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2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions

ISBN: 978-1-58001-612-4

Cover design: Mary Bridges


Cover Art Direction: Dianna Hallmark
Publications Manager: Mary Lou Luif
Project Editor: Roger Mensink
Illustrator/designer Mike Tamai
Manager of Development: Doug Thornburg

COPYRIGHT 2009, INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This publication is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc.
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Trademarks: International Code Council and the International Code Council logo and the International
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First Printing: April 2009
PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
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Foreword
The Structural Checklist made its debut in 1996. The checklist was initially designed to assist users of the 1994
UBC, a code that had undergone a major change. To help facilitate a smooth and successful transition for code
users, it was recognized that a variety of code resources were needed. Ms. Susan Dowty, S.E., Senior Staff Engi-
neer at ICBO, one of ICCs legacy organizations, was quick to identify specific needs of code users, and thus, the
first Structural CheckList was born.
With the publication of the 2000 International Building Code, and its vast array of changes to the structural
provisions, ICBO called upon the special talents of Ms. Dowty again to act as the project head in updating the
Structural CheckList to the 2000 IBC. This effort resulted in the popular publication2000 IBC CheckList:
Structural Provisions.
Because of the extensive reliance on referenced structural standards in the 2006 IBC compared to the 2003 and
2000 IBC, updating the IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions from the 2000 IBC to the 2006 IBC would be a
formidable and tedious task. The ICC project manager assigned to update the CheckList, John R. Henry, turned
to a colleague, Y. Henry Huang, P.E., who agreed to take on the project.
In addition to being the Building Official for the City of Tustin, California, Mr. Huang has years of experience in
the development of structural code provisions through ASCE, SEAOC, ICBO and ICC structural committees. Mr.
Huangs experience, which includes structural design, code development, design review and plan check while at
the County of Los Angeles and the Cities of Simi Valley and Tustin, made him uniquely qualified to handle the
project. Having served as a design engineer in private practice, plan check engineer and building official, he has
firsthand experience with the challenges faced by both the plan checker and structural designer alike. Mr.
Huangs work was also helped by engineers who are knowledgeable and experienced with the IBC and its refer-
enced standards to make this latest edition all inclusive, accurate and usable.

Hamid Naderi
Vice President
Business and Product Development
International Code Council

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2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions


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Preface
The purpose of the 2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions is to provide a comprehensive resource tool for
those involved in structural plan review and design under the provisions of the International Building Code
(IBC). This publication is designed to save plan reviewers countless hours in generating project-specific check-
lists. It provides a comprehensive list of structural comments for code requirements found in Chapters 16
through 23 of the IBC. Because the 2006 IBC relies on referenced structural standards even more than the
previous editions, the requirements outlined in this checklist are in many cases based on the referenced
standard rather than the IBC itself.
The 2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions is also available in rtf and pdf formats on an optional CD-ROM,
which gives reviewers the added opportunity to adapt the checklist to a specific project or process. Structural
design professionals will also find the checklist invaluable as a resource to assist with code compliance during
the design process. It affords designers the opportunity to make necessary revisions and effectively reduce the
time it takes to complete the structural plan check process.
As the trend of adopting national design standards in the building code continues, the checklist is especially
valuable because it also includes specific comments pertaining to the following referenced structural standards:
ASCE 7-05 (Loads)
ACI 318-05 (Concrete)
ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05 (Masonry)
AISC 360-05 (Steel)
AISC 341-05 (Steel Seismic)
AF&PA NDS 05 (Wood)
This product has been designed so that the plan reviewer can quickly go through the document and easily iden-
tify those comments that are required to generate a complete structural checklist for a specific project. A section
number from the code or standard is referenced within each comment so that the user may easily refer to the
provision for further clarification. Also, each comment has been further classified with a subject title to allow
the user to quickly identify which comments are pertinent to the project being reviewed.
When completing a typical structural plan review, it can be very frustrating to search through the code to find
the applicable referenced standards and pinpoint the applicable sections. Oftentimes plan reviewers need to
refamiliarize themselves with a design method or standard before even beginning a plan review. These
painstaking tasks have already been completed for the plan checker and consolidated into this product. In addi-
tion, there are many helpful illustrations, definitions, tables and charts that organize the code requirements in a
logical manner for direct application to structural drawings and details. Blank spaces have been provided for the
plan reviewer to insert needed information for a specific project where appropriate.
The comments included in this publication are based exclusively on the 2006 IBC Structural Provisions found in
Chapters 1623 and the major associated structural standards referenced in Chapter 35. Code requirements to
be checked at the time of field inspection are not included.
Note that although the 2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions is comprehensive, it does not include all
possible structural requirements in the building code and the referenced standards. There is no substitute for
careful study and comprehension of each code provision. The checklist items and illustrations published herein
reflect the understanding of the author and ICC staff and are not binding on the building official. As indicated in
Section 104.1 of the IBC, the building official has the ultimate responsibility for rendering interpretations of the
code.
Users of this checklist are encouraged to send comments, questions or suggestions for future updates by email
to: checklist@iccsafe.org.

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Acknowledgments
Developing a product of this magnitude required the special talents of many individuals. Special thanks go to Y.
Henry Huang, P.E., for taking on the project of updating the 2000 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions to the
2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions, and to Susan Dowty, S.E., author of the first Structural CheckList in
1996. Their extensive knowledge, expertise and experience made the product and the update possible. Because
of the extensive reliance on referenced standards in the 2006 IBC, the task of updating the Structural Checklist
from the 2000 to the 2006 IBC proved to be a formidable task.
Mr. Huang would like to like to express his appreciation to the following individuals who graciously gave of their
time to review and share their expertise:
Bob Chittenden, S.E. Principal, Chittenden Engineering, Auburn, California (Masonry)
Tom Hale, S.E. California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (Masonry)
John Henry, P.E. Principal Staff Engineer - ICC (All chapters)
James Lai, S.E. Structural Engineer, La Canada Flintridge, California (Concrete)
Philip Line, P.E. American Forest and Paper Association (Wood)
Peter Maranian, S.E. Principal, Brandow and Johnston Associates, Los Angeles, California (Steel)
Mr. Huang would also like to express his appreciation to the following individuals who offered their advice and
support:
Paul Armstrong, P.E. Interwest Consulting Group, Long Beach, California
Tom Van Dorpe, S.E. VanDorpe Chou Associates, Inc., Orange, California
Ritchie Kato, S.E. CSG Consultants, Costa Mesa, California
Chris Tokas, S.E. California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
ICC would like to extend appreciation to the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations for their
sponsorship and continuing support.
The associations listed below have generously allowed ICC to extract and use portions of their texts:
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 318-05/318R-05 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-05)
The Masonry Standards Joint Committees 2005 Building Code for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS
402), Specification for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602) and Commentaries (MSJC)
American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA)
National Design Specification for Wood Construction, 2005 Edition (NDS-05)
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC)
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC-360-05)
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 341-05)
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Portland Cement Association (PCA)
Notes on ACI 318-05
A team of talented and highly qualified people who put in many hours of effort produced this publication.
Thanks to Roger Mensink for project management and editing; Mike Tamai for designing and illustration; Mary
Bridges for designing the cover; Cindy Rodriguez for production coordination, and researching and obtaining all
copyright permissions; and John R. Henry for overseeing and managing the updated project.

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Table of Contents

Foreword.................................................................................................................. iii

Preface ...................................................................................................................... v

Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... vii

Chapter 1 Administration ......................................................................................... 1


A. Applicability (Section 102)...................................................................................... 1
B. Duties of the building official (Section 104). ........................................................... 2
C. Registered design professional ............................................................................... 3

Chapter 2 Submittal Documents ............................................................................... 5


A. Construction documents........................................................................................ 5
B. Calculations .......................................................................................................... 8
C. Soils report............................................................................................................ 8
D. Explanations for computer programs, input and output ...................................... 10

Chapter 3 Structural Tests and Special Inspections ................................................ 11


A. Special inspection of materials and construction................................................. 11
B. Statement of special inspection........................................................................... 17
C. Special inspections for seismic resistance ........................................................... 18
D. Structural observation for seismic resistance ...................................................... 19
E. Structural observation for wind requirements ..................................................... 19
F. Structural testing for seismic resistance ............................................................. 20
G. Contractors statement of responsibility .............................................................. 21

Chapter 4 General Design Requirements ................................................................. 23


A. General design requirements strength (Section 1604.1) ..................................... 23
B. General design requirements serviceability (Section 1604.3) .............................. 23
C. Analysis (Section 1604.4)..................................................................................... 26
D. Occupancy Category (Section 1604.5) .................................................................. 27
E. Concrete and masonry wall anchorage ................................................................. 28
F. Deck to exterior wall anchorage ........................................................................... 29
G. Wind and seismic detailing .................................................................................. 29

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H. Flood loads.......................................................................................................... 29
I. ASD No allowable stress increase ....................................................................... 29
J. Alternative basic load combinations ..................................................................... 29
K. Dead loads .......................................................................................................... 30
L. Live loads............................................................................................................. 30

Chapter 5 Snow Loads ............................................................................................. 35


A. Minimum snow loads........................................................................................... 35
B. Ground snow load ............................................................................................... 35
C. Slope of roof ........................................................................................................ 36
D. Flat roof snow loads ............................................................................................ 36
E. Sloped roof snow load (slope > 5 degrees) ............................................................. 36
F. Partial loading...................................................................................................... 37
G. Unbalanced snow loads ....................................................................................... 37
H. Drifts on lower roofs ............................................................................................ 39
I. Roof projections .................................................................................................... 40
J. Sliding snow ........................................................................................................ 40

Chapter 6 Wind Loads ............................................................................................. 43


A. General................................................................................................................ 43
B. Minimum wind loads ........................................................................................... 44
C. Anchorage against overturning, uplift and sliding ................................................ 44
D. Maximum resisting dead load .............................................................................. 44
E. Protection of openings in wind-borne debris regions............................................. 44
F. Enclosure classification ....................................................................................... 45
G. Design procedure ................................................................................................ 45
H. Simplified procedure method 1 (Section 6.4)...................................................... 46
I. Analytical procedure method 2 (Section 6.5) ....................................................... 47
J. Wind tunnel procedure method 3 (Section 6.6) .................................................. 56
K. Roof systems ....................................................................................................... 56
L. Seismic detailing required .................................................................................... 57

Chapter 7 Soil Lateral Loads ................................................................................... 59


A. General................................................................................................................ 59
B. At-rest pressure................................................................................................... 60

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C. Active pressure .................................................................................................... 60


D. Surcharge loads .................................................................................................. 60
E. Expensive soil...................................................................................................... 60
F. Sliding and overturning ....................................................................................... 60

Chapter 8 Rain Loads .............................................................................................. 61


A. Design rain loads................................................................................................. 61
B. Ponding on roofs with slopes less than 1/4:12 ...................................................... 61
C. Controlled drainage ............................................................................................. 61
D. Drainage across property lines ............................................................................ 62

Chapter 9 Flood Loads ............................................................................................ 63


A. Applicability......................................................................................................... 63
B. Establishment of flood hazard areas .................................................................... 63
C. Design and construction...................................................................................... 63
D. Flood hazard documentation ............................................................................... 63

Chapter 10 Earthquake Loads ................................................................................. 65


A. Earthquake design data ....................................................................................... 65
B. Site ground motion .............................................................................................. 65
C. Criteria selection ................................................................................................. 67
D. Seismic force-resisting systems ........................................................................... 70
E. Irregular and regular classification (SDC B F).................................................... 74
F. Diaphragm flexibility............................................................................................ 74
G. Type of analysis procedure .................................................................................. 76
H. Modeling criteria ................................................................................................. 76
I. Simplified design procedure (SDC B E) ............................................................... 78
J. Equivalent lateral-force procedure (ELF) (SDC B F) ............................................ 79
K. Seismic load effect (SDC B F)............................................................................. 82
L. Redundancy factor (SDC D F) ............................................................................ 83
M. Dynamic analysis procedure (SDC B F)............................................................. 84

Chapter 11 Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E) ............................ 87


A. Simplified design procedure ................................................................................. 87
B. Seismic design category ....................................................................................... 88
C. Design basis ........................................................................................................ 88

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D. Seismic load effects and combinations ................................................................. 89


E. Seismic force-resisting system ............................................................................. 89
F. Diaphragm........................................................................................................... 90
G. Application of loading .......................................................................................... 90
H. Seismic base shear (Section 12.14.8.1 of ASCE 7)................................................ 90
I. Vertical distribution of forces ................................................................................ 91
J. Horizontal distribution of forces ........................................................................... 91
K. Drift limits and building separation ..................................................................... 91
L. Torsion ................................................................................................................ 91
M. Overturning ........................................................................................................ 91
N. Design and detailing requirement ........................................................................ 91
O. Anchorage of nonstructural systems.................................................................... 94

Chapter 12 Earthquake Design (SDC B F).............................................................. 95


A. Requirements for Seismic Design Category B and higher (SDC B F) ................... 95
B. Requirements for Seismic Design Category C and higher (SDC C F) ................. 100
C. Requirements for Seismic Design Category D and higher (SDC D F)................. 103
D. Requirements for Seismic Design Category E and F ........................................... 107

Chapter 13 Nonstructural Components and Architectural Mechanical and Electrical


Component Design Requirements (SDC B F) ..................................... 109
A. General.............................................................................................................. 109
B. Seismic demands on components ...................................................................... 112
C. Component anchorage ....................................................................................... 113
D. Architectural components.................................................................................. 114
E. Mechanical and electrical components ............................................................... 117

Chapter 14 Nonbuilding Structures and Design Requirement ................................ 125


A. Scope................................................................................................................. 125
B. Analysis procedure selection.............................................................................. 126
C. Reference documents......................................................................................... 126
D. Nonbuilding structures supported by other structures....................................... 127
E. Seismic design basis .......................................................................................... 128
F. Rigid nonbuilding structures.............................................................................. 129
G. Loads ................................................................................................................ 129
H. Fundamental period .......................................................................................... 130

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I. Drift limitations .................................................................................................. 130


J. Deflection limits and structure separation.......................................................... 130
K. Site-specific response spectra ............................................................................ 130
L. Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings........................................................ 130
M. Nonbuilding structures not similar to buildings................................................. 131
N. Tanks and vessels ............................................................................................. 131
O. Architectural, mechanical and electrical components......................................... 131
P. Inverted pendulum-type structures in nonbuilding structures not
similar to buildings............................................................................................ 131

Chapter 15 Seismically Isolated Structures and Structures with Damping Systems


Design Requirements .......................................................................... 133
A. Seismically isolated structure ............................................................................ 133
B. Structures with damping system ....................................................................... 133

Chapter 16 Foundation DesignRequirements ..................................................... 135


A. Foundation and soils investigation..................................................................... 135
B. Excavation, grading and fill ............................................................................... 137
C. Allowable load-bearing values of soils ................................................................ 137
D. Footing and foundation requirements ................................................................ 138
E. Retaining walls .................................................................................................. 146
F. Dampproofing and waterproofing ....................................................................... 146
G. Pier and pile foundations................................................................................... 146
H. Driven pile foundations ..................................................................................... 148
I. Cast-in-place concrete pile foundations............................................................... 151
J. Composite pile foundations ................................................................................ 154
K. Pier foundations ................................................................................................ 155

Chapter 17 Concrete ............................................................................................. 157


A. Construction documents.................................................................................... 157
B. Material requirements ....................................................................................... 158
C. Reinforcement requirements .............................................................................. 158
D. Design requirements ......................................................................................... 171
E. Seismic design requirements ............................................................................. 183

Chapter 18 Masonry .............................................................................................. 205


A. Material requirements........................................................................................ 205

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B. Construction requirements ................................................................................ 207


C. Seismic design requirements ............................................................................. 208
D. Allowable Stress Designgeneral ...................................................................... 214
E. Allowable Stress Designunreinforced masonry ................................................ 219
F. Allowable Stress Designreinforced masonry..................................................... 219
G. Strength design of masonry ............................................................................... 220
H. Strength designunreinforced masonry ............................................................ 223
I. Strength designreinforced masonry.................................................................. 224
J. Prestressed masonry .......................................................................................... 230
K. Empirical design of masonry.............................................................................. 233
L. Glass unit masonry............................................................................................ 223
M. Masonry fireplaces ............................................................................................ 234
N. Masonry heaters................................................................................................ 234
O. Masonry chimneys ............................................................................................ 234

Chapter 19 Steel ................................................................................................... 235


A. Referenced steel standards ................................................................................ 235
B. General design requirements (ASD & LRFD)....................................................... 236
C. Seismic designapplicable methods .................................................................. 260
D. Seismic design requirements ............................................................................. 261

Chapter 20 Wood................................................................................................... 279


A. General.............................................................................................................. 279
B. General construction requirements.................................................................... 281
C. Design requirements for lateral-force-resisting systems (ASD & LRFD)
(2305) prescriptive requirements ...................................................................... 283
D. Allowable Stress Design (ASD) ........................................................................... 287
E. Load and Resistance Design (LRFD) ................................................................... 287
F. General design requirements (ASD and/or LRFD)............................................... 287
G. Conventional light-frame construction ............................................................... 299

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1. Administration
Chapter 1 of the International Building Code (IBC) is important because it contains the
administrative provisions of the code. In addition to the scope and applicability of the code,
Chapter 1 covers the purpose of the code, and duties and responsibilities of the building official
and registered design professional. Chapter 1 includes requirements for construction docu-
ments, permits and inspections, and provisions related to alternative materials and methods of
construction. Because the 2006 IBC relies on referenced structural standards, Section 102.4
pertaining to reference standards is of particular importance. The purpose of the present chap-
ter is to provide an overview of the administrative provisions of the IBC prior to presenting the
structural checklist beginning with Chapter 2, Submittal Documents.

A. Applicability Section 102.

1. Conflicts. Where, in any specific case, different sections of this code specify different
materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall
govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific require-
ment, the specific requirement shall be applicable. (Section 102.1)
2. Other laws. The provisions of this code shall not be deemed to nullify any provisions of
local, state or federal law. (Section 102.2)
3. Application of references. References to chapter or section numbers, or to provisions
not specifically identified by number, shall be construed to refer to such chapter, sec-
tion or provision of this code. (Section 102.3)
4. Referenced codes and standards. The codes and standards referenced in this code
shall be considered part of the requirements of this code to the prescribed extent of
each such reference. Where differences occur between provisions of this code and refer-
enced codes and standards, the provisions of this code shall apply. (Section 102.4)

Conflicts and inconsistencies that require the building official to resolve


may exist:
1. Between the IBC and the referenced structural standards
2. Among the various structural standards

5. Partial invalidity. In the event that any part or provision of this code is held to be ille-
gal or void, this shall not have the effect of making void or illegal any of the other parts
or provisions. (Section 102.5)

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2 Chapter 1: Administration

B. Duties of the building official Section 104.

1. Enforce, interpret and adopt policies and procedures to clarify code. The building
official is authorized and directed to enforce the code. The building official has the
authority to interpret the code and to adopt policies and procedures to clarify the code.
(Section 104.1)
2. Limits. Such interpretations, policies and procedures shall be in compliance with the
intent and purpose of this code. Such policies and procedures shall not have the effect
of waiving requirements specifically provided for in this code. (Section 104.1)
3. Inspections. The building official shall make all of the required inspections, or the
building official shall have the authority to accept reports of inspection by approved
agencies or individuals. Reports of such inspections shall be in writing and be certified
by a responsible officer of such approved agency or by the responsible individual.
(Section 104.4)
4. Unusual technical issues. The building official is authorized to engage such expert
opinion as deemed necessary to report upon unusual technical issues that arise,
subject to the approval of the appointing authority. (Section 104.4)
5. Used materials and equipment. The use of used materials that meet the requirements
of this code for new materials is permitted. Used equipment and devices shall not be re-
used unless approved by the building official. (Section 104.9.1)
6. Modifications. Wherever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out the
provisions of this code, the building official shall have the authority to grant
modifications for individual cases, upon application of the owner or owners representa-
tive, provided the building official shall first find that special individual reason makes
the strict letter of this code impractical and the modification is in compliance with the
intent and purpose of this code and that such modification does not lessen health,
accessibility, life and fire safety, or structural requirements. The details of action grant-
ing modifications shall be recorded and entered in the files of the department of
building safety. (Section 104.10)
7. Alternative materials, design and methods of construction and equipment. The
provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to
prohibit any design or method of construction not specifically prescribed by this code,
provided that any such alternative has been approved. An alternative material, design
or method of construction shall be approved where the building official finds that the
proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the intent of the provisions of this
code, and that the material, method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at
least the equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire
resistance, durability and safety. (Section 104.11)
8. Research reports. Supporting data, where necessary to assist in the approval of
materials or assemblies not specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid
research reports from sources approved by the building official. (Section 104.11.1)
9. Tests. When the building official considers there is insufficient evidence of compliance
with the provisions of this code, or evidence that a material or method does not conform
to the requirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for alternative
materials or methods, the building official shall have the authority to require tests as

2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions


Chapter 1: Administration 3

evidence of compliance to be made at no expense to the jurisdiction. Test methods shall


be as specified in this code or by other recognized test standards. In the absence of
recognized and accepted test methods, the building official shall approve the testing
procedures. Tests shall be performed by an approved agency. Reports of such tests
shall be retained by the building official for the period required for retention of public
records. (Section 104.11.2)

C. Registered design professional. The building official should ensure the design professional
in responsible charge performs the following duties:

1. When required. When it is required that documents be prepared by a registered design


professional, the building official is authorized to require the owner to engage and
designate on the building permit application a registered design professional who shall
act as the registered design professional in responsible charge. (Section 106.3.4.1)
2. Prepare construction documents. The construction documents, statement of special
inspections and other data for submittal shall be prepared by a registered design
professional where required by the statutes of the jurisdiction in which the project is to
be constructed. Where special conditions exist, the building official is authorized to re-
quire additional construction documents to be prepared by a registered design
professional. (Section 106.1)
3. When required. When it is required that documents be prepared by a registered design
professional, the building official is authorized to require the owner to engage and
designate on the building permit application a registered design professional who shall
act as the registered design professional in responsible charge. (Section 106.3.4.1)
4. Design professional in responsible charge. When it is required that documents be
prepared by a registered design professional, the building official is authorized to
require the owner to engage and designate on the building permit application a regis-
tered design professional who shall act as the registered design professional in
responsible charge. (Section 106.3.4)
5. Change or substitution. If the circumstances require, the owner shall designate a
substitute registered design professional in responsible charge who shall perform the
duties required of the original registered design professional in responsible charge. The
building official shall be notified in writing by the owner if the registered design profes-
sional in responsible charge is changed or is unable to continue to perform the duties.
(Section 106.3.4.1)
6. Review and coordination of submittal documents prepared by others and deferred
submittal items. The registered design professional in responsible charge shall be
responsible for reviewing and coordinating submittal documents prepared by others,
including phased and deferred submittal items, for compatibility with the design of the
building. (Section 106.3.4.1)
7. Waiver of requirement. The building official is authorized to waive the submission of
construction documents and other data not required to be prepared by a registered
design professional if it is found that the nature of the work applied for is such that re-
view of construction documents is not necessary to obtain compliance with this code.
(Section 106.1)

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4 Chapter 1: Administration

2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions


5

2. Submittal Documents
A. Construction documents. Construction documents are required to be submitted in accor-
dance with Sections 106 and 1603.

1. Design professional in responsible charge. Construction documents (plans, specifica-


tions, calculations) should be prepared by a registered design professional licensed by
the state to practice as such. (Sections 106.1 and 106.3.4)
a. Coordinating submittal documents. The registered design professional in
responsible charge shall be responsible for reviewing and coordinating submittal
documents prepared by others, including phased and deferred submittal items, for
compatibility with the design of the building. (Section 106.3.4.1)
b. Statement of special inspections. Where special inspections are required, a state-
ment of special inspections prepared by the registered design professional in
responsible charge must be submitted by the permit applicant as a condition for
permit issuance. (Sections 106.1 and 1704.1.1) (See also exceptions in Sections
1704.1 and 1704.1.1.)
(1) Quality Assurance Plan for Structural Steel. (SDC D F) A quality assurance
plan, including Appendix Q of AISC 341, should be submitted as part of the
construction documents. (Section 18.1 and Appendix Q of AISC 341)
c. Structural observation. Where structural observation is required by Section 1709,
the statement of special inspections shall name the individual or firms who are to
perform structural observation and describe the stages of construction at which
structural observation is to occur (see also duties specified in Section 1704).
2. Site plan. The construction documents submitted with the application for permit
should be accompanied by a site plan drawn in accordance with an accurate boundary
line survey showing to scale the following: (Section 106.2)
a. The size and location of new construction and existing structures on the site.
b. Distances from lot lines.
c. The established street grades and the proposed finished grades.
d. (As applicable) flood hazard areas, floodways and design flood elevations.
e. For demolition, show construction to be demolished and the location and size of
existing structures and construction that are to remain on the site or plot. (Section
106.2)
3. Information on construction documents.
a. Construction documents should be dimensioned and drawn upon suitable material.

2006 IBC CheckList: Structural Provisions


6 Chapter 2: Submittal Documents

b. Electronic media documents are permitted to be submitted when approved by the


building official. (Section 106.1.1)
c. Design documents should include sufficient information relating to the attachments
of nonstructural components. (Section 13.4 of ASCE 7)
4. Clarity. Construction documents should be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location,
nature and extent of the work proposed and show in detail that it will conform to the
provisions of this code and relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, as deter-
mined by the building official. (Section 106.1.1)
5. Amended construction documents. Work should be installed in accordance with the
approved construction documents, and any changes made during construction that are
not in compliance with the approved construction documents should be resubmitted for
approval as an amended set of construction documents. (Section 106.4)
6. Deferred submittals. Those portions of the design that are not submitted at the time of
application should be listed as deferred submittal on the construction documents.
Deferral of any submittal items should have the prior approval of the building official.
Documents for deferred submittal items should be submitted to the registered design
professional in responsible charge who should review them and forward them to the
building official with a notation indicating that the deferred submittal documents have
been reviewed and been found to be in general conformance to the design of the
building. (Section 106.3.4.2)
7. Structural members. Construction documents should show the size, section and rela-
tive locations of structural members with floor levels, column centers and offsets
dimensioned. (Section 1603.1)
8. Design loads. Construction documents should show the design loads and other
information pertinent to the structural design required by Sections 1603.1.1 through
1603.1.8, except for Section 2308 Conventional light-frame construction. (Section
1603.1)
a. Floor and roof live loads. The uniformly distributed, concentrated and impact
floor live load used in the design should be indicated for floor areas. Use of live load
reduction in accordance with Section 1607.9 should be indicated for each type of
live load used in the design. (Section 1603.1.1)
b. Roof live load. The roof live load used in the design should be indicated for roof
areas in accordance with Section 1607.11. (Section 1603.1.2.)
c. Roof snow load. The ground snow load, Pg, should be indicated. In areas where the
ground snow load, Pg, exceeds 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2), the following additional
information should also be provided, regardless of whether snow loads govern the
design of the roof: (Section 1603.1.3)
(1) Flat-roof snow load, Pf.
(2) Snow exposure factor, Ce.
(3) Snow load importance factor, I.
(4) Thermal factor, Ct.

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Chapter 2: Submittal Documents 7

d. Wind load. The following information should be shown regardless of whether wind
loads govern the design of the lateral-force-resisting system of the building. (Section
1603.1.4)
(1) Basic wind speed (3-second gust), miles per hour (km/hr).
(2) Wind importance factor, I, and occupancy category. (Note: Table 1604.5 should
be used to determine Occupancy Category. Do not use Table 1-1 of ASCE 7.)
(3) Wind exposure. If more than one wind exposure is utilized, the wind exposure
and applicable wind direction should be indicated.
(4) The applicable internal pressure coefficient.
(5) Components and cladding. The design wind pressures in terms of psf (kN/m2)
to be used for the design of exterior component and cladding materials not
specifically designed by the registered design professional.
e. Earthquake design data. The following information related to seismic loads should
be shown, regardless of whether seismic loads govern the design of the lateral-
force-resisting system of the building: (Sections 1603.1.5 and 1802.6)
(1) Longitude and altitude of the building (for determining site class).
(2) Seismic importance factor, I, and Occupancy Category. (Note: Table 1604.5
should be used to determine Occupancy Category. Do not use Table 1-1 of
ASCE 7.)
(3) Mapped spectral response accelerations, SS and S1.
(4) Site class.
(5) Soil Classification and design load-bearing capacity. (Section 1802.6)
(6) Spectral response coefficients, SDS and SD1.
(7) Seismic design category.
(8) Basic seismic-force-resisting system(s).
(9) Design base shear.
(10) Seismic response coefficient(s), CS.
(11) Response modification factor(s), R.
(12) Analysis procedure (Equivalent lateral-force procedure, Simplified analysis
procedure, Modal response spectra analysis, Linear time-history analysis,
Nonlinear time-history analysis) used.
f. Flood design data. For buildings in whole or in part located in flood hazard areas
established in Section 1612.3, provide documentation as required in Section
1612.3. The documentation should include the following information, referenced to
the datum on the communitys Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), regardless of
whether flood loads govern the design of the building: (Section 1603.1.6)
(1) In flood hazard areas not subject to high-velocity wave action, the elevation of
the proposed lowest floor, including the basement.

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8 Chapter 2: Submittal Documents

(2) In flood hazard areas not subject to high-velocity wave action, the elevation to
which any nonresidential building will be dry floodproofed.
(3) In flood hazard areas subject to high-velocity wave action, the proposed eleva-
tion of the bottom of the lowest horizontal structural member of the lowest floor,
including the basement.
g. Special loads. Where applicable, special loads should be indicated with appropriate
section of the code. (Section 1603.1.7)

B. Calculations.

1. Clear, legible and organized calculations. Calculations should be presented in a clear,


legible and organized manner conducive to structural plan review. A table of contents
should be provided, and pages should be numbered for referencing purposes. (Section
106.1)
2. Key plan. A key plan should be provided for the structural members designed on pages
_____________________________ of the calculations so that the calculations and plans may
be correlated.

C. Soils report.

1. Foundation and soils investigation required. A foundation and soils investigation re-
port should be submitted in accordance with Section 1802.2 because of one or more of
the following:
a. Questionable soil: Justify the classification, strength or compressibility of the soil
or load-bearing value used in design. (Section 1802.2.1)
b. Expansive soil: The project area may have expansive soil. Soil tests are required.
(Section 1802.2.2)
c. Groundwater table: The project area may have high groundwater table. A
subsurface soil investigation should be performed to determine whether the existing
groundwater table is above or within 5 feet (1524 mm) below the elevation of the
lowest floor level where such floor is located below the finished ground level
adjacent to the foundation. Alternatively, provide waterproofing in accordance with
Section 1807. (Section 1808.2.2.3)
d. Pile and pier foundations: Provide foundation and soils investigation report for the
design and construction of pile and pier foundations. (Section 1808.2.2.4)
e. Unusual rock strata: Subsurface explorations at the project site indicate variations
or doubtful characteristics in the structure of the rock. Additional number of bor-
ings should be made to a depth of not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) below the level
of the foundations to provide assurance of the soundness of the foundation bed and
its load-bearing capacity. (Section 1808.2.2.5)
f. Seismic Design Category (SDC) C and higher: (Section 1802.2.6) An investigation
should be conducted and should include an evaluation of the following potential
hazards resulting from earthquake motions:
(1) Slope instability.

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Chapter 2: Submittal Documents 9

(2) Liquefaction.
(3) Surface rupture that is due to faulting or lateral spreading.
g. Seismic Design Category (SDC) D and higher: (Section 1802.2.7) An investigation
should be conducted and should include an evaluation of the potential hazards re-
quired by Section 1802.2.6. Additionally, the investigation should include:
(1) A determination of lateral pressures on basement and retaining walls that are
due to earthquake motions.
(2) An assessment of potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength
loss, including estimation of differential settlement, lateral movement or reduc-
tion in foundation soil-bearing capacity, which should address mitigation
measures. Such measures should be given consideration in the design of the
structure and can include but are not limited to ground stabilization, selection
of appropriate foundation type and depths, selection of appropriate structural
systems to accommodate anticipated displacements, or any combination of
these measures. The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss should be
evaluated for site peak ground acceleration magnitudes and source
characteristics consistent with the design earthquake ground motions. Peak
ground acceleration should be determined from a site-specific study taking into
account soil amplification effects, as specified in Chapter 21 of ASCE 7.
Alternatively, use peak ground acceleration equal to SSD/2.5 for design.
(Section 1802.2.7)
2. Soil information and soils report recommendations. The soil classification and de-
sign load-bearing capacity should be shown on the construction documents. Design of
building and foundation system should conform to the recommendations of the soils
report. (Section 1802.6)
3. Content of soils report. The soils investigation report should include the information
itemized in Section 1802.6, and when applicable, Sections 1802.2.1 through 1802.2.7
as follows: (Section 1802.6)
a. A plot showing the location of test borings and/or excavations.
b. A complete record of the soil samples.
c. A record of the soil profile.
d. Elevation of the water table, if encountered.
e. Recommendations for foundation type and design criteria, including but not limited
to: bearing capacity of natural or compacted soil; provisions to mitigate the effects
of expansive soils; mitigation of the effects of liquefaction, differential settlement
and varying soil strength; and the effects of adjacent loads.
f. Expected total and differential settlement.
g. Pile and pier foundation information in accordance with Section 1808.2.2.
h. Special design and construction provisions for footings or foundations founded on
expansive soils, as necessary.
i. Compacted fill material properties and testing in accordance with Section 1803.5.

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10 Chapter 2: Submittal Documents

j. When applicable, special conditions in Sections 1802.2.1 through 1802.2.7.


(Section 1802.6)
4. Person responsible for soils report. The classification and investigation of the soils
should be made by a registered design professional. (Section 1802.1)

D. Explanations for computer programs, input and output.

1. Analysis program description and explanatory comments. A program description


should be provided and should contain information necessary to determine the
following:
a. Nature and extent of the analysis,
b. Verification of the input data, including
c. Interpretation of results, and
d. Compliance of the computations with the code. Explanatory comments by the de-
signer besides the input and output data and a written summary that provides the
controlling loads from the computer output in a graphical manner are recom-
mended to facilitate the structural plan review. (Section 106.1)
2. Identification of computer input. Data provided as computer input should be clearly
distinguished from those computed in the program. (Section 106.1.1)
3. Correlation between members and plans. The member identification used in the pro-
gram input and results should be readily correlated with the members shown on the
plans. (Section 106.1.1)

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11

3. Structural Tests and Special Inspections


A. Special inspection of materials and construction.

The statement of special inspections shall be submitted with each permit application, in
conjunction with construction documents as a condition of permit issuance. The statement
of special inspections must identify the special inspections and structural observations that
will be provided for the following work. (Section 106.1)
Statement(s) of special inspections. The statement of special inspections should be pre-
pared by the registered design professional in responsible charge in accordance with Section
1705 for submittal by the permit applicant (see Section 1704.1.1). (Sections 106.1, 1704.1.1
and 1705.1)
Inspection of fabricators. Structural load-bearing members and assemblies should be
fabricated on the premises of a fabricators shop approved by the jurisdiction, or provide
special inspection in accordance with Section 1704.2 for the following items
_____________________________. (Section 1704.2)
1. Steel construction. Special inspections for steel elements of buildings and structures
shall be provided in accordance with Section 1704.3 and Table 1704.3. (See Items
_____________________________.)
2. Welding. Welding inspection should be provided in accordance with Section 1704.3.1
and Table 1704.3. (Note: for seismic applications, AWS D1.8 is the referenced standard
supplemental to D1.1 for welding of structural steel.)
3. High-strength bolts. Periodic or continuous special inspection should be provided for
installation of high-strength bolts in accordance with AISC specifications, Section
1704.3.3 and Table 1704.3.
4. Concrete construction. Special inspections and verifications should be provided in
accordance with Section and Table 1704.4. (See Items _____________________________.)
5. Masonry construction.
a. Level 1 special inspection should be provided for masonry construction in accor-
dance with Sections 1704.5.1, 1704.5.2 and Table 1704.5.1.
b. Level 2 special inspection should be provided for masonry construction in accor-
dance with Section 1704.5.3 and Table 1704.5.3.
c. Certain structures designed using Empirical Designed Method (see Item 18.K of this
Checklist) do not require special inspection in accordance with Section 1704.5 and
Table 3.1. (Section 1704.5)

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12 Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections

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Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections 13

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14 Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections

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Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections 15

Table 3.1
Masonry Levels of Special Inspection Requirement
Type of facility
Occupancy Category I, II, III Occupancy Category IV
(Section 1704.5.2) (Section 1704.5.3)
Design Method Empirical Engineered Empirical Engineered

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16 Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections

6. Wood construction.
a. Prefabricated wood structural elements. Special inspection should be provided
for the fabrication process of prefabricated wood structural elements and assem-
blies in accordance with Section 1704.2. Special inspection for site-built assemblies
should be required to determine that those elements are in compliance with ap-
proved plans. (Section 1704.6)
b. High-load diaphragms. Special inspection should be provided for high-load dia-
phragms designed in accordance with Table 2306.3.2 in accordance with Section
1704.6.1. The special inspector should inspect the wood structural panel sheathing
to determine that the grade and thickness are as shown on the approved building
plans. Additionally, the special inspector should verify the nominal size of framing
members at adjoining panel edges, the nail or staple diameter and length, the
number of fastener lines and that the spacing between fasteners in each line and at
edge margins conform to the approved plans. (Section 1704.6.1)

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Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections 17

7. Soils. Special inspection should be provided for placement of fill more than 12 inches
(305 mm) in depth to determine compliance with approved soils report and plans in
accordance with Sections 1704.7 and 1803.5 and Table 1704.7.
8. Pile foundations. Special inspection should be provided for pile foundations to deter-
mine compliance with approved soils report and plans in accordance with Section
1704.8 and Table 1704.8.
9. Pier foundation. Special inspection should be provided for pier foundations to deter-
mine compliance with approved soils report and plans in accordance with Section
1704.9 and Table 1704.9.
10. Sprayed fire-resistant materials. Special inspection for sprayed fire-resistant
materials applied to structural elements and decks should be provided in accordance
with Sections 1704.10.1 through 1704.10.5.
11. Mastic and intumescent fire-resistant coatings. Special inspection for mastic and
intumescent fire-resistant coatings applied to structural elements and decks should be
provided to determine compliance with approved plans in accordance with Section
1704.11.
12. Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). Special inspection should be provided
for exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) in accordance with Section 1704.12.
13. Special cases. Special inspection is required for the following items:
_____________________________. (Section 1704.13)
14. Smoke Control. (Nonstructural) Smoke control systems should be tested by a qualified
special inspector in accordance with the International Fire Code (IFC). (Section 1704.14)

B. Statement of special inspections.

1. Statement of special inspections. Where special inspection or testing is required by


Section 1704, 1707 or 1708, a statement of special inspections prepared by the
registered design professional in responsible charge prepared in accordance with Sec-
tion 1705 should be submitted. (Sections 106.1, 1704.1.1 and 1705.1)
2. Contents of statement of special inspections. The statement of special inspections
should identify the following: (Section 1705.2)
a. The materials, systems, components and work required to have special inspection
or testing.
b. The type and extent of each special inspection.
c. The type and extent of each test.
d. Additional requirements for special inspection or testing for seismic or wind resis-
tance as specified in Section 1705.3, 1705.4, 1707 or 1708.
e. For each type of special inspection, identify whether it is continuous special inspec-
tion or periodic special inspection.

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18 Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections

3. Seismic requirements in the statement of special inspections. When statement of


special inspections includes seismic requirements in accordance with Section 1705.3,
the statement of special inspections should identify the following: (Section 1705.3.1)
a. The seismic-force-resisting systems and designated seismic systems that are sub-
ject to special inspections in accordance with Section 1705.3.
b. Additional special inspections and testing to be provided as required by Sections
1707 and 1708 and other applicable sections of the code, including the applicable
standards referenced by this code.
4. Wind requirements in the statement of special inspections. The statement of special
inspections for wind should identify the main windforce-resisting system and wind-
resisting components subject to special inspections as specified in Section 1705.4.2
(1705.4.1).
a. Where required. Where the structure is located in Exposure B with V3s 120 mph
(52.8 m/s) or Exposure C & D with V3s 110 mph (49 m/s), wind requirements
should be included in the statement of special inspections. (Section 1705.4)
b. Detailed requirements. The statement of special inspections for wind should in-
clude the following: (Section 1705.4.2)
(1) Roof cladding and roof framing connections.
(2) Wall connections to roof and floor diaphragms and framing.
(3) Roof and floor diaphragm systems, including collectors, drag struts and bound-
ary elements.
(4) Vertical windforce-resisting systems, including braced frames, moment frames
and shear walls.
(5) Windforce-resisting system connections to the foundation.
(6) Fabrication and installation of systems or components required to meet the im-
pact-resistance requirements of Section 1609.1.2.

C. Special inspections for seismic resistance.

Special inspection is required for elements of the seismic-force-resisting system in Seismic


Design Category C, D, E or F; the designated seismic systems in Seismic Design Category D,
E or F; architectural, mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category C,
D, E or F; for the following items in accordance with Section 1707.
(Note: The designated seismic systems are those architectural, electrical and mechanical
systems and their components that require design in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7
and for which the component importance factor, Ip, is greater than 1.0 in accordance with
Section 13.1.3 of ASCE 7. [Section 1702])

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Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections 19

Seismic Design
Category Special inspection required

D. Structural observation for seismic resistance.

Structural observation for seismic resistance should be provided where one of the following
conditions exists: (Section 1709.2)
1. The structure is classified as Occupancy Category III or IV in accordance with Table
1604.5.
2. The height of the structure is more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the base.
3. The structure is in SDC E and Occupancy Category I or II and more than two stories in
height.
4. Structural observation is specifically required by the building official for the following
systems or items: _____________________________.

E. Structural observation for wind requirements.

Structural observation for wind should be provided for those structures sited where the ba-
sic wind speed exceeds 110 mph (49 m/s) determined from Figure 1609, where one of the
following conditions exists: (Section 1709.3)
1. The structure is classified as Occupancy Category III or IV in accordance with Table
1604.5.
2. The height of the building is greater than 75 feet (22 860 mm).

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20 Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections

3. The observation is specifically required by the building official for the following systems
or items: _____________________________.

F. Structural testing for seismic resistance.

1. Structural testing for seismic resistance should be provided for reinforcing and
prestressing steel (Section 1708.3), structural steel (Section 1708.4) and seismically
isolated structures (Section 1708.6) for the following systems in accordance with
Section 1708:

Seismic Design Seismic resistance


Category testing required

2. Structural testing for masonry should be provided for the following in accordance with
Section 1708.1:

Structural testing for masonry requirements


Type of facility
Occupancy Category I, II, III Occupancy Category IV
Design Method Empirical Engineered Empirical Engineered

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Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections 21

G. Contractors statement of responsibility.

A statement of responsibility should be submitted by the contractor responsible for the


construction of a main wind- or seismic-force-resisting system, designated seismic system
or a wind- or seismic-resisting component in accordance with Section 1706.1. The state-
ment should contain the following: (Section 1706.1)
1. Acknowledgment of awareness of the special requirements contained in the statement of
special inspections;
2. Acknowledgment that control will be exercised to obtain conformance with the
construction documents approved by the building official;
3. Procedures for exercising control within the contractors organization, the method and
frequency of reporting and the distribution of the reports; and
4. Identification and qualifications of the person(s) exercising such control and their posi-
tion(s) in the organization.

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22 Chapter 3: Structural Tests and Special Inspections

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23

4. General Design Requirements


Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)

A. General design requirements strength. (Section 1604.1)

1. Strength design. Design of buildings (other structures, or parts) should support the
applicable factored load combinations without exceeding the strength limit states for
the materials of construction. (Section 1604.1.1)
2. Allowable stress design. Design of buildings (other structures, or parts) should sup-
port the applicable nominal load combinations without exceeding the allowable stresses
for the materials of construction. (Section 1604.1.1)
3. Seismic design. For seismic design, seismic analysis and design procedures to be used
in the design of building structures and their components should be as prescribed in
Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Design ground motions. The building structure should include complete lateral and
vertical force-resisting systems capable of providing adequate strength, stiffness and
energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground motions within the pre-
scribed limits of deformation and strength demand. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
5. Member design, connection design and deformation limit. Individual members,
including those not part of the seismic-force-resisting system, should be provided with
adequate strength to resist the shear, axial forces and moments determined in accor-
dance with ASCE 7, and connections should develop the strength of the connected
members or the forces indicated in Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7)

B. General design requirements serviceability. (Section 1604.3)

Structural systems and members should have adequate stiffness to limit deflection and
lateral drift
1. Deflection limits for roof members. The deflection of roof members should be shown
to comply with the following limitations. (Section 1604.3.1 and Table 1604.3)

CONSTRUCTION L S or W D+L

Supporting plaster ceiling l/360 l/360 l/240


Supporting nonplaster ceiling l/240 l/240 l/180
Not supporting ceiling l/180 l/180 l/120
For cantilever members, l shall be taken as twice the length of the cantilever.

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24 Chapter 4: General Design Requirements

Goal of Design/Analysis
Strength Strength
Required (Q) Available (P)

Step 1: Calculate force/load to determine Strength Required Q


Strength or Load and
Allowable Strength Design
Resistance Factor Design

IBC 1605.2/ASCE 7 2.3 IBC 1605.3/ASCE 7 2.4


Basic Load Combinations Alt. Load Combinations
(Pu , Mu , Vu , ) (Pa , Ma , Va , )

Step 1 Done - Strength Required (Q) = Qu or Qa

Step 2: Design members to resist the force/load. Determine strength available P


in system/members
Pn - Nominal strength determined from the various equations based the
limit states
in the respective material chapters for various
strength and serviceability limits in NDS, ACI, MSJC, AISC, AISI, etc.

Strength or
Load and Resistance
Factor Design Allowable Strength
Design
Strength Reduction Available Strength
Factor (Provided by strength Margin of Safety
applied to Nominal of materials) Applied to Nominal
Strength Pn Strength Pn
Pn /
= Allowable Strength
Pn
Design Strength =

Step 2 Done - Strength Available (P) = Pn or Pn /

Step 3: Design complete if Strength Required Q is equal or less than the


Strength Available P.

Strength Strength
Required (Q) Available (P)
(From Step 1) (From Step 2)

For roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per foot [1.19 degrees (0.0208 rad)], the design
calculations should include verification of adequate stiffness to preclude progressive
deflection in accordance with Section 8.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 1611.2)

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Chapter 4: General Design Requirements 25

2. Deflection limits for floor members. The deflection of floor members should be shown
to comply with the following limitations. (Section 1604.3.1 and Table 1604.3)

Construction L S or W D+L

l l

3. Deflection limits for exterior walls and interior partitions. The deflection of exterior
walls and interior partitions should be shown to comply with the following limitations:
(Section 1604.3.1 and Table 1604.3)

Construction L S or W D+L

l

l

4. Deflection limits for metal buildings. (Table 1604.3, Footnote a)


a. For structural roofing and siding made of formed metal sheets, the total load deflec-
tion should not exceed l/60. (Table 1604.3, Footnote a)
b. For secondary roof structural members supporting formed metal roofing, the live
load deflection should not exceed l/150. (Table 1604.3, Footnote a)
c. For secondary wall members supporting formed metal siding, the design wind load
deflection should not exceed l/90. (Table 1604.3, Footnote a)
5. Interior partitions 6 feet or higher. The deflection for interior partitions 6 feet (1829
mm) or higher should be based on the horizontal load not less than 5 psf (0.240 kN/m2
as defined in Section 1607.13. (Table 1604.3, Footnote b)
6. Glass support. Framing members for each individual pane of glass should be designed
so the deflection of the edge of the glass perpendicular to the glass pane should not ex-
ceed the lesser of 1/175 of the glass edge length or 3/4 inch (19.1 mm), when subjected to
the loads as specified in Section 1605. (Table 1604.3, Footnote c) (Section 2403.3)
7. Interior glazing adjacent to a walking surface. Differential deflection of two adjacent
unsupported edges should comply with Section 2403.4. (Section 2403.4)
8. Aluminum structural members or aluminum panels (not supporting edge of glass or
aluminum sandwich panels), used in (skylights)(sloped glazing framing) (roofs or walls
of sunroom additions or patio covers). The total load deflection should not exceed l/60.
(Table 1604.3, Footnote h)
9. Aluminum sandwich panels used in roofs or walls of sunroom additions or patio cov-
ers, the total load deflection should not exceed l/120. (Table 1604.3, Footnote h)
10. Concrete construction. Deflections of concrete members should not exceed that
permitted by Table 9.5(b) in ACI 318-05 as shown below. (Section 1604.3.2)

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26 Chapter 4: General Design Requirements

Table 4.1
Deflection LimitsConcrete Construction
[Source: ACI 318-05, Table 9.5(b), reproduced with permission from ACI]
TABLE 9.5(b)MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS
Type of Member Deflection to be considered Deflection installation





























11. Seismic deformation and drift limits. The deformation of the structure should not ex-
ceed the prescribed limits where the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces.
(Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7) See Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7 for drift limits applicable to
earthquake loading. (Section 1604.3)

C. Analysis. (Section 1604.4)

1. Show in calculations load effects on (structural members at), and/or (connections at)
_____________ and/or (system at) _____________ and/or (components at) _____________
and/or (cladding at) _____________. (Section 1604.9)
2. Design of (member at _____________) or (connection at _____________) should be deter-
mined by methods of structural analysis considering (equilibrium) and/or (general
stability) and/or (geometric compatibility) and/or (short- and long-term material
properties.) (Section 1604.4)
3. (Member at _____________) will accumulate residual deformations under repeated service
loads. The analysis should take into account the added eccentricities expected to occur
during their service life. (Section 1604.4)
4. Load path. The _____________ system or _____________ (method of construction) should
be based on a rational analysis in accordance with well-established principles of
mechanics. (Section 1604.4)

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Chapter 4: General Design Requirements 27

a. Provide details to show a complete load path capable of transferring loads from
their point of origin to the load-resisting elements. (Section 1604.4) (Section 12.1.3 of
ASCE 7)
b. All parts of the structure between separation joints should be interconnected to form
a continuous path to the seismic-force-resisting system, and the connections should be
capable of transmitting the seismic force (Fp) induced by the parts being connected.
(Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
c. (Any smaller portion of the structure) should be tied to the remainder of the struc-
ture with elements having a design strength capable of transmitting a seismic force of
0.133 times the short period design spectral response acceleration parameter, SDS,
times the weight of the smaller portion or 5 percent of the portions weight, whichever is
greater. (This connection force does not apply to the overall design of the seismic-force-
resisting system.) (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Force distribution. The total lateral force should be distributed to the various vertical
elements of the lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities,
considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm. (Section 1604.4)
6. Rigid elements not part of the lateral-force-resisting system. Provide design of (rigid
elements assumed not to be a part of the lateral-force-resisting system) to justify that
they are permitted to be incorporated into buildings. Their effect on the action of the
system should be considered. (Section 1604.4)
7. Torsion due to eccentricity. For buildings with nonflexible diaphragms, the increased
forces induced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting from torsion that
is due to eccentricity between the center of application of the lateral forces and the cen-
ter of rigidity of the lateral-force-resisting system should be considered in design.
(Section 1604.4)
8. Overturning effects. The structure should be designed to resist the overturning effects
caused by the lateral forces specified in Chapter 16. See Section 1609 for wind loads,
Section 1610 for lateral soil loads and Section 1613 for earthquake loads. (Section
1604.4)
9. Connection to supports. A positive connection for resisting horizontal force acting
parallel to the member should be provided for each beam, girder or truss either directly
to its supporting elements, or to slabs designed to act as diaphragms. (Where the
connection is through a diaphragm, the members supporting element must also be
connected to the diaphragm.) The connection should have a minimum design strength of
5 percent of the dead plus live load reaction. (Section 12.1.4 of ASCE 7)
10. Counteracting structural actions. Continuous load paths should be provided for
transmitting design forces to the foundation. Where sliding is used to isolate the
elements, the effects of friction between sliding elements should be included as a force.
(Section 1604.9)

D. Occupancy Category. (Section 1604.5)

1. Occupancy Category should be determined in accordance with Section 1604.5 and


Table 1604.5.

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28 Chapter 4: General Design Requirements

Note: Table 1-1 of ASCE 7 is not consistent with Table 1604.5 of the
IBC. The IBC should be used to determine Occupancy Category. Do not
use Table 1-1 of ASCE 7.

2. Structure is occupied by two or more occupancies not included in the same Occupancy
Category. It should be assigned the classification of _____________, the highest
occupancy category corresponding to the various occupancies. (Section 1604.5)
3. Structures have two or more portions that are structurally separated. Each portion
should be separately classified. (Section 1604.5)
4. Where a separated portion of a structure provides (required access to) (or required
egress from) (or shares life-safety components with) another portion having a higher
occupancy category, both portions should be assigned to the higher occupancy category
of ______________. (Section 1604.5)
5. Importance factors. Snow, wind and seismic load importance factors of _____________
should be used in accordance with ASCE 7. (Table 7-4, Table 6-1 and Table 11.2-1 of
ASCE 7)

E. Concrete and masonry wall anchorage.


1. Concrete and masonry wall anchorage. Anchorage between concrete and masonry
walls and floors, roofs and other structural elements should provide a positive direct
connection capable of resisting the horizontal forces specified in Chapter 16, minimum
of 280 pounds per linear foot (4.1 kN/m) substituted for E in load combinations in Sec-
tion 1605.2 or 1605.3 of wall (see Figure 4-1.). (Section 1604.8.2)

Figure 4.1
Anchorage of concrete and masonry wall

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Chapter 4: General Design Requirements 29

2. Walls should be designed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor spacing
exceeds 4 feet (1.22 m). (Section 1604.8.2)
3. Required anchors in masonry walls of hollow units or cavity walls should be embedded
in a reinforced grouted structural element of the wall. (Section 1604.8.2)
(For additional requirements for anchorage of concrete and masonry walls, see ASCE 7 Sec-
tion 11.7.5 for Seismic Design Categories A and B, and Section 12.11 for Seismic Design
Categories C through F.)

F. Deck to exterior wall anchorage.

1. Deck to wall anchorage. Decks should be positively anchored to the primary structure
and designed for both vertical and lateral loads in accordance with Section 1604.8.3.
2. Toenails prohibited. Deck attachment to the primary structure should not use toenails
or nails subject to withdrawal. (Section 1604.8.3)
3. Decks with cantilevered framing members. For decks with cantilevered framing
members, connections to exterior walls or other framing members should be designed
and constructed to resist uplift resulting from the full live load specified in Table 1607.1
acting on the cantilevered portion of the deck. (Section 1604.8.3)
4. Connection of diaphragm to supports. Deck acting as diaphragm. Positive connection
should be provided for slabs designed to act as diaphragms directly to either each beam,
girder or truss to its supporting elements, for resisting horizontal force acting parallel to
the member. Where the connection is through a diaphragm, the members supporting
element must also be connected to the diaphragm. The connection should have
minimum design strength of 5 percent of the dead plus live load reaction. (Section
12.1.4)

G. Wind and seismic detailing. Lateral-force-resisting systems should meet seismic detailing
requirements and limitations prescribed in this code and ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and
Appendix 11A, even when code prescribed wind loads are greater than seismic load effects.
(Section 1604.10)

H. Flood loads.

1. Where flood load Fa is to be considered in strength design, the load combinations of


Section 2.3.3 of ASCE 7 should be used. (Section 1605.2.2)
2. Where Fa is to be considered in allowable stress design, the load combinations of Sec-
tion 2.4.2 of ASCE 7 should be used, except the duration of load increase. (Section
1605.3.1.2)

I. ASD No allowable stress increase. An allowable stress increase should not be used with
the basic load combination of Section 1605.3.1. (Section 1605.3.1.1)

J. Alternative basic load combinations. Structures and portions thereof should be designed
for the most critical effects in accordance with Section 1605.3.2. (Section 1605.3.2)

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30 Chapter 4: General Design Requirements

1. Only two-thirds of the minimum dead load should be used in load combinations for the
counteracting effects of dead and wind loads. (Section 1605.3.2)
2. Where wind loads are calculated in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7, the coeffi-
cient should be taken as 1.3. (Section 1605.3.2)
3. Reduction of foundation overturning from Section 12.13.4 of ASCE 7 should not be
used when using alternative load combinations to evaluate sliding, overturning and soil
bearing at the soil-structure interface. (Section 1605.3.2)

Note: When using alternative basic allowable stress design load combinations
that include wind or seismic loads, allowable stresses are permitted to be in-
creased or load combinations reduced where permitted by the material chapter
of this code or the referenced standards. (Section 1605.3.2)

Note: The vertical seismic load effect, E v, in Equation 12.4-4 of ASCE 7 may be
taken as zero when using alternative basic load combinations for proportioning
foundations for loadings, which include seismic loads. (Section 1605.3.2)

K. Dead loads.

1. Inclusion of equipment in dead load combination. The actual weights of materials


and construction and the weights of fixed service equipment such as cranes, plumbing
stacks and risers, electrical feeders, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems
and fire sprinkler systems should be included (e.g., _____________). (Section 1602.1)
2. Landscaped roofs. The weight of the landscaping materials should be considered dead
load and should be computed on the basis of saturation of the soil. (Section
1607.11.2.3)
3. Weight of (materials of construction) used in calculations should be justified (Section
1602), or alternatively should be in conformance with Tables C3-1 and C3-2 of ASCE 7.

L. Live loads.

1. Unspecified live loads. For occupancies or uses not designated in Table 1607.1, the
specified live loads should be approved by the building official. (Section 1607.2)
2. Uniform loads. A uniform live load of _____________ should be used for _____________ in
accordance with Table 1607.1. (Section 1607.3)
3. Concentrated loads. A concentrated live load of _____________ should be used for
_____________ in accordance with Table 1607.1. (Section 1607.4)
4. Distribution of concentrated live loads. Concentrated loads should be distributed
over an area of 2.5 feet square (0.58 m2) and should be located so as to produce the
maximum load effects. (Section 1607.4)
5. Partition loads. In buildings where partition locations are subject to change and where
the specified live load does not exceed 80 psf (3.83 kN/m2), a partition live load of not

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Chapter 4: General Design Requirements 31

less than 15 psf (0.74 kN/m2) should be included in accordance with Section 1607.5.
(Section 1607.5)
6. Trucks and bus garages. The minimum live load for garages having trucks and buses
should be at least 50 psf (2.40 kN/m2) or that specified in Table 1607.6, whichever is
greater. (Section 1607.6)
7. Loads on handrails, guards, grab bars and vehicle barriers. Handrails, guards, grab
bars and vehicle barriers should be designed and constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 1607.7. (Section 1607.7) Glass handrail assemblies and guards should also comply
with Section 2407. (Section 1607.7.1)
8. Impact loads on elevator. Elevator loads should be increased by 100 percent for im-
pact, and the structural supports should be within the limits of deflection prescribed by
ASME A17.1 (Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators). (Section 1607.8.1)
9. Impact loads on machinery and moving loads that involve unusual vibration.
Machinery loads should be increased to allow for impact as prescribed in Section
1607.8.2. (Section 1607.8.2)

Note: Minimum uniformly distributed live loads, Lo, in Table 1607.1 are
permitted to be reduced in accordance with either Section 1607.9.1 or
1607.9.2. (Section 1607.9)

10. Reduction in floor live loads for members that have KLLAT 400 S.F in accordance
with Section 1607.9.1.
a. Live load should not be reduced for member (_____________), which has a KLLAT
value less than 400 square feet (37.16 m2). (Section 1607.9.1)
b. Maximum reduction in live load. The reduced design live load, L, should not be
less than: (Section 1607.9.1)
- 0.5 Lo for members supporting one floor.
- 0.4 Lo for members supporting two or more floors.
c. Limitations for heavy live loads. Live loads in excess of 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2)
should not be reduced (except as permitted in Section 1607.9.1.1.). (Section 1607.9.1.1)
d. Passenger car garages. Live loads for passenger car garages should not be reduced
(except as permitted in Section 1607.9.1.2.). (Section 1607.9.1.2)
e. Public assembly occupancies. Live load should not be reduced for public assembly
occupancies with 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2) live load. (Section 1607.9.1.3)
f. One-way slabs. Live loads for one-way slabs should not be reduced (except as
permitted in Section 1607.9.1.4.). (Section 1607.9.1.4)
11. (Alternate) reduction in floor live loads in accordance with Section 1607.9.2. (No
tributary area limits unless specifically noted.)
a. Group A occupancies. Live loads should not be reduced for floors in Group A
occupancies. (Section 1607.9.2, Item 1)

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32 Chapter 4: General Design Requirements

b. Heavy live loads. Live loads in excess of 100 psf (4.79 kN/m2) should not be re-
duced (except for members supporting two or more floors, which are permitted to be
reduced by 20 percent). (Section 1607.9.2, Item 2)
c. Passenger vehicle parking garages. Live loads should not be reduced in passenger
vehicle parking garages (except for members supporting two or more floor, which are
permitted to be reduced by a maximum of 20 percent). (Section 1607.9.2, Item 3)
d. Member supporting live load exceeding 100 psf, or area not more than 150 square
feet (13.94 m2), should not be permitted to reduce live load. (Section 1607.9.2, Item 4)
12. Distribution of uniform floor live loads. Uniform floor live loads should be distributed
such that the full dead loads are on all spans in combination with floor live loads on
adjacent spans or alternate spans (see Figure 4-2). (Section 1607.10).

Figure 4.2
Alternate span loading of continuous beams

13. Attics in one- and two-family dwellings should be designed to resist the live loads in
accordance with Table 1607.1, Item 28, Footnotes i, j and k. (Table 1607.1, Item 28,
Footnotes i, j and k)
14. Roof live loads.
a. Roof live loads on sloped surfaces. Roof live loads on sloped surfaces should be
assumed to act vertically on the horizontal projection as shown in Figure 4-3 in
accordance with Section 1607.11.

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Chapter 4: General Design Requirements 33

Figure 4.3
Projected live loads on roofs

b. Distribution of roof loads. Where uniform roof live loads are reduced to less than
20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) in accordance with Section 1607.11.2.1 on members arranged to
create continuity, loads should be distributed such that the full dead loads are on all
spans in combination with live loads on adjacent spans or alternate spans. (Section
1607.11.1)
c. Reduction in roof live loads. Live loads of 100 psf (4.79kN/m2) or less should not
be reduced for roof members except as specified in Section 1607.11.2. (Section
1607.9.1.4)
d. Minimum uniformly distributed roof live loads. Uniformly distributed roof live
loads should be determined depending on specific conditions as follows:
(1) Flat, pitched and curved roofs should be designed for a minimum live load in
accordance with the equations specified in Section 1607.11.2.1. (Section
1607.11.2.1)
(2) Greenhouse roof should be designed for a minimum live load of 12 psf (0.58
kN/m2). (Section 1607.11.2.1)
(3) Promenade roofs, roof gardens and roofs used for assemblies should be designed
for a minimum live load as required in Table 1607.1. (Section 1607.11.2.2)
(4) Roofs used for landscaping should be designed for a minimum live load of 20 psf
(0.958 kN/m2) excluding the weight of landscaping materials, which are considered
dead load. (Section 1607.11.2.3)
(5) Awnings and canopies should be designed for a minimum live load as required in
Table 1607.1, as well as for snow loads and wind loads as specified in Sections
1608 and 1609. (Section 1607.11.2.4)
15. Crane loads. Crane live loads should be the rated capacity of the crane. Design of run-
way beams, including connections and support brackets, of moving bridge cranes and
monorail cranes should include the maximum wheel loads of the crane and the vertical
impact, and lateral and longitudinal forces induced by the moving crane, in accordance
with Section 1607.12. (Section 1607.12)
16. Minimum horizontal loads on interior walls and partitions. All interior walls and
partitions that exceed 6 feet (1829 mm) in height should have adequate strength to

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34 Chapter 4: General Design Requirements

resist not less than a horizontal load of 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2) in accordance with Section
1607.13. (Section 1607.13)

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35

5. Snow Loads
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)

A. Minimum snow load. The design snow load should not be less than roof live loads deter-
mined in accordance with Section 1607. (Section 1608.1)

Note:

Methodology. The procedure established for determining design snow loads is as follows
(Section C7.0 of ASCE 7):
1. Determine the ground snow load for the geographic location (Sections 7.2 and C7.2).
2. Generate a flat roof snow load from the ground load with consideration given to (1)
roof exposure (Sections 7.3.1, C7.3 and C7.3.1), (2) roof thermal condition (Sections
7.3.2, C7.3 and C7.3.2), (3) occupancy and function of structure (Sections 7.3.3
and C7.3.3).
3. Consider roof slope (Sections 7.4 through 7.4.5 and C7.4).
4. Consider partial loading (Sections 7.5 and C7.5).
5. Consider unbalanced loads (Sections 7.6 through 7.6.4 and C7.6).
6. Consider snow drifts: (1) on lower roofs (Sections 7.7 through 7.7.2 and C7.7) and
(2) from projections (Sections 7.8 and C7.8).
7. Consider sliding snow (Sections 7.9 and C7.9).
8. Consider extra loads from rain on snow (Sections 7.10 and C7.10).
9. Consider ponding loads (Section 7.11 and C7.11).
10. Consider existing roofs (Sections 7.12 and C7.12).
11. Consider other roofs and sites (Section C7.13).
12. Consider the consequences of loads in excess of the design value (see Section
C7.0 of ASCE 7).

B. Ground snow load.

1. A ground snow load, pg, of _____________________________ should be used. (Figure


1608.2 and Table 1608.2). (Section 1608.2)
2. Site-specific case studies should be made to determine ground snow loads in areas
designated CS in Fig. 7-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 7.2 of ASCE 7) (Section 1608.2)
3. Ground snow loads for the project site should be approved by the building official.

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36 Chapter 5: Snow Loads

4. Ground snow load determination for elevations above the limits indicated in Fig. 7-1 of
ASCE 7 or for sites within CS areas for the project site should be based on an extreme
value statistical analysis of data available in the vicinity of the site using a value with a
2 percent annual probability of being exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval). (Sec-
tion 7.2 of ASCE 7) (Section 1608.2)

C. Slope of roof. In areas where roof slope is equal to or less than 5 degrees (0.09 rad), the
provisions of Section 7.3 of ASCE 7 for flat roof snow loads should be applied.

D. Flat roof snow loads. (Slope 5 degrees) The flat roof snow load, pf, should be computed
using Equation 7-1 of ASCE 7, after obtaining the following information. (Section 7.3 of
ASCE 7)

1. Exposure factor, Ce, of _____________________________ from Table 7-2 of ASCE 7 should


be used. (Section 7.3.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Thermal factor, Ct, of _____________________________ from Table 7-3 of ASCE 7 should
be used. (Section 7.3.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Snow importance factor, I, of _____________________________ from Table 7-4 of ASCE 7
should be used based on the occupancy category of the building. (Section 7.3.3 of ASCE
7)

Note: Determination of Occupancy Category should be based on IBC Ta-


ble 1604.5. ASCE 7 Table 1-1 is not consistent with IBC Table 1604.5;
therefore, it should not be used.

4. Rain-on-snow surcharge. Roof design shall include a 5 lb/ft2 (0.24 kN/M2) rain-on-
snow surcharge to the balanced load case only (Where Pg is 20 lb/ft2 (0.96 kN/m2) or
less, and roof slope is less than W/50) in accordance with Section 7.10 of ASCE 7. (Sec-
tion 7.10 of ASCE 7)
5. Ponding instability. Progressive deflection (ponding) caused by full snow loads should
be investigated (for roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per foot (1.19 degrees) to pre-
clude ponding instability in accordance with Section 7.11 of ASCE 7. (Section 7.11 of
ASCE 7)
6. Flat roof snow load, pf, of _____________________________ should be computed as:
pf = 0.7CeCtIpg. (Section 7.3 of ASCE 7)

E. Sloped roof snow load (slope > 5 degrees). The sloped roof snow load, ps, should be
determined using Equation 7-2 of ASCE 7, after obtaining the following information on roof
slope factor. (Section 7.4 of ASCE 7)

1. Roof slope factor, Cs, of _____________________________ should be used (based on ASCE


7, Section 7.4.1 for warm roof, Section 7.4.2 for cold roof, Section 7.4.3 for curved roofs
and Section 7.4.4 for multiple folded plate, sawtooth and barrel vault roofs). (Section
7.4 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 5: Snow Loads 37

2. Sloped roof snow load, ps, should be computed as: ps = Cspf. (Eq. 7-2 of ASCE 7) (Sec-
tion 7.4 of ASCE 7)
3. Ice dams and icicles along eaves. The following types of warm roofs that drain water
over their eaves shall be capable of sustaining a uniformly distributed load of 2pf on all
overhanging portions. No other loads except dead loads shall be present on the roof
when this uniformly distributed load is applied. (Section 7.4.5 of ASCE 7)
a. Warm roofs that are unventilated and have an R-value less than 30 ft2 h F/Btu
(5.3C m2/W) and
b. Warm roofs that are ventilated and have an R-value less than 20 ft2 h F/Btu
(3.5C m2/W).

F. Partial loading. The effect of having selected spans loaded with balanced snow load and
remaining spans loaded with half the balanced snow load should be analyzed for continu-
ous and cantilever members in accordance with Section 7.5 of ASCE 7; see also Figure 5.1.
(Section 7.5 of ASCE 7)

G. Unbalanced snow loads. Unbalanced roof snow loads should be determined in accordance
with Section 7.6 of ASCE 7. Winds from all directions should be accounted for when
establishing unbalanced loads (see Figures 5.2). Use Section 7.6.1 for hip and gable roofs
(see Figure 7.5 of ASCE 7), Section 7.6.2 for cold roofs, Section 7.6.3 for multiple folded
plate, sawtooth (see Figure 5.4) and barrel vault roofs (see Figure C7-3 and Example 2,
Chapter C7 of ASCE 7) and Section 7.6.4 for dome roofs (see Figures 5.3 and 5.4 of ASCE 7).
(Section 7.6 of ASCE 7)

Figure 5-1
Partial loading diagrams for continuous beams

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38 Chapter 5: Snow Loads

Figure 5-2

Figure 5-3
Balanced and unbalanced snow loads for hip and gable roofs

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Chapter 5: Snow Loads 39

Figure 5-4
Balanced and unbalanced snow loads for a sawtooth roof

Figure 5-5
Drifts formed at windward and leeward steps

H. Drifts on lower roofs. Roofs should be designed to sustain localized loads from snow drifts
that form in the wind shadow of: (a) higher portions of the same structure; and (b) adjacent
structures and terrain features, in accordance with Sections 7.7.1 and 7.7.2 of ASCE 7 (see
Figures 5-5, 5-6 and 5-7).

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40 Chapter 5: Snow Loads

Figure 5-6
Configuration of snow drifts on lower roofs

Figure 5-7
Draft snow on adjacent low structures

I. Roof projections. Drift loads that are due to the following projections above the roof should
be determined in accordance with Section 7.8 of ASCE 7 (see Figure 5-8). (Parapets and/or
equipment at _____________________________.)

J. Sliding snow. The load caused by snow sliding off a sloped roof onto a lower roof should be
addressed in accordance with Section 7.9 of ASCE 7 for:

1. slippery upper roofs with slopes greater than 1/4 on 12, and

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Chapter 5: Snow Loads 41

2. nonslippery upper roofs with slopes greater than 2 on 12.


Sliding loads shall be superimposed on the balanced snow load (See Figure 5-9.)

Figure 5-8
Snow drifting at roof projections

Figure 5-9
Additional Surcharge due to Sliding Snow

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42 Chapter 5: Snow Loads

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43

6. Wind Loads
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
SBCCI SSTD 10 Standard for Hurricane Resistant Residential Construction
AF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM) for One- and Two-Family Dwellings
NAAMM FP 1001 Guide Specifications for Design of Metal Flag Poles
TIA/EIA-222 Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures
ASTM E1886 Section 6.5.9.3, Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic
Pressure Differentials, 2002.
ASTM E1996 Section 6.5.9.3 Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes,
2003.

A. General.

1. Wind pressures should be assumed to come from any horizontal direction and to act
normal to the surfaces considered. (Section 1609.1.1)
2. Shielding. Wind loads should not be reduced for the effect of shielding by other
structures. (Section 1609.1)
3. Standards for wind loads. Wind loads on every building or structure should be deter-
mined in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7. The type of opening protection required,
the basic wind speed and the exposure category for a site is permitted to be determined
in accordance with Section 1609 or ASCE 7. (Section 1609.1.1)
4. Other wind standards. The following design standards may be used subject to the
limitations set forth in Section 1609.1.1.1.
a. SBCCI SSTD 10 Standard for Hurricane Resistant Residential Construction for
Group R-2 and R-3 buildings subject to the limitations of Section 1609.1.1.1.
b. AF&PA WFCM for residential structures subject to the limitations of Section
1609.1.1.1.
c. Metal Flag Poles - NAAMM FP 1001.
d. Steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures - TIA/EIA-222

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44 Chapter 6: Wind Loads

5. Scope. Buildings and other structures, including the main wind-force-resisting system
(MWFRS) and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and constructed
to resist wind loads as specified herein. (Section 6.1.1 of ASCE 7)
6. Wind pressures acting on opposite faces of each building surface. In the calculation
of design wind loads for the MWFRS and for components and cladding for buildings, the
algebraic sum of the pressures acting on opposite faces of each building surface shall
be taken into account. (Section 6.1.3 of ASCE 7)

B. Minimum wind loads.

1. Main wind-force-resisting systems (MWFRS). The wind loads should not be less than
10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) multiplied by the area of the building or structure projected on a
vertical plane normal to the wind direction. (Section 6.1.4.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Components and cladding. The design pressure should not be less than 10 psf (0.48
kN/m2) acting in either direction normal to the surface. (Section 6.1.4.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Open buildings and other structures. The wind loads should not be less than 10 psf
(0.48 kN/m2) multiplied by the area, Af, which is the area either normal to the wind
direction or projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. (Section 6.1.4.1 of ASCE
7)

C. Anchorage against overturning, uplift and sliding. Structural members and systems, and
components and cladding should be designed to resist wind-induced overturning, uplift and
sliding, and provide continuous load paths for those forces to the foundation in accordance
with Section 1604.9.

D. Maximum resisting dead load. When using dead load to resist overturning, uplift and
sliding in the alternative basic load combinations of Section 1605.3.2, the dead load should
be assumed to be 2/3 of the minimum dead load likely to be in place during the design wind
event. Where wind loads are calculated in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7, the
coefficient shall be taken as 1.3. (Section 1605.3.2)

E. Protection of openings in wind-borne debris regions. In wind-borne debris regions,


glazing in buildings should be impact-resistant or protected with an impact-resistant
covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resisting standard or ASTM E
1996 and ASTM E 1886 referenced therein as follows: (Section 1609.1.2)

Wind-borne debris region: Areas within hurricane-prone regions within 1 mile (1.61
km) of the coastal mean high-water line where the basic wind speed is 110 miles (48.4
m/s) per hour or greater; or where the basic wind speed is 120 miles (52.8 m/s) per hour
or greater; or Hawaii. (Section 1609.2)

1. Protection of openings. Openings should be protected in accordance with Section


1609.1.2 of ASCE 7.
a. Glazed openings located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of grade should meet the require-
ments of the Large Missile Test of ASTM E 1996.

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b. Glazed openings located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above grade should meet the
provisions of the Small Missile Test of ASTM E 1996.
2. Louvers. Louvers protecting intake and exhaust ventilation ducts not assumed to be
open that are located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of grade should meet requirements of an
approved impact-resisting standard or the Large Missile Test of ASTM E 1996. (Section
1609.1.2.1 of ASCE 7)

F. Enclosure classification. Provide calculations that demonstrate the appropriate enclosure


classification for the building (enclosed, partially enclosed, open) for purposes of
determining the internal pressure coefficients. (Section 6.5.9 of ASCE 7)

G. Design procedures. The design wind loads should be determined using one of the following
procedures: (6.1.2 of ASCE 7) (See Figure 6-1)

1. Method 1Simplified Procedure as specified in Section 6.4 of ASCE 7 for buildings


meeting the requirements specified therein;
2. Method 2Analytical Procedure as specified in Section 6.5 of ASCE 7 for buildings
meeting the requirements specified therein;
3. Method 3Wind Tunnel Procedure as specified in Section 6.6 of ASCE 7.

Figure 6-1
Method determination for wind load analysis

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H. Simplified procedure method 1. (Section 6.4)

The following should be considered when using the simplified procedure in accordance with
Section 6.4 of ASCE 7.
1. Limits of MWFRS. To use the simplified procedure, the building should meet all follow-
ing requirements, and components and claddings should meet all the requirements of
Section 6.4.1.2:
a. It is a simple diaphragm building as defined in Section 6.2.
b. It is a low-rise building as defined in Section 6.2.
c. It is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2 and conforms to the wind-borne debris
provisions of Section 6.5.9.3.
d. It is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Section 6.2.
e. It is not classified as a flexible building as defined in Section 6.2.
f. It does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading,
vortex shedding, instability that is due to galloping or flutter; and it does not have a
site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
g. It has an approximately symmetrical cross section in each direction with either a
flat roof or a gable or hip roof with 45.
h. It is exempted from torsional load cases as indicated in Note 5 of Fig. 6-10; or, the
torsional load cases defined in Note 5 do not control the design of any of the
MWFRSs of the building.
2. Limits on components and cladding. To use the simplified procedure for the design of
components and cladding the building must meet all the following conditions:
a. The mean roof height h must be 60 ft.
b. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2 and conforms to the wind-borne
debris provisions of Section 6.5.9.3.
c. The building is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Section 6.2.
d. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to across
wind loading, vortex shedding, instability that is due to galloping or flutter; and it
does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of
upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.
e. The building has either a flat roof, a gable roof with 45, or a hip roof with
27.
3. Design procedure method 1 simplified. (Section 6.4.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Basic wind speed. The basic wind speed, V, of _____________________________ from
Figure 6-1 and Section 6.5.4 of ASCE 7 should be used. (Section 6.4.2)
b. Wind importance factor. Wind importance factor of _____________________________
should be determined from Table 6-1 of ASCE 7 based on structural categories of
IBC Table 1604.5. (Section 6.4.2)

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c. Exposure category. Exposure category of _____________________________ should be


determined in accordance with Section 6.5.6. (Section 6.4.2)
d. Height and exposure adjustment. A height and exposure adjustment coefficient, ,
of _____________________________ should be determined from Fig. 6-2.
4. Main wind-force resisting system (MWFRS). Simplified design wind net pressures, ps,
should be determined according to Equation 6-1 and Section 6.4.2.1 of ASCE 7. The
load effects of the design wind pressures from Section 6.4.2.1 should not be less than
the minimum load case from Section 6.1.4.1 determined in accordance with Section
6.4.2.1.1 of ASCE 7.
5. Components and cladding. Net design wind pressures, pnet, for the components and
cladding of buildings should be determined by Equation 6-2 and Section 6.4.2.2 of
ASCE 7. The positive design wind pressures should not be less than +10 psf, and the
negative design wind pressure should not be less than 10 psf. (Section 6.4.2.2.1 of
ASCE 7)
6. Air permeable cladding. Design wind loads determined from Fig. 6.3 of ASCE 7 should
be used for all air permeable cladding. (Section 6.4.3 of ASCE 7)

I. Analytical procedure method 2. (Section 6.5)

The following should be considered when using the analytical procedure in accordance with
Section 6.5 of ASCE 7.
1. Scope. Building (or other structure) should meet both the following conditions in order
to use Method 2 to determine design wind loads: (Section 6.5.1 of ASCE 7)
a. It is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Section 6.2 of ASCE 7.
b. It does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading,
vortex shedding or instability that is due to galloping or flutter; or, it does not have
a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
2. Limitations. Buildings or other structures not meeting the requirements of Section
6.5.1, or having unusual shapes or response characteristics, should be designed using
recognized literature documenting such wind load effects or should use the wind tunnel
procedure specified in Section 6.6 of ASCE 7. (Section 6.5.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Shielding. There should be no reductions in velocity pressure due to shielding by
buildings and other structures or terrain features. (Section 6.5.2.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Air permeable cladding. Design wind loads determined from Section 6.5 of ASCE 7
should be used for air permeable cladding. (Section 6.5.2.2 of ASCE 7)

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56 Chapter 6: Wind Loads

3. Design procedure method 2. (Section 6.5.3 of ASCE 7)


a. Basic wind speed of V = _____________________________ should be determined from
Figure 1 in accordance with Section 6.5.4 of ASCE 7.
b. Wind directionality factor Kd = _____________________________ should be deter-
mined from Table 6-4 in accordance with Section 6.5.4.4 of ASCE 7. This factor
should only be applied with load combinations in Sections 1605.2.1 and 1605.3.1,
or Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of ASCE 7.
c. Importance factor I = _____________________________ should be determined from
Table 6-1 based on occupancy categories listed in Table 1604.5 (of IBC) in
accordance with Section 6.5.5 of ASCE 7.
d. Exposure category of _____________________________ or exposure categories and
velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz or Kh, of _____________________________
as applicable, should be determined for each wind direction in accordance with
Section 6.5.6 of ASCE 7.
e. A topographic factor Kzt, of _____________________________, should be determined
in accordance with Section 6.5.7 of ASCE 7.
f. A gust effect factor G or Gf, of _____________________________ as applicable, should
be determined in accordance with Section 6.5.8 of ASCE 7.
g. An enclosure classification of _____________________________ (enclosed, partially
enclosed or open) should be determined in accordance with Section 6.5.9 of ASCE 7.
h. Internal pressure coefficient GCpi should be determined in accordance with Sec-
tion 6.5.11.1 of ASCE 7.
i. External pressure coefficients Cp or GCpf, or force coefficients Cf, should be
determined in accordance with Section 6.5.11.2 or 6.5.11.3 of ASCE 7, respectively.
j. Velocity pressure qz or qh, of _____________________________ as applicable, should
be determined in accordance with Section 6.5.10 of ASCE 7.
k. Design wind load p or F should be determined in accordance with Sections 6.5.12,
6.5.13, 6.5.14 and 6.5.15 of ASCE 7.

J. Wind tunnel procedure method 3. (Section 6.6)

1. Scope. Wind tunnel tests should be used where required by Section 6.5.2. (Section
6.6.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Test conditions. Wind tunnel tests, or similar tests employing fluids other than air,
used for the determination of design wind loads for any building or other structure,
should be conducted in accordance with Section 6.6 of ASCE 7. (Section 6.6.2 of ASCE
7)

K. Roof systems.

1. Roof deck and roof coverings. The roof deck and roof coverings should be designed to
withstand the wind pressures determined in accordance with ASCE 7. (Section
1609.5.1 and 1609.5.2)

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2. Rigid tile. Wind loads on rigid tiles should be determined in accordance with Section
1609.5.3.

L. Seismic detailing required. Lateral-force-resisting systems should meet seismic detailing


requirements and limitations of this code and applicable provisions of ASCE 7, even when
wind loads are greater than seismic load effects. (Section 1604.10)

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59

7. Soil Lateral Loads


Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)

A. General. Basement, foundation and retaining walls should be designed to resist minimum
lateral soil loads as specified in Table 1610.1. (Section 1610.1)

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60 Chapter 7: Soil Lateral Loads

B. At-rest pressure. Basement walls and other walls in which horizontal movement is re-
stricted at the top shall be designed for at-rest pressure. (Section 1610.1).

1. Basement walls not more than 8 feet below grade supporting flexible floor systems are
permitted to be designed for active pressure.

C. Active pressure. Retaining walls free to move and rotate at the top are permitted to be de-
signed for active pressure. (Section 1610.1)

D. Surcharge loads. Design lateral pressure from surcharge loads shall be added to the lateral
earth pressure load. (Section 1610.1)

E. Expensive soil. Design lateral pressure shall be increased where soils with expansion
potential are present at the site. (Section 1610.1)

F. Sliding and overturning. Retaining walls should be designed for a factor of safety of 1.5
against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift (See Figure
7-1.). (Section 1806.1)

Figure 7-1
Retaining wall forces

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8. Rain Loads
Applicable Standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)

A. Design rain loads. Each portion of a roof should be designed to sustain the load of rain-
water that will accumulate on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is blocked
plus the uniform load caused by water that rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage
system at its design flow (See Figure 8-1). (Section 1611.1 and ASCE 7, Chapter C8)

Figure 8-1
Roof portion

B. Ponding on roofs with slopes less than 1/4:12. Roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per
foot (1.19) should be investigated by structural analysis to ensure that they possess ade-
quate stiffness to preclude progressive deflection in accordance with Section 8.4 of ASCE 7.
(Section 1611.2)

C. Controlled drainage.

1. Roofs equipped with hardware to control the rate of drainage should be equipped with a
secondary drainage system at a higher elevation that limits accumulation of water on
the roof above that elevation. (Section 8.5 of ASCE 7)
2. Roof should be designed to sustain the load of all rainwater that will accumulate to the
elevation of the secondary drainage system plus the uniform load caused by water that
rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow (in accordance
with Section 8.3 of ASCE 7). (Section 8.5 of ASCE 7)

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62 Chapter 8: Rain Loads

3. Justify roof ponding stability in accordance with Section 8.4). (Section 8.5 of ASCE 7)

D. Drainage across property lines.

1. Drainage across property lines should not exceed that which existed prior to grading.
(Appendix Section J109.4)
2. Excess or concentrated drainage should be contained on site or directed to an approved
drainage facility. (Appendix Section J109.4)
3. Erosion of the ground in the area of discharge should be prevented by installation of
nonerosive down drains or other devices. (Appendix Section J109.4)

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9. Flood Loads
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Flood Resistant Design and Construction (ASCE 24-05)
Crawlspace Construction for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas (FEMA/FIA-
TB-11-01)

A. Applicability. Section 1612 should be applicable to all new construction of buildings and
structures within flood hazard areas that are established in accordance with Section 1612.3.
(Section 1612)

B. Establishment of flood hazard areas.

1. To establish flood hazard areas, the Federal Emergency Management Agency report
entitled The Flood Insurance Study for the [INSERT NAME OF JURISDICTION], as
amended or revised with the accompanying Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) and Flood
Boundary and Floodway Map (FBFM) and related supporting data along with any revi-
sions should be used. (Section 1612.1)
2. Building is located in more than one flood hazard area. The provisions associated with
the most restrictive flood hazard area should apply. (Section 1612.1)

C. Design and construction. Buildings and other structures in flood hazard areas should be
designed and constructed in accordance with ASCE 24. (Section 1612.4)

1. Buildings and structures in designated flood hazard areas should have the finished
ground level of under-floor spaces such as a crawl space equal to or higher than the
outside finished ground level. The exception exempts under-floor spaces of Group R-3
buildings that meet the requirements of FEMA/FIA-TB-11, Crawlspace Construction for
Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas (Section 1807.1.2.1).

D. Flood hazard documentation. For buildings in flood hazard areas a flood hazard report
shall be prepared and sealed by a registered design professional and submitted to the build-
ing official in accordance with Section 1612.5.

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65

10. Earthquake Loads


Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)

A. Earthquake design data. The following information related to seismic loads should be
shown, regardless of whether seismic loads govern the design of the lateral-force-resisting
system of the building: (Sections 1603.1.5 and 1613.5)

1. Longitude and latitude of the site. (Section 1613.5)


2. Seismic importance factor, I, and occupancy category
3. Mapped spectral response accelerations, SSand S1
4. Site class
5. Spectral response coefficients, SDS and SD1
6. Seismic design category
7. Basic seismic-force-resisting system(s)
8. Design base shear
9. Seismic response coefficient(s), CS
10. Response modification factor(s), R
11. Analysis procedure used

B. Site ground motion.

1. Seismic importance factor and Occupancy Category. The structure should be as-
signed a seismic importance factor (I) of ______________ based on Table 11.5-1 of ASCE 7
and an Occupancy Category of ______________ based on Table 1604.5. (Section 1603.1.5
item 1) (Note: In lieu of ASCE 7 Table 1-1)
2. Ground motion parameters.
a. A mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for
short period, Ss, of ______________ and for 1-second period, S1, of ______________
should be used from Figures 1613.5(1) through (14) or from the USGS website at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
based on the longitude and latitude of the site. (Section 1613.5)
3. Site class determination.
a. Site Class D should be assigned to the site of the structure unless another site
classification is determined in accordance with Section 1613.5.2. (Section 1613.5.2)

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66 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

b. Site Class F. Site-specific evaluation is required on sites classified as Site Class F


in accordance with Section 21.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 1613.5.5.1, Item 1 and ASCE
Section 11.4.7)
4. Site coefficients and spectral response coefficients.
a. Site coefficients Fa = ______________ and Fv = ______________ should be used in
accordance with Tables 1613.5.3(1) and 1613.5.3(1), or Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2 of
ASCE 7.
b. Spectral response acceleration coefficients, SDS = ______________ and SD1 =
______________ should be determined in accordance with Section 1613.5.4, or Sec-
tion 11.4.4 of ASCE 7.
5. Design response spectrum. The design response spectrum curve should be developed
as indicated in Figure 10-1. (Section 11.4.5 of ASCE 7)
6. Adjustment of ground motion parameters for site class. The maximum considered
earthquake spectral response accelerations for short period and 1-second period should
be adjusted for site class effects in accordance with Section 1613.5.3.
7. Base and grade plane definition. (See Figure 10.2)
a. Base is the level at which the horizontal seismic ground motions are considered to
be imparted to the structure. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)

Figure 10-1
Design response spectrum

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 67

Figure 10-2
Definition of story above grade (Figure 12.4-1 of FEMA 450-1 NEHPR 2003)

b. Grade plane should be the reference plane representing the average of finished
ground level adjoining the structure at all exterior walls. Where the finished ground
level slopes away from the exterior walls, the reference plane should be established
by the lowest points within the area between the buildings and the lot line or,
where the lot line is more than 6 ft (1,829 mm) from the structure, between the
structure and a point 6 ft (1,829 mm) from the structure. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)

C. Criteria selection.

1. Continuous load path. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and
stiffness to transfer forces induced by the design earthquake ground motions to the
final point of resistance should be provided as described below. (Section 1604.4)
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

2. Occupancy category. The structure should be assigned an occupancy category from


Table 1604.5 based on the nature of the anticipated use. (Section 1604.5)
a. Multiple occupancies. Where a structure is occupied by two or more occupancies
not included in the same occupancy category, the structure shall be assigned the

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classification of the highest occupancy category corresponding to the various


occupancies. (Section 1604.5.1)
b. Structural separation. Where structures have two or more portions that are
structurally separated, each portion shall be separately classified. (Section 1604.5.1)
c. Shared egress. Where a separated portion of a structure provides required access
to, required egress from, or shares life safety components with another portion hav-
ing a higher occupancy category, both portions shall be assigned to the higher
occupancy category. (Section 1604.5.1)
3. Seismic design category. The structure should be assigned to a Seismic Design Cate-
gory (SDC) (Section 1613.5.6, or Section 11.6 of ASCE 7)
a. Structures in Occupancy Category I, II or III located where S1 is greater than or
equal to 0.75 should be assigned to SDC E. (Section 1613.5.6, or ASCE 7 Section
11.6)
b. Structures in Occupancy Category IV located where S1 is greater than or equal to
0.75 should be assigned to SDC F. (Section 1613.5.6 or Section 11.6 of ASCE 7)
c. Where S1 is less than 0.75, the Seismic Design Category (SDC) of ______________
should be the more severe one from Table 1613.5.6(1) (or Table 11.6-1 of ASCE 7)
or from Table 1613.5.6 (2) (or Table 11.6-2 of ASCE 7). (Section 1613.5.6, or Sec-
tion 11.6 of ASCE 7)
d. Where S1 is less than 0.75 and conditions 1 4 in Section 11.6 of ASCE 7 are met,
Seismic Design Category (SDC) of ______________ based on Occupancy Category and
SDS from Table 1613.5.6(1) (or Table 11.6-1 of ASCE 7) is permitted. (Section 11.6 of
ASCE 7)
e. Simplified design. For simplified design procedure of Section 12.14 of ASCE 7,
SDC is permitted to be based on Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 1613.6)
4. Site limitation for SDC E or F. The structure should not be located where there is a
known potential for an active fault to cause rupture of the ground surface at the
structure. (Section 11.8.1 of ASCE 7)
5. Design requirements for SDC A. As a minimum, the following requirements should be
satisfied: (Section 11.7 of ASCE 7)
a. Lateral forces (SDC A). A minimum lateral force of 0.01wx should be applied
simultaneously at each floor level, where wx is the portion of total dead load of the
structure, located or assigned to level x. (Section 11.7.2 of ASCE 7) (See Figure
10.3.)

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Figure 10-3
Minimum lateral force

Figure 10-4
Anchorage of concrete and masonry walls *SDC A

b. Load path connections (SDC A). All parts of the structure between separation
joints should be interconnected in accordance with Section 11.7.3 of ASCE 7. Any
smaller portion of the structure should be tied to the remainder of the structure
with elements having design strength of not less than 5 percent of the portions
weight. (Section 11.7.3 of ASCE 7)
c. Anchorage of concrete or masonry walls (SDC A). Concrete and masonry walls
should be anchored to floors, roofs and other structural elements that provide lat-
eral support for the wall, as specified in Section 11.7.3 of ASCE 7, but not less than

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280 lbs/linear ft (4.09 kN/m) substituted for E in the load combinations of Section
1605.2 or 1605.3, or Section 2.3 or 2.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 1604.8.2 and Section
11.7.5 of ASCE 7) (See Figure 10.4.)

D. Seismic force-resisting systems.

1. Defining the seismic force-resisting system (SDC B F). A basic lateral and vertical
seismic force-resisting system should be identified from Table 12.2-1, or a combination
of systems in accordance with Sections 12.2.2-4 of ASCE 7). (Section 12.2.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Response modification coefficient, R (SDC B F). A response modification coefficient,
R, of ______________ should be used in accordance with Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7
corresponding to the assumed structural system of ______________. (Section 12.2.1 of
ASCE 7)
3. System overstrength factor, o (SDC B F). A system overstrength factor, o, of
______________ should be used, in accordance with Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7, Item
______________. (Section 12.2.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Deflection amplification coefficient, Cd (SDC B F). A deflection amplification coeffi-
cient, Cd, of ______________ should be used in accordance with Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7,
Item ______________.
5. Systems not listed in Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 (SDC B F). Submit analytical and test
data that establish the dynamic characteristics and demonstrate the lateral force resis-
tance and energy dissipation capacity to be equivalent to the structural systems listed
for equivalent response modification coefficient, R, system overstrength coefficient, o,
and deflection amplification coefficient, Cd, values. (Section 12.2.1 of ASCE 7)
6. Dual systems (SDC B F).
a. For the dual system, the moment frame should be capable of resisting at least 25
percent of design forces. The total seismic force resistance should be provided by
the combination of the moment frames and the shear walls or braced frames in
proportion to their rigidities. (Section 12.2.5.1 of ASCE 7)
b. (SDC D F) The special moment frame at ______________ is required by Table 12.1-
1 as part of the dual system. The frame should be continuous to the foundation.
(Section 12.2.5.5 of ASCE 7)
7. Combination of framing systems in different directions (SDC B F). Different sys-
tems are used along each of the orthogonal axes. The respective R, Cd and o
coefficients should apply to each system, including the limitations on system use con-
tained in Table 12.2-1. (Section 12.2.2 of ASCE 7)
8. Combination of framing systems in the same direction (SDC B F).
a. Where a combination of different structural systems is used in the same direction,
other than those combinations considered dual systems, the more stringent system
limitations in Table 12.2-1 should apply and should be designed in accordance with
Section 12.2.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.2.3 of ASCE 7)
b. R-value for vertical combinations. The value of the response modification coeffi-
cient, R, used for design at any story should not exceed the lowest value of R that is

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used in the same direction at any story above that story. (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE
7)
c. Cd and 0 values for vertical combinations. The deflection amplification factor,
Cd , and the system overstrength factor, o, used for the design at any story should
not be less than the largest value of this factor that is used in the same direction at
any story above that story. (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)

Note: Exceptions to b and c: (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)


1. Rooftop structures not exceeding two stories in height and 10 percent of the
total structure weight.

2. Other supported structural systems with a weight equal to or less than 10


percent of the weight of the structure.

3. Detached one-and two-family dwellings of light-frame construction.

d. Vertical combination of flexible upper portion over rigid lower portion. Two-
stage equivalent lateral force procedure is permitted to be used if the structure has
a flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion, and the design of the structure
complies with all of the following: (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)
(1) The stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the stiffness of the upper
portion.
(2) the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the
upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
(3) The flexible upper portion is designed as a separate structure using the
appropriate values of R and .
(4) The rigid lower portion is designed as a separate structure using the appropri-
ate values of R and . The reactions from the upper portion were those
determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of the
R/ of the lower portion. This ratio should not be less than 1.0.
e. R-value for horizontal combinations. The value of the response modification
coefficient, R, used for design at any story should not be greater than the least
value of R for any of the system in that direction. (Section 12.2.3.2 of ASCE 7)
f. R-value for horizontal combinations for light-frame construction or structures
with flexible diaphragms. Least value of R for the different structural systems
found in each independent line of resistance may be used when the following three
conditions are met:
(1) Occupancy Category I or II building, and
(2) two stories or less in height, and
(3) use of light-frame construction or flexible diaphragms.
The value of R used for design of diaphragms in such structures should not be
greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction.
(Section 12.2.3.2 of ASCE 7)

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g. Cd and 0 values for horizontal combinations. The deflection amplification factor,


Cd , and the system overstrength factor, o, at any story should not be less than the
largest value of this factor for the R factor used in the same direction being
considered. (Section 12.2.3.2 of ASCE 7)
h. R-value for common components for combined systems. Diaphragms, chords,
collectors and other structural components common to different framing systems in
any direction should be designed using the detailing requirements of Chapter 12 as
required for the highest response modification coefficient, R, of the connected
framing systems. (Section 12.2.4 of ASCE 7)
9. Limitation on use of seismic force-resisting system (SDC B F). The following seis-
mic force-resisting system is not permitted to be used in accordance with Table 12.2-1
of ASCE 7. ______________
10. Height limitations (SDC B F). (All references to ASCE 7.) The following seismic force-
resisting system should not exceed ______________ feet (mm) in height in accordance
with Table 12.2-1.
Building height limits may be increased under specific conditions as follows:
a. Steel braced frames (B.1, B.2 and B.3 of Table 12.2-1) and special reinforced
concrete shear walls (B.5 of Table 12.2-1) (SDC D F). The height limits in Table
12.2-1 are permitted to be increased from 160 ft (50 m) to 240 ft (75 m) for struc-
tures assigned to SDC D or E and from 100 ft (30 m) to 160 ft (50 m) for structures
assigned to SDC F that have steel braced frames or special reinforced concrete cast-
in-place shear walls that meet both of the following requirements (Section 12.2.5.4):
(1) The building has no extreme torsional irregularity as defined in Table 12.3-1
(horizontal structural irregularity Type 1b).
(2) The braced frames or shear walls in any one plane should resist no more than
60 percent of the total seismic forces in each direction, neglecting accidental
torsional effects defined by Section 12.8.4.2.
b. Single-story steel IMF and OMF (C.3 and C.4 of Table 12.2-1) in SDC D or E.
Height of single-story steel IMF and OMF building are permitted to be increased to
a height of 65 feet (20 m) (Section 12.2.5.6) where:
(1) dead load supported by and tributary to the roof does not exceed 20 psf (0.96
kN/m2), and
(2) dead load tributary to the moment frame of the exterior wall more than 35 ft
above the base does not exceed 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2).
c. Other steel IMF and OMF (C.3 and C.4 of Table 12.2-1) in SDC D or E. (Section
12.2.5.7 of ASCE 7)
(1) Steel OMF within light-frame construction, not meeting the limitations set forth
in Section 12.2.5.6, are permitted to be increased up to a height of 35 ft (10.6
m) where the roof and floor dead load supported by and tributary to the mo-
ment frames does not exceed 35 psf (1.68 kN/m2), and the dead load of the
exterior walls tributary to the moment frame does not exceed 20 psf (0.96
kN/m2).

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 73

(2) Steel IMF not meeting the limitations set forth in Section 12.2.5.6 are permitted
to be up to a height of 35 feet as follows:
a) Buildings in SDC D
b) In SDC E, up to 35 ft (10.6 m), where the roof or the floor dead load sup-
ported by and tributary to the moment frames does not exceed 35 psf (1.68
kN/m2) and the dead load of the exterior walls tributary to the moment
frame does not exceed 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2).
d. Single-story steel IMF and OMF (C.3 and C.4 of Table 12.2-1) in SDC F (Section
12.2.5.8 of ASCE 7). Height of single-story steel IMF and OMF buildings are permit-
ted to be increased up to a height of 65 ft (20 m) where,
(1) dead load supported by and tributary to the roof does not exceed 20 psf (0.96
kN/m2), and
(2) dead loads of the exterior walls tributary to the moment frame does not exceed
20 psf (0.96 kN/m2).
11. Cantilever column systems. Cantilever column systems as defined in Section 11.2 of
ASCE 7 are permitted as indicated in Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 and must meet the
following: (Section 12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7)
a. The axial load on individual cantilever column elements calculated in accordance
with the load combinations of Section 2.3 should not exceed 15 percent of the de-
sign strength of the column to resist axial loads alone, or
b. For allowable stress design, the axial load stress on individual cantilever column
elements, calculated in accordance with the load combinations of Section 2.4
should not exceed 15 percent of the permissible axial stress, and
c. Foundation and other elements used to provide overturning resistance at the base
of cantilever column elements should have the strength to resist the load combina-
tions with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2.
d. Overstrength factor reduction. Overstrength factor for cantilever column systems
cannot be reduced in accordance with footnote g, Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7. (ASCE 7-
05 errata posted May 3, 2007.)
12. Inverted pendulum-type structures. Inverted pendulum type structures as defined in
Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 must meet the following:
a. Inverted pendulum type structures (except elevated tanks, vessels, bins and hop-
pers) meeting the definition of Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 should be designed in
accordance with Section 15.4.1, Item 1b using the Seismic Coefficients and Factors
of Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1b and Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7)
b. Supporting columns or piers of inverted pendulum-type structures should be de-
signed for the bending moment calculated at the base determined using the
procedures given in Section 12.8 of ASCE 7 and varying uniformly to a moment at
the top equal to one-half the calculated bending moment at the base. (Section
12.2.5.3 of ASCE 7)

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74 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

13. Special moment frames continuity to foundation (SCD D F) (SMF Steel or


Concrete).
a. The SMF at ______________ is not part of a dual system (C.1, C.5 or C.8 of Table
12.2-1.) It is discontinued and supported by a system with a lower R; therefore,
requirements of Sections 12.3.3.2 and 12.3.3.4 should be included in design.
(Section 12.2.5.5)
b. The SMF at ______________ is part of a dual system (D.1-13 of Table 12.2-1) and
therefore must be continuous to the foundation. (Section 12.2.5.5)

14. Shear wall-frame interactive systems.


a. The shear strength of the shear walls of the shear wall-frame interactive system
must be at least 75 percent of the design story shear at each story. (Section
12.2.5.10)
b. The frames of the shear wall-frame interactive system should be capable of resisting
at least 25 percent of the design story shear in every story. (Section 12.2.5.10)

E. Irregular and regular classification (SDC B F). Structures should be classified as regular
or irregular in accordance with Section 12.3.2 of ASCE 7, based on horizontal and vertical
configurations. (Section 12.3.2 of ASCE 7)

1. Horizontal irregularity. The building has a horizontal irregularity type ______________


as defined in Table 12.3-1 of ASCE 7. Compliance with the requirements listed in the
referenced section of the table should be demonstrated. (Section 12.3.2.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Vertical irregularity. The building has a vertical irregularity type ______________ as de-
fined in Table 12.3-2 of ASCE 7. Compliance with the requirements listed in the
referenced section of the table should be demonstrated. (Section 12.3.2.2 of ASCE 7)

F. Diaphragm flexibility. The structural analysis should consider the relative stiffness of dia-
phragms and the vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system.

1. Identify the diaphragm as either flexible in accordance with Section 12.3.1.1, as


amended by IBC Section 1613.1, or 12.3.1.3 of ASCE 7, or rigid in accordance with Sec-
tion 12.3.1.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Where diaphragms are not flexible or rigid in accordance with Section 12.3.1.1, as
amended by IBC Section 1613.1, 12.3.1.2 or 12.3.1.3 of ASCE 7, the structural analysis
should explicitly include consideration of the stiffness of the diaphragm (i.e., semirigid
modeling assumption). (Section 12.3.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Flexible diaphragm condition.
a. Diaphragms constructed of untopped steel decking or wood structural panels are
considered flexible in structures in which the vertical elements are steel or
composite steel and concrete braced frames, or concrete, masonry, steel or compos-
ite shear walls. (Section 12.3.1.1 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 75

b. Diaphragms of wood structural panels or untopped steel decks in one- and two-
family residential buildings of light-frame construction shall also be permitted to be
idealized as flexible. (Section 12.3.1.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Diaphragms constructed of wood structural panels or untopped steel decking shall
also be permitted to be idealized as flexible, provided all of the following conditions
are met: (Section 1613.6.1)
(1) Toppings of concrete or similar materials greater than 11/2 inches (38 mm)
thick should not be placed over wood structural panel.
(2) Each line of vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system should com-
ply with the allowable story drift of Table 12.12-1 of ASCE 7.
(3) Vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system should be light-framed
walls sheathed with wood structural panels rated for shear resistance or steel
sheets.
(4) Portions of wood structural panel diaphragms that cantilever beyond the verti-
cal elements of the lateral-force-resisting system should be designed in
accordance with Section 2305.2.5.
d. Calculated flexible diaphragm condition. Diaphragms that do not comply with
Sections 12.3.1.1 of ASCE 7 and 1613.6.1 are permitted to be idealized as flexible,
provided the computations show that the maximum in-plane deflection of the dia-
phragm under equivalent tributary lateral load is more than two times the average
story drift of adjoining vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system of the
associated story as shown in Fig. 10.5. (Section 12.3.1.3 of ASCE 7)

Figure 10-5
Flexible diaphragm
4. Rigid diaphragm condition. Diaphragms of concrete slabs or concrete filled metal deck
with span-to-depth ratios of 3 or less in structures that have no horizontal irregularities
should be considered rigid. (Section 12.3.1.2 of ASCE 7)

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76 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

Reproduced with permission from ASCE.

G. Types of analysis procedure. The structural analysis required by Chapter 12 should consist of
one of the methods listed below as permitted by Table 12.6-1 or Section 12.14 of ASCE 7.
1. Simplified design procedure (SDC B E). The simplified procedure is permitted for
structures that meet the criteria prescribed in Section 12.14 of ASCE 7. See Item I.
(Section 12.14 of ASCE 7)
2. Equivalent lateral-force procedure. (SDC B F). (See Item H.) (Section 12.8 of ASCE 7)
3. Modal response spectrum analysis (SDC B F). (See Item I.) (Section 12.9 of ASCE 7)
4. Seismic response history procedures (linear or nonlinear) (SDC B F). (See Item I.)
(Chapter 16 of ASCE 7)
H. Modeling criteria. (Section 12.7 of ASCE 7)
1. Foundation modeling. (Section 12.7.1 of ASCE 7)
a. For purposes of determining seismic loads, the structure should be considered to
be fixed at the base, or
b. Where foundation flexibility is considered it should be in accordance with Section
12.13.3 or Chapter 19 of ASCE 7.
2. Effective seismic weight. (Section 12.7.2 of ASCE 7) The effective seismic weight, W,
should include the total dead load and the following loads:

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 77

a. Storage loads. Total seismic weight should include 25 percent of the floor storage
reduced live load in ______________ areas. (Section 12.7.2, item 1 of ASCE 7)
b. Partition loads. Total seismic weight should include the actual partition weight but
not less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2). (Section 12.7.2, item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Permanent equipment. Total seismic weight should include the operating weight
of the following permanent equipment ______________. (Section 12.7.2, item 3 of
ASCE 7)
d. Snow load. Total seismic weight should include 20 percent of the uniform design
snow load. (Section 12.7.2, item 4 of ASCE 7)
3. Structural modeling. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7) Mathematic model should:
a. Include effects of applied loads and any imposed displacements or P-Delta effects,
b. Include the stiffness and strength of elements at ______________ because these ele-
ments are significant to the distribution of forces and deformations in the structure,
and
c. Represent the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the structure.
4. 3-D model. Structures (that have horizontal structural irregularity Type 1a, 1b, 4 or 5
of Table 12.3-1) should be analyzed using a 3-D representation in accordance with the
criteria set forth in Section 12.7.3 including all of the following: (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE
7)
a. A minimum of three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of translation in two
orthogonal plan directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis should be
included at each level of the structure. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
b. The diaphragms stiffness characteristics. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
c. The participation of the diaphragm in the structures dynamic response. (Section
12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
e. The effects of cracked sections for concrete and masonry elements. (Section 12.7.3
of ASCE 7)
f. The contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift for steel moment
frame systems. (Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Interaction effects deformation compatibility. Moment-resisting frames are en-
closed or adjoined by (______________) elements that are more rigid and not part of the
seismic force-resisting system. (Section 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
a. These frames should be designed so that the action or failure of those elements will
not impair the vertical load and seismic force-resisting capability of the frame. (Sec-
tion 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
b. The design should provide for the effect of these rigid elements on the structural
system at structural deformations corresponding to the design story drift ( ) as
determined in Section12.8.6. (Section 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)
c. The effects of these elements should be considered while determining the irregulari-
ties defined in Section 12.3.2. (Section 12.7.4 of ASCE 7)

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78 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

I. Simplified design procedure (SDC B E). The simplified design procedure set forth in Sec-
tion 12.14 cannot be used, because the structure has one or more of the following
condition(s): (Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE 7)

1. Occupancy Category is III (or IV) in accordance with Table 1604.5. (Section 12.14.1.1,
Item 1 of ASCE 7)
2. The site class, defined in Section 1613.5.2 or Chapter 20 of ASCE 7, is class E or F.
(Section 12.14.1.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
3. Exceeds three stories in height above grade. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
4. The seismic force-resisting system is not bearing wall system or building frame system,
as indicated in Table 12.14-1. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
5. The structure does not have two or more lines of lateral resistance in ______________
direction(s.) (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
6. Line of resistance is not provided on ______________ side of the center of mass in
_______________ direction. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
7. Structure has flexible diaphragms. Overhangs beyond the outside line of shear walls or
braced frames do not satisfy a d/5 (Eq. 12.14-1). (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 7 of ASCE 7)
8. Buildings has nonflexible diaphragm. The distance between the center of rigidity and
the center of mass parallel to ______________ axis exceeds 15 percent of the greatest
width of the diaphragm parallel to that axis. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
9. Equations 12.14-2A and -2B should be satisfied for ______________ axis direction. (Sec-
tion 12.14.1.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)

m m e1 2 m
k1i d12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2A)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1

m m e1 2 m
k1i d 12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2B)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1

Note: Eq. 12.14-2A and -2B need not be checked where a structure meets all the follow-
ing limitations:
a. The arrangement of walls or braced frames is symmetric about each major axis
direction.
b. The distance between the two most separated lines of walls or braced frames is at
least 90 percent of the dimension of the structure perpendicular to that axis
direction.
c. The stiffness along each of the lines considered for Item b above is at least 33 per-
cent of the total stiffness in that axis direction.
10. Lines of resistance of the lateral force-resisting system at______________should be ori-
ented at angles of no more than 15 from alignment with ______________ axes of the
building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 9 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 79

11. The simplified design procedure must be used for each major orthogonal horizontal axis
direction of the building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 10 of ASCE 7)
12. System has irregularities of in-plane or out-of-plane offsets of lateral force-resisting ele-
ments; therefore, it cannot use the Simplified Design Procedure. (Section 12.14.1.1,
Item 11 of ASCE 7
Exception: Out-of-plane and in-plane offsets of shear walls are permitted in two-story
buildings of light-frame construction, provided that the framing supporting the upper
wall is designed for seismic force effects from overturning of the wall amplified by a
factor of 2.5.
13. The lateral-load-resistance of story ______________ is less than 80 percent of the story
above. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 12 of ASCE 7)

J. Equivalent lateral-force procedure (ELF) (SDC B F). (Section 12.8 of ASCE 7)

1. Seismic base shear. The seismic base shear, V, in ______________ direction should be
determined in accordance with the following equation: V = CsW (Eq. 12.8-1 of ASCE 7)
(Section 12.8.1 of ASCE 7)
a. The seismic response coefficient, Cs, should be determined in accordance with Sec-
tion 12.8.1.1. (Section 12.8.1.1 of ASCE 7-Supplement 2)
b. The seismic response coefficient, Cs, should be 0.044 SDSI, but not less than 0.01.
(Section 12.8.1.1 of ASCE 7-Supplement 2)
c. The Fundamental Period, T, should not exceed the product of the coefficient for up-
per limit on calculated period (Cu ) from Table 12.8-1 and the approximate
fundamental period, Ta, determined from Eq. 12.8-7 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.8.2 of
ASCE 7)
d. The Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta, in seconds, should be determined in
accordance with Section 12.8.2.1 of ASCE 7.
2. Vertical distribution of seismic forces. The seismic forces along the building height
should be determined using Equations 12.8-11 and 12.8-12 in accordance with Section
12.8.3 of ASCE 7. (See Figure 10-6.) (Section 12.8.3 of ASCE 7)
3. Vertical distribution flexible above rigid. Two-staged procedure for flexible above
rigid. A two-staged equivalent lateral force procedure may be used for structures having
flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion in accordance with Section 12.2.3.1 of
ASCE 7. (Section 12.2.3.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Horizontal shear distribution. (Section 12.8.4 of ASCE 7)
a. The seismic design story shear in any story ( ) (kip or kN) should be determined
from Equation 12.8-13 of Section 12.8.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.8.4 of ASCE 7)
b. Building diaphragms are flexible.

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80 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

Figure 10-6
Vertical distribution of force

(1) The design story shear should be distributed to the various vertical elements
based on the tributary area of the diaphragm to each line of resistance in
accordance with Section 12.3.1.3 of ASCE 7. (Sections 12.3.1.3 and 12.8.4 of
ASCE 7)
c. Building diaphragms are rigid.
(1) The seismic design story shear () (kip or kN) should be distributed to the vari-
ous vertical elements in the story under consideration based on the relative
lateral stiffness of the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm. (Sections
12.3.1.2 and 12.8.4 of ASCE 7)
(2) Inherent torsion. The inherent torsional moment should be included in the
design where the location of center of mass and center of stiffness are different.
(Section 12.8.4.1 of ASCE 7)
(3) Accidental torsion. The calculated center of mass at each level should be dis-
placed 5 percent, plus the inherent torsion to account for the accidental torsion
effect. (Section 12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)
(a) Accidental torsion should be considered in both directions. (Section
12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)
(b) Accidental torsion (where forces are applied concurrently in two orthogo-
nal directions) should be applied to (x or y) direction to produce the
greatest effect. (Section 12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 81

(c) Accidental torsion and inherent torsion should be additive. (Section


12.8.4.2 of ASCE 7)
(4) Dynamic amplification of torsion (SDC C F). Where Type 1a or Type 1b tor-
sional irregularity of Table 12.3-1 exists, it should be accounted for by
multiplying the torsional amplification factor (3 or less determined by Eq. 12.8-
14 of ASCE 7) at each level with the summation of torsional moment and
accidental torsion. (Section 12.8.4.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Overturning. The building should be designed to resist overturning effects caused by
seismic forces from Section 12.8.3. (Section 12.8.5 of ASCE 7)
6. Story drift. The design story drift ( ) should be computed as the difference of the
deflections at the center of mass at the top and bottom of the story under consideration
in accordance with Section 12.8.6 of ASCE 7. (See Figure 10-7.)
a. Story drift and allowable stress design (ASD). Where ASD is used, the design
story drift should be the strength level Seismic forces of Section 12.8, not be re-
duced by dividing by 1.4. (Section 12.8.6)
b. Minimum base shear. Elastic analysis should use the prescribed seismic design
forces of Section 12.8 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.8.6.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Allowable story drift.
(1) The design story drift should not exceed the allowable story drift set forth in Ta-
ble 12.12-1 of ASCE 7 for any story. (Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7)
(2) Story drift and torsional effects. The maximum story drift should include
torsional effects. (Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7)

Figure 10-7
Story drift determination

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82 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

(Table 12.12-1 of ASCE 7) Reproduced with permission from ASCE.

(3) Horizontal irregularity (SCD C F). Building has horizontal irregularity Types
(1a or 1b) of Table 12.3-1. The design story drift, , should be the largest
difference of the deflections along any of the edges of the structure at the top
and bottom of the story under consideration. (Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7)
(4) Moment frames (SDC D F). For seismic force-resisting systems composed
solely of moment frames, the design story drift ( ) should not exceed a/ for
any story. is the redundancy factor determined from Section 12.3.4. (Section
12.12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
d. Diaphragm deflection. The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm should not ex-
ceed the permissible deflection of the attached elements in accordance with Section
12.12.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.12.2 of ASCE 7)
7. P-delta effects.
a. Stability coefficient The stability coefficient should be determined using Equa-
tion 12.8-16. (Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
b. Redesign of elements. > max as determined in Equation 12.8-17. The structure
is potentially unstable and should be redesigned. (Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
c. P-delta effects. P-delta effects should be included when 0.1 < max. The in-
terstory drifts should be determined by rational analysis or amplified in accordance
with Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7.(Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)
d. Automated analysis including P-delta effects. from Eq. 12.8-16 may be divided by
(1 + ) before checking Eq. 12.8-17. (Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7)

K. Seismic load effect (SDC B F). (Section 12.4 of ASCE 7)

1. Seismic load effect, E. The seismic load effect, E, should be computed in accordance
with the following equations set forth in Section 12.4.2 of ASCE 7;

E = QE + 0.2SDSD and

E = QE 0.2SDSD

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 83

2. Seismic load combinations. The seismic load combinations should be in accordance


with Section 1605, or Section 12.4.2.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.4.2.3 of ASCE 7)
3. Maximum seismic load effect, including overstrength factor, Em. The maximum
seismic load effect, including overstrength factor, Em, should be computed in
accordance with the following equation set forth in Section 12.4.3 of ASCE 7 to be used
in the special seismic load combinations of Section 1605.4.

Em = oQE + 0.2SDSD and

Em = oQE 0.2SDSD

4. Flexible diaphragm. Overstrength factor, o, may be reduced by subtracting 0.5 for


structures with flexible diaphragm, but not less than 2.0. (Footnote g, Table 12.2-1 of
ASCE 7 with errata posted May 7, 2007.)
5. Overstrength factor, o, cannot be reduced for cantilever column system. (Footnote g,
Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 with errata posted May 7, 2007.)

L. Redundancy factor (SDC D F). (Section 12.3.4 of ASCE 7)

1. Calculation of . The redundancy coefficient should be determined in each orthogonal


direction in accordance with Section 12.3.4 of ASCE 7.
2. Conditions where the value of is 1.0. should be taken as 1.0 for the following:
(Section 12.3.4.1 of ASCE 7)
a. Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B or C. (Section 12.3.4.1, Item 1 of
ASCE 7)
b. Drift calculation and P-delta effects. (Section 12.3.4.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Design of nonstructural components. (Section 12.3.4.1, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Design of nonbuilding structures that are not similar to buildings. (Section 12.3.4.1,
Item 4 of ASCE 7)
e. Design of collector elements, splices and their connections for which the load
combinations with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2 are used. (Use Em in lieu
of E in load combinations. Em = Emh Ev = oQE Ev. (Eqs. 12.4-5, 12.4-6 and 12.4-
7 of ASCE 7) (Section 12.3.4.1, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
f. Design of members or connections where the load combinations with overstrength
of Section 12.4.3.2 are required for design. (Use Em in lieu of E in load combinations.
Em = Emh Ev = oQE Ev (Eqs. 12.4-5, 12.4-6 and 12.4-7 of ASCE 7) (Section
12.3.4.1, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
g. Diaphragm loads determined using Eq. 12.10-1. (Section 12.3.4.1, Item 7 of
ASCE 7)
h. Structures with damping systems designed in accordance with Section 18. (Section
12.3.4.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)

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84 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

i. In SDC D F, structures where each story resisting more than 35 percent of the
base shear complies with the requirements of Table 12.3-3. (Section 12.3.4.2, Item
a of ASCE 7)
j. In SDC D F, regular structures meeting the requirements of Item b, Section
12.3.4.2 of ASCE 7) (Section 12.3.4.2, Item b of ASCE 7)
3. Conditions where is 1.3. All other structures in SDC D F.

M. Dynamic analysis procedure (SDC B F). (Section 12.6 of ASCE 7)

1. Required dynamic analysis procedure. Where a dynamic analysis procedure in accor-


dance with Table 12.6-1 is provided, one of the following methods set forth in Section
12.6 should be used:
a. Modal response spectrum analysis (Section 12.9 of ASCE 7)
b. Seismic response history procedure Linear (elastic) (Section 16.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Seismic response history procedure Nonlinear (Section 16.2 of ASCE 7)
2. Modal response spectrum analysis. Analysis should be in accordance with Section
12.9 of ASCE 7.
a. Foundation modeling should be in accordance with Section 12.7.1 of ASCE 7.
Alternatively, where foundation flexibility is considered, in accordance with Section
12.13.3 or Chapter 19 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.7.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Number of modes should be sufficient to obtain combined model mass participation
of 90 percent of the actual mass in each direction of response considered in accor-
dance with Section 12.9.1. (Section 12.9.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Modal properties in accordance with Section 12.9.2 of ASCE 7.
d. Horizontal shear distribution in accordance with Section 12.9.5 of ASCE 7.
e. Modal base shear for determining the story shear and the story drifts in accordance
with Section 12.8.6 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.9.6 of ASCE 7)
f. P-delta effects in accordance with Section 12.8.7 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.9.6 of
ASCE 7)
g. Soil structure interaction in accordance with Chapter 19. (Section 12.9.7 of ASCE 7)
3. Linear (elastic) response history procedure. Compliance with Section 16.1.1 of ASCE
7, including the following, should be shown. (Section 16.1 of ASCE 7)
a. Development of time histories in accordance with Section 16.1.3.1 or 16.1.3.2 of
ASCE 7. (Section 16.1.3 of ASCE 7)
b. Mathematical modeling in accordance with Section 12.7 of ASCE 7. (Section 16.1.2
of ASCE 7)
c. P-delta effects in accordance with Section 16.1.4 of ASCE 7.
d. Scaling of base shear in accordance with Section 16.1.4 of ASCE 7.
e. Strength design should be used to determine member capacities and overstrength
factor considered in accordance with Section 16.1.4 of ASCE 7.

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Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads 85

4. Nonlinear response history procedure. Where nonlinear response history procedure is


used, a design review by an independent team of qualified registered design
professionals should be performed in accordance with Section 16.2.5. (Section 16.2 of
ASCE 7)

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86 Chapter 10: Earthquake Loads

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87

11. Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure


(SDC B E)
Simplified analysis procedure (SDC B E). (Section 12.14 of ASCE 7)

A. Simplified design procedure. The simplified design procedure set forth in Section 12.14
cannot be because of (one or more) of the following condition(s): (Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE
7)

1. Occupancy Category is III (or IV) in accordance with Table 1604.5. (Section 12.14.1.1,
Item 1 of ASCE 7)
2. The site class, defined in Section 1613.5.2 or Chapter 20 of ASCE 7 is class E or F.
(Section 12.14.1.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
3. Structure exceeds three stories in height above grade. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 3 of
ASCE 7)
4. The seismic-force resisting system is not a bearing wall system or building frame sys-
tem, as indicated in Table 12.14-1. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
5. The structure does not have two or more lines of lateral resistance in
_____________________________ major axis direction(s). (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 5 of
ASCE 7)
6. Line of resistance is not provided on _____________________________ side of the center of
mass in _____________________________ direction. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
7. Structure has flexible diaphragms with overhangs beyond the outside line of shear walls
or braced frames that do not satisfy a d/5 (Eq. 12.14-1). (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 7 of
ASCE 7)
8. The building does not have flexible diaphragms, and the distance between the center of
rigidity and the center of mass parallel to _____________________________ axis exceeds 15
percent of the greatest width of the diaphragm parallel to that axis. (Section 12.14.1.1,
item 8 of ASCE 7)
9. Equations 12.14-2A and -2B should be satisfied for _____________________________ axis
direction: (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)

m m e1 2 m
k1i d12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2A)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1

m m e1 2 m
k1i d12i k 2 j d 22 j 2.5(0.05 )b1 k1i (Eq.12.14-2B)
i 1 i 1 b1 i 1

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88 Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E)

Note: Equations 12.14-2A and -2B need not be checked where a structure fulfills all the
following limitations:
a. The arrangement of walls or braced frames is symmetric about each major axis
direction.
b. The distance between the two most separated lines of walls or braced frames is at
least 90 percent of the dimension of the structure perpendicular to that axis
direction.
c. The stiffness along each of the lines considered for Item b above is at least 33 per-
cent of the total stiffness in that axis direction.
10. Lines of resistance of the lateral force-resisting system at _____________________________
should be oriented at angles of no more than 15 from alignment with
_____________________________ axes of the building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 9 of ASCE 7)
11. The simplified design procedure must be used for each major orthogonal horizontal axis
direction of the building. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 10 of ASCE 7)
12. System has irregularities of in-plane or out-of-plane offsets of lateral force-resisting ele-
ments; therefore, cannot use Simplified Design Procedure. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 11
of ASCE 7)

(Note: EXCEPTION: Out-of-plane and in-plane offsets of shear walls are permit-
ted in two-story buildings of light-frame construction, provided that the framing
supporting the upper wall is designed for seismic force effects from overturning
of the wall amplified by a factor of 2.5.)

13. The lateral-load-resistance of story _____________________________ is less than 80 per-


cent of the story above. (Section 12.14.1.1, Item 12 of ASCE 7)

B. Seismic design category (SDC). The seismic design category should be determined in
accordance with Table 11.6-1 of ASCE 7 using the value of SDS from Section 12.14.8.1 of
ASCE 7. (Section 1613.5.6.2, and Section 12.14.1.1 of ASCE 7)

C. Design basis. To use the simplified procedure, the following must be addressed (Section
12.14.2 of ASCE 7):

1. The structure should include complete lateral and vertical-force-resisting systems with
adequate strength to resist the design seismic forces, specified in this section, in
combination with other loads.
2. Design seismic forces should be distributed to the various elements of the structure and
their connections using a linear elastic analysis in accordance with the procedures of
Section 12.14.8.
3. The members of the seismic force-resisting system and their connections should be de-
tailed to conform with the applicable requirements for the selected structural system as
indicated in Section 12.14.4.1.

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Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E) 89

4. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and stiffness should be pro-
vided to transfer all forces from the point of application to the final point of resistance.
5. The foundation should be designed to accommodate the forces developed.

D. Seismic load effects and combinations. (Section 12.14.3 of ASCE 7)

1. All members of the structure, including those not part of the seismic force-resisting sys-
tem, should be designed using the seismic load effects of Section 12.14.3, unless
otherwise exempted. (Section 12.14.3 of ASCE 7)
2. Seismic load effects should include the axial, shear and flexural member forces result-
ing from horizontal and vertical seismic forces in Section 12.14.3.1. (Section 12.14.3 of
ASCE 7)
3. Seismic load effect, E, should be determined considering the effects of horizontal (Eh)
and vertical (Ev) seismic forces in accordance with Section 12.14.3.1 of ASCE 7. (Section
12.14.3.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Seismic load combinations. Where the prescribed seismic load effect, E, defined in
Section 12.14.3.1, is combined with the effects of other loads as set forth in Chapter 2,
the seismic load combinations prescribed in Section 12.14.3.1.3 should be used for
structures not subject to flood or atmospheric ice loads in lieu of the seismic load
combinations in Section 2.3.2 (Strength Design) or Section 2.4.1 (Allowable Stress
Design). (Section 12.14.3.1.3 of ASCE 7)
5. Seismic load (horizontal) effect including a 2.5 overstrength factor. (Section
12.14.3.2 of ASCE 7) The seismic load effect, E, of the following elements should be
modified to account for system overstrength in Section 12.14.3.2. (Section 12.14.3 of
ASCE 7):
a. Columns, beams, trusses or slabs supporting discontinuous walls or frames (SDC
B F) (Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7)
b. Collector elements (see Fig. 12.10-1 of ASCE 7), splices, and their connections to
resisting elements (SDC C F) (Section 12.10.2.1 of ASCE 7)
E. Seismic force-resisting system. (Section 12.14.4 of ASCE 7)
1. Selection and limitations. The basic lateral and vertical seismic force-resisting system
should conform to one of the types indicated in Table 12.14-1 and the detailing require-
ments referenced in the table. The appropriate R-value in Table 12.14-1 should be used
in determining the base shear and element design forces.
2. Special framing and detailing requirements. Special framing and detailing require-
ments should comply with ASCE 7 Section 12.14.7 and IBC Chapters 19, 21, 22 and 23
based on the seismic design category of the structure. (Section 12.14.4.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Combinations of framing systems. (Section 12.14.4.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Horizontal combinations. Different seismic force-resisting systems are permitted
to be used in each of the two principal orthogonal building directions. Where a
combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the
same direction, the R-value used for design in that direction should not be greater
than the least R-value for any of the systems utilized in that direction.

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90 Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E)

Exception: For buildings of light-frame construction or that have flexible dia-


phragms and that are two stories or less in height, resisting elements are permitted
to be designed using the least value of R of the different seismic force-resisting
systems found in each independent line of framing. The value of R used for design
of diaphragms in such structures should not be greater than the least value for any
of the systems utilized in that same direction. (Section 12.14.4.2.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Vertical combinations. Different seismic force-resisting systems are permitted to
be used in different stories. The value of R used in a given direction should not be
greater than the least value of any of the systems used in that direction. (Section
12.14.4.2.2 of ASCE 7)
c. Combination framing detailing requirements. The detailing requirements of Sec-
tion 12.14.7 required by the higher response modification coefficient, R, should be
used for structural components common to systems having different response
modification coefficients. (Section 12.14.4.2.3 of ASCE 7)

F. Diaphragm.

1. Diaphragm flexibility. Diaphragms constructed of untopped steel decking, wood struc-


tural panels or similar panelized construction are permitted to be considered flexible.
(Section 12.14.5 of ASCE 7)
2. Diaphragms that are not flexible. For structures with diaphragms that are not flexible,
the seismic design story shear, Vx , (kip or kN) should be distributed to the various
vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system in the story under consideration
based on the relative lateral stiffnesses of the vertical elements and the diaphragm (Sec-
tion 12.14.8.3.2 of ASCE 7), and include the torsional moment, Mt (kip-ft or KN-m)
resulting from eccentricity between the locations of center of mass and center of rigidity.
(Section 12.14.8.3.2.1 of ASCE 7)

G. Application of loading. The effects of the combination of loads should be considered as


prescribed in Section 12.14.3. The design seismic forces are permitted to be applied
separately in each orthogonal direction, and the combination of effects from the two direc-
tions need not be considered. Reversal of load should be considered. (Section 12.14.6 of
ASCE 7)

H. Seismic base shear. (Section 12.14.8.1 of ASCE 7)

1. The seismic base shear should be computed using Equation 12.14-11 of ASCE 7.

FS DS
V W (Eq. 12.14-11)
R

2. W = effective seismic weight of structure in Eq. 12.14-11 and should include the total
dead load and the following loads:
a. Storage loads. Total seismic weight should include 25 percent of the floor storage
reduced live load in _____________________________ areas. (Section 12.14.8.1, Item 1
of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E) 91

b. Partition loads. Where required by Section 4.2.2 of ASCE 7, total seismic weight
should include the actual partition weight but not less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2).
(Section12.14.8.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Permanent equipment. Total seismic weight should include the operating weight
of the following permanent equipment _____________________________. (Section
12.14.8.1, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Snow load. Where flat roof snow load exceeds 30 psf, total seismic weight should
include 20 percent of the uniform design snow load. (Section 12.14.8.1, Item 4 of
ASCE 7)

I. Vertical distribution of forces. The forces at level x should be calculated using Equation
12.14-12 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.14.8.2 of ASCE 7)

WX
Fx V (Eq. 12.14-12)
W

J. Horizontal distribution of forces. The seismic design story shear in any story should be
determined using Equation 12.14-13 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.14.8.3 of ASCE 7)

1. Flexible diaphragm. For structures with flexible diaphragm design, base shear should
be distributed using tributary area rules. Two-dimensional analysis is permitted. (Sec-
tion 12.14.8.3.1 of ASCE 7)
2. For structures with diaphragms that are not flexible, the seismic design story shear, Vx ,
(kip or kN) should be distributed to the various vertical elements of the seismic force-
resisting system in the story under consideration based on the relative lateral
stiffnesses of the vertical elements and the diaphragm (Section 12.14.8.3.2 of ASCE 7)
and include the torsional moment, Mt (kip-ft or KN-m) resulting from eccentricity be-
tween the locations of center of mass and center of rigidity. (Section 12.14.8.3.2.1 of
ASCE 7)

K. Drift limits and building separation. The design story drift should be taken as a minimum
of 1 percent of story height unless justified by computation. (Section 12.14.8.5 of ASCE 7)

L. Torsion. The design of structures with diaphragms that are not flexible should include the
torsional moment, Mt, (kip-ft or KN-m) resulting from eccentricity between the locations of
center of mass and center of rigidity. (Section 12.14.8.3.2.1 of ASCE 7)

M. Overturning. The structure should be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the
seismic forces determined in Section 12.14.8.2. The foundations of structures should be de-
signed for not less than 75 percent of the foundation overturning design moment, Mf (kip-ft
or kN-m) at the foundation-soil interface. (Section 12.14.8.4 of ASCE 7)

N. Design and detailing requirements. The design and detailing of the components of the
seismic force-resisting system should comply with the requirements of Section 12.14.7.
(Section 12.14.7 of ASCE 7)

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92 Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E)

1. Connections. (Section 12.14.7.1 of ASCE 7) Connections design should comply with all
of the following:
a. All parts of the structure between separation joints should be interconnected.
b. Connection should be capable of transmitting the seismic force, Fp, induced by the
parts being connected.
c. Any smaller portion of the structure should be tied to the remainder of the struc-
ture with elements having a strength of the higher of 0.20SDS times the weight of
the smaller portion or 5 percent of the portions weight.
d. Provide a positive connection for resisting a horizontal force acting parallel to each
beam (or girder, or truss), either directly to its supporting elements, or to slabs de-
signed to act as diaphragms.
e. Connection is through a diaphragm at _____________________________. The members
supporting element should also be connected to the diaphragm. The connection
should have minimum design strength of 5 percent of the dead plus live load
reaction.
2. Openings or reentrant building corners. (Section 12.14.7.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Openings in shear walls, diaphragms or other plate-type elements should be pro-
vided with reinforcement at the edges of the openings or reentrant corners designed
to transfer the stresses into the structure.
b. The edge reinforcement should extend into the body of the wall or diaphragm a dis-
tance sufficient to develop the force in the reinforcement.
3. Perforated shear walls of wood structural panels should be designed in accordance
with AF&PA SDPWS. (Section 12.14.7.2 of ASCE 7)
4. Collector elements. (Section 12.14.7.3 of ASCE 7)
a. Collector elements, splices and their connections to resisting elements should be
designed to resist the forces, including a 2.5 overstrength factor as defined in
Section 12.14.3.2.
b. In structures, or portions thereof, braced entirely by light-frame shear walls, collec-
tor elements, splices and connections to resisting elements should be designed to
resist forces in accordance with Section 12.14.7.4.
5. Diaphragms. Floor and roof diaphragms should be designed to resist the design seismic
forces at each level, Fx, calculated in accordance with Section 12.14.8.2. (Section
12.14.7.4 of ASCE 7)
a. Diaphragms should be designed to resist both the shear and bending stresses
resulting from all design forces.
b. Diaphragms should have ties or struts to distribute the wall anchorage forces into
the diaphragm.
c. Diaphragm connections should be positive, mechanical or welded type connections.
6. Anchorage of concrete or masonry structural walls. Anchorage of concrete or
masonry structural walls should be anchored to all floors, roofs and members that

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Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E) 93

provide out-of-plane lateral support for the wall or supported by the wall. (Section
12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7)
a. For structures with flexible diaphragm. The anchorage should provide a positive
direct connection with strength to resist horizontal forces in equation 12.14-8 in
accordance with Section 12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7)
b. For structures with diaphragm that are not flexible. The anchorage should pro-
vide a positive direct connection with strength to resist horizontal forces of Section
13.3.1 of ASCE 7 (using ap=1.0 and Rp = 2.5) (Section 12.14.7.5 of ASCE 7)
c. Transfer of anchorage forces into diaphragm. (Section 12.14.7.5.1 of ASCE 7)
(1) Diaphragms should be provided with continuous ties or struts between dia-
phragm chords to distribute these anchorage forces into the diaphragms.
(2) Diaphragm connections should be positive, mechanical or welded.
(3) Chords should be added to form subdiaphragms to transmit anchorage forces
to the main continuous cross-ties.
(4) The length-to-width ratio of structural subdiaphragms should not exceed 2.5 to
1.
(5) Connections and anchorages should be capable of resisting the prescribed
forces between the diaphragm and the attached components.
(6) Connections should extend into the diaphragm a sufficient distance to develop
the force transferred into the diaphragm.
d. Wood diaphragms. (Section 12.14.7.5.2 of ASCE 7)
(1) In wood diaphragms, the continuous ties should be in addition to the dia-
phragm sheathing.
(2) Anchorage should not be accomplished by use of toe nails or nails subject to
withdrawal.
(3) Wood ledgers or framing should not be used in cross-grain bending or cross-
grain tension.
(4) The diaphragm sheathing should not be considered effective as providing the
ties or struts required by this section.
e. Metal deck diaphragms. In metal deck diaphragms, the metal deck should not be
used as the continuous ties required by this section in the direction perpendicular
to the deck span. (Section 12.14.7.5.3 of ASCE 7)
f. Embedded straps. Diaphragm to structural wall anchorage using embedded straps
should be attached to, or hooked around, the reinforcing steel or otherwise termi-
nated so as to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel. (Section 12.14.7.5.4
of ASCE 7)
7. Bearing walls and shear walls.
a. Exterior and interior bearing walls and shear walls and their anchorage should be
designed equal to 0.4SDSI times the weight of the wall, Wc, normal to the surface,
but not less than 10 percent of the weight of the wall. (ASCE 12.14.7.6 of ASCE 7)

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94 Chapter 11: Simplified Earthquake Design Procedure (SDC B E)

b. Interconnection of wall elements and connections to supporting framing systems


should have sufficient ductility, rotational capacity or sufficient strength to resist
shrinkage, thermal changes and differential foundation settlement where combined
with seismic forces. (ASCE 12.14.7.6 of ASCE 7)

O. Anchorage of nonstructural systems. Anchorage of nonstructural systems should comply


with Section 12.14.7.7 of ASCE 7.

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95

12. Earthquake Design (SDC B F)


Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)

A. Requirements for Seismic Design Category B and higher (SDC B F). Structures as-
signed to SDC B and higher should satisfy the following requirements:

1. Basic requirements. Seismic design, seismic analysis and design procedures used in
the design of building structures and their components should be as prescribed in
Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Complete force-resisting systems. The building structure shall include complete lat-
eral and vertical force-resisting systems capable of providing adequate strength,
stiffness and energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground motions within
the prescribed limits of deformation and strength demand. (Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Member design. Internal forces and deformations in the members of the structure
should be determined corresponding to the design seismic forces (Section 12.1.1 of
ASCE 7). Individual members, including those not part of the seismic force-resisting
system, should be provided with adequate strength to resist the shears, axial forces and
moments determined in accordance with Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.2 of
ASCE 7)
4. Connection design. Connections should develop the strength of the connected mem-
bers or the forces indicated in Section 12.1.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7)
5. Deformation limit. The deformation of the structure and members should not exceed
the prescribed limits where the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces.
(Section 12.1.2 of ASCE 7)
6. Continuous load path. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and
stiffness should be designed and detailed to adequately transfer all forces from their
point of application to the final point of resistance. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
7. Interconnection.
a. All parts of the structure between separation joints should be interconnected to
form a continuous load path to the seismic force-resisting system. (Section 12.1.3
of ASCE 7)
b. Elements connecting a smaller portion of the structure to the remainder of the
structure should have a design strength to transmit a seismic force of 0.133SDS
times the weight of the smaller portion but not less than 5 percent of the portions
weight. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)

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96 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

Note for Item 7b: This connection force does not apply to the overall de-
sign of the seismic force-resisting system. Connection design forces
need not exceed the maximum forces that the structural system can
deliver to the connection. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)

c. Connections of parts. Connections should be capable of transmitting the seismic


force (Fp) induced by the parts being connected. (Section 12.1.3 of ASCE 7)
d. Connection to supports. Provide a positive connection for resisting a horizontal
force acting parallel to the member for each beam, girder or truss either directly to
its supporting elements, or to slabs designed to act as diaphragms. The connection
shall have a minimum design strength of 5 percent of the dead plus live load
reaction. (Section 12.1.4 of ASCE 7)
e. Connection to supports through a diaphragm. The connection to support re-
quired by Section 12.1.4 is through a diaphragm. The members supporting element
should also be connected to the diaphragm. The connection shall have a minimum
design strength of 5 percent of the dead plus live load reaction. (Section 12.1.4 of
ASCE 7)
8. Common components for combined systems. Diaphragms, chords, collectors and
other structural components common to different framing systems in any direction
should be designed using the detailing requirements of Chapter 12 required by the
highest response modification coefficient, R, of the connected framing systems. (Section
12.2.4 of ASCE 7)
9. Horizontal irregularities. The design must consider the effects of horizontal irregulari-
ties as prescribed in Table 12.3-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.1 of ASCE 7)
a. Type 1a horizontal torsional irregularity (or type 1b horizontal extreme torsional
irregularity, or type 4 horizontal out-of-plane offsets irregularity, or type 5
horizontal nonparallel systems-irregularity) exists. Structural modeling should
comply with Section 12.7.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.1 and Table 12.3-1 of ASCE
7)
b. Type 1a horizontal torsional irregularity (or type 1b horizontal extreme torsional
irregularity, or type 4 horizontal out-of-plane offsets irregularity, or type 5
horizontal nonparallel systems irregularity) exists, and the nonlinear response his-
tory procedure is used. 3-D modeling is required and should be in accordance with
Section 16.2.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.1 and Table 12.3-1 of ASCE 7)
c. Type 4 horizontal out-of-plane offsets irregularity exists (Figure 12-2). Columns,
beams, trusses or slabs supporting discontinuous walls or frames of structures
should have the design strength to resist the maximum axial force that can develop
in accordance with the load combinations with overstrength factor of Section
12.4.3.2. (Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7)
d. Connections of discontinuous elements to the supporting members should be ade-
quate to transmit the forces for which the discontinuous elements were required to
be designed. (Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F) 97

10. Vertical irregularities. The design must consider the effects of vertical irregularities as
prescribed in Table 12.3-2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Type 4 vertical in-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force-resisting element
irregularity exists (Figure 12-1). Columns, beams, trusses or slabs supporting
discontinuous walls or frames of structures should have the design strength to re-
sist the maximum axial force that can develop in accordance with the load
combinations with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2. (Section 12.3.3.3 of
ASCE 7)
b. Connections of discontinuous elements to the supporting members should be
adequate to transmit the forces for which the discontinuous elements were required
to be designed. (See Figure 12-2.) (Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7)

Figure 12-1
Vertical irregularity Type 4

Figure 12-2
Horizontal irregularity Type 4

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98 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

c. Type 5b vertical discontinuity in lateral strength-extreme weak story irregularity ex-


ists. Building is over two stories (or 30 ft [9 m] in height); the weak story should be
capable of resisting o times the design seismic force prescribed in Section 12.8.
(Section 12.3.3.2 of ASCE 7)

Note: (EXCEPTIONS to vertical irregularity, Section 12.3.2.2 of ASCE 7):


1 Types 1a, 1b or 2 in Table 12.3-2 do not apply where story drift ratio under design
lateral seismic force is 130 percent of the next story above. Torsional effects need
not be considered in the story drifts for this determination. The top two stories
need not be evaluated for the story drift ratio relationship.
2. Types 1a, 1b and 2 of Table 12.3-2 are not required to be considered for one-story
buildings in any seismic design category or for two-story buildings assigned to
Seismic Design Categories B, C or D.

11. Diaphragms, chords and collectors.


a. Diaphragm stiffness. Diaphragm stiffness should be determined and considered in
accordance with Section 12.3.1 of ASCE 7.
b. Diaphragm design. Diaphragm should be designed for both shear and bending
stresses resulting from design forces. (Section 12.10.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Diaphragm discontinuities, openings and reentrant corners. At diaphragm
discontinuities, such as openings and reentrant corners, the design should show
that the dissipation or transfer of edge (chord) forces combined with other forces in
the diaphragm is within shear and tension capacity of the diaphragm. (Section
12.10.1 of ASCE 7)
d. Diaphragm design forces (floor, roof). Diaphragm design forces should be deter-
mined in accordance with Section 12.10.1.1 and Equation 12.10-1 of ASCE 7.
(Section 12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
e. Collector elements. Collector elements (see Figure 12-3) should be capable of
transferring the seismic forces originating in other portions of the structure to the
element providing the resistance to those forces. (Section 12.10.2 of ASCE 7)
f. Diaphragms, chords and collectors for combined systems. Diaphragms, chords,
collectors and other structural components common to different framing systems in
any direction should be designed using the detailing requirements of Chapter 12 re-
quired by the highest response modification coefficient, R, of the connected framing
systems. (Section 12.2.4 of ASCE 7)
12. Structural walls and their anchorage design.
a. Structural walls and their anchorage should be designed for an out-of-plane force
normal to the surface equal to 0.4SDSI times the weight of the wall but not less than
10 percent of the weight of the wall. (Section 12.11.1 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F) 99

Note: Structural walls are defined as walls that meet the definition for
bearing walls or shear walls. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)

b. Concrete or masonry structural walls and their anchorage. The anchorage of


concrete or masonry structural walls to the supporting roof and/or floor system
should be capable of resisting the greater of the force as given by Section 12.11.1,
400SDSI pounds per linear foot (5.84 SDSIkN/m), or 280 lb/linear ft (4.09 kN/m) of
wall. Walls should be designed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor
spacing exceeds 4 feet (1.22 m). (See Figure 12-4.) (Section 12.11.2 of
ASCE 7)

Figure 12-3
Collectors

Figure 12-4
Anchorage of concrete and masonry wall SDC B

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100 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

13. Cantilever column systems. Cantilever column systems as defined in Section 11.2 of
ASCE 7 should be designed in accordance with Section 12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7. (Section
12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7)
14. Inverted pendulum-type structures. Inverted pendulum-type structures as defined in
Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 should be designed in accordance with Section 12.2.5.3 of
ASCE 7. (Section 12.2.5.3 of ASCE 7)
15. Direction of seismic load. The direction of seismic load should be that which will pro-
duce the most critical load effect in each component. This requirement can be met if the
design seismic forces are applied independently in each of the two orthogonal directions.
(Section 12.5.2 of ASCE 7)
16. Foundation.
a. Design and construction of foundation systems should comply with Section 12.13
of ASCE 7. (Section 12.1.5 of ASCE 7)
b. Reduction of foundation overturning. (When using alternative load combinations
in Section 1605.3.2 to evaluate sliding, overturning and soil bearing at the soil-
structure interface.) The reduction of foundation overturning from Section 12.13.4 in
ASCE 7 should not be used. (Section 1605.3.2)
c. Foundation for cantilever column systems. Foundation and other elements used
to provide overturning resistance at the base of cantilever column elements should
have the strength to resist the load combinations with overstrength factor of
Section 12.4.3.2. (Section 12.2.5.2 of ASCE 7)

B. Requirements for Seismic Design Category C and higher. (SCD C F) The structures
assigned to SDC C and higher should satisfy the following requirements, in addition to the
requirements for SDC B (Section A of this Checklist.)

1. Foundation and soils investigation required. Soils investigation is required and


should include an evaluation of the following potential hazards resulting from earth-
quake motions: slope instability, liquefaction and surface rupture that are due to
faulting or lateral spreading in accordance with Section 1802.2.6. (Section 1802.2.6)
2. Horizontal irregularities. Check horizontal irregularities as prescribed in Table 12.3-1
of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.1 of ASCE 7)
a. Type 1a horizontal torsional irregularity (or type 1b horizontal extreme torsional
irregularity) exists, diaphragm is not flexible, and the building is not light-frame.
The accidental torsional moments (Mta) at each level should be multiplied by a tor-
sional amplification factor (Ax) not to exceed 3, determined from Eq. 12.8-14. (See
Figure 12-5.) (Section 12.8.4.3 of ASCE 7)
b. Type 5 horizontal nonparallel systems-irregularity exists. Loading applied to
structures should conform to the requirements of Section 12.5.3 and use either the
Orthogonal Combination Procedure or Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal
Ground Motion in accordance with Section 12.5.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.5.3 and
Table 12.3-1 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F) 101

Figure 12-5
Torsional amplification factor, Ax

Figure 12-6
Anchorage of concrete and masonry walls SDC C and higher

3. Anchorage of concrete or masonry structural walls with flexible diaphragms.


Anchorage of concrete or masonry structural walls to flexible diaphragms should
provide a direct connection between the wall and the supporting floor and/or roof dia-
phragms with the strength to resist the out-of-plane forces specified in Equation 12.11-
1. (See Figure 12-6.) (Section 12.11.2.1 of ASCE 7)

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102 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

4. Additional requirements for anchorage of diaphragms.

a. Transfer of anchorage forces into diaphragm. (Section 12.11.2.2.1 of ASCE 7)


(1) Diaphragms should be provided with continuous ties or struts between dia-
phragm chords to distribute these anchorage forces into the diaphragms.
(2) Diaphragm connections should be positive, mechanical or welded.
(3) Chords should be added to form subdiaphragms to transmit anchorage forces
to the main continuous cross-ties.
(4) The length-to-width ratio of structural subdiaphragms should not exceed 2.5
to 1.
(5) Connections and anchorages should be capable of resisting the prescribed
forces between the diaphragm and the attached components.
(6) Connections should extend into the diaphragm a sufficient distance to develop
the force transferred into the diaphragm.
b. Steel elements of structural wall anchorage system. The strength design forces
for steel elements of the structural wall anchorage system, (except anchor bolts and
reinforcing steel) should be increased by 1.4 times the forces otherwise required by
this section. (Section 12.11.2.2.2 of ASCE 7)
c. Wood diaphragms. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of ASCE 7)
(1) In wood diaphragms, the continuous ties should be in addition to the dia-
phragm sheathing.
(2) Anchorage should not be accomplished by use of toe nails or nails subject to
withdrawal.
(3) Wood ledgers or framing should not be used in cross-grain bending or cross-
grain tension.
(4) The diaphragm sheathing should not be considered effective as providing the
ties or struts required by this section.
d. Metal deck diaphragms. In metal deck diaphragms, the metal deck should not be
used as the continuous ties required by this section in the direction perpendicular
to the deck span. (Section 12.11.2.2.4 of ASCE 7)
e. Embedded straps. Diaphragm to structural wall anchorage using embedded straps
should be attached to, or hooked around, the reinforcing steel or otherwise termi-
nated so as to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel. (Section 12.11.2.2.5
of ASCE 7)
f. Eccentrically loaded anchorage system. (Elements of the wall anchorage system
are loaded eccentrically) or (Elements of the wall anchorage system are not
perpendicular to the wall). The wall anchorage system should be designed to resist
all components of the forces induced by the eccentricity. (Section 12.11.2.2.6 of
ASCE 7)
g. Walls with pilasters. The anchorage force at the pilasters should be calculated
considering the additional load transferred from the wall panels to the pilasters.

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Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F) 103

The minimum anchorage force at a floor or roof should not be reduced. (Section
12.11.2.2.7 of ASCE 7)

Figure 12-7
Example of plan irregularity Type 5

5. Collector elements requiring load combinations with overstrength factor for Seis-
mic Design Categories C through F. In structures or portions in SDC C or higher, not
entirely braced by light frame shear walls, collector elements (see Fig. 12.10-1 of ASCE
7), splices and their connections to resisting elements should resist the load combina-
tions with overstrength of Section 12.4.3.2. (Section 12.10.2.1 of ASCE 7)
6. Direction of seismic load for nonparallel systems-irregularity. For structures having
horizontal irregularity Type 5 of Table 12.3-1 (nonparallel systems) as shown in Figure
12-7, the requirement of Section 12.5.3 of ASCE 7 should be satisfied. Loading applied
to structures should conform to the requirements of Section 12.5.3 and use either the
Orthogonal Combination Procedure or Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal Ground
Motion as prescribed in Section 12.5.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.5.3 and Table 12.3-1 of
ASCE 7)

C. Requirements for Seismic Design Category D and higher. (SDC D F) The structures as-
signed to SDC D and higher should satisfy the following requirements, in addition to the
requirements for SDC B and C (Sections A and B of this Checklist).

1. Soils investigation required. Soils investigation is required and should include an


evaluation of the following potential hazards resulting from earthquake motions:
(Section 1802.2.1)
a. Lateral pressures on basement and retaining walls (when applicable) that are due
to earthquake motions. (Section 1802.2.7, Item 1)
b. Assessment of potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength loss,
including the following: (Section 1802.2.7, Item 2)
(1) Estimation of differential settlement and mitigation measures.
(2) Lateral movement or reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity and mitiga-
tion measures.
(3) Mitigation measures should consider the design of the structure, include
ground stabilization, selection of appropriate foundation type and depths,

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104 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

selection of appropriate structural systems to accommodate anticipated


displacements, or any combination of these measures.
(4) Evaluate the potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss for site peak
ground acceleration magnitudes and source characteristics consistent with the
design earthquake ground motions.

Note 1: Peak ground acceleration shall be determined from a site-specific study taking
into account soil amplification effects, as specified in Chapter 21 of ASCE 7. (Section
1802.2.7).
Note 2: Exception to Section 1802.2.7: A site-specific study need not be performed, pro-
vided that peak ground acceleration equal to SDS/2.5 is used, where SDS is determined
in accordance with Section 21.2.1 of ASCE 7.

2. Structural irregularities. Check horizontal irregularities as prescribed in Table 12.3-1


and vertical irregularities as prescribed in Table 12.3-2 of ASCE 7. (Section 12.3.2.1 of
ASCE 7)
a. If horizontal structural irregularity of Type 1a, 1b, 2, 3 or 4 of Table 12.3-1 (as
shown in Figure 12-8) or vertical structural irregularity Type 4 of Table 12.3-2 ex-
ists, the design forces determined from Section 12.8.1 (or diaphragm force of
Section 12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7) must be increased 25 percent for the following
connections: (1) diaphragms to vertical elements, (2) diaphragms to collectors and
(3) collectors to vertical elements (Section 12.3.3.4 of ASCE 7). Collectors and their
connections also shall be designed for the higher of these increased forces or the
load combinations with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2, in accordance with
Section 12.10.2.1. (Use Em in lieu of E in load combinations. Em = Emh Ev = oQE
Ev. (Eqs. 12.4-5, 12.4-6 and 12.4-7 of ASCE 7) (Section 12.3.3.4 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F) 105

Figure 12-8
Examples of plan irregularities 1 4

b. Structural irregularity of any type in Tables 12.3-1 and 12.3-2, and structural sys-
tems not listed in Table 12.6-1, should be analyzed with either Model Response
Spectrum Analysis in accordance with Section 12.9 of ASCE 7 or Seismic Response
History Procedures in accordance with Chapter 16 of ASCE 7. (Tables 12.3-1, 12.3-
2 and 12.6-1 of ASCE 7)
c. Prohibited irregularity in SDC D. Structures in SDC D or higher should not have
vertical structural irregularity type 5b. (Section 12.3.3.1 of ASCE 7)
d. Prohibited irregularity in SDC E and F. Structures in SDC E and F should not
have horizontal irregularity type 1b or vertical irregularity type 1b or 5a. (Section
12.3.3.1 of ASCE 7)

Definition: Permissible deflection. Deflection that will permit the attached ele-
ments to maintain structural integrity under the individual loading and continue to
support the prescribed loads. (Section 1620.3.3)

3. Redundancy factor. A redundancy factor, , should be assigned to the seismic force-


resisting system in each of two orthogonal directions for all structures in accordance
with Section 12.3.4 of ASCE 7.
a. The value of is permitted to equal 1.0 in accordance with Section 12.3.4.2 of
ASCE 7, provided one of the following conditions is met:

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106 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

(1) Each story resisting more than 35 percent of the base shear in the direction of
interest complies with Table 12.3-3.
(2) Structures that are regular in plan at all levels, provided that the seismic force-
resisting systems consist of at least two bays of seismic force-resisting
perimeter framing on each side of the structure in each orthogonal direction at
each story resisting more than 35 percent of the base shear. The number of
bays for a shear wall shall be calculated as the length of shear wall divided by
the story height, or two times the length of shear wall divided by the story
height for light-framed construction.
b. The value of is permitted to equal 1.0 for the following in accordance with Section
12.3.4.1 of ASCE 7:
Drift calculation and P-delta effects.
Design of nonstructural components.
Design of nonbuilding structures that are not similar to buildings.
Design of collector elements, splices and their connections for which the load
combinations with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3.2 are used.
Design of members or connections where the load combinations with over-
strength of Section 12.4.3.2 are required for design.
Diaphragm loads determined using Equation 12.10-1.
Structures with damping systems designed in accordance with Chapter 18.
c. Redundancy factor, , should be equal to 1.3 for SDC D, E or F. (Section 12.3.4.2 of
ASCE 7)
4. Redundancy factor, , in the design of diaphragms.
a. For inertial forces calculated in accordance with Eq. 12.10-1, the redundancy factor,
, should equal 1.0. (Section 12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
b. For transfer forces, the redundancy factor, , should be the same as that used for
the structure. (Section 12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
c. For structures having horizontal or vertical structural irregularities of the types
indicated in Section 12.3.3.4, the increased force requirements specified in that
section should also apply for diaphragm and collector connections. (Section
12.10.1.1 of ASCE 7)
5. Building separations. (Section 12.12.3 of ASCE 7)
All portions of the structure should be designed to act as an integral unit unless
structurally separated a distance sufficient to avoid damage under total deflection
determined in accordance with Section 12.8.6 of ASCE 7.6.
6. Column or wall as part of two or more interacting systems. Any column or wall as
part of two or more intersecting seismic force-resisting systems and subjected to axial
load acting along either principal plan axis equaling or exceeding 20 percent of the axial
design strength of the column or wall should be designed for the most critical load effect
due to application of seismic forces in any direction. Either of the procedures of Section

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Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F) 107

12.5.3 (a) or (b) are permitted to be used to satisfy this requirement. Except as required
by Section 12.7.3, 2-D analyses are permitted for structures with flexible diaphragms.
(12.5.4 of ASCE 7)

D. Requirements for Seismic Design Category E and F. The structures assigned to SDC E
and F should satisfy the following requirements, in addition to the requirements for SDC B,
C and D (Sections A, B and C of this Checklist.)

1. Location of structure. A structure assigned to SDC E or F should not be located where


there is a known potential for an active fault to cause rupture of the ground surface at
the structure. (Section 11.8.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Plan or vertical irregularities. Structures having the following irregularities are not
permitted (Section 12.3.3.1 of ASCE 7):
a. Horizontal structural irregularity of Type 1b, extreme torsional irregularity of Table
12.3-1 of ASCE 7.
b. Vertical structural irregularity of Type 1b, stiffness-extreme soft story irregularity
(see Figure 12.9), Type 5a, discontinuity in lateral strength-weak story irregularity,
or Type 5b, discontinuity in lateral strength-extreme weak story irregularity (see
Figure 12.10) of Table 12.3-2 of ASCE 7.

Figure 12-9
Vertical irregularity Type 1B

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108 Chapter 12: Earthquake Design (SDC B F)

Figure 12-10
Vertical irregularity Type 5

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109

13. Nonstructural Components and Architectural


Mechanical and Electrical
Component Design Requirements
(SDC B F)
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Guidelines for Seismic Restraint for Direct-hung Suspended Ceiling Assemblies (zones 3 4) by
the Ceilings & Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA) (2004)
Recommendations for Direct-hung Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panel Ceilings (zones 0 2) by the
Ceilings & Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA) (2004)

A. General. Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components that are
permanently attached to structures and their supports and attachments, should be
designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions in accordance with
ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. (Section 1613.1)

1. Scope.
a. Nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their
supports and attachments should be designed in accordance with Chapter 13 of
ASCE 7. (Section 13.1.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Architectural, mechanical and electrical components supported by nonbuilding
structures shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7. (Section
15.3.3 of ASCE 7)
2. Seismic Design Category. Nonstructural components should be assigned to the same
Seismic Design Category as the structure that they occupy or to which they are
attached. (Section 13.1.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Component Importance Factor, Ip. A component importance factor of
_____________________________ for _____________________________ should be assigned in
accordance with ASCE 7 Section 13.1.3.

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110 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

Note: The following nonstructural components are exempt from the requirements of this
Chapter. (Section 13.1.4 of ASCE 7)
1. Architectural components with Ip equal to 1.0 in SDC B other than parapets supported
by structural walls.
2. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC B.
3. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC C with Ip equal to 1.0.
4. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC D, E or F with Ip equal to 1.0 and both
of the following apply:
a. Flexible connections between the components and associated ductwork, piping and
conduit are provided, and
b. Components are mounted at 4 ft (1.22 m) or less above a floor level and weigh 400
lb (1780 N) or less.
5. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC D, E or F with Ip equal to 1.0, and both
of the following apply:
a. Flexible connections between the components and associated ductwork, piping and
conduit are provided, and
b. The components weigh 20 lb (89 N) or less or, for distribution systems, weigh 5
lb/ft (73 N/m) or less.

4. Nonstructural component vs nonbuilding structure.


a. The weight of a nonstructural component is greater than or equal to 25 percent of
the effective seismic weight, W, (defined in Section 12.7.2); therefore, the compo-
nent is classified as a nonbuilding structure and should be designed in accordance
with Section 15.3.2. (Section 13.1.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Nonbuilding structures (including storage racks and tanks) that are supported by
other structures should be designed in accordance with Chapter 15. (Section 13.1.5
of ASCE 7)
c. Where the seismic forces are required to be determined in accordance with Chapter
13 of ASCD 7 and values for Rp are not provided in Table 13.5-1 or 13.6-1, Rp
should be taken as equal to the value of R listed in Section 15 of ASCE 7, and the
value of ap should be determined in accordance with footnote a of Table 13.5-1 or
13.6-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.1.5 of ASCE 7)
5. Reference documents. Provide the referenced document _____________________________
for approval and provide justification for all of the following: (Section 13.1.6 of ASCE 7)
a. The design earthquake forces are not to be less than those determined in accor-
dance with Section 13.3.1.
b. Each components seismic interactions with all other connected components and
with the supporting structure are accounted for in the design.
c. The component should accommodate drifts, deflections and relative displacements
determined in accordance with the applicable seismic requirements of ASCE 7.

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Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components 111

6. Reference documents using Allowable Stress Design. Design using reference docu-
ments using allowable stresses rather than strengths should comply with Section 13.1.7
of ASCE 7.
7. General design requirements. Architectural, mechanical and electrical (AME) compo-
nents, supports and attachments should comply with the sections referenced in Table
13.2-1 of ASCE 7. The design must comply with one of the following methods: (Section
13.2.1 of ASCE 7)

Table 13.1 Applicable requirements for architectural, mechanical and electrical components:
supports and attachments

Mechanical and
Force and Architectural Electrical
Nonstructural Element General Design Displacement Attachment Component Component
(i.e., Component, Support, Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements
Attachment) Section 13.2 Section 13.3 Section 13.4 Section 13.5 Section 13.5

Table 13.2.1 of ASCE 7 reproduced with permission from ASCE.

a. Project-specific design and documentation prepared and submitted by a registered


design professional.
b. Submittal of the manufacturers certification that the component is seismically
qualified by one of the following:
(1) Analysis
(2) Testing in accordance with the alternative in Section 13.2.5 of ASCE 7
(3) Experience data in accordance with the alternative in Section 13.2.6 of ASCE 7
8. Special certification for designated seismic systems (SDC C F).

Definition: The designated seismic system is those architectural,


electrical and mechanical systems and their components that require
design in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7, and for which the
component importance factor, Ip, is greater than 1 in accordance with
Section 13.1.3 of ASCE 7. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)

Certifications should be provided for designated seismic systems assigned to SDC C


through F as follows: (Section 13.2.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Active mechanical and electrical equipment that must remain operable following the
design earthquake should be certified by the supplier as operable based on
approved shake table testing in accordance with Section 13.2.5 or experience data

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112 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

in accordance with Section 13.2.6. Evidence demonstrating compliance of this


requirement should be submitted after review and approval by the registered design
professional.
b. Components with hazardous contents should be certified by the supplier as
maintaining containment following the design earthquake by (1) analysis, (2)
approved shake table testing in accordance with Section 13.2.5 or (3) experience
data in accordance with Section 13.2.6. Evidence demonstrating compliance of this
requirement should be submitted after review and approval by the registered design
professional.
9. Testing alternative. Seismic qualification (of the AME system or component) by testing
should be based on a nationally recognized testing standard procedure, such as ICC-ES
AC 156. Proposed procedure should be approved by the building official/department.
Test results should indicate seismic capacities equal or exceed the seismic demands
determined in accordance with Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.2.5 of
ASCE 7)
10. Experience data alternative. Seismic qualification (of the AME system or component
and their supports and attachments) by experience data should be based on nationally
recognized procedures. The proposed procedures should be acceptable to the building
official/department. Provide evidence to substantiate that seismic capacities equal or
exceed the seismic demands determined in accordance with Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2
of ASCE 7. (Section 13.2.6 of ASCE 7)
11. Construction documents. Design of nonstructural components or their supports and
attachments by a registered design professional is required by Table 13.2-1 of ASCE 7.
The design documents shall include sufficient information relating to the supports and
attachments to verify compliance with the requirements of Sections 13.2 and 13.4.
(Sections 13.2.7 and 13.4 of ASCE 7)
12. Parapets. Parapets supported by structural walls should be designed in accordance
with Section 13.3.1 of ASCE 7.

B. Seismic demands on components. The horizontal seismic design force should be applied
at the components center of gravity and distributed relative to the components mass
distribution. (Section 13.3.1 of ASCE 7)

1. Seismic design force. The horizontal seismic design force, Fp, should be determined in
accordance with Equation 13.3-1. Fp need not exceed 1.6SDSIpWp, nor be less than
0.3SDSIpWp. (Section 13.3.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Seismic relative displacements. Seismic relative displacements, Dp, should be deter-
mined in accordance with the equations in Sections 13.3.2.1 and 13.3.2.2, and the
effects of seismic relative displacements should be considered in combination with
displacements caused by other loads for the design of components. (Section 13.3.2 of
ASCE 7)
3. Displacements between structures. Component design should consider displacements
between structures in accordance with Section 13.3.2.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.2.2 of
ASCE 7)

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Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components 113

C. Component anchorage.

1. Continuous load path. A continuous load path of sufficient strength and stiffness be-
tween the component and the supporting structure should be provided. (Section 13.4 of
ASCE 7)
2. No frictional resistance. Component seismic attachments should be accomplished by
bolts, welds or other positive fasteners without consideration of frictional resistance
produced by the effects of gravity. (Section 13.4 of ASCE 7)
3. Friction clips. Friction clips are not permitted for anchorage attachment. (Section
13.4.6 of ASCE 7)
4. Anchors in concrete or masonry. Anchors embedded in concrete or masonry should
be proportioned to carry the lowest of the following:
a. 1.3 times the force in the component and its supports or connected part due to the
prescribed forces. (Section 13.4.2 of ASCE 7)
b. The maximum force that can be transferred to the anchor by the component and its
supports. (Section 13.4.2 of ASCE 7)
5. Component Response Modification Factor Rp. Component Response Modification
Factor Rp should be selected from Table 13.5-1 or 13.6-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.3.1 of
ASCE 7) but cannot exceed 1.5.

EXCEPTION:
Rp may exceed 1.5, provided one of the following conditions are met: (Section 13.4.2 of
ASCE 7)
1. The component anchorage is designed to be governed by the strength of a ductile
steel element.
2. The design of postinstalled anchors in concrete used for the component anchorage
is prequalified for seismic applications in accordance with ACI 355.2.

6. Eccentricities and prying effects. Determination of forces in attachments should ac-


count for the effects of installation including eccentricities and prying effects. (Section
13.4.3 of ASCE 7)
7. Multiple attachments. Determination of force distribution of multiple attachments at
one location should be in accordance with Appendix D of ACI 318, or account for the
stiffness and ductility of the component, component supports, attachments and
structure, and the ability to redistribute loads to other attachments in the group. (Sec-
tion 13.4.4 of ASCE 7)
8. Power actuated fasteners. Power actuated fasteners should not be used for tension
load applications in SDC D, E or F unless specifically approved for such loading.
(Section 13.4.5 of ASCE 7)

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114 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

D. Architectural components. Architectural components, and their supports and attach-


ments, should be designed in accordance with Section 13.5 of ASCE 7 with appropriate
coefficients selected from Table 13.5-1. (Section 13.5 of ASCE 7)

1. Architectural component coefficients ap and Rp. Values of ap = __________ and Rp =


__________ should be used for the design of _____________________________ in accordance
with Table 13.5-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Architectural component _____________________________ could pose a life-safety hazard.
It should be designed to accommodate the seismic relative displacement requirements
of Section 13.3.2. (Section 13.5.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Design of architectural component _____________________________ should consider verti-
cal deflection that is due to joint rotation of cantilever structural members. (Section
13.5.2 of ASCE 7)
4. Suspended components (other than ceilings). Design of components supported by
chains or otherwise suspended from the structure need not be required to satisfy the
seismic force and relative displacement requirements of Section 13.5, provided they
comply with all of the following (Section 13.5.1 of ASCE 7, Exceptions):
a. The design load for such items equal to 1.4Wp acting down with a simultaneous
horizontal load equal to 1.4Wp. The horizontal load shall be applied in the direction
that results in the most critical loading for design.
b. Seismic interaction effects considered in accordance with Section 13.2.3.
c. The connection to the structure allows a 360 range of motion in the horizontal
plane.
5. Exterior nonstructural wall elements and connections. Exterior wall elements and
connections should be designed in accordance with Section 13.5.3 of ASCE 7.
a. Design should accommodate the seismic relative displacement requirements of Sec-
tion 13.3.2 and movements that are due to temperature changes. (Section 13.5.3 of
ASCE 7)
b. Such elements should be supported by positive and direct structural supports or by
mechanical connections and fasteners in accordance with the following
requirements:
(1) Connections and panel joints should allow for the story drift caused by relative
seismic displacements (Dp) determined in Section 13.3.2, but not less than 0.5
in. (13 mm). (Section 13.5.3, Item a of ASCE 7)
(2) Connections to permit movement in the plane of the panel for story drift should
be sliding connections using slotted or oversize holes, connections that permit
movement by bending of steel, or other connections that provide equivalent
sliding or ductile capacity. (Section 13.5.3, Item b of ASCE 7)
(3) The connecting member itself should have sufficient ductility and rotation
capacity to preclude fracture of the concrete or brittle failures at or near welds.
(Section 13.5.3, Item c of ASCE 7)

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(4) All fasteners in the connecting system such as bolts, inserts, welds and dowels,
and the body of the connectors should be designed for the force (Fp) determined
by Section 13.3.1 with values of Rp and ap taken from Table 13.5-1 applied at
the center of mass of the panel. (Section 13.5.3, Item d of ASCE 7)
(5) Where anchorage is using flat straps embedded in concrete (or masonry), such
straps shall be attached to or hooked around reinforcing steel or otherwise
terminated so as to effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel or to
assure that pullout of anchorage is not the initial failure mechanism. (Section
13.5.3, Item e of ASCE 7)
6. Out-of-plane bending. Transverse or out-of-plane bending or deformation of a compo-
nent or system that is subjected to forces as determined in Section 13.5.2 should not
exceed the deflection capability of the component or system. (Section 13.5.5 of ASCE 7)
7. Glass in glazed curtain walls, glazed storefronts and glazed partitions. (Sections
13.5.4 and 13.5.8.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Glass in glazed curtain walls, glazed storefronts and glazed partitions should be de-
signed and installed in accordance with Section 13.5.9 of ASCE 7. (Sections 13.5.4
and 13.5.8.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Seismic drift limits for glass components. Determine seismic drift limits for glass
components fallout, the drift causing glass fallout from the curtain wall, storefront
or partition in accordance with AAMA 501.6, or by engineering analysis. (Section
13.5.9.2 of ASCE 7)
8. Suspended ceilings. Suspended ceilings should meet the requirements of either indus-
try standard construction as specified in Section 13.5.6.2 or integral construction as
specified in Section 13.5.6.3.
The weight of the ceiling, Wp, should include the ceiling grid and panels light fixtures if
attached to, clipped to, or laterally supported by the ceiling grid, and other components
that are laterally supported by the ceiling, andnot be less than 4 psf (19 N/m2).
The seismic force, Fp, shall be transmitted through the ceiling attachments to the build-
ing structural elements or the ceiling structure boundary. (Section 13.5.6)
a. Industry standard construction. Suspended ceilings should be designed in accor-
dance with Section 13.5.6.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.6.2 of ASCE 7)
(1) SDC C. Suspended ceilings should be designed and installed in accordance
with ASTM C635, ASTM C636 and the CISCA for Seismic Zones 0 2 as modi-
fied by Section 13.5.6.2.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.6.2.1 of ASCE 7)
(2) SDC D F. Suspended ceilings should be designed in accordance with ASTM
C635, ASTM C636 and the CISCA for Seismic Zones 3 4 as modified by
Section 13.5.6.2.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.5.6.2.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Integral construction. Design considers the sprinkler system and ceiling grid tied
together as an integral unit. Such a design should consider the mass and flexibility
of all elements involved, including the ceiling system, sprinkler system, light fix-
tures and mechanical (HVAC) appurtenances. Such design shall be performed by a
registered design professional. (Section 13.5.6.3 of ASCE 7)

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9. Access floors. Access floors should be designed to meet the force requirements of Sec-
tion 13.5.7.1. (Section 13.5.7 of ASCE 7)
a. The weight of the access floor, Wp, should include the weight of the floor system,
100 percent of the weight of all equipment fastened to the floor and 25 percent of
the weight of all equipment supported by, but not fastened to the floor. The seismic
force, Fp, should be transmitted from the top surface of the access floor to the
supporting structure. (Section 13.5.7.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Overturning effects of equipment fastened to the access floor panels should be
considered. The ability of slip on heads for pedestals should be evaluated for
suitability to transfer overturning effects of equipment. (Section 13.5.7.1 of ASCE 7)
c. Maximum concurrent axial load should not exceed the portion of Wp assigned to the
pedestal under consideration while checking individual pedestals for overturning
effects. (Section 13.5.7.1 of ASCE 7)
10. Special access floors. Special access floors using a Component Response Modification
Factor Rp of 2.5 should be designed to meet the force requirements of Section 13.5.7.1
and additionally comply with the following in accordance with Section 13.5.7.2: (Section
13.5.7.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Connections transmitting seismic loads should consist of mechanical fasteners, an-
chors satisfying the requirements of Appendix D of ACI 318, welding or bearing.
Design load capacities should comply with recognized design codes and/or certified
test results. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
b. Seismic loads should not be transmitted by friction, power actuated fasteners,
adhesives or by friction produced solely by the effects of gravity. (Section 13.5.7.2,
Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. The design analysis of the bracing system should include the destabilizing effects of
individual members buckling in compression. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Bracing and pedestals should be of structural or mechanical shapes produced to
ASTM specifications that specify minimum mechanical properties. Electrical tubing
should not be used. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
e. Floor stringers that are designed to carry axial seismic loads and that are mechani-
cally fastened to the supporting pedestals should be used. (Section 13.5.7.2, Item 5
of ASCE 7)
11. Partitions. Partitions that are tied to the ceiling and partitions more than 6 feet (1829
mm) in height should be laterally braced to the building structure in accordance with
Section 13.5.8.1.
Such bracing shall be independent of any ceiling splay bracing.
Bracing should be spaced to limit horizontal deflection at the partition head to be
compatible with ceiling deflection requirements as determined in Section 13.5.6 for
suspended ceilings and elsewhere in Chapter 13 of ASCE for other systems. (Section
13.5.8.1 of ASCE 7)

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EXCEPTION:
Partitions that meet all of the following conditions:
1. The partition height is 9 ft (2,740 mm) or lower.
2. The linear weight of the partition does not exceed the product of 10
lb (0.479 kN) times the height (ft) of the partition.
3. The partition horizontal seismic load does not exceed 5 psf.

E. Mechanical and electrical components. Mechanical and electrical components, and their
supports and attachments, should be designed in accordance with Section 13.6 of ASCE 7.
Appropriate coefficient should be selected from Table 13.6-1. (Section 13.6 of ASCE 7)

1. Mechanical component coefficients ap and Rp. Values of ap = __________ and Rp =


__________ should be used for the design of _____________________________ in accordance
with Table 13.6-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Electrical component coefficients ap and Rp. Values of ap = _____ and Rp = ______
should be used for the design of _____________________________ in accordance with Table
13.6-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Suspended components. Light fixtures, lighted signs and ceiling fans not connected to
ducts or piping, which are supported by chains or otherwise suspended from the struc-
ture, that are not designed to satisfy the seismic force and relative displacement
requirements of Section 13.5 must comply with all of the following:
a. The design load for such items equal to 1.4Wp acting down with a simultaneous
horizontal load equal to 1.4Wp. The horizontal load shall be applied in the direction
that results in the most critical loading for design.
b. Seismic interaction effects considered in accordance with Section 13.2.3.
c. The connection to the structure allows a 360 range of motion in the horizontal
plane. (Section 13.6.1 Exceptions of ASCE 7)
4. Component period. The fundamental period of the mechanical and electrical compo-
nent (and its attachment to the building), Tp, should be determined by Equation 13.6-1
or from experimental test data or properly substantiated analysis. (Section 13.6.2 of
ASCE 7)
5. Mechanical components. (Section 13.6.3 of ASCE 7)
a. HVAC ductwork should meet the requirements of Section 13.6.7.
b. Piping systems should meet the requirements of Section 13.6.8.
c. Boilers and vessels should meet the requirements of Section 13.6.9
d. Elevators should meet the requirements of Section 13.6.10.
e. Design of all other mechanical components should meet the requirements of
Section 13.6.11.

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118 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

f. Mechanical components with Ip greater than 1.0 should be designed for the seismic
forces and relative displacements defined in Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 and should
satisfy the following additional requirements:
(1) Eliminate seismic impact for components vulnerable to impact, for components
constructed of nonductile materials, and in cases where material ductility will
be reduced on account of service conditions, e.g., low temperature applications.
(Section 13.6.3, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
(2) Evaluate effects of loads imposed on components by attached utility or service
lines, owing to differential movement of support points on separate structures.
(Section 13.6.3, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
(3) Where piping or HVAC ductwork components are attached to structures that
could displace relative to one another and for isolated structures where such
components cross the isolation interface, the components should be designed
to accommodate the seismic relative displacements defined in Section 13.3.2.
(Section 13.6.3, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
6. Electrical components. Electrical components with Ip greater than 1.0 should be de-
signed for the seismic forces and relative displacements defined in Sections 13.3.1 and
13.3.2 of ASCE 7 and the following additional requirements: (Section 13.6.4 of ASCE 7)
a. Eliminate seismic impact between components. (Section 13.6.4, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
b. Evaluate effects of loads applied on the components by attached utility or service
lines that are attached to separate structures. (Section 13.6.4, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
c. Wrap-around restraints should be used for batteries on racks to secure the batter-
ies on the rack. Spacers should be used between restraints and cells to prevent
damage to cases. Racks should be evaluated for sufficient lateral load capacity.
(Section 13.6.4, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
d. Internal coils of dry type transformers should be positively attached to their
supporting substructure within the transformer enclosure. (Section 13.6.4, Item 4
of ASCE 7)
e. Electrical control panels, computer equipment and other items with slide-out
components should have a latching mechanism to hold the components in place.
(Section 13.6.4, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
f. Electrical cabinet design should comply with the applicable National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards. Cutouts in the lower shear panel not
made by the manufacturer and significantly reducing the strength of the cabinet
should be evaluated. (Section 13.6.4, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
g. The attachments for additional external items weighing more than 100 lb (445 N)
should be evaluated or provided by the manufacturer. (Section 13.6.4, Item 7 of
ASCE 7)
h. Conduit, cable trays, or similar electrical distribution components should be de-
signed to accommodate the seismic relative displacements defined in Section 13.3.2
(Section 13.6.4, Item 8 of ASCE 7)

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7. Component supports. Mechanical and electrical component supports and attachments


(including structural members, braces, frames, skirts, legs, saddles, pedestals, cables,
guys, stays, snubbers and tethers, as well as elements forged or cast as a part of the
mechanical or electrical component and those with Ip = 1.0) should be designed for the
forces and displacements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2. (Section 13.6.5 of ASCE 7)
a. Design basis. Component supports should be designed by either load rating, i.e.,
testing, or for the calculated seismic forces. Supports should have the stiffness for
its intended function. (Section 13.6.5.1 of ASCE 7)
b. Design for relative displacement. Component supports should be designed to
accommodate the seismic relative displacements between points of support in
accordance with Section 13.3.2. (Section 13.6.5.2 of ASCE 7)
c. Support attachment to component.
(1) The attachment of supports to the component (except where integral, i.e., cast
or forged) should be designed to accommodate both the forces and displace-
ments in accordance with Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2. (Section 13.6.5.3 of
ASCE 7)
(2) For component with Ip = 1.5, the local region of the support attachment point to
the component should be evaluated for the effect of the load transfer on the
component wall. (Section 13.6.5.3 of ASCE 7)
d. Material detailing requirements. The materials comprising supports and the
means of attachment to the component should be constructed of materials suitable
for the application, including the effects of service conditions; for example, low
temperature applications. Materials should be in conformance with a nationally
recognized standard. (ASCE 13.6.5.4 of ASCE 7)
e. Additional requirements. The following additional requirements should apply to
mechanical and electrical component supports: (Section 13.6.5.5 of ASCE 7)
(1) Seismic supports should be constructed so that support engagement is main-
tained. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 1 of ASCE 7)
(2) Base is not reinforced with stiffeners or is not capable of transferring the re-
quired loads. Oversized platewashers or other reinforcement should be provided
at bolted connections through a sheet metal base. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 2 of
ASCE 7)
(3) Weak-axis bending of cold-formed steel supports is relied on for the seismic
load path. Supports (at _____________________________) should be specifically
evaluated. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 3 of ASCE 7)
(4) Components mounted on vibration isolators should have a bumper restraint or
snubber in each horizontal direction, and vertical restraints should be provided
where required to resist overturning. Isolator housings and restraints should be
constructed of ductile materials. The design force shall be taken as 2Fp if the
air gap between the equipment support frame and restraint is greater than 0.25
in. If the air gap specified is not greater than 0.25 in., the design force is
permitted to be taken as Fp. (See additional design force requirements in
footnote b to Table 13.6-1.) A viscoelastic pad or similar material of appropriate

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120 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

thickness should be used between the bumper and components to limit the im-
pact load. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
(5) Expansion anchors should not be used for nonvibration isolated mechanical
equipment rated over 10 hp (7.45 kW). (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
(Note: Undercut expansion anchors are allowed.)
f. The supports for electrical distribution components should be designed for the seis-
mic forces and relative displacements defined in Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of
ASCE 7 (if any of the following conditions apply): (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
(1) Ip is equal to 1.5, and conduit diameter is greater than 2.5 in. (64 mm) trade
size. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6a of ASCE 7)
(2) Trapeze assemblies supporting conduit, and bus ducts or cable trays where Ip
is equal to 1.5 and the total weight of the bus duct, cable tray or conduit sup-
ported by trapeze assemblies exceeds 10 lb/ft (146 N/m). (Section 13.6.5.5,
Item 6b of ASCE 7)
(3) Supports are cantilevered up from the floor. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6c of
ASCE 7)
(4) Supports include bracing to limit deflection. (Section 13.6.5.5 , Item 6d of
ASCE 7)
(5) Supports are constructed as rigid welded frames. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6e of
ASCE 7)
(6) Attachments into concrete utilize nonexpanding insets, power actuated fasten-
ers or cast iron embedments. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6f of ASCE 7)
(7) Attachments utilize spot welds, plug welds or minimum size welds as defined
by AISC. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 6g of ASCE 7)
g. For piping, boilers and pressure vessels, attachments to concrete should be suit-
able for cyclic loads. (Section 13.6.5.5, Item 7 of ASCE 7)
h. For mechanical equipment, drilled and grouted-in-place anchors for tensile load
applications should use either approved expansive cement or expansive epoxy grout.
(Section 13.6.5.5, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
8. Utility and service lines.
a. At ( _______________ ) (the interface of adjacent structures or portions of the same
structure that may move independently), utility lines should be provided with
adequate flexibility to accommodate the anticipated differential movement. Differen-
tial displacement calculations should be determined in accordance with Section
13.3.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.6 of ASCE 7)
b. The effects of possible interruption of utility service on the designated seismic sys-
tems in buildings in Occupancy Category IV should be considered. For soil with Site
Class E or F, where the seismic coefficient SDS at the underground utility or at the
base of the structure is equal to or greater than 0.33, details should be provided to
protect underground utilities and utility interfaces between the structure and the
ground. (Section 13.6.6 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components 121

9. HVAC ductwork.
a. Required seismic supports. Seismic supports are required for HVAC ducts with
Ip = 1.0, provided either of the following conditions are met for the full length of
each duct run: (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
(1) HVAC ducts are suspended from hangers that are more than 12 inches (305
mm) in length from the top of the duct to the supporting structure. The hang-
ers should be detailed to avoid significant bending of the hangers and their
attachments.
(2) HVAC ducts have a cross-sectional area of more than 6 square feet (0.557 m2).
b. HVAC duct systems should be fabricated and installed in accordance with approved
standards. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
c. Components installed in-line with the duct system. Components installed in-
line with the duct system (e.g., fans, heat exchangers and humidifiers) with an
operating weight greater than 75 pounds (334 N) should be supported and laterally
braced independent of the duct system and should meet the force requirements of
Section 13.3.1. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
d. Appurtenances such as dampers, louvers and diffusers should be positively at-
tached with mechanical fasteners. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
e. Unbraced piping attached to in-line equipment should be provided with adequate
flexibility to accommodate differential displacements. (Section 13.6.7 of ASCE 7)
10. Piping systems general. All piping systems should be designed and constructed in
accordance with Section 13.6.8 of ASCE 7.
Design of seismic supports for piping systems should be in accordance with one of the
following: (Section 13.6.8 of ASCE 7)
a. Fire protection sprinkler systems.
(1) Fire protection sprinkler systems in SDC C. Seismic support for fire protec-
tion sprinkler systems should be in accordance with NFPA 13. (Section 13.6.8.2
of ASCE 7).
(2) Fire protection sprinkler systems in SDC D F. Seismic support for fire
protection sprinkler systems should be in accordance with Section 13.6.8.3 of
ASCE 7. (Section13.6.8.3 of ASCE 7) (Note: Exceptions of Section 13.6.8 do not
apply, see item E.11 of this Checklist for detailed requirements.)
b. For piping systems other than fire protection sprinkler systems. No additional
seismic supports required where:
(1) Piping supported by rod hangers. Hangers in the pipe run should be 12
inches (305 mm) or less in length from the top of the pipe to the supporting
structure; hangers should be detailed to avoid bending of the hangers and their
attachments, and to show piping can accommodate expected deflections. (Sec-
tion 13.6.8 item 1 of ASCE 7)
(2) High-deformability piping. High-deformability piping should be designed and
constructed to avoid impact with larger piping or mechanical components or to

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122 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

protect the piping in the event of such impact; and the nominal pipe size
should be as follows: (Section 13.6.8 item 2 of ASCE 7)
(a) For SDC C, where Ip is greater than 1.0, the nominal pipe size should be 2
inches (51 mm) max. (Section 13.6.8, Item 2b of ASCE 7)
(b( For SDC D F, where Ip is equal to 1.0, the nominal pipe size should be 3
inches (76 mm) maximum; where Ip is greater than 1.0, the nominal pipe
size should be 1 inch (25 mm) maximum. (Section 13.6.8, Items 2c and 2a
of ASCE 7)
c. Elevator system piping should comply with Section 13.6.10 of ASCE 7. (Note:
ASME A17.1 amended by Section 13.6.10.1 through 4) (Sections 13.6.8 and 13.6.10
of ASCE 7)
d. ASME pressure piping systems. Pressure piping systems, including their supports,
should be designed and constructed in accordance with ASME B31 using the force
and displacement requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE 7. (Section
13.6.8.1 of ASCE 7)
e. Other piping systems. Other piping systems should be designed and constructed
in accordance with either ASME B31 or NFPA 13 using the force and displacement
requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE 7, or in accordance with the
requirements of Section 13.6.11 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.8.4 of ASCE 7)
11. Fire protection sprinkler systems. (SDC D F) Fire protection sprinkler systems in
SDC D, E or F should be designed and constructed in accordance with the following
requirements: (Section 13.6.8.3 of ASCE 7)
a. The hangers and sway bracing of fire protection sprinkler systems should satisfy
both of the following requirements: (Section 13.6.8.3 item 1 of ASCE 7)
(1) The hangers and sway bracing are designed and constructed in accordance
with NFPA 13.
(2) The force and displacement requirements are in accordance with Sections
13.3.1 and 13.3.2.
b. The fire protection sprinkler system piping itself should meet the force and
displacement requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2. (Section 13.6.8.3, Item 2
of ASCE 7)
c. The design strength of the fire protection sprinkler system piping for seismic loads
in combination with other service loads and appropriate environmental effects
should be based on the following material properties: (Section 13.6.8.3, Item 3 of
ASCE 7)
(1) For piping and components constructed with ductile materials (e.g., steel,
aluminum or copper), 90 percent of the minimum specified yield strength.
(2) For threaded connections in components constructed with ductile materials, 70
percent of the minimum specified yield strength.
(3) For piping and components constructed with nonductile materials (e.g., plastic,
cast iron or ceramics), 10 percent of the material minimum specified tensile
strength.

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Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components 123

12. Boilers and pressure vessels.


a. Boilers or pressure vessels should be designed in accordance with ASME BPVC us-
ing the force and displacement requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE
7. (Section 13.6.9 of ASCE 7)
b. Boilers and pressure vessels with Ip = 1.5 must de designed and constructed in
accordance with ASME BPVC using the force and displacement requirements of
Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2 of ASCE 7 or comply with the requirements of Section
13.6.11 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.9 of ASCE 7)
13. Elevator and escalator design requirements. Design of elevators and escalators
should be in accordance with the seismic requirements of ASME A17.1 as modified in
Sections 13.6.10.1 through 13.6.10.4 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.6.10 of ASCE 7)
a. Escalators, elevators and hoistway structural systems, elevator equipment
and controller supports, and attachments. Escalators, elevators and hoistway
structural systems, elevator equipment and controller supports, and attachments
should meet the force and displacement requirements of Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.2.
(Sections 13.6.10.1 and 13.6.10.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Seismic switches. Seismic switches should be provided for elevators operating
with a speed of 150 ft/min (46 m/min) or greater. (Section 13.6.10.3 of ASCE 7)
(1) Seismic switches should provide an electrical signal indicating that structural
motions are of such a magnitude that the operation of elevators may be
impaired.
(2) The seismic switch should be located at or above the highest floor serviced by
the elevators.
(3) The seismic switch should have two horizontal perpendicular axes of sensitivity.
(4) Trigger level of the seismic switch should be set to 30 percent of the accelera-
tion of gravity.
(5) Upon activation of the seismic switch, elevator operations should conform to
requirements of ASME A17.1. Except in facilities where the loss of the use of an
elevator is a life-safety issue, the elevator should be used, provided that:
(a) The elevator should operate no faster than the service speed.
(b) Before the elevator is occupied, it is operated from top to bottom and back
to top to verify that it is operable.
c. Retainer plates. Retainer plates are required at the top and bottom of the car and
counterweight. (Section 13.6.10.4 of ASCE 7)
14. Other mechanical and electrical components. Mechanical and electrical components,
including distribution systems (not designed and constructed in accordance with the
reference documents in Chapter 23) should meet the following: (Section 13.6.11 of ASCE
7)
a. Components, their supports and attachments should comply with the requirements
of Sections 13.4, 13.6.3, 13.6.4 and 13.6.5. (Section 13.6.11, Item 1 of ASCE 7)

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124 Chapter 13: Nonstructural Components

b. (Where mechanical components contain a sufficient quantity of hazardous material


to pose a danger if released, and for boilers and pressure vessels not designed in
accordance with ASME BPVC) the design strength for seismic loads in combination
with other service loads and appropriate environmental effects should be based on
the following material properties: (Section 13.6.11 item 2 of ASCE 7)
(1) For mechanical components constructed with ductile materials (e.g., steel,
aluminum or copper), 90 percent of the minimum specified yield strength.
(2) For threaded connections in components constructed with ductile materials, 70
percent of the minimum specified yield strength.
(3) For mechanical components constructed with nonductile materials (e.g., plastic,
cast iron or ceramics), 10 percent of the material minimum specified tensile
strength.
(4) For threaded connections in piping constructed with nonductile materials, 8
percent of the material minimum specified tensile strength.

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125

14. Nonbuilding Structures Design


Requirements
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (API 620 Tenth
Edition-2002)
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage (API 650-10th Edition, Addendum 4, 2005)
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction (API 653-2001)

A. Scope. Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonbuilding structures and
nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their supports
and attachments, should be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake
motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. (Section
1613.1)

1. Nonbuilding structures. Nonbuilding structures, including all self-supporting struc-


tures that carry gravity loads and that may be required to resist the effects of
earthquake, supported by the earth or by other structures should be designed and de-
tailed to resist the minimum lateral forces specified in Chapter 15 of ASCE 7. (Section
15.1.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Where the weight of a nonstructural component is greater than or equal to 25 percent
of the effective seismic weight, W, defined in Section 12.7.2 of ASCE 7, the component
should be classified as a nonbuilding structure and shall be designed in accordance
with Section 15.3.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 13.1.1 of ASCE 7)
3. Design should conform to the applicable requirements of other code sections as modi-
fied by Chapter 15 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.1.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Foundation design should comply with the requirements of Sections 12.1.5 and 12.13
of ASCE 7. (Section 15.1.1 of ASCE 7)

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126 Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements

EXCEPTIONS:
1. Seismic design of the following structures are exempt from the seismic requirements
of ASCE 7 and should be in accordance with other regulations: (Item 4, Section
11.1.2 of ASCE 7)
Vehicular bridges
Electrical transmission towers
Hydraulic structures
Buried utility lines and their appurtenances
Nuclear reactors
2. Other nonbuilding structures where specific seismic provisions have yet to be devel-
oped. (Section 15.1.1 of ASCE 7) (Note: ref. FEMA 450-2 NEHRP Commentary,
Chapter 14.)

B. Analysis procedure selection. (Section 15.1.3 of ASCE 7)

1. Nonbuilding structures that are similar to buildings. Structural analysis procedure


shall be selected in accordance with Section 12.6 of ASCE 7.
2. Nonbuilding structures that are not similar to buildings. Structural analysis proce-
dure shall be one of the following: (Section 15.1.3 of ASCE 7)
a. Equivalent lateral force procedure (Section 12.8)
b. Modal analysis procedure (Section 12.9)
c. Linear response history analysis procedure (Section 16.1)
d. Nonlinear response history analysis procedure (Section 16.2)
e. The procedure prescribed in the specific reference document

C. Reference documents. Reference documents referred to in Chapter 15 are listed in Chap-


ter 23 of ASCE 7 and have seismic requirements based on the same force and displacement
levels used in this standard or have seismic requirements that are specifically modified by
Chapter 15. (Section 15.2 of ASCE 7)

1. Strength and other design criteria shall be obtained from the seismic requirements of
ASCE 7 or its referenced documents.
2. Where reference documents define acceptance criteria in terms of allowable stresses as
opposed to strength, the design seismic forces should be obtained from ASCE 7 and
used in combination with other loads as specified in Section 2.4 of ASCE 7 and used di-
rectly with allowable stresses specified in the reference documents. (Section 15.1.2,
Item b of ASCE 7)
3. Detailing should be in accordance with the reference documents. (Section 15.1.2, Item b
of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements 127

D. Nonbuilding structures supported by other structures. Where nonbuilding structures


identified in Table 15.4-2 are supported by other structures, and the nonbuilding structures
are not part of the primary seismic force-resisting system, one of the following methods
should be used. (Section 15.3)

1. < 25% combined weight condition. The weight of the nonbuilding structure is less
than 25 percent of the combined weight. Design seismic forces of the nonbuilding struc-
ture should be determined in accordance with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7 where the values
of Rp and ap should be determined in accordance with Section 13.1.5. The supporting
structure should be designed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 or
Section 15.5 of ASCE 7, as appropriate with the weight of the nonbuilding structure
considered in the determination of the effective seismic weight, W. (Section 15.3.1 of
ASCE 7)
2. 25% combined weight condition. The weight of the nonbuilding structure is equal
to or greater than 25 percent of the combined weight. Analysis should combine the
structural characteristics of both the nonbuilding structure and the supporting
structures to determine the seismic design forces in accordance with Section 15.3.2 of
ASCE 7 as follows: (Section 15.3.2 of ASCE 7)
a. Rigid component. The nonbuilding structure has rigid component dynamic
characteristics (T < 0.06s) as defined in Section 15.4.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.3.2,
Item 1 of ASCE 7)
(1) Component should be considered a rigid element with appropriate distribution
of its effective seismic weight.
(2) The supporting structure should be designed in accordance with the require-
ments of Chapter 12 or Section 15.5 of ASCE 7 as appropriate.
(3) The R-value of the combined system should be the R-value of the supporting
structural system.
(4) The nonbuilding structure and attachments should be designed for the forces
using the procedures of Chapter 13 where the Rp value should be equal to the
R-value of the nonbuilding structure in Table 15.4-2, and ap should be 1.0.
b. Nonrigid component. The nonbuilding structure has nonrigid characteristics (T
0.06s) as defined in Section 15.4.2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.3.2, Item 2 of ASCE 7)
(1) The nonbuilding structure and supporting structure should be modeled to-
gether in a combined model with appropriate stiffness and effective seismic
weight distributions.
(2) The combined structure should be designed in accordance with Section 15.5 of
ASCE 7 with the R-value of the combined system taken as the lesser R-value of
the nonbuilding structure or the supporting structure.
(3) The nonbuilding structure and attachments should be designed for the forces
determined for the nonbuilding structure in the combined analysis.

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128 Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements

Note: Where Section 15.3 requires that seismic forces be determined in


accordance with Chapter 13, and values for Rp are not provided in
Table 13.5-1 or 13.6-1, Rp shall be taken as equal to the value of R
listed in Chapter 15. The value of ap should be determined in accor-
dance with footnote a of Table 13.5-1 or 13.6-1 of ASCE 7. (Section
13.1.5 of ASCE 7)

E. Seismic design basis.

1. Nonbuilding structures having specific seismic design criteria established in reference


documents shall be designed using the standards as amended in ASCE 7. (Section
15.4.1 of ASCE 7)
2. Nonbuilding structures without reference documents should be designed in compliance
with Sections 15.5 and 15.6 to resist minimum seismic lateral forces that are not less
than the requirements of Section 12.8 amended by Section 15.4.1 of ASCE 7. (Section
15.4.1 item 1 of ASCE 7)
a. Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings. A system should be selected from
Table 12.2-1 or Table 15.4-1 of ASCE 7 subject to the system limitations and height
limits, based on the seismic design category indicated in the table. The appropriate
values of R, o and Cd in Table 15.4-1 should be used in determining the base
shear, element design forces and design story drift as indicated in ASCE 7. Design
and detailing requirements should comply with the sections referenced in Table
15.4-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1a of ASCE 7)
b. Nonbuilding structures not similar to buildings. A system should be selected
from Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7 subject to the system limitations and height limits,
based on the seismic design category indicated in the table. The appropriate values
of R, o and Cd in Table 15.4-2 should be used in determining the base shear, ele-
ment design forces and design story drift as indicated in ASCE 7. Design and
detailing requirements shall comply with the sections referenced in Table 15.4-2 of
ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1b of ASCE 7)
c. Seismic coefficients not specified. Where neither Table 15.4-1 nor Table 15.4-2
of ASCE 7 contains an appropriate entry, applicable strength and other design
criteria should be obtained from a reference document that is applicable to the
specific type of nonbuilding structure. Design and detailing requirements should
comply with the reference document. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1c of ASCE 7)
3. Seismic response coefficient (Cs). For nonbuilding systems that have an R-value pro-
vided in Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7, the seismic response coefficient (Cs) should be
determined in accordance with Section 15.4.1, Item 2 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 2
of ASCE 7)
4. Importance factor. The importance factor, I , and occupancy category for nonbuilding
structures are based on the relative hazard of the contents and the function. The value
of I should be the largest value determined by the following: (Section 15.4.1.1 of ASCE 7)
a. Applicable reference document listed in Chapter 23 of ASCE 7.
b. The largest value as selected from Table 11.5-1 of ASCE 7.

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Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements 129

c. As specified elsewhere in Chapter 15 of ASCE 7.


5. Vertical distribution of the lateral seismic forces. The vertical distribution of the lat-
eral seismic forces in nonbuilding structures covered by Chapter 15 of ASCE 7 should
be determined by one of the following: (Section 15.4.1, Item 4 of ASCE 7)
a. Using the requirements of Section 12.8.3 of ASCE 7
b. Using the procedures of Section 12.9 of ASCE 7
c. In accordance with reference document applicable to the specific nonbuilding
structure
6. Tanks and vessels. For nonbuilding structural systems containing liquids, gases and
granular solids supported at the base as defined in Section 15.7.1 of ASCE 7, Tanks
and Vessels, the minimum seismic design force should not be less than that required by
the reference document for the specific system. (Section 15.4.1, Item 5 of ASCE 7)
7. Limitations of reference documents. Reference documents of a particular type of
nonbuilding structure covered by Chapter 15 of ASCE 7 should not be used unless it is
demonstrated that the following limitations are met: (Section 15.4.1, Item 6 of ASCE 7)
a. The seismic ground accelerations and seismic coefficients are consistent with the
requirements of Section 11.4 of ASCE 7.
b. The values for total lateral force and total base overturning moment used in design
are not less than 80 percent of the base shear value and overturning moment, each
adjusted for the effects of soil-structure interaction using ASCE 7.
8. Reduction of base shear. The base shear reduced in accordance with Section 19.2.1 of
ASCE 7 to account for the effects of soil-structure interaction should not be less than
0.7V. (Section 15.4.1, Item 7 of ASCE 7)
9. Load combinations. Effects on the nonbuilding structure that are due to gravity loads
and seismic forces should be combined in accordance with the factored load combina-
tions in Section 2.3 of ASCE 7 unless otherwise noted in Chapter 15 of ASCE 7.
(Section 15.4.1, Item 8 of ASCE 7)
10. Seismic load effect with overstrength factor. Chapter 15 of ASCE 7 requires the de-
sign seismic force for _____________________________ (nonbuilding structures) should be
amplified by the overstrength factor as defined in Section 12.4.3 of ASCE 7. (Section
15.4.1, Item 9 of ASCE 7)

F. Rigid nonbuilding structures. The following rigid nonbuilding structures (those with pe-
riod, T, less than 0.06 seconds) and their anchorages should be designed in accordance
with Equation 15.4-5 and distributed with height in accordance with Section 12.8.3 of
ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.2 of ASCE 7)

________________________________
________________________________

G. Loads. The seismic effective weight W for nonbuilding structures shall include all dead load
as defined for structures in Section 12.7.2. For purposes of calculating design seismic forces
in nonbuilding structures, W also shall include all normal operating contents for items such

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130 Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements

as tanks, vessels, bins, hoppers and the contents of piping. W shall include snow and ice
loads where these loads constitute 25 percent or more of W or where required by the build-
ing official based on local environmental characteristics. (Section 15.4.3 of ASCE 7)

H. Fundamental period. The fundamental period T of the nonbuilding structure should be


determined by either of the following: (Section 15.4.4 of ASCE 7)

a. A properly substantiated analysis using the structural properties and deformation


characteristics of the resisting elements as required in Section 12.8.2.
b. Compute using Equation 15.4-6 of ASCE 7. The values of fi represent any lateral force
distribution in accordance with the principles of structural mechanics. The elastic
deflections, i , should be calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi .
(Note: Equations 12.8-7, 12.8-8, 12.8-9 and 12.8-10 of ASCE 7 should not be used for
determining the period of a nonbuilding structure.) (Section 15.4.4 of ASCE 7.)

I. Drift limitations. Provide rational analysis to indicate how drift limitations of Section
12.12.1 of ASCE 7 can be exceeded without adversely affecting structural stability or at-
tached or interconnected components and elements such as _____________________________
and piping. P-delta effects shall be considered. (Section 15.4.5 of ASCE 7)

J. Deflection limits and structure separation. Deflection limits and structure separation
shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7 unless specifically amended in Chapter 15.
(Section 15.4.7 of ASCE 7)

K. Site-specific response spectra. The following nonbuilding structures should be designed


for site-specific criteria that account for local seismicity and geology, expected recurrence
intervals and magnitudes of events from known seismic hazards (see Section 11.4.7 of
ASCE 7). If a longer recurrence interval is defined in the reference document for the
nonbuilding structure, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks (NFPA 59A), the
recurrence interval required in the reference document should be used. (Section 15.4.8 of
ASCE 7):

________________________________
________________________________
________________________________

L. Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings. The following nonbuilding structures that


are designed and constructed similar to buildings should be designed in accordance with
Section 15.5 of ASCE 7.

1. Pipe racks (Section 15.5.2 of ASCE 7)


2. Steel storage racks (Section 15.5.3 of ASCE 7)
3. Electrical power-generating facilities (Section 15.5.4 of ASCE 7)
4. Structural towers for tanks and vessels (Section 15.5.5 of ASCE 7)
5. Piers and wharves (Section 15.5.6 of ASCE 7)

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Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements 131

M. Nonbuilding structures not similar to buildings. The following nonbuilding structures


should be designed in accordance with Section 15.6 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.6 of ASCE 7)

1. Earth-retaining structures (Section 15.6.1 of ASCE 7)


2. Stacks and chimneys (Section 15.6.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Amusement structures (Section 15.6.3 of ASCE 7)
4. Special hydraulic structures (Section 15.6.4 of ASCE 7)
5. Secondary containment systems (Section 15.6.5 of ASCE 7)
6. Telecommunication towers (Section 15.6.6 of ASCE 7)

N. Tanks and vessels. Section 15.7 of ASCE 7 applies to all tanks, vessels, bins and silos, and
similar containers storing liquids, gases and granular solids supported at the base, using
reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastic
materials. (Section 15.7.1 of ASCE 7)

Note: Tanks supported on elevated levels in buildings shall be designed in


accordance with Section 15.3. (Section 15.7.1 of ASCE 7)

Tanks and vessels supported at the base, as well as their attachments and anchorage,
should be designed in accordance with Sections 15.7.2-5 of ASCE and the following sections:

1. Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Liquids (Section 15.7.6 of ASCE 7)


2. Water Storage and Water Treatment Tanks and Vessels (Section 15.7.7 of ASCE 7)
3. Petrochemical and Industrial Tanks and Vessels Storing Liquids (Section 15.7.8 of
ASCE 7)
4. Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Granular Materials (Section 15.7.9 of ASCE 7)
5. Elevated Tanks and Vessels for Liquids and Granular Materials (Section 15.7.10 of
ASCE 7)
6. Boilers and Pressure Vessels (Section 15.7.11 of ASCE 7)
7. Liquid and Gas Spheres (Section 15.7.12 of ASCE 7)
8. Refrigerated Gas Liquid Storage Tanks and Vessels (Section 15.7.13 of ASCE 7)
9. Horizontal, Saddle Supported Vessels for Liquid or Vapor Storage (Section 15.7.14 of
ASCE 7)

O. Architectural, mechanical and electrical components. Architectural, mechanical and


electrical components supported by nonbuilding structures shall be designed in accordance
with Chapter 13 of ASCE 7. (Section 15.3.3 of ASCE 7)

P. Inverted pendulum-type structures in nonbuilding structures not similar to buildings.

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132 Chapter 14: Nonbuilding Structures Design Requirements

1. Inverted pendulum type structures (except elevated tanks, vessels, bins and hoppers)
meeting the definition of Section 11.2 of ASCE 7 should be designed in accordance with
Section 15.4.1, Item 1b using the Seismic Coefficients and Factors of Table 15.4-2 of
ASCE 7. (Section 15.4.1, Item 1b and Table 15.4-2 of ASCE 7)
2. Supporting columns or piers of inverted pendulum-type structures should be designed
for the bending moment calculated at the base determined using the procedures given
in Section 12.8 or 15.4, whichever is higher, of ASCE 7 and varying uniformly to a mo-
ment at the top equal to one-half the calculated bending moment at the base. (Section
12.2.5.3 of ASCE 7)

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133

15. Seismically Isolated Structures and


Structures with Damping Systems
Design Requirements
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, including Supplement No. 1 dated 2006
(AISC 341)

A. Seismically isolated structure. Every seismically isolated structure and every portion
thereof should be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter
17 of ASCE 7. (Section 1613.1)

1. Steel OMF and OCBF. (SDC D F) Steel OMFs and OCBFs with heights exceeding
limits in Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7 are permitted up to 160 feet if:
a. RI is 1.0, and
b. Structural steel designed in accordance with AISC 341. (Section 1613.6.2)

B. Structures with damping system. Every structure with a damping system and every por-
tion thereof should be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of
Chapter 18 of ASCE 7. (Section 1613.1)

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135

16. Foundation DesignRequirements


Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
National Design Specifications (NDS) for Wood Construction (AF&PA NDS-05)
Technical Report - Basic Requirements for Permanent Wood Foundation Systems (AF&PA T.R.
No. 7-87)
Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations (WRI/CRSI-81)
Standard Requirements for Analysis of Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils
(PTI-2004)

A. Foundation and soils investigation.

1. Required soils report. A foundation and soils investigation report should be submitted
in accordance with Section 1802.2 because of one or more of the following conditions:
a. Questionable soil (Section 1802.2.1)
b. Expansive soil (Section 1802.2.2)
c. Groundwater table (Section 1808.2.2.3)
d. Pile and pier foundations (Section 1808.2.2.4)
e. Unusual rock strata (Section 1808.2.2.5)
f. The structure is determined to be SDC C, D, E or F (Sections 1808.2.2.6 and
1808.2.2.7)
2. Foundation and soils investigation required for SDC C F (SDC C F). Soils
investigation is required and should include evaluation of the following potential
hazards resulting from earthquake motions: slope instability, liquefaction and surface
rupture that are due to faulting or lateral spreading in accordance with Section
1802.2.6. (Section 1802.2.6 or Section 11.8.2 of ASCE 7)
3. Additional soils investigation requirements for SDC D, E and F (SDC D F). Soils
investigation is required and should include evaluation of the following potential
hazards resulting from earthquake motions:
a. Lateral pressures on basement and retaining walls (when applicable) that are due
to earthquake motions. (Section 1802.2.7, Item 1, or Section 11.8.2 of ASCE 7)
b. Assessment of potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength loss for
site peak ground acceleration magnitudes and source characteristics consistent
with the design earthquake ground motions. Mitigation measures should consider
the design of the structure including ground stabilization, selection of appropriate

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136 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

foundation type and depths, selection of appropriate structural systems to


accommodate anticipated displacements, or any combination of these measures.
The assessment should include the following: (Section 1802.2.7, Item 2, or Section
11.8.3 of ASCE 7)
(1) Estimation of differential settlement and mitigation measures
(2) Lateral movement measures
(3) Reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity and mitigation measures

Note 1: Peak ground acceleration shall be determined from a site-specific study


taking into account soil amplification effects, as specified in Chapter 21 of ASCE
7. (Section 1802.2.7)

Note 2: Exception to Section 1802.2.7: A site-specific study need not be per-


formed, provided that peak ground acceleration equal to S DS/2.5 is used, where
SDS is determined in accordance with Section 21.2.1 of ASCE 7. (Section
1802.2.7)

c. A structure assigned to SDC E or F should not be located where there is a known


potential for an active fault to cause rupture of the ground surface at the structure.
(Section 11.8.1 of ASCE 7)
4. Soil information on construction documents. The soil classification and design-
bearing capacity should be shown on the construction documents. (Section 1802.6)
5. Reports. A written report of the soils investigation should be submitted, including the
following information: (Section 1802.6)
a. A plot showing the location of test borings and/or excavations. (Section 1802.6,
Item 1)
b. A complete record of the soil samples. (Section 1802.6, Item 2)
c. A record of the soil profile. (Section 1802.6, Item 3)
d. Elevation of the water table, if encountered. (Section 1802.6, Item 4)
e. Recommendations for foundation type and design criteria, including bearing capac-
ity of natural or compacted soil; provisions to mitigate the effects of expansive soils;
mitigation of the effects of liquefaction, differential settlement and varying soil
strength; and the effects of adjacent loads. (Section 1802.6, Item 5)
f. Expected total and differential settlement. (Section 1802.6, Item 6)
g. Pile and pier foundation information in accordance with Section 1808.2.2. (Section
1802.6, Item 7)
h. Special design and construction provisions for footings or foundations founded on
expansive soils, as necessary. (Section 1802.6, Item 8)

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Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements 137

i. Compacted fill material properties and testing in accordance with Section 1803.5.
(Section 1802.6, Item 9)

B. Excavation, grading and fill.

1. Drainage around foundation.


a. Slope. Plans should indicate that the ground immediately adjacent to the founda-
tion sloped away from the building at an angle of not less than 1 unit vertical in 20
units horizontal (5 percent slope) for a minimum distance of 10 feet measured
perpendicular to the face of the wall. (Section 1803.3).
b. Physical obstructions. Where physical obstructions or lot lines prohibit 10 feet
(3048 mm) of horizontal distance, plans should indicate a proposed method of
diverting water away from the building at an angle of not less than 1 unit vertical in
20 units horizontal (5 percent slope). (Section 1803.3)

Note: Where climatic or soil conditions warrant, the slope of the ground away
from the building foundation may be reduced to not less than one unit vertical in
48 units horizontal (2 percent). (Section 1803.3)

c. Swales. Swales for draining and diverting water away from the building should be
sloped a minimum of one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2 percent) within 10
feet (3048 mm) of the building foundation. (Section 1803.3)
d. Impervious surfaces. Impervious surfaces within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the building
foundation shall be sloped a minimum of one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2
percent) away from the building. (Section 1803.3)
e. Settlement of backfill. The procedure used to establish the final ground level adja-
cent to the foundation should consider effects of additional settlement of the
backfill. (Section 1803.3)
2. Flood hazard areas. Buildings located in the flood hazard areas designated by the
FEMA Flood Hazard Map must conform to the requirements of Section 1803.4. (Section
1803.4)
3. Compacted fill. Compacted fill used to support footings should be specified in an ap-
proved report in accordance with Section 1803.5. (Section 1803.5)
4. Controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Controlled low-strength material (CLSM)
used to support footings should be specified in a report in accordance with Section
1803.6 for approval. (Section 1803.6)

C. Allowable load-bearing values of soils. The presumptive load-bearing values provided in


Table 1804.2 shall be used with the allowable stress design load combinations specified in
Section 1605.3. (Section 1804.1 and Table 1804.2)

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138 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

Note: When using the alternate load combinations in Section 1605.3.2 that in-
clude wind or earthquake loads, an increase of 1/3 is permitted for load-bearing
values provided in Table 1804.2. (Table 1804.2, Footnote d)

1. Lateral sliding resistance. Lateral sliding resistance for clay, sandy clay, silty clay and
clayey silt should not exceed one-half the dead load. (Section 1804.3)

Note 1: The lateral resistance values derived from the table may be increased
by the tabular value for each additional foot (305 mm) of depth to a maximum of
15x the tabular value. (Section 1804.3.1 and Table 1804.2)
Note 2: Isolated poles for uses such as flagpoles or signs and poles used to sup-
port buildings that are not adversely affected by a 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) motion at
the ground surface due to short-term lateral loads may be designed using
lateral-bearing values equal to 2x the tabular values. (Section 1804.3.1 and
Table 1804.2)

D. Footing and foundation requirements.

1. Top surface of footings. The top surface of footings should be level. (Section 1805.1)
2. Required stepped footings. Where the surface of the ground slopes more than 10 per-
cent, foundations should be stepped. (Section 1805.1)
3. Minimum depth of footings. The minimum depth of footings below the undisturbed
ground surface should be shown on the plans to be 12 inches (305 mm). (See Figure
16-1.) (Section 1805.2)
4. Footings and frost line. Footings should be shown on the plans to extend below the
frost line. (Frost depth = _________ inches) (See Figure 16-2.) (Section 1805.2.1) (Note:
exceptions for small building may apply in accordance with Section 1805.2.1.)
5. Isolated footings. Isolated footings on granular soil should be located in accordance
with Figure 16-3. (Section 1805.2.2)
6. Shifting or moving soils. When subsoils are shallow and of a shifting or moving
character, footings should be carried to a minimum depth of _______ ft below existing
grade to ensure stability. (Section 1805.2.3)
7. Footings on or adjacent to slopes. The placement of structures, including pools, on or
adjacent to slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical to 3 units horizontal (33 percent slope)
should comply with Section 1805.3.
8. Width of footings. The minimum width of footings should be 12 inches (305 mm). (See
Figure 16.1.) (Section 1805.4.1)

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Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements 139

Figure 16-1
Minimum footing dimensions
(Sections 1805.2, 1805.4 and Table 1805.4.2)

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140 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

Figure 16-2
Footing below the frost line
(Section 1805.2.1)

Figure 16-3
Isolated footing (Section 1805.2.2)

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Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements 141

9. Design loads.
a. Footings should be designed for the most unfavorable effects caused by the
combinations of loads specified in Sections 1605.2 or 1605.3. (Section 1805.4.1.1)

Note 1: The dead load is permitted to include the weight of foundations, footings
and overlying fill. (Section 1805.4.1.1)
Note 2: Reduced live loads, as specified in Sections 1607.9 and 1607.11, are
permitted to be used in the design of footings. (Section 1805.4.1.1)

b. Vibratory loads that are due to machinery operations should be considered in the
design. (Section 1805.4.1.2)
10. Concrete footing strength. Concrete in footings should have a specified compressive
strength f c , of not less than 2,500 psi (17.2 MPa). (Section 1805.4.2.1)

a. Concrete footings and foundations (SCD D F) in SDC D, E and F should have f c


of 3,000 psi (20.68 MPa) or higher. (Section 1805.9)

Note (SCD D F): For Group R or U occupancies of light-frame construction and


two stories or less in height, f c may be 2,500 psi (17.2 MPa) or higher. (Section
1805.9)

11. Footing seismic ties (SDC D F). Individual spread footings for SDC D, E or F struc-
tures on Site Class E or F soil should be interconnected by ties in accordance with
Section 1805.4.2.2. (Section 1805.4.2.2)
12. Plain concrete footings. For plain concrete footings supporting other than light-frame
construction, the edge thickness should not be less than 8 inches (203 mm) for footings
on soil. (Section 1805.4.2.3)

Note 1: For plain concrete footings supporting other than light-frame construc-
tion of Group R-3 occupancies, the edge thickness is permitted to be 6 inches,
provided the footing does not extend beyond a distance greater than the thick-
ness of the footing on either side of the supported wall. (Section 1805.4.2.3,
Exception)
Note 2: For plain concrete footings supporting light-frame construction of Group
R-3 occupancies, the edge thickness is permitted to be 6 inches (Table 1805.4.2,
Footnote g)

13. Depth of masonry-unit footings. The depth of masonry-unit footings should not be
less than twice the projection beyond the wall, pier or column. (See Figure 16-4.)
(Section 1805.4.3.1)

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142 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

Figure 16-4
Minimum masonry-unit footing dimensions
(Section 1805.4.3.1)

14. Width of masonry-unit footings. The width of masonry-unit footings should be at least
8 inches (203 mm) wider than the wall supported thereon. See Figure 16.4. (Section
1805.4.3.1)
15. Steel grillage footings. Steel grillage footings should comply with the requirements of
Section 1805.4.4.
16. Timber footings. Timber footings should comply with the requirements of Section
1805.4.5.
17. Wood foundations. Wood foundations should be treated and identified in accordance
with the requirements of AF&PA Technical Report No.7 and Section 1805.4.6. (Section
1805.4.6.)
18. Foundation (basement) walls concrete and masonry.
a. General. Concrete and masonry foundation (basement) walls laterally supported at
the top and bottom should be designed in accordance with Chapter 19 or 21,
respectively. (Section 1805.5)
b. Walls up to 10 feet in height. Concrete and masonry foundation walls meeting the
requirements in Tables 1805.5 (1) through (5) and which are 10 feet or lower in
height should be designed in accordance with Sections 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5.
(Section 1805.5 and Tables 1805.5 (1) (5))
c. Limitations of Tables 1805.5 (1) through (5). To use Tables 1805.5(1) through
1805.5(5), the following should be specified on the plans in accordance with Sec-
tions 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5.

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Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements 143

(1) Minimum thickness should comply with Section 1805.5.1. (Section 1805.5.1)
(2) Vertical reinforcement should have a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi
(414 MPa) or in accordance with Section 1805.5.2.1, Item 1.
(3) Concrete should have a specified compressive strength of at least 2,500 psi
(17.2 MPa) at 28 days. (Section 1805.5.2.1, Item 5)
(4) Grout should be in accordance with Table 2103.12 or ASTM C476. (Section
1805.5.2.2, Item 3 and Section 2103.12)
(5) Hollow masonry units should be installed with Type M or Type S mortar in
accordance with Section 2103.8. (Section 1805.5.2.2, Item 6)
(6) For concrete foundation wall with window and door openings, provide mini-
mum two #5 bars around openings and extend minimum 24 inches beyond the
corners of the openings. (Section 1805.5.1, Item 1)
(7) Seismic requirements for concrete foundation walls. (SDC C F) To use Ta-
bles 1805.5(5) in SDC C through F, concrete foundation walls are limited to the
requirements of Sections 1805.5.5.1 and 1908.1.15 ACI 318 Section 22.10.1,
Item (a). (Section 1805.5.5.1)
(8) Seismic requirements for masonry foundation walls. (SDC C F) To use
Tables 1805.5(1) through (4) in SDC C through F, masonry foundation walls
are limited to the requirements of Section 1805.5.5.2, Items (2) through (4) and
Sections 2106.4, 2106.5 and 2106.6 for SDC C, D and E F, respectively.
(Section 1805.5.5.2)
d. Drainage. A drainage system should be installed in accordance with Sections
1806.4.2 and 1806.4.3, or walls should be designed for the hydrostatic pressure of
undrained backfill. (Section 1805.5.6)
19. Pier and curtain wall foundations.
a. In SDC A C, pier and curtain wall foundation construction should be in accor-
dance with the requirements of Section 1805.5.7. (Section 1805.5.7) (See Figure 16-
5.)
b. Pier and curtain wall foundations are not permitted in SDC D or higher.
20. Designs employing lateral bearing (for embedded posts and poles.) Designs for
embedded posts and poles should be in accordance with Section 1805.7.
21. Designs for expansive soils. Designs for expansive soils should be in accordance with
Section 1805.8.

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144 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

Expansive soils defined (Section 1802.3.2): Soils meeting all four of the follow-
ing provisions shall be considered expansive, except that tests to show
compliance with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall not be required if the test prescribed in
Item 4 is conducted:
1. Plasticity Index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in accordance with ASTM
D 4318.
2. More than 10 percent of the soil particles pass a No. 200 sieve (75 m),
determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.
3. More than 10 percent of the soil particles are less than 5 micrometers in
size, determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.
4. Expansion Index greater than 20, determined in accordance with ASTM D
4829.

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Figure 16-5
Masonry pier and curtain wall

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146 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

a. Slab-on-ground foundations on expansive soils. (Section 1805.8.2)


(1) Moments, shears and deflections for use in designing slab-on-ground, mat or
raft foundations on expansive soils should be determined in accordance with
WRI/CRSI Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations or PTI Standard Require-
ments for Analysis of Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils.
(2) Design of nonprestressed slabs-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on expan-
sive soils should be in accordance with WRI/CRSI Design of Slab-on-Ground
Foundations.
(3) Design of post-tensioned slab-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on expansive
soils should in accordance with PTI Standard Requirements for Design of Shal-
low Post-Tensioned Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils.
22. Plain concrete isolated footings supporting pedestals or columns (SDC C F). The
projection of isolated footings beyond the face of the supporting member should not
exceed the footing thickness. (Section 1908.1.15 ACI 318, Section 22.10.1 (b))
23. Plain concrete footings supporting walls. (SDC C F) Plain concrete footings
supporting walls should have reinforcement in accordance with Section 1908.1.15 ACI
318, Section 22.10.1 (c).

E. Retaining walls. Retaining walls shall be designed to ensure stability against excessive
foundation pressure and water uplift, and for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding
and overturning. (Section 1806.1)

F. Dampproofing and waterproofing. Walls or portions thereof that retain earth and enclose
interior spaces and floors below grade should be waterproofed and dampproofed in accor-
dance with Section 1807. Ventilation for crawl spaces should comply with Section 1203.4.
(Section 1807.1)

G. Pier and pile foundations.

Pier foundations. Pier foundations consist of isolated masonry or cast-in-place concrete


structural elements extending into firm materials. Piers are relatively short in comparison
to their width, with lengths less than or equal to 12 times the least horizontal dimension
of the pier. Piers derive their load-carrying capacity through skin friction, through end
bearing or a combination of both.
Pile foundations. Pile foundations consist of concrete, wood or steel structural elements
either driven into the ground or cast in place. Piles are relatively slender in comparison to
their length, with lengths exceeding 12 times the least horizontal dimension. Piles derive
their load-carrying capacity through skin friction, through end bearing or a combination
of both.
(Section 1808.1)

1. Foundation investigation for piers and piles. The foundation investigation report
should specifically address the following issues in accordance with Section 1808.2.2:
a. Recommended pier or pile types and installed capacities (Section 1808.2.2, Item 1)

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Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements 147

b. Recommended center-to-center spacing (Item 2)


c. Driving criteria (Item 3)
d. Installation procedures (Item 4)
e. Field inspection and reporting procedures (to include procedures for verification of
the installed bearing capacity where required) (Item 5)
f. Pier or pile load test requirements
(Item 6)

Figure 16-6
Pile cap requirement
(Section 1808.2.4)

g. Durability of pier or pile materials (Item 7)


h. Designation of bearing stratum or strata (Item 8)
i. Reductions for group action, where necessary (Item 9)
2. Pile cap requirements. Pile caps should be of reinforced concrete. The tops of piles
should be embedded at least 3 inches (76 mm) into pile caps, and the caps should ex-
tend at least 4 inches (102 mm) beyond the edges of piles. (See Figure 16-6.) (Section
1808.2.4)
3. Lateral stability for piers and piles. Piers or piles should be braced to provide lateral
stability in all directions in accordance with Section 1808.2.5.
4. Splices. Splices in piers or piles should comply with the requirements of Section
1808.2.7.
5. Allowable loads on pier or piles. The allowable loads on piers or piles should comply
with the requirements of Section 1808.2.8.
6. Interconnection of pile caps, piers and piles (SDC C F). Individual pile caps, piers
or piles should be interconnected by ties in accordance with Section 1808.2.23.1.1 for
SDC C, or Section 1808.2.23.2.2 for SDC D F.

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7. Flexural strengths (SDC D F). Flexural strengths of the grade beam or pile cap
should be greater than that of columns that are the vertical lateral-force-resisting
elements.
The connection between batter piles and grade beams or pile caps should be designed
to resist the nominal strength of the pile acting as a short column. Batter piles and
their connection should be capable of resisting system overstrength forces and mo-
ments from the load combinations of Section 1605.4. (Section 1808.2.23.2.3)

H. Driven pile foundations.

1. Timber piles. Timber piles should be designed in accordance with the AFPA NDS, and
compliance with Section 1809.1 should be demonstrated. (Section 1809.1)
2. Precast concrete piles. (Section 1809.2) The following requirements for precast con-
crete piles should be met:
a. Minimum dimension. The minimum lateral dimension should be 8 inches (203
mm). Corners of square piles should be chamfered. (Section 1809.2.1.2)
b. Reinforcement. Reinforcement should comply with the requirements of Section
1809.2.1.3. (See Figure 16-7.)
3. Precast nonprestressed piles. (Section 1809.2.2) The following requirements for pre-
cast nonprestressed concrete piles should be met:
a. Concrete strength. Concrete should have a minimum specified compressive
strength, f c , of not less than 3,000 psi (20.68 MPa). (Section 1809.2.2.1)

b. Minimum reinforcement. The minimum amount of longitudinal reinforcement


should be 0.8 percent of the concrete section and should consist of at least four
bars. (Section 1809.2.2.2)
c. Seismic reinforcement. (SDC C) Additional reinforcement should be provided in
accordance with Section 1809.2.2.2.1 for structures in SDC C. (See Figure 16-8.)
d. Seismic reinforcement (SDC D F). Additional reinforcement should be provided
in accordance with Section 1809.2.2.2.2 for structures in SDC D, E or F. (See
Figure 16-9.)

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Figure 16-7
Reinforcement for precast concrete piles SDC A B

Figure 16-8
Seismic reinforcement for precast nonprestressed piles SDC C

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150 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

Figure 16-9
Seismic reinforcement for precast nonprestressed piles SDC D F

e. Allowable stresses. The allowable compressive stress in the concrete should not
exceed 0.33 f c . The allowable compressive stress in the reinforcing steel should not
exceed 0.4fy or a maximum of 30,000 psi (207 MPa). The allowable tensile stress in
the reinforcing steel should not exceed 0.5fy or a maximum of 24,000 psi (165 MPa).
(Section 1809.2.2.3)
f. Concrete cover. Concrete cover should be minimum 2 inches in accordance with
Section 1809.2.2.5.
4. Precast prestressed piles. (Section 1809.2.3) The following requirements for precast
prestressed concrete piles should be met:
a. Materials. Prestressing steel should conform to ASTM A 416. Concrete should have
a specified compressive strength, f c , of not less than 5,000 psi (34.48 MPa).
(Section 1809.2.3.1)
b. Design. Precast prestressed piles should be designed in accordance with Section
1809.2.3.2.
c. Seismic design requirement (SDC C). The requirements of Section 1809.2.3.2.1
should be met for structures assigned to SDC C.
d. Seismic design requirement (SDC D F). The requirements of Section
1809.2.3.2.2 should be met for structures assigned to SDC D, E or F.
e. Allowable stresses. The maximum allowable design compressive stress, f c , in con-
crete should be determined using Equation 18-10. (Section 1809.2.3.3)

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f. Concrete cover. Prestressing steel and pile reinforcement should have a concrete
cover of not less than 11/4 inches (32 mm) for square piles of 12 inches (305 mm) or
smaller, and 11/2 inches (38 mm) for larger piles. For piles exposed to sea water,
the minimum protective concrete cover should be 21/2 inches (64 mm). (Section
1809.2.3.5)
5. Structural steel piles. Structural steel piles should meet the requirements of Section
1809.3.
a. Materials. Plan should indicate structural steel piles conform to ASTM A36, A252,
A283, A572, A588, A690, A913 or A992. (Section 1809.3.1)
b. Allowable stresses. The allowable axial stresses should not exceed 0.35 Fy or 0.5
Fy if justified in accordance with Section 1808.2.10. (Section 1808.3.2)
c. H-pile dimensions. The dimensional requirements of Section 1809.3.3 for steel H-
piles should be met. (Section 1809.3.3)
d. Steel pipe piles. The dimensional requirements of Section 1809.3.4 for steel pipe
piles should be met. (Section 1809.3.4)

I. Cast-in-place concrete pile foundations.

1. Seismic reinforcement (SDC C). Cast-in-place concrete piles in SDC C structures


should comply with the reinforcement requirements of Section 1809.1.2.1. (See Figure
16-10.) (Section 1810.1.2.1)
2. Seismic reinforcement (SDC D F). Cast-in-place concrete piles in SDC D, E or F
structures should comply with the reinforcement requirements of Section 1810.1.2.2.
(See Figure 16-11.)

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152 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

Figure 16-10
Seismic reinforcement for cast-in-place concrete piles SDC C
(Section 1809.1.2.1)

Note: Flexural length is the length of the pile to a point where the concrete section crack-
ing moment strength multiplied by 0.4 exceeds the required moment strength at that
point. (Section 1810.1.2.2)

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Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements 153

Figure 16-11
Seismic reinforcement for cast-in-place piles SDC D F

3. Enlarged base cast-in-place concrete piles. Enlarged base cast-in-place concrete piles
should conform to the requirements of Section 1810.2.

Enlarged base cast-in-place concrete piles: Enlarged base piles are cast-in-
place concrete piles constructed with a base that is larger than the diameter of
the remainder of the pile. The enlarged base is designed to increase the load-
bearing area of the pile in end bearing.
(Section 1808.1)

4. Drilled or augered uncased cast-in-place concrete piles. Drilled or augered uncased


cast-in-place concrete piles should conform to the requirements of Section 1810.3.

Augered uncased cast-in-place concrete piles: Augered uncased piles are


constructed by depositing concrete into an uncased augered hole, either during
or after the withdrawal of the auger.
(Section 1808.1)

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154 Chapter 16: Foundation DesignRequirements

5. Driven uncased cast-in-place concrete piles. Driven uncased cast-in-place concrete


piles should conform to the requirements of Section 1810.4.

Driven uncased cast-in-place concrete piles: Driven uncased piles con-


structed by driving a steel shell into the soil to shore an unexcavated hole that is
later filled with concrete. The steel casing is lifted out of the hole during the
deposition of the concrete.
(Section 1808.1)

6. Steel-cased cast-in-place concrete piles. Steel-cased cast-in-place concrete piles


should be shown to conform to the requirements of Section 1810.5.
7. Concrete-filled steel pipe and tube piles. Concrete-filled steel pipe and tube piles
should be shown to conform to the requirements of Section 1810.6.

Concrete-filled steel pipe and tube piles: Concrete filled steel pipe and tube
piles are constructed by driving a steel pipe or tube section into the soil and fill-
ing the pipe or tube section with concrete. The steel pipe or tube section is left in
place during and after the deposition of the concrete.
(Section 1808.1)

8. Concrete caisson piles. Caisson piles should be shown to conform to the requirements
of Section 1810.7.

Concrete caisson piles: Caisson piles are cast-in-place concrete piles extending
into bedrock. The upper portion of a caisson pile consists of a cased pile that ex-
tends to the bedrock. The lower portion of the caisson pile consists of an uncased
socket drilled into the bedrock.
(Section 1808.1)

9. Micropiles. Micropiles should be shown to conform to the requirements of Section


1810.8.

Micropiles: Micropiles are 12-inch diameter (305 mm) or less bored, grouted-in-
place piles incorporating steel pipe (casing)and/or steel reinforcement. (Section
1808.1)

J. Composite pile foundations.

1. General. Composite piles (piles consisting of two or more pile types) should be shown to
conform to the requirements of Sections 1811.2 through 1811.5. (Section 1811.1)

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K. Pier foundations.

Pier foundations: Pier foundations consist of isolated masonry or cast-in-place


concrete structural elements extending into firm materials. Piers are relatively
short in comparison to their width, with lengths less than or equal to 12x the
least horizontal dimension of the pier. Piers derive their load-carrying capacity
through skin friction, through end bearing or a combination of both.
(Section 1808.1)

1. Minimum dimensions for isolated piers. The minimum dimension of isolated piers
used as foundations should be 2 feet (610 mm), and the length should not exceed 12
times the least horizontal dimension. (See Figure 16-12.) (Section 1812.2)
2. Reinforcement. Reinforcement for isolated piers should be provided in accordance with
Section 1810.1.2.1 for SDC C (see Figure 16.10) and Section 1810.1.2.2 for SDC D, E
and F. (See Figure 16-11.)(Section 1812.4)

Figure 16-12
Minimum dimensions for isolated piers
(Section 1811.2)

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157

17. Concrete
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
National Design Specifications (NDS) for Wood Construction (AF&PA NDS-05)
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 31805) and Commentary (ACI
318R05)
Structural Welding Code Reinforcing Steel (AWS D1.4-05)
Guide to Shotcrete (ACI 506-05)
Standard Specification for Highway Bridges (AASHTO)

A. Construction documents. The construction documents should specify the following in


accordance with Section 1901.4:

Note: This list is in addition to the structural design information required by Sec-
tion 1603, and additional requirements of Section 106. The list is not all-
inclusive and may be expanded at the discretion of the building official.

1. Concrete strength. Specified compressive strength of concrete.


2. Reinforcement grade. The specified strength or grade of reinforcement.
3. Reinforcement size and location. The size and location of structural elements,
reinforcement and anchors.
4. Prestressing forces. The magnitude and location of prestressing forces.
5. Anchorage and lap splices. Anchorage length of reinforcement and location and length
of lap splices.
6. Mechanical and welded splices. Type and location of mechanical and welded splices of
reinforcement.
7. Contraction and isolated joints. Details and location of contraction or isolation joints
specified for plain concrete.
8. Post-tensioned concrete. Minimum concrete compressive strength at time of post-
tensioning and stressing sequence for post-tensioned tendons.
9. Structural diaphragms in SDC D F (SDC D F). For structures assigned to SDC D,
E or F, a statement if slab-on-grade is designed as a structural diaphragm. See ACI 318
Section 21.10.3.4.

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B. Material requirements. (Section 1903)

1. Welding of reinforcing bars. Welding of reinforcing bars should conform to ANSI/AWS


D1.4 (Structural Welding Code Reinforcing Steel). The ASTM reinforcing bar specifica-
tions, except for ASTM A 706, should be supplemented to require a report of material
properties necessary to conform to the requirements in ANSI/AWS D1.4. (Section
1903.1 and Table 1704.3, Item 5b, ACI 318 Section 3.5.2)
2. Admixtures. Admixtures to be used in concrete should be subject to prior approval by
the registered design professional and should comply with ACI 318 Section 3.6.
3. Water-cementitious materials. Concrete that will be subject to the exposures given in
Table 4.2.2 of ACI 318 should conform to the corresponding maximum water-
cementitious materials ratios (Section 4.1 of ACI 318) and minimum specified concrete
compressive strength requirements of that table. (Sections 1904.2.1 and 1904.2.2)
4. Freezing and thawing exposures. Concrete that will be exposed to freezing and thaw-
ing or deicing chemicals should be air-entrained with air content indicated in Table
4.2.1 of ACI 318.
5. Concrete exposed to deicing chemicals. For concrete exposed to deicing chemicals,
the maximum weight of the fly ash, other pozzolans, silica fume or slag that is included
in the calculation of water-cementitious materials ratio should not exceed the percent-
ages of the total weight of cementitious materials given in Table 4.2.3 of ACI 318. (Sec-
tion 1904.2.3 and ACI 318 Section 4.2.3)
6. Sulfate exposure. Concrete to be exposed to sulfate-containing solutions or soils
should conform to the requirements of Table 4.3.1 of ACI 318 or should be made with a
cement that provides sulfate resistance and that has a maximum water-cementitious
materials ratio and minimum f c from Table 4.3.1 (Section 4.3.1 of ACI 318) Also, cal-
cium chloride should not be specified as an admixture in concrete exposed to severe or
very severe sulfate-containing solutions as defined in Table 4.3.1 (Section 1904.3 and
ACI 318 Section 4.3.2)
7. Corrosion protection. Maximum chloride ion content for corrosion protection should
conform to ACI 318 Table 4.4.1.
8. Minimum concrete compressive strength. The minimum concrete compressive
strength, f c , designed and constructed in accordance with Chapter 19 or ACI 318
should not be less than 2,500 psi (17.22 MPa). (Section 1905.1.1 and ACI 318 Section
5.1.1)

C. Reinforcement requirements.

1. Hooks.
a. Standard hooks. The construction documents should detail minimum bend diame-
ter and extensions of standard hooks in accordance with Section 7.1 of ACI 318
and as illustrated in Figure 17-1. (Section 1907.1)

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Chapter 17: Concrete 159

Figure 17-1
Standard hook details

2. Spacing limits.

Note: Maximum aggregate size should not be larger than 3/4 the minimum clear
spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, individ-
ual tendons, bundled tendons or ducts. (ACI 318 Section 3.3.2 [c]).

a. Parallel bars in a layer. The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a
layer should be db, but not less than 1 inch (25 mm). (Section 7.6 of ACI 318) The
minimum spacing limitations of Section 7.6.1 through 7.6.4 of ACI 318 are
illustrated in Figure 17-2. (Section 1907.6)

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160 Chapter 17: Concrete

Figure 17-2
Minimum clear distances between bars, bundles or tendons

b. Flexural reinforcement in walls and slabs. In walls and slabs other than concrete
joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement should not be spaced farther
apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, or 18 inches (457 mm). (Section
1907.6 and ACI 318 Section 7.6.5)
c. Bundled bars. Bundled bars should be detailed on the construction documents in
accordance with the requirements set forth in Section 7.6.6 of ACI 318. (Section
1907.6)
d. Prestressing tendons. The clear distance between pretensioning tendons at each
end of a member should not be less than 5db for wire or 4db for strands. If the con-
crete strength at transfer of prestress is 4,000 psi (28 MPa) or more, minimum
center-to-center spacing of strands should be 13/4 inches (45 mm) for strands of 1/2
inch (12.7 mm) nominal diameter or smaller, and 2 inches (50 mm) for strands of
0.6 inch (15.2 mm) nominal diameter. (Section 1907.6 and ACI 318 Section 7.6.7.1)
e. Spacing limits for shear reinforcement. Spacing of shear reinforcement placed
perpendicular to axis of member should not exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members
and 0.75h in prestressed members or 24 inches (610 mm). (Section 11.5.5.1 of ACI
318) When shear force carried by stirrups, Vs, exceeds 4 f c bw d [For

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Chapter 17: Concrete 161

SI: 0.33 f c bw d ], this maximum spacing should be reduced by one-half. (Section


11.5.5.3 of ACI 318)
3. Minimum concrete cover.
a. Minimum concrete cover. Minimum concrete cover should be specified on the
construction documents in accordance with Section 1907.7 and ACI 318 Sections
7.7 as summarized in Table 17.1. Note: concrete cover for structural members in
fire-resistant rated structures should comply with Chapter 7 where applicable.

Table 17.1
Minimum concrete cover for cast-in-place concrete (Nonprestressed and nonprecast)
Minimum Cover
Concrete Exposure Inches

4. Lateral reinforcement for compression members.


a. Minimum spiral reinforcement. The ratio of spiral reinforcement should be in
accordance with Equation 10-5 of ACI 318. (Section 1907.10 and ACI 318 Sections
7.10.4 and 10.9.3) It should be held firmly in place and true to line. (ACI 318
Section 7.10.4.9)
b. Minimum size of spirals. For cast-in-place construction, the size of spirals should
not be less than 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) diameter. (Section 1907.10 and ACI 318 Section
7.10.4.2)
c. Clear spacing between spirals. Clear spacing between spirals should not exceed 3
inches (76 mm) or be less than 1 inch (25 mm). (Section 1907.10 and ACI 318
Section 7.10.4.3)
d. Splices. Splices in spiral reinforcement should be lap splices of 48db (72db for plain
uncoated bar or wire and epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire) but not less than 12
inches (305 mm), or should be full mechanical or welded splices. (Section 1907.10
and ACI 318 Section 7.10.4.5)

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162 Chapter 17: Concrete

Figure 17-3
Sketch to clarity measurements between laterally supported column bars
e. Extent of spirals. Column spirals should extend into supported members as re-
quired by ACI 318, Sections 7.10.4.6, 7.10.4.7 and 7.10.4.8. (Section 1907.10)
f. Minimum size of ties. Ties should be at least No. 3 in size for longitudinal bars No.
10 or smaller, and at least No. 4 in size for larger or bundled longitudinal bars.
(Section 1907.10 and ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.1).
g. Spacing of ties. Vertical spacing of ties should not exceed 16 longitudinal bar
diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression
member. (ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.2). (Section 1907.10 and Section 1910.5.2)
h. Arrangement of ties. Ties should be so arranged that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar has lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included
angle of not more than 135 degrees, and a bar should not be more than 6 inches
(152 mm) clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar. (Sec-
tion 1907.10 and ACI 318 Section 7.10.5.3) (See Figure 17-3.)
i. Extent of ties. Ties should extend over the compression member as required by
ACI 318 Sections 7.10.5.4 and 7.10.5.5. (Section 1907.10)
5. Lateral reinforcement for flexural members.
a. Lateral reinforcement in beams. Lateral reinforcement in beams should be in
accordance with the requirements in ACI 318 Section 7.11 (Section 1907.11)
6. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.
a. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. Reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature stresses normal to flexural reinforcement should be provided in
structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in only one direction in
accordance with the following: (Section 1907.12 and ACI 318 Section 7.12)

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(1) Deformed reinforcement. The area of the deformed reinforcement should not
be less than that set forth in Section 7.12.2.1 of ACI 318. The reinforcement
should not be spaced more than five times the slab thickness or 18 inches (457
mm). (Section 7.12.2.2 of ACI 318) The reinforcement should be developed in
accordance with Chapter 12 of ACI 318.
(2) Prestressing tendons. Prestressing tendons used for shrinkage and tempera-
ture reinforcement should be in accordance with Section 7.12.3 of ACI 318.
7. Structural integrity. (Section 1907.13)
a. Requirements for structural integrity cast-in-place construction. The struc-
tural integrity requirements of Sections 7.13.2.1, 7.13.2.2 and 7.13.2.3 of ACI 318,
as illustrated in Figure 17-4, apply to cast-in-place concrete construction. Section
13.3.8.5 of ACI 318 applies to two-way slab construction. (Sections 7.13.2.1
through 7.13.2.4 of ACI 318)
b. Requirements for structural integrity precast construction. The structural
integrity requirements of Section 7.13.3 of ACI 318 should be detailed on the plans.
Tension ties should be provided in the transverse, longitudinal and vertical direc-
tions and around the perimeter of the structure to effectively tie elements together.
The provisions of Section 16.5 of ACI 318 should also apply. (Section 7.13.3 of ACI
318)
8. Development of reinforcement in tension.
a. Development of deformed bars and wire in tension. The development length, ld,
for deformed bars and wire in tension should be computed by either Section 12.2.2
or 12.2.3, and Modification Factors for excess reinforcement in accordance with
Section 12.2.5 of ACI 318 but not less than 12 inches (305 mm). The basic
simplified development lengths (units = inches) set forth in ACI 318 Section 12.2.2
for Grade 60 bars in Normal Weight Concrete are listed as follows. Factors t , e,
s and need to be multiplied to the table values.

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Development length ld for Grade 60, uncoated, bottom


reinforcement in normal weight concrete based on Section 12.2.2 (Factors t , e , s and
need to be multiplied to the table values)
No. 6 and Smaller Bars and
f c psi Deformed Wires No. 7 and Larger Bars

Clear spacing of bars being developed 3,000 44db 55db


or spliced not less than db, clear cover
4,000 38db 47db
not less than db, and beam stirrups or
column ties throughout ld not less than 5,000 34db 42db
the code minimum 6,000 31db 39db
or
Clear spacing of bars being developed 8,000 27db 34db
or spliced not less than 2db and clear 10,000 24db 30db
cover not less than db
Other cases 3,000 66db 82db
4,000 57db 71db
5,000 51db 64db
6,000 46db 58db
8,000 40db 50db
10,000 36db 45db

t = reinforcement location factor


= 1.3 for horizontal reinforcement placed such that more than 12 in. of
fresh concrete is cast below the development length or splice
= 1.0 for other reinforcement
e = coating factor
= 1.5 for epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less than 3 db or
clear spacing than 6 db
= 1.2 for all other epoxy-coated bars or wires
= 1.0 for uncoated reinforcement
The product of t and e need not be taken greater than 1.7.
s = reinforcement size and factor
= 0.8 for No. 6 and smaller bars and deformed wires
= 1.0 for No. 7 and larger bars
= lightweight aggregate concrete factor
= 1.3 when lightweight aggregate concrete is used, or

= 6.7 f c /fct, but less than 1.0, when fct is specified

= 1.0 for normal weight concrete

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Chapter 17: Concrete 165

Figure 17-4
requirements for structural integrity for cast-in-place construction

b. Development of bundled bars. The development length of individual bars within a


bundle should be that for the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a 3-bar
bundle and 33 percent for a 4-bar bundle. (Section 12.4.1 of ACI 318)
c. Development of standard hooks in tension. The development length of standard
hooks, ldh, (Figure 17-5 or R12.5 of ACI 318) should not be less than 8db or 6
inches (152 mm), or the length computed as the product of the basic hook develop-

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166 Chapter 17: Concrete

ment length of Section 12.5.2 and the applicable modification factors of Section
12.5.3 of ACI 318. (Section 12.5.1 of ACI 318) The basic hook development lengths
(units = inches) set forth in Section 12.5.2 of ACI 318 for Grade 60 bars are as
follows:

Basic hook development length ldh for Grade 60 uncoated bars in normal weight concrete
based on Section 12.2.4 (Factors t , e , s and need to be multiplied to the table values)
(Normal Weight Concrete), PSI
fc

Bar Size 3,000 4,000 5,000

Modification factors should be applied in accordance with Section 12.5.3.


(1) Bar yield strength (Section 12.5.2 of ACI 318)
(2) t for concrete cover (Section 12.2.4 (a) of ACI 318)
(3) e for epoxy-coated reinforcement (Sections 12.2.4 (b) and 12.5.2 of ACI 318)
(4) s for bar size effect (Sections 12.2.4 (c) and 12.5.2 of ACI 318)
(5) for lightweight aggregate concrete (Sections 12.2.4 (d) and 12.5.2 of ACI 318)
(6) Ties or stirrups (Section 12.5.3 of ACI 318)

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Chapter 17: Concrete 167

Figure 17-5
Hocked bar development length

d. Development of welded deformed wire fabric in tension. The development length


of welded deformed wire fabric in tension should not be less than that set forth in
Section 12.7 of ACI 318. (Section 1901.2)
e. Development of welded plain wire fabric in tension. The development length of
welded plain wire fabric in tension should not be less than that set forth in Section
12.8 of ACI 318. (Section 1901.2)
f. Development of prestressing strand. The development length of three- or seven-
wire pretensioning strand should not be less than that set forth in Section 12.9 of
ACI 318. (Section 1901.2)
9. Development of reinforcement in compression.
a. Development of deformed bars in compression. The development length for de-
formed bars in compression, ldc, should not be less than 8 inches (203 mm) or the
length computed as the product of the basic development length and the applicable
modification factors set forth in Section 12.3.3 of ACI 318 (Section 12.3.1). The ba-
sic development lengths (units = inches) set forth in Section 12.3.2 of ACI 318 for
Grade 60 bars are:

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168 Chapter 17: Concrete

(Normal Weight Concrete), PSI


fc

Bar Size 3,000 4,000 4,444

b. Development of bundled bars. The development length of individual bars within a


bundle should be that for the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a 3-bar
bundle and 33 percent for a 4-bar bundle. (Section 12.4.1 of ACI 318)
10. Development of reinforcement in flexure. (Section 12.10)
a. Extension of flexural reinforcement. Reinforcement should extend beyond the
point it is no longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to the greater of
the effective depth of member d or 12db. (Note: Except at supports of simple spans
and at free ends of cantilevers) (Section 12.10.3 of ACI 318)
b. Termination in tension zone. Flexural reinforcement should not terminate in a
tension zone. (Note: Unless Section 12.10.5.1, 12.10.5.2 or 12.10.5.3 is satisfied)
(Section 12.10.5 of ACI 318)
c. Additional requirements for positive moment reinforcement. Positive moment
reinforcement should be provided in accordance with:
1) Extension of positive reinforcement. At least one-third the positive moment
reinforcement in simple members and one-fourth the positive moment
reinforcement in continuous members should extend along the same face of the
member into the support. In beams, this reinforcement should extend into the
support at least 6 inches (152 mm). (Section 12.11.1 of ACI 318)
2) Limitations on positive reinforcement. Positive moment tension reinforce-
ment at simple supports and at points of inflection should be shown to comply
with Section 12.11.3 of ACI 318.
d. Additional requirements for negative moment reinforcement. At least one-third
the total tension reinforcement provided for negative moment at a support should
have an embedment length beyond the point of inflection not less than effective
depth of member, 12db, or 1/16 the clear span, whichever is greater. (Section
12.12.3 of ACI 318)
11. Development of web reinforcement (stirrups).

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a. Methods of anchorage. Ends of single leg, simple U- or multiple U-stirrups should


be anchored by one of the means set forth in Sections 12.13.2.1 through 12.13.2.5
of ACI 318.
12. General requirements for splices of reinforcement.
a. Maximum bar size. Lap splices should not be used for bars larger than No. 11, ex-
cept as provided for in Sections 12.16.2 and 15.8.2.3 of ACI 318. (Section 12.14.2.1
of ACI 318)
b. Strength of mechanical connections. Full mechanical connections should be
shown to develop in tension or compression at least 125 percent of the specified
yield strength, fy, of the bar. (Section 12.14.3.2 of ACI 318)
c. Strength of welded splices. Full-welded splices should be shown to develop in ten-
sion at least 125 percent of the specified yield strength, fy, of the bar. (Section
12.14.3.4 of ACI 318)
d. Special splice requirements for columns. Splice requirements for columns should
be in accordance with Section 12.17 of ACI 318. (See Figure 17-6 and Table 17-2.)
(Section 12.17.1 of ACI 318)

Figure 17-6
Special splice requirements for columns

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170 Chapter 17: Concrete

Table 17.2 Lap splices in columns


12.17.2.1 Bar stress in compression Use compression lap splice (12.16) modified by factor of 0.83 for
(Zone 1)* ties (12.17.2.4) or 0.75 for spirals (12.17.2.5)

12.17.2.2 Bar stress 0.5fy in tension Use Class B tension lap splice (12.15) if more than 1/2 of total
(Zone 2)* column bars spliced at same location.
or
Use Class A tension lap splice (12.15) if not more than 1/2 of total
column bars spliced at same location.
Stagger alternate splices by d.

12.17.2.3 Bar stress 0.5fy in tension Use Class B tension lap splice (12.15).
(Zone 3)*
*For Zones 1, 2 and 3, see Figure 4-21.
(Source: Notes on ACI 318-05, Table 4 8) Reproduced with permission from PCA.

13. Splices of reinforcement in tension.


a. Lap splice length. Plans should indicate Class B lap splices [1.3ld, but not less
than 12 inches (305 mm)] (Sections 12.15.1 of ACI 318)

Note: Unless it is shown that


1. the area of reinforcement provided is at least twice that required by analysis
over the entire length of the splice, and
2. one-half or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required lap
length, in which case a Class A lap splice (l d) may be specified. (Sections
12.15.2 of ACI 318)

b. Welded or mechanical splices. Welded or mechanical splices used where area of


reinforcement provided is less than twice that required by analysis should comply
with Section 12.14.3.2 or 12.14.3.4 of ACI 318. (Section 12.15.3 of ACI 318)
c. Welded wire fabric. Splices of welded deformed wire fabric and plain wire fabric in
tension should be in accordance with Section 12.18 and 12.19 of ACI 318,
respectively.
14. Splices of reinforcement in compression.
a. Lap splice length. Compression lap splice lengths for Grade 60 or lower grade bars
should not be less than 12 inches (305 mm) or 0.0005fydb in accordance with Sec-
tion 12.16.1 of ACI 318.
b. Bars of different sizes. When bars of different sizes are lap spliced in compression,
the splice length should be the larger of the development length of the larger bar or
splice length of the smaller bar. (Section 12.16.2 of ACI 318)

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D. Design requirements.

1. General.
a. Load considerations. Consideration should be given to effects of forces due to
prestressing, crane loads, vibration, impact, shrinkage, temperature changes, creep,
expansion of shrinkage-compensating concrete and unequal settlement of supports.
(Section 8.2.4 of ACI 318)
b. Modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity of concrete should be determined
in accordance with Section 8.5 of ACI 318.
c. Load combinations. Load combinations should be in accordance with Section
1605 or ACI 318 Section 9.2, except as noted in Section 1605.4 for special seismic
load combinations.
d. Strength-reduction factors. Strength-reduction factors should be applied in accor-
dance with Section 9.3 of ACI 318.
e. Shear reduction factor of 0.6. For structures that rely on special moment-
resisting frame or special reinforced concrete structural walls to resist earthquake
effects, the shear strength reduction factor should be 0.6 for any structural mem-
ber that is designed to resist earthquake forces, if their nominal shear strength is
less than the shear corresponding to development of their nominal flexural strength.
(Section 9.3.4(a) of ACI 318)
f. Strength reduction factor for shear in diaphragms. In structures that rely on
special moment-resisting frames or special reinforced concrete structural walls to
resist earthquake effects, the strength reduction factor for shear in diaphragms
should not exceed the minimum strength reduction factor for shear used for the
vertical components of the primary lateral-force-resisting system. (Section 9.3.4 (b)
of ACI 318)
g. Strength reduction factor for shear in joints and diagonally reinforced
coupling beams. In structures that rely on special moment-resisting frames or
special reinforced concrete structural walls to resist earthquake effects, the
strength reduction factor for shear in joints and diagonally reinforced coupling
beams should be 0.85. (Section 9.3.4(c) of ACI 318)
h. Bearing strength. The design bearing strength on concrete should not exceed
( 0.85 f c A1 ) except when the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area, in which case design bearing strength on the loaded area should be multiplied
by A2 / A1 but not more than 2. (Section 10.17.1 of ACI 318)
i. Reduction in shear and torsional moment strength for lightweight concrete.
Shear strength and torsional moment strength for lightweight concrete should be
reduced in accordance with Section 11.2 of ACI 318.
j. Shear strength for nonprestressed members. The shear strength for non-
prestressed members should be calculated in accordance with Section 11.3 of ACI
318.

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172 Chapter 17: Concrete

k. Design of shear reinforcement. Where factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear
strength ( )Vc, shear reinforcement should be designed and provided in accordance
with Section 11.5 of ACI 318.
l. Design for torsion. Where the factored torsional moment, Tu, exceeds that set
forth in Section 11.6.1, the member should be designed to carry that torsional
moment in accordance with Sections 11.6.3 through 11.6.6 of ACI 318. (Section
11.6.2.1 of ACI 318)
m. Shear friction. Where direct shear is being transferred across a given plane, such
as an existing or potential crack, an interface between dissimilar materials, or an
interface between two concrete entities cast at different times, provide a shear-
friction analysis in accordance with Section 11.7 of ACI 318.
n. Deep beams. Members with ln not exceeding four times the overall member depth
or regions of beams with concentrated loads within twice the member depth from
the support that are loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face so that
compression struts can develop between the loads and supports are considered
deep beams, and the design of shear reinforcement should be in accordance with
Sections 11.8 and 12.10.6 of ACI 318.
o. Special shear design provisions for brackets and corbels. Brackets and corbels
with a shear span-to-depth ratio, av/d, not greater than one (1) and subject to a
horizontal tensile force, Nuc, not larger than Vu should be designed in accordance
with Section 11.9 of ACI 318.
2. Flexural member design.
a. Span lengths. Span lengths of members not built integrally with supports should
be considered the clear span plus depth of member, or the distance between cen-
ters of supports. In analysis of frames or continuous construction for determination
of moments, span length should be taken as the distance center-to-center of
supports. (Section 8.7 of ACI 318.)
b. Limitations on methods of analysis. To use approximate moments and shears set
forth in Section 8.3.3 of ACI 318 in the design of continuous beams and one-way
slabs, all of the following conditions must be met.
(1) There are two or more spans.
(2) Spans are approximately equal, with the longer of two adjacent spans not
greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent.
(3) Loads are uniformly distributed.
(4) Unfactored live load does not exceed three times unfactored dead load.
(5) Members are prismatic.
c. Minimum reinforcement. The minimum reinforcement ratio, As, should not be
less than:

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fc fc
3 bw d ( bw d in SI) or
fy 4 fy
200 1.4
bw d ( bw d in SI)
fy fy

fc fc
(6 bw d ( bw d in SI) for statically determinate T-beam with flange in
fy 2 fy
tension.
Alternatively, area of reinforcement provided at every section should be at least one-
third greater than that required by analysis. (Section 10.5 of ACI 318)
d. Maximum reinforcement ratio. When the factored axial load is less than the
smaller of 0.10 f c A g , the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, t, at nomi-
nal strength, should be 0.004 or higher. (Note: The reinforcement limit of 0.75 b
results in a net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, t, at nominal strength of
0.00376, slightly less conservative.) (Section 10.3.5 of ACI 318)
e. Distribution of flexural reinforcement.
(1) The spacing of reinforcement closest to the surface in tension, S, should not ex-
ceed S = 15(40,000/fs) 2.5Cc but not greater than (12)(40,000/fs). (Section
10.6.4 of ACI 318)
(2) Where h of a beam or joist exceeds 36 inches, longitudinal skin reinforcement
should be uniformly distributed and placed in accordance with Section 10.6.7
and Figure R10.6.7 of ACI 318.
f. Deep beams. The following provisions should be complied with for deep beams.
(1) Section 10.7 of ACI 318
(2) Section 11.8 of ACI 318
(3) Section 12.11.4 of ACI 318
(4) Section 12.12.4 of ACI 318
g. Maximum distance between lateral supports. Spacing of lateral supports for a
beam should not exceed 50 times the least width, b, of compression flange or face.
(Section 10.4.1 of ACI 318)
h. Minimum shear reinforcement.
(1) Minimum shear reinforcement should be provided in reinforced flexural mem-
bers where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds 1/2 Vc. (except as noted in
Section 11.5.6.1 of ACI 318).
(2) Minimum area of shear reinforcement should be calculated in accordance with
Sections 11.5.6.3 and 11.5.6.4 of ACI 318.
(3) Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement should be determined in accordance
with Section 11.5.5 of ACI 318.

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3. Compression member design.


a. Unbalanced loads. In frames or continuous construction, consideration should be
given to the effect of unbalanced floor or roof loads on both exterior and interior col-
umns, and of eccentric loading that is due to other causes. (Section 8.8.2 of ACI
318)
b. Maximum design axial load strength. The design axial load strength Pn should
not be taken greater than the following (Section 10.3.6 of ACI 318):
(1) For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement:
Pn,max = 0.85 0.85 f c A g Ast f y Ast Equation 10-1 of ACI 318

(2) For nonprestressed members with tie reinforcement:


Pn,max = 0.80 0.85 f c A g Ast f y Ast Equation 10-2 of ACI 318

c. Limits for reinforcement. The area of longitudinal reinforcement for noncomposite


compression members should not be less than 0.01 Ag or more than 0.08 Ag. Also,
the minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members should be four
(4) for bars within rectangular or circular ties, three (3) for bars within triangular
ties and six (6) for bars enclosed by spirals. (Sections 10.9.1 and 10.9.2 of ACI 318)
d. Consideration of slenderness effects. The design of compression members,
restraining beams and other supporting members should be based on the factored
forces and moments from a second-order analysis considering material nonlinearity
and cracking as well as the effects of member curvature and lateral drift, shrinkage
and creep, interaction with supporting foundation, and the duration of loads. In
lieu of such an analysis, slenderness effects in compression members may be
evaluated in accordance with the procedure presented in Section 10.11 of ACI 318.
(Section 10.10 of ACI 318)
e. Transmission of column loads through floor system when f c , Column > (1.4)
f c , Floor). When the specified compressive strength of concrete in a column is
greater than 1.4 times that specified for a floor system, the requirements of
Sections 10.15.1 through 10.15.3 of ACI 318 should be met. (Section 10.15 of ACI
318)
f. Transfer of moments to columns. Shear resulting from transfer of moment at
connections of framing elements to columns should be considered in accordance
with Section 11.11 of ACI 318.
4. Wall design.
a. Effective area for concentrated loads. The horizontal length of wall to be consid-
ered effective for each concentrated load should neither exceed center-to-center
distance between loads, nor width of bearing plus four times the wall thickness.
(Section 14.2.4 of ACI 318)
b. Design for force transfer at base. Transfer of force to footing at base of the wall
should be designed in accordance with Section 15.8 of ACI 318. (Section 14.2.8 of
ACI 318)

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c. Minimum reinforcement. Minimum vertical and horizontal reinforcement should


be in accordance with Sections 14.3.2 and 14.3.3 of ACI 318 or a greater amount if
required for shear by Sections 11.10.8 and 11.10.9. (Section 14.3.1 of ACI 318)
e. Walls more than 10 inches (254 mm) thick. Reinforcement should be provided in
two layers for walls more than 10 inches (254 mm) thick in accordance with Section
14.3.4 of ACI 318. (Note: except basement walls or foundation walls.)
f. Minimum thickness of nonbearing walls. Nonbearing walls should be of a thick-
ness not less than 4 inches (102 mm) or 1/30 the least distance between members
that provide lateral support. (Section 14.6.1 of ACI 318)
g. Design for shear.
(1) Design for shear forces perpendicular to face of the wall should be in accor-
dance with provisions for slabs in Section 11.12 of ACI 318. (Section 11.10.1 of
ACI 318)
(2) Design for horizontal shear forces in plane of intermediate structural wall
should be in accordance with Sections 11.10.2 through 11.10.9 of ACI 318.
(Section 11.10.1 of ACI 318)
(3) Wall height two times the length or less. Horizontal shear is permitted to be in
accordance with Appendix A and Sections 11.10.9.2 through 11.10.9.5 of ACI
318. (Section 11.10.1 of ACI 318)
(4) Design for horizontal shear forces in plane of special structural wall as part of
the earthquake force-resisting system should additionally comply with Section
21.7 of ACI 318. (Section 11.10.2 of ACI 318)
5. Slab systems design.
a. Slab width effective as a T-beam flange. The effective slab width for the assumed
T-beam flange or beams with slab on one side only should be in accordance with
limitations set forth in Sections 8.10.2 or 8.10.3 of ACI 318, respectively.
b. Required reinforcement in T-beam flange.
(1) Where primary flexural reinforcement in a slab considered the flange of a T-
beam is parallel to the beam, reinforcement perpendicular to the beam should
be provided in the top of the slab in accordance with Sections 8.10.5.1 and
8.10.5.2 of ACI 318. (Section 8.10.5 of ACI 318)
(2) Where flanges of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural ten-
sion reinforcement should be distributed over an effective flange width (as
defined in Section 8.10), or a width equal to one-tenth the span, whichever is
smaller. If the effective flange width exceeds one-tenth the span, some
longitudinal reinforcement should be provided in the outer portions of the
flange. (Section 10.6.6 of ACI 318)
c. Minimum thickness for one-way nonprestressed slabs. One-way slabs should
have at least the minimum thickness in accordance with Table 9.5(a) of ACI 318
unless it can be shown by calculation of deflection that a lesser thickness may be
used without adverse effects. (Section 9.5.2.1 of ACI 318)

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d. Minimum thickness for two-way nonprestressed slabs. Two-way slabs should


have at least the minimum thickness determined in accordance with Section 9.5.3
and Table 9.5(c) of ACI 318.
e. Minimum slab-on-grade thickness. The thickness of concrete floor slabs sup-
ported directly on the ground should not be less than 31/2 inches (89 mm). A 6-mil
(0.006 inch; 0.15 mm) polyethylene vapor retarder with joints lapped not less than
6 inches (152 mm) should be placed between the base course or subgrade and the
concrete floor slab, or other approved equivalent methods or materials should be
used to retard vapor transmission through the floor slab. (Note: Vapor retarder may
not be required for accessory structures and flatwork.) (Section 1910)
f. Distribution of reinforcement. Distribution of flexural reinforcement in one-way
slabs should be in accordance with Section 10.6 of ACI 318.
g. Design for shear. Shear in slabs should be designed in accordance with Section
11.12 of ACI 318.
h. Design of two-way slab systems. Two-way slab systems should be designed in
accordance with Chapter 13 of ACI 318.
i. Prestressed slab systems. Prestressed slab systems should comply with the
requirements of Section 18.12 of ACI 318.
6. Footing design.
a. Design for shear. Footings should be designed for shear in accordance with Sec-
tions 11.12 and 15.5 of ACI 318.
b. Design for moment. The maximum factored moment for an isolated footing should
be computed in accordance with Sections 15.4.1 and 15.4.2 of ACI 318.
c. Distribution of reinforcement. In one-way footings, two-way square footings, and
the long direction of two-way rectangular footings, reinforcement should be
distributed uniformly across the entire width of the footing. (Sections 15.4.3 and
15.4.4.1 of ACI 318)
Reinforcement in the short direction of two-way rectangular footings should be
distributed in accordance with the requirements of Section 15.4.4.2 of ACI 318.
d. Minimum footing depth. The depth of footing above the bottom reinforcement
should not be less than 6 inches (152 mm) for footings on soil and not less than12
inches (305 mm) for footings on piles. (Section 15.7 of ACI 318)
e. Bearing on concrete. Bearing on concrete at the contact surface between sup-
ported and supporting members should not exceed concrete bearing strength for
either surface as given by Section 10.17 of ACI 318. (Section 15.8.1.1 of ACI 318)
f. Transfer of force at base of column, wall or reinforced pedestal.
(1) Forces and moments at the base of a column, wall or pedestal should be trans-
ferred to the supporting pedestal or footing by bearing on concrete and by
reinforcement, dowels and mechanical connectors in accordance with Section
15.8.1 of ACI 318.

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(2) In cast-in-place construction, the reinforcement required to satisfy this require-


ment should be provided either by extending the longitudinal bars into the
supporting pedestal or footing, or by dowels as required by Section 15.8.2 of
ACI 318. Minimum reinforcement across interface should not be less than
0.005Ag. (Section 15.8.2 of ACI 318)
g. Minimum concrete cover. A minimum concrete cover of 3 inches (76.2 mm)
should be provided for concrete footings cast against and permanently exposed to
earth. (Section 1907.7.1 and ACI 318, Section 7.7.1)
7. Precast concrete design.
a. Applicable provisions. The provisions of ACI 318 should apply to structures
incorporating precast concrete members except as specifically modified in Chapter
16 of ACI 318. (Section 16.1 of ACI 318)
b. Transfer of force at base of column, wall or reinforced pedestal. Forces and mo-
ments at the base of a column, wall or pedestal should be transferred to the
supporting pedestal or footing by bearing on concrete and by reinforcement, dowels
and mechanical connectors in accordance with Section 15.8.1 of ACI 318. In pre-
cast construction, reinforcement required to satisfy this requirement may be
provided by anchor bolts or suitable mechanical connectors in accordance with
Section 15.8.3 of ACI 318. (Sections 15.8.1 and 15.8.3 of ACI 318)
c. Details. Details of reinforcement, connections, bearing seats, inserts, anchors, con-
crete cover, openings, lifting devices, fabrication and erection tolerances as well as
the required concrete strengths at stated ages or stages of construction should be
shown on either the contract drawings or the shop drawings. (Section 16.2.4 of ACI
318)
d. Minimum concrete cover. The minimum concrete cover for prestressed and non-
prestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings in precast concrete manufactured
under plant control conditions should be in accordance with Section 7.7.3 of ACI
318. (Section 1907.7.3)
8. Composite concrete design.

Composite concrete flexural members: Concrete flexural members of precast or


cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate placements but so
interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit.
Section 2.1 of ACI 318
Composite compression members: Composite compression members shall include all
such members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe, or tubing
with or without longitudinal bars.
Section 10.16.1 of ACI 318

a. Applicable provisions. The provisions of ACI 318 should apply to composite con-
crete flexural members, except as specifically modified in Chapter 17 of ACI 318.
(Section 17.1.2 of ACI 318)

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178 Chapter 17: Concrete

b. Deflection criteria. Composite members should meet requirements of deflections


in accordance with Section 9.5.5 of ACI 318. (Section 17.2.7 of ACI 318)
c. Vertical shear strength. When an entire composite member is assumed to resist
vertical shear, design should be in accordance with requirements of Chapter 11 of
ACI 318. (Section 17.4.1 of ACI 318)
d. Transfer of horizontal shear forces. Full transfer of horizontal shear forces should
be assured at contact surfaces of interconnected elements in accordance with Sec-
tion 17.5 of ACI 318. (Section 17.5.1 of ACI 318)
e. Ties for horizontal shear. When ties are provided to transfer horizontal shear, the
tie spacing should not exceed four times the least dimension of supported element
or 24 inches (610 mm), and the area should comply with Section 11.5.6.3 of ACI
318. (Section 17.6.1 of ACI 318)
f. Composite compression members. Composite compression members should com-
ply with the requirements of Section 10.16 of ACI 318. (Section 10.16 of ACI 318)
9. Prestressed concrete design.
a. Applicable provisions. All provisions of ACI 318 not specifically excluded, and not
in conflict with ACI 318 Chapter 18, should apply to prestressed concrete. (Section
18.1.2 of ACI 318)
b. Deflection criteria. The immediate and long-term deflection of prestressed con-
crete members should be computed in accordance with Sections 9.5.4.1 and
9.5.4.2 of ACI 318 and shown to be within the limits stipulated in Table 9.5(b).
(Section 9.5.4.4 of ACI 318).
c. Maximum design axial load strength. The design axial load strength should not
be more than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members
with tie reinforcement) of the design axial load strength at zero eccentricity. (Section
10.3.6.3 of ACI 318)
d. Shear strength. Shear strength provided by concrete in prestressed members
should be calculated in accordance with Section 11.4 of ACI 318.
e. Permissible stresses in prestressed concrete flexural members. Stresses in con-
crete immediately after prestress transfer should not exceed those set forth in
Section 18.4.1 of ACI 318. Stresses in concrete at service loads (after allowance for
all prestress losses) should not exceed those set forth in Section 18.4.2 of ACI 318.
f. Permissible stresses in prestressing steel. Tensile stresses in prestressing steel
should not exceed those set forth in Section 18.5 of ACI 318.
g. Loss of prestress. It should be shown that the sources of prestress loss listed in
Section 18.6 of ACI 318 have been considered in the determination of the effective
prestress fse.
h. Flexural strength. Design moment strength of prestressed flexural members
should be computed by the strength design method in accordance with ACI 318
Section 18.7 using fps to substitute fy for prestressing steel in strength calculations.
(Section 1901.2 and ACI 318 Section 18.7.1)

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i. Limits of reinforcement of flexural members. The limits and ratio of prestressed


and nonprestressed reinforcement should be in accordance with Section 18.8 of
ACI 318. (Section 18.9 of ACI 318)
j. Minimum bonded reinforcement. A minimum area of bonded reinforcement
should be provided in flexural members with unbonded prestressing tendons in
accordance with Sections 18.9.2 and 18.9.3 of ACI 318.
k. Reinforcement requirements for prestressed compression members. Members
with average compressive stress prestress in concrete that is due to effective
prestress only, fpc, less than 225 psi (1.55 MPa), should have minimum reinforce-
ment in accordance with Section 18.11.2.1 of ACI 318 and conforming to:
(1) Sections 7.10, 10.9.1 and 10.9.2 of ACI 318 for columns, or
(2) Section 14.3 of ACI 318 for walls.
l. Spirals or lateral ties requirements for prestressed compression members.
Members, except for walls, with average compressive stress that is due to effective
prestress only, fpc, equal to or greater than 225 psi (1.55 MPa), should have all
prestressing tendons enclosed by spirals or lateral ties in accordance with Section
18.11.2.2 of ACI 318.
m. Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones. The design and detailing of post-
tensioned tension anchorage zones should be in accordance with Section 18.13 of
ACI 318.
n. Anchorage zones for monostrand (or single bar 5/8-inch-diameter) tendons.
The design of anchorage zones for monostrand tendons should be in accordance
with Section 18.14 of ACI 318.
o. Anchorage zones for multistrand tendons. The design of anchorage zones for
multistrand tendons should be in accordance with AASHTO Standard Specification
for Highway Bridges, Division I, Articles 9.21.7.2.2 through 9.21.7.2.4. (Section
18.15 of ACI 318)
p. Corrosion protection of unbonded tendons. Unbonded tendons should be en-
cased with sheathing in accordance with Section 18.16 of ACI 318.
q. Grout for bonded prestressing tendons. Grout for bonded tendons should consist
of portland cement and water, with or without sand and admixtures, in accordance
with Section 18.18 of ACI 318.
10. Shells and folded plates design.
a. General comment. The design and construction of concrete shells and folded
plates, including ribs and edge members, should be in accordance with Chapter 19
of ACI 318.
11. Plain concrete design.

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Plain concrete: Structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement


than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete. (Section 1902)

a. Applicable provisions. The design and construction of structural plain concrete,


both cast-in-place and precast, should comply with the minimum requirements of
Section 1909 and ACI 318, Chapter 22, as modified in Sections 1908.1.14 and
1908.1.15.
b. Limitations. The use of structural plain concrete should be limited as listed in Sec-
tions 1908.1.15 and 1909.2. (Section 1909.2)
c. Not permitted in SDC C F. (SDC C F) Structural plain concrete should not be
used in SDC C and higher except as noted in Section 1908.1.15.
d. Thickness of section cast against soil. When computing strength of concrete cast
against soil, the overall thickness, h, should be taken as 2 inches (51 mm) less than
the actual thickness. (Section 1909.4 and ACI 318 Section 22.4.8)
e. Design method. Structural plain concrete walls, footings and pedestals should be
designed for adequate strength in accordance with Sections 22.4 through 22.8 of
ACI 318. (Section 1909.4)
f. Contraction or isolation joints. Contraction or isolation joints should be shown
on the construction documents in accordance with Section 22.3 of ACI 318.
(Section 1909.3)
g. Plain concrete walls. Structural plain concrete walls should be designed in accor-
dance with Section 22.6 of ACI 318. (Section 1909.4) Additionally, the minimum
thickness of bearing walls should not be less than 1/24 the unsupported height or
length, whichever is shorter, and not less than 51/2 inches (140 mm). The thickness
of exterior basement walls and foundation walls should not be less than 71/2 inches
(191 mm). Two or more No. 5 bars should be provided around window and door
openings and should extend 24 inches (610 mm) or more beyond the corners of
openings. (Section 1909.6)
h. Plain concrete footings. The overall thickness of plain concrete footings should
not be less than 8 inches (203 mm). Plain concrete should not be used for footings
on piles. (Section 1909.2 and ACI 318 Section 22.7)
i. Plain concrete pedestals. The ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral
dimension of plain concrete pedestals should not exceed 3. (Section 1909.4 and ACI
318 Section 22.8)
j. Plain concrete precast members. The design, fabrication, transportation and
erection of precast, structural plain concrete elements should be in accordance with
Section 22.9 of ACI 318.
12. Anchor design.
a. Design method. Headed bolts and stud anchors cast in concrete should be shown
to comply with Section 1911, Allowable Stress Design, or Section 1912, Strength
Design.

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(1) Strength Design. Where strength design is used, design of anchorage should
be in accordance with Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(2) Earthquake effects. Where load combinations include earthquake loads or ef-
fects, design should be in accordance with Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(3) Postinstalled anchors. Postinstalled anchors, such as expansion anchors and
undercut anchors installed in hardened concrete, should be evaluated and
categorized in accordance with ACI 355.2 and designed in accordance with Sec-
tion 1912. (Sections 1911.1 and 1912)
(4) Other anchors require approval. Other anchors, such as specialty inserts,
through bolts, multiple anchors connected to a single steel plate at the embed-
ded end of anchors, adhesive or grouted anchors, and direct anchors such as
power or pneumatic actuated nails or bolts, should be in accordance with an
approved procedure. (Section 1912.1 and ACI 318, Section D.2.2)
b. Anchor design ASD. The following comments pertain to the design of anchors us-
ing Allowable Stress Design:
(1) Bolts. Bolts other than ASTM A307 or approved equal should comply with
Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(2) Headed anchors with bearing area less than 11/2 times the shank area should
comply with Section 1912. (Section 1911.1)
(3) Combined shear and tension. Anchors subject to combined shear and tension
should be checked for compliance with Equation 19-1. (Section 1911.2)
(4) Required edge distances and spacing. The edge distance and spacing speci-
fied in Table 1911.2 should be provided for anchors unless appropriate
reductions in allowable service loads are taken in accordance with Section
1911.3.
(5) No increase for shear values. No increase in Table 1911.2 shear values is
permitted even if special inspection is provided. (Section 1911.5)
c. Anchor design strength design. The strength design of anchors should be in
accordance with requirements of Appendix D of ACI 318 as modified by Section
1908.1.16 as follows or other approved procedures: (Section 1912)
(1) General strength of anchors. Strength of anchors should be determined in
accordance with Section D.4 of ACI 318. (Section 1912 and ACI 318, Section
D.4)
(2) Lightweight concrete. Nominal strength in tension Nn and nominal shear
strength, Vn, should be modified by multiplying all values of f c by 0.75 for
all-lightweight concrete and by 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete in accor-
dance with Section D.3.4 of ACI 318.
(3) Strength reduction factor. Strength reduction factor for anchors in con-
crete should be determined in accordance with Section D.4.4 of ACI 318.
(4) Seismic Resistance. (SDC C F) The following requirements apply to anchors
in SDC C through F. (Section 1908.1.16, ACI 318 Section D.3.3

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(a) Anchors should not be used in plastic hinge zones of concrete structures
under seismic loads. (Section D.3.3.1 of ACI 318, Section D.3.3)
(b) Post-installed anchors for use to resist pullout should pass the Simulated
Seismic Tests of ACI 355.2 in accordance with Section D.3.2 of ACI 318.
(Section 1908.1.16, ACI 318 Section D.3.3.2)
(c) The design strength of anchors should be taken as 75 percent of the nomi-
nal value. (Section 1908.1. 16, ACI 318 Section D.3.3.3)
(d) The design of the anchor should be governed by the tensile or shear
strength of a ductile steel element as defined in Section D.1 of ACI 318, or
the attachment as defined in Section D.1 of ACI 318 should be designed so
that it will undergo ductile yielding at a load no greater than 75 percent of
the minimum anchor design strength. (Section 1908.1.16, ACI 318
Sections D.3.3.4 and D.3.3.5)
(5) Maximum concrete strength. The value of f c used for calculations should
not exceed 10,000 psi (68.9 Mpa) for cast-in anchors, and 8,000 psi for post-
installed anchors. Testing is required for post-installed anchors with f c greater
than 8,000 psi. (Section D.3.5 of ACI 318)
(6) Strength considerations. Strength design of anchors or group of anchors
should be based on computation using D.4 of ACI 318 or test that takes all of
the following into consideration: (D4.1 of ACI 318)
(a) Steel strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.1 of ACI 318)
(b) Steel strength of anchor in shear (Section D.6.1 of ACI 318)
(c) Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.2 of ACI 318)
(d) Concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear (Sections D.6.2 of ACI 318)
(e) Pullout strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.3 of ACI 318)
(f) Concrete side-face blowout strength of anchor in tension (Section D.5.4 of
ACI 318)
(g) Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear (Section D.6.3 of ACI 318)
(h) Required edge distances, spacings and thicknesses to preclude splitting
failure (Section D.8 of ACI 318)
(7) Interaction effects. When tension and shear act simultaneously, the interac-
tion should be considered in accordance with Sections D.4.3 or D.7 of ACI 318.
(Sections D.4.1.3 and D.4.3 of ACI 318)
(8) Required edge distances, spacings and thicknesses to preclude splitting
failure. Minimum spacings, thicknesses and edge distances for anchors should
conform to Sections D.8.1 through D.8.6 of ACI 318 or tests in accordance with
ACI 355.2, or provide reinforcement to control splitting. Construction docu-
ments should specify use of anchors with a minimum edge distance as
assumed in design. (Section D.8 of ACI 318)

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13. Shotcrete.

Shotcrete: Shotcrete is mortar or concrete that is pneumatically projected at high


velocity onto a surface. (Section 1913.1)

a. Maximum aggregate size. Plans should indicate that the maximum size of coarse
aggregate should not exceed 3/4 inch (19.1 mm). (Section 1913.3)
b. Reinforcement requirements. The following reinforcement requirements of
Section 1913.4 should be met:
(1) Maximum size. The maximum size of reinforcement should be No. 5 bars
unless it can be demonstrated by preconstruction tests that adequate encase-
ment of larger bars can be achieved. (Section 1913.4.1)
(2) Minimum clearance between parallel bars. When No. 5 or smaller bars are
used, there should be a minimum clearance between parallel bars of 2 1/2
inches (64 mm). When bars larger than No. 5 are permitted, there should be a
minimum clearance of 6db. (Section 1913.4.2)
(3) Two curtains of steel. When two curtains of steel are provided, the curtain
nearest the nozzle should have a minimum spacing equal to 12db, and the
remaining curtain should have a minimum spacing of 6db. (Section 1913.4.2)
(4) Lap splices. Lap splices should be noncontact lap splices with at least 2 inches
(51 mm) clearance between bars. (Section 1913.4.3)
(5) No shotcrete with spirally reinforced columns. Shotcrete should not be ap-
plied to spirally tied columns. (Section 1913.4.4)
c. Strength tests. Plans should indicate that strength tests will be administered in
accordance with Section 1913.10.
14. Reinforced gypsum concrete.
a. Reinforced gypsum concrete should comply with the requirements of Section 1914.
15. Concrete-filled pipe columns.
a. Concrete-filled pipe columns should comply with the requirements of Section 1915.

E. Seismic design requirements.

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184 Chapter 17: Concrete

Moment frame: Space frame in which members and joints resist forces through flex-
ure, shear and axial force. Moment frames shall be categorized as follows: (Section 2.2
of ACI 318)
Ordinary moment frame: A cast-in-place or precast concrete frame complying with
the requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections
1908.1.1 and 1908.1.2.
Intermediate moment frame: A cast-in-place concrete frame complying with the re-
quirements of Sections 21.2.2.3 and 21.12 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1.10, in addition to the requirements for ordinary moment frames.
Special moment frame: A cast-in-place concrete frame complying with the require-
ments of Sections 21.2 through 21.5 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections 1908.1.4
through 1908.1.7 or
a precast concrete frame complying with the requirements of Sections 21.2 through
21.6 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections 1908.1.4 through 1908.1.7, in addition to
the requirements for ordinary moment frames.
Structural walls: (Section 2.2 of ACI 318)
Ordinary structural plain concrete wall (Ordinary plain concrete shear
wall): A wall complying with the requirements of Chapter 22, excluding 22.6.7 of
ACI 318, as modified by Section 1908.1.14. (Section 1908.1.3)

Detailed plain concrete structural wall: A wall complying with the requirements
of Chapter 22, including Section 22.6.7 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1.14. (Section 1908.1.3)
Ordinary precast structural wall: A precast wall complying with the require-
ments of Chapters 1 through 18 of ACI 318, as modified by Section 1908.1. (Section
1908.1.3)
Ordinary reinforced concrete structural wall (shear wall): A wall complying
with the requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1. (Section 1908.1.3)
Intermediate precast concrete structural wall: A wall complying with the
requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 in addition to Section 21.13 of ACI 318, as
modified by Section 1908.1.
Special precast concrete structural wall: A precast wall complying with the
requirements of Chapters 1 through 18, Sections 21.2, 21.8 and 21.13 of ACI 318, as
modified by Section 1908.1.
Special reinforced concrete structural wall: A wall complying with the require-
ments of Chapters 1 through 18, Sections 21.2 and 21.7 of ACI 318, as modified by
Section 1908.1.

1. General.
a. Applicable ACI 318 provisions. The following provisions are applicable for this
project:

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Chapter 17: Concrete 185

Seismic-force-resisting Structural
Systems (IBC System number based
Check Here Table 12.2-1) Applicable ACI 318 Provisions Restrictions*

b. Requirements for ordinary (plain concrete) structural walls. (SDC A and B)


Reinforcement should be provided for detailed plain concrete shear walls in
accordance with Section 22.10 of ACI 318, as modified by Section 1908.1.15.
(Section 1908.1.15)
c. Requirements for detailed plain concrete shear walls. (SDC A and B) Reinforce-
ment should be provided for detailed plain concrete shear walls in accordance with
Sections 22.6.7 and 22.10 of ACI 318, as modified by Sections 1908.1.14 and
1908.1.15, respectively. (Sections 1908.1.14 and 1908.1.15)
d. Requirements for ordinary moment frames. (SDC B)
(1) In flexural members of ordinary moment frames forming part of the seismic-
force-resisting system, at least two main flexural reinforcing bars should be
provided continuously top and bottom throughout the beams, through or
developed within exterior columns or boundary elements. (Section 10.5 of ACI
318 as modified by Section 1908.1.1)
(2) Columns in such frames having a clear height to maximum plan dimension ra-
tio of 5 or less should be designed for shear in accordance with ACI 318,
Sections 11.11.3 and 21.12.3. (Section 11.11 of ACI 318 as modified by Section
1908.1.2)
e. Requirements for seismic-force-resisting systems. (SDC C) Structural system al-
lowed to resist seismic forces in SDC C should be one of the following systems and
comply with Section 21.2.1.3 of ACI 318 as modified by Section 1908.1.4:
(1) Intermediate or special moment frames

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186 Chapter 17: Concrete

(2) Intermediate precast structural wall


(3) Ordinary or special reinforced concrete structural wall.
f. Requirements for seismic-force-resisting systems. (SDC D F) Structural sys-
tem allowed to resist seismic forces in SDC D F should be one of the following
systems and comply with Section 21.2.1.4 of ACI 318 as modified by Section
1908.1.4, as follows:
(1) Special moment frames
(2) Intermediate or special precast concrete structural wall
(3) Special reinforced concrete structural wall.
g. Frame members not proportioned to resist forces induced by earthquake
motions. (SDC D F) Frame components assumed not to contribute to lateral-force
resistance should conform to Section 21.11 of ACI 318, as modified by Section
1908.1.11.
2. General requirements.
a. Rigid members not a part of the lateral-force-resisting system. Rigid members
assumed not to be a part of the lateral-force-resisting system may be used,
provided their effect on the response of the system is considered and accommo-
dated in the structural design. Consequences of failure of structural and
nonstructural members that are not a part of the lateral-force-resisting system
should also be considered. (Section 21.2.2.2 of ACI 318)
b. Concrete members below base of structure. Structural members below the base
of the structure required to transmit to the foundation forces resulting from earth-
quake effects should also comply with the requirements of ACI 318 Chapter 21 and
as modified by Section 1908.1.10. (Section 21.2.2.3 of ACI 318)
c. Structural members assumed not a part of the lateralforceresisting system.
Structural members assumed not to be part of the lateral forceresisting system
should comply with the requirements of Section 21.11 of ACI 318 and as modified
by Section 1908.1.11. (Section 1908.1 and ACI 318, Section 21.2.2.4)
d. Concrete in members resisting earthquake-induced forces. Compressive
strength, f c , should not be less than 3,000 psi (20.69 MPa). (ACI 318 Section
21.2.4.1) Compressive strength, f c , of lightweight-aggregate concrete used in de-
sign should not exceed 5,000 psi (35 MPa) except as noted in Section 21.2.4.2 of
ACI 318.
f. Reinforcement in members resisting earthquake-induced forces. Reinforcement
resisting earthquake-induced flexural and axial forces in frame members and in
structural wall boundary elements should be low alloy steel complying with A 706
except as noted in Section 21.2.5 of ACI 318, as modified by Section 1908.1.5.
g. Mechanical splices. (Section 21.2.6 of ACI 318)
(1) Type 1 mechanical splices conforming to Section 21.2.6.1(a) of ACI 318 should
not be used within a distance equal to twice the member depth from the col-

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Chapter 17: Concrete 187

umn or beam face for special moment frames or from sections where yielding of
the reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lateral displacements.
(2) Type 2 mechanical splices conforming to Section 21.2.6.1(b) of ACI 318 is
permitted to be used at any location.
f. Welded splices.
(1) Welded splices should conform to Sections 12.14.3.3 and 12.14.3.4 of ACI 318
and should not be used within a distance equal to twice the member depth
from the column or beam face for special moment frames or from sections
where yielding of the reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lat-
eral displacements. (Section 21.2.7.1 of ACI 318)
(2) Welding of stirrups, ties, inserts or other similar elements should not be welded
to longitudinal reinforcement that is required by design. (Section 21.2.7.2 of
ACI 318)
3. Special moment frame membersflexural members (SDC C F) (primarily beams).
a. Restrictions on the design of flexural members. Flexural members should com-
ply with the following limitations set forth in Section 21.3.1 of ACI 318.
(1) Maximum axial load. The factored axial compressive force on the member
should not exceed A g f c /10 . (Section 21.3.1.1 of ACI 318)

(2) Minimum clear span. The clear span should not be less than four times the
effective depth. (Section 21.3.1.2 of ACI 318)
(3) Minimum width. The width of the member should not be less than the smaller
of 0.3h and 10 inches. (Section 21.3.1.3 of ACI 318)
(4) Width restrictions. The width of the member should not be more than the
width of the supporting member (measured on a plane perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the flexural member) plus distances on each side of the
supporting member not exceeding 0.75h of the flexural member. (Section
21.3.1.4 of ACI 318)
b. Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement requirements of Sections 21.3.2 and 21.3.3 of ACI 318, as illustrated
in Figure 17-7, should be clearly detailed on the plans. When prestressing steel is
used, Section 21.3.2.5 of ACI 318 as added by Section 1908.1.7 should also apply.

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a. Flexural reinforcement

b. Splice location

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Chapter 17: Concrete 189

c. Transverse reinforcement

d. Hoop reinforcement
Figure 17-7
Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement for flexural members of SMRFs

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190 Chapter 17: Concrete

c. Shear strength requirements. Design shear forces should be determined in accor-


dance with Section 21.3.4.1 of ACI 318. The concrete contribution, Vc, should be
taken to be zero when both conditions of Section 21.3.4.2 of ACI 318 occur.
4. Special moment frame members resisting bending and axial loads (SDC C F)
(primarily columns).
a. Restrictions on the design of members resisting bending and axial loads. Mem-
bers resisting bending and axial loads that are due to earthquake force should
comply with the following limitations set forth in Section 21.4.1 of ACI 318.
(1) Minimum cross-sectional dimension. The shortest cross-sectional dimension,
measured on a straight line passing through the geometric centroid, should not
be less than 12 inches (305 mm). (Section 21.4.1.1 of ACI 318)
(2) b/h ratio. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the
perpendicular dimension should not be less than 0.4. (Section 21.4.1.2 of ACI
318)
(3) Minimum axial load. The factored axial compressive force on the member
should exceed A g f c /10 . (Section 21.4.1 of ACI 318)

b. Strong column-weak beam relationship. The flexural strengths of the columns


should be shown to satisfy Equation 21-1 of ACI 318
Mnc (6/5) Mnb
Or columns supporting reactions from that joint should be provided with transverse
reinforcement as specified in ACI 318 Sections 21.4.4.1 through 21.4.4.3 over their
full height in accordance with ACI 318 Section 21.4.2.3.
c. Longitudinal reinforcement.
(1) Reinforcement limits. The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not be
less than 0.01Ag and should not exceed 0.06Ag. (Section 21.4.3.1 of ACI 318)
(2) Restrictions on lap splices. Lap splices should be permitted only within the
center half of the member length, should be designed as tension lap splices and
should be enclosed within transverse reinforcement conforming to ACI 318 Sec-
tions 21.4.4.2 and 21.4.4.3. (Section 21.4.3.2 of ACI 318)
d. Transverse reinforcement. The transverse reinforcement requirements of Section
21.4.4 of ACI 318, as illustrated in Figures 17-8 and 17-9, should clearly be de-
tailed on the construction documents. (Section 21.4.4 of ACI 318)
e. Shear strength requirements. Design shear forces should be determined in accor-
dance with Section 21.4.5.1 of ACI 318. The concrete contribution, Vc, should be
taken to be zero when both conditions of Section 21.4.5.2 of ACI 318 occur. (Sec-
tion 21.4.5.1 of ACI 318)

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a. Typical lap splice details for columns in SMF

b. Confinement requirements at column ends spiral or circular hoop reinforcement

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192 Chapter 17: Concrete

c. Confinement requirements at column ends - rectangular hoop reinforcement


Figure 17-8
Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement for columns of SMFs

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Chapter 17: Concrete 193

Figure 17-9
Example of transverse reinforcement in SMF columns

5. Special moment frame members (SDC C F) requirementsjoints.


a. Forces in longitudinal beam reinforcement. Forces in longitudinal beam
reinforcement at the joint face should be determined by assuming that the stress in
the flexural tensile reinforcement is 1.25 fy. (Section 21.5.1.1 of ACI 318)
b. Minimum column depth. Where longitudinal beam reinforcing bars extend
through a joint, the column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement should
not be less than 20x the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar for normal-weight
concrete and 26x the diameter for lightweight concrete. (Section 21.5.1.4 of ACI 318)
c. Transverse reinforcement. The transverse reinforcement should be clearly de-
tailed on the construction documents in accordance with Section 21.5.2 of ACI 318.
d. Shear strength of the joint. The nominal shear strength of the joint should not be
taken greater than the values specified in Section 21.5.3 of ACI 318 for normal
weight concrete, and 75 percent for lightweight aggregate concrete. (Section 21.5.3
of ACI 318)
e. Development length for bars in tension. Longitudinal beam bars terminating at
an exterior joint should have development length in tension in accordance with Sec-
tion 21.5.4 of ACI 318. See Figure 17-10 for bars with a standard 90-degree hook;
see Section 21.5.4.2 of ACI 318 for straight bar development requirements. (Section
21.5.4 of ACI 318)

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Figure 17-10
Development length for reinforcement in tension

Development length, ldh, for a bar with a standard 90-degree hook in normal-weight
aggregate concrete should be not less than the largest of 8db, 6 inches (152 mm)
and fydb/(65 f c ) (fydb/(5.4 f c ) in SI), and for lightweight concrete not less than
the largest of 10db, 71/2 inches, and 1.25 times the length required by Equation
21-6.
The 90-degree hook should be located within the confined core of a column or of a
boundary element. (Section 21.5.4.1 of ACI 318)
6. Special moment frame constructed using precast concrete (SDC A F) (21.6).
a. SMF with ductile connections. SMF with ductile connections constructed using
precast concrete should satisfy all cast-in-place concrete SMF requirements of
Sections 21.3 through 21.5 of ACI 318. (Section 21.6.1 of ACI 318) and both:
(1) Connections shear strength. Connections shear strength should be computed
in accordance with Section 21.6.1 (a) of ACI 318.
(2) Mechanical splices. Mechanical splices of beam reinforcement should be lo-
cated not closer than h/2 from the joint face in accordance with Section 21.2.6
of ACI 318.
b. SMF with strong connections. SMF with strong connections constructed using
precast concrete (see figure 17-11) should satisfy all cast-in-place concrete SMF
requirements of Sections 21.3 through 21.5, and 21.6.2 of ACI 318. (Section 21.6.2
of ACI 318)
c. Other SMF. Other SMF constructed using precast concrete not meeting the
requirements of Sections 21.6.1 and 21.6.2 of ACI 318 should be designed and
constructed to satisfy all cast-in-place concrete SMF requirements of Sections 21.3
through 21.5, and ACI T1.1, Acceptance Criteria for Moment Frames Based on
Structural Testing in accordance with Section 21.6.3 of ACI 318.

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Figure 17-11
Strong connection examples

7. Special R/C structural walls and coupling beams (SDC A F) (21.7).


a. Reinforcement requirements for shear walls. The following requirements of Sec-
tion 21.7.2 of ACI 318 should be met:

(1) When the design shear force, Vu, does not exceed Acv fc (For SI:
0.083 Acv f c ), the minimum reinforcement should be in accordance with Sec-
tion 14.3 of ACI 318. Otherwise, the distributed web reinforcement ratios for
shear walls should be more than 0.0025 along both the longitudinal and trans-
verse axes. (Section 21.7.2.1 of ACI 318)
(2) Reinforcement should be continuous, distributed each way across the shear
plane and not exceeding 18 inches (457 mm) on center. (Section 21.7.2.1 of ACI
318)
(3) At least two curtains of reinforcement should be used in a wall if the in-plane
factored shear force assigned to the wall exceeds 2 Acv fc (For SI:
0.166 Acv f c ). (Section 21.7.2.2 of ACI 318)

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(4) Continuous reinforcement in shear walls should be developed or spliced for fy


in tension in accordance with Chapter 12 of ACI 318 (with exceptions as set
forth in Section 21.7.2.3 of ACI 318.)
b. Shear strength of shear walls. The shear strength requirements for shear walls set
forth in Section 21.7.4 should be met. (Section 21.7.4 of ACI 318)
c. Design for flexural and axial loads. Structural walls and portions of such walls
subject to combined flexural and axial loads should be designed in accordance with
Sections 10.2 and 10.3 of ACI 318, excluding Section 10.3.6 and the nonlinear
strain requirements of Section 10.2.2. (Section 21.7.5.1 of ACI 318)
d. Effective shear wall flange width. The effective flange widths to be used in the de-
sign of I-, L-, C- or T-shaped sections should not be assumed to extend farther from
the face of the web than the smaller of:
(1) one-half the distance to an adjacent shear wall web, or
(2) 25 percent of the total wall height. (Section 21.7.5.2 of ACI 318) (See Figure 17-
12.)
e. Requirement for shear wall boundary elements. The need for special boundary
elements at the edges of structural walls should be evaluated in accordance with
Sections 21.7.6.2 or 21.7.6.3, and both Sections 21.7.6.4 and 21.7.6.5 of ACI 318.
(Section 21.7.6.1 of ACI 318) See Figures 17-13 and 17-14 for requirements
concerning special (Section 21.7.6.4 of ACI 318) and nonspecial boundary elements
(Section 21.7.6.5 of ACI 318) of a shear wall, respectively.

Figure 17-12
Effective flange widths for flanged shear walls

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a. Per 21.7.6.2

b. Per 21.7.6.3

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198 Chapter 17: Concrete

c. Special boundary element reinforcing details


Figure 17-13

Shear wall special boundary element requirements

Figure 17-14
Shear wall nonspecial boundary element requirements

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Chapter 17: Concrete 199

Figure 17-15
Coupling beam with diagonally oriented reinforcement

Figure 17-16
Columns supporting discontinued stiff members

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200 Chapter 17: Concrete

f. Coupling beams. Coupling beams should be designed in accordance with ACI Sec-
tion 21.7.7 of ACI 318. Coupling beams with a clear span-to-effective-depth ratio of
less than 2 and factored shear force exceeding 4 f c (Acw) (For SI: 0.33 f c (Acw))
should be provided with special shear reinforcement in accordance with ACI 318
Sections 21.7.7.3 and 21.7.7.4. (See Figure 17-15.) (Section 21.7.7 of ACI 318)
g. Construction joints. All construction joints in structural walls should conform to
Section 6.4 of ACI 318, and contact surfaces should be roughened to conform to
Section 11.7.9 of ACI 318. (Section 21.7.8 of ACI 318)
h. Discontinuous shear walls. Columns supporting discontinuous wall elements
should be reinforced in accordance with Section 21.4.4.5 of ACI 318 and additional
requirement of Section 1908.1.12. (Section 21.7.9 of ACI 318 and Section
1908.1.12) (See Figure 17-16)

Wall Pier: Wall pier is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio
of at least 2.5, but not exceeding 6, whose clear height is at least two times its
horizontal length.
(Section 21.1 of ACI 318, as added by Section 1908.1.3)

i. Wall pier requirement. Wall piers not designed as part of a special moment frame
should have transverse reinforcement designed to satisfy the requirements in Sec-
tion 21.7.10.2 of ACI 318. (Section 21.7.10 of ACI 318 as added by Section
1908.1.8)
j. Wall pier requirement. Wall segments with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio
of less than 2.5 should be designed as columns. (Section 21.7.10.3 of ACI 318 as
added by Section 1908.1.8)
8. Structural diaphragms and trusses (SDC A F) (21.9)
a. Minimum thickness of diaphragms. Concrete slabs and composite topping slabs
serving as structural diaphragms used to transmit earthquake forces should not be
less than 2 inches (50 mm) thick. Topping slabs placed over precast floor or roof
elements, acting as structural diaphragms and not relying on composite action with
the precast elements to resist the design seismic forces, should have thickness not
less than 2.5 inches (63 mm). (Section 21.9.4 of ACI 318)
b. Reinforcement requirements.
(1) Minimum reinforcement. The minimum reinforcement ratio for structural dia-
phragms should be in conformance with Section 7.12 of ACI 318.
Reinforcement spacing each way in nonpost-tensioned floor or roof systems
should not exceed 18 inches (500 mm). (Section 21.9.5.1 ACI 318)
(2) Welded wire reinforcement. Where WWR is used as the reinforcement to re-
sist shear in topping slabs placed over precast floor and roof elements, the
wires parallel to the span of the precast element should not be less than 10
inches (254 mm) on center. (Section 21.9.5.1 ACI 318)

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Chapter 17: Concrete 201

(3) Special transverse reinforcement. Structural truss members, struts, ties,


diaphragm chords and collector members with compressive stresses exceeding
0.2 f c at any section should have special transverse reinforcement, as specified
in Sections 21.4.4.1 through 21.4.4.3, over the length of the element and
discontinued where the stress is less than 0.15 f c . (Section 21.9.5.3 of ACI 318)

(4) Special transverse reinforcementsystem overstrength. Where design


forces have been amplified to account for the system overstrength as required
by Section 12.3.3.3 of ASCE 7, the limit for requiring special transverse
reinforcement should be 0.5 f c , and discontinue where the stress is less than
0.4 f c . (Section 21.9.5.3 of ACI 318)

(5) Reinforcement development or splicing. All continuous reinforcement in dia-


phragms, trusses, struts, ties, chords and collector elements should be
developed or spliced for fy in tension or Type 2 splice where required. (Sections
21.9.5.4 and 21.9.5.5 of ACI 318)
c. Shear strength of diaphragms.
(1) The shear strength requirements for structural diaphragms set forth in Section
21.9.7 should be met. (Section 21.9.7 of ACI 318)
(2) Reinforcement for shear strength. Reinforcement for shear strength should
be continuous and distributed uniformly across the shear plane. (Section
21.9.5.1 of ACI 318)
d. Boundary elements of diaphragms. Boundary elements of structural diaphragms
should be designed in accordance with Section 21.9.8, and transverse reinforce-
ment in accordance with Section 21.9.5.3 of ACI 318.
e. Construction joints. All construction joints in diaphragms should conform to Sec-
tion 6.4, and contact surfaces should be roughened as in Section 11.7.9 of ACI 318.
(Section 21.9.9 of ACI 318)
9. Foundations (SDC C F).
a. Foundations resisting earthquake forces. Foundations resisting earthquake
forces should comply with Section 21.10 of ACI 318 and other applicable code
provisions. (Section 21.10.1.1 of ACI 318 as modified by Section 1908.1.10)
See:
Section 1805.5.5.1 for concrete foundation walls;
Section 1805.5.7 for pier and curtain wall foundations;
Section 1808.2.23 for piers, piles and grade beams;
Sections 1809.2.2.2.1, 1809.2.2.2.2, 1809.2.3.2.1, 1809.2.3.2.2 for driven
piles;
Sections 1810.1.2.1, 1810.1.2.2 for cast-in-place piles;
Section 1810.6.4.1 for concrete filled steel pipe and tube piles; and
Section 1810.8.4.1 for micropiles.

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10. Frame members (SDC D F) not part of the lateral-force-resisting system (Section
21.11 of ACI 318)
a. Detailing requirements. Frame members (except slab-column connections in two-
way slabs system without beams) assumed not to contribute to lateral resistance
should be detailed according to Section 21.11.2 or 21.11.3 of ACI 318, depending
on the magnitude of moments induced in those members when subjected to the de-
sign displacement. (Section 21.11.1 of ACI 318)
In addition to other requirements as set forth in Section 21.11, the spacing of
transverse reinforcement should satisfy the following restrictions:
(1) For members with factored gravity axial forces not exceeding 0.1 A g f c , stirrups
should be spaced not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
(Section 21.11.2.1 of ACI 318)
(2) For members with factored gravity axial forces exceeding 0.1 A g f c , ties should
be spaced not more than 6 diameters of the smallest longitudinal bar enclosed
or 6 inches (152 mm), throughout the length of the member. Lap splices of
longitudinal reinforcement in such members should comply with Section
21.4.3.2 only if the system is SMF. (Section 21.11.2.2 of ACI 318, as modified
by Section 1908.1.11)
(3) If the effects of design displacements, defined in Section 1908.1.5, are not
explicitly checked, members should be detailed in accordance with Section
21.11.3 of ACI 318. (Section 21.11.1 of ACI 318)
(4) Slab-column connections in two-way slabs system without beams should be in
accordance with Section 21.11.5. (Section 21.11.1 of ACI 318)
11. Requirements for intermediate moment frames (SDC A C) (Section 21.12 of ACI
318)
a. Intermediate moment frame requirements (SDC A C). Intermediate moment
frame (IMF) is defined by Section 21.1 as cast-in-place frames complying with Sec-
tions 21.2.2.3 and 21.12 of ACI 318, in addition to the requirements of OMF.
Structural members below the base of the structure that are required to transmit to
the foundation forces resulting from earthquake effects should be considered as
part of the system and are required to also comply with the same requirements.
(Section 21.2.2.3 of ACI 318)
b. Beam detailing requirements. Beams should have longitudinal reinforcement in
accordance with Section 21.12.4.1 of ACI 318. Beams should have transverse
reinforcement in accordance with Sections 21.12.4.2 and 21.12.4.3 of ACI 318.

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Chapter 17: Concrete 203

Figure 17-17
Arrangement of reinforcement in slabs

c. Column detailing requirements. Columns should be reinforced in accordance


with Section 21.12.5 of ACI 318 and as modified by Section 1908.1.12.
d. Two-way slabs without beams. Two-way slabs without beams should be reinforced
in accordance with Section 21.12.6 of ACI 318. (See Figure 17-17.)
12. Intermediate precast structural wall construction (SDC B F) (21.13).
a. Intermediate precast lateral-force-resisting systems. Intermediate precast struc-
tural walls should be shown to satisfy the criteria set forth in Section 21.13 of ACI
318, as modified by Section 1908.1.13.
b. Connection elements other than Type 2 mechanical splices. Connection ele-
ments that are designed to yield should be capable of maintaining 80 percent of
their design strength at the deformation induced by the design displacement. (Sec-
tion 21.13.1 of ACI 318 added by Section 1908.1.13)
c. Elements not designed to yield. Elements not designed to yield (Type 2 mechani-
cal splices) should develop 1.5 x Sy (Sy is the specified yield strength of the
reinforcement) or higher. (Section 21.13.4 of ACI 318 renumbered by Section
1908.1.13)

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d. Wall piers. Wall piers not designed as part of a moment frame should have trans-
verse reinforcement designed to resist the shear forces determined from Section
21.12.3 (as for IMF). Spacing of transverse reinforcement should not exceed 8
inches (203 mm). Transverse reinforcement should be extended beyond the pier
clear height for at least 12 inches (305 mm). (Section 21.13.5 of ACI 318 as added
by Section 1908.1.13)
e. Wall as columns. Wall segments with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio less
than 2.5 should be designed as columns. (Section 21.13.6 of ACI 318 as added by
Section 1908.1.13)

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205

18. Masonry
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05)

A. Material requirements.

1. Masonry specifications on construction documents. As a minimum, the construc-


tion documents should include the following in accordance with Section 2101.3.
a. Specified size, grade, type and location of reinforcement, anchors and wall ties
b. Reinforcing bars to be welded and welding procedure
c. Size and location of structural elements
d. Provisions for dimensional changes resulting from elastic deformation, creep,
shrinkage, temperature and moisture. The location of control or shrinkage joints
should be shown on the design drawings.
2. Fireplace drawings. The construction documents should describe in sufficient detail
the location, size and construction of masonry fireplaces. The thickness and
characteristics of materials and the clearances from walls, partitions and ceilings
should be clearly indicated. (Section 2101.3.1)
3. Specifications for the following masonry construction materials should be included on
the construction documents as applicable in accordance with Section 2103.
a. Concrete masonry units (Section 2103.1)
b. Clay or shale masonry units (Section 2103.2)
c. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Masonry (Section 2103.3)
d. Stone masonry units (Section 2103.4)
e. Ceramic tile (Section 2103.5)
f. Glass unit masonry (Section 2103.6)
g. Second-hand units (Section 2103.7)
h. Mortar (Section 2103.8)
i. Surface-bonding mortar (Section 2103.9)
j. Mortar for ceramic wall and floor tile (Section 2103.10)
(1) Dry-set portland cement mortars (Section 2103.10.1)

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(2) Latex-modified portland cement mortar (Section 2103.10.2)


(3) Epoxy mortar (Section 2103.10.3)
(4) Furan mortar and grout (Section 2103.10.4)
(5) Modified epoxy-emulsion mortar and grout (Section 2103.10.5)
(6) Organic adhesives (Section 2103.10.6)
(7) Portland cement grouts (Section 2103.10.7)
k. Mortar for AAC masonry (Section 2103.11)
(1) Thin-bed mortar for AAC masonry (Section 2103.11.1)
(2) Mortar for leveling courses of AAC masonry (Section 2103.11.2)
l. Grout (Section 2103.12)
m. Metal reinforcement and accessories (Section 2103.13)
(1) Deformed reinforcing bars (Section 2103.13.1)
(2) Joint reinforcement (Section 2103.13.2)
(3) Deformed reinforcing wire (Section 2103.13.3)
(4) Wire fabric (Section 2103.13.4)
(5) Anchors, ties and accessories (Section 2103.13.5)
(6) Prestressing tendons, including wires, low-relaxation wires, strands, low-
relaxation strands and bars (Section 2103.13.6)
n. Corrosion protection (Section 2103.13.7)
(1) Mill galvanized (Section 2103.13.7.1)
(2) Hot-dipped galvanized (Section 2103.13.7.2)
(3) Epoxy coatings (Section 2103.13.7.3)
o. Reinforcement tests (Section 2103.13.8)
4. AAC masonry prohibited in Seismic Design Category B, C, D, E and F. AAC ma-
sonry should not be used in the seismic-force-resisting system of structures classified
as Seismic Design Category B, C, D, E or F. (Section 2101.2.2)
5. Verification of masonry compressive strength. Plans should specify the masonry
compressive strength and the method by which the specified compressive strength of
masonry assemblage, f m and f AAC will be verified: (1) masonry prism test method
according to Section 2105.2.2.1, (2) unit strength method according to Section
2105.2.2.2, or (3) testing prisms from constructed masonry according to Section
2105.3. (Sections 2105.2 and 2105.3).
The masonry prism test method should be used as verification of masonry compressive
strength when the masonry cannot be substantiated to meet the unit strength method
requirements. If the masonry is already constructed, masonry prisms extracted from
the constructed masonry is required for verification if the unit strength method is not
applicable or defects in the materials of the constructed masonry are discovered.

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6. Structural tests and special inspection. Special inspection should be required to sat-
isfy Section 1704.5. Structural testing and other quality assurance requirements for
seismic resistance should comply with Sections 1707, 1708 and 1709.

B. Construction requirements.

1. Grouting, minimum spaces. The minimum dimensions of spaces provided for the
placement of grout should be in accordance with Table 1.16.1 of MSJC. (Section 1.16.1
of MSJC)

Table 1.16.1. Grout space requirements


Minimum Grout Space Dimensions
for Grouting Cells of Hollow
2,3 2,4
Maximum Grout Pour Height, Minimum Width of Grout Space, Units,
Grout Type1 ft (in.) in. (mm) in. in. (mm mm)




















2. Embedded conduits, pipes and sleeves. Conduits, pipes and sleeves of any material to
be embedded in masonry shall be compatible with masonry and should comply with the
following requirements: (Section 1.16.2 of MSJC)
a. Design should not consider conduits, pipes or sleeves as structurally replacing the
displaced masonry. (Section 1.16.2.1 of MSJC)
b. Design should consider the structural effects resulting from the removal of masonry
to allow for the placement of pipes or conduits. (Section 1.16.2.2 of MSJC)
c. Conduits, pipes and sleeves in masonry should be no closer than three diameters
on center. (Section 1.16.2.3 of MSJC)
d. Vertical conduits, pipes or sleeves placed in masonry columns or pilasters should
not displace more than two percent of the net cross section. (Section 1.16.2.4 of
MSJC)
e. Pipes should not be embedded in masonry when: (Section 1.16.2.5 of MSJC)
(1) Containing liquid, gas or vapors at temperature higher than 150F (66C).
(2) Under pressure in excess of 55 psi (379 kPa).

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208 Chapter 18: Masonry

(3) Containing water or other liquids subject to freezing.

C. Seismic design requirements.

1. Lateral-force-resisting system. The plans should identify the applicable lateral-force-


resisting system(s), and compliance with the following noted sections should be
demonstrated.
a. Masonry shear wall systems should be designed using the seismic design coeffi-
cients and factors applicable to the type of system as specified in Chapter 12, Table
12.2-1, of ASCE 7.

Permitted
Seismic Applicable Code Applicable Code
Check Type of Lateral-Force-Resisting System Design Sections for Allowable Sections for
Here (System ID of Table 12.2-1 & 12.14-1 of ASCE 7) Categories Stress Design* Strength Design
































Empirical Shear Walls
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
(AAC) Masonry

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Chapter 18: Masonry 209

b. All masonry walls, unless isolated on three edges from in-plane motion of the basic
structural systems, should be considered to be part of the seismic-force-resisting
system. (Section 2106.1)
2. Story drift limit. Design story drift should be determined in accordance with Section
12.12.1 of ASCE 7 and not exceed the allowable story drift of Table 12.12-1 of ASCE 7.
(Section 12.12 of ASCE 7)
3. Anchorage of masonry walls. Connectors should be designed to transfer the greater of
a seismic lateral force induced by the wall in accordance with Section 1.14.3.3 of MSJC,
and a minimum strength design forces not less than 280 pounds per lineal foot (4.1
kN/m) of wall. The maximum spacing between connectors should be 4 feet (1219 mm).
(Sections 1604.8.2 and 2106.2, and Section 12.11.2 of ASCE 7)
4. Design of elements that are not part of the lateral-force-resisting-system
(SCD D F).
a. Masonry partition walls. Masonry partition walls, masonry screen walls and other
masonry elements that are not designed to resist vertical or lateral loads, other
than those induced by their own mass, should be isolated from the structure so
that the vertical and lateral forces are not imparted to these elements. (Section
2106.3.1)
b. Isolation joints and connectors. All masonry walls, unless isolated on three edges
from in-plane motion of the basic structural systems, should be considered to be
part of the seismic-force-resisting system. (Section 2106.1)
Isolation joints and connectors between masonry walls and the structure should be
designed to accommodate the design story drift. (Section 2106.3.1)
c. Reinforcement. Nonlateral-force-resisting masonry elements should be reinforced
in either the horizontal or vertical direction in accordance with the following:
(Section 1.14.5.2.3 of MSJC)
(1) Horizontal reinforcement Horizontal joint reinforcement should consist of at
least two longitudinal W1.7 (MW11) wires spaced not more than 16 in. (406
mm) for walls greater than 4 in. (102 mm) in width and at least one longitudi-
nal W1.7 (MW11) wire spaced not more 16 in. (406 mm) for walls not exceeding
4 in. (102 mm) in width; or at least one No. 4 (M #13) bar spaced not more than
4 ft (1219 mm). Where two longitudinal wires of joint reinforcement are used,
the space between these wires should be the widest that the mortar joint will
accommodate. Horizontal reinforcement should be provided within 16 in. (406
mm) of the top and bottom of these nonlateral-force-resisting masonry walls.
(2) Vertical reinforcement Vertical reinforcement should consist of at least one
No. 4 (M #13) bar spaced not more than 10 ft (3048 mm) for Seismic Design
Category C and not more than 4 ft (1219 mm) for Seismic Design Category D, E
and F. Vertical reinforcement should be located within 16 in. (406 mm) of the
ends of nonlateral-force-resisting masonry walls.

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5. Design of elements that are part of the lateral-force-resisting system (SDC C F).
a. Connections to masonry columns. A minimum of two No. 4 (M #13) lateral ties
should be provided in the top 5 inches (127 mm) of the column to enclose both the
vertical bars and anchor bolts. (Section 2106.4 and Section 1.14.5.3.1 of MSJC)
b. Masonry shear walls (SDC C). Reinforcement for masonry shear walls should com-
ply with the requirements for ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls, intermediate
reinforced masonry shear walls or special reinforced masonry shear walls, and the
requirements of Section 1.14.5.3.2 of MSJC. Detailing requirements are given in
Figure 18-1. (Section 1.14.5.3.2 of MSJC)
c. Columns supporting discontinuous lateral-load-resisting elements. Columns
and pilasters supporting reactions from discontinuous portions of the lateral-force-
resisting system should be provided with a minimum transverse reinforcement ratio
of 0.0015. Transverse reinforcement should be spaced not more than one-fourth of
the least nominal dimension of the column or pilaster. (Section 2106.4.1)
d. Beams supporting discontinuous lateral-load-resisting elements. Beams
supporting reactions from discontinuous portions of the lateral-force-resisting
system should be provided with a minimum transverse reinforcement ratio of
0.0015. Transverse reinforcement should be spaced not more than one-half the
nominal depth of the beam. (Section 2106.4.1)

Figure 18-1
Minimum masonry wall reinforcement requirements for SDC C
(Section 1.14.5.2.3 of MSJC)

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Chapter 18: Masonry 211

6. Additional requirements for elements that are part of the lateral-force-resisting


system (SDC D F).
a. Additional requirements for structures in Seismic Design Category D. Struc-
tures assigned to Seismic Design Category D should conform to the requirements of
Section 2106.5, Section 1.14.6 of MSJC and the following requirements: (Section
2106.5)
(1) Loads for shear walls designed by the allowable stress design method.
When calculating in-plane shear or diagonal tension stresses by the allowable
stress design method, shear walls that resist seismic forces should be designed
to resist 1.5 times the seismic forces required by Chapter 16. The 1.5 multiplier
need not be applied to the overturning moment. (Section 2106.5.1)
(2) Shear wall shear strength. For a shear wall whose nominal shear strength ex-
ceeds the shear corresponding to development of its nominal flexural strength,
two shear regions exist. For all cross sections within a region defined by the
base of the shear wall and a plane at a distance Lw above the base of the shear
wall, the nominal shear strength should be determined by Equation 21-1. The
required shear strength for this region should be calculated at a distance Lw /2
above the base of the shear wall, but not to exceed one-half story height. For
the other region, the nominal shear strength of the shear wall should be deter-
mined from Section 2108. (Section 2106.5.2)
b. Special reinforced masonry shear walls. Shear walls in SDC D can only be spe-
cial reinforced masonry shear walls (Section 1.14.6.4 of MSJC) as listed in Items
A.7 and A.17 of Tables 12.2-1 and 12.14-1 of ASCE 7. (Section 1.14.6.4 of MSJC)
(1) Minimum reinforcement requirements for special reinforced masonry
shear walls. The following requirements should be satisfied. (Sections 1.14.6.3
of MSJC) (See Figure 18-2.)
(a) The sum of the cross-sectional area of horizontal and vertical reinforcement
should be at least 0.002Ag, and the minimum cross-sectional area in each
direction should be not less than 0.0007Ag. (Section 1.14.6.3 of MSJC)
(b) The maximum spacing of reinforcement should be 48 inches (1219 mm)
running bond and 24 inches (610 mm) for stack bond (see Figure 18-3)
masonry. (Section 1.14.6.3 of MSJC)
(c) Reinforcement should be uniformly distributed. (Section 1.14.6.3 of MSJC)
(d) Shear reinforcement in shear walls should be anchored around vertical
reinforcing bars with a 135-degree or 180-degree standard hook. (Section
1.14.6.7 of MSJC)
(2) Stack bond masonry shear walls. Wythes of stack bond masonry shear walls
should be constructed of fully grouted hollow open-end units, fully grouted hol-
low units laid with full head joints, or solid units. (Section 1.14.6.3 of MSJC)
(See Figure 18-3 for illustration of stack bond versus running bond.)

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212 Chapter 18: Masonry

Figure 18-2
Minimum shear wall reinforcement requirements for SDC D F
(Section 1.14.6.3 of MSJC)

Figure 18-3
Stack bond and running bond

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Chapter 18: Masonry 213

Running Bond. The placement of masonry units such that head joints in succes-
sive courses are horizontally offset at least one-quarter the unit length.
Stack Bond. The placement of masonry units in a bond pattern is such that
head joints in successive courses are vertically aligned. For the purpose of this
code, requirements for stack bond shall apply to masonry laid in other than
running bond
(Section 2102.1)

(3) Lateral ties in masonry columns. Lateral ties in masonry columns should be
spaced not more than 8 inches (203 mm) on center and should be at least 3/8-
inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Lateral ties should be embedded in grout. (Section
1.14.6.5 of MSJC) Standard hooks for lateral tie anchorage should be either a
135-degree standard hook or a 180-degree standard hook. (Section 1.14.6.7 of
MSJC) (See Figure 18-4.) See MSJC Section 1.13.5 for definition of standard
hook.
(4) Prohibited materials. Neither Type N mortar nor masonry cement should be
used as part of the lateral-force-resisting system. (Section 1.14.6.6 of MSJC)

Figure 18-4
Hooks for column ties in SDC D F

7. Additional requirements in SDC E and F.


a. Stack bond masonry not part of the lateral-force-resisting system. Stack bond
masonry (see Figure 18-3) that is not part of the lateral-force-resisting system
should have a horizontal cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at least 0.0015Ag
with a maximum spacing of 24 inches (610 mm). Such stack bond masonry should
be constructed of hollow open-end units or two wythes of solid units. (Section
1.14.7.2 of MSJC)

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214 Chapter 18: Masonry

b. Stack bond masonry that is part of the lateral-force-resisting system. Stack


bond masonry (see Figure 18-3) that is part of the lateral-force-resisting system
should have a horizontal cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at least 0.0025Ag
with a maximum spacing of 16 inches (406 mm). Such stack bond masonry should
be constructed of hollow open-end units or two wythes of solid units. (Section
1.14.7.3 of MSJC)

D. Allowable Stress Designgeneral.

1. General requirements. The design of masonry structures using allowable stress design
should comply with Section 2106 and the requirements of Chapters 1 and 2 of the
MSJC code. (Section 2107.1)
a. Load Combinations. Required strength should be determined in accordance with
the allowable stress design load combinations of Section 1605.3 or Section 2.4.1 of
ASCE 7.
b. Modulus of elasticity for clay and concrete masonry. The modulus of elasticity
should be determined in accordance with Section 1.8.2.2 of MSJC.
c. Maximum deflection of beams and lintels. It should be shown by calculation that
deflection of beams and lintels due to dead plus live loads do not exceed 1/600 of the
clear span nor 0.3 inch (7.6 mm). (Section 1.10.1 of MSJC)
d. Stack bond masonry. Horizontal reinforcement (area 0.00028Ag) should be
placed in horizontal joints, or in bond beams spaced not more than 4 feet (1.22 m)
on center. (Section 1.11 of MSJC)
e. Details of reinforcement. Reinforcement for masonry should comply with the
following requirements of Section 1.13 of MSJC.
(1) The maximum size of bar used in masonry should be No. 11 (M#36). (Section
1.13.2.1 of MSJC) The bar diameter should not exceed 1/8 of the nominal wall
thickness and should not exceed 1/4 of the least dimension of the cell, course
or collar joint in which it is placed. (Section 2.3.6 of MSJC as amended by Sec-
tion 2107.7 of IBC)
(2) The diameter of reinforcement should not exceed one-half the least clear
dimension of the cell, bond beam or collar joint in which it is placed. (See also
Section 1.16.1 of MSJC.) (Section 1.13.2.2 of MSJC)
(3) Longitudinal and cross wires of joint reinforcement should have a minimum
wire size of W1.1 (MW7) and a maximum wire size of one-half the joint
thickness. (Section 1.13.2.3 of MSJC)
(4) The clear distance between parallel bars, and between a contact lap splice and
adjacent splices or bars, should be at least equal to the nominal bar diameter
or 1 inch (25.4 mm), whichever is more restrictive. (Sections 1.13.3.1 and
1.13.3.3 of MSJC)
(5) In columns and pilasters, the clear distance between vertical bars, and between
a contact lap splice and adjacent splices or bars, should be at least 1.5 times

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Chapter 18: Masonry 215

the nominal bar diameter or 11/2 inches (38.1 mm), whichever is more
restrictive. (Sections 1.13.3.2 and 1.13.3.3 of MSJC)
(6) Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit should
be limited to two in any one bundle. Individual bars in a bundle cut off within
the span of a member should terminate at points at least 40 db apart. (Section
1.13.3.4 of MSJC)
(7) Reinforcement embedded in grout should have a thickness of grout between the
reinforcement and masonry units not less than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) for fine grout
or 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) for coarse grout. (Section 1.13.3.5 of MSJC)
(8) Masonry exposed to earth or weather should have a minimum cover of 11/2
inches (38.1 mm) for bars No. 5 and smaller, and 2 inches (50.8 mm) for larger
bars. (Section 1.13.4.1(a) of MSJC)
(9) Masonry not exposed to earth or weather should have a minimum 11/2 in. (38.1
mm) cover for reinforcing bars. (Section 1.13.4.1(b) of MSJC)
(10) Longitudinal wires of joint reinforcement should be fully embedded in mortar or
grout with a minimum cover of 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) when exposed to earth or
weather and 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) when not exposed to earth or weather. (Section
1.13.4.2 of MSJC)
(11) Joint reinforcement should be stainless steel or protected from corrosion by
hot-dipped galvanized coating or epoxy coating when used in masonry exposed
to earth or weather and in interior walls exposed to a mean relative humidity
exceeding 75 percent. All other joint reinforcement should be mill galvanized,
hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel. (Section 1.13.4.2 of MSJC)
(12) Wall ties, sheet-metal anchors, steel plates and bars, and inserts exposed to
earth or weather, or exposed to a mean relative humidity exceeding 75 percent,
should be stainless steel or protected from corrosion by hot-dip galvanized
coating or epoxy coating. Wall ties, anchors and inserts should be mill
galvanized, hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel for all other cases. (Section
1.13.4.3 of MSJC)
f. Compressive strength indicated on construction documents. Project drawings
should show the specified compressive strength of masonry, f m , for each part of
the structure. (MSJC Section 2.1.3.1)
g. Anchor bolt design. Allowable loads for anchor bolts should be determined by test-
ing in accordance with Section 2.1.4.1 of MSJC or by calculation in accordance
with Section 2.1.4.2 of MSJC.
h. Minimum anchor bolt embedment depth. The minimum effective embedment
length of plate, headed and bent bar anchor bolts should be larger of 4 bolt diame-
ters or 2 inches (50.8 mm). (MSJC Section 2.1.4.2.1)
i. Multiwythe walls. Design of walls composed of more than one masonry wythe
should comply with the provisions of either composite action (Section 2.1.5.2 of
MSJC) or noncomposite action (Section 2.1.5.3 of MSJC). (Section 2.1.5.1 of MSJC)

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216 Chapter 18: Masonry

j. Columns. Design of columns should comply with the requirements of Section 2.1.6
of MSJC. (See Figure 18-5.)

Figure 18-5
Column detailing requirements
(for SDC D F, see Figure 18-4 also)

(1) Minimum column side dimension should be 8 inches (203 mm) nominal.
(Section 2.1.6.1 of MSJC)
(2) The ratio of the effective height to the least nominal dimension should not
exceed 25. (Section 2.1.6.2 of MSJC)
(3) Columns should be designed to resist applied loads. As a minimum, columns
should be designed to resist loads with an eccentricity equal to 0.1 times each
side dimension. Consider each axis independently. (Section 2.1.6.3 of MSJC)
(4) The area of vertical reinforcement should not be less than 0.0025An and not
more than 0.04 An. At least four bars should be provided. (MSJC Section
2.1.6.4)
(5) Lateral ties should conform to requirements of Section 2.1.6.5 of MSJC.
k. Light-frame construction. Masonry columns used only to support light-frame
roofs of carports, porches, sheds or similar structures with a maximum area of 450
ft2 (41.8 m2) assigned to Seismic Design Category A, B or C should be designed and
constructed in accordance with Section 2.1.6.6 of MSJC as added by Section
2107.4 of IBC.

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Chapter 18: Masonry 217

l. Pilasters.
(1) Walls interfacing with pilasters should not be considered flanges, unless the
provisions of Section 1.9.4.2 are met. (Section 2.1.7.1 of MSJC)
(2) Where vertical reinforcement is provided to resist axial compressive stress, lat-
eral ties should meet all applicable requirements of Section 2.1.6.5. (Section
2.1.7.2 of MSJC)
m. Load transfer. Load transfer at horizontal connections should be in accordance
with Section 2.1.8 of MSJC.
(1) Walls, columns and pilasters should be designed to resist all loads, moments
and shears applied at intersections with horizontal members. (Section 2.1.8.1
of MSJC)
(2) Effect of lateral deflection and translation of members providing lateral support
should be considered. (Section 2.1.8.2 of MSJC)
(3) Connection hardware/devices used for transferring lateral support from mem-
bers that intersect walls, columns or pilasters should be designed to resist the
forces involved. A minimum force of 1,000 lb (4448 N) should be used for
columns. (Section 2.1.8.3 of MSJC)
n. Distribution of concentrated vertical loads in walls. The length of wall consid-
ered capable of working at the maximum allowable compressive stress to resist
vertical concentrated loads should not exceed the center-to-center distance between
loads or the width of bearing area plus four times the wall thickness. (MSJC
Section 2.1.9.1) (See Figure 18-6.)

Figure 18-6
Distribution of concentrated loads

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218 Chapter 18: Masonry

o. Bearing load area. Bearing stresses should be computed by distributing the bear-
ing load over an area in accordance with MSJC Section 2.1.9.2. Bearing stresses
should not exceed 0.25 f m . (MSJC Section 2.1.9.3)

p. Development of reinforcement. The calculated tension or compression in the


reinforcement at each section should be developed on each side of the section by
development length, hook, mechanical device or combination thereof in accordance
with Section 2.1.10.1 of MSJC.
(1) Wires in tension. The development length of wire should be determined by the
following equation but not less than 6 in. (152 mm).
d = 0.0015 db Fs (MSJC Eq. 2-8)
(2) Bars in tension and compression. The required development length of
reinforcing bars should be determined by Eq. (2-9), but should not be less than
12 in. (305 mm). (Section 2.1.10.3 of MSJC)
2
0.13db f y
d (MSJC Eq. 2-9)
K fm

(3) Standard hooks should be considered to develop an equivalent embedment


length, e , equal to 11.25 db in accordance with Section 2.1.10.5 and cannot be
used to develop bars in compression. (Sections 2.1.10.1 and 2.1.10.5 of MSJC)
(4) Epoxy-coated wires and reinforcing bars should have development length in-
creased by 50 percent. (Sections 2.1.10.2 and 2.1.10.3 of MSJC)
q. Embedment of flexural reinforcement. Flexural reinforcement should be embed-
ded in accordance with Section 2.1.10.4 of MSJC.
r. Development of shear reinforcement. Shear reinforcement should be detailed in
accordance with the requirements of Section 2.1.10.6 of MSJC.
s. Splices. The minimum length of lap splices for reinforcing bars in tension or
compression should be calculated in accordance with Equation 2.9 of MSJC, but
should not be less than 12 inches (305 mm). Compliance with requirements for lap
splices, welded splices or mechanical connections in MSJC Section 2.1.10.7 should
be demonstrated. (Section 2.1.10.7 of MSJC as amended by Section 2107.5 of IBC)
t. Splices for No. 10 and 11 bars. Reinforcement larger than No. 9 (M #29) should be
spliced using mechanical connections in accordance with Section 2.1.10.7.3 of
MSJC.
u. Maximum reinforcement percentage. Special reinforced masonry shear walls
having a shear span ratio, M/Vd, equal to or greater than 1.0 and having an axial
load, P, greater than 0.05 f m An that are subjected to in-plane forces should have a
maximum reinforcement ratio, max, not greater than that computed as follows:
(Section 2.3.7 of MSJC as amended by Section 2107.8 of IBC)
nf m
max (MSJC Eq. 21-3)
fy
2fy n
fm

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Chapter 18: Masonry 219

E. Allowable Stress Designunreinforced masonry.

The design of unreinforced masonry, defined in Section 1.6, by allowable stress design
should be in accordance with MSJC Section 2.2.
1. No credit for reinforcement. The effect of stresses in reinforcement, if present, should
be neglected. (Section 2.2.2 of MSJC)
2. Axial compression and flexure. Axial compression and flexure should be designed in
accordance with Sections 1.6 and 2.2.3 of MSJC.
3. Axial tension. The tensile strength of masonry should be neglected. (Section 2.2.4 of
MSJC)
4. Shear stresses. Design for shear stresses should be provided in accordance with
Section 2.2.5 of MSJC.

F. Allowable Stress Designreinforced masonry.

1. Allowable stresses in steel reinforcement. The tensile and compressive stress in


reinforcement should not exceed the following allowable stresses set forth in MSJC
Section 2.3.2.

Allowable Tensile Stress in Reinforcement:





2. Compression members. The compressive force should not exceed that given by MSJC
Equation 2-17 or Equation 2-18. (Section 2.3.3.2.1 of MSJC)
2
h
Pa = 0.25 f m An + 0.65 Ast Fs 1 for h/r 99 MSJC Eq 217
140r

2
70r
Pa = 0.25 f m An + 0.65 Ast Fs for h/r 99 MSJC Eq 218
h

3. Flexural compressive stress. The flexural compressive stress should not exceed (1/3)
f m in accordance with Section 2.3.3.2.2 of MSJC.
4. Beams. Beams should comply with the requirements of Section 2.3.3.4 of MSJC.
a. The length of bearing of beams on their supports should be a minimum of 4 inches
(102 mm) in the direction of span. (Section 2.3.3.4.3 of MSJC)
b. The compression face of beams should be laterally supported at a maximum spac-
ing of 32 times the beam thickness. (Section 2.3.3.4.4 of MSJC)

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220 Chapter 18: Masonry

c. Span length of members not built integrally with supports should be taken as the
clear span plus depth of member, but need not exceed the distance between centers
of supports. (Section 2.3.3.4.1 of MSJC)
d. Span length should be taken as the distance between centers of supports in analy-
sis of members that are continuous over supports for determination of moments.
(Section 2.3.3.4.2 of MSJC)
5. Axial tension and flexural tension. Axial tension and flexural tension shall be resisted
entirely by steel reinforcement. (Section 2.3.4 of MSJC)
6. Shear. The calculated shear stress, fv = (V/bd), should not exceed the allowable shear
stress set forth in the following table in accordance with MSJC Section 2.3.5.2.

Table 17.1 Allowable Shear Stress fv Fv


Shear Reinforcement Does Not Shear Reinforcement
Resist All Shear Resists All Shear
(Section 2.3.5.2.2 of MSJC) (Section 2.3.5.2.3 of MSJC)
Flexural Members
fv fm fv 3 .0 f m

Shear Wall: (M/Vd < 1)
1 M 1 M
fv 4 fm fv 4 fm
3 Vd 2 Vd

Shear Wall: (M/Vd 1)
fv fm fv 1 .5 f m

7. Design loads for shear walls (SDC D F). When calculating shear or diagonal tension
stresses, shear walls that resist seismic forces in SDC D, E or F should be designed to
resist 1.5x the forces required by Chapter 16. (Section 2106.5.1)

Note: The 1.5 multiplier need not be applied to overturning moment. (Section
2106.5.1)

8. Spacing of shear reinforcement. Spacing of shear reinforcement should be the lesser


of d/2 or 48 inches (1219 mm). (Section 2.3.5.3.1 of MSJC) (See Figure 18-7.)

G. Strength design of masonry.

1. Required strength and design strength. Masonry members should be proportioned so


that the design strength equals or exceeds the required strength. (Section 3.1.3 of
MSJC)

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Chapter 18: Masonry 221

a. Required strength. Required strength should be determined in accordance with


the strength design load combinations of Section 1605.2 or Section 2.3.2 of ASCE
7. (Section 1605)

Figure 18-7
Spacing of shear reinforcement

b. Required strength-columns. Members subject to compressive axial load should be


designed for the factored moment accompanying the factored axial load. The
factored moment, Mu, should include the moment induced by relative lateral
displacement. (Section 3.1.2 of MSJC)
c. Design strength. Design strength is the nominal strength multiplied by the
strength-reduction factor, , as specified in Section 3.1.4. (Section 3.1.3 of MSJC)
d. Design shear strength. The design shear strength, Vn, should exceed the shear
corresponding to the development of 1.25 times the nominal flexural strength, Mn,
of the member, except that the nominal shear strength, Vn, need not exceed 2.5
times required shear strength, Vu. (Section 3.1.3 of MSJC)
e. Seismic design. For structures system having a seismic response modification fac-
tor, R, greater than 1.5, at least 80 percent of the lateral stiffness at each story level
should be provided by lateral-force-resisting walls. Along each column line at a
particular story level, at least 80 percent of the lateral stiffness should be provided
by lateral-force-resisting walls. For R 1.5, piers and columns are permitted to re-
sist seismic load. (Section 3.1.3.1 of MSJC)
2. Strength-reduction factors. (Section 3.1.4 of MSJC)

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222 Chapter 18: Masonry

Types of strength MSJC Section

Combinations of flexure and axial load - reinforced masonry 0.90 3.1.4.1


Combinations of flexure and axial load - unreinforced 0.60 3.1.4.2
masonry
Shear 0.80 3.1.4.3
Anchor bolts - controlled by masonry breakout 0.50 3.1.4.4
Anchor bolts - controlled by anchor bolt steel 0.90 3.1.4.4
Anchor bolts - controlled by anchor pullout 0.65 3.1.4.4
Bearing 0.60 3.1.4.5

3. Deformation requirements. Compliance with the deformation requirements set forth


in Section 3.1.5 of MSJC should be demonstrated.
a. Drift limits. Under loading combinations that include earthquake, masonry struc-
tures shall be designed so the calculated story drift, , multiplied by Cd from Table
12.2-1 of ASCE 7, does not exceed the allowable story drift, a, obtained from Table
12.12.1 of ASCE 7. (Section 3.1.5.1 of MSJC)
b. Deflectionunreinforced masonry members. Deflection calculations for plain
masonry members should be based on uncracked section properties. (Section
3.1.5.2 of MSJC)
c. Deflectionreinforced masonry members. Deflection calculations for reinforced
masonry members should be based on cracked section properties. The flexural and
shear stiffness properties assumed for deflection calculations should not exceed
one-half of the gross section properties unless a cracked-section analysis is
performed. (Section 3.1.5.3 of MSJC)
4. Headed and bent-bar anchor bolts. Embedded bolts larger than 1/4 in. should be
grouted in place with at least 1/2 inch (13 mm) of grout between the bolt and the
masonry. 1/4-in. bolts are permitted in 1/2-inch bed joints.(Section 3.1.6 of MSJC)
a. Axial strength and embedment depth of headed anchor bolts. Nominal axial
tensile strength of headed anchor bolts, Ban, should be determined in accordance
with Section 3.1.6.1 of MSJC, using the smaller of the strengths of Equations 3-1
and 3-2. The projected area, Apt, should be reduced in accordance with Section
3.1.6.1.1. The effective embedment length of headed anchor bolts, lb, resisting axial
forces should be the greater of four bolt diameters or 2 inches (51 mm). (Section
3.1.6.1 of MSJC)
b. Axial strength and embedment depth of bent-bar anchor bolts. Nominal axial
tensile strength of bent-bar anchor bolts, Ban, should be determined in accordance
with Section 3.1.6.2 of MSJC, using smallest of the strengths of Equations 3-4, 3-5
and 3-6. The projected area, Apt, should be reduced in accordance with Section
3.1.6.2.1. The minimum effective embedment length of bent-bar anchor bolts resist-
ing axial forces should be the greater of four bolt diameters or 2 inches (51 mm).
(Section 3.1.6.2 of MSJC)
c. Shear strength and embedment depth of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts.
Nominal shear strength of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts, Bvn, should be
determined in accordance with Section 3.1.6.3 of MSJC, using the smaller of the

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Chapter 18: Masonry 223

strengths of Equations 3-8 and 3-9. The projected area, Apv, should be reduced in
accordance with Section 3.1.6.3.1. The minimum effective embedment length of
headed or bent-bar anchor bolts resisting shear forces should be the greater of four
bolt diameters or 2 inches (51 mm). (Section 3.1.6.3 of MSJC)
d. Combined axial and shear strength of anchor bolts. Combined axial and shear
strength of anchor bolts should be checked in accordance with Equation 3-11.
(Section 3.1.6.4 of MSJC)
5. Bearing strength. Nominal bearing strength of the masonry should be determined in
accordance with Section 3.1.7 of MSJC.
6. Modulus of elasticity of masonry. The modulus of elasticity of masonry should be
determined in accordance with Section 1.8.2.2 of MSJC.
7. Compressive strength f m limitations. The specified value of f m should not be less
than 1500 psi (10.34 MPa) nor more than 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) for concrete masonry
and not to exceed 6000 psi (41.37 MPa) for clay masonry. (Section 3.1.8.1.1 of MSJC)
8. Grout compressive strength. The specified compressive strength of grout, f g , should
equal or exceed f m , but not more than 5000 psi (34.5 MPa) for concrete masonry and
not to exceed 6000 psi (41.4 MPa) for clay masonry. (Section 3.1.8.1.2 of MSJC)
9. Modulus of rupture. The modulus of rupture for bending should be determined in
accordance with Section 3.1.8.2.1 of MSJC. The modulus of rupture of the grout should
be taken as 250 psi (1.72 MPa). (Section 3.1.8.2 of MSJC)
10. Reinforcement strength. Masonry design should be based on a reinforcement strength
equal to the specified yield strength of reinforcement, fy, not to exceed 60,000 psi (414
MPa). Actual yield strength should not exceed 1.3x the specified strength. (Section
3.1.8.3 of MSJC)
11. Section properties. Member strength should be computed using section properties
based on the minimum net bedded and grouted cores cross-sectional area of the mem-
ber under consideration. Section properties should be based on specified dimensions.
(Section 2108.8)

H. Strength designunreinforced masonry.

The design of unreinforced masonry by strength design should be in accordance with MSJC
Section 3.2 in addition to Chapter 1 and Section 3.1 of MSJC. (Section 3.2.1 of MSJC)
1. No credit for reinforcement. The effect of stresses in reinforcement should be
neglected. (Section 3.2.1.2 of MSJC)
2. Axial compression and flexure. Axial compression and flexure should be designed in
accordance with Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 of MSJC.
3. Design Criteria. Unreinforced members should be designed to remain uncracked.
(Section 3.2.1.3 of MSJC)
4. Shear stresses. Design for shear stresses should be provided in accordance with
Section 3.2.4 of MSJC.

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224 Chapter 18: Masonry

I. Strength designreinforced masonry.

1. Stresses in steel reinforcement. Compression and tension stress in reinforcement


should be taken as Es times the steel strain, but not greater than fy. (Section 3.3.2 (e) of
MSJC)
2. Maximum usable strain. The maximum usable strain, mu, at the extreme masonry
compression fiber should be assumed to be 0.0035 for clay masonry and 0.0025 for
concrete masonry. (Section 3.3.2 (c) of MSJC)
3. Strain in reinforcement. Strain in reinforcement and masonry should be assumed to
be directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. (Section 3.3.2 (d) of
MSJC)
4. Stress and strain relationship. Stress strain relationship assumption should be in
accordance with Section 3.3.2 (g) of MSJC.
5. Tensile strength. The tensile strength of masonry should be neglected in calculating
flexural strength but shall be considered in calculating deflection. (Section 3.3.2(f) of
MSJC)
6. Reinforcing bar size. Reinforcing bars used in masonry should not be larger than No.
9 (M#29). The bar diameter should not exceed 1/8 of the nominal wall thickness and
should not exceed 1/4 of the least dimension of the cell, course or collar joint in which it
is placed. The area of reinforcing bars placed in a cell, or in a course, of hollow unit
construction should not exceed 4 percent of the cell area. (Section 3.3.3.1 of MSJC)
7. Standard hooks. Standard hooks should be considered to develop an equivalent
embedment length, le, equal to 13db in accordance with Section 3.3.3.2 of MSJC.
8. Bundling of reinforcing bars. Reinforcing bars should not be bundled. (Section 3.3.3.6
of MSJC)
9. Development of reinforcement. Reinforcement in tension/compression should be
developed in accordance with Section 3.3.3.3 of MSJC. The embedment length should
not be less than 12 inches (305 mm) or greater than 72db (1830 mm). Epoxy-coated
reinforcing bars should have development length increased by 50 percent. (Section
3.3.3.3 of MSJC as amended by Section 2108.2)
10. Noncontact lap splices. Bars spliced by noncontact lap splices should not be spaced
farther apart than 1/5 the required length of lap, nor more than 8 in. (203 mm). (Section
3.3.3.3.1 of MSJC)
11. Splices. Reinforcement splices should comply with one of the following: (Section 3.3.3.4
of MSJC as amended by Section 2108.3)
a. The minimum length of lap for bars should be the greater of 12 in. (305 mm) or the
development length determined by Eq. (3-15). (Section 3.3.3.4(a) of MSJC)
b. A welded splice should have the bars butted and welded to develop at least 125 per-
cent of the yield strength, fy, of the bar in tension or compression, as required.
Welded splices should be of ASTM A 706 steel reinforcement. Welded splices should
not be permitted in plastic hinge zones of intermediate or special reinforced walls or
special moment frames of masonry. (Section 3.3.3.4(b) of MSJC as amended by
Section 2108.3)

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Chapter 18: Masonry 225

c. Mechanical splices should be classified as Type 1 or 2, according to Section


21.2.6.1 of ACI 318. Type 1 mechanical splices should not be used within a plastic
hinge zone or within a beam-column joint of intermediate or special reinforced ma-
sonry shear walls or special moment frames. Type 2 mechanical splices are
permitted in any location within a member. (Section 3.3.3.4(c) of MSJC as amended
by Section 2108.3)
12. Development of shear reinforcement. Shear reinforcement should be developed in
accordance with the requirements of Section 3.3.3.3.2 of MSJC.
13. Maximum reinforcement percentages. The reinforcement ratio should be limited in
accordance with Section 3.3.3.5 of MSJC as amended by Section 2108.4 and as follows:

Applicable MSJC
Types of Members Mu/Vudv Section

All masonry members;


1 3.3.3.5.1
Shear walls subject to out-of-plain loads
Intermediate reinforced shear walls subject to in-plain loads 1 3.3.3.5.2
Special reinforced shear walls subject to in-plain loads 1 3.3.3.5.3
All masonry members 1 and
3.3.3.5.4
R 1.5
All masonry members 1 and
3.3.3.5.1
R 1.5
Special prestressed masonry shear walls 3.3.3.5.5
(Amended by
Section 2108.4)

14. Design of beams, piers and columnsgeneral. Member design forces should be based
on an analysis that considers the relative stiffness of structural members. The calcula-
tion of lateral stiffness should include the contribution of all beams, piers and columns.
The effects of cracking on member stiffness should be considered. (Section 3.3.4 of
MSJC)
a. Nominal axial and flexural strength. The nominal axial strength, Pn, and the
nominal flexural strength, Mn, of a cross section should be determined in
accordance with the design assumptions of Section 3.3.2 and the provisions of Sec-
tion 3.3.4.1 of MSJC. Using the slenderness-dependent modification factors of Eq.
(3-16) [1(h/140r)2)] and Eq. (3-17) (70r/h)2, as appropriate, the nominal axial
strength should be modified for the effects of slenderness. The nominal flexural
strength at any section along a member should not be less than 1/4 of the maxi-
mum nominal flexural strength at the critical section. (Section 3.3.4.1.1 of MSJC)
The nominal axial compressive strength should not exceed Eq. (3-16) or Eq. (3-17)
of MSJC, as appropriate.
(1) For members with h/r 99:

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226 Chapter 18: Masonry

2
h
Pn 0.80 0.80 f m An A s f y A s 1 (Eq. 3-16)
140r

(2) For members with h/r > 99:


2
70r
Pn 0.80 0.80 f m An As f y As (Eq. 3-17)
h

b. Nominal shear strength. Nominal shear strength, Vn, shall be computed using Eq.
(3-18) and either Eq. (3-19) or Eq. (3-20), as appropriate, in accordance with
Section 3.3.4.1.2 of MSJC.
15. Beams. Members designed primarily to resist flexure should comply with the require-
ments of Section 3.3.4.2 of MSJC. The factored axial compressive force on a beam
should not exceed 0.05 An f m . (Section 3.3.4.2.1 of MSJC)

a. Variation of size. The variation of size in longitudinal reinforcing bars in a beam


should not be greater than one bar size. Not more than two bar sizes should be
used in a beam. (Section 3.3.4.2.2.1 of MSJC)
b. Flexural strength. The nominal flexural strength of a beam should not be less than
1.3x Mcr . The modulus of rupture, fr, for this calculation should be determined in
accordance with Section 3.1.8.2 of MSJC. (Section 3.3.4.2.2.2 of MSJC)
c. Transverse reinforcement. Transverse reinforcement should be provided where Vu
exceeds Vm. The factored shear, Vu, should include the effects of lateral load.
(Section 3.3.4.2.3 of MSJC)
(1) Transverse reinforcement should be a single bar with a 180-degree hook at
each end.
(2) Transverse reinforcement should be hooked around the longitudinal
reinforcement.
(3) The minimum area of transverse reinforcement should be 0.0007 bdv.
(4) The first transverse bar should not be located more than 1/4 of the beam depth,
dv, from the end of the beam.
(5) The maximum spacing should not exceed 1/2 the depth of the beam nor 48 in.
(1219 mm).
d. Construction. Beams should be grouted solid. (Section 3.3.4.2.4 of MSJC)
e. Dimensional limits. Beam dimensions should be in accordance with the following:
(Section 3.3.4.2.5 of MSJC)
(1) The clear distance between locations of lateral bracing of the compression side
of the beam should not exceed 32x the least width of the compression area.
(2) The nominal depth of a beam should not be less than 8 in. (203 mm).
16. Piers. Piers should be designed and detailed in accordance with Section 3.3.4.3 of
MSJC.

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Chapter 18: Masonry 227

a. The factored axial compression force on piers should not exceed 0.3 An f m . (Section
3.3.4.3.1 of MSJC)
b. Longitudinal reinforcement. A pier subjected to in-plane stress reversals should
be reinforced symmetrically about the neutral axis of the pier and detailed to com-
ply with the following: (Section 3.3.4.3.2 of MSJC)
(1) One bar should be provided in the end cells.
(2) The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement should be 0.0007 bd.
(3) Longitudinal reinforcement should be uniformly distributed throughout the
depth of the element.
c. Dimensional limits. Dimensions should be in accordance with Section 3.3.4.3.3 of
MSJC as follows:
(1) The nominal thickness of a pier should be 16 in. (406 mm).
(2) The distance between lateral supports of a pier should not exceed 25x the
nominal thickness of a pier except as provided for in Section 3.3.4.3.3(c) of
MSJC.
(3) When the distance between lateral supports of a pier exceeds 25 times the
nominal thickness of the pier, design should be based on the provisions of
Section 3.3.5 of MSJC.
(4) The nominal length of a pier should not be less than 3x its nominal thickness
nor greater than 6x its nominal thickness. The clear height of a pier should not
exceed 5x its nominal length.

Note: When the factored axial force at the location of maximum moment is
less than 0.05 f m Ag , the length of a pier may be equal to the thickness of the
pier. (Section 3.3.4.3.3 of MSJC)

17. Columns. Columns should be designed and detailed in accordance with Section 3.3.4.4
of MSJC.
a. Longitudinal reinforcement. Longitudinal reinforcement should be a minimum of
4 bars, one in each corner of the column, and should comply with Section 3.3.4.4.1
of MSJC as follows:
(1) Maximum reinforcement area should be determined in accordance with Section
3.3.3.5 of MSJC, but should not exceed 0.04 An.
(2) Minimum reinforcement area should be 0.0025 An.
(3) Longitudinal reinforcement should be uniformly distributed throughout the
depth of the element.
b. Lateral ties. Lateral ties should be provided in accordance with Section 2.1.6.5 of
MSJC. (Section 3.3.4.4.2 of MSJC)
c. Construction. Columns should be solid grouted. (Section 3.3.4.4.3 of MSJC)

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d. Dimensional limits. Dimensions should be in accordance with Section 3.3.4.4.4 of


MSJC as follows:
(1) The nominal width of a column should not be less than 8 in. (203 mm).
(2) The distance between lateral supports of a column should not exceed 30x its
nominal width.
(3) The nominal depth of a column should be 8 in. (203 mm) and not be greater
than 3x its nominal width.
18. Wall design for out-of-plane loads. Walls with out-of-plane loads should be designed
and detailed in accordance with Section 3.3.5 of MSJC.
a. Effective compressive width per bar. The effective compressive width per bar
should be determined in accordance with Section 2.3.3.3 of MSJC. (Section 3.3.5.2
of MSJC)
b. Moment and deflection calculations. Moment and deflection calculations in Sec-
tions 3.3.5.4 and 3.3.5.5 of MSJC are based on simple support conditions top and
bottom. For other support and fixity conditions, moments and deflections should be
calculated using established principles of mechanics. (Section 3.3.5.3 of MSJC)
c. Walls with factored axial stress of 0.20 f m or less. The procedures set forth in
this section should be used when the factored axial load stress at the location of
maximum moment satisfies the requirement computed by Eq. (3-23) of MSJC.
(Section 3.3.5.4 of MSJC)

pu
0.20 f m (Eq. 3-23)
Ag

When the slenderness ratio exceeds 30, the factored axial stress should not exceed
0.05f'm.
Factored moment and axial force should be determined at the midheight of the wall
and should be used for design. The factored moment, Mu, at the midheight of the
wall should be computed using Eq. (3-24) of MSJC.
wu h 2 e
Mu Puf u Pu u (Eq. 3-24)
8 2
Where:
Pu = Puw + Puf (Eq. 3-25)
The deflection due to factored loads ( u) should be obtained using Eq. (3-30) and (3-
31) of MSJC and replacing Mser with Mu. The design strength for out-of-plane wall
loading should be in accordance with Eq. (3-26) of MSJC.
Mu Mn (Eq. 3-26)
The nominal moment should be calculated using Eqs. (3-27) and (3-28) of MSJC if
the reinforcing steel is placed in the center of the wall.
a
M n As f y Pu d (Eq. 3-27)
2

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Chapter 18: Masonry 229

Pu As f y
a (Eq. 3-28)
0.80 f m b
The nominal shear strength should be determined by Section 3.3.4.1.2 of MSJC.
d. Deflection design. The horizontal midheight deflection, s, under service lateral
and service axial loads (without load factors) should be limited by the relation:
(Section 3.3.5.5 of MSJC)
s 0.007 h (Eq. 3-29)
P-delta effects should be included in deflection calculation. The midheight deflec-
tion should be computed using either Eq. (3-30) or Eq. (3-31) of MSJC, as
applicable.
(1) Where Mser < Mcr

5M cr h 2
s (Eq. 3-30)
48E m I g

(2) Where Mcr < Mser < Mn

5M cr h 2 5 M ser M cr h 2
s (Eq. 3-31)
48E m I g 48E m I cr

The cracking moment strength of the wall should be computed using the modulus
of rupture, fr, taken from Table 3.1.8.2.1 of MSJC.
19. Wall design for in-plane loads. Walls with in-plane loads should be designed and de-
tailed in accordance with Section 3.3.6 of MSJC.
a. Reinforcement. The amount of vertical reinforcement should not be less than one-
half the horizontal reinforcement. (Section 3.3.6.2 of MSJC)
b. Flexural and axial strength. The nominal flexural and axial strength should be
determined in accordance with Section 3.3.4.1.1 of MSJC. (Section 3.3.6.3 of
MSJC)
c. Shear strength. The nominal shear strength should be computed in accordance
with Section 3.3.4.1.2 of MSJC. (Section 3.3.6.4 of MSJC)
d. Special boundary elements. The need for special boundary elements at the edges
of shear walls should be evaluated in accordance with Section 3.3.6.8 or 3.3.6.9.
The requirements of Sections 3.3.6.10 should also be satisfied. Special boundary
elements in shear walls should be designed in accordance with Sections 3.3.6.6
and 3.3.6.7 of MSJC. (Sections 3.3.6.6 and 3.3.6.7 of MSJC)
e. Walls bending in single curvature. Walls bending in single curvature in which the
flexural limit state response is governed by yielding at the base of the wall should
be designed in accordance with Section 3.3.6.8 of MSJC. (Sections 3.3.6.8 of MSJC)
f. Other walls. Walls not satisfying those requirements should be designed in accor-
dance with Section 3.3.6.9. (Sections 3.3.6.9 of MSJC)

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230 Chapter 18: Masonry

g. Special boundary elements requirements. Shear walls not designed by Section


3.3.6.8 should have special boundary elements at boundaries and edges around
openings in shear walls where the maximum extreme fiber compressive stress,
corresponding to factored forces including earthquake effect, exceeds 0.2 f m . The
special boundary element should be permitted to be discontinued where the
calculated compressive stress is less than 0.15 f m . Stresses should be calculated
for the factored forces using a linearly elastic model and gross section properties.
For walls with flanges, an effective flange width as defined in Section 1.9.4.2.3
should be used. (Section 3.3.6.9 of MSJC)
h. Details of special boundary elements. Where special boundary elements are re-
quired by Section 3.3.6.8 or 3.3.6.9, requirements (a) through (d) in this section
should be satisfied, and tests should be performed to verify the strain capacity of
the element: (Section 3.3.6.10 of MSJC)
(1) The special boundary element should extend horizontally from the extreme
compression fiber a distance not less than the larger of (c - 0.1lw) and c/2.
(2) In flanged sections, the special boundary element should include the effective
flange width in compression and should extend at least 12 in. (305 mm) into
the web.
(3) Special boundary element transverse reinforcement at the wall base should ex-
tend into the support a minimum of the development length of the largest
longitudinal reinforcement in the boundary element unless the special bound-
ary element terminates on a footing or mat, where special boundary element
transverse reinforcement should extend at least 12 in. (305 mm) into the foot-
ing or mat.
(4) Horizontal shear reinforcement in the wall web should be anchored to develop
the specified yield strength, fy, within the confined core of the boundary
element.

J. Prestressed masonry.

1. General. Prestressed masonry shall be designed in accordance with MSJC Chapters 1


and 4 and IBC Sections 2106 and 2108.
a. Prestressed masonry walls should be designed for strength requirements and
checked for service load requirements in accordance with wall provisions of Chapter
1 and Section 2.1 of MSJC. (Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 of MSJC)
2. Minimum reinforcement. Area of cross-sectional area of bonded prestressing tendons
should be considered to contribute to the minimum reinforcement requirements of Sec-
tions 1.14.5 and 1.14.6 of MSJC. (Section 4.1.4 of MSJC)
3. Nominal moment strength. Section 4.4.3 of MSJC should apply instead of the provi-
sions of Section 2.1.3.4.2 for the computation of nominal moment strength. (Section
4.1.5 of MSJC)
4. Design methods. Design methods should comply with Section 4.2 of MSJC.

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Chapter 18: Masonry 231

a. Method of analysis. Members should be designed by elastic analysis using loading


and load combinations in accordance with the provisions of Sections 1.7 of MSJC
and Section 1605, except as noted in Section 4.4.3 of MSJC. (Section 4.2.1 of MSJC
as modified by Section 2107.2)
b. Specified strength. Immediately after the transfer of prestressing force to the ma-
sonry, stresses in masonry given in this chapter should be based upon f mi .
(Section 4.2.2 of MSJC)
5. Stresses in tendons. Design and construction of prestressing tendons, including jack-
ing force, stress after transfer, stress in tendons and the effective prestress under
service loads should be in accordance with Section 4.3 of MSJC.
6. Axial compression and flexure. Walls subjected to axial compression, flexure or to
combined axial compression and flexure should be designed according to Section 2.2.3,
except as noted in Section 4.4 of MSJC. (Section 4.4.1.1 of MSJC)
a. Allowable stress increase. The allowable compressive stresses that are due to axial
loads, Fa, and flexure, Fb, and the allowable axial force in Eq. (2-11) should be
permitted to be increased by 20 percent for the stress condition immediately after
transfer of prestress. (Section 4.4.1.2 of MSJC)
b. Flexural tensile stress prohibited. Masonry should not be subjected to flexural
tensile stress from the combination of prestressing force and dead load. (Section
4.4.1.3 of MSJC)
c. Service load requirements.
(1) Walls with laterally unrestrained tendons. For walls with laterally unre-
strained prestressing tendons, the prestressing force, Pps, should be included in
the computation of the axial load, P, in Eq. (2-11) and in the computation of the
eccentricity of the axial load, e, in Eq. (2-15). (Section 4.4.2.1 of MSJC)
(2) Walls with laterally restrained tendons. For walls with laterally restrained
prestressing tendons, the prestressing force, Pps, should not be considered for
the computation of the axial load, P, in Eq. (2-11). The prestressing force, Pps,
should be considered for the computation of the eccentricity of the axial resul-
tant load, e, in Eq. (2-15). (Section 4.4.2.2 of MSJC)
d. Strength requirements. Required strength should be determined in accordance
with Section 1605, except as noted in Section 4.4.3 of MSJC. (Section 4.4.3.1 of
MSJC)
(1) Walls subject to compressive axial load. Walls subject to compressive axial
load should be designed for the factored design moment and the accompanying
factored axial load. The factored moment, Mu, should include the moment
induced by relative lateral displacement. (Section 4.4.3.1 of MSJC)
(2) Design moment strength reduction factor. The design moment strength
should be taken as the nominal moment strength, Mn, multiplied by a strength-
reduction factor ( ) of 0.8. (Section 4.4.3.2 of MSJC)

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232 Chapter 18: Masonry

(3) Depth of the equivalent compression zone. The depth of the equivalent
compression zone, a, should be determined in accordance with Section 4.4.3.3
of MSJC.
(4) Nominal moment strength. The nominal moment strength, Mn, should be
computed in accordance with Section 4.4.3.4 of MSJC, by equation 4-2 or on
static moment equilibrium principles. (Section 4.4.3.4 of MSJC)
(5) Ratio a/d. The ratio a/d should not exceed 0.425. (Section 4.4.3.5 of MSJC)
(6) Stress in tendons at nominal strength fps. Computation of stress in
prestressing tendons at nominal strength, fps, should comply with Section
4.4.3.6 of MSJC. In Equations (4-3) and (4-4), the value of fps should be not less
than fse , and not larger than fpy . (Section 4.4.3.6 of MSJC)
7. Axial tension. Axial tension should be resisted by reinforcement, prestressing tendons,
or both, in accordance with Section 4.5 of MSJC.
8. Shear. Nominal shear strength of walls should be determined in accordance with
Section 4.6 of MSJC.
9. Deflection. Computation of member deflection should include camber, the effects of
time-dependent phenomena, and P-delta effects in accordance with Section 4.7 of
MSJC.
10. Prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers and end blocks.
a. Anchorage of tendons. Prestressing tendons in masonry construction should be
anchored by either: (a) mechanical anchorage devices bearing directly on masonry
or placed inside a concrete or fully grouted end block, or (b) bond in reinforced con-
crete end blocks or members. (Section 4.8.1 of MSJC)
b. Anchorages and couplers. Anchorages and couplers for prestressing tendons
should develop at least 95 percent of the specified tensile strength of the prestress-
ing tendons when tested in an unbonded condition, without exceeding anticipated
set. (Section 4.8.2 of MSJC)
c. Reinforcing bars required. Reinforcement should be provided in masonry mem-
bers near anchorages if tensile stresses created by bursting, splitting and spalling
forces induced by the prestressing tendon exceed the capacity of the masonry.
(Section 4.8.3 of MSJC)
d. Bearing stresses. Local bearing stress in masonry in prestressing tendon anchor-
age zones should be computed based on the contact surface between masonry and
the mechanical anchorage device or the concrete end block. Bearing stresses that
are due to maximum jacking force of the prestressing tendon should not exceed
0.50 f mi. (Section 4.8.4 of MSJC)
11. Protection of prestressing tendons and accessories. Prestressing tendons, anchor-
ages, couplers and end fittings in exterior walls exposed to earth or weather, or walls
exposed to a mean relative humidity exceeding 75 percent, should be corrosion-
protected in accordance with Section 4.9 of MSJC. Corrosion protection of prestressing
tendons should not rely solely on masonry cover. Parts of prestressing tendons not
embedded in masonry should be provided with mechanical and fire protection
equivalent to that of the embedded parts of the tendon. (Section 4.9 of MSJC)

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Chapter 18: Masonry 233

K. Empirical design of masonry.

1. Limited use of empirical design. Empirical design is not permitted in the following:
(Section 5.1.2.2 of MSJC)
a. SDC D F structures (Section 5.1.2.2 of MSJC)
b. Lateral-force-resisting systems for SDC B and C structures (Section 5.1.2.2 of
MSJC)
c. Structures with basic wind speed greater than 110 mph (177 km/hr). (Section
5.1.2.3.1 of MSJC)
d. Structures more than 35 feet (10 668 mm) in height with masonry wall lateral-
force-resisting systems.
e. For interior masonry elements not part of the lateral force-resisting system in build-
ings other than enclosed as defined by ASCE 7 in: (Section 5.1.2.3.2 of MSJC)
(1) Buildings over 180 ft (55.1 m) in height
(2) Buildings over 60 ft (18.4 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 90
mph (145 km/hr)
(3) Buildings over 35 ft (10.7 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 100
mph (161 km/hr)
(4) Where the basic wind speed exceeds 110 mph (177 km/hr)
f. For exterior masonry elements not part of the lateral force-resisting system and
that are more than 35 ft (10.7 m) above ground: (Section 5.1.2.3.3.1 of MSJC)
(1) Buildings over 180 ft (55.1 m) in height.
(2) Buildings over 60 ft (18.4 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 90
mph (145 km/hr).
(3) Buildings over 35 ft (10.7 m) in height where the basic wind speed exceeds 100
mph (161 km/hr).
g. For exterior masonry elements less than or equal to 35 ft (10.7 m) above ground
where the basic wind speed exceeds 110 mph (177 km/hr). (Section 5.1.2.3.3.2 of
MSJC)
2. Empirical design requirements. Empirical masonry design should comply with the
requirements of Sections 2109.2 through 2109.7 or Chapter 5 of MSJC.
3. Adobe. The design and construction of adobe should comply with Section 2109.8.

L. Glass unit masonry.

1. Limited use of glass block. Glass block should not be used except in nonload-bearing
exterior or interior walls. (Section 2110.1)
2. Glass block requirements. Glass block should comply with the requirements of
Section 2110.

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234 Chapter 18: Masonry

M. Masonry fireplaces.

1. Construction requirements. Construction of masonry fireplaces should be in accor-


dance with Section 2111.

N. Masonry heaters.

1. Construction requirements. Construction of masonry heaters should be in accordance


with Section 2112.

O. Masonry chimneys.

1. Construction requirements. Construction of masonry chimneys should be in accor-


dance with Section 2113.

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235

19. Steel
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Structural Welding Code Steel (AWS D1.1-06)
Structural Welding Code Sheet Steel (AWS D1.3-98)
Additional standards listed in Section A.

A. Referenced steel standards.

Compliance with the following standards should be demonstrated:

Check Reference
Here Type of Steel Design Standard Section

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236 Chapter 19: Steel

B. General design requirements (ASD & LRFD).

In this Checklist, the following abbreviation is used: AISC refers to AISC 360, AISC-S
refers to AISC 340 Seismic Provisions.
1. General.
a. Structural steel materialstest reports. Material test reports (generally, Mill Test
Certificates), or reports of tests made by the fabricator or a testing laboratory, are
required to show that the material on site conforms to ASTM standards. The
fabricator should provide an affidavit stating that the structural steel furnished
meets the requirements of the grade specified. (Section A3.1 of AISC).
(1) For hot-rolled structural shapes, plates and bars, such tests shall be made in
accordance with ASTM A6/A6M.
(2) For sheets, such tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM A568/A568M.
(3) For tubing and pipe, such tests shall be made in accordance with the
requirements of the applicable ASTM standards listed above for those product
forms.
b. Material standards. Structural steel material should conform to one of the
following ASTM specifications: (Section A3.1a of AISC)
(1) Hot-rolled structural shapes (Section A3.1a(1) of AISC)
(2) Structural tubing (Section A3.1a(2) of AISC)
(3) Pipe (Section A3.1a(3) of AISC)
(4) Plates (Section A3.1a(4) of AISC)
(5) Bars (Section A3.1a(5) of AISC)
(6) Sheets (Section A3.1a(6) of AISC)
(7) Unidentified steel (Section A3.1b of AISC)
(8) Rolled heavy shapes. ASTM A6/A6M hot-rolled shapes with a flange thickness
exceeding 2 in. (50 mm), subject to primary (computed) tensile forces due to
tension or flexure and spliced using complete-joint-penetration groove welds
that fuse through the thickness of the member, should have Charpy V-Notch
(CVN) impact test results with a minimum average value of 20 ft-lbs (27 J) at
+70F (+21C) in accordance with Section A3.1c of AISC.

Note: The CVN requirement is based on lowest anticipated service temperature


(LAST) of 50 F. Adjustment of CVN should be made where LAST is anticipated to
be lower.

(9) Built-up heavy shapes. Built-up cross-sections consisting of plates with a


thickness exceeding 2 in. (50 mm), used as members subject to primary
(computed) tensile forces due to tension or flexure and spliced or connected to
other members using complete-joint penetration groove welds that fuse through

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Chapter 19: Steel 237

the thickness of the plates, should be supplied with Charpy V-Notch impact
test results in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M, Supplementary Requirement S5,
Charpy V-Notch Impact Test and should meet a minimum average value of 20
ft-lbs (27 J) at +70F (+21C) in accordance with Section A3.1d of AISC.

Note: The above requirements also apply to built-up cross-sections consisting of


plates exceeding 2 in. (50 mm) that are welded with complete-joint-penetration
groove welds to the face of other sections.

c. Steel castings and forgings. Cast steel should conform to ASTM A216/A216M, Gr.
WCB with Supplementary Requirement S11. Steel forgings should conform to ASTM
A668/A668M. Test reports should be submitted before erection to show
conformance with applicable standards. (Section A.3.2 of AISC)
d. Bolts, washers and nuts. Bolt, washer and nut material should conform to ASTM
specifications in accordance with Section A.3.3 of AISC.
(1) Bolts (Section A.3.3.1 of AISC) Note: bolts should comply with specific
requirements, e.g., x bolts.
(2) Nuts (Section A.3.3.2 of AISC)
(3) Washers (Section A.3.3.3 of AISC) Note: Washers should comply with special
requirements for oversized holes for A490 bolts. Beveled washers required
where bolts inclined more than 1:20.
(4) Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators (Section A.3.3.4 of AISC)
e. Anchor rods and threaded rods. Anchor rod and threaded rod material should
conform to one of the ASTM specifications in accordance with Section A.3.4 of AISC.
Manufacturers certification should be submitted before construction to show that
threads on anchor rods and threaded rods conform to the Unified Standard Series
of ASME B18.2.6 and have Class 2A tolerances. (Section A.3.4 of AISC)

Note: Weldable anchor rods are required to meet ASTM F1554.

f. Filler metal and flux for welding. Filler metals and fluxes should conform to
American Welding Society specifications in accordance with Section A.3.5 of AISC.
Manufacturers certification should be provided to show conformity with the
standards. Filler metals and fluxes that are suitable for the intended application
should be selected. (Section A.3.5 of AISC)
g. Stud shear connectors. Steel stud shear connectors should conform to the
requirements of Structural Welding CodeSteel, AWS D1.1, in accordance with
Section A.3.6 of AISC.
h. Information on construction documents.
(1) Structural design drawings and specifications. The design drawings and
specifications should meet the requirements in the AISC 303 Code of Standard

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238 Chapter 19: Steel

Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (AISC 303), unless specifically excluded
in the construction documents. (Section A4 of AISC)
(2) The following information where applicable should be included on the
construction documents in accordance with Section A4 of AISC and Section
A3.1 of AISC 303.
- Standard specifications and codes that govern structural steel design and
construction, including bolting and welding
- Size, section, material grade and location of all members
- All geometry and working points necessary for layout
- Floor elevations
- Column centers and offsets
- Camber requirements for members
- Permanent bracing, column stiffeners, column web doubler plates, bearing
stiffeners in beams and girders, web reinforcement, openings for other
trades and other special details
- Connection type (snug-tight bearing, fully tensioned bearing, direct tension
or slip critical, and any other restrictions)
- Requirements for stiffeners and bracing
- Camber of trusses, beams and girders
- Welding and inspection symbols
- Weld-procedure qualification
- Welding sequence and technique of welding
- Net effective weld lengths
- Shop painting requirements, including minimum dry-film shop coat
thickness. Shop and field inspection requirements
- Special material requirements to be reported on the certified mill test
reports
- Welded-joint configuration
- Special requirements for work of other trades
- Final disposition of backing bars and runoff tabs
- Lateral bracing
- Stability bracing
- Connections or data for connection selection and/or completion
- Restrictions on connection types
- Column stiffeners (also known as continuity plates)
- Column web doubler plates

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Chapter 19: Steel 239

- Bearing stiffeners on beams and girders


- Web reinforcement
- Openings for other trades
- Surface preparation and shop painting requirements
- Nondestructive testing requirements, including acceptance criteria
- Special requirements on delivery
- Special erection limitations
- Identification of nonstructural steel elements that interact with the
structural steel frame to provide for the lateral stability of the structural
steel frame (see Section 3.1.4 of AISC 303)
- Column differential shortening information
2. Loads and load combinations.
a. Load combinations. Loads and load combinations should be in accordance with
Section 1605.2.1 for LRFD or Section 1605.3.1 for ASD, or in accordance with
Sections 2.3 or 2.4 of ASCE 7, respectively.
b. Loads and nominal loads. The term nominal loads is used for loads determined in
accordance with IBC Chapter 16.
3. Design basis.
a. Design basis. Designs should be in accordance with either the provisions for Load
and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or Allowable Strength Design (ASD). (Section
B.3 of AISC)
b. Required strength. The required strength of structural members and connections
should be determined by structural analysis for the appropriate load combinations.
c. Limit states. Structural system or components should not exceed applicable
strength or serviceability limit states when subjected to all appropriate load
combinations. (B.3.2 of AISC)
d. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). The design strength of each
structural component should equal or exceed the required strength of the LRFD
load combinations. All provisions, except Section B3.4, of AISC should apply. (B3.3
of AISC)
e. Allowable Strength Design (ASD). The allowable strength of each structural
component should equal or exceed the required strength of the ASD load
combinations. All provisions, except Section B3.3, of AISC should apply. (B3.4 of
AISC)
f. Stability. Stability of the structure and its elements shall be determined in
accordance with Chapter C of AISC.
g. Connections. Connection elements should be designed in accordance with the
provisions of Chapters J and K. The forces and deformations used in design should

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240 Chapter 19: Steel

be consistent with the intended performance of the connection and the


assumptions used in the structural analysis.
h. Simple connections. Simple connections should have sufficient rotation capacity
to accommodate the required rotation, including inelastic rotation. See connections
at the following locations: ______________________. (Section B3.6a of AISC)
i. Moment connections fully-restrained (FR). A fully-restrained (FR) moment
connection should have sufficient strength and stiffness to maintain the required
angle between the connected members at the strength limit states. See connection
at the following locations: ______________________. (Section B3.6b(a) of AISC)
j. Moment connections partially-restrained (PR). The force-deformation response
characteristics of the connection should be included in the analysis. Provide test
reports or other documentation to justify the basis of the response characteristics
of PR connection at the following locations: ______________________. Show that the
component elements of a PR connection have sufficient strength, stiffness and
deformation capacity at the strength limit states. (Section B3.6b (b) of AISC)
k. Serviceability. The overall structure and the individual members, connections and
connectors should be checked for serviceability in accordance with Chapter L of
AISC. (Section B3.7 of AISC)
l. Ponding. Roof surfaces with slopes less than 1/4 in. per ft (20 mm per meter) (2
percent) should be checked to prevent accumulation of water in accordance with
Appendix 2 of AISC. (Section B3.8 of AISC)
m. Fatigue. Fatigue should be considered in accordance with Appendix 3 of AISC for
members and their connections subject to repeated loading, excluding seismic and
wind. Check the members at the following locations: ______________________ (Section
B3.9 of AISC)
n. Fire. Design for fire conditions should be in accordance with Section B3.10 of AISC.
Surface finish, or no finish, should be consistent with specification of the sprayed-
on fire proofing material, or composite concrete construction, in accordance with
Section 3.1.6 of AISC 303. (Section B3.10 of AISC and Section 3.1.6 of AISC 303)
o. Corrosion effects. Structural components should be designed to tolerate corrosion
or should be protected against corrosion. Check members at the following locations:
______________________. (Section B3.11 of AISC)
p. Compact, noncompact or slender-element classificationsfor local buckling. A
member should be classified as a compact, noncompact or slender element in
accordance with Section B4 of AISC.
(1) Compact section. All compression elements must have width-thickness ratios
equal to or smaller than the limiting p.
(2) Noncompact section. All compression elements must have width-thickness
ratios equal to or smaller than the limiting r.
(3) Slender-element section. Compression elements must have width-thickness
ratios exceeding r.

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Chapter 19: Steel 241

(4) Width-thickness ratios. Width-thickness ratio for compression elements


should be determined in accordance with Section B4 and Table B4.1 of AISC.

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Chapter 19: Steel 243

(Reproduced with permission from AISC.)

4. Tension member design.

Note: No maximum slenderness ratio for members in tension. (Section D1 of


AISC)

a. Tensile strength. The required design tensile strength, tPn, and the allowable
tensile strength, Pn/ t, of tension members should be determined using the lower of
FyAg (Eq. D2-1) and FuAe (Eq. D2-2). (Section D2 of AISC)

t = 0.9 for Eq. D2-1 t = 1.67 for Eq. D2-1

t = 0.75 for Eq. D2-2 t = 2.00 for Eq. D2-2

b. Gross, net and effective net areas. The gross, net and effective net areas of
members should be determined in accordance with Section D3 of AISC.
c. Built-up members, pin-connected members and eyebars. The required design
tensile strength, t Pn, and the allowable tensile strength, Pn/ t, of built-up
members, pin-connected members and eyebars should be determined in
accordance with Sections D4, D5 and D6 of AISC, respectively.

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244 Chapter 19: Steel

d. Members subject to combined axial tension and bending. Members subject to


both axial tension and bending forces should be shown to comply with Section H1
(2), and H2 of AISC.
e. Flange local bending. The column flange is subject to tensile single-concentrated
forces or tensile component of double-concentrated forces at the beam-column
intersection. The limit state of column flange local bending should be checked in
accordance with Section J10.1 of AISC .

= 0.9 for LRFD = 1.67 for ASD

5. Compression member design.


a. Effective length factor, K. The effective length factor, K, for calculation of column
slenderness, KL/r, should be determined in accordance with Chapter C of AISC. K
should be less than 200 for members designed on the basis of compression.
(Section E2 of AISC)
b. Compressive strength - general. The design compressive strength, cPn, and the
allowable compressive strength, Pn/ c, should be determined in accordance with
Section E1 of AISC. The nominal compressive strength, Pn, should be the lowest
value based on the limit states of flexural buckling, torsional buckling and flexural-
torsional buckling in accordance with Sections E3 through E7. (See table 19.1
below).

c = 0.9 for LRFD c = 1.67 for ASD

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Chapter 19: Steel 245

Table 19.1 Compression Member Types


Compressive Controlling Limit Applicable
Strength for Types of Members Applicable State Section(s)



















Compressive Controlling Limit Applicable


Strength for Types of Members Applicable State Section(s)

c. Web local yielding. The web of wide flanges (and similar built-up members) is
subjected to single-concentrated forces (or double-concentrated forces). The
nominal strength for the limit state of web local yielding should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.2 of AISC and

= 1.0 for LRFD = 1.50 for ASD

d. Web crippling. The web of wide flanges (or similar built-up members) is subjected
to compressive single-concentrated forces (or compressive component of double-

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246 Chapter 19: Steel

concentrated forces). The nominal strength for the limit state of web crippling
should be determined in accordance with Section J10.3 of AISC and

= 0.75 for LRFD = 2.00 for ASD

e. Web sidesway buckling. The web of wide flange (or similar built-up members) is
subject to compressive single-concentrated forces, where relative lateral movement
between the loaded compression flange and the tension flange is not restrained at
the point of application of the concentrated force. The nominal strength of the web
for the limit state of sidesway buckling should be determined in accordance with
Section J10.4 of AISC and

= 0.85 for LRFD = 1.76 for ASD

f. Web compression buckling. Both flanges of the beam are subjected to compressive
single-concentrated forces (or compressive components in a pair of double-
concentrated forces) applied at both flanges at the same location. The nominal
strength for the limit state of web local buckling should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.5 of AISC and

= 0.90 for LRFD = 1.67 for ASD

g. Web panel zone shear. The column flanges are subjected to double-concentrated
forces applied at the same location. The available strength of the web panel for the
limit state shear yielding should be determined in accordance with Section J10.6 of
AISC and

= 0.90 for LRFD = 1.67 for ASD

6. Beam designflexural.
a. Flexural strengthgeneral. The design flexural strength, bMn, and the allowable
flexural strength, Mn/ b, should be determined in accordance with Section F1 of
AISC. The nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Sections F2 through F12. (See Table 19.2.)

b = 0.90 for LRFD b = 1.67 for ASD

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Chapter 19: Steel 247

Table 19.2

Authorized by AISC.

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248 Chapter 19: Steel

c. Restraint at support. Beams should be restrained against rotation about their


longitudinal axis at points of support. Beam bracing should prevent the relative
displacement of the top and bottom flanges, or twist of the section, in accordance
with Section F1(2) and Appendix Section 6.3 of AISC.
d. Members meeting the criteria of Section F2: (See Table 19.2.)
(1) Members with Lb Lp, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be the limit
states of yielding (plastic moment), Mp. (Section F2.2(a) of AISC) (See Figure 19-
1 - flat region.)
(2) Members with Lp < Lb Lr, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be the
lower of the limit states of yielding (plastic moment), Mp, and inelastic lateral-
torsional buckling determined using equation F2-2. (Section F2.2(b) of AISC)
(See Figure 19-1 - middle region.)
(3) Members with Lb > Lr, for doubly symmetric shapes and channels, the nominal
flexural strength, Mn, should be the lower of the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment), Mp, and elastic lateral-torsional buckling determined using equation
F2-4. (Section F2.2(c) of AISC) (See Figure 19-1.)

Figure 19-1
Nominal flexural strength as a function of unbraced length and moment gradient

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Chapter 19: Steel 249

e. Members meeting the criteria of Section F3. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of
beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Section F3 of AISC, using the lower of the limit states of:
a. lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F2.2, and
b. compression flange local buckling determined from Section F3.2.
f. Members meeting the criteria of Section F4. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of
beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Section F4 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F4.2,
(2) compression flange yielding determined from Section F4.1,
(3) compression flange local buckling determined from Section F4.3, and
(4) tension flange yielding determined from Section F4.4.
g. Members meeting the criteria of Section F5. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of
beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with
Section F5 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F5.2,
(2) compression flange yielding determined from Section F5.1,
(3) compression flange local buckling determined from Section F5.3, and
(4) tension flange yielding determined from Section F5.4.
h. I-shaped members and channels bent about their minor axis, meeting the
criteria of Section F6. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of beams, the nominal
flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with Section F6 of AISC,
using the lower of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F6.1, and
(2) flange local buckling determined from Section F6.2.
i. Square and rectangular HSS and box-shaped members meeting the criteria of
Section F7. (See Table 19.2.) For this group of beams, the nominal flexural strength,
Mn, should be determined in accordance with Section F7 of AISC, using the lowest
of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F7.1,
(2) flange local buckling determined from Section F7.2, and
(3) web local buckling determined from Section F7.3.
j. Round HSS members meeting the criteria of Section F8. (See Table 19.2.) For this
group of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in
accordance with Section F8 of AISC, using the lower of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F8.1, and
(2) local buckling determined from Section F8.2.

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250 Chapter 19: Steel

k. Tees and double angles meeting the criteria of Section F9. (See Table 19.2.) For
this group of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in
accordance with Section F9 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp determined from Section F9.1,
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F9.2, and
(3) flange local buckling of Tees determined from Section F9.3.
l. Single angles meeting the criteria of Section F10. (See Table 19.2.) For this group
of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance
with Section F10 of AISC, using the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F10.1,
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F10.2, and
(3) leg local buckling determined from Section F10.3.
m. Rectangular bars and rounds meeting the criteria of Section F11. (See Table 19.2.)
For this group of beams, the nominal flexural strength, Mn, should be determined in
accordance with Section F11 of AISC, using the lower of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F11.1, and
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F11.2.
n. All other unsymmetrical shapes. For this group of beams, the nominal flexural
strength, Mn, should be determined in accordance with Section F12 of AISC, using
the lowest of the limit states of:
(1) yielding (plastic moment), Mp, determined from Section F12.1,
(2) lateral-torsional buckling determined from Section F12.2, and
(3) local buckling determined from Section F12.3.
o. Members subject to combined axial force and bending. Members subject to both
axial force and flexural, or biaxial flexural, forces should be shown to comply with
Sections H1-H3 of AISC.
7. Beam designshear.
a. Design shear strength. The design shear strength, vVn, and the allowable flexural
strength, Vn/ v, should be determined in accordance with Section G1 of AISC. The
nominal shear strength, Vn, should be determined in accordance with Sections G2
through G8 and

v = 1.00 (G2 only) v = 1.50 (G2 only)

v = 0.9 for LRFD v = 1.67 for ASD

b. Block shear rupture. At beam end connections where the top flange is coped and
in similar situations, the available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture

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Chapter 19: Steel 251

along a shear failure path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension failure path
should be determined using Equation J4-5 of AISC and

v = 0.75 for LRFD v = 2.00 for ASD

c. Web local yielding. The web of wide flanges (and similar built-up members) is
subjected to single-concentrated forces (or double-concentrated forces). The
available strength for the limit state of web local yielding should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.2 of AISC and

= 1.0 for LRFD = 1.50 for ASD

d. Web crippling. The web of wide flanges (or similar built-up members) is subjected
to compressive single-concentrated forces (or compressive component of double-
concentrated forces). The available strength for the limit state of web crippling
should be determined in accordance with Section J10.3 of AISC and

= 0.75 for LRFD = 2.00 for ASD

e. Web sidesway buckling. The web of wide flanges (or similar built-up members) is
subject to compressive single-concentrated forces, where relative lateral movement
between the loaded compression flange and the tension flange is not restrained at
the point of application of the concentrated force. The available strength of the web
for the limit state of sidesway buckling should be determined in accordance with
Section J10.4 of AISC and

= 0.85 for LRFD = 1.76 for ASD

f. Web compression buckling. Both flanges of the beam are subjected to compressive
single-concentrated forces (or compressive components in a pair of double-
concentrated forces) applied at both flanges at the same location. The available
strength for the limit state of web local buckling should be determined in
accordance with Section J10.5 of AISC and

= 0.90 for LRFD = 1.67 for ASD

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252 Chapter 19: Steel

8. Composite construction design.


a. The design of composite construction should be in accordance with Chapter I of
AISC.
9. Composite compression members.
a. The design of composite axially loaded, encased and filled, members should be in
accordance with Sections I2.1 and I2.2 of AISC, respectively.
10. Composite flexural members.
a. Effective width. The portion of the effective width of the concrete slab on each side
of the beam centerline should not exceed: (Section I3.1a of AISC)
(1) one-eighth of the beam span, center-to-center of supports
(2) one-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam
(3) the distance from the beam centerline to the edge of the slab
b. Strength of beams with shear connectors. Composite construction using shear
connectors should be designed in accordance with Section I3.2 of AISC.
c. Strength of concrete-encased and filled beams. The available flexural strength
should be taken as bMn, where Mn is determined from the superposition of elastic
stresses on the composite section, considering the effect of shoring, or from the
plastic stress distribution on the steel section alone and (Section I3.3a(a) and (b) of
AISC).

b = 0.90 for LRFD b = 1.67 for ASD

Where the shear connectors are provided and the concrete meets the requirements
of Section I1.2, the nominal flexural strength should be computed based on the
plastic stress distribution on the composite section or from the strain-compatibility
method and (Section I3.3a(c) of AISC)

b = 0.85 for LRFD b = 1.76 for ASD

d. Design shear strength. The available shear strength of composite beams with
shear connectors should be determined by the shear strength of the steel web in
accordance with Chapter G of AISC. The available shear strength of concrete-
encased and filled composite members should be determined based upon the
properties of the steel section alone in accordance with Chapter G or based upon
the properties of the concrete and longitudinal steel reinforcement. (Section I3.1b of
AISC)
11. Shear connectors.
a. Load transferred for positive moment. For full composite action with concrete
subject to flexural compression, the total horizontal shear force, V, between the

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Chapter 19: Steel 253

point of maximum positive moment and the point of zero moment should be taken
as the lowest of the following limit states: (Section I3.2d(1) of AISC)
(1) For the limit state of concrete crushing, 0.85 f c Ac ,

(2) For the limit state of tensile yielding of the steel section, AsFy, and
(3) For the limit state of shear connector strength, Qn.
b. Load transferred for negative moment. For continuous composite beams where
longitudinal rebar in the negative moment region is considered acting with steel
beam, the total horizontal shear force, V, between the point of maximum negative
moment and the point of zero moment should be taken as the lower of the following
limit states: (Section I3.2d(2) of AISC)
(1) For the limit state of tensile yielding of the slab rebar, ArFyr, and
(2) For the limit state of shear connector strength, Qn.
c. Strength of stud shear connectors. The nominal strength of one stud shear
connector embedded in solid concrete or in a composite slab should be determined
using Eq. I3-3. Check values of Rp and Rg, according to the table in Section I3.2d(3)
of AISC.
d. Strength of channel shear connectors. The nominal strength of one channel
shear connector embedded in a solid concrete slab should be determined using
Equation I3-4. (Section I3.2d(4) of AISC)
e. Number of shear connectors. The number of connectors resisting the horizontal
shear should be equal to the horizontal shear force (determined from Sections
I3.2d(1) and I3.2d(2) divided by the nominal strength of one shear connector
(determined from Section I3.2d(3) or I3.2d(4). (Section I3.2d(5) of AISC)
f. Placement of shear connectors. Shear connectors should be placed in accordance
with the following limitations of (Section I3.2d(6) of AISC). (See Figure 19.2.)

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254 Chapter 19: Steel

Figure 19-2
Placement of shear connectors

(1) Shear connectors should have at least 1 inch (25 mm) of lateral concrete cover,
except for connectors installed in the ribs of formed steel decks.
(2) Unless located directly over the web, the diameter of studs should not be
greater than 21/2 times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded.
(3) The minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors should be 6
diameters along the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam and 4
diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam,
with the exceptions noted.
(4) The maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors should not exceed
eight times the total slab thickness.
12. Composite beams with formed steel deck.
a. General limitations. The following limitations apply to the design of composite
beams with formed steel deck in accordance with (Section I3.2c of AISC). (See
Figure 19.3.)
(1) The nominal rib height of the deck should not exceed 3 inches (76 mm).
(2) The average width of concrete rib or haunch should not be less than 2 inches
(51 mm).
(3) The concrete slab should be connected to the steel beam with welded stud
shear connectors 3/4 inch (19 mm) or less in diameter.
(4) Stud shear connectors should extend not less than 11/2 inches (38 mm) above
the top of the steel deck after installation.
(5) The slab thickness above the steel deck should not be less than 2 inches
(51 mm).

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Chapter 19: Steel 255

(Source: AISC 360 2005 Figure C-13.3,) Reproduced with permission from AISC.

Figure 19-3
General limitations for composite beams with formed steel deck

b. Provisions for deck ribs oriented perpendicular to steel beam. Section I3.2c(2)
of AISC should be met for composite construction where the steel deck ribs are
oriented perpendicular to the steel beam. (See Figure 19.4.)
(1) Concrete below the top of the steel deck should be neglected when determining
section properties and in calculating Ac. (Section I3.2c(2) of AISC)
(2) To resist uplift, the steel deck should be anchored to compositely designed steel
beams at a spacing not to exceed 18 inches (406 mm). (Section I3.2c(1)(d) of
AISC)

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256 Chapter 19: Steel

Figure 19-4
Provisions for deck ribs oriented parallel to steel beam

Figure 19-5
Provisions for deck ribs oriented parallel to steel beam

c. Provisions for deck ribs oriented parallel to steel beam. Section I3.2c(3) of AISC
should be met for composite construction where the steel deck ribs are oriented
parallel to the steel beam. (See Figure 19.5.)
(1) Concrete below the top of the steel deck may be included in calculating Ac.
(2) When the nominal depth of steel deck is 11/2 inches (38 mm) or greater, the
average width of the supported haunch or rib should not be less than 2 inches
(50 mm) for the first stud in the transverse row, plus 4 stud diameters for each
additional stud.

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Chapter 19: Steel 257

13. Connections.
a. General. Connections not subject to fatigue loads should be designed in
accordance with provisions of Chapter J of AISC.
b. Moment Connections. End connections of restrained beams, girders and trusses
should be designed for the combined effect of forces resulting from moment and
shear induced by the rigidity of the connections. (Section J1.3 of AISC)
c. Eccentric connections. Where intersecting axially-stressed members do not have
their gravity axes intersecting at one point, provisions should be made for bending
and shearing stresses because of their eccentricity in accordance with Sections
J1.1 and J1.7 of AISC. See Section J1.7 for conditions under which some
eccentricities may be ignored.
d. Welds and bolts combinations. Bolts should not be sharing the load with welds
unless design provided to show compliance with Section J1.8 of AISC.
14. Welds.
a. Welds.
(1) All welds should be in accordance with AWS D1.1 unless specifically excluded.
(Section J of AISC)
(2) Fatigue. Welds for item ______________________ are subjected to fatigue loads. It
should be in compliance with Appendix 3 of AISC.
(3) Cyclic loads. Welds for item ______________________ are subjected to cyclic
loads. It should be in compliance with Appendix 3 of AISC.
(4) Seismic loads. Welds for seismic loads should be in compliance with AWS
D1.8, in addition where applicable.
(5) Combination of welds. Two or more of the general types of welds (groove, fillet,
plug, slot) are combined in a single joint; see item ______________________.
Provide calculations to indicate the strength of each separately with reference
to the axis of the group, and the strength of the combination in accordance
with Section J2.5 of AISC.
(6) Filler metal. Specify on plans the electrode for use with complete-joint-
penetration groove (CJP) welds subject to tension normal to the effective area
and comply with the requirements for matching filler metals given in AWS D1.1.
(Section J2.6 of AISC)
(7) Notch toughness of filler metal. Filler metal with a specified Charpy V-Notch
(CVN) toughness of 20 ft-lbs (27 J) at 40F (4C) should be used for the following
joints. (J2.6 of AISC) See Item ______________________.
(8) Mixed weld metal. Charpy V-Notch toughness is required for items
______________________. Specify that the process consumables for all weld metal,
tack welds, root pass and subsequent passes deposited in a joint should be
compatible to ensure notch-tough composite weld metal. (J2.7 of AISC) (Refer
to AWS 1.8 for testing procedures for verifying Charpy V-Notch toughness).

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258 Chapter 19: Steel

b. Complete-joint-penetration (CJP) welds. The effective throat thickness of a CJP


groove weld should be the thickness of the thinner part joined. (Section J2.1a of
AISC)
c. Partial-joint-penetration (PJP) welds. The minimum effective throat thickness of a
PJP groove weld should not be less than that specified in Table J2.3. (Section J2.1b
of AISC)
d. Fillet welds.
(1) Minimum size. The minimum size of fillet welds should not be less than that
specified in Table J2.4. (Section J2.2b of AISC)
(2) Maximum size. The maximum size of fillet welds along edges of connected
parts should be: (Section J2.2b of AISC)
(a) For material less than 1/4 inch (6 mm) thick, not greater than the thickness
of the material.
(b) For material 1/4 inch (6 mm) or more in thickness, not greater than the
thickness of the material minus 1/16 inch (2 mm).
(3) Minimum effective length. The minimum effective length of fillet welds
designed on the basis of strength should not be less than four times the
nominal size, or else the size of the weld should be considered not to exceed 1/4
of its effective length. (Section J2.2b of AISC)
e. Plug or slot welds. The following limitations for plug welds should be met. (Section
J2.3b of AISC)
(1) The diameter of the hole for a plug weld should not be less than the thickness
of the part containing it, plus 5/16 inch (8 mm) rounded to the next larger odd
1/
16 inch (2 mm), nor greater than the minimum diameter plus /8 inch (3 mm)
1

or 21/4 times the thickness of the weld.


(2) The minimum center-to-center spacing of plug welds should be four times the
diameter of the hole.
(3) The thickness of plug welds in material 5/8 inch (16 mm) or less in thickness
should be equal to the thickness of the material. In material over 5/8 inch (16
mm) thick, the thickness of the weld should be at least one-half the thickness
of the material but not less than 5/8 inch (16 mm).
f. Design strength of welds. Welds should be proportioned to meet the strength
requirements set forth in Table J2.5. (Section J2.4 of AISC)
g. Weld access holes. Weld access holes and beam copes should be detailed and
shown on plans in accordance with Figure 19.6 and Section J1.3 of AISC. (Note: for
seismic resistance see Sections 11.2a(1) and 11.2a(2) of AISC-S, or Section
D.9.a.(1).(a) and Figure 19-7 of this Checklist.)

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Chapter 19: Steel 259

Reproduced with permission from AISC.

Figure 19-5
Weld access hole geometry
15. Bolts.
a. High-strength bolts. High-strength bolts should conform to the provisions of the
Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts by RCSC,
Research Council on Structural Connections. (Section J3.1 of AISC)
b. Minimum spacing. The distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted
fastener holes should not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the
fastener or as required by Section J3.3 of AISC.
c. Minimum edge distance. The distance from the center of a standard hole to an
edge of a connected part should not be less than the appropriate value from Table
J3.4 or as required by Section J3.4 of AISC.
d. Maximum edge distance and spacing. The maximum distance from the center of
any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact should be 12x the thickness
of the connected part under consideration, or 6 inches (152 mm) maximum as
required by Section J3.5 of AISC.
e. Bolts and threaded partstension and shear strength. The design tension or
shear strength, Rn, and the allowable tension or shear strength, Rn/ , of a snug-
tightened or pretensioned high-strength bolt or threaded part should be determined
in accordance with the limit states of tensile rupture and shear rupture and

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260 Chapter 19: Steel

= 0.75 for LRFD = 2.00 for ASD

Any tension resulting from prying action produced by deformation of the connected
parts should be considered part of the required tensile strength. (Section J3.6 of
AISC)
f. Bolts and threaded partscombined shear and tension. Bolts at ____________
are subject to combined shear and tension forces and should be checked in
accordance with the ultimate limit-state interaction equation set forth in Section
5.2 of the RCSC Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts.
g. Bearing-type connectionsCombined tension and shear. Bearing-type bolts, in
combined tension and shear, should have the available tensile strength determined
according to the limit states of tension and shear rupture. The available shear
stress of the fastener should not be lower than the required shear stress, fv.
(Section J3.7 of AISC)

= 0.75 for LRFD = 2.00 for ASD

h. High-strength bolts in slip-critical connections. The design for shear of high-


strength bolts in slip-critical connections should be in accordance with Section J3.8
of AISC.
i. Combined tension and shear in slip-critical connections. The design of slip-
critical connections subjected to tensile forces should be in accordance with Section
J3.9 of AISC.

C. Seismic designapplicable methods.

1. The AISC 341 - Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (2005) including
Supplement No. 1 dated 2006, (AISC-S) should be used, in addition to AISC 360, for the
following:
a. Design and construction of members and connections in the Seismic Load Resisting
System (SLRS) in buildings when seismic response modification coefficient R 3.
b. Design and construction of splices in columns that are not part of the SLRS, in
buildings when seismic response modification coefficient R 3.
c. Design and construction of nonbuilding structures similar to buildings (Section
15.5 of ASCE 7) when seismic response modification coefficient
R 3.
2. One or more of the following methods of compliance should be selected for seismic
design: (Sections 2205.2 and 2205.3)

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Chapter 19: Steel 261

Compliance with Following


Check Here Seismic-force-resisting System Description Seismic Provisions

D. Seismic design requirements.

Note: the term Seismic Load Resisting System (SLRS) is used in AISC 341 to mean
the assembly structural elements in the building that resists seismic loads including
struts, collectors, chords, diaphragms and trusses.
1. General. All members and connections of the SLRS should be shown to comply with the
following requirements from AISC 341:

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262 Chapter 19: Steel

AISC 341 (AISC-S)


Check here Subject Part I Section ASCE 7 (or IBC)

Loads, Load Section 4 IBC Chapter 2


combinations and ASCE 7 Chapters 11 & 12
nominal strengths
Material Section 6 ---
requirements
Connections, joints and Section 7
fasteners
Members Section 8
Special Moment Frames Section 9 System C.1 of Table 12.2-1
(SMF) Continuity requirements for
SDC D-F (See Section
12.2.5.5)
Intermediate Section 10 System C.3 of Table 12.2-1
Moment Frames (IMF) Height limits change for SDC
D F (See Section 12.2.5.6
9.)
Ordinary Moment Frames Section 11 System C.4 of Table 12.2-1
(OMF) Height limits change for SDC
D F (See Section 12.2.5.6
9.)
AISC 341 (AISC-S)
Check here Subject Part I Section ASCE 7 (or IBC)

Special Truss Section 12 System C.2 of Table 12.2-1


Moment Frames (STMF)
Special Concentrically Braced Section 13 System B.3 of Table 12.2-1
Frames (SCBF) Height limits change for SDC
D F (See Section 12.2.5.4.)
Ordinary Concentrically Section 14 System B.4 of Table 12.2-1
Braced Frames (OCBF) Height limits change for SDC
D F (See Section 12.2.5.4.)
Eccentrically Braced Frames Section 15 System B.1 & B.2 of Table
(EBF) 12.2-1
Buckling-Restrained Braced Section 16 System B.25 & B.26 of Table
Frame (BRBF) 12.2-1
Special Plate Shear Walls Section 17 System B.27 of Table 12.2-1
(SPSW)
Quality assurance Section 18 Section 1707.1 & 1707.2

2. Seismic requirements for systems other than light-framed cold-formed steel wall
systems. The seismic-force-resisting system should be shown to comply with the
following code requirements. For convenience, all applicable modifications to Part I of
AISC Seismic are shown. AISC 341 Part I is noted as AISC-S in this section.

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Chapter 19: Steel 263

3. Acronyms used in AISC-S:

















4. Construction documents: Structural plans should include the following:


a. Designation of the SLRS
b. Designation of the members and connections that are part of the SLRS
c. Configuration of the connections
e. Connection material specifications and sizes
f. Location of Demand Critical Welds and CVN property of the weld metal according to
Section 7.3b of AISC-S

Note: The CVN requirement is based on lowest anticipated service temperature


(LAST) of 50oF. Adjustment of CVN should be made where LAST is anticipated
to be lower.

g. Lowest anticipated service temperature (LAST) of the steel structure


h. Locations and dimensions of the protected zones according to Section 7.4 of AISC-S
i. Locations where gusset plates are to be detailed for inelastic rotation
j. Welding requirements Weld Metal/Welding Procedure Specification Notch
Toughness Verification Test (Appendix X of AISC-S) where required according to
Appendix W, Section W2.1 of AISC-S
k. Quality control and quality assurance. A quality assurance plan, including
Appendix Q of AISC-S, should be submitted as part of the construction documents.
(Section 18.1 and Appendix Q of AISC-S)

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264 Chapter 19: Steel

5. Connections, joints and fasteners.


a. Bolted joints. Plans should specify all bolts in SLRS be pretensioned high-
strength bolts and slip critical faying surfaces according to Section J3.8 of AISC
with Class A surface. The available shear strength of joints using standard holes
should be calculated as bearing type joints in accordance with Sections J3.7 and
J3.10 of AISC. (Section 7.2 of AISC-S)
b. Demand critical joints. In addition to the standard Demand Critical Joints
identified in the SLRS, joints with high inelastic strain demand should also be
considered Demand Critical Joints. (Section 7.3b of AISC-S) See Item _____________.
c. Welded joints. Welding should be in accordance with Appendix W of AISC-S.
(1) WPS. A WPS should be required and should be approved by the engineer of
record in accordance with Section 7.3 of AISC-S.
(2) Filler metal for Demand Critical Welds. Filler metal for welds designated as
Demand Critical Welds in SLRS should have minimum CVN specified for the
service conditions according to Section 7.3b of AISC-S.
d. Protected zone. Protected zones in SLRS should be identified on plans in
accordance with Section 7.4 of AISC-S.
e. Continuity plates and stiffeners. Corners of the continuity plates and stiffeners
should be clipped according to Section 7.5 of AISC-S.
6. Materials and members requirements.
a. Heavy section CVN requirements. Structures in SLRS, hot rolled shapes with
flanges 11/2 in. (38 mm) or thicker should have a minimum CVN of 20 ft-lb (27J) at
70F (21C) in accordance with ASTM A6. Plates 2 in. (50 mm) or thicker should
have a minimum CVN of 20 ft-lb (27J) at 70F (21C) in accordance with ASTM A673,
in addition to the requirements of Section A3.1c of AISC. (Section 6.3 of AISC-S)
b. Sections for local buckling. All SLRS members, unless designated otherwise,
should be compact sections in according to Table B4.1 of AISC. (Section 8.2a of
AISC-S)
c. Seismically compact sections. Members required to be seismically compact
sections should meet the limits set forth in Table I-8-1 of AISC-S.
d. Column strength. When Pu/ cPn (LRFD) > 0.4 or cPa/Pn (ASD) > 0.4, the columns
should have the required strength to resist the axial loads resulting from the
following load combinations (including seismic overstrength or amplified seismic
effect): [AISC-S, Section 8.3]
Axial Compression: 1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + oQE (Eq. 16-22 of IBC)
Axial Tension: 0.9D oQE (Eq. 16-23 of IBC)

c = 0.9 for LRFD c = 1.67 for ASD

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Chapter 19: Steel 265

e. SLRS column splices. The required strength of column splices in SLRS should
exceed the strength determined from Section 8.3 and from the following load
combinations (including seismic overstrength or amplified seismic effect): [AISC-S,
Section 8.4a]
Axial Compression: 1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + oQE (Eq. 16-22 of IBC)
Axial Tension: 0.9D oQE (Eq. 16-23 of IBC)
Column splices should be detailed in accordance with Section 8.4a of AISC-S.
f. SLRS column splices subject to net tensile load effect. SLRS column splices
subject to a calculated net tensile load effect, calculated using Eqs. 16-22 and 16-
23 of IBC, should comply with the following according to Section 8.4a of AISC-S:
(1) If using PJP, the available strength of the PJP should be at least 2x the
required strength.
(2) Available strength for each flange splice should be at least 0.5 RyFyAf (LRFD) or
(0.5/1.5) RyFyAf (ASD).
Column splices should be detailed in accordance with Section 8.4a of AISC-S.
g. Splice of columns not a part of SLRS. Column splices should be detailed in
accordance with Section 8.4b of AISC-S and should have the required shear
strength determined according to the same section.
h. Column bases and anchor rods. Required strength of column bases should be
calculated according to Section 8.5 of AISC-S. Available strength of anchor rods
should be determined according to Section J3 of AISC.
i. H-Piles. H-Piles should be seismically compact and designed according to AISC and
Section 8.6 of AISC-S.
7. Special Moment Frame (SMF) requirements.
R = 8, 0 = 3, Cd = 5
a. Beam-to-column connection requirements. The following requirements should be
met for the design of the beam-to-column joints in SLRS in accordance with Section
9.2 of AISC-S.
(1) Qualified capability of sustaining an interstory drift angle of 0.04 radians or
higher.
(2) Measured flexural resistance of the connection at column face, should be at
least 0.80Mp of the connected beam at an interstory drift angle of 0.04 radians.
(3) The required shear strength of the connection should be determined using the
earthquake load effect E as in Equation 9-1, using load combinations that
include seismic overstrength or amplified seismic effect, and comply with
Section 9.2A of AISC-S.
b. Conformance demonstration. Beam-to-column connections used in the SLRS
should be qualified in accordance with Section 9.2b of AISC-S.

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266 Chapter 19: Steel

c. Welds. All CJP welds connecting beams and columns of the SLRS, not prequalified
by Section 9.2b, should be Demand Critical Welds and meet the requirements of
Section 7.3b. (Section 9.2c of AISC-S)
d. Protected zones. Protected zones in SLRS connections not prequalified, should be
determined according to Appendix P or S, and identified on plans in accordance
with Section 7.4 of AISC-S. (Section 9.2d of AISC-S)
e. Panel zone.
(1) Shear strength. Required minimum shear strength of the panel zone should be
determined based on prequalification, but not less than determined from the
summation of the moments at the column faces as determined by projecting
the expected moments at the plastic hinge points to the column faces. Nominal
shear strength, Rv, should be the limit state of shear yielding in accordance
with Section J10.6 and (Section 9.3a of AISC-S)

Vu = v Rv Va = Rv/ v
v = 1.00 for LRFD v = 1.50 for ASD

(2) Thicknesses of webs and doubler plates. The individual thickness t of column
webs and doubler plates, if used, should be at least (dz + wz)/90 (Eq. 9-2 of
AISC-S). Thickness should not be combined unless column web and doubler
plates are plug welded to prevent local buckling and meet the same equation.
(Section 9.3b of AISC-S)
(3) Doubler plates construction. Doubler plates should be shown to comply with
the requirements of Section 9.3c of AISCS.
f. Beam and column limitations. [AISC-S Section 9.4]
(1) Width-thickness limitations. Beams and columns should be seismically
compact sections unless prequalified. (Section 9.4a of AISC-S)
(2) Beam flange area. Abrupt changes in beam flange area, including drilling
holes or trimming of width, are not permitted in plastic hinge regions unless
prequalified. (Section 9.4b of AISC-S)
g. Continuity plates. Continuity plates should be provided and be consistent with the
prequalified connection or be qualified. (Section 9.5 of AISC-S)
h. Column-beam moment ratio (strong column-weak beam). The following
relationships should be satisfied in accordance with Section 9.6 of AISC-S.
M* pc/ M*pb > 1.0 AISC-S Equation 9-3
i. Lateral bracing at beam-to-column connections.
(1) Column-beam moment ratio is 2.0 or less therefore column at ________
cannot be considered to remain elastic. Column flanges should be laterally
braced at top and bottom beam flanges according to Section 9.7a of AISC-S.

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Chapter 19: Steel 267

(2) Brace strength. Each brace should have required strength equal to 2 percent
of the available beam flange strength. (Note: this beam is the beam as part of
the SLRS.)

Fy bf tbf for LRFD Fy bf tbf /1.50 for ASD

(3) Unbraced connections. A column containing a beam-to-column connection


with no lateral support transverse to the seismic frame at the connection
should be designed in accordance with Section 9.7b of AISC-S.
j. Beam lateral bracing. Both flanges of SMF beams should be braced directly or
indirectly in accordance with AISC-S, Section 9.8 or as prequalified.
(1) Design of braces should be in accordance with Equations A-6-7 and A-6-8 of
Appendix 6 of AISC where

Mr = Mu = Ry Z Fy for LRFD, Mr = Ma = Ry Z Fy/1.50 for ASD,


Cd = 1.0 Cd = 1.0

(2) Stiffness of braces should be based on Eq. A-6-8 of Appendix 6 of AISC.


Strength of braces adjacent to plastic hinges should be

Pu = 0.06Mu /ho for LRFD Pa = 0.06Ma /ho for ASD

k. Column splices. SMF column splices should be made with CJP Demand Critical
Welds in accordance with Section 9.9, in addition to Sections 7.3b, 8.4a and 9.9 of
AISC-S. When column splices are not made with groove welds, they should have
required flexural strength comply with strength requirements in Section 9.9 of
AISC-S.
8. Intermediate Moment Frame (IMF) requirements.
R = 4.5, 0 = 3, Cd = 4
The requirements for IMF are the same as those for SMF except as modified by Section
10 of AISC-S.
a. Beam-to-column connection requirements. The following requirements should be
met for the design of the beam-to-column joints in SLRS according to Section 10.2
of AISC-S.
(1) Qualified capability of sustaining an interstory drift angle of 0.02 radians or
higher.
(2) Measured flexural resistance of the connection at column face, should be at
least 0.80Mp of the connected beam at an interstory drift angle of 0.02 radians.

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268 Chapter 19: Steel

(3) The required shear strength of the connection should be determined using the
earthquake load effect E as in Equation 9-1, using load combinations that
includes the oQE and comply with Section 9.2A of AISC-S.
b. Conformance demonstration. Beam-to-column connections used in the SLRS
should be qualified in accordance with Section 9.2b as modified by Section 10.2a of
AISC-S.
c. Welds. All CJP welds connecting beams and columns of the SLRS, not prequalified
by Section 9.2b, should be Demand Critical Welds and meet the requirements of
Section 7.3b. (Section 10.2c of AISC-S)
d. Protected zones. Protected zones in SLRS connections not prequalified, should be
determined according to Appendix P or S, and identified on plans in accordance
with Section 7.4 of AISC-S. (Section 10.2d of AISC-S)
e. Panel zone. Panel zone should be as required in accordance with Section J10.6 of
AISC.
f. Beam and column limitations. (AISC-S Section 9.4)
(1) Width-thickness limitations. Beams and columns should be seismically
compact sections unless prequalified. (Section 9.4a of AISC-S)
(2) Beam flange area. Abrupt changes in beam flange area, including drilling
holes or trimming of width, are not permitted in plastic hinge regions unless
prequalified. (Section 9.4b of AISC-S)
g. Continuity plates. Continuity plates should be provided and be consistent with the
prequalified connection or be qualified. (Section 9.5 of AISC-S)
h. Column-beam moment ratio. (Note: No specific requirements beyond AISC. Strong
column-weak beam not required).
i. Lateral bracing at beam-to-column connections. (Note: No specific requirements
beyond AISC.)
j. Beam lateral bracing. Both flanges of SMF beams should be braced directly or
indirectly in accordance with AISC-S, Section 10.8, or as prequalified.
(1) Design of braces should be in accordance with Equations A-6-7 and A-6-8 of
Appendix 6 of AISC where:

Mr = Mu = Ry Z Fy for LRFD, Mr = Ma = Ry Z Fy /1.50 for ASD,


Cd = 1.0 Cd = 1.0

(2) Stiffness of braces should be based on Eq. A-6-8 of Appendix 6 of AISC.


Strength of braces adjacent to plastic hinges should be:

Pu = 0.06Mu /ho for LRFD Pa = 0.06Ma /ho for ASD

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Chapter 19: Steel 269

k. Column splices. IMF column splices should be made with CJP Demand Critical
Welds in accordance with Sections 8.4a, 7.3b and 10.9 of AISC-S.
9. Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF) requirements.
R = 3.5, o = 3, Cd = 3
a. OMF connection requirement. Beam-to-column connections should be made with
welds or high-strength bolts. Connections should be either FR or PR, to be designed
in accordance with Section 11.2 of AISC-S. Connections should be designed to
provide for the lower of the required flexural strength of the beam or girder:

Mu = 1.1 Ry Z Fy for LRFD Ma = 1.1 Ry Z Fy /1.50 for ASD

or the maximum moment that can be developed by the system, whichever is less.
(Section 11.2a of AISC-S)
(1) FR connections. FR connections should meet the following requirements of
Section 11.2a of AISC-S:
(a) Construction of the connection and geometry of the weld access hole
should be in accordance with Sections 11.2a(1) and 11.2a(2). See Figure
19.7 for detail of the acceptable access hole geometry. Single-sided PJP and
single-sided Fillet welds should not be used to resist tensile forces.
(b) Required strength of double-sided PJP and double-sided Fillet welds that
resist tensile forces should be:

1.1 Ry Z Ag for LRFD, 1.1 Ry Z Ag /1.50 for ASD

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270 Chapter 19: Steel

Figure 19-7
Weld access hole geometry for seismic (based on FEMA 350)

(2) PR connections. PR connections should meet the following requirements of


Section 11.2b of AISC-S:
(a) Connection Mn 0.5 Mpb or 0.5 Mpc (the lower of)
(b) Strength and stiffness of the connections considered in the system design,
including overall frame stability.
(c) Shear strength should be according to Section 11.2b(4) of AISC-S.
b. Welds. All CJP welds connecting beams and columns of the SLRS, not prequalified
by Section 9.2b, should be Demand Critical Welds and meet the requirements of
Section 7.3b. (Section 10.2c of AISC-S)
c. Continuity plates. (Section 11.5 of AISC-S)
(1) FR moment connections are made by means of welds of beam flanges or beam-
flange connection plates directly to column flanges. Continuity plates should be
provided in accordance with Section J10 of AISC.

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Chapter 19: Steel 271

(2) Continuity plates should be provided or show that tcf is equal or higher than
both 0.54 (b f t bf Fyb / Fyc ) and bf/6.

(3) Continuity plates thickness should be 1/ t for one-sided connections.


2 bf

(4) Continuity plates thickness should be at least equal to the thicker of beam
flanges for two-sided connections.
(5) Welding of the continuity plates should be in accordance with Section 11.5 of
AISC-S.
(6) Strength of the joints should be checked in accordance with Section 11.5 of
AISC-S.

Notes for OMF:


Column Beam Moment Ratio; No requirements
Lateral Bracing at Beam-to-Column Connections; No additional requirements beyond
AISC.
Lateral Bracing of Beams; No additional requirements beyond AISC.
Column Splices; same as IMF.

10. Special truss moment frames (STMF) requirements.


R = 7, o = 3, Cd = 51/2
a. Limitation. STMFs should be limited to span lengths between columns not to
exceed 65 feet (19.8 m) and overall depth not to exceed 6 feet (1.83 m). See Figure
19.8. (Section 12.1 of AISC-S)

Figure 19-8
Special truss moment frame requirements

b. Special segment. The special segment of STMFs should comply with the
requirements of Section 12.2 of AISC-S. (See Figure 19.8.)

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272 Chapter 19: Steel

(1) The length of the special segment should be between 0.1x and 0.5x the truss
span length.
(2) The length-to-depth ratio, lp/dp of any panel in the special segment should be:
1.5 lp/dp 0.67.
(3) Bolted connections should not be used for web members within the special
segment.
(4) Splicing of chord members is not permitted within the special segment, nor
within one-half the panel length from the ends of the special segment.
(5) The special segment should be designated as Protected Zone and comply with
Section 7.4 of AISC-S.
(6) Axial forces that are due to factored dead plus live loads in diagonal web
members within the special segment should not exceed:

0.03Fy Ag for LRFD 0.03Fy Ag/1.50 for ASD

c. Strength of special segment members. The top and bottom chord members in the
special segment should be made of identical sections and should provide at least 25
percent of the required vertical shear strength in the fully yielded state. The
required axial strength in the chord members should not exceed: (Section 12.3 of
AISC-S)

0.45 Fy Ag 0.45Fy Ag/


Where = 0.9 for LRFD Where = 1.67 for ASD

d. Strength of nonspecial segment members. The nominal strength of nonspecial


segment members should be designed in accordance with Section 12.4 of AISC-S.
e. Width-thickness ratios. All members within the special segment should be made
of seismically compact sections according to Section 12.5 of AISC-S.
f. Lateral bracing. The top and bottom truss chords should be laterally braced,
spaced, and have the strengths and stiffnesses in accordance with Section 12.6 of
AISC-S.

Note: STMFs are required to be designed to maintain the elastic behavior of the truss
members, columns and all connections except for the members of the special segment.
Strong column/weak truss requirements similar to strong column weak beam
requirements of SMFs (Section 9.6, AISC-S) is implied. (AISC-S Commentary C12.4)

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11. Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) requirements.


R = 6, o = 2, Cd = 5
a. Maximum slenderness ratio for bracing members. The Kl/r for bracing members
should not exceed 4 E / Fy . (Section 13.2a of AISC-S)

b. Required strength for bracing members in compression. Effective net area of


bracing members is less than the gross area. The required tensile strength of the
brace based on the limit state of fracture in the net section should be greater than
the lesser of: (Section 13.2b of AISC-S)
(1) The expected tensile yield strength of the bracing member determined as:

Ry Fy Ag for LRFD Ry Fy Ag /1.50 for ASD

(2) Calculated maximum load effect that can be transferred to the brace by the
system.
c. Lateral force distribution in braced frames. The seismic lateral force along any
line of bracing should be distributed to the various members so that neither the
sum of the horizontal components of the forces in members acting in tension nor
the sum of the horizontal components of forces in members acting in compression
is less than 30 percent or more than 70 percent of the total force, except as noted
in AISC-S, Section 13.2c.
d. Width-thickness ratios. All braces and columns should be made of seismically
compact sections according to Section 12.5 of AISC-S.
e. Design forces for bracing connections. Bracing connections, including beam-to-
column connections (if part of the bracing system), should have the strength to
resist the lesser of the following: (AISC-S, Section 13.3a)
(1) Expected tensile yield strength of the bracing member:

Ry Fy Ag for LRFD Ry Fy Ag/1.50 for ASD

(2) The maximum calculated load effect that can be transferred to the brace by the
system.
f. Flexural strength of bracing connections. Required flexural strength of bracing
connections should be:

1.1 Ry Mp for LRFD, 1.1 Ry Mp /1.50 for ASD

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274 Chapter 19: Steel

of the brace about the critical buckling axis, except as noted in AISC-S, Section
13.3c.
g. Compressive strength of bracing connections. Required compressive strength of
the bracing connections should be based on buckling limit states that are at least:

1.1 Ry Pn for LRFD, 1.1 Ry Pn /1.50 for ASD

h. V-type and inverted V-type (Chevron) bracing requirements. V-type and inverted
V-type bracing (see Figure 19.9) should be shown to comply with the following
requirements, with the exceptions noted in AISC-S, Section 13.4a.

Figure 19-9
Bracing configurations

(1) The beam intersected by chevron braces should be continuous between


columns. (Section 13.4a(2) of AISC-S)
(2) Where chevron braces intersect a beam from below, the beam should be
capable of supporting all tributary gravity loads, presuming the bracing is
nonexistent. (Section 13.4a(1) of AISC-S)
(3) The required strength of beams intersected by braces, their connections and
supporting members should be determined, presuming the bracing is
nonexistent for gravity loads. For load combinations including seismic effects,
the required strength should be determined as follows: (Section 13.4a(1) of
AISC-S)
(a) Tensile forces in all braces should be assumed to be equal to:

Ry Fy Ag for LRFD Ry Fy Ag/1.50 for ASD

(b) Compressive forces in all adjoining braces should be assumed to be equal


to:

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Chapter 19: Steel 275

0.3 Pn for LRFD 0.3 Pn/1.50 for ASD

(4) At least one set of lateral braces is required at the point of intersection of
braces. Each brace should have required strength equal to 2 percent of the
available beam flange strength:

Fy bf tbf for LRFD Fy bf tbf /1.50 for ASD

i. K-type bracing limitations. K-type bracing (see Figure 19.9) should not be used as
SCBF in accordance with Section 13.4b of AISC-S.
j. Column splices. Column splices should meet the requirements in Section 8.4.
They should be designed to develop 50 percent of the available flexural strength of
the smaller connected section. The required shear strength should be: (Section 13.5
of AISC-S)

Mpc/H for LRFD Mpc/1.5H for ASD

k. Protected zones. Protected zones of bracing members in SCBF should include


center 1/4 of the brace length, and a zone adjacent to each connection equal to the
brace depth in the plane of buckling. The protected zone of SCBF should include
elements that connect braces to beams and columns and should be according to
Section 7.4 of AISC-S. (Section 13.6 of AISC-S)
l. SCBF above EBF. SCBF as the top story of an EBF of five stories or more should
comply with requirements in Section 13 of AISC-S with system factors of EBF.
(Section 15.1 of AISC-S)
12. Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) requirements.
R = 31/4, o = 2, Cd = 31/4
a. Maximum slenderness ratio for bracing members. The Kl/r for bracing members
in K, V or inverted-V configurations should not exceed 4 E / Fy . (Section 14.2 of
AISC-S)
b. Special bracing configuration requirements. Beams in V-type and inverted V-
type OCBF and columns in K-type OCBF should be continuous at bracing
connections away from the beam-column connection. (Section 14.3 of AISC-S)
(1) Beam strength. Required strength of these beams should be determined to be
capable of supporting all tributary gravity loads, presuming the bracing is
nonexistent. (Section 14.3(1) of AISC-S) For load combinations including
seismic effects, the required strength should be determined as follows: (Section
14.3(1)(a) of AISC-S)
(a) Tensile forces in beam braces should be assumed to be equal to:

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276 Chapter 19: Steel

Ry Fy Ag for LRFD Ry Fy Ag/1.50 for ASD

But not exceed the calculated maximum force that can be developed by the
system for V- and inverted V-type OCBF. (Section 14.3(1)(a) of AISC-S)
(b) Compressive forces in beam braces should be assumed to be equal to:
(Section 14.3(1)(b) of AISC-S)

0.3 Pn for LRFD 0.3 Pn/1.50 for ASD

(2) Beam lateral bracingspacing. Both flanges of beams should be braced with
maximum spacing as specified in Section 1.7 of Appendix 1 of AISC. (Section
14.3(2) of AISC-S)
(3) Beam lateral bracingstrength. Design of lateral braces for beams should be
in accordance with Equations A-6-7 of Appendix 6 of AISC where: (Section
14.3(2) of AISC-S)

Mr = Mu = Ry Z Fy for LRFD, Mr = Ma = Ry Z Fy /1.50 for ASD,


Cd = 1.0 Cd = 1.0

(4) Beam lateral bracingstiffness. Stiffness of braces should be based on Eq. A-


6-8 of Appendix 6 of AISC. (Section 14.3(2) of AISC-S)
(5) Beam lateral bracingstrength of braces. At least one set of lateral braces is
required at the point of intersection of braces. Each brace should have required
strength equal to 2 percent of the available beam flange strength: (Section
14.3(2) of AISC-S)

Fy bf tbf for LRFD Fy bf tbf /1.50 for ASD

c. Bracing member. Braces (of OCBF) should be seismically compact sections.


(Section 14.2 of AISC-S)
d. Design forces for bracing connections. Bracing connections should have the
required strength to resist the lesser of the following: (AISC-S, Section 14.3a)
(1) Limit state of bolt slip
(2) Required tensile yield strength

Ry Fy Ag for LRFD Ry Fy Ag /1.50 for ASD

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Chapter 19: Steel 277

(3) The force in the brace that is due to load combinations considering seismic
overstrength or amplified seismic load
(4) The calculated maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by the
system
e. Tensile strength of bracing connections. The design tensile strength of the
bracing members and their connections should be checked in accordance with
Section 14.4(2) of AISC-S.
f. OCBF above Seismic Isolation System. OCBF above Seismic Isolation System
should comply with Sections 14.1, 14.4 and 14.5 of AISC-S).
g. OCBF above EBF. OCBF as the top story of an EBF of five stories or more should
comply with requirements in Section 14 with system factors of EBF. (Section 15.1
of AISC-S)
13. Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF).
R = 8 or 7, o = 2, Cd = 4
a. Link beam requirements. The following requirements for link beams should be
met: [AISC-S, Section 15.2]
(1) Maximum width-thickness ratio. Braces (of OCBF) should be seismically
compact sections. (Section 15.2a of AISC-S)
(2) Link beam web. The web of the link beam should be single thickness without
doubler plate reinforcement and without web penetrations. (Section 15.2a of
AISC-S)
(3) Link shear strength. The link beam available shear strength should be
determined in accordance with Section 15.2b of AISC-S and

v = 0.90 for LRFD v = 1.67 for ASD

(4) Link maximum rotation angle. The link rotation angle should not exceed the
limitations set in Section 15.2c of AISC-S.
b. Link beam length. The length of the link should not exceed that given by Equation
15-3 or 15-4. (Section 15.2b of AISC-S)
c. Link beam stiffeners. Link beam full depth web stiffeners and welds should satisfy
the requirements of AISC-S, Section 15.3.
d. Link beam to column connection. Where a link beam is connected to the column,
the requirements of AISC-S, Section 15.4, should be met.
e. Lateral bracing of link beam. Both flanges of beams should be braced at the end
of the link. (Section 15.5 of AISC-S)
(1) Lateral bracingstrength. Required strength of braces at end of link should
be 0.06 Mr/ho,

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278 Chapter 19: Steel

Mr = Mu = Ry Z Fy for LRFD, Mr = Ma = Ry Z Fy /1.50 for ASD,


Cd = 1.0 Cd = 1.0

(2) Lateral bracingstiffness. Stiffness of braces should be based on Eq. A-6-8 of


Appendix 6 of AISC. (Section 15.5 of AISC-S)
f. Diagonal brace and beam outside of link. The diagonal brace and beam outside of
link should be designed in accordance with Section 15.6 of AISC-S.
g. Beam-to-column connections. Beam-column connections away from links should
meet the same requirements for beam-to-column connection for OMF specified in
Sections 11.2 and 11.5. (Section 15.7 of AISC-S)
h. Column strength. The required column strength should satisfy the prescribed
forces, except that the axial forces and moments introduced into the column should
not be less than those generated by the expected nominal strength of the link
multiplied by 1.1. [AISC-S, Section 15.8]
i. Protected zones. Links in EBFs are protected zones. Welding on link beam other
than for attachment of link stiffeners should not be permitted. (Sections 7.4 and
15.9 of AISC-S)
j. Demand Critical Welds. CJP welds attaching the link flanges and the link web to
the column are Demand Critical Welds and should comply with Section 7.3b.
(Section 15.10 of AISC-S)
14. Buckling-Restrained braced frames. (BRBF)
R = 8 or 7, o = 2.5 or 2, Cd = 5 or 6
a. Design of BRBF should be in accordance with Section 16 of AISC-S.
15. Special Plate Shear Walls. (SPSW)
R = 7, o = 2, Cd = 6
a. Design of SPSW should be in accordance with Section 17 of AISC-S.
16. Seismic requirements for composite construction.
a. General. The design, construction and quality of composite steel and concrete
components that resist seismic forces should conform to the requirements of AISC
360 and ACI 318. (Section 2205.3)
b. Seismic Design Category B or above. The design of composite construction to
resist seismic forces should comply with the requirements of AISC-S Part II.
(Section 2205.3, with additional requirements set forth in Section 2205.3.1)
c. Seismic Design Category D, E and F. The design of composite construction to
resist seismic forces should comply with the requirements of AISC-S Part II.
Substantiating evidence should be provided to demonstrate that the proposed
system will perform as intended by AISC-S Part II. (Section 2205.3.1)

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279

20. Wood
Applicable standards:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05)
Wood Construction DataPlank and Beam Framing for Residential Buildings (AF&PA WCD
No. 489)
Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two-family Dwellings (AF&PA WFCM01)
Technical ReportBasic Requirements for Permanent Wood Foundation System (AF&PA T.R.
No. 787)
National Design Specification for Wood Construction with 2005 Supplement (AF&PA NDS-05)
Span Tables for Joists and Rafters (AF&PA-93)
AF&PA Supplement Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (AF&PA SDPWS05)

A. General. The design of structural elements or systems, constructed partially or wholly of


wood or wood-based products, should be in accordance with Allowable Stress Design (ASD),
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), or Conventional Light-Frame construction in
accordance with the respective sections. (Section 2301.2)


Conventional construction

1. Special inspection required. Special inspection should be provided for the fabrication
process of prefabricated wood structural elements and assemblies in accordance with
Section 1704.2.
2. Strength adjustments for fire-retardant-treated wood. Design values for untreated
lumber and wood structural panels as specified in Section 2303.1 should be adjusted
for fire-retardant-treated wood. (Section 2303.2.2)

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280 Chapter 20: Wood

3. Truss design drawings. Trusses should be designed in accordance with the provisions
of this code and accepted engineering practice. Truss design drawings should be pro-
vided to the building official and approved prior to installation. Truss design drawings
should include, as a minimum, the following information: (Section 2303.4.1)
a. Slope or depth, span and spacing
b. Location of joints
c. Required bearing widths
d. Design loads as applicable
e. Top chord live load (including snow loads)
f. Top chord dead load
g. Bottom chord live load
h. Bottom chord dead load
i. Concentrated loads and their points of application
j. Controlling wind and earthquake loads
k. Adjustments to lumber and metal connector plate design values for conditions of
use
l. Each reaction force and direction
m. Metal connector plate type, size, thickness or gage, and the dimensioned location of
each metal connector plate except where symmetrically located relative to the joint
interface
n. Lumber size, species and grade for each member
o. Connection requirements for:
- truss to truss girder
- truss ply to ply
- field splices
p. Calculated deflection ratio and/or maximum deflection for live and total load
q. Maximum axial tensile and compression forces in the truss members
r. Required permanent individual truss member bracing and method in accordance
with Section 2303.4.1.5, or design provided by a registered design professional.
4. Truss placement diagram. Truss placement diagram should identify the proposed
location for each individually designated truss and references the corresponding truss
design drawing. The truss placement diagram should be provided as part of the truss
submittal package, and with the shipment of trusses delivered to the job site. (Section
2303.4.1.3)
5. Truss member permanent bracing. Permanent bracing of truss members should be
accomplished by one of the following methods: (Section 2303.4.1.5)

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Chapter 20: Wood 281

a. The trusses should be designed so that the buckling of any individual truss mem-
ber can be resisted internally by the structure, e.g., buckling member T-bracing, L-
bracing, etc., of the individual truss. The truss individual member buckling
reinforcement should be installed as shown on the truss design drawing or on
supplemental truss member buckling reinforcement diagrams.
b. Permanent bracing should conform to accepted engineering practice. Individual
truss member continuous lateral bracing location(s) should be shown on the truss
design drawing.
6. Truss submittal package. The truss submittal package should consist of each individ-
ual truss design drawing, the truss placement diagram for the project, the truss
member permanent bracing specification and, as applicable, the cover sheet/truss
index sheet. (Section 2303.4.1.4)
7. Alterations to trusses. Truss members and components should not be cut, notched,
drilled, spliced or otherwise altered in any way without written approval of a registered
design professional. Alterations resulting in the addition of loads to any member, e.g.,
HVAC equipment or water heater, should be verified that the truss is capable of
supporting such additional loading. (Section 2303.4.1.7)
8. Metal-plate-connected trusses. Design, manufacture and quality assurance of metal-
plate-connected wood trusses should be in accordance with TPI 1, National Design Stan-
dards for Metal-plate-connected Wood Truss Construction, published by the Truss Plate
Institute (TPI), in addition to Sections 2303.4.1 through 2303.4.1.7.
Manufactured trusses should comply with Section 1704.6 as applicable. (Section
2303.4.2)

B. General construction requirements.

1. Net dimensions to be used in calculations. Computations to determine the required


sizes of members should be based on the actual dimensions and not nominal sizes.
(Section 2304.2)
2. Wall framing: bottom plates. Studs should be shown on the plans to have full bearing
on a 2x (actual 11/2 inches, 38 mm) or larger plate or sill having a width at least equal to
the width of the studs. (Section 2304.3.1)
3. Minimum thickness for wall sheathing. Wall sheathing should have a minimum
thickness of _________ in accordance with Table 2304.6. (Section 2304.6)
4. Structural floor sheathing. Structural floor sheathing should be designed or should
conform to the requirements of Table 2304.7(1), 2304.7(2), 2304.7(3) or 2304.7(4).
(Section 2304.7.1)
5. Structural roof sheathing. Structural roof sheathing should be designed or should
conform to the requirements of Table 2304.7(1), 2304.7(2), 2304.7(3) or 2304.7(5).
(Section 2304.7.2)
6. Mechanically laminated floors and decks. Mechanically laminated floors and decks
should comply with the requirements of Sections 2304.8.1 through 2304.8.3.

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282 Chapter 20: Wood

7. Tongue-and-groove decking. Two-inch sawn tongue-and-groove decking should com-


ply with Section 2304.8.4. Three- and 4-inch should comply with Section 2304.8.5.
8. Minimum fastener requirements. The number and size of nails connecting wood
members should be designed in accordance with the appropriate methodology in
Section 2301.2, but not be less than that set forth in Table 2304.9.1. (Section 2304.9.1)
9. Fasteners in preservative-treated and fire-retardanttreated wood. Plans should
indicate that fasteners for preservative-treated and fire-retardanttreated wood should
be of hot-dipped zinc coated galvanized steel, stainless steel, silicon bronze or copper in
accordance with Section 2304.9.5.
10. Load path. A continuous load path should be provided in the following location(s):
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Sheet metal clamps, ties or clips should be formed of galvanized steel not less than
0.040-inch (1.01 mm) nominal thickness. (Section 2304.9.6)
11. Columns and posts. Wood columns and posts should be framed to provide full end
bearing. Column and post end connections should be fastened to resist lateral and net
induced uplift forces. (Section 2304.9.7)
12. Protection against decay and termites. The following type of protection against decay
and termites should be provided at the following locations in accordance with Section
2304.11:

Location or wood component Type of protection against decay and termites

13. Wood cannot support masonry or concrete. Effects of long-term loading for wood
used to support masonry or concrete at the following locations should be indicated, and
total deflection shown to comply with Section 2304.12:
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
14. Openings. Window and door openings in walls should have structural members
supporting and transferring loads to vertical members. (Section 2304.3.2)
15. Height limits. Wood walls and bearing partitions should not support more than two
floors and a roof. Provide analysis to justify the design in accordance with Sections
106.1 and 2304.3.3.

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Chapter 20: Wood 283

C. Design requirements for lateral-force-resisting systems (ASD & LRFD)


(2305) prescriptive requirements

Diaphragm. Roof, floor or other membrane or bracing system acting to transfer the
lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)
Diaphragm, unblocked. A diaphragm that has edge nailing at supporting mem-
bers only. Blocking between supporting structural members at panel edges is not
included. Diaphragm panels are field nailed to supporting members. (Section
2302)
Shear wall. A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall.
(Section 2302)
Shear wall, perforated. A wood structural panel sheathed wall with openings
that has NOT been specifically designed and detailed for force transfer around
openings.
Shear wall segment, perforated. A section of shear wall with full-height
sheathing that meets the height-to-width ratio limits of Section 2305.3.4.
Boundary element. Diaphragms and shear wall boundary members to which
sheathing transfers forces. Boundary elements includes chords and drag struts at
diaphragm and shear wall perimeters, interior openings, discontinuities and re-
entrant corners. (Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)

1. Boundary elements. Boundary elements should be provided for the following shear
walls (diaphragms) in accordance with Section 2305.1.2.
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. Openings in shear panels. The following openings in shear panels should be fully de-
tailed on the plans, and should have their edges adequately reinforced to transfer all
shearing stresses. (Sections 2304.3.2 and 2305.1.3)
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. Toenailed connections. The use of toenailed connections to transfer seismic forces is
restricted as follows:
a. In SDC C F, wood diaphragm anchorage should not be accomplished by use of
toenails or nails subject to withdrawal. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of ASCE 7)
b. (SDC D F) In SDC D, E and F, toenails should not be used for shear transfer
connections in excess of 150 pounds per foot (2189 N/m). (Section 2305.1.4)
4. Wood members resisting horizontal seismic forces contributed by masonry and
concrete. Wood elements should not be used to resist horizontal seismic forces
contributed by structural masonry or concrete construction in structures over one story
in height. (Sections 2305.1.5 and 2305.6)
5. Check diaphragm deflection. Diaphragm deflections should be checked in accordance
with Equation 23.1 of Section 2305.2.2.

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284 Chapter 20: Wood

Permissible deflection. Deflection up to which the diaphragm and any at-


tached distributing or resisting element will maintain its structural integrity
under design load conditions, such that the resisting element will continue to
support design loads without danger to occupants of the structure.
(Section 2305.2.2)

6. Maximum diaphragm aspect ratios. The maximum diaphragm length-to-width ratio


for wood structural panel (nailed all edges) and double diagonal sheathing diaphragms
should not exceed 4:1. The maximum diaphragm length-to-width ratio for wood struc-
tural panel (blocking omitted at intermediate joints) and single diagonal sheathing
diaphragms should not exceed 3:1. (Section 2305.2.3)
7. Diaphragm construction.
a. Diaphragm construction should be in accordance with Section 2305.2.4.
b. Panel thickness for horizontal diaphragm should not be less than the values set
forth in Tables 2304.7(3), 2304.7(4) and 2304.7(5) for corresponding joist spacing
and loads. (Section 2305.2.4)
c. For structures in SDC C F, the continuous ties or struts between diaphragm
chords should be in addition to the diaphragm sheathing. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of
ASCE 7)
8. Diaphragm anchorage.
a. Anchorage of diaphragm to concrete or masonry structural walls should be de-
signed to resist out-of plane forces in accordance with Section 1604.8.2 and Section
12.11.2 of ASCE 7.
b. For structures in SDC C F, anchorage of diaphragm to concrete or masonry struc-
tural walls should comply with additional requirements of Section 1604.8.2 and
Section 12.11.2.2 of ASCE 7.
c. In SDC C F, wood diaphragm anchorage should not be accomplished by use toe-
nails or nails subject to withdrawal. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of ASCE 7)
9. Open front structures and cantilevers with rigid wood diaphragms. The dimensional
requirements shown in Figure 20.1 for open front structures and cantilevers with rigid
diaphragms should be met in accordance with Section 2305.2.5.
10. Seismic requirement for diaphragms and shear walls (SDC F). In SDC F structures,
wood structural panel sheathing for diaphragms and shear walls should be applied di-
rectly to the framing members. (Section 2305.2.4.1)
11. Shear wall deflection check. Shear wall deflections should be checked in accordance
with Equation 23.2 of Section 2305.3.2.
12. Shear wall construction. Shear walls should be constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 2305.3.3. Panel thickness for shear walls should not be less than the values set
forth in Table 2304.6.1 for corresponding framing spacing and loads. (Section 2305.3.3)

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Chapter 20: Wood 285

13. Shear wall aspect ratios. Shear walls should not exceed the maximum height-width
ratio set forth in Table 2305.3.4. (Section 2305.3.4) (See Figure 20-2 for definitions of
height, width and height-width ratio.)

Figure 20-1
Dimensional limits for open structures with rigid wood diaphragms
(Section 2305.2.5)

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286 Chapter 20: Wood

Figure 20-2
Definition of shear wall height, width, and height-to-width ratio

14. Overturning restraint for shear walls. Anchoring devices should be provided to resist
uplift, and should be part of the continuous load path. (Section 2305.3.7)
15. Shear walls with openings. The design of shear walls with openings should meet the
requirements of Section 2305.3.8 or SDPWS in accordance with one of the following
procedures:
a. Force transfer around openings in accordance with Section 2305.3.8.1
b. Perforated shear wall design in accordance with Section 2305.3.8.2
16. Summing dissimilar shear panel capacities. The shear values for dissimilar materials
applied to both faces of the same wall should not be additive. (Section 2305.3.9)
17. No shear strength for adhesives (SDC D F). Adhesive attachment should not be
used to provide shear strength for shear wall design in SDC D, E or F. (Section
2305.3.10)
18. Sill plate size and anchorage (SDC D F). Sill plates, shear wall framing and their
anchorage should be provided in accordance with Section 2305.3.11. Plate washers of
minimum 0.229 x 3 x 3 should be provided between sill plate and nut for anchor
bolts for shear walls. Plate washers may have diagonally slotted holes in accordance

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Chapter 20: Wood 287

with Section 2305.3.11, provided a standard cut washer is placed between the plate
washer and nut. (Section 2305.3.11)
19. Cross-grain bending or cross-grain tension. Designs that induce tensile stress
perpendicular to wood grain should be avoided. When cross-grain bending or cross-
grain tension cannot be avoided, mechanical reinforcement should be provided. (Section
3.8.2 of NDS)
Wood diaphragms in structures in SDC C F require continuous ties between dia-
phragm chords in addition to the diaphragm sheathing. Wood ledgers or framing should
not be subjected to cross-grain bending or cross-grain tension. (Section 12.11.2.2.3 of
ASCE 7)

D. Allowable Stress Design (ASD).

The structural analysis and construction of wood elements in structures using allowable de-
sign methods (ASD) should be in accordance with Sections 2301 through 2306, National
Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) by the American Forest & Paper
Association (AF&PA), and other standards listed in Section 2306.1.
1. Stress increases not allowed. Increases in allowable stresses specified in Chapter 23,
NDS or SDPWS, should not be used with the basic ASD load combinations of Section
1605.3.1, or Section 2.4.1 of ASCE 7, except the duration factor, CD may be used
(Section 1605.3.1.1)
2. Wind and Seismic design. Design for wind and seismic forces are permitted to be in
accordance with the Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS) by AF&PA
as an alternate to Section 2305. (Section 2305.1 and NDS Section C14.1)
3. Dead loads. Dead loads should be considered permanent loads (Section 1606.1), and Cd
should be 0.9. (NDS Table 2.3.2)
4. Reference design value. Reference design values should be multiplied by all applicable
adjustment factors to determine adjusted design value. (Section 2.3.1 of NDS)

E. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).

The structural analysis and construction of wood elements and structures using the load
and resistance factor design (LRFD) method should be in accordance with National Design
Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) by the American Forest & Paper Association
(AF&PA). (Section 2307.1)
1. Reference design value. Reference design value should be multiplied by all applicable
adjustment factors to determine adjusted design value. (Section 2.3.1 of NDS)

F. General design requirements (ASD and/or LRFD).

1. Applicable adjustment factors. Reference design values should be multiplied by all


applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted design values. (Section 2.3.1 of
NDS)

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288 Chapter 20: Wood

a. Load duration factor, CD, in accordance with Section 2.3.2 of NDS (ASD only) (See
Table 20.1). The CD factor should not be used to structural members pressure
treated with water-borne preservatives or fire retardant chemicals in accordance
with Section 2306.1.3, or to connections in accordance with Footnote 2 to Table
2.3.2 of NDS.
Table 20-1 Frequently used load duration factors, C D1
(Source: NDS-05, Table 2.3.2, reproduced with permission from AF&PA)
Load Duration CD Typical Design Loads

Permanent 0.9 Dead Load


Ten years 1.0 Occupancy live load
Two months 1.15 Snow load
Seven days 1.25 Construction load
Ten minutes 1.6 Wind/earthquake load
2
Impact 2.0 Impact load
1. Load duration factors shall not apply to reference modulus of elasticity, E, reference modules of elasticity for beam and
column stability, Emin, nor to reference compression perpendicular to grain design values, Fc , based on a deformation
limits.
2. Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure-treated with water-borne preserva-
tives (see Reference 30), or fire retardant chemicals. The impact load duration factor shall not apply to connections.

b. Wet service factor, CM, in accordance with Section 4.3.3 of NDS.


c. Temperature factor, Ct, in accordance with Section and Table 2.3.3 of NDS.
d. Beam stability factor, CL, in accordance with Section 4.3.5 of NDS.
e. Size factor CF, in accordance with Section 4.3.6 of NDS.
f. Flat use factor, Cfu, in accordance with Section 4.3.7 of NDS.
g. Incising factor, Ci, in accordance with Section 4.3.8 and Table 4.3.8 of NDS.
h. Repetitive member factor, Cr, in accordance with Section 4.3.9 of NDS, as modified
by Section and Table 2306.2.1, where wall studs are resisting out-of-plane wind
loads.
i. Column stability factor, Cp, in accordance with Section 4.3.10 of NDS.
j. Buckling stiffness factor, CT, in accordance with Section 4.3.11 of NDS.
k. Bearing area factor, Cb, in accordance with Section 4.3.12 of NDS.
l. Volume factor, Cv, in accordance with Section 5.3.6 of NDS.
m. Curvature factor, Cc, in accordance with Section 5.3.8 of NDS.
n. Untreated Factor, Cu, in accordance with Section 6.3.5 of NDS
o. Critical section factor, Ccs, in accordance with Section 6.3.9 of NDS.
p. Single pile factor, Csp, in accordance with Section and Table 6.3.11 of NDS.
q. Group action factor, Cg, in accordance with Section 10.3.6 of NDS.
r. Other adjustment factors for connections, C , Cd, Ceg, Cst, Cdi, Ctn, are defined in
Chapters 11, 12 or 13 of NDS.

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s. Format conversion factor, KF, in accordance with Appendix Section N.3.1 of NDS
(LRFD only).
t. Resistance factor, , in accordance with Appendix Section N.3.2 of NDS (LRFD
only).
u. Time effect factor, , in accordance with Appendix Section N.3.3 of NDS (LRFD only).

2. Adjustment factors for other applications. Applicable adjustment factors for other
applications should in accordance with the following sections of NDS respectively:
a. Sawn lumber - Section 4.3.x (See Tables 20-2 and 20-3.)
b. Structural glued laminated timber - Section 5.3.x
c. Poles and piles - Section 6.3.x
d. Prefabricated wood I-Joists - Section 7.3.x
e. Structural composite lumber - Section 8.3.x
f. Wood structural panels - Section 9.3.x
g. Connections - Section 10.3.x

Table 20-2 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber


(Source: NDS-05, Table 4.3.1, reproduced with permission from AF&PA)

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290 Chapter 20: Wood

Table 20-3 Application of adj. factors for Sawn Lumber


(Source: NSD Manual, Table M4.3-1, reproduced with permission from AF&PA)

3. Fire-retardant-treated wood.
a. Allowable design values for wood, including fastener values, that have been pres-
sure-treated with fire-retardant chemicals (vary depending on the type of chemical,
application and proposed condition of use.) It should be justified in accordance with
Section 2306.1.3. (Section 2306.1.3 and NDS Section 2.3.4)
b. Load duration factor, CD, in Table 2.3.2 and Section 2.3.2 of NDS for impact load
should not apply. (Table 20-1, footnote 2, and IBC Section 2306.1.3)
4. Beam design. Design of bending members should be in accordance with Sections 3.2
through 3.5 of NDS.
a. Span length. The span should be the distance from face-to-face of supports plus
1/ the required length of bearing at each end. (Section 3.2.1 of NDS)
2

b. Notching. Notching of beams should meet the requirements of Sections 4.4.3, 5.4.4,
7.4.4 and 8.4.1, and should be done in gradual taper cut to reduce stress
concentrations. (Section 3.2.3.1 of NDS) The following limitations should be
adhered to:
(1) Notches in sawn lumber should not exceed 1/6 the depth of the member and
should not be located in the middle 1/3 of the span. (Section 4.4.3.2 of NDS)
(See Figure 20-3.)
(2) Where sawn lumber beams are notched at the ends, the notch depth should
not exceed 1/4 the beam depth. (Section 4.4.3.1 of NDS)
(3) The tension side of sawn lumber bending members of 4 inches (102 mm) or
greater nominal thickness should not be notched except at ends of members for
bearing over a support. (Section 4.4.3.2 of NDS)

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Figure 20-3
Notch limitations for sawn lumber beams

(4) The tension side of glued-laminated timber and structural composite lumber
bending members should not be notched, except at the ends of members for
bearing over the support, and notch depth should not exceed 1/10 of the
member depth or 3 inches. (Sections 5.4.4 and 8.4.1.1 of NDS)
(5) The compression side of structural glued-laminated timber and structural
composite lumber bending members should not be notched, except at the
ends of members; and notch depth on the compression side should not exceed
2/5 of the member depth. It should not extend into the middle 1/3 of the span.

(Sections 5.4.4 and 8.4.1.1 of NDS)


(6) The shear at notching should be shown to be within the values set forth in
Section 3.4.3 of NDS.
(7) Prefabricated wood I-joists should not be notched unless it is part of the
design. (Section 7.4.4 of NDS)
c. Tension perpendicular to grain. Wood should not be used to resist tension
perpendicular to grain (or cross-grain bending). (Sections 3.8.2 and 10.1.3 of NDS)
d. Lateral support for stability. Solid-sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters and
joists should be supported laterally in accordance with the prescriptive require-
ments set forth in Sections 4.4.1.2 and 4.4.1.3 of NDS, or the allowable stresses
should be reduced by the beam stability factor set forth in Section 3.3.3 of NDS.
(Section 4.4.1 of NDS)
e. Shear parallel to grain.
(1) Solid members. The actual shear stress parallel to grain or shear force at any
cross section of the solid bending member should not exceed the adjusted
shear design value. (Section 3.4.1.1 of NDS)

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(2) Built-up components. Shear design at supports for built-up components


containing load-bearing connections at or near points of support should be
based tests or other approved techniques. (Section 3.4.1.2 of NDS)
f. Deflection. Effects of deflection that are due to bending, shear deflection and long-
term loading should be considered in accordance with Section 3.5 of NDS.
5. Column design. Design of compression members should be in accordance with the
requirements of Section 3.6, 3.7 and Section 3.9 of NDS.
a. Spaced columns. Design of spaced columns should be in accordance with Section
15.2 of NDS. (Section 3.6.2.2 of NDS)
b. Built-up columns. Design of individually laminations of mechanically laminated
built-up columns should be in accordance with Sections 3.6.3 and 3.7. Nailed or
bolted built-up columns should be in accordance with Section 15.2 of NDS.
(Section 3.6.2.2 of NDS)
c. Limitation on le/d ratios for simple solid columns.
(1) For simple solid columns, le/d should be 50 or less. (Section 3.7.1.4 of NDS)
(2) For solid columns with rectangular cross section, the slenderness ratio, le/d,
should be taken as the larger of the ratios le1/d1 or le2/d2 where each ratio has
been adjusted by the appropriate buckling length coefficient, Ke, from NDS,
Appendix G. (Section 3.7.1.3 of NDS) (See Figure 20-4.)

Figure 20-4
Simple solid column

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Chapter 20: Wood 293

d. Effective column length. A design buckling length coefficient of Ke =______ should


be used to determine the effective column length in accordance with Section 3.7.1.3
and Appendix G of NDS.
e. Combined stresses. Combined flexure and axial compression should be checked in
accordance with Section 3.9.2 of NDS.
6. Bearing at angle to grain. The allowable bearing design value at an angle to grain
should be computed from Hankinsons Formula in accordance with Section 3.10.3 of
NDS.
7. Glulam design. Structural glued laminated timber should be designed in accordance
with Chapter 5 of NDS.
8. Round timber poles and piles. Round timber poles and piles should be designed in
accordance with Chapter 6 of NDS.
9. Prefabricated I-joists. Prefabricated wood I-joists should be designed in accordance
with Chapter 7 of NDS.
10. Structural composite lumber. Structural composite lumber should be designed in
accordance with Chapter 8 of NDS.
11. Mechanical Connections General. Design of connections in sawn lumber, structural
glue laminated timber, timber poles and piles, structural composite lumber, prefabri-
cated I-joists and wood structural panels should be in accordance with Chapter 10 for
the following connection types: (Section 10.1.1.1 of NDS)
a. Dowel-type fasteners, such as bolts, lag screws, wood screws, nails, spikes, drift
bolts and drift pins (Chapter 11 of NDS)
b. Split ring and shear plate connectors (Chapter 12 of NDS)
c. Timber rivets (Chapter 13 of NDS)
d. Spike grids and other wood-to-wood connectors (Section 10.2.1.5 of NDS)
e. Metal plates connectors (TPI 1 in accordance with Section 10.2.1.6 of NDS)
f. Additional requirements in Chapters 11, 12 and 13 should also apply:
(1) Stresses in members. Stresses in members should be checked in accordance
with all applicable provisions. (Section 10.1.2 of NDS)
(2) Local stresses. Local stresses in connections using multiple connections
should be checked. (Section 10.1.2 of NDS)
(3) Eccentric connections. Eccentric connections that cause tensile stresses
perpendicular to grain should not be used. (Sections 3.8.2 and 10.1.3 of NDS)
(4) Mixed fastener connections. Connections employing more than one type of
fasteners should be tested and approved. (Section 10.1.4)

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12. Connections design values.


a. Multiple fasteners. Multiple fasteners of same type and similar size with same
yield mode as illustrated in Fig. I1 of NDS Appendix I should be designed in accor-
dance with Section 10.2.2 of NDS. Local stresses in connections using multiple
connections should be checked in accordance with Section 10.1.2 of NDS.
b. Design of metal parts. Allowable metal strength should not be multiplied by
adjustment factors if the capacity of the connection is controlled by metal strength.
Additionally, metal strength should not be increased for wind or earthquake design.
(Section 10.2.3 of NDS)
c. Design of concrete or masonry parts. Allowable strength of concrete or masonry
should not be multiplied by adjustment factors if the capacity of the connection is
controlled by the strength of concrete or masonry.
The strength of concrete or masonry should not be increased for wind or earth-
quake design where design loads have been reduced by load combination factors.
(Section 10.2.4 of NDS)
13. Connections adjustment factors. Nominal design values for connections (z, w)
should be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors to determine allowable design
values (z , w ). (Section 10.3.1 of NDS) See Table 19.2.

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Chapter 20: Wood 295

Table 20-4 Applicability of adjustment factors for connections


(Source: NDS-05, Table 10.3.1, reproduced with permission from AF&PA)

14. Connections bolts.


a. Bolts. Bolts and installation of bolts should be in compliance with ANSI/ASME
Standard B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series) and Section 11.1.2
of NDS.
b. Maximum bolt diameter in wood connections. Bolt diameters in wood connec-
tions should not be more than 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter. (Commentary Section
C11.1.2 of NDS)
c. Reference withdraw design value for single shear and symmetrical double
shear connections. Reference design value, Z, should be the minimum computed
yield mode value using equations in Tables 11.3.1A and B of NDS, determined in
accordance with Section 11.3.1 of NDS.
d. Reference withdraw design value for double shear connections asymmetrical
three member. Reference design value, Z, should be the minimum computed yield
mode value for symmetrical double shear connection adjusted in accordance with
Section 11.3.7 of NDS.

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296 Chapter 20: Wood

e. Edge distances. Edge distances for bolt holes should be provided in accordance
with Section 11.5.1 and Table 11.5.1A of NDS. (Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
f. End distances. End distances for bolt holes should be provided in accordance with
Section 11.5.1 and Table 11.5.1B of NDS. (Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
g. Spacing. Bolt spacing should be provided in accordance with Section 11.5.1 and
Table 11.5.1C of NDS. (Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
h. Spacing between rows of bolts. The minimum spacing between rows of bolts
should be provided in accordance with Section 11.5.1 and Table 11.5.1D of NDS.
(Section 11.1.2.4 of NDS)
15. Connections lag screws.
a. Installation. Installation of lag screws should be in accordance with Section 11.1.3
of NDS. The spacings, end distances and edge distances for lag screws should be
the same as for bolts of a diameter equal to the shank diameter of the lag screw
used. (Section 11.3.7 of NDS)
b. Reference withdraw or lateral design values. Reference withdraw design value, W,
and reference lateral design value, Z, for lag screws should be determined in accor-
dance with Sections 11.2.1 and 11.3.1 of NDS, respectively.
c. Combined lateral and withdraw loads. Lag screw subjected to combined lateral
and withdraw loads should be designed in accordance with Section 11.4.1 of NDS.
16. Connections nails.
a. Type of nail. Plans should specify types of nail, minimum lengths and diameter for
the nails to be used, in accordance with Section 11.1.5.1 of NDS. (See Table 20.5)

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Chapter 20: Wood 297

Table 20-5
1
Standard common, box and sinker nails

(Table L4 of NDS reproduced with permission from AF&PA)

b. Strength. Plans should specify the bending yield strength for the determination of
lateral design value in accordance with Section 11.3.1 of NDS. Actual tensile stress
in the nail should be checked when designing nailed connections for withdrawal.
(C11.1.5 of NDS)
c. Installation. Installation of nails should comply with the requirements of ASTM
F1667, in accordance with Section 11.1.5.1 of NDS.
d. Withdrawal value. Withdrawal design values for nails should be determined in
accordance with Section 11.2.3 and Table 11.2C of NDS.
e. No withdrawal value for end grain. Nails should not be loaded in withdrawal from
end grain of wood. (Section 11.2.3.2 of NDS)
f. Lateral design values. Reference lateral design values for nails should be deter-
mined in accordance with Section 11.3.1 of NDS.
g. Combined lateral and withdraw loads. Nail subjected to combined lateral and
withdraw loads should be designed in accordance with Section 11.4.2 of NDS.
17. Wood structural panels. Engineering design of wood structural panels, including ply-
wood, oriented strand board (OSB) and composite panels, should be in accordance with
Chapter 9 of NDS, as defined by Section 9.1.3 of NDS.
a. Identification. Wood structural panels should be identified for grade and glue type
by the trademarks of an approved testing and grading agency. (Section 9.1.2.1 of
NDS) Plans should show span rating, nominal thickness, exposure rating and grade.
(Section 9.1.2.2 of NDS)
b. Reference design values. Referenced design values should be in accordance with
Section 9.2 of NDS and applicable adjustment factors in accordance with Section
9.3 of NDS.

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298 Chapter 20: Wood

18. Shear walls and diaphragms in lateral-force-resisting systems.


a. Design of wood structural panel and lumber sheathed shear walls and diaphragms
acting as elements of the lateral force resisting system should be in accordance
with Section 2305 or AF&PA Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic
(SDPWS) and Chapter 14 of NDS.
b. Dissimilar shear panels. The shear values for dissimilar materials applied to both
faces of the same wall should not be additive. (Section 2305.3.9)
19. Wood diaphragms. Wood diaphragms should meet the requirements of Section 2306.3
or SDPWS.
a. Shear capacity modifications wind. The allowable shear capacities in Tables
2306.3.1 and 2306.3.2 for horizontal wood structural panel diaphragms may be in-
creased 40 percent for wind load design. (Section 2306.3.2)
b. Framing at adjoining panel edges. Framing at adjoining panel edges of dia-
phragms should be 3-inch nominal or wider in accordance with Footnote (c) or (d)
to Table 2306.3.1.
c. Diaphragm details. Diaphragms should be detailed in accordance with footnote ___
to Table 2306.3.1.
d. Special inspection required. Special inspection should be provided for high-load
diaphragms designed in accordance with in accordance with Table 2306.3.2 as
required by Section 1704.6.1.
20. Shear walls. Shear walls should meet the requirements of Section 2306.4.
a. Repetitive member factor wind. Where wall studs are used to resist out-of-
plane wind loads, in lieu of the Repetitive Member Factor, Cr of Section 4.3.9 of
NDS, the wall stud bending stress increase factor in Table 2306.2.1 applies (Section
2306.2.1).
b. Shear capacity modifications wind. The allowable shear capacities in Table
2306.4.1 for horizontal wood structural panel shear walls should be increased 40
percent for wind load design. (Section 2306.4.1)
c. Framing at adjoining panel edges. Framing at adjoining panel edges of shear
walls should be 3-inch nominal or wider, and nails should be staggered in accor-
dance with Footnotes (e), (f) and (i) to Table 2306.4.1. (See Figure 20.5.)
d. Galvanized nails used in shear walls. Plans should indicate that galvanized nails
are hot-dipped or tumbled in accordance with Footnote j to Table 2306.4.1.
e. Shear wall details. Shear walls should be detailed in accordance with Footnote ___
to Table 2306.4.1

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Figure 20-5
Illustration of 3x framing at adjoining panel edges

G. Conventional light-frame construction.

1. General. Conventional light-frame construction should meet the requirements of Sec-


tion 2308. Other methods may be used, provided a satisfactory design is submitted
showing compliance with the code. (Section 2308.1)
a. AF&PA WFCM alternate. Compliance with the AF&PA WFCM is permitted to be
used as an alternate to the conventional wood frame construction provisions of Sec-
tion 2308, subject to the limitations therein and the limitations of the code.
b. International Residential Code (IRC). Detached one- and two-family dwellings
and multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not more than three stories
above grade plane in height with a separate means of egress and their accessory
structures should comply with the IRC. (Section 2308.1)
c. Portions exceeding limitations of conventional construction. When portions of
a building of otherwise conventional construction exceed the limits of Section
2308.2, these portions and the supporting load path shall be designed in accor-
dance with accepted engineering practice and the provisions of IBC. The term
portions should mean parts of buildings containing volume and area, such as a
room or a series of rooms. (Section 2308.1.1)
2. Construction documents. Construction documents for buildings constructed in accor-
dance with the conventional light-frame construction provisions of Section 2308 should
indicate the following structural design information on plans: (Section 1603.1)
a. Floor and roof live loads.
b. Ground snow load, Pg.

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300 Chapter 20: Wood

c. Basic wind speed (3-second gust), miles per hour (mph) (km/hr) and wind
exposure.
d. Seismic design category and site class.
e. Flood design data, if located in flood hazard areas established in Section 1612.3.
3. Applicability (conventional construction). The provisions of conventional light-frame
construction should not be used, because the following limitations are not met:
a. The maximum number of stories above grade should be limited in accordance with
the following table:

Maximum Number of Stories for Conventional Construction


Seismic Design Category Maximum Number of Stories

b. Bearing wall floor-to-floor heights should not exceed 10 feet (3048 mm), plus height
of floor framing up to 16 inches (406 mm). (Section 2308.2, Item 2)
c. Average dead loads should not exceed 15 psf (718 N/m2) for combined roof and ceil-
ing, exterior walls, floors and partitions with exceptions for certain stone or
masonry veneer, concrete or masonry fireplaces, heaters and chimneys. (Section
2308.2, Item 3)
d. Live loads should not exceed 40 psf (1916 N/m2) for floors. (Section 2308.2, Item 3)
e. Ground snow loads should not exceed 50 psf (2395 N/m2 ). (Section 2308.2, Item 3)
f. Wind speeds should not exceed 100 mph (44 m/s) or 110 mph in Exposure B (48.4
m/s) (3-second gust). (Section 2308.2, Item 4)
g. Roof trusses and rafters should not span more than 40 feet (12 192 mm) between
points of vertical support. (Section 2308.2, Item 5)
h. Occupancy Category IV buildings in SDC B F should not use the conventional
wood frame construction provisions. (Section 2308.2, Item 6)
i. Conventional light-frame construction is limited in irregular structures in SDC D
and E, as specified in Section 2308.12.6. (Section 2308.2, Item 7)
j. Additional limitations in Section 2308.11 should be applicable to SDC B F, and
Section 2308.12 applicable to SDC D E.
4. Braced wall lines (conventional construction). Buildings should be provided with
exterior and interior braced wall lines in accordance with Section 2308.3.
a. Spacing. Spacing of braced wall lines should not exceed 35 feet (10 668 mm) on
center in both the longitudinal and transverse directions in each story for

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SDC A C. For SDC D & E, spacing of braced wall lines should not exceed 25 feet
on center (7620 mm). (Sections 2308.3.1 and 2308.12.3)
b. Braced wall panel connections. Braced wall panels should be shown on the plans
and meet the requirements of Section 2308.3.2.
(1) Braced wall panels should be extended and fastened to roof framing at intervals
not to exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm) between parallel braced wall lines. (Section
2308.3.2, Item 1)
(2) Bottom plate fastening to joist or blocking below should be with not less than
three 16d nails at 16 inches (406 mm) on center. (Section 2308.3.2, Item 2)
(3) Blocking should be nailed to the top plate below with not less than three 8d
toenails per block. (Section 2308.3.2, Item 3)
(4) Joists parallel to the top plates should be nailed to the top plate with not less
than 8d toenails at 6 inches (152 mm) on center. (Section 2308.3.2, Item 4)
c. Sill anchorage for structures over two stories. The sill anchorage to concrete or
masonry foundations should be spaced not more than 4 feet (1219 mm) on center
for structures over two stories in height. (Section 2308.3.3)
d. Braced wall line support. Braced wall lines should be supported by continuous
foundations where required in accordance with Section 2308.3.4.
e. Design of elements; calculations required (otherwise conventional construc-
tion). Calculations should be submitted for the following nonconventional
construction elements and show the supporting load path:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ (Section 2308.4.1)
f. Structural elements or systems not described in Section 2308. Calculations
should be submitted for the following nonconventional construction structural ele-
ments or systems in accordance with Section 2308.4.2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ (Section 2308.4.2)
5. Connections and fasteners (conventional construction). Connections and fasteners
used in conventional construction should comply with the requirements of Section
2304.9. (Section 2308.5)
6. Foundation details. (See Figure 20-6.) Foundation plates should have 1/2-inch steel
bolts or approved anchors embedded minimum 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete, and
spaced maximum 6 feet (1829 mm) apart. There should be a minimum of two bolts or
anchor straps per piece with one bolt or anchor strap located not more than 12 inches
(305 mm) or less than 4 inches (102 mm) from each end of each piece. A properly sized
nut and washer shall be tightened on each bolt to the plate. (Section 2308.6)
7. Buildings in SDC D & E should comply with additional requirements of Sections
2308.12.8 and 2308.12.9. (See Figure 20.6). In Seismic Design Category E, steel bolts
with a minimum nominal diameter of 5/8 inch (15.9 mm) are required.

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302 Chapter 20: Wood

Figure 20-6
Foundation plate detail

8. Girder size. Girders for single-story construction or girders supporting loads from a
single floor should not be less than 4 inches by 6 inches (102 mm by 152 mm) for
spans 6 feet (1829 mm) or less, provided that girders are spaced not more than 8 feet
(2438 mm) on center. (Section 2308.7)
9. Built-up girder spans. Built-up girders should not exceed the span prescribed by Ta-
bles 2308.9.5 and 2308.9.6. (Section 2308.7)
10. Floor joists (conventional construction). Spans for floor joists should be limited to
those permitted by Table 2308.8(1) or 2308.8(2), or AF&PA Span Tables for Joists and
Rafters. (Section 2308.8)
a. Bearing. The ends of each joist should not have less than 11/2 inches (38 mm) of
bearing on wood or metal, or less than 3 inches (76 mm) on masonry. (Section
2308.8.1)
b. Joist blocking. Solid blocking at ends and supports of joists should not be less
than 2 inches (51mm) in thickness and the full depth of the joist. (Section 2308.8.2)
c. Joists framing from opposite sides. Joists framing from opposite sides of a beam,
girder or partition should be lapped at least 3 inches (76 mm), or the opposing
joists should be tied together in an approved manner. (Section 2308.8.2)
d. Framing around openings. Framing around openings should be provided in accor-
dance with Section 2308.8.3. (Section 2308.8.3)
e. Joists framing into side of wood girder. Joists framing into side of wood girder
should be supported by framing anchors or on ledger strips 2 x 2 or larger. (Section
2308.8.2)

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Figure 20-7
Cutting, notching and boring joists

f. Lateral support. Floor, attic and roof framing with a nominal depth-to-thickness
ratio greater than or equal to 5:1 should have one edge held in line for the entire
span. Both edges should be held in line when the depth-to-thickness ratio exceeds
6:1. (Section 2308.8.5)
g Structural floor sheathing. Structural floor sheathing should comply with the
provisions of Section 2304.7.1. (Section 2308.8.6)
h. Framing details. Cutting, notching and boring of joists should not exceed the lim-
its of Section 2308.8.2. See Figure 20-7.
11. Wall framing. (Section 2308.9)
a. Size, height and spacing. The size, height and spacing of studs should be in
accordance with Table 2308.9.1. (Section 2308.9.1)
b. Plates or sills. Studs should have full bearing on a plate or sill not less than 2
inches (51 mm) in thickness having a width not less than that of the wall studs.
(Section 2308.9.2.4)
c. Braced wall panels. (Sections 2308.9.3, see Figure 20-8)
(1) Braced wall panels should be clearly indicated on the plans.
(2) In SCD A C. Braced wall lines should consist of braced wall panels that meet
the requirements for location, type and amount of bracing specified in Table
2308.9.3(1).
(3) In SDC D & E. Braced wall lines should consist of braced wall panels that meet
the requirements for location, type, and amount of bracing specified in Table
2308.12.4.
(4) Braced wall panels should be in line or offset from each other by not more than
4 feet (1219mm).
(5) Braced wall panels should start at not more than 12.5 feet (2438 mm) from
each end of a braced wall line.

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Figure 20-8
Basic Components of the lateral bracing system

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Figure 20-9
Alternate braced wall panels

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Figure 20-10
Alternate braced wall panel adjacent to a door or window opening

(6) Construction of braced wall panels should conform to one of the methods pre-
scribed in 2308.9.3.
d. Alternate bracing. Alternate braced wall panels must be constructed in accordance
with Section 2308.9.3.1 and Figure 20-9.
e. Alternate bracing adjacent to opening. Alternate braced wall panels adjacent to
openings must be constructed in accordance with Section 2308.9.3.2 and Figure
20-10.
f. Cripple walls. Foundation cripple walls should be framed of studs not less in size
than the studding above with a minimum length of 14 inches (356 mm), or should
be framed of solid blocking. (Section 2308.9.4)
(1) Bracing. For the purposes of this section, cripple walls having a stud height
exceeding 14 inches (356 mm) should be considered a story and should be
braced in accordance with Table 2308.9.3(1) for SDC A, B and C and Table
2308.12.4 for SDC D and E. (Section 2308.9.4.1)
(2) Nailing of bracing. Spacing of edge nailing for required wall bracing should not
exceed 6 inches (152 mm) on center along the foundation plate and the top
plate of the cripple wall. (Section 2308.9.4.2)

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Wall, Load-bearing: Any wall meeting either of the following classifications:


1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 100 pounds per lin-
ear foot (1459 N/m) of vertical load in addition to its own weight.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 200 pounds per lin-
ear foot (2919 N/m) of vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Wall, Nonload-bearing: Any wall that is not a load-bearing wall.
(Section 11.2 of ASCE 7)

g. Openings in exterior walls. (Section 2308.9.5) Headers should be provided over


each opening in exterior bearing walls. For one- and two-family dwellings, headers
should be of two pieces of nominal 2-inch (51 mm) framing lumber set on edge as
permitted by Table 2308.9.5 and nailed together in accordance with Table 2304.9.1.
For other than one- and two-family dwellings, headers should be designed. (Section
2308.9.5.1)
h. Openings in interior-bearing partitions. Headers should be provided over each
opening in interior-bearing partitions. For one-and two-family dwellings, Table
2308.9.6 may be used to size headers; otherwise, the headers need to be designed.
Section 2308.9.6.
i. Openings in interior nonbearing partitions. Each end of a lintel or header should
have a length of bearing of not less than 11/2 inches (38 mm) for the full width of
the lintel. (Section 2308.9.7)
j. Header support. Jack studs should support the ends of the header in accordance
with Tables 2308.9.5 and 2308.9.6. At least ______ jack studs should be provided.
See Figure 20-11. (Sections 2308.9.5 and 2308.9.6)
k. Cutting, notching and bored holes in studs. Cutting, notching and bored holes in
studs should be within the limits set forth in Sections 2308.9.10 and 2308.9.11.
(See Figure 20.12.)
12. Roof and ceiling framing. (Section 2308.10)
a. Roof slopes < 3:12. Roofs with a slope less than 3 units vertical in 12 units
horizontal (25 percent slope) should be designed as beams.
b. Wind uplift. Rafter or truss to wall connections should comply with Tables
2304.9.1 and 2308.10.1. (Section 2308.10.1)
c. Ceiling joist spans. Allowable spans for ceiling joists should be in accordance with
Table 2308.10.2(1) or 2308.10.2(2), or AF&PA Span Table for Joists and Rafters.
(Section 2308.10.2)
d. Rafter spans. Allowable spans for rafters should be in accordance with Table
2308.10.3(1), 2308.10.3(2), 2308.10.3(3), 2308.10.3(4), 2308.10.3(5) or
2308.10.3(6), or AF&PA Span Table for Joists and Rafters. (Section 2308.10.3).

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308 Chapter 20: Wood

Figure 20-11
Headers over wall openings

Figure 20-12
Cutting, notching and bored holes in studs

e. Ceiling joists and rafter framing ridge, hip and valley boards. There should be
a ridge board at least 1-inch (25.4 mm) nominal thickness at ridges and not less in
depth than the cut end of the rafter. At valleys and hips there should be a single

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valley or hip rafter not less than 2-inch (51 mm) nominal thickness and not less in
depth than the cut end of the rafter. (Section 2308.10.4)
f. Ceiling joists not parallel to rafters. Where ceiling joists are not parallel to rafters,
rafter ties should be provided in accordance with Section 2308.10.4.1.
g. Framing around openings. Framing around openings should be detailed in accor-
dance with Section 2308.10.4.3.
h. Purlins and struts. The maximum span of 2 x 4 purlins should be 4 feet (1219 mm)
and for 2 x 6 purlins, 6 feet (1829 mm). Struts should not be smaller than 2-inch
by 4-inch (51 mm by 102 mm) members. The unbraced length of struts should not
exceed 8 feet (2438 mm), and the minimum slope of the struts should not be less
than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the horizontal. (Section 2308.10.5)
i. Engineered wood products. Prefabricated wood I-joists, structural glued-
laminated timber and structural composite lumber should not be notched or drilled
except where permitted by the manufacturers recommendations or where the ef-
fects of such alterations are specifically considered in the design of the member by
a registered design professional. (Section 2308.10.7)
j. Roof sheathing. Roof sheathing should be in accordance with Tables 2304.7(3) and
2304.7(5) for wood structural panels and Tables 2304.7(1) and 2304.7(2) for lumber,
and should comply with Section 2304.6.2. (Section 2308.10.8)
k. Wood trusses. Wood trusses should be designed in accordance with Section 2303.4.
(Section 2308.10.10)
l. Attic ventilation. Attic ventilation should be in accordance with Section 1203.2.
(Section 2308.10.11)
13. Additional requirements in Seismic Design Categories B and C (conventional
construction). Structures of conventional light-frame construction in SDC B and C, as
determined in Section 1613, should comply with Sections 2308.11.1 through 2308.11.3
in addition to the provisions of Sections 2308.1 through 2308.10. (Section 2308.11)
a. Concrete or masonry. Concrete or masonry walls, or masonry veneer should be
limited in accordance with Section 2308.11.2. (Section 2308.11.2)
b. Framing and connection details. Framing and connection details should conform
to Sections 2308.11.3.1 through 2308.11.3.3.
(1) Stepped footings. Where the height of a required braced wall panel extending
from foundation to the floor above varies more than 4 feet (1219 mm), the
construction specified in Section 2308.11.3.2 should be used. (See Figure 20-
13.)
(2) Openings in horizontal diaphragms. Openings in horizontal diaphragms with
a dimension perpendicular to the joist greater than 4 feet (1.2 m) should be
constructed in accordance with Section 2308.11.3.3. (See Figure 20-14.)

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310 Chapter 20: Wood

Figure 20-13
Stepped footing connection details

Figure 20-14
Openings in horizontal diaphragms

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14. Additional requirements for (SDC D E) (conventional construction). Structures of


conventional light-frame construction in SDC D and E, as determined in Section 1613,
should conform to Sections 2308.12.1 through 2308.12.9, in addition to the require-
ments for SDC B and C in Section 2308.11. (Section 2308.12)
a. Concrete or masonry. Concrete or masonry walls or masonry veneer should not
extend above the basement. (Section 2308.12.2)
b. Braced wall line sheathing. Braced wall construction should comply with the
requirements of Section 2308.12.4 and Table 2308.12.4.
c. Attachment of sheathing. Fastening of braced wall panel sheathing should be not
less than that prescribed in Tables 2308.12.4 or 2304.9.1. Wall sheathing should
not be attached to framing members by adhesives. (Section 2308.12.5)
d. Irregular structures. Conventional light frame construction should not be used in
irregular portions of structures in SDC D and E. Calculations should be submitted
for irregular portions in accordance with Section 2308.12.6.
e. Exterior means of egress components. Exterior egress balconies, exterior exit
stairways and similar means of egress components should be positively anchored to
the structure in accordance with Section 2308.12.7. Connections using toenails or
nails subject to withdrawal should not be used.

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