.2.1)
Figure 16-7
Reinforcement for precast concrete piles SDC A B
Figure 16-8
Seismic reinforcement for precast nonprestressed piles SDC C
Figure 16-9
Seismic reinforcement for precast nonprestressed piles SDC D F
e. Allowable stresses. The allowable compressive stress in the concrete should not
exceed 0.33 f c . The allowable compressive stress in the reinforcing steel should not
exceed 0.4fy or a maximum of 30,000 psi (207 MPa). The allowable tensile stress in
the reinforcing steel should not exceed 0.5fy or a maximum of 24,000 psi (165 MPa).
(Section 1809.2.2.3)
f. Concrete cover. Concrete cover should be minimum 2 inches in accordance with
Section 1809.2.2.5.
4. Precast prestressed piles. (Section 1809.2.3) The following requirements for precast
prestressed concrete piles should be met:
a. Materials. Prestressing steel should conform to ASTM A 416. Concrete should have
a specified compressive strength, f c , of not less than 5,000 psi (34.48 MPa).
(Section 1809.2.3.1)
b. Design. Precast prestressed piles should be designed in accordance with Section
1809.2.3.2.
c. Seismic design requirement (SDC C). The requirements of Section 1809.2.3.2.1
should be met for structures assigned to SDC C.
d. Seismic design requirement (SDC D F). The requirements of Section
1809.2.3.2.2 should be met for structures assigned to SDC D, E or F.
e. Allowable stresses. The maximum allowable design compressive stress, f c , in con-
crete should be determined using Equation 18-10. (Section 1809.2.3.3)
f. Concrete cover. Prestressing steel and pile reinforcement should have a concrete
cover of not less than 11/4 inches (32 mm) for square piles of 12 inches (305 mm) or
smaller, and 11/2 inches (38 mm) for larger piles. For piles exposed to sea water,
the minimum protective concrete cover should be 21/2 inches (64 mm). (Section
1809.2.3.5)
5. Structural steel piles. Structural steel piles should meet the requirements of Section
1809.3.
a. Materials. Plan should indicate structural steel piles conform to ASTM A36, A252,
A283, A572, A588, A690, A913 or A992. (Section 1809.3.1)
b. Allowable stresses. The allowable axial stresses should not exceed 0.35 Fy or 0.5
Fy if justified in accordance with Section 1808.2.10. (Section 1808.3.2)
c. H-pile dimensions. The dimensional requirements of Section 1809.3.3 for steel H-
piles should be met. (Section 1809.3.3)
d. Steel pipe piles. The dimensional requirements of Section 1809.3.4 for steel pipe
piles should be met. (Section 1809.3.4)
Figure 16-10
Seismic reinforcement for cast-in-place concrete piles SDC C
(Section 1809.1.2.1)
Note: Flexural length is the length of the pile to a point where the concrete section crack-
ing moment strength multiplied by 0.4 exceeds the required moment strength at that
point. (Section 1810.1.2.2)
Figure 16-11
Seismic reinforcement for cast-in-place piles SDC D F
3. Enlarged base cast-in-place concrete piles. Enlarged base cast-in-place concrete piles
should conform to the requirements of Section 1810.2.
Enlarged base cast-in-place concrete piles: Enlarged base piles are cast-in-
place concrete piles constructed with a base that is larger than the diameter of
the remainder of the pile. The enlarged base is designed to increase the load-
bearing area of the pile in end bearing.
(Section 1808.1)
Concrete-filled steel pipe and tube piles: Concrete filled steel pipe and tube
piles are constructed by driving a steel pipe or tube section into the soil and fill-
ing the pipe or tube section with concrete. The steel pipe or tube section is left in
place during and after the deposition of the concrete.
(Section 1808.1)
8. Concrete caisson piles. Caisson piles should be shown to conform to the requirements
of Section 1810.7.
Concrete caisson piles: Caisson piles are cast-in-place concrete piles extending
into bedrock. The upper portion of a caisson pile consists of a cased pile that ex-
tends to the bedrock. The lower portion of the caisson pile consists of an uncased
socket drilled into the bedrock.
(Section 1808.1)
Micropiles: Micropiles are 12-inch diameter (305 mm) or less bored, grouted-in-
place piles incorporating steel pipe (casing)and/or steel reinforcement. (Section
1808.1)
1. General. Composite piles (piles consisting of two or more pile types) should be shown to
conform to the requirements of Sections 1811.2 through 1811.5. (Section 1811.1)
K. Pier foundations.
1. Minimum dimensions for isolated piers. The minimum dimension of isolated piers
used as foundations should be 2 feet (610 mm), and the length should not exceed 12
times the least horizontal dimension. (See Figure 16-12.) (Section 1812.2)
2. Reinforcement. Reinforcement for isolated piers should be provided in accordance with
Section 1810.1.2.1 for SDC C (see Figure 16.10) and Section 1810.1.2.2 for SDC D, E
and F. (See Figure 16-11.)(Section 1812.4)
Figure 16-12
Minimum dimensions for isolated piers
(Section 1811.2)
17. Concrete
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
National Design Specifications (NDS) for Wood Construction (AF&PA NDS-05)
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 31805) and Commentary (ACI
318R05)
Structural Welding Code Reinforcing Steel (AWS D1.4-05)
Guide to Shotcrete (ACI 506-05)
Standard Specification for Highway Bridges (AASHTO)
Note: This list is in addition to the structural design information required by Sec-
tion 1603, and additional requirements of Section 106. The list is not all-
inclusive and may be expanded at the discretion of the building official.
C. Reinforcement requirements.
1. Hooks.
a. Standard hooks. The construction documents should detail minimum bend diame-
ter and extensions of standard hooks in accordance with Section 7.1 of ACI 318
and as illustrated in Figure 17-1. (Section 1907.1)
Figure 17-1
Standard hook details
2. Spacing limits.
Note: Maximum aggregate size should not be larger than 3/4 the minimum clear
spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, individ-
ual tendons, bundled tendons or ducts. (ACI 318 Section 3.3.2 [c]).
a. Parallel bars in a layer. The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a
layer should be db, but not less than 1 inch (25 mm). (Section 7.6 of ACI 318) The
minimum spacing limitations of Section 7.6.1 through 7.6.4 of ACI 318 are
illustrated in Figure 17-2. (Section 1907.6)
Figure 17-2
Minimum clear distances between bars, bundles or tendons
b. Flexural reinforcement in walls and slabs. In walls and slabs other than concrete
joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement should not be spaced farther
apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, or 18 inches (457 mm). (Section
1907.6 and ACI 318 Section 7.6.5)
c. Bundled bars. Bundled bars should be detailed on the construction documents in
accordance with the requirements set forth in Section 7.6.6 of ACI 318. (Section
1907.6)
d. Prestressing tendons. The clear distance between pretensioning tendons at each
end of a member should not be less than 5db for wire or 4db for strands. If the con-
crete strength at transfer of prestress is 4,000 psi (28 MPa) or more, minimum
center-to-center spacing of strands should be 13/4 inches (45 mm) for strands of 1/2
inch (12.7 mm) nominal diameter or smaller, and 2 inches (50 mm) for strands of
0.6 inch (15.2 mm) nominal diameter. (Section 1907.6 and ACI 318 Section 7.6.7.1)
e. Spacing limits for shear reinforcement. Spacing of shear reinforcement placed
perpendicular to axis of member should not exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members
and 0.75h in prestressed members or 24 inches (610 mm). (Section 11.5.5.1 of ACI
318) When shear force carried by stirrups, Vs, exceeds 4 f c bw d [For
Table 17.1
Minimum concrete cover for cast-in-place concrete (Nonprestressed and nonprecast)
Minimum Cover
Concrete Exposure Inches
Figure 17-3
Sketch to clarity measurements between laterally supported column bars
e. Extent of spirals. Column spirals should extend into supported members as re-
quired by ACI 318, Sections 7.10.4.6, 7.10.4.7 and 7.10.4.8. (Section 1907.10)
f. Minimum size of ties. Ties should be at least No. 3 in size for longitudinal bars No.
10 or smaller, and at least No. 4 in size for larger or bundled longitudinal bars.
(Section 1907.10 and ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.1).
g. Spacing of ties. Vertical spacing of ties should not exceed 16 longitudinal bar
diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression
member. (ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.2). (Section 1907.10 and Section 1910.5.2)
h. Arrangement of ties. Ties should be so arranged that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar has lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included
angle of not more than 135 degrees, and a bar should not be more than 6 inches
(152 mm) clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar. (Sec-
tion 1907.10 and ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.3) (See Figure 17-3.)
i. Extent of ties. Ties should extend over the compression member as required by
ACI 318 Sections 7.10.5.4 and 7.10.5.5. (Section 1907.10)
5. Lateral reinforcement for flexural members.
a. Lateral reinforcement in beams. Lateral reinforcement in beams should be in
accordance with the requirements in ACI 318 Section 7.11 (Section 1907.11)
6. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.
a. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. Reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature stresses normal to flexural reinforcement should be provided in
structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in only one direction in
accordance with the following: (Section 1907.12 and ACI 318 Section 7.12)
(1) Deformed reinforcement. The area of the deformed reinforcement should not
be less than that set forth in Section 7.12.2.1 of ACI 318. The reinforcement
should not be spaced more than five times the slab thickness or 18 inches (457
mm). (Section 7.12.2.2 of ACI 318) The reinforcement should be developed in
accordance with Chapter 12 of ACI 318.
(2) Prestressing tendons. Prestressing tendons used for shrinkage and tempera-
ture reinforcement should be in accordance with Section 7.12.3 of ACI 318.
7. Structural integrity. (Section 1907.13)
a. Requirements for structural integrity cast-in-place construction. The struc-
tural integrity requirements of Sections 7.13.2.1, 7.13.2.2 and 7.13.2.3 of ACI 318,
as illustrated in Figure 17-4, apply to cast-in-place concrete construction. Section
13.3.8.5 of ACI 318 applies to two-way slab construction. (Sections 7.13.2.1
through 7.13.2.4 of ACI 318)
b. Requirements for structural integrity precast construction. The structural
integrity requirements of Section 7.13.3 of ACI 318 should be detailed on the plans.
Tension ties should be provided in the transverse, longitudinal and vertical direc-
tions and around the perimeter of the structure to effectively tie elements together.
The provisions of Section 16.5 of ACI 318 should also apply. (Section 7.13.3 of ACI
318)
8. Development of reinforcement in tension.
a. Development of deformed bars and wire in tension. The development length, ld,
for deformed bars and wire in tension should be computed by either Section 12.2.2
or 12.2.3, and Modification Factors for excess reinforcement in accordance with
Section 12.2.5 of ACI 318 but not less than 12 inches (305 mm). The basic
simplified development lengths (units = inches) set forth in ACI 318 Section 12.2.2
for Grade 60 bars in Normal Weight Concrete are listed as follows. Factors t , e,
s and need to be multiplied to the table values.
Figure 17-4
requirements for structural integrity for cast-in-place construction
ment length of Section 12.5.2 and the applicable modification factors of Section
12.5.3 of ACI 318. (Section 12.5.1 of ACI 318) The basic hook development lengths
(units = inches) set forth in Section 12.5.2 of ACI 318 for Grade 60 bars are as
follows:
Basic hook development length ldh for Grade 60 uncoated bars in normal weight concrete
based on Section 12.2.4 (Factors t , e , s and need to be multiplied to the table values)
(Normal Weight Concrete), PSI
fc
Figure 17-5
Hocked bar development length
Figure 17-6
Special splice requirements for columns
12.17.2.2 Bar stress 0.5fy in tension Use Class B tension lap splice (12.15) if more than 1/2 of total
(Zone 2)* column bars spliced at same location.
or
Use Class A tension lap splice (12.15) if not more than 1/2 of total
column bars spliced at same location.
Stagger alternate splices by d.
12.17.2.3 Bar stress 0.5fy in tension Use Class B tension lap splice (12.15).
(Zone 3)*
*For Zones 1, 2 and 3, see Figure 4-21.
(Source: Notes on ACI 318-05, Table 4 8) Reproduced with permission from PCA.
D. Design requirements.
1. General.
a. Load considerations. Consideration should be given to effects of forces due to
prestressing, crane loads, vibration, impact, shrinkage, temperature changes, creep,
expansion of shrinkage-compensating concrete and unequal settlement of supports.
(Section 8.2.4 of ACI 318)
b. Modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity of concrete should be determined
in accordance with Section 8.5 of ACI 318.
c. Load combinations. Load combinations should be in accordance with Section
1605 or ACI 318 Section 9.2, except as noted in Section 1605.4 for special seismic
load combinations.
d. Strength-reduction factors. Strength-reduction factors should be applied in accor-
dance with Section 9.3 of ACI 318.
e. Shear reduction factor of 0.6. For structures that rely on special moment-
resisting frame or special reinforced concrete structural walls to resist earthquake
effects, the shear strength reduction factor should be 0.6 for any structural mem-
ber that is designed to resist earthquake forces, if their nominal shear strength is
less than the shear corresponding to development of their nominal flexural strength.
(Section 9.3.4(a) of ACI 318)
f. Strength reduction factor for shear in diaphragms. In structures that rely on
special moment-resisting frames or special reinforced concrete structural walls to
resist earthquake effects, the strength reduction factor for shear in diaphragms
should not exceed the minimum strength reduction factor for shear used for the
vertical components of the primary lateral-force-resisting system. (Section 9.3.4 (b)
of ACI 318)
g. Strength reduction factor for shear in joints and diagonally reinforced
coupling beams. In structures that rely on special moment-resisting frames or
special reinforced concrete structural walls to resist earthquake effects, the
strength reduction factor for shear in joints and diagonally reinforced coupling
beams should be 0.85. (Section 9.3.4(c) of ACI 318)
h. Bearing strength. The design bearing strength on concrete should not exceed
( 0.85 f c A1 ) except when the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area, in which case design bearing strength on the loaded area should be multiplied
by A2 / A1 but not more than 2. (Section 10.17.1 of ACI 318)
i. Reduction in shear and torsional moment strength for lightweight concrete.
Shear strength and torsional moment strength for lightweight concrete should be
reduced in accordance with Section 11.2 of ACI 318.
j. Shear strength for nonprestressed members. The shear strength for non-
prestressed members should be calculated in accordance with Section 11.3 of ACI
318.
k. Design of shear reinforcement. Where factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear
strength ( )Vc, shear reinforcement should be designed and provided in accordance
with Section 11.5 of ACI 318.
l. Design for torsion. Where the factored torsional moment, Tu, exceeds that set
forth in Section 11.6.1, the member should be designed to carry that torsional
moment in accordance with Sections 11.6.3 through 11.6.6 of ACI 318. (Section
11.6.2.1 of ACI 318)
m. Shear friction. Where direct shear is being transferred across a given plane, such
as an existing or potential crack, an interface between dissimilar materials, or an
interface between two concrete entities cast at different times, provide a shear-
friction analysis in accordance with Section 11.7 of ACI 318.
n. Deep beams. Members with ln not exceeding four times the overall member depth
or regions of beams with concentrated loads within twice the member depth from
the support that are loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face so that
compression struts can develop between the loads and supports are considered
deep beams, and the design of shear reinforcement should be in accordance with
Sections 11.8 and 12.10.6 of ACI 318.
o. Special shear design provisions for brackets and corbels. Brackets and corbels
with a shear span-to-depth ratio, av/d, not greater than one (1) and subject to a
horizontal tensile force, Nuc, not larger than Vu should be designed in accordance
with Section 11.9 of ACI 318.
2. Flexural member design.
a. Span lengths. Span lengths of members not built integrally with supports should
be considered the clear span plus depth of member, or the distance between cen-
ters of supports. In analysis of frames or continuous construction for determination
of moments, span length should be taken as the distance center-to-center of
supports. (Section 8.7 of ACI 318.)
b. Limitations on methods of analysis. To use approximate moments and shears set
forth in Section 8.3.3 of ACI 318 in the design of continuous beams and one-way
slabs, all of the following conditions must be met.
(1) There are two or more spans.
(2) Spans are approximately equal, with the longer of two adjacent spans not
greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent.
(3) Loads are uniformly distributed.
(4) Unfactored live load does not exceed three times unfactored dead load.
(5) Members are prismatic.
c. Minimum reinforcement. The minimum reinforcement ratio, As, should not be
less than:
fc fc
3 bw d ( bw d in SI) or
fy 4 fy
200 1.4
bw d ( bw d in SI)
fy fy
fc fc
(6 bw d ( bw d in SI) for statically determinate T-beam with flange in
fy 2 fy
tension.
Alternatively, area of reinforcement provided at every section should be at least one-
third greater than that required by analysis. (Section 10.5 of ACI 318)
d. Maximum reinforcement ratio. When the factored axial load is less than the
smaller of 0.10 f c A g , the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, t, at nomi-
nal strength, should be 0.004 or higher. (Note: The reinforcement limit of 0.75 b
results in a net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, t, at nominal strength of
0.00376, slightly less conservative.) (Section 10.3.5 of ACI 318)
e. Distribution of flexural reinforcement.
(1) The spacing of reinforcement closest to the surface in tension, S, should not ex-
ceed S = 15(40,000/fs) 2.5Cc but not greater than (12)(40,000/fs). (Section
10.6.4 of ACI 318)
(2) Where h of a beam or joist exceeds 36 inches, longitudinal skin reinforcement
should be uniformly distributed and placed in accordance with Section 10.6.7
and Figure R10.6.7 of ACI 318.
f. Deep beams. The following provisions should be complied with for deep beams.
(1) Section 10.7 of ACI 318
(2) Section 11.8 of ACI 318
(3) Section 12.11.4 of ACI 318
(4) Section 12.12.4 of ACI 318
g. Maximum distance between lateral supports. Spacing of lateral supports for a
beam should not exceed 50 times the least width, b, of compression flange or face.
(Section 10.4.1 of ACI 318)
h. Minimum shear reinforcement.
(1) Minimum shear reinforcement should be provided in reinforced flexural mem-
bers where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds 1/2 Vc. (except as noted in
Section 11.5.6.1 of ACI 318).
(2) Minimum area of shear reinforcement should be calculated in accordance with
Sections 11.5.6.3 and 11.5.6.4 of ACI 318.
(3) Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement should be determined in accordance
with Section 11.5.5 of ACI 318.
a. Applicable provisions. The provisions of ACI 318 should apply to composite con-
crete flexural members, except as specifically modified in Chapter 17 of ACI 318.
(Section 17.1.2 of ACI 318)
(1) Strength Design. Where strength design is used, design of anchorage should
be in accordance with Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(2) Earthquake effects. Where load combinations include earthquake loads or ef-
fects, design should be in accordance with Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(3) Postinstalled anchors. Postinstalled anchors, such as expansion anchors and
undercut anchors installed in hardened concrete, should be evaluated and
categorized in accordance with ACI 355.2 and designed in accordance with Sec-
tion 1912. (Sections 1911.1 and 1912)
(4) Other anchors require approval. Other anchors, such as specialty inserts,
through bolts, multiple anchors connected to a single steel plate at the embed-
ded end of anchors, adhesive or grouted anchors, and direct anchors such as
power or pneumatic actuated nails or bolts, should be in accordance with an
approved procedure. (Section 1912.1 and ACI 318, Section D.2.2)
b. Anchor design ASD. The following comments pertain to the design of anchors us-
ing Allowable Stress Design:
(1) Bolts. Bolts other than ASTM A307 or approved equal should comply with
Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(2) Headed anchors with bearing area less than 11/2 times the shank area should
comply with Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(3) Combined shear and tension. Anchors subject to combined shear and tension
should be checked for compliance with Equation 19-1. (Section 1911.2)
(4) Required edge distances and spacing. The edge distance and spacing speci-
fied in Table 1911.2 should be provided for anchors unless appropriate
reductions in allowable service loads are taken in accordance with Section
1911.3.
(5) No increase for shear values. No increase in Table 1911.2 shear values is
permitted even if special inspection is provided. (Section 1911.5)
c. Anchor design strength design. The strength design of anchors should be in
accordance with requirements of Appendix D of ACI 318 as modified by Section
1908.1.16 as follows or other approved procedures: (Section 1912)
(1) General strength of anchors. Strength of anchors should be determined in
accordance with Section D.4 of ACI 318. (Section 1912 and ACI 318, Section
D.4)
(2) Lightweight concrete. Nominal strength in tension Nn and nominal shear
strength, Vn, should be modified by multiplying all values of f c by 0.75 for
all-lightweight concrete and by 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete in accor-
dance with Section D.3.4 of ACI 318.
(3) Strength reduction factor. Strength reduction factor for anchors in con-
crete should be determined in accordance with Section D.4.4 of ACI 318.
(4) Seismic Resistance. (SDC C F) The following requirements apply to anchors
in SDC C through F. (Section 1908.1.16, ACI 318 Section D.3.3
(a) Anchors should not be used in plastic hinge zones of concrete structures
under seismic loads. (Section D.3.3.1 of ACI 318, Section D.3.3)
(b) Post-installed anchors for use to resist pullout should pass the Simulated
Seismic Tests of ACI 355.2 in accordance with Section D.3.2 of ACI 318.
(Section 1908.1.16, ACI 318 Section D.3.3.2)
(c) The design strength of anchors should be taken as 75 percent of the nomi-
nal value. (Section 1908.1. 16, ACI 318 Section D.3.3.3)
(d) The design of the anchor should be governed by the tensile or shear
strength of a ductile steel element as defined in Section D.1 of ACI 318, or
the attachment as defined in Section D.1 of ACI 318 should be designed so
that it will undergo ductile yielding at a load no greater than 75 percent of
the minimum anchor design strength. (Section 1908.1.16, ACI 318
Sections D.3.3.4 and D.3.3.5)
(5) Maximum concrete strength. The value of f c used for calculations should
not exceed 10,000 psi (68.9 Mpa) for cast-in anchors, and 8,000 psi for post-
installed anchors. Testing is required for post-installed anchors with f c greater
than 8,000 psi. (Section D.3.5 of ACI 318)
(6) Strength considerations. Strength design of anchors or group of anchors
should be based on computation using D.4 of ACI 318 or test that takes all of
the following into consideration: (D4.1 of ACI 318)
(a) Steel strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.1 of ACI 318)
(b) Steel strength of anchor in shear (Section D.6.1 of ACI 318)
(c) Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.2 of ACI 318)
(d) Concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear (Sections D.6.2 of ACI 318)
(e) Pullout strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.3 of ACI 318)
(f) Concrete side-face blowout strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.4 of
ACI 318)
(g) Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear (Section D.6.3 of ACI 318)
(h) Required edge distances, spacings and thicknesses to preclude splitting
failure (Section D.8 of ACI 318)
(7) Interaction effects. When tension and shear act simultaneously, the interac-
tion should be considered in accordance with Sections D.4.3 or D.7 of ACI 318.
(Sections D.4.1.3 and D.4.3 of ACI 318)
(8) Required edge distances, spacings and thicknesses to preclude splitting
failure. Minimum spacings, thicknesses and edge distances for anchors should
conform to Sections D.8.1 through D.8.6 of ACI 318 or tests in accordance with
ACI 355.2, or provide reinforcement to control splitting. Construction docu-
ments should specify use of anchors with a minimum edge distance as
assumed in design. (Section D.8 of ACI 318)
13. Shotcrete.
a. Maximum aggregate size. Plans should indicate that the maximum size of coarse
aggregate should not exceed 3/4 inch (19.1 mm). (Section 1913.3)
b. Reinforcement requirements. The following reinforcement requirements of
Section 1913.4 should be met:
(1) Maximum size. The maximum size of reinforcement should be No. 5 bars
unless it can be demonstrated by preconstruction tests that adequate encase-
ment of larger bars can be achieved. (Section 1913.4.1)
(2) Minimum clearance between parallel bars. When No. 5 or smaller bars are
used, there should be a minimum clearance between parallel bars of 2 1/2
inches (64 mm). When bars larger than No. 5 are permitted, there should be a
minimum clearance of 6db. (Section 1913.4.2)
(3) Two curtains of steel. When two curtains of steel are provided, the curtain
nearest the nozzle should have a minimum spacing equal to 12db, and the
remaining curtain should have a minimum spacing of 6db. (Section 1913.4.2)
(4) Lap splices. Lap splices should be noncontact lap splices with at least 2 inches
(51 mm) clearance between bars. (Section 1913.4.3)
(5) No shotcrete with spirally reinforced columns. Shotcrete should not be ap-
plied to spirally tied columns. (Section 1913.4.4)
c. Strength tests. Plans should indicate that strength tests will be administered in
accordance with Section 1913.10.
14. Reinforced gypsum concrete.
a. Reinforced gypsum concrete should comply with the requirements of Section 1914.
15. Concrete-filled pipe columns.
a. Concrete-filled pipe columns should comply with the requirements of Section 1915.
Moment frame: Space frame in which members and joints resist forces through flex-
ure, shear and axial force. Moment frames shall be categorized as follows: (Section 2.2
of ACI 318)
Ordinary moment frame: A cast-in-place or precast concrete frame complying with
the requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections
1908.1.1 and 1908.1.2.
Intermediate moment frame: A cast-in-place concrete frame complying with the re-
quirements of Sections 21.2.2.3 and 21.12 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1.10, in addition to the requirements for ordinary moment frames.
Special moment frame: A cast-in-place concrete frame complying with the require-
ments of Sections 21.2 through 21.5 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections 1908.1.4
through 1908.1.7 or
a precast concrete frame complying with the requirements of Sections 21.2 through
21.6 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections 1908.1.4 through 1908.1.7, in addition to
the requirements for ordinary moment frames.
Structural walls: (Section 2.2 of ACI 318)
Ordinary structural plain concrete wall (Ordinary plain concrete shear
wall): A wall complying with the requirements of Chapter 22, excluding 22.6.7 of
ACI 318, as modified by Section 1908.1.14. (Section 1908.1.3)
Detailed plain concrete structural wall: A wall complying with the requirements
of Chapter 22, including Section 22.6.7 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1.14. (Section 1908.1.3)
Ordinary precast structural wall: A precast wall complying with the require-
ments of Chapters 1 through 18 of ACI 318, as modified by Section 1908.1. (Section
1908.1.3)
Ordinary reinforced concrete structural wall (shear wall): A wall complying
with the requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1. (Section 1908.1.3)
Intermediate precast concrete structural wall: A wall complying with the
requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 in addition to Section 21.13 of ACI 318, as
modified by Section 1908.1.
Special precast concrete structural wall: A precast wall complying with the
requirements of Chapters 1 through 18, Sections 21.2, 21.8 and 21.13 of ACI 318, as
modified by Section 1908.1.
Special reinforced concrete structural wall: A wall complying with the require-
ments of Chapters 1 through 18, Sections 21.2 and 21.7 of ACI 318, as modified by
Section 1908.1.
1. General.
a. Applicable ACI 318 provisions. The following provisions are applicable for this
project:
Seismic-force-resisting Structural
Systems (IBC System number based
Check Here Table 12.2-1) Applicable ACI 318 Provisions Restrictions*
umn or beam face for special moment frames or from sections where yielding of
the reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lateral displacements.
(2) Type 2 mechanical splices conforming to Section 21.2.6.1(b) of ACI 318 is
permitted to be used at any location.
f. Welded splices.
(1) Welded splices should conform to Sections 12.14.3.3 and 12.14.3.4 of ACI 318
and should not be used within a distance equal to twice the member depth
from the column or beam face for special moment frames or from sections
where yielding of the reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lat-
eral displacements. (Section 21.2.7.1 of ACI 318)
(2) Welding of stirrups, ties, inserts or other similar elements should not be welded
to longitudinal reinforcement that is required by design. (Section 21.2.7.2 of
ACI 318)
3. Special moment frame membersflexural members (SDC C F) (primarily beams).
a. Restrictions on the design of flexural members. Flexural members should com-
ply with the following limitations set forth in Section 21.3.1 of ACI 318.
(1) Maximum axial load. The factored axial compressive force on the member
should not exceed A g f c /10 . (Section 21.3.1.1 of ACI 318)
(2) Minimum clear span. The clear span should not be less than four times the
effective depth. (Section 21.3.1.2 of ACI 318)
(3) Minimum width. The width of the member should not be less than the smaller
of 0.3h and 10 inches. (Section 21.3.1.3 of ACI 318)
(4) Width restrictions. The width of the member should not be more than the
width of the supporting member (measured on a plane perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the flexural member) plus distances on each side of the
supporting member not exceeding 0.75h of the flexural member. (Section
21.3.1.4 of ACI 318)
b. Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement requirements of Sections 21.3.2 and 21.3.3 of ACI 318, as illustrated
in Figure 17-7, should be clearly detailed on the plans. When prestressing steel is
used, Section 21.3.2.5 of ACI 318 as added by Section 1908.1.7 should also apply.
a. Flexural reinforcement
b. Splice location
c. Transverse reinforcement
d. Hoop reinforcement
Figure 17-7
Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement for flexural members of SMRFs
Figure 17-9
Example of transverse reinforcement in SMF columns
Figure 17-10
Development length for reinforcement in tension
Development length, ldh, for a bar with a standard 90-degree hook in normal-weight
aggregate concrete should be not less than the largest of 8db, 6 inches (152 mm)
and fydb/(65 f c ) (fydb/(5.4 f c ) in SI), and for lightweight concrete not less than
the largest of 10db, 71/2 inches, and 1.25 times the length required by Equation
21-6.
The 90-degree hook should be located within the confined core of a column or of a
boundary element. (Section 21.5.4.1 of ACI 318)
6. Special moment frame constructed using precast concrete (SDC A F) (21.6).
a. SMF with ductile connections. SMF with ductile connections constructed using
precast concrete should satisfy all cast-in-place concrete SMF requirements of
Sections 21.3 through 21.5 of ACI 318. (Section 21.6.1 of ACI 318) and both:
(1) Connections shear strength. Connections shear strength should be computed
in accordance with Section 21.6.1 (a) of ACI 318.
(2) Mechanical splices. Mechanical splices of beam reinforcement should be lo-
cated not closer than h/2 from the joint face in accordance with Section 21.2.6
of ACI 318.
b. SMF with strong connections. SMF with strong connections constructed using
precast concrete (see figure 17-11) should satisfy all cast-in-place concrete SMF
requirements of Sections 21.3 through 21.5, and 21.6.2 of ACI 318. (Section 21.6.2
of ACI 318)
c. Other SMF. Other SMF constructed using precast concrete not meeting the
requirements of Sections 21.6.1 and 21.6.2 of ACI 318 should be designed and
constructed to satisfy all cast-in-place concrete SMF requirements of Sections 21.3
through 21.5, and ACI T1.1, Acceptance Criteria for Moment Frames Based on
Structural Testing in accordance with Section 21.6.3 of ACI 318.
Figure 17-11
Strong connection examples
(1) When the design shear force, Vu, does not exceed Acv fc (For SI:
0.083 Acv f c ), the minimum reinforcement should be in accordance with Sec-
tion 14.3 of ACI 318. Otherwise, the distributed web reinforcement ratios for
shear walls should be more than 0.0025 along both the longitudinal and trans-
verse axes. (Section 21.7.2.1 of ACI 318)
(2) Reinforcement should be continuous, distributed each way across the shear
plane and not exceeding 18 inches (457 mm) on center. (Section 21.7.2.1 of ACI
318)
(3) At least two curtains of reinforcement should be used in a wall if the in-plane
factored shear force assigned to the wall exceeds 2 Acv fc (For SI:
0.166 Acv f c ). (Section 21.7.2.2 of ACI 318)
Figure 17-12
Effective flange widths for flanged shear walls
a. Per 21.7.6.2
b. Per 21.7.6.3
Figure 17-14
Shear wall nonspecial boundary element requirements
Figure 17-15
Coupling beam with diagonally oriented reinforcement
Figure 17-16
Columns supporting discontinued stiff members
f. Coupling beams. Coupling beams should be designed in accordance with ACI Sec-
tion 21.7.7 of ACI 318. Coupling beams with a clear span-to-effective-depth ratio of
less than 2 and factored shear force exceeding 4 f c (Acw) (For SI: 0.33 f c (Acw))
should be provided with special shear reinforcement in accordance with ACI 318
Sections 21.7.7.3 and 21.7.7.4. (See Figure 17-15.) (Section 21.7.7 of ACI 318)
g. Construction joints. All construction joints in structural walls should conform to
Section 6.4 of ACI 318, and contact surfaces should be roughened to conform to
Section 11.7.9 of ACI 318. (Section 21.7.8 of ACI 318)
h. Discontinuous shear walls. Columns supporting discontinuous wall elements
should be reinforced in accordance with Section 21.4.4.5 of ACI 318 and additional
requirement of Section 1908.1.12. (Section 21.7.9 of ACI 318 and Section
1908.1.12) (See Figure 17-16)
Wall Pier: Wall pier is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio
of at least 2.5, but not exceeding 6, whose clear height is at least two times its
horizontal length.
(Section 21.1 of ACI 318, as added by Section 1908.1.3)
i. Wall pier requirement. Wall piers not designed as part of a special moment frame
should have transverse reinforcement designed to satisfy the requirements in Sec-
tion 21.7.10.2 of ACI 318. (Section 21.7.10 of ACI 318 as added by Section
1908.1.8)
j. Wall pier requirement. Wall segments with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio
of less than 2.5 should be designed as columns. (Section 21.7.10.3 of ACI 318 as
added by Section 1908.1.8)
8. Structural diaphragms and trusses (SDC A F) (21.9)
a. Minimum thickness of diaphragms. Concrete slabs and composite topping slabs
serving as structural diaphragms used to transmit earthquake forces should not be
less than 2 inches (50 mm) thick. Topping slabs placed over precast floor or roof
elements, acting as structural diaphragms and not relying on composite action with
the precast elements to resist the design seismic forces, should have thickness not
less than 2.5 inches (63 mm). (Section 21.9.4 of ACI 318)
b. Reinforcement requirements.
(1) Minimum reinforcement. The minimum reinforcement ratio for structural dia-
phragms should be in conformance with Section 7.12 of ACI 318.
Reinforcement spacing each way in nonpost-tensioned floor or roof systems
should not exceed 18 inches (500 mm). (Section 21.9.5.1 ACI 318)
(2) Welded wire reinforcement. Where WWR is used as the reinforcement to re-
sist shear in topping slabs placed over precast floor and roof elements, the
wires parallel to the span of the precast element should not be less than 10
inches (254 mm) on center. (Section 21.9.5.1 ACI 318)
10. Frame members (SDC D F) not part of the lateral-force-resisting system (Section
21.11 of ACI 318)
a. Detailing requirements. Frame members (except slab-column connections in two-
way slabs system without beams) assumed not to contribute to lateral resistance
should be detailed according to Section 21.11.2 or 21.11.3 of ACI 318, depending
on the magnitude of moments induced in those members when subjected to the de-
sign displacement. (Section 21.11.1 of ACI 318)
In addition to other requirements as set forth in Section 21.11, the spacing of
transverse reinforcement should satisfy the following restrictions:
(1) For members with factored gravity axial forces not exceeding 0.1 A g f c , stirrups
should be spaced not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
(Section 21.11.2.1 of ACI 318)
(2) For members with factored gravity axial forces exceeding 0.1 A g f c , ties should
be spaced not more than 6 diameters of the smallest longitudinal bar enclosed
or 6 inches (152 mm), throughout the length of the member. Lap splices of
longitudinal reinforcement in such members should comply with Section
21.4.3.2 only if the system is SMF. (Section 21.11.2.2 of ACI 318, as modified
by Section 1908.1.11)
(3) If the effects of design displacements, defined in Section 1908.1.5, are not
explicitly checked, members should be detailed in accordance with Section
21.11.3 of ACI 318. (Section 21.11.1 of ACI 318)
(4) Slab-column connections in two-way slabs system without beams should be in
accordance with Section 21.11.5. (Section 21.11.1 of ACI 318)
11. Requirements for intermediate moment frames (SDC A C) (Section 21.12 of ACI
318)
a. Intermediate moment frame requirements (SDC A C). Intermediate moment
frame (IMF) is defined by Section 21.1 as cast-in-place frames complying with Sec-
tions 21.2.2.3 and 21.12 of ACI 318, in addition to the requirements of OMF.
Structural members below the base of the structure that are required to transmit to
the foundation forces resulting from earthquake effects should be considered as
part of the system and are required to also comply with the same requirements.
(Section 21.2.2.3 of ACI 318)
b. Beam detailing requirements. Beams should have longitudinal reinforcement in
accordance with Section 21.12.4.1 of ACI 318. Beams should have transverse
reinforcement in accordance with Sections 21.12.4.2 and 21.12.4.3 of ACI 318.
Figure 17-17
Arrangement of reinforcement in slabs
d. Wall piers. Wall piers not designed as part of a moment frame should have trans-
verse reinforcement designed to resist the shear forces determined from Section
21.12.3 (as for IMF). Spacing of transverse reinforcement should not exceed 8
inches (203 mm). Transverse reinforcement should be extended beyond the pier
clear height for at least 12 inches (305 mm). (Section 21.13.5 of ACI 318 as added
by Section 1908.1.13)
e. Wall as columns. Wall segments with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio less
than 2.5 should be designed as columns. (Section 21.13.6 of ACI 318 as added by
Section 1908.1.13)
18. Masonry
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05)
A. Material requirements.
6. Structural tests and special inspection. Special inspection should be required to sat-
isfy Section 1704.5. Structural testing and other quality assurance requirements for
seismic resistance should comply with Sections 1707, 1708 and 1709.
B. Construction requirements.
1. Grouting, minimum spaces. The minimum dimensions of spaces provided for the
placement of grout should be in accordance with Table 1.16.1 of MSJC. (Section 1.16.1
of MSJC)
2. Embedded conduits, pipes and sleeves. Conduits, pipes and sleeves of any material to
be embedded in masonry shall be compatible with masonry and should comply with the
following requirements: (Section 1.16.2 of MSJC)
a. Design should not consider conduits, pipes or sleeves as structurally replacing the
displaced masonry. (Section 1.16.2.1 of MSJC)
b. Design should consider the structural effects resulting from the removal of masonry
to allow for the placement of pipes or conduits. (Section 1.16.2.2 of MSJC)
c. Conduits, pipes and sleeves in masonry should be no closer than three diameters
on center. (Section 1.16.2.3 of MSJC)
d. Vertical conduits, pipes or sleeves placed in masonry columns or pilasters should
not displace more than two percent of the net cross section. (Section 1.16.2.4 of
MSJC)
e. Pipes should not be embedded in masonry when: (Section 1.16.2.5 of MSJC)
(1) Containing liquid, gas or vapors at temperature higher than 150F (66C).
(2) Under pressure in excess of 55 psi (379 kPa).
Permitted
Seismic Applicable Code Applicable Code
Check Type of Lateral-Force-Resisting System Design Sections for Allowable Sections for
Here (System ID of Table 12.2-1 & 12.14-1 of ASCE 7) Categories Stress Design* Strength Design
Empirical Shear Walls
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
(AAC) Masonry
b. All masonry walls, unless isolated on three edges from in-plane motion of the basic
structural systems, should be considered to be part of the seismic-force-resisting
system. (Section 2106.1)
2. Story drift limit. Design story drift should be determined in accordance with Section
12.12.1 of ASCE 7 and not exceed the allowable story drift of Table 12.12-1 of ASCE 7.
(Section 12.12 of ASCE 7)
3. Anchorage of masonry walls. Connectors should be designed to transfer the greater of
a seismic lateral force induced by the wall in accordance with Section 1.14.3.3 of MSJC,
and a minimum strength design forces not less than 280 pounds per lineal foot (4.1
kN/m) of wall. The maximum spacing between connectors should be 4 feet (1219 mm).
(Sections 1604.8.2 and 2106.2, and Section 12.11.2 of ASCE 7)
4. Design of elements that are not part of the lateral-force-resisting-system
(SCD D F).
a. Masonry partition walls. Masonry partition walls, masonry screen walls and other
masonry elements that are not designed to resist vertical or lateral loads, other
than those induced by their own mass, should be isolated from the structure so
that the vertical and lateral forces are not imparted to these elements. (Section
2106.3.1)
b. Isolation joints and connectors. All masonry walls, unless isolated on three edges
from in-plane motion of the basic structural systems, should be considered to be
part of the seismic-force-resisting system. (Section 2106.1)
Isolation joints and connectors between masonry walls and the structure should be
designed to accommodate the design story drift. (Section 2106.3.1)
c. Reinforcement. Nonlateral-force-resisting masonry elements should be reinforced
in either the horizontal or vertical direction in accordance with the following:
(Section 1.14.5.2.3 of MSJC)
(1) Horizontal reinforcement Horizontal joint reinforcement should consist of at
least two longitudinal W1.7 (MW11) wires spaced not more than 16 in. (406
mm) for walls greater than 4 in. (102 mm) in width and at least one longitudi-
nal W1.7 (MW11) wire spaced not more 16 in. (406 mm) for walls not exceeding
4 in. (102 mm) in width; or at least one No. 4 (M #13) bar spaced not more than
4 ft (1219 mm). Where two longitudinal wires of joint reinforcement are used,
the space between these wires should be the widest that the mortar joint will
accommodate. Horizontal reinforcement should be provided within 16 in. (406
mm) of the top and bottom of these nonlateral-force-resisting masonry walls.
(2) Vertical reinforcement Vertical reinforcement should consist of at least one
No. 4 (M #13) bar spaced not more than 10 ft (3048 mm) for Seismic Design
Category C and not more than 4 ft (1219 mm) for Seismic Design Category D, E
and F. Vertical reinforcement should be located within 16 in. (406 mm) of the
ends of nonlateral-force-resisting masonry walls.
5. Design of elements that are part of the lateral-force-resisting system (SDC C F).
a. Connections to masonry columns. A minimum of two No. 4 (M #13) lateral ties
should be provided in the top 5 inches (127 mm) of the column to enclose both the
vertical bars and anchor bolts. (Section 2106.4 and Section 1.14.5.3.1 of MSJC)
b. Masonry shear walls (SDC C). Reinforcement for masonry shear walls should com-
ply with the requirements for ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls, intermediate
reinforced masonry shear walls or special reinforced masonry shear walls, and the
requirements of Section 1.14.5.3.2 of MSJC. Detailing requirements are given in
Figure 18-1. (Section 1.14.5.3.2 of MSJC)
c. Columns supporting discontinuous lateral-load-resisting elements. Columns
and pilasters supporting reactions from discontinuous portions of the lateral-force-
resisting system should be provided with a minimum transverse reinforcement ratio
of 0.0015. Transverse reinforcement should be spaced not more than one-fourth of
the least nominal dimension of the column or pilaster. (Section 2106.4.1)
d. Beams supporting discontinuous lateral-load-resisting elements. Beams
supporting reactions from discontinuous portions of the lateral-force-resisting
system should be provided with a minimum transverse reinforcement ratio of
0.0015. Transverse reinforcement should be spaced not more than one-half the
nominal depth of the beam. (Section 2106.4.1)
Figure 18-1
Minimum masonry wall reinforcement requirements for SDC C
(Section 1.14.5.2.3 of MSJC)
Figure 18-2
Minimum shear wall reinforcement requirements for SDC D F
(Section 1.14.6.3 of MSJC)
Figure 18-3
Stack bond and running bond
Running Bond. The placement of masonry units such that head joints in succes-
sive courses are horizontally offset at least one-quarter the unit length.
Stack Bond. The placement of masonry units in a bond pattern is such that
head joints in successive courses are vertically aligned. For the purpose of this
code, requirements for stack bond shall apply to masonry laid in other than
running bond
(Section 2102.1)
(3) Lateral ties in masonry columns. Lateral ties in masonry columns should be
spaced not more than 8 inches (203 mm) on center and should be at least 3/8-
inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Lateral ties should be embedded in grout. (Section
1.14.6.5 of MSJC) Standard hooks for lateral tie anchorage should be either a
135-degree standard hook or a 180-degree standard hook. (Section 1.14.6.7 of
MSJC) (See Figure 18-4.) See MSJC Section 1.13.5 for definition of standard
hook.
(4) Prohibited materials. Neither Type N mortar nor masonry cement should be
used as part of the lateral-force-resisting system. (Section 1.14.6.6 of MSJC)
Figure 18-4
Hooks for column ties in SDC D F
1. General requirements. The design of masonry structures using allowable stress design
should comply with Section 2106 and the requirements of Chapters 1 and 2 of the
MSJC code. (Section 2107.1)
a. Load Combinations. Required strength should be determined in accordance with
the allowable stress design load combinations of Section 1605.3 or Section 2.4.1 of
ASCE 7.
b. Modulus of elasticity for clay and concrete masonry. The modulus of elasticity
should be determined in accordance with Section 1.8.2.2 of MSJC.
c. Maximum deflection of beams and lintels. It should be shown by calculation that
deflection of beams and lintels due to dead plus live loads do not exceed 1/600 of the
clear span nor 0.3 inch (7.6 mm). (Section 1.10.1 of MSJC)
d. Stack bond masonry. Horizontal reinforcement (area 0.00028Ag) should be
placed in horizontal joints, or in bond beams spaced not more than 4 feet (1.22 m)
on center. (Section 1.11 of MSJC)
e. Details of reinforcement. Reinforcement for masonry should comply with the
following requirements of Section 1.13 of MSJC.
(1) The maximum size of bar used in masonry should be No. 11 (M#36). (Section
1.13.2.1 of MSJC) The bar diameter should not exceed 1/8 of the nominal wall
thickness and should not exceed 1/4 of the least dimension of the cell, course
or collar joint in which it is placed. (Section 2.3.6 of MSJC as amended by Sec-
tion 2107.7 of IBC)
(2) The diameter of reinforcement should not exceed one-half the least clear
dimension of the cell, bond beam or collar joint in which it is placed. (See also
Section 1.16.1 of MSJC.) (Section 1.13.2.2 of MSJC)
(3) Longitudinal and cross wires of joint reinforcement should have a minimum
wire size of W1.1 (MW7) and a maximum wire size of one-half the joint
thickness. (Section 1.13.2.3 of MSJC)
(4) The clear distance between parallel bars, and between a contact lap splice and
adjacent splices or bars, should be at least equal to the nominal bar diameter
or 1 inch (25.4 mm), whichever is more restrictive. (Sections 1.13.3.1 and
1.13.3.3 of MSJC)
(5) In columns and pilasters, the clear distance between vertical bars, and between
a contact lap splice and adjacent splices or bars, should be at least 1.5 times
the nominal bar diameter or 11/2 inches (38.1 mm), whichever is more
restrictive. (Sections 1.13.3.2 and 1.13.3.3 of MSJC)
(6) Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit should
be limited to two in any one bundle. Individual bars in a bundle cut off within
the span of a member should terminate at points at least 40 db apart. (Section
1.13.3.4 of MSJC)
(7) Reinforcement embedded in grout should have a thickness of grout between the
reinforcement and masonry units not less than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) for fine grout
or 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) for coarse grout. (Section 1.13.3.5 of MSJC)
(8) Masonry exposed to earth or weather should have a minimum cover of 11/2
inches (38.1 mm) for bars No. 5 and smaller, and 2 inches (50.8 mm) for larger
bars. (Section 1.13.4.1(a) of MSJC)
(9) Masonry not exposed to earth or weather should have a minimum 11/2 in. (38.1
mm) cover for reinforcing bars. (Section 1.13.4.1(b) of MSJC)
(10) Longitudinal wires of joint reinforcement should be fully embedded in mortar or
grout with a minimum cover of 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) when exposed to earth or
weather and 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) when not exposed to earth or weather. (Section
1.13.4.2 of MSJC)
(11) Joint reinforcement should be stainless steel or protected from corrosion by
hot-dipped galvanized coating or epoxy coating when used in masonry exposed
to earth or weather and in interior walls exposed to a mean relative humidity
exceeding 75 percent. All other joint reinforcement should be mill galvanized,
hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel. (Section 1.13.4.2 of MSJC)
(12) Wall ties, sheet-metal anchors, steel plates and bars, and inserts exposed to
earth or weather, or exposed to a mean relative humidity exceeding 75 percent,
should be stainless steel or protected from corrosion by hot-dip galvanized
coating or epoxy coating. Wall ties, anchors and inserts should be mill
galvanized, hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel for all other cases. (Section
1.13.4.3 of MSJC)
f. Compressive strength indicated on construction documents. Project drawings
should show the specified compressive strength of masonry, f m , for each part of
the structure. (MSJC Section 2.1.3.1)
g. Anchor bolt design. Allowable loads for anchor bolts should be determined by test-
ing in accordance with Section 2.1.4.1 of MSJC or by calculation in accordance
with Section 2.1.4.2 of MSJC.
h. Minimum anchor bolt embedment depth. The minimum effective embedment
length of plate, headed and bent bar anchor bolts should be larger of 4 bolt diame-
ters or 2 inches (50.8 mm). (MSJC Section 2.1.4.2.1)
i. Multiwythe walls. Design of walls composed of more than one masonry wythe
should comply with the provisions of either composite action (Section 2.1.5.2 of
MSJC) or noncomposite action (Section 2.1.5.3 of MSJC). (Section 2.1.5.1 of MSJC)
j. Columns. Design of columns should comply with the requirements of Section 2.1.6
of MSJC. (See Figure 18-5.)
Figure 18-5
Column detailing requirements
(for SDC D F, see Figure 18-4 also)
(1) Minimum column side dimension should be 8 inches (203 mm) nominal.
(Section 2.1.6.1 of MSJC)
(2) The ratio of the effective height to the least nominal dimension should not
exceed 25. (Section 2.1.6.2 of MSJC)
(3) Columns should be designed to resist applied loads. As a minimum, columns
should be designed to resist loads with an eccentricity equal to 0.1 times each
side dimension. Consider each axis independently. (Section 2.1.6.3 of MSJC)
(4) The area of vertical reinforcement should not be less than 0.0025An and not
more than 0.04 An. At least four bars should be provided. (MSJC Section
2.1.6.4)
(5) Lateral ties should conform to requirements of Section 2.1.6.5 of MSJC.
k. Light-frame construction. Masonry columns used only to support light-frame
roofs of carports, porches, sheds or similar structures with a maximum area of 450
ft2 (41.8 m2) assigned to Seismic Design Category A, B or C should be designed and
constructed in accordance with Section 2.1.6.6 of MSJC as added by Section
2107.4 of IBC.
l. Pilasters.
(1) Walls interfacing with pilasters should not be considered flanges, unless the
provisions of Section 1.9.4.2 are met. (Section 2.1.7.1 of MSJC)
(2) Where vertical reinforcement is provided to resist axial compressive stress, lat-
eral ties should meet all applicable requirements of Section 2.1.6.5. (Section
2.1.7.2 of MSJC)
m. Load transfer. Load transfer at horizontal connections should be in accordance
with Section 2.1.8 of MSJC.
(1) Walls, columns and pilasters should be designed to resist all loads, moments
and shears applied at intersections with horizontal members. (Section 2.1.8.1
of MSJC)
(2) Effect of lateral deflection and translation of members providing lateral support
should be considered. (Section 2.1.8.2 of MSJC)
(3) Connection hardware/devices used for transferring lateral support from mem-
bers that intersect walls, columns or pilasters should be designed to resist the
forces involved. A minimum force of 1,000 lb (4448 N) should be used for
columns. (Section 2.1.8.3 of MSJC)
n. Distribution of concentrated vertical loads in walls. The length of wall consid-
ered capable of working at the maximum allowable compressive stress to resist
vertical concentrated loads should not exceed the center-to-center distance between
loads or the width of bearing area plus four times the wall thickness. (MSJC
Section 2.1.9.1) (See Figure 18-6.)
Figure 18-6
Distribution of concentrated loads
o. Bearing load area. Bearing stresses should be computed by distributing the bear-
ing load over an area in accordance with MSJC Section 2.1.9.2. Bearing stresses
should not exceed 0.25 f m . (MSJC Section 2.1.9.3)
The design of unreinforced masonry, defined in Section 1.6, by allowable stress design
should be in accordance with MSJC Section 2.2.
1. No credit for reinforcement. The effect of stresses in reinforcement, if present, should
be neglected. (Section 2.2.2 of MSJC)
2. Axial compression and flexure. Axial compression and flexure should be designed in
accordance with Sections 1.6 and 2.2.3 of MSJC.
3. Axial tension. The tensile strength of masonry should be neglected. (Section 2.2.4 of
MSJC)
4. Shear stresses. Design for shear stresses should be provided in accordance with
Section 2.2.5 of MSJC.
2. Compression members. The compressive force should not exceed that given by MSJC
Equation 2-17 or Equation 2-18. (Section 2.3.3.2.1 of MSJC)
2
h
Pa = 0.25 f m An + 0.65 Ast Fs 1 for h/r 99 MSJC Eq 217
140r
2
70r
Pa = 0.25 f m An + 0.65 Ast Fs for h/r 99 MSJC Eq 218
h
3. Flexural compressive stress. The flexural compressive stress should not exceed (1/3)
f m in accordance with Section 2.3.3.2.2 of MSJC.
4. Beams. Beams should comply with the requirements of Section 2.3.3.4 of MSJC.
a. The length of bearing of beams on their supports should be a minimum of 4 inches
(102 mm) in the direction of span. (Section 2.3.3.4.3 of MSJC)
b. The compression face of beams should be laterally supported at a maximum spac-
ing of 32 times the beam thickness. (Section 2.3.3.4.4 of MSJC)
c. Span length of members not built integrally with supports should be taken as the
clear span plus depth of member, but need not exceed the distance between centers
of supports. (Section 2.3.3.4.1 of MSJC)
d. Span length should be taken as the distance between centers of supports in analy-
sis of members that are continuous over supports for determination of moments.
(Section 2.3.3.4.2 of MSJC)
5. Axial tension and flexural tension. Axial tension and flexural tension shall be resisted
entirely by steel reinforcement. (Section 2.3.4 of MSJC)
6. Shear. The calculated shear stress, fv = (V/bd), should not exceed the allowable shear
stress set forth in the following table in accordance with MSJC Section 2.3.5.2.
7. Design loads for shear walls (SDC D F). When calculating shear or diagonal tension
stresses, shear walls that resist seismic forces in SDC D, E or F should be designed to
resist 1.5x the forces required by Chapter 16. (Section 2106.5.1)
Note: The 1.5 multiplier need not be applied to overturning moment. (Section
2106.5.1)
Figure 18-7
Spacing of shear reinforcement
strengths of Equations 3-8 and 3-9. The projected area, Apv, should be reduced in
accordance with Section 3.1.6.3.1. The minimum effective embedment length of
headed or bent-bar anchor bolts resisting shear forces should be the greater of four
bolt diameters or 2 inches (51 mm). (Section 3.1.6.3 of MSJC)
d. Combined axial and shear strength of anchor bolts. Combined axial and shear
strength of anchor bolts should be checked in accordance with Equation 3-11.
(Section 3.1.6.4 of MSJC)
5. Bearing strength. Nominal bearing strength of the masonry should be determined in
accordance with Section 3.1.7 of MSJC.
6. Modulus of elasticity of masonry. The modulus of elasticity of masonry should be
determined in accordance with Section 1.8.2.2 of MSJC.
7. Compressive strength f m limitations. The specified value of f m should not be less
than 1500 psi (10.34 MPa) nor more than 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) for concrete masonry
and not to exceed 6000 psi (41.37 MPa) for clay masonry. (Section 3.1.8.1.1 of MSJC)
8. Grout compressive strength. The specified compressive strength of grout, f g , should
equal or exceed f m , but not more than 5000 psi (34.5 MPa) for concrete masonry and
not to exceed 6000 psi (41.4 MPa) for clay masonry. (Section 3.1.8.1.2 of MSJC)
9. Modulus of rupture. The modulus of rupture for bending should be determined in
accordance with Section 3.1.8.2.1 of MSJC. The modulus of rupture of the grout should
be taken as 250 psi (1.72 MPa). (Section 3.1.8.2 of MSJC)
10. Reinforcement strength. Masonry design should be based on a reinforcement strength
equal to the specified yield strength of reinforcement, fy, not to exceed 60,000 psi (414
MPa). Actual yield strength should not exceed 1.3x the specified strength. (Section
3.1.8.3 of MSJC)
11. Section properties. Member strength should be computed using section properties
based on the minimum net bedded and grouted cores cross-sectional area of the mem-
ber under consideration. Section properties should be based on specified dimensions.
(Section 2108.8)
The design of unreinforced masonry by strength design should be in accordance with MSJC
Section 3.2 in addition to Chapter 1 and Section 3.1 of MSJC. (Section 3.2.1 of MSJC)
1. No credit for reinforcement. The effect of stresses in reinforcement should be
neglected. (Section 3.2.1.2 of MSJC)
2. Axial compression and flexure. Axial compression and flexure should be designed in
accordance with Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 of MSJC.
3. Design Criteria. Unreinforced members should be designed to remain uncracked.
(Section 3.2.1.3 of MSJC)
4. Shear stresses. Design for shear stresses should be provided in accordance with
Section 3.2.4 of MSJC.
Applicable MSJC
Types of Members Mu/Vudv Section
14. Design of beams, piers and columnsgeneral. Member design forces should be based
on an analysis that considers the relative stiffness of structural members. The calcula-
tion of lateral stiffness should include the contribution of all beams, piers and columns.
The effects of cracking on member stiffness should be considered. (Section 3.3.4 of
MSJC)
a. Nominal axial and flexural strength. The nominal axial strength, Pn, and the
nominal flexural strength, Mn, of a cross section should be determined in
accordance with the design assumptions of Section 3.3.2 and the provisions of Sec-
tion 3.3.4.1 of MSJC. Using the slenderness-dependent modification factors of Eq.
(3-16) [1(h/140r)2)] and Eq. (3-17) (70r/h)2, as appropriate, the nominal axial
strength should be modified for the effects of slenderness. The nominal flexural
strength at any section along a member should not be less than 1/4 of the maxi-
mum nominal flexural strength at the critical section. (Section 3.3.4.1.1 of MSJC)
The nominal axial compressive strength should not exceed Eq. (3-16) or Eq. (3-17)
of MSJC, as appropriate.
(1) For members with h/r 99:
2
h
Pn 0.80 0.80 f m An A s f y A s 1 (Eq. 3-16)
140r
b. Nominal shear strength. Nominal shear strength, Vn, shall be computed using Eq.
(3-18) and either Eq. (3-19) or Eq. (3-20), as appropriate, in accordance with
Section 3.3.4.1.2 of MSJC.
15. Beams. Members designed primarily to resist flexure should comply with the require-
ments of Section 3.3.4.2 of MSJC. The factored axial compressive force on a beam
should not exceed 0.05 An f m . (Section 3.3.4.2.1 of MSJC)
a. The factored axial compression force on piers should not exceed 0.3 An f m . (Section
3.3.4.3.1 of MSJC)
b. Longitudinal reinforcement. A pier subjected to in-plane stress reversals should
be reinforced symmetrically about the neutral axis of the pier and detailed to com-
ply with the following: (Section 3.3.4.3.2 of MSJC)
(1) One bar should be provided in the end cells.
(2) The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement should be 0.0007 bd.
(3) Longitudinal reinforcement should be uniformly distributed throughout the
depth of the element.
c. Dimensional limits. Dimensions should be in accordance with Section 3.3.4.3.3 of
MSJC as follows:
(1) The nominal thickness of a pier should be 16 in. (406 mm).
(2) The distance between lateral supports of a pier should not exceed 25x the
nominal thickness of a pier except as provided for in Section 3.3.4.3.3(c) of
MSJC.
(3) When the distance between lateral supports of a pier exceeds 25 times the
nominal thickness of the pier, design should be based on the provisions of
Section 3.3.5 of MSJC.
(4) The nominal length of a pier should not be less than 3x its nominal thickness
nor greater than 6x its nominal thickness. The clear height of a pier should not
exceed 5x its nominal length.
Note: When the factored axial force at the location of maximum moment is
less than 0.05 f m Ag , the length of a pier may be equal to the thickness of the
pier. (Section 3.3.4.3.3 of MSJC)
17. Columns. Columns should be designed and detailed in accordance with Section 3.3.4.4
of MSJC.
a. Longitudinal reinforcement. Longitudinal reinforcement should be a minimum of
4 bars, one in each corner of the column, and should comply with Section 3.3.4.4.1
of MSJC as follows:
(1) Maximum reinforcement area should be determined in accordance with Section
3.3.3.5 of MSJC, but should not exceed 0.04 An.
(2) Minimum reinforcement area should be 0.0025 An.
(3) Longitudinal reinforcement should be uniformly distributed throughout the
depth of the element.
b. Lateral ties. Lateral ties should be provided in accordance with Section 2.1.6.5 of
MSJC. (Section 3.3.4.4.2 of MSJC)
c. Construction. Columns should be solid grouted. (Section 3.3.4.4.3 of MSJC)
pu
0.20 f m (Eq. 3-23)
Ag
When the slenderness ratio exceeds 30, the factored axial stress should not exceed
0.05f'm.
Factored moment and axial force should be determined at the midheight of the wall
and should be used for design. The factored moment, Mu, at the midheight of the
wall should be computed using Eq. (3-24) of MSJC.
wu h 2 e
Mu Puf u Pu u (Eq. 3-24)
8 2
Where:
Pu = Puw + Puf (Eq. 3-25)
The deflection due to factored loads ( u) should be obtained using Eq. (3-30) and (3-
31) of MSJC and replacing Mser with Mu. The design strength for out-of-plane wall
loading should be in accordance with Eq. (3-26) of MSJC.
Mu Mn (Eq. 3-26)
The nominal moment should be calculated using Eqs. (3-27) and (3-28) of MSJC if
the reinforcing steel is placed in the center of the wall.
a
M n As f y Pu d (Eq. 3-27)
2
Pu As f y
a (Eq. 3-28)
0.80 f m b
The nominal shear strength should be determined by Section 3.3.4.1.2 of MSJC.
d. Deflection design. The horizontal midheight deflection, s, under service lateral
and service axial loads (without load factors) should be limited by the relation:
(Section 3.3.5.5 of MSJC)
s 0.007 h (Eq. 3-29)
P-delta effects should be included in deflection calculation. The midheight deflec-
tion should be computed using either Eq. (3-30) or Eq. (3-31) of MSJC, as
applicable.
(1) Where Mser < Mcr
5M cr h 2
s (Eq. 3-30)
48E m I g
5M cr h 2 5 M ser M cr h 2
s (Eq. 3-31)
48E m I g 48E m I cr
The cracking moment strength of the wall should be computed using the modulus
of rupture, fr, taken from Table 3.1.8.2.1 of MSJC.
19. Wall design for in-plane loads. Walls with in-plane loads should be designed and de-
tailed in accordance with Section 3.3.6 of MSJC.
a. Reinforcement. The amount of vertical reinforcement should not be less than one-
half the horizontal reinforcement. (Section 3.3.6.2 of MSJC)
b. Flexural and axial strength. The nominal flexural and axial strength should be
determined in accordance with Section 3.3.4.1.1 of MSJC. (Section 3.3.6.3 of
MSJC)
c. Shear strength. The nominal shear strength should be computed in accordance
with Section 3.3.4.1.2 of MSJC. (Section 3.3.6.4 of MSJC)
d. Special boundary elements. The need for special boundary elements at the edges
of shear walls should be evaluated in accordance with Section 3.3.6.8 or 3.3.6.9.
The requirements of Sections 3.3.6.10 should also be satisfied. Special boundary
elements in shear walls should be designed in accordance with Sections 3.3.6.6
and 3.3.6.7 of MSJC. (Sections 3.3.6.6 and 3.3.6.7 of MSJC)
e. Walls bending in single curvature. Walls bending in single curvature in which the
flexural limit state response is governed by yielding at the base of the wall should
be designed in accordance with Section 3.3.6.8 of MSJC. (Sections 3.3.6.8 of MSJC)
f. Other walls. Walls not satisfying those requirements should be designed in accor-
dance with Section 3.3.6.9. (Sections 3.3.6.9 of MSJC)
J. Prestressed masonry.
(3) Depth of the equivalent compression zone. The depth of the equivalent
compression zone, a, should be determined in accordance with Section 4.4.3.3
of MSJC.
(4) Nominal moment strength. The nominal moment strength, Mn, should be
computed in accordance with Section 4.4.3.4 of MSJC, by equation 4-2 or on
static moment equilibrium principles. (Section 4.4.3.4 of MSJC)
(5) Ratio a/d. The ratio a/d should not exceed 0.425. (Section 4.4.3.5 of MSJC)
(6) Stress in tendons at nominal strength fps. Computation of stress in
prestressing tendons at nominal strength, fps, should comply with Section
4.4.3.6 of MSJC. In Equations (4-3) and (4-4), the value of fps should be not less
than fse , and not larger than fpy . (Section 4.4.3.6 of MSJC)
7. Axial tension. Axial tension should be resisted by reinforcement, prestressing tendons,
or both, in accordance with Section 4.5 of MSJC.
8. Shear. Nominal shear strength of walls should be determined in accordance with
Section 4.6 of MSJC.
9. Deflection. Computation of member deflection should include camber, the effects of
time-dependent phenomena, and P-delta effects in accordance with Section 4.7 of
MSJC.
10. Prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers and end blocks.
a. Anchorage of tendons. Prestressing tendons in masonry construction should be
anchored by either: (a) mechanical anchorage devices bearing directly on masonry
or placed inside a concrete or fully grouted end block, or (b) bond in reinforced con-
crete end blocks or members. (Section 4.8.1 of MSJC)
b. Anchorages and couplers. Anchorages and couplers for prestressing tendons
should develop at least 95 percent of the specified tensile strength of the prestress-
ing tendons when tested in an unbonded condition, without exceeding anticipated
set. (Section 4.8.2 of MSJC)
c. Reinforcing bars required. Reinforcement should be provided in masonry mem-
bers near anchorages if tensile stresses created by bursting, splitting and spalling
forces induced by the prestressing tendon exceed the capacity of the masonry.
(Section 4.8.3 of MSJC)
d. Bearing stresses. Local bearing stress in masonry in prestressing tendon anchor-
age zones should be computed based on the contact surface between masonry and
the mechanical anchorage device or the concrete end block. Bearing stresses that
are due to maximum jacking force of the prestressing tendon should not exceed
0.50 f mi. (Section 4.8.4 of MSJC)
11. Protection of prestressing tendons and accessories. Prestressing tendons, anchor-
ages, couplers and end fittings in exterior walls exposed to earth or weather, or walls
exposed to a mean relative humidity exceeding 75 percent, should be corrosion-
protected in accordance with Section 4.9 of MSJC. Corrosion protection of prestressing
tendons should not rely solely on masonry cover. Parts of prestressing tendons not
embedded in masonry should be provided with mechanical and fire protection
equivalent to that of the embedded parts of the tendon. (Section 4.9 of MSJC)
1. Limited use of empirical design. Empirical design is not permitted in the following:
(Section 5.1.2.2 of MSJC)
a. SDC D F structures (Section 5.1.2.2 of MSJC)
b. Lateral-force-resisting systems for SDC B and C structures (Section 5.1.2.2 of
MSJC)
c. Structures with basic wind speed greater than 110 mph (177 km/hr). (Section
5.1.2.3.1 of MSJC)
d. Structures more than 35 feet (10 668 mm) in height with masonry wall lateral-
force-resisting systems.
e. For interior masonry elements not part of the lateral force-resisting system in build-
ings other than enclosed as defined by ASCE 7 in: (Section 5.1.2.3.2 of MSJC)
(1) Buildings over 180 ft (55.1 m) in height
(2) Buildings over 60 ft (18.4 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 90
mph (145 km/hr)
(3) Buildings over 35 ft (10.7 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 100
mph (161 km/hr)
(4) Where the basic wind speed exceeds 110 mph (177 km/hr)
f. For exterior masonry elements not part of the lateral force-resisting system and
that are more than 35 ft (10.7 m) above ground: (Section 5.1.2.3.3.1 of MSJC)
(1) Buildings over 180 ft (55.1 m) in height.
(2) Buildings over 60 ft (18.4 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 90
mph (145 km/hr).
(3) Buildings over 35 ft (10.7 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 100
mph (161 km/hr).
g. For exterior masonry elements less than or equal to 35 ft (10.7 m) above ground
where the basic wind speed exceeds 110 mph (177 km/hr). (Section 5.1.2.3.3.2 of
MSJC)
2. Empirical design requirements. Empirical masonry design should comply with the
requirements of Sections 2109.2 through 2109.7 or Chapter 5 of MSJC.
3. Adobe. The design and construction of adobe should comply with Section 2109.8.
1. Limited use of glass block. Glass block should not be used except in nonload-bearing
exterior or interior walls. (Section 2110.1)
2. Glass block requirements. Glass block should comply with the requirements of
Section 2110.
M. Masonry fireplaces.
N. Masonry heaters.
O. Masonry chimneys.
19. Steel
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Structural Welding Code Steel (AWS D1.1-06)
Structural Welding Code Sheet Steel (AWS D1.3-98)
Additional standards listed in Section A.
Check Reference
Here Type of Steel Design Standard Section
In this Checklist, the following abbreviation is used: AISC refers to AISC 360, AISC-S
refers to AISC 340 Seismic Provisions.
1. General.
a. Structural steel materialstest reports. Material test reports (generally, Mill Test
Certificates), or reports of tests made by the fabricator or a testing laboratory, are
required to show that the material on site conforms to ASTM standards. The
fabricator should provide an affidavit stating that the structural steel furnished
meets the requirements of the grade specified. (Section A3.1 of AISC).
(1) For hot-rolled structural shapes, plates and bars, such tests shall be made in
accordance with ASTM A6/A6M.
(2) For sheets, such tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM A568/A568M.
(3) For tubing and pipe, such tests shall be made in accordance with the
requirements of the applicable ASTM standards listed above for those product
forms.
b. Material standards. Structural steel material should conform to one of the
following ASTM specifications: (Section A3.1a of AISC)
(1) Hot-rolled structural shapes (Section A3.1a(1) of AISC)
(2) Structural tubing (Section A3.1a(2) of AISC)
(3) Pipe (Section A3.1a(3) of AISC)
(4) Plates (Section A3.1a(4) of AISC)
(5) Bars (Section A3.1a(5) of AISC)
(6) Sheets (Section A3.1a(6) of AISC)
(7) Unidentified steel (Section A3.1b of AISC)
(8) Rolled heavy shapes. ASTM A6/A6M hot-rolled shapes with a flange thickness
exceeding 2 in. (50 mm), subject to primary (computed) tensile forces due to
tension or flexure and spliced using complete-joint-penetration groove welds
that fuse through the thickness of the member, should have Charpy V-Notch
(CVN) impact test results with a minimum average value of 20 ft-lbs (27 J) at
+70F (+21C) in accordance with Section A3.1c of AISC.
the thickness of the plates, should be supplied with Charpy V-Notch impact
test results in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M, Supplementary Requirement S5,
Charpy V-Notch Impact Test and should meet a minimum average value of 20
ft-lbs (27 J) at +70F (+21C) in accordance with Section A3.1d of AISC.
c. Steel castings and forgings. Cast steel should conform to ASTM A216/A216M, Gr.
WCB with Supplementary Requirement S11. Steel forgings should conform to ASTM
A668/A668M. Test reports should be submitted before erection to show
conformance with applicable standards. (Section A.3.2 of AISC)
d. Bolts, washers and nuts. Bolt, washer and nut material should conform to ASTM
specifications in accordance with Section A.3.3 of AISC.
(1) Bolts (Section A.3.3.1 of AISC) Note: bolts should comply with specific
requirements, e.g., x bolts.
(2) Nuts (Section A.3.3.2 of AISC)
(3) Washers (Section A.3.3.3 of AISC) Note: Washers should comply with special
requirements for oversized holes for A490 bolts. Beveled washers required
where bolts inclined more than 1:20.
(4) Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators (Section A.3.3.4 of AISC)
e. Anchor rods and threaded rods. Anchor rod and threaded rod material should
conform to one of the ASTM specifications in accordance with Section A.3.4 of AISC.
Manufacturers certification should be submitted before construction to show that
threads on anchor rods and threaded rods conform to the Unified Standard Series
of ASME B18.2.6 and have Class 2A tolerances. (Section A.3.4 of AISC)
f. Filler metal and flux for welding. Filler metals and fluxes should conform to
American Welding Society specifications in accordance with Section A.3.5 of AISC.
Manufacturers certification should be provided to show conformity with the
standards. Filler metals and fluxes that are suitable for the intended application
should be selected. (Section A.3.5 of AISC)
g. Stud shear connectors. Steel stud shear connectors should conform to the
requirements of Structural Welding CodeSteel, AWS D1.1, in accordance with
Section A.3.6 of AISC.
h. Information on construction documents.
(1) Structural design drawings and specifications. The design drawings and
specifications should meet the requirements in the AISC 303 Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (AISC 303), unless specifically excluded
in the construction documents. (Section A4 of AISC)
(2) The following information where applicable should be included on the
construction documents in accordance with Section A4 of AISC and Section
A3.1 of AISC 303.
- Standard specifications and codes that govern structural steel design and
construction, including bolting and welding
- Size, section, material grade and location of all members
- All geometry and working points necessary for layout
- Floor elevations
- Column centers and offsets
- Camber requirements for members
- Permanent bracing, column stiffeners, column web doubler plates, bearing
stiffeners in beams and girders, web reinforcement, openings for other
trades and other special details
- Connection type (snug-tight bearing, fully tensioned bearing, direct tension
or slip critical, and any other restrictions)
- Requirements for stiffeners and bracing
- Camber of trusses, beams and girders
- Welding and inspection symbols
- Weld-procedure qualification
- Welding sequence and technique of welding
- Net effective weld lengths
- Shop painting requirements, including minimum dry-film shop coat
thickness. Shop and field inspection requirements
- Special material requirements to be reported on the certified mill test
reports
- Welded-joint configuration
- Special requirements for work of other trades
- Final disposition of backing bars and runoff tabs
- Lateral bracing
- Stability bracing
- Connections or data for connection selection and/or completion
- Restrictions on connection types
- Column stiffeners (also known as continuity plates)
- Column web doubler plates
a. Tensile strength. The required design tensile strength, tPn, and the allowable
tensile strength, Pn/ t, of tension members should be determined using the lower of
FyAg (Eq. D2-1) and FuAe (Eq. D2-2). (Section D2 of AISC)
b. Gross, net and effective net areas. The gross, net and effective net areas of
members should be determined in accordance with Section D3 of AISC.
c. Built-up members, pin-connected members and eyebars. The required design
tensile strength, t Pn, and the allowable tensile strength, Pn/ t, of built-up
members, pin-connected members and eyebars should be determined in
accordance with Sections D4, D5 and D6 of AISC, respectively.
c. Web local yielding. The web of wide flanges (and similar built-up members) is
subjected to single-concentrated forces (or double-concentrated forces). The
nominal strength for the limit state of web local yielding should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.2 of AISC and
d. Web crippling. The web of wide flanges (or similar built-up members) is subjected
to compressive single-concentrated forces (or compressive component of double-
concentrated forces). The nominal strength for the limit state of web crippling
should be determined in accordance with Section J10.3 of AISC and
e. Web sidesway buckling. The web of wide flange (or similar built-up members) is
subject to compressive single-concentrated forces, where relative lateral movement
between the loaded compression flange and the tension flange is not restrained at
the point of application of the concentrated force. The nominal strength of the web
for the limit state of sidesway buckling should be determined in accordance with
Section J10.4 of AISC and
f. Web compression buckling. Both flanges of the beam are subjected to compressive
single-concentrated forces (or compressive components in a pair of double-
concentrated forces) applied at both flanges at the same location. The nominal
strength for the limit state of web local buckling should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.5 of AISC and
g. Web panel zone shear. The column flanges are subjected to double-concentrated
forces applied at the same location. The available strength of the web panel for the
limit state shear yielding should be determined in accordance with Section J10.6 of
AISC and
6. Beam designflexural.
a. Flexural strengthgeneral. The design flexural strength, bMn, and the allowable
flexural strength, Mn/ b, should be determined in accordance with Section F1 of
AISC. The nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Sections F2 through F12. (See Table 19.2.)
Table 19.2
Authorized by AISC.
Figure 19-1
Nominal flexural strength as a function of unbraced length and moment gradient
e. Members meeting the criteria of Section F3. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of
beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Section F3 of AISC, using the lower of the limit states of:
a. lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F2.2, and
b. compression flange local buckling determined from Section F3.2.
f. Members meeting the criteria of Section F4. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of
beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Section F4 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F4.2,
(2) compression flange yielding determined from Section F4.1,
(3) compression flange local buckling determined from Section F4.3, and
(4) tension flange yielding determined from Section F4.4.
g. Members meeting the criteria of Section F5. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of
beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Section F5 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F5.2,
(2) compression flange yielding determined from Section F5.1,
(3) compression flange local buckling determined from Section F5.3, and
(4) tension flange yielding determined from Section F5.4.
h. I-shaped members and channels bent about their minor axis, meeting the
criteria of Section F6. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of beams, the nominal
flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with Section F6 of AISC,
using the lower of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F6.1, and
(2) flange local buckling determined from Section F6.2.
i. Square and rectangular HSS and box-shaped members meeting the criteria of
Section F7. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of beams, the nominal flexural strength,
Mn, should be determined in accordance with Section F7 of AISC, using the lowest
of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F7.1,
(2) flange local buckling determined from Section F7.2, and
(3) web local buckling determined from Section F7.3.
j. Round HSS members meeting the criteria of Section F8. (See Table 19.2.) For this
group of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in
accordance with Section F8 of AISC, using the lower of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F8.1, and
(2) local buckling determined from Section F8.2.
k. Tees and double angles meeting the criteria of Section F9. (See Table 19.2.) For
this group of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in
accordance with Section F9 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp determined from Section F9.1,
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F9.2, and
(3) flange local buckling of Tees determined from Section F9.3.
l. Single angles meeting the criteria of Section F10. (See Table 19.2.) For this group
of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance
with Section F10 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F10.1,
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F10.2, and
(3) leg local buckling determined from Section F10.3.
m. Rectangular bars and rounds meeting the criteria of Section F11. (See Table 19.2.)
For this group of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in
accordance with Section F11 of AISC, using the lower of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F11.1, and
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F11.2.
n. All other unsymmetrical shapes. For this group of beams, the nominal flexural
strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with Section F12 of AISC, using
the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F12.1,
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F12.2, and
(3) local buckling determined from Section F12.3.
o. Members subject to combined axial force and bending. Members subject to both
axial force and flexural, or biaxial flexural, forces should be shown to comply with
Sections H1-H3 of AISC.
7. Beam designshear.
a. Design shear strength. The design shear strength, vVn, and the allowable flexural
strength, Vn/ v, should be determined in accordance with Section G1 of AISC. The
nominal shear strength, Vn, should be determined in accordance with Sections G2
through G8 and
b. Block shear rupture. At beam end connections where the top flange is coped and
in similar situations, the available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture
along a shear failure path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path
should be determined using Equation J4-5 of AISC and
c. Web local yielding. The web of wide flanges (and similar built-up members) is
subjected to single-concentrated forces (or double-concentrated forces). The
available strength for the limit state of web local yielding should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.2 of AISC and
d. Web crippling. The web of wide flanges (or similar built-up members) is subjected
to compressive single-concentrated forces (or compressive component of double-
concentrated forces). The available strength for the limit state of web crippling
should be determined in accordance with Section J10.3 of AISC and
e. Web sidesway buckling. The web of wide flanges (or similar built-up members) is
subject to compressive single-concentrated forces, where relative lateral movement
between the loaded compression flange and the tension flange is not restrained at
the point of application of the concentrated force. The available strength of the web
for the limit state of sidesway buckling should be determined in accordance with
Section J10.4 of AISC and
f. Web compression buckling. Both flanges of the beam are subjected to compressive
single-concentrated forces (or compressive components in a pair of double-
concentrated forces) applied at both flanges at the same location. The available
strength for the limit state of web local buckling should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.5 of AISC and
Where the shear connectors are provided and the concrete meets the requirements
of Section I1.2, the nominal flexural strength should be computed based on the
plastic stress distribution on the composite section or from the strain-compatibility
method and (Section I3.3a(c) of AISC)
d. Design shear strength. The available shear strength of composite beams with
shear connectors should be determined by the shear strength of the steel web in
accordance with Chapter G of AISC. The available shear strength of concrete-
encased and filled composite members should be determined based upon the
properties of the steel section alone in accordance with Chapter G or based upon
the properties of the concrete and longitudinal steel reinforcement. (Section I3.1b of
AISC)
11. Shear connectors.
a. Load transferred for positive moment. For full composite action with concrete
subject to flexural compression, the total horizontal shear force, V, between the
point of maximum positive moment and the point of zero moment should be taken
as the lowest of the following limit states: (Section I3.2d(1) of AISC)
(1) For the limit state of concrete crushing, 0.85 f c Ac ,
(2) For the limit state of tensile yielding of the steel section, AsFy, and
(3) For the limit state of shear connector strength, Qn.
b. Load transferred for negative moment. For continuous composite beams where
longitudinal rebar in the negative moment region is considered acting with steel
beam, the total horizontal shear force, V, between the point of maximum negative
moment and the point of zero moment should be taken as the lower of the following
limit states: (Section I3.2d(2) of AISC)
(1) For the limit state of tensile yielding of the slab rebar, ArFyr, and
(2) For the limit state of shear connector strength, Qn.
c. Strength of stud shear connectors. The nominal strength of one stud shear
connector embedded in solid concrete or in a composite slab should be determined
using Eq. I3-3. Check values of Rp and Rg, according to the table in Section I3.2d(3)
of AISC.
d. Strength of channel shear connectors. The nominal strength of one channel
shear connector embedded in a solid concrete slab should be determined using
Equation I3-4. (Section I3.2d(4) of AISC)
e. Number of shear connectors. The number of connectors resisting the horizontal
shear should be equal to the horizontal shear force (determined from Sections
I3.2d(1) and I3.2d(2) divided by the nominal strength of one shear connector
(determined from Section I3.2d(3) or I3.2d(4). (Section I3.2d(5) of AISC)
f. Placement of shear connectors. Shear connectors should be placed in accordance
with the following limitations of (Section I3.2d(6) of AISC). (See Figure 19.2.)
Figure 19-2
Placement of shear connectors
(1) Shear connectors should have at least 1 inch (25 mm) of lateral concrete cover,
except for connectors installed in the ribs of formed steel decks.
(2) Unless located directly over the web, the diameter of studs should not be
greater than 21/2 times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded.
(3) The minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors should be 6
diameters along the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam and 4
diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam,
with the exceptions noted.
(4) The maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors should not exceed
eight times the total slab thickness.
12. Composite beams with formed steel deck.
a. General limitations. The following limitations apply to the design of composite
beams with formed steel deck in accordance with (Section I3.2c of AISC). (See
Figure 19.3.)
(1) The nominal rib height of the deck should not exceed 3 inches (76 mm).
(2) The average width of concrete rib or haunch should not be less than 2 inches
(51 mm).
(3) The concrete slab should be connected to the steel beam with welded stud
shear connectors 3/4 inch (19 mm) or less in diameter.
(4) Stud shear connectors should extend not less than 11/2 inches (38 mm) above
the top of the steel deck after installation.
(5) The slab thickness above the steel deck should not be less than 2 inches
(51 mm).
(Source: AISC 360 2005 Figure C-13.3,) Reproduced with permission from AISC.
Figure 19-3
General limitations for composite beams with formed steel deck
b. Provisions for deck ribs oriented perpendicular to steel beam. Section I3.2c(2)
of AISC should be met for composite construction where the steel deck ribs are
oriented perpendicular to the steel beam. (See Figure 19.4.)
(1) Concrete below the top of the steel deck should be neglected when determining
section properties and in calculating Ac. (Section I3.2c(2) of AISC)
(2) To resist uplift, the steel deck should be anchored to compositely designed steel
beams at a spacing not to exceed 18 inches (406 mm). (Section I3.2c(1)(d) of
AISC)
Figure 19-4
Provisions for deck ribs oriented parallel to steel beam
Figure 19-5
Provisions for deck ribs oriented parallel to steel beam
c. Provisions for deck ribs oriented parallel to steel beam. Section I3.2c(3) of AISC
should be met for composite construction where the steel deck ribs are oriented
parallel to the steel beam. (See Figure 19.5.)
(1) Concrete below the top of the steel deck may be included in calculating Ac.
(2) When the nominal depth of steel deck is 11/2 inches (38 mm) or greater, the
average width of the supported haunch or rib should not be less than 2 inches
(50 mm) for the first stud in the transverse row, plus 4 stud diameters for each
additional stud.
13. Connections.
a. General. Connections not subject to fatigue loads should be designed in
accordance with provisions of Chapter J of AISC.
b. Moment Connections. End connections of restrained beams, girders and trusses
should be designed for the combined effect of forces resulting from moment and
shear induced by the rigidity of the connections. (Section J1.3 of AISC)
c. Eccentric connections. Where intersecting axially-stressed members do not have
their gravity axes intersecting at one point, provisions should be made for bending
and shearing stresses because of their eccentricity in accordance with Sections
J1.1 and J1.7 of AISC. See Section J1.7 for conditions under which some
eccentricities may be ignored.
d. Welds and bolts combinations. Bolts should not be sharing the load with welds
unless design provided to show compliance with Section J1.8 of AISC.
14. Welds.
a. Welds.
(1) All welds should be in accordance with AWS D1.1 unless specifically excluded.
(Section J of AISC)
(2) Fatigue. Welds for item ______________________ are subjected to fatigue loads. It
should be in compliance with Appendix 3 of AISC.
(3) Cyclic loads. Welds for item ______________________ are subjected to cyclic
loads. It should be in compliance with Appendix 3 of AISC.
(4) Seismic loads. Welds for seismic loads should be in compliance with AWS
D1.8, in addition where applicable.
(5) Combination of welds. Two or more of the general types of welds (groove, fillet,
plug, slot) are combined in a single joint; see item ______________________.
Provide calculations to indicate the strength of each separately with reference
to the axis of the group, and the strength of the combination in accordance
with Section J2.5 of AISC.
(6) Filler metal. Specify on plans the electrode for use with complete-joint-
penetration groove (CJP) welds subject to tension normal to the effective area
and comply with the requirements for matching filler metals given in AWS D1.1.
(Section J2.6 of AISC)
(7) Notch toughness of filler metal. Filler metal with a specified Charpy V-Notch
(CVN) toughness of 20 ft-lbs (27 J) at 40F (4C) should be used for the following
joints. (J2.6 of AISC) See Item ______________________.
(8) Mixed weld metal. Charpy V-Notch toughness is required for items
______________________. Specify that the process consumables for all weld metal,
tack welds, root pass and subsequent passes deposited in a joint should be
compatible to ensure notch-tough composite weld metal. (J2.7 of AISC) (Refer
to AWS 1.8 for testing procedures for verifying Charpy V-Notch toughness).
Figure 19-5
Weld access hole geometry
15. Bolts.
a. High-strength bolts. High-strength bolts should conform to the provisions of the
Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts by RCSC,
Research Council on Structural Connections. (Section J3.1 of AISC)
b. Minimum spacing. The distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted
fastener holes should not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the
fastener or as required by Section J3.3 of AISC.
c. Minimum edge distance. The distance from the center of a standard hole to an
edge of a connected part should not be less than the appropriate value from Table
J3.4 or as required by Section J3.4 of AISC.
d. Maximum edge distance and spacing. The maximum distance from the center of
any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact should be 12x the thickness
of the connected part under consideration, or 6 inches (152 mm) maximum as
required by Section J3.5 of AISC.
e. Bolts and threaded partstension and shear strength. The design tension or
shear strength, Rn, and the allowable tension or shear strength, Rn/ , of a snug-
tightened or pretensioned high-strength bolt or threaded part should be determined
in accordance with the limit states of tensile rupture and shear rupture and
Any tension resulting from prying action produced by deformation of the connected
parts should be considered part of the required tensile strength. (Section J3.6 of
AISC)
f. Bolts and threaded partscombined shear and tension. Bolts at ____________
are subject to combined shear and tension forces and should be checked in
accordance with the ultimate limit-state interaction equation set forth in Section
5.2 of the RCSC Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts.
g. Bearing-type connectionsCombined tension and shear. Bearing-type bolts, in
combined tension and shear, should have the available tensile strength determined
according to the limit states of tension and shear rupture. The available shear
stress of the fastener should not be lower than the required shear stress, fv.
(Section J3.7 of AISC)
1. The AISC 341 - Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (2005) including
Supplement No. 1 dated 2006, (AISC-S) should be used, in addition to AISC 360, for the
following:
a. Design and construction of members and connections in the Seismic Load Resisting
System (SLRS) in buildings when seismic response modification coefficient R 3.
b. Design and construction of splices in columns that are not part of the SLRS, in
buildings when seismic response modification coefficient R 3.
c. Design and construction of nonbuilding structures similar to buildings (Section
15.5 of ASCE 7) when seismic response modification coefficient
R 3.
2. One or more of the following methods of compliance should be selected for seismic
design: (Sections 2205.2 and 2205.3)
Note: the term Seismic Load Resisting System (SLRS) is used in AISC 341 to mean
the assembly structural elements in the building that resists seismic loads including
struts, collectors, chords, diaphragms and trusses.
1. General. All members and connections of the SLRS should be shown to comply with the
following requirements from AISC 341:
2. Seismic requirements for systems other than light-framed cold-formed steel wall
systems. The seismic-force-resisting system should be shown to comply with the
following code requirements. For convenience, all applicable modifications to Part I of
AISC Seismic are shown. AISC 341 Part I is noted as AISC-S in this section.
e. SLRS column splices. The required strength of column splices in SLRS should
exceed the strength determined from Section 8.3 and from the following load
combinations (including seismic overstrength or amplified seismic effect): [AISC-S,
Section 8.4a]
Axial Compression: 1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + oQE (Eq. 16-22 of IBC)
Axial Tension: 0.9D oQE (Eq. 16-23 of IBC)
Column splices should be detailed in accordance with Section 8.4a of AISC-S.
f. SLRS column splices subject to net tensile load effect. SLRS column splices
subject to a calculated net tensile load effect, calculated using Eqs. 16-22 and 16-
23 of IBC, should comply with the following according to Section 8.4a of AISC-S:
(1) If using PJP, the available strength of the PJP should be at least 2x the
required strength.
(2) Available strength for each flange splice should be at least 0.5 RyFyAf (LRFD) or
(0.5/1.5) RyFyAf (ASD).
Column splices should be detailed in accordance with Section 8.4a of AISC-S.
g. Splice of columns not a part of SLRS. Column splices should be detailed in
accordance with Section 8.4b of AISC-S and should have the required shear
strength determined according to the same section.
h. Column bases and anchor rods. Required strength of column bases should be
calculated according to Section 8.5 of AISC-S. Available strength of anchor rods
should be determined according to Section J3 of AISC.
i. H-Piles. H-Piles should be seismically compact and designed according to AISC and
Section 8.6 of AISC-S.
7. Special Moment Frame (SMF) requirements.
R = 8, 0 = 3, Cd = 5
a. Beam-to-column connection requirements. The following requirements should be
met for the design of the beam-to-column joints in SLRS in accordance with Section
9.2 of AISC-S.
(1) Qualified capability of sustaining an interstory drift angle of 0.04 radians or
higher.
(2) Measured flexural resistance of the connection at column face, should be at
least 0.80Mp of the connected beam at an interstory drift angle of 0.04 radians.
(3) The required shear strength of the connection should be determined using the
earthquake load effect E as in Equation 9-1, using load combinations that
include seismic overstrength or amplified seismic effect, and comply with
Section 9.2A of AISC-S.
b. Conformance demonstration. Beam-to-column connections used in the SLRS
should be qualified in accordance with Section 9.2b of AISC-S.
c. Welds. All CJP welds connecting beams and columns of the SLRS, not prequalified
by Section 9.2b, should be Demand Critical Welds and meet the requirements of
Section 7.3b. (Section 9.2c of AISC-S)
d. Protected zones. Protected zones in SLRS connections not prequalified, should be
determined according to Appendix P or S, and identified on plans in accordance
with Section 7.4 of AISC-S. (Section 9.2d of AISC-S)
e. Panel zone.
(1) Shear strength. Required minimum shear strength of the panel zone should be
determined based on prequalification, but not less than determined from the
summation of the moments at the column faces as determined by projecting
the expected moments at the plastic hinge points to the column faces. Nominal
shear strength, Rv, should be the limit state of shear yielding in accordance
with Section J10.6 and (Section 9.3a of AISC-S)
Vu = v Rv Va = Rv/ v
v = 1.00 for LRFD v = 1.50 for ASD
(2) Thicknesses of webs and doubler plates. The individual thickness t of column
webs and doubler plates, if used, should be at least (dz + wz)/90 (Eq. 9-2 of
AISC-S). Thickness should not be combined unless column web and doubler
plates are plug welded to prevent local buckling and meet the same equation.
(Section 9.3b of AISC-S)
(3) Doubler plates construction. Doubler plates should be shown to comply with
the requirements of Section 9.3c of AISCS.
f. Beam and column limitations. [AISC-S Section 9.4]
(1) Width-thickness limitations. Beams and columns should be seismically
compact sections unless prequalified. (Section 9.4a of AISC-S)
(2) Beam flange area. Abrupt changes in beam flange area, including drilling
holes or trimming of width, are not permitted in plastic hinge regions unless
prequalified. (Section 9.4b of AISC-S)
g. Continuity plates. Continuity plates should be provided and be consistent with the
prequalified connection or be qualified. (Section 9.5 of AISC-S)
h. Column-beam moment ratio (strong column-weak beam). The following
relationships should be satisfied in accordance with Section 9.6 of AISC-S.
M* pc/ M*pb > 1.0 AISC-S Equation 9-3
i. Lateral bracing at beam-to-column connections.
(1) Column-beam moment ratio is 2.0 or less therefore column at ________
cannot be considered to remain elastic. Column flanges should be laterally
braced at top and bottom beam flanges according to Section 9.7a of AISC-S.
(2) Brace strength. Each brace should have required strength equal to 2 percent
of the available beam flange strength. (Note: this beam is the beam as part of
the SLRS.)
k. Column splices. SMF column splices should be made with CJP Demand Critical
Welds in accordance with Section 9.9, in addition to Sections 7.3b, 8.4a and 9.9 of
AISC-S. When column splices are not made with groove welds, they should have
required flexural strength comply with strength requirements in Section 9.9 of
AISC-S.
8. Intermediate Moment Frame (IMF) requirements.
R = 4.5, 0 = 3, Cd = 4
The requirements for IMF are the same as those for SMF except as modified by Section
10 of AISC-S.
a. Beam-to-column connection requirements. The following requirements should be
met for the design of the beam-to-column joints in SLRS according to Section 10.2
of AISC-S.
(1) Qualified capability of sustaining an interstory drift angle of 0.02 radians or
higher.
(2) Measured flexural resistance of the connection at column face, should be at
least 0.80Mp of the connected beam at an interstory drift angle of 0.02 radians.
(3) The required shear strength of the connection should be determined using the
earthquake load effect E as in Equation 9-1, using load combinations that
includes the oQE and comply with Section 9.2A of AISC-S.
b. Conformance demonstration. Beam-to-column connections used in the SLRS
should be qualified in accordance with Section 9.2b as modified by Section 10.2a of
AISC-S.
c. Welds. All CJP welds connecting beams and columns of the SLRS, not prequalified
by Section 9.2b, should be Demand Critical Welds and meet the requirements of
Section 7.3b. (Section 10.2c of AISC-S)
d. Protected zones. Protected zones in SLRS connections not prequalified, should be
determined according to Appendix P or S, and identified on plans in accordance
with Section 7.4 of AISC-S. (Section 10.2d of AISC-S)
e. Panel zone. Panel zone should be as required in accordance with Section J10.6 of
AISC.
f. Beam and column limitations. (AISC-S Section 9.4)
(1) Width-thickness limitations. Beams and columns should be seismically
compact sections unless prequalified. (Section 9.4a of AISC-S)
(2) Beam flange area. Abrupt changes in beam flange area, including drilling
holes or trimming of width, are not permitted in plastic hinge regions unless
prequalified. (Section 9.4b of AISC-S)
g. Continuity plates. Continuity plates should be provided and be consistent with the
prequalified connection or be qualified. (Section 9.5 of AISC-S)
h. Column-beam moment ratio. (Note: No specific requirements beyond AISC. Strong
column-weak beam not required).
i. Lateral bracing at beam-to-column connections. (Note: No specific requirements
beyond AISC.)
j. Beam lateral bracing. Both flanges of SMF beams should be braced directly or
indirectly in accordance with AISC-S, Section 10.8, or as prequalified.
(1) Design of braces should be in accordance with Equations A-6-7 and A-6-8 of
Appendix 6 of AISC where:
k. Column splices. IMF column splices should be made with CJP Demand Critical
Welds in accordance with Sections 8.4a, 7.3b and 10.9 of AISC-S.
9. Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF) requirements.
R = 3.5, o = 3, Cd = 3
a. OMF connection requirement. Beam-to-column connections should be made with
welds or high-strength bolts. Connections should be either FR or PR, to be designed
in accordance with Section 11.2 of AISC-S. Connections should be designed to
provide for the lower of the required flexural strength of the beam or girder:
or the maximum moment that can be developed by the system, whichever is less.
(Section 11.2a of AISC-S)
(1) FR connections. FR connections should meet the following requirements of
Section 11.2a of AISC-S:
(a) Construction of the connection and geometry of the weld access hole
should be in accordance with Sections 11.2a(1) and 11.2a(2). See Figure
19.7 for detail of the acceptable access hole geometry. Single-sided PJP and
single-sided Fillet welds should not be used to resist tensile forces.
(b) Required strength of double-sided PJP and double-sided Fillet welds that
resist tensile forces should be:
Figure 19-7
Weld access hole geometry for seismic (based on FEMA 350)
(2) Continuity plates should be provided or show that tcf is equal or higher than
both 0.54 (b f t bf Fyb / Fyc ) and bf/6.
(4) Continuity plates thickness should be at least equal to the thicker of beam
flanges for two-sided connections.
(5) Welding of the continuity plates should be in accordance with Section 11.5 of
AISC-S.
(6) Strength of the joints should be checked in accordance with Section 11.5 of
AISC-S.
Figure 19-8
Special truss moment frame requirements
b. Special segment. The special segment of STMFs should comply with the
requirements of Section 12.2 of AISC-S. (See Figure 19.8.)
(1) The length of the special segment should be between 0.1x and 0.5x the truss
span length.
(2) The length-to-depth ratio, lp/dp of any panel in the special segment should be:
1.5 lp/dp 0.67.
(3) Bolted connections should not be used for web members within the special
segment.
(4) Splicing of chord members is not permitted within the special segment, nor
within one-half the panel length from the ends of the special segment.
(5) The special segment should be designated as Protected Zone and comply with
Section 7.4 of AISC-S.
(6) Axial forces that are due to factored dead plus live loads in diagonal web
members within the special segment should not exceed:
c. Strength of special segment members. The top and bottom chord members in the
special segment should be made of identical sections and should provide at least 25
percent of the required vertical shear strength in the fully yielded state. The
required axial strength in the chord members should not exceed: (Section 12.3 of
AISC-S)
Note: STMFs are required to be designed to maintain the elastic behavior of the truss
members, columns and all connections except for the members of the special segment.
Strong column/weak truss requirements similar to strong column weak beam
requirements of SMFs (Section 9.6, AISC-S) is implied. (AISC-S Commentary C12.4)
(2) Calculated maximum load effect that can be transferred to the brace by the
system.
c. Lateral force distribution in braced frames. The seismic lateral force along any
line of bracing should be distributed to the various members so that neither the
sum of the horizontal components of the forces in members acting in tension nor
the sum of the horizontal components of forces in members acting in compression
is less than 30 percent or more than 70 percent of the total force, except as noted
in AISC-S, Section 13.2c.
d. Width-thickness ratios. All braces and columns should be made of seismically
compact sections according to Section 12.5 of AISC-S.
e. Design forces for bracing connections. Bracing connections, including beam-to-
column connections (if part of the bracing system), should have the strength to
resist the lesser of the following: (AISC-S, Section 13.3a)
(1) Expected tensile yield strength of the bracing member:
(2) The maximum calculated load effect that can be transferred to the brace by the
system.
f. Flexural strength of bracing connections. Required flexural strength of bracing
connections should be:
of the brace about the critical buckling axis, except as noted in AISC-S, Section
13.3c.
g. Compressive strength of bracing connections. Required compressive strength of
the bracing connections should be based on buckling limit states that are at least:
h. V-type and inverted V-type (Chevron) bracing requirements. V-type and inverted
V-type bracing (see Figure 19.9) should be shown to comply with the following
requirements, with the exceptions noted in AISC-S, Section 13.4a.
Figure 19-9
Bracing configurations
(4) At least one set of lateral braces is required at the point of intersection of
braces. Each brace should have required strength equal to 2 percent of the
available beam flange strength:
i. K-type bracing limitations. K-type bracing (see Figure 19.9) should not be used as
SCBF in accordance with Section 13.4b of AISC-S.
j. Column splices. Column splices should meet the requirements in Section 8.4.
They should be designed to develop 50 percent of the available flexural strength of
the smaller connected section. The required shear strength should be: (Section 13.5
of AISC-S)
But not exceed the calculated maximum force that can be developed by the
system for V- and inverted V-type OCBF. (Section 14.3(1)(a) of AISC-S)
(b) Compressive forces in beam braces should be assumed to be equal to:
(Section 14.3(1)(b) of AISC-S)
(2) Beam lateral bracingspacing. Both flanges of beams should be braced with
maximum spacing as specified in Section 1.7 of Appendix 1 of AISC. (Section
14.3(2) of AISC-S)
(3) Beam lateral bracingstrength. Design of lateral braces for beams should be
in accordance with Equations A-6-7 of Appendix 6 of AISC where: (Section
14.3(2) of AISC-S)
(3) The force in the brace that is due to load combinations considering seismic
overstrength or amplified seismic load
(4) The calculated maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by the
system
e. Tensile strength of bracing connections. The design tensile strength of the
bracing members and their connections should be checked in accordance with
Section 14.4(2) of AISC-S.
f. OCBF above Seismic Isolation System. OCBF above Seismic Isolation System
should comply with Sections 14.1, 14.4 and 14.5 of AISC-S).
g. OCBF above EBF. OCBF as the top story of an EBF of five stories or more should
comply with requirements in Section 14 with system factors of EBF. (Section 15.1
of AISC-S)
13. Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF).
R = 8 or 7, o = 2, Cd = 4
a. Link beam requirements. The following requirements for link beams should be
met: [AISC-S, Section 15.2]
(1) Maximum width-thickness ratio. Braces (of OCBF) should be seismically
compact sections. (Section 15.2a of AISC-S)
(2) Link beam web. The web of the link beam should be single thickness without
doubler plate reinforcement and without web penetrations. (Section 15.2a of
AISC-S)
(3) Link shear strength. The link beam available shear strength should be
determined in accordance with Section 15.2b of AISC-S and
(4) Link maximum rotation angle. The link rotation angle should not exceed the
limitations set in Section 15.2c of AISC-S.
b. Link beam length. The length of the link should not exceed that given by Equation
15-3 or 15-4. (Section 15.2b of AISC-S)
c. Link beam stiffeners. Link beam full depth web stiffeners and welds should satisfy
the requirements of AISC-S, Section 15.3.
d. Link beam to column connection. Where a link beam is connected to the column,
the requirements of AISC-S, Section 15.4, should be met.
e. Lateral bracing of link beam. Both flanges of beams should be braced at the end
of the link. (Section 15.5 of AISC-S)
(1) Lateral bracingstrength. Required strength of braces at end of link should
be 0.06 Mr/ho,
20. Wood
Applicable standards:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Wood Construction DataPlank and Beam Framing for Residential Buildings (AF&PA WCD
No. 489)
Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two-family Dwellings (AF&PA WFCM01)
Technical ReportBasic Requirements for Permanent Wood Foundation System (AF&PA T.R.
No. 787)
National Design Specification for Wood Construction with 2005 Supplement (AF&PA NDS-05)
Span Tables for Joists and Rafters (AF&PA-93)
AF&PA Supplement Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (AF&PA SDPWS05)
Conventional construction
1. Special inspection required. Special inspection should be provided for the fabrication
process of prefabricated wood structural elements and assemblies in accordance with
Section 1704.2.
2. Strength adjustments for fire-retardant-treated wood. Design values for untreated
lumber and wood structural panels as specified in Section 2303.1 should be adjusted
for fire-retardant-treated wood. (Section 2303.2.2)
3. Truss design drawings. Trusses should be designed in accordance with the provisions
of this code and accepted engineering practice. Truss design drawings should be pro-
vided to the building official and approved prior to installation. Truss design drawings
should include, as a minimum, the following information: (Section 2303.4.1)
a. Slope or depth, span and spacing
b. Location of joints
c. Required bearing widths
d. Design loads as applicable
e. Top chord live load (including snow loads)
f. Top chord dead load
g. Bottom chord live load
h. Bottom chord dead load
i. Concentrated loads and their points of application
j. Controlling wind and earthquake loads
k. Adjustments to lumber and metal connector plate design values for conditions of
use
l. Each reaction force and direction
m. Metal connector plate type, size, thickness or gage, and the dimensioned location of
each metal connector plate except where symmetrically located relative to the joint
interface
n. Lumber size, species and grade for each member
o. Connection requirements for:
- truss to truss girder
- truss ply to ply
- field splices
p. Calculated deflection ratio and/or maximum deflection for live and total load
q. Maximum axial tensile and compression forces in the truss members
r. Required permanent individual truss member bracing and method in accordance
with Section 2303.4.1.5, or design provided by a registered design professional.
4. Truss placement diagram. Truss placement diagram should identify the proposed
location for each individually designated truss and references the corresponding truss
design drawing. The truss placement diagram should be provided as part of the truss
submittal package, and with the shipment of trusses delivered to the job site. (Section
2303.4.1.3)
5. Truss member permanent bracing. Permanent bracing of truss members should be
accomplished by one of the following methods: (Section 2303.4.1.5)
a. The trusses should be designed so that the buckling of any individual truss mem-
ber can be resisted internally by the structure, e.g., buckling member T-bracing, L-
bracing, etc., of the individual truss. The truss individual member buckling
reinforcement should be installed as shown on the truss design drawing or on
supplemental truss member buckling reinforcement diagrams.
b. Permanent bracing should conform to accepted engineering practice. Individual
truss member continuous lateral bracing location(s) should be shown on the truss
design drawing.
6. Truss submittal package. The truss submittal package should consist of each individ-
ual truss design drawing, the truss placement diagram for the project, the truss
member permanent bracing specification and, as applicable, the cover sheet/truss
index sheet. (Section 2303.4.1.4)
7. Alterations to trusses. Truss members and components should not be cut, notched,
drilled, spliced or otherwise altered in any way without written approval of a registered
design professional. Alterations resulting in the addition of loads to any member, e.g.,
HVAC equipment or water heater, should be verified that the truss is capable of
supporting such additional loading. (Section 2303.4.1.7)
8. Metal-plate-connected trusses. Design, manufacture and quality assurance of metal-
plate-connected wood trusses should be in accordance with TPI 1, National Design Stan-
dards for Metal-plate-connected Wood Truss Construction, published by the Truss Plate
Institute (TPI), in addition to Sections 2303.4.1 through 2303.4.1.7.
Manufactured trusses should comply with Section 1704.6 as applicable. (Section
2303.4.2)
13. Wood cannot support masonry or concrete. Effects of long-term loading for wood
used to support masonry or concrete at the following locations should be indicated, and
total deflection shown to comply with Section 2304.12:
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
14. Openings. Window and door openings in walls should have structural members
supporting and transferring loads to vertical members. (Section 2304.3.2)
15. Height limits. Wood walls and bearing partitions should not support more than two
floors and a roof. Provide analysis to justify the design in accordance with Sections
106.1 and 2304.3.3.
Diaphragm. Roof, floor or other membrane or bracing system acting to transfer the
lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)
Diaphragm, unblocked. A diaphragm that has edge nailing at supporting mem-
bers only. Blocking between supporting structural members at panel edges is not
included. Diaphragm panels are field nailed to supporting members. (Section
2302)
Shear wall. A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall.
(Section 2302)
Shear wall, perforated. A wood structural panel sheathed wall with openings
that has NOT been specifically designed and detailed for force transfer around
openings.
Shear wall segment, perforated. A section of shear wall with full-height
sheathing that meets the height-to-width ratio limits of Section 2305.3.4.
Boundary element. Diaphragms and shear wall boundary members to which
sheathing transfers forces. Boundary elements includes chords and drag struts at
diaphragm and shear wall perimeters, interior openings, discontinuities and re-
entrant corners. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)
1. Boundary elements. Boundary elements should be provided for the following shear
walls (diaphragms) in accordance with Section 2305.1.2.
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. Openings in shear panels. The following openings in shear panels should be fully de-
tailed on the plans, and should have their edges adequately reinforced to transfer all
shearing stresses. (Sections 2304.3.2 and 2305.1.3)
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. Toenailed connections. The use of toenailed connections to transfer seismic forces is
restricted as follows:
a. In SDC C F, wood diaphragm anchorage should not be accomplished by use of
toenails or nails subject to withdrawal. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of ASCE 7)
b. (SDC D F) In SDC D, E and F, toenails should not be used for shear transfer
connections in excess of 150 pounds per foot (2189 N/m). (Section 2305.1.4)
4. Wood members resisting horizontal seismic forces contributed by masonry and
concrete. Wood elements should not be used to resist horizontal seismic forces
contributed by structural masonry or concrete construction in structures over one story
in height. (Sections 2305.1.5 and 2305.6)
5. Check diaphragm deflection. Diaphragm deflections should be checked in accordance
with Equation 23.1 of Section 2305.2.2.
13. Shear wall aspect ratios. Shear walls should not exceed the maximum height-width
ratio set forth in Table 2305.3.4. (Section 2305.3.4) (See Figure 20-2 for definitions of
height, width and height-width ratio.)
Figure 20-1
Dimensional limits for open structures with rigid wood diaphragms
(Section 2305.2.5)
Figure 20-2
Definition of shear wall height, width, and height-to-width ratio
14. Overturning restraint for shear walls. Anchoring devices should be provided to resist
uplift, and should be part of the continuous load path. (Section 2305.3.7)
15. Shear walls with openings. The design of shear walls with openings should meet the
requirements of Section 2305.3.8 or SDPWS in accordance with one of the following
procedures:
a. Force transfer around openings in accordance with Section 2305.3.8.1
b. Perforated shear wall design in accordance with Section 2305.3.8.2
16. Summing dissimilar shear panel capacities. The shear values for dissimilar materials
applied to both faces of the same wall should not be additive. (Section 2305.3.9)
17. No shear strength for adhesives (SDC D F). Adhesive attachment should not be
used to provide shear strength for shear wall design in SDC D, E or F. (Section
2305.3.10)
18. Sill plate size and anchorage (SDC D F). Sill plates, shear wall framing and their
anchorage should be provided in accordance with Section 2305.3.11. Plate washers of
minimum 0.229 x 3 x 3 should be provided between sill plate and nut for anchor
bolts for shear walls. Plate washers may have diagonally slotted holes in accordance
with Section 2305.3.11, provided a standard cut washer is placed between the plate
washer and nut. (Section 2305.3.11)
19. Cross-grain bending or cross-grain tension. Designs that induce tensile stress
perpendicular to wood grain should be avoided. When cross-grain bending or cross-
grain tension cannot be avoided, mechanical reinforcement should be provided. (Section
3.8.2 of NDS)
Wood diaphragms in structures in SDC C F require continuous ties between dia-
phragm chords in addition to the diaphragm sheathing. Wood ledgers or framing should
not be subjected to cross-grain bending or cross-grain tension. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of
ASCE 7)
The structural analysis and construction of wood elements in structures using allowable de-
sign methods (ASD) should be in accordance with Sections 2301 through 2306, National
Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) by the American Forest & Paper
Association (AF&PA), and other standards listed in Section 2306.1.
1. Stress increases not allowed. Increases in allowable stresses specified in Chapter 23,
NDS or SDPWS, should not be used with the basic ASD load combinations of Section
1605.3.1, or Section 2.4.1 of ASCE 7, except the duration factor, CD may be used
(Section 1605.3.1.1)
2. Wind and Seismic design. Design for wind and seismic forces are permitted to be in
accordance with the Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS) by AF&PA
as an alternate to Section 2305. (Section 2305.1 and NDS Section C14.1)
3. Dead loads. Dead loads should be considered permanent loads (Section 1606.1), and Cd
should be 0.9. (NDS Table 2.3.2)
4. Reference design value. Reference design values should be multiplied by all applicable
adjustment factors to determine adjusted design value. (Section 2.3.1 of NDS)
The structural analysis and construction of wood elements and structures using the load
and resistance factor design (LRFD) method should be in accordance with National Design
Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) by the American Forest & Paper Association
(AF&PA). (Section 2307.1)
1. Reference design value. Reference design value should be multiplied by all applicable
adjustment factors to determine adjusted design value. (Section 2.3.1 of NDS)
a. Load duration factor, CD, in accordance with Section 2.3.2 of NDS (ASD only) (See
Table 20.1). The CD factor should not be used to structural members pressure
treated with water-borne preservatives or fire retardant chemicals in accordance
with Section 2306.1.3, or to connections in accordance with Footnote 2 to Table
2.3.2 of NDS.
Table 20-1 Frequently used load duration factors, C D1
(Source: NDS-05, Table 2.3.2, reproduced with permission from AF&PA)
Load Duration CD Typical Design Loads
s. Format conversion factor, KF, in accordance with Appendix Section N.3.1 of NDS
(LRFD only).
t. Resistance factor, , in accordance with Appendix Section N.3.2 of NDS (LRFD
only).
u. Time effect factor, , in accordance with Appendix Section N.3.3 of NDS (LRFD only).
2. Adjustment factors for other applications. Applicable adjustment factors for other
applications should in accordance with the following sections of NDS respectively:
a. Sawn lumber - Section 4.3.x (See Tables 20-2 and 20-3.)
b. Structural glued laminated timber - Section 5.3.x
c. Poles and piles - Section 6.3.x
d. Prefabricated wood I-Joists - Section 7.3.x
e. Structural composite lumber - Section 8.3.x
f. Wood structural panels - Section 9.3.x
g. Connections - Section 10.3.x
3. Fire-retardant-treated wood.
a. Allowable design values for wood, including fastener values, that have been pres-
sure-treated with fire-retardant chemicals (vary depending on the type of chemical,
application and proposed condition of use.) It should be justified in accordance with
Section 2306.1.3. (Section 2306.1.3 and NDS Section 2.3.4)
b. Load duration factor, CD, in Table 2.3.2 and Section 2.3.2 of NDS for impact load
should not apply. (Table 20-1, footnote 2, and IBC Section 2306.1.3)
4. Beam design. Design of bending members should be in accordance with Sections 3.2
through 3.5 of NDS.
a. Span length. The span should be the distance from face-to-face of supports plus
1/ the required length of bearing at each end. (Section 3.2.1 of NDS)
2
b. Notching. Notching of beams should meet the requirements of Sections 4.4.3, 5.4.4,
7.4.4 and 8.4.1, and should be done in gradual taper cut to reduce stress
concentrations. (Section 3.2.3.1 of NDS) The following limitations should be
adhered to:
(1) Notches in sawn lumber should not exceed 1/6 the depth of the member and
should not be located in the middle 1/3 of the span. (Section 4.4.3.2 of NDS)
(See Figure 20-3.)
(2) Where sawn lumber beams are notched at the ends, the notch depth should
not exceed 1/4 the beam depth. (Section 4.4.3.1 of NDS)
(3) The tension side of sawn lumber bending members of 4 inches (102 mm) or
greater nominal thickness should not be notched except at ends of members for
bearing over a support. (Section 4.4.3.2 of NDS)
Figure 20-3
Notch limitations for sawn lumber beams
(4) The tension side of glued-laminated timber and structural composite lumber
bending members should not be notched, except at the ends of members for
bearing over the support, and notch depth should not exceed 1/10 of the
member depth or 3 inches. (Sections 5.4.4 and 8.4.1.1 of NDS)
(5) The compression side of structural glued-laminated timber and structural
composite lumber bending members should not be notched, except at the
ends of members; and notch depth on the compression side should not exceed
2/5 of the member depth. It should not extend into the middle 1/3 of the span.
Figure 20-4
Simple solid column
e. Edge distances. Edge distances for bolt holes should be provided in accordance
with Section 11.5.1 and Table 11.5.1A of NDS. (Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
f. End distances. End distances for bolt holes should be provided in accordance with
Section 11.5.1 and Table 11.5.1B of NDS. (Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
g. Spacing. Bolt spacing should be provided in accordance with Section 11.5.1 and
Table 11.5.1C of NDS. (Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
h. Spacing between rows of bolts. The minimum spacing between rows of bolts
should be provided in accordance with Section 11.5.1 and Table 11.5.1D of NDS.
(Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
15. Connections lag screws.
a. Installation. Installation of lag screws should be in accordance with Section 11.1.3
of NDS. The spacings, end distances and edge distances for lag screws should be
the same as for bolts of a diameter equal to the shank diameter of the lag screw
used. (Section 11.3.7 of NDS)
b. Reference withdraw or lateral design values. Reference withdraw design value, W,
and reference lateral design value, Z, for lag screws should be determined in accor-
dance with Sections 11.2.1 and 11.3.1 of NDS, respectively.
c. Combined lateral and withdraw loads. Lag screw subjected to combined lateral
and withdraw loads should be designed in accordance with Section 11.4.1 of NDS.
16. Connections nails.
a. Type of nail. Plans should specify types of nail, minimum lengths and diameter for
the nails to be used, in accordance with Section 11.1.5.1 of NDS. (See Table 20.5)
Table 20-5
1
Standard common, box and sinker nails
b. Strength. Plans should specify the bending yield strength for the determination of
lateral design value in accordance with Section 11.3.1 of NDS. Actual tensile stress
in the nail should be checked when designing nailed connections for withdrawal.
(C11.1.5 of NDS)
c. Installation. Installation of nails should comply with the requirements of ASTM
F1667, in accordance with Section 11.1.5.1 of NDS.
d. Withdrawal value. Withdrawal design values for nails should be determined in
accordance with Section 11.2.3 and Table 11.2C of NDS.
e. No withdrawal value for end grain. Nails should not be loaded in withdrawal from
end grain of wood. (Section 11.2.3.2 of NDS)
f. Lateral design values. Reference lateral design values for nails should be deter-
mined in accordance with Section 11.3.1 of NDS.
g. Combined lateral and withdraw loads. Nail subjected to combined lateral and
withdraw loads should be designed in accordance with Section 11.4.2 of NDS.
17. Wood structural panels. Engineering design of wood structural panels, including ply-
wood, oriented strand board (OSB) and composite panels, should be in accordance with
Chapter 9 of NDS, as defined by Section 9.1.3 of NDS.
a. Identification. Wood structural panels should be identified for grade and glue type
by the trademarks of an approved testing and grading agency. (Section 9.1.2.1 of
NDS) Plans should show span rating, nominal thickness, exposure rating and grade.
(Section 9.1.2.2 of NDS)
b. Reference design values. Referenced design values should be in accordance with
Section 9.2 of NDS and applicable adjustment factors in accordance with Section
9.3 of NDS.
Figure 20-5
Illustration of 3x framing at adjoining panel edges
c. Basic wind speed (3-second gust), miles per hour (mph) (km/hr) and wind
exposure.
d. Seismic design category and site class.
e. Flood design data, if located in flood hazard areas established in Section 1612.3.
3. Applicability (conventional construction). The provisions of conventional light-frame
construction should not be used, because the following limitations are not met:
a. The maximum number of stories above grade should be limited in accordance with
the following table:
b. Bearing wall floor-to-floor heights should not exceed 10 feet (3048 mm), plus height
of floor framing up to 16 inches (406 mm). (Section 2308.2, Item 2)
c. Average dead loads should not exceed 15 psf (718 N/m2) for combined roof and ceil-
ing, exterior walls, floors and partitions with exceptions for certain stone or
masonry veneer, concrete or masonry fireplaces, heaters and chimneys. (Section
2308.2, Item 3)
d. Live loads should not exceed 40 psf (1916 N/m2) for floors. (Section 2308.2, Item 3)
e. Ground snow loads should not exceed 50 psf (2395 N/m2 ). (Section 2308.2, Item 3)
f. Wind speeds should not exceed 100 mph (44 m/s) or 110 mph in Exposure B (48.4
m/s) (3-second gust). (Section 2308.2, Item 4)
g. Roof trusses and rafters should not span more than 40 feet (12 192 mm) between
points of vertical support. (Section 2308.2, Item 5)
h. Occupancy Category IV buildings in SDC B F should not use the conventional
wood frame construction provisions. (Section 2308.2, Item 6)
i. Conventional light-frame construction is limited in irregular structures in SDC D
and E, as specified in Section 2308.12.6. (Section 2308.2, Item 7)
j. Additional limitations in Section 2308.11 should be applicable to SDC B F, and
Section 2308.12 applicable to SDC D E.
4. Braced wall lines (conventional construction). Buildings should be provided with
exterior and interior braced wall lines in accordance with Section 2308.3.
a. Spacing. Spacing of braced wall lines should not exceed 35 feet (10 668 mm) on
center in both the longitudinal and transverse directions in each story for
SDC A C. For SDC D & E, spacing of braced wall lines should not exceed 25 feet
on center (7620 mm). (Sections 2308.3.1 and 2308.12.3)
b. Braced wall panel connections. Braced wall panels should be shown on the plans
and meet the requirements of Section 2308.3.2.
(1) Braced wall panels should be extended and fastened to roof framing at intervals
not to exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm) between parallel braced wall lines. (Section
2308.3.2, Item 1)
(2) Bottom plate fastening to joist or blocking below should be with not less than
three 16d nails at 16 inches (406 mm) on center. (Section 2308.3.2, Item 2)
(3) Blocking should be nailed to the top plate below with not less than three 8d
toenails per block. (Section 2308.3.2, Item 3)
(4) Joists parallel to the top plates should be nailed to the top plate with not less
than 8d toenails at 6 inches (152 mm) on center. (Section 2308.3.2, Item 4)
c. Sill anchorage for structures over two stories. The sill anchorage to concrete or
masonry foundations should be spaced not more than 4 feet (1219 mm) on center
for structures over two stories in height. (Section 2308.3.3)
d. Braced wall line support. Braced wall lines should be supported by continuous
foundations where required in accordance with Section 2308.3.4.
e. Design of elements; calculations required (otherwise conventional construc-
tion). Calculations should be submitted for the following nonconventional
construction elements and show the supporting load path:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ (Section 2308.4.1)
f. Structural elements or systems not described in Section 2308. Calculations
should be submitted for the following nonconventional construction structural ele-
ments or systems in accordance with Section 2308.4.2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ (Section 2308.4.2)
5. Connections and fasteners (conventional construction). Connections and fasteners
used in conventional construction should comply with the requirements of Section
2304.9. (Section 2308.5)
6. Foundation details. (See Figure 20-6.) Foundation plates should have 1/2-inch steel
bolts or approved anchors embedded minimum 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete, and
spaced maximum 6 feet (1829 mm) apart. There should be a minimum of two bolts or
anchor straps per piece with one bolt or anchor strap located not more than 12 inches
(305 mm) or less than 4 inches (102 mm) from each end of each piece. A properly sized
nut and washer shall be tightened on each bolt to the plate. (Section 2308.6)
7. Buildings in SDC D & E should comply with additional requirements of Sections
2308.12.8 and 2308.12.9. (See Figure 20.6). In Seismic Design Category E, steel bolts
with a minimum nominal diameter of 5/8 inch (15.9 mm) are required.
Figure 20-6
Foundation plate detail
8. Girder size. Girders for single-story construction or girders supporting loads from a
single floor should not be less than 4 inches by 6 inches (102 mm by 152 mm) for
spans 6 feet (1829 mm) or less, provided that girders are spaced not more than 8 feet
(2438 mm) on center. (Section 2308.7)
9. Built-up girder spans. Built-up girders should not exceed the span prescribed by Ta-
bles 2308.9.5 and 2308.9.6. (Section 2308.7)
10. Floor joists (conventional construction). Spans for floor joists should be limited to
those permitted by Table 2308.8(1) or 2308.8(2), or AF&PA Span Tables for Joists and
Rafters. (Section 2308.8)
a. Bearing. The ends of each joist should not have less than 11/2 inches (38 mm) of
bearing on wood or metal, or less than 3 inches (76 mm) on masonry. (Section
2308.8.1)
b. Joist blocking. Solid blocking at ends and supports of joists should not be less
than 2 inches (51mm) in thickness and the full depth of the joist. (Section 2308.8.2)
c. Joists framing from opposite sides. Joists framing from opposite sides of a beam,
girder or partition should be lapped at least 3 inches (76 mm), or the opposing
joists should be tied together in an approved manner. (Section 2308.8.2)
d. Framing around openings. Framing around openings should be provided in accor-
dance with Section 2308.8.3. (Section 2308.8.3)
e. Joists framing into side of wood girder. Joists framing into side of wood girder
should be supported by framing anchors or on ledger strips 2 x 2 or larger. (Section
2308.8.2)
Figure 20-7
Cutting, notching and boring joists
f. Lateral support. Floor, attic and roof framing with a nominal depth-to-thickness
ratio greater than or equal to 5:1 should have one edge held in line for the entire
span. Both edges should be held in line when the depth-to-thickness ratio exceeds
6:1. (Section 2308.8.5)
g Structural floor sheathing. Structural floor sheathing should comply with the
provisions of Section 2304.7.1. (Section 2308.8.6)
h. Framing details. Cutting, notching and boring of joists should not exceed the lim-
its of Section 2308.8.2. See Figure 20-7.
11. Wall framing. (Section 2308.9)
a. Size, height and spacing. The size, height and spacing of studs should be in
accordance with Table 2308.9.1. (Section 2308.9.1)
b. Plates or sills. Studs should have full bearing on a plate or sill not less than 2
inches (51 mm) in thickness having a width not less than that of the wall studs.
(Section 2308.9.2.4)
c. Braced wall panels. (Sections 2308.9.3, see Figure 20-8)
(1) Braced wall panels should be clearly indicated on the plans.
(2) In SCD A C. Braced wall lines should consist of braced wall panels that meet
the requirements for location, type and amount of bracing specified in Table
2308.9.3(1).
(3) In SDC D & E. Braced wall lines should consist of braced wall panels that meet
the requirements for location, type, and amount of bracing specified in Table
2308.12.4.
(4) Braced wall panels should be in line or offset from each other by not more than
4 feet (1219mm).
(5) Braced wall panels should start at not more than 12.5 feet (2438 mm) from
each end of a braced wall line.
Figure 20-8
Basic Components of the lateral bracing system
Figure 20-9
Alternate braced wall panels
Figure 20-10
Alternate braced wall panel adjacent to a door or window opening
(6) Construction of braced wall panels should conform to one of the methods pre-
scribed in 2308.9.3.
d. Alternate bracing. Alternate braced wall panels must be constructed in accordance
with Section 2308.9.3.1 and Figure 20-9.
e. Alternate bracing adjacent to opening. Alternate braced wall panels adjacent to
openings must be constructed in accordance with Section 2308.9.3.2 and Figure
20-10.
f. Cripple walls. Foundation cripple walls should be framed of studs not less in size
than the studding above with a minimum length of 14 inches (356 mm), or should
be framed of solid blocking. (Section 2308.9.4)
(1) Bracing. For the purposes of this section, cripple walls having a stud height
exceeding 14 inches (356 mm) should be considered a story and should be
braced in accordance with Table 2308.9.3(1) for SDC A, B and C and Table
2308.12.4 for SDC D and E. (Section 2308.9.4.1)
(2) Nailing of bracing. Spacing of edge nailing for required wall bracing should not
exceed 6 inches (152 mm) on center along the foundation plate and the top
plate of the cripple wall. (Section 2308.9.4.2)
Figure 20-11
Headers over wall openings
Figure 20-12
Cutting, notching and bored holes in studs
e. Ceiling joists and rafter framing ridge, hip and valley boards. There should be
a ridge board at least 1-inch (25.4 mm) nominal thickness at ridges and not less in
depth than the cut end of the rafter. At valleys and hips there should be a single
valley or hip rafter not less than 2-inch (51 mm) nominal thickness and not less in
depth than the cut end of the rafter. (Section 2308.10.4)
f. Ceiling joists not parallel to rafters. Where ceiling joists are not parallel to rafters,
rafter ties should be provided in accordance with Section 2308.10.4.1.
g. Framing around openings. Framing around openings should be detailed in accor-
dance with Section 2308.10.4.3.
h. Purlins and struts. The maximum span of 2 x 4 purlins should be 4 feet (1219 mm)
and for 2 x 6 purlins, 6 feet (1829 mm). Struts should not be smaller than 2-inch
by 4-inch (51 mm by 102 mm) members. The unbraced length of struts should not
exceed 8 feet (2438 mm), and the minimum slope of the struts should not be less
than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the horizontal. (Section 2308.10.5)
i. Engineered wood products. Prefabricated wood I-joists, structural glued-
laminated timber and structural composite lumber should not be notched or drilled
except where permitted by the manufacturers recommendations or where the ef-
fects of such alterations are specifically considered in the design of the member by
a registered design professional. (Section 2308.10.7)
j. Roof sheathing. Roof sheathing should be in accordance with Tables 2304.7(3) and
2304.7(5) for wood structural panels and Tables 2304.7(1) and 2304.7(2) for lumber,
and should comply with Section 2304.6.2. (Section 2308.10.8)
k. Wood trusses. Wood trusses should be designed in accordance with Section 2303.4.
(Section 2308.10.10)
l. Attic ventilation. Attic ventilation should be in accordance with Section 1203.2.
(Section 2308.10.11)
13. Additional requirements in Seismic Design Categories B and C (conventional
construction). Structures of conventional light-frame construction in SDC B and C, as
determined in Section 1613, should comply with Sections 2308.11.1 through 2308.11.3
in addition to the provisions of Sections 2308.1 through 2308.10. (Section 2308.11)
a. Concrete or masonry. Concrete or masonry walls, or masonry veneer should be
limited in accordance with Section 2308.11.2. (Section 2308.11.2)
b. Framing and connection details. Framing and connection details should conform
to Sections 2308.11.3.1 through 2308.11.3.3.
(1) Stepped footings. Where the height of a required braced wall panel extending
from foundation to the floor above varies more than 4 feet (1219 mm), the
construction specified in Section 2308.11.3.2 should be used. (See Figure 20-
13.)
(2) Openings in horizontal diaphragms. Openings in horizontal diaphragms with
a dimension perpendicular to the joist greater than 4 feet (1.2 m) should be
constructed in accordance with Section 2308.11.3.3. (See Figure 20-14.)
Figure 20-13
Stepped footing connection details
Figure 20-14
Openings in horizontal diaphragms