FMFM 2.

SECHON 12

TARGET INTELLIGENCE

1201. DEFlhITIONS

b. TARGET ACQUISITION. The detection, ,denWi-

c.non, ud kouxn of t target II, sufficiem detad to pernut
the cffecave cmpkyment of veaponr

c. TARGET ANALYSIS. Intelliga~ wbicb portrays

and louta the componenb of a target 01 tq,et campkx
ItId uldiam IP lublembibty ral r&tin importmoc.

d. TARGET INTELLIGENCE. lntelligcna which par-

tray8 and buta tbe camponcn~ of I tar@ or target
complex a4 indicatea it8 vulaenbility and relative impw
. tllla.

c. TARGET LfST. A limmg of tug& vxbztumi and

psomul@ed by the (CNOI echelon of cammud: it containa

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f. TARGET MATERIALS. Graphic. textual. tdulu, 01 . wlwb is the moat~ppmprutcfire

other p~~~ntaticw of target intclligcnrr. prirmrily d-4 to Ita m ltwkblg the tqe,
support nlew
Q
to support opcratto~ awwt deqad tyta by one o,
more upon vtenu. Target matert.h are ul,t.bk for
trunrll& &lung. exccubng, md nabmttt wch opr.nttQnr.

1202. TARGET ACQUISITION (1) Lamtfon. The target must be prcclsely located
in orde to facdiute effective ,ttack under au candrtloru of
a. SOURCES AND AGENCIES. Tqet ,cput,t,&,,, i, vidbility. WIterr map *ecuracy wdl permit, tar@should be
the detectton. idcnhfiution, and location of a mt b, located to ritbii 10 meten.
sutfwent dctad to pcmut the cffecttvc emprovmcOt of
weapons. Every saurct and agency th., un p,,,,,&info,_ (2) Allihdo. The tar@ altitude must hc gwcn
m.tmn mncemux tarsetamust beexpbited.Some of these carectly in ordn to pemut the ,wcunte delivery of werat,
that arc partwutarty s&niftcmt UI target reqtihoa UC: wupom.
mtilkty,
andNGF.

( 11 rawer itlotenaf. Provm. Tawt matetub come (3) IkxrWion. The target ia dentlfied as 10 tt.5:
m several fomla to fit a VUtety of opentiona. lnrluded in (he
target matcnals program are the lu t-et maeriab program (a) TYP hde.r. pdbox. art~Uery pnatm.
(ATMP) and the bcttcal target mater,& pmgnm (TTYP). trench. etc.)

(2) xacd lnteNf#enca Proceufngsyrrsm (V,Ps,. Tbii (b) Si. shape, and atntude, ,ncludu~ the
data base 1s wadable wtbin the mtntclgeneecenter (IC) of length, wdtb. he&t (where approprute), and genera, &ape:
the amphdwous command htp (LCC). This system provides i.e.. round. oblong. rtn&t. cwvcd. urwdu, etc. Athtudc
automated storqc. retneval. and diimin.t,on of urgct dcaPlks tbe @id be.rw or rzunuth of ,he ma,or ax,s of the
r&ted ,rcuiiece. target and shoutd be given to the nearest 100 rmls.

(3) FzllF /bmnci. AR FMF agcnuw. from comb,,

ruts to mtelligena rpect.tisb ,CUM. ehou!-, be tasked to
pro*idc appivpaatc lnfomutmn reglr&blg targets.

b. REPORTING. Infomuhon r@& tugeta mast be

rcpwtcd erpeditioudy to 111 interested commands m order (4) Yufnemblty. The vtdncmbibty of a target
to pcmut me tar the plannmg and CICCU,~~ o, appr.,pr&e depend, on fhc follawng:
attacks. Furthermom. these repoN should. whvt po&,e,
cont,m ~ltficknt informstmn to pen,,,, a detakd wt
antlvsls.

1203. TARGET ANALYSIS

a. Target uulyais ia an csential step UL the p,oduction

of target mtelbtence. A swwted form for ,a@ ,nalysra (b) Dependme on component pm. ,I may
u contamed by appendix AD. M,benerraury
todestroy .n entire target tf the destructton
of on of ie campenents WU udtiee. For example. a rrtbvad
b. The tqtct mtelliince produced th,o,,gb target yard m&t be tied up by destruction of a witch, o( a cem-
analyw s used to make the follormg dctermmauon: mad port could k temporudy panty& by dcstructmn of
rb ~mWllle.tW III-M.
. which targets should be lthdced?
(5) Rceupembffity. How lcq will it take the dam-
. wut u the target dasiftcation and priotity! aged tqtet to be reinforced or replaced? Thin infomutton
YI nncaauy to dctcrmme the timing and frequency al strikes
. When and how oten should the tuget be ,t,,&ed? q.mt the t.Wb.

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for ti rcttom buo whirh die wget list u Lnded: I.c.. tune
and type of fue. acd for the dusfiuhon of targets.
utegartzed a9 to innwna on phaa of the ampbibii
0peolu.

b. For extended o~ntmna ahorc. each command

dopb a taxwtfng system that bat smb its mqnremenca.
Rcgudkr of the system wed, the dutie. of the mteU&noc
offiw remain ullw. In that be mut contmue to
wqire. pmdua. amI divemuute tar@ mtdligence.

1206. TARGET INTELLJCENCEOFFICER

a.Muine dividom sad mast MACTFi have a target

intdligwe offiar (TGTINTELO) authortwd u, the G-2
scstioo of their headquarters by cutrent tables of oryru-
utton. He pafonm bia dutk uada tbc at.ff met of
the G-2 and wotks dwdy nth mpaaentatwer of the G3
,ectxon and tii ruppor( monttnatmn canter (FXC).

b. The duna af the MAGTF tawzt vltdlisncc offimr

UIdUk:

(2) Ronde tan@ inteuigmce to tbc target mfor-

matic4 ofticer for UK in the pmpmtmn of the ampbtbii i
twkfometytfkt.

c. The tarset intd&ewt officez numtaim dose and

mnttnuou iiuon with the target mformatbm officer (TIO)
u, the FSCC to e- comtmwx and tidy crhqe of
inforrruttoa ax-l tuget badligena. Duting opcntmlv the
TIOwi,hwewxsstocnomuw qwtltla ot infamuhoon
thuiarqrtedovervutousfireulpportnetI.

d. Siw tabka of -tica do not pmvtde for a

TCTlNTRL.D b&w division or landing forcz (MAGTF)
k.d,thecommadamayd~tc&inf~byS.2orone
of hia .&twits u the TGTINTRLO.

1207. TARGET INFORMATION OFFICER

t
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SECTION 13

ADMINISTRATION

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FMFM 2.1
(2) Pmcwensnr. CINCLANTFLT and ClNCPACFLT
hare pmmul3ad instruchonr re&ii the pmauamlt
of map and dutu for their mspwtie YIU of intaut.
(4) Topa,qAic Campmy. ThhetopwwfdemmpnP
M auppkmmt the n.xnul m.p supply by tbe pmpambonof
a limited number of -es_ OwhYa, onrpintl. dcetdIe+
and map mhtltuta (muchu photomap) for the MAGTF.
See FMFM 44. &ngnnr Orm~Iionz for L dctaikd diswian
of thii olganialtion
b. SPECUL SECURITY OFFICRR. Tlda fmwhon in
wally rcqumd at b-de md h&her level stzffs for contra4
and hmdling of specid ulteni3ena. The procedum far thh
function are mntamed in DOD lmtnrction 5200.17W?)
whfsh is lV&bk dlmugh specmllecl&y ohiar duM&
1302 STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES
a. GENERAL. Them arc hvo typea of SOPs of concern
lo tbc uueu@enceoftiicer. lhey are the intdligencc s?xtlo
SOP and the wut intclligmce SOP.
13.2
b. INTELLIGENCE SECTION SOP. l%e lntellkencz
offfar prepsmi the SW for the muthe wtintia of the irateI-
f
l&m areaon. Tk fomut and mntcnt of the SOP depend
ooUKlcIdof~sommud.therulurroftheopn(ioru.
ami the de&u of the inh@na oftica. fJaaUy. the
SOP shouu a&n tuka to the uH)II( mcmbm of the
section to - the oldcdy. effiaent. and tin+ xcom-
plbbmcnt of all redpwribilitia under the co@wk?e of the
i&l&aKe omcer.
c. UNIT INTELLIGENCE SOP
(b) Promote effiaency m mtelligena func.
timm3 nthin the mmmmd by pmvidii uufomuty m
appl*ltloa of routine pmccdwcdand tee
(2) Ihere is no prwnbed romut for a tit imel.
c
ligence SOP. Each unit should edlblbb appmphte SOPs
baaedon Its own rcquiremctr and inarmctionsfrom higher
hudquuten. See *ppendix AE for I sampleoutline for I
!lN, intdliiencz SOP.
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SECTION 14

TRAINING

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pkcra such pcnonncl in poisitiom whe,e they frequentIy

observeand came m cant& wth the enemy. Aecotdiiy. Is
they oompnaea potentiaUy &able sourceof intruigence
14D2 BASIC INTELLIGENCE TRAINING infomution. In addifion to thoseaabIectrruted in paragraph
14002,the foILwing should bc bad&d in the inteUiqcncc
truningoftbescpamNlcI:

a. INTELWGENCE SUBJECTS
a. INTELLIGENCE SUBJECTS
(1) Grwnd (IlIft
. Nature and pwpme of comb.t mtellipencc.
. SamqdHapbne. . Scoutinsand ~troII@, day and n&t_
. Defeme winat ho&k efforts toard subrem,ooo . Ohmtim post techniques.proadu~~. &
a(UtplWt.
s Techwues of employmentfor remotesensor.
smimd awwdkwe radar. and night obscr-
v.twn dcnces.

(2) Air Unit& Tedmques of ~rUl nnU obserrttma,.

(3) .&and Ground units

(b) Detukd truing in the orwuution. tachca

and tccbmques.ad equtpmentof host& umts of the type
bkeIy to be encountereda( obwwd by them.

b. RELATED SUBJECTS

b. RELATED SUBJECTS (1) Reporting of inform&on to include the ~mpor-

tance of tbnelinebs.xtity, and danty; and. Ior ground
. vrp, chat. and photo readii. units. the prcpaatkm of tield mesaw. owiava, and ek-
. IJaeot .*adabk Cans of cvmmlm,cno. menwy sketches.
l Obwvatton and reporting: cmpbas an obIectwe
reportbY$of facts r&et than sub,cc*w rcp.xtulg (2) Ekmenury term,noIogy used ,n descnbii
or interpretItmn or fxts. topogmphicand hvdmgmphk futures.
. camouflage.
l Swnnl. wasIon. mwtana to intenoptlon, 1404. TRAINING OF PERSONNEL M UNITS
escape.and the US. Cede of Condct. AND AGENCIES WHOSE PRIMARY
UISSION INCLUDES OBSERVATION
1403. TRAINING OF NONINTELLIGENCE OR RECONNAISSANCE
PERSONNEL OF COMBAT AND
COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

Ronlntcuiie Feramnel of mmbat Md combatluppoti

lINta UC rut.Je,t to oecasmndemployment a8 memberaOf
recolUldllllOC pamk. 0bxcvatio peas, and Iiiening posts.
AU pdots may have oppottu~ties to observe temm not
under our mnmd. Further. normaI combat employment

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* Emmaoon of the enemy nt!mt,on, to *elude

detcrmm.tion of enemy ap&ljtin and ,,d,,cr.
dd,bh.

1406. TRAINING OF INTELLIGENCE

SPECIALISTS

Inteh,tenec spa&t tern psmel such aa ,mqcy

m,crpre,aon ,-. mtcrrogatortitito, te,ma, counter-
mtcUi,ynce teams. and interpreter teuns recmve spwabud
Lnvung m accordanoc wtb ,hnr no,m,l employment.
MditionaUv. they should rcfewe ,mmmg in the rub~ecrs
contuned in panprph 1405. Cktukd diin of such
training whxb u wuUy accumpluhed a, formll inteljigcncc
s&ok u not wbin the scope of thu mmwl. When
speci&t lntsljiince personnel am to bc attached ,o the
VAGTF for a gwcn opcntmn. they should be jomed ezrjy
cnou& to ,ran wth the m,s wtb whom they wU be
functmmn~ m combat. in order that they mzy become
. Orqm,lr,~on. ,ac,,a and ,echmqueq and equip tharowldy mtegntcd mto the mtelligence orguuutmns ot
ment of the enemy. these wuts.
. CouteMtcLUience and xcuntv fnasurcs.
. Obsewanon md rcpoltulq. 1407. INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENCE
. \Iap and imrgery reading: mdttay sketchit. TRAINING
. Remotc XRM,X. gound surre&na ,A,,
pllnnulg coMdent10ns. and equpment caps camtul integntion of the mtdliince tranlry pr.qram
bdiha. wtth other ,rtiw, enbanccs the value of both the mtcl-
liina and the nonlntelbgenn ,n,nmg. Each UN, should
b. In addition. ofken and ~lencd ctdutcd prmnnel reach that porn, m tnmmr in whxb appmprutc ,n,elbgence
&wdd be tnmcd m the f&wing sub,eeb u ,equud bv *ctwihc. arc done autom*hcaUy u part of ita basic ,a&.
,belr dunes The mtelliince o,ticer ho&l camfully study hL un,,s
hun,q scheduk to determme my pmuMe subjects in which
some phu ot intelbgencc trunmg would be .ppmpnatc.
Then. in coordin.tlon wth the off, mponable for that

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SECllON IS

SEQUENCE OF INTELLIGENCE AClIVITIES

1502 GARRISON DUTIES (7) Prepareand mantain5lmeillM~md recom

Nisunocpluublupportanyecnbngtncypiuu~o
a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE themllImunL

(1) F?eparemte&gencestudleaOR all other alus of b. COUNTEIUNTELLICENCE

. the wxld whew Ihe camand ma&hibe cnmrmttcd.Thex
studio do not hare to bc nnttm. but the materialasbovldbc (1) Pnpue rmmtcnntellynee PkM to slpport av
oguurrd to perma npd pmdumon cmtmgcnq
pkna aeagwd to the eommmd.

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(2) EMIre tit pcmod of the mmmud arc pmp

sty dared and that l- list8 ye kept current.

lM3. AMPHIBIOUSOPERATION
(PLANNING PHASE)
c. ADMINISTRATION
a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

(2) Propa and ptcsmt an INtLi mteuiincc bding

to the mttlmuuiu. bk tiff. d otba Interested personnel.
Tbk k nwmrlly gkea orally. mJrins muimum use 01
lplphk aids.

(3) upon recctpt of me mmmmderr pknNn$

(3) Renew pktu pmmu&ed by hi budqwrten 3utdMct. prepare ail mittal intelligence CatlmatC. 11 tune
for NP md &at stodpdcs to determine d the d of the permtts. tbk estiuute k notm9ny wntten. Subsequent
c.Jmrrmd are utwticd. and udtute xtio for -tlc uturutw are uaully prepsred and gwen Omu. where
w. pcdubk. mtelligeKe psmmei tram subordinate cummznds
are pooled to ass&t in the ptT$umtlo of the mtcwJencc
(4, Advke the personnel oftice, of rcqutementa for study ud edtmute. Tbk estimate mllsl be c.xnpkted early
k,t,xd mtdiiqence pewmel wttbbt the command and m plltmuts, nnoc pntio~ of it appca in otbcr stat*
rerommesd the a&mtent of wch pamand to vanoua QhmrtCd.
biiets and unIta Wltbin the unnmand.
(4) Dctemlbw (he CommMd~ intcuigenee rcquuc.
(.+ Ensure that d m&ntzed items of intdliicc merits. pcyJue a mlkction p+ e- tba appropnrte
equptttmt se on hand and tn pmper mantenlncc and otden and rqti are unt. and utperv~~~ the cdkchon
butwe letion to corn* any diipandu. effort. Since. during the pktmmg phase. the \IACTF
depend8 abnod exdumveh on bit&r and adjacent commads
(6) MabIt& frequent lkkon wtb the inteuiinet for infomutimL rcquca should be slbmtncd a.9 SOOn
effkem of kgber. adjxent. and lower commands m order to as pcable VI mdu to pctmit these cammmdt the
keep &eMt ot tbeu 61tuatto atId the tquvcmek for max~wtt powbk &m-z tn awenng the IiAGTFs
LWMfmCC. ttqUtVttUt%

d. TRAlhING

(2, conduct the intdtigenoc tramtng of rnteuttnec

pct8oMcl of tbc mmmMd.

(3) u every exe- tcJ tat the nudity and

mmpktencm of SOP.. ud make chat&a u rcquved. (6) Pmducc and dkcemuute mteibgenee.

(4) Pkn, cooldbute, and supew!ac nnwte sensor

tntnma ot the SCAMP and other untta of the cwmmd.

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I (8) Acqum and rndulyzc *arms. the mtel- pmvtdtw shdd be postponed wad after cmbukatto. when poeable.
!+ence thu bumed to the tire support cowdiitw 01 hi Lc.va and lrhny ate teduccd (~adwliy. >mec any sadden
/ t-- cuIt*ent wll gwe Me 1 speculrtton.
reprexntattrw.

(9) S,rr the VAGTF wdl be embadwd on revem, (6) Cenw*hlp u strwed connmntly. Self-xnmmhip
,hhlps. pkn ,ot d,scm,,,,u o, intornutmn md ,teU.ccc by rrch mdwtdual Y empburzed. ace thu I the only rally
whdc the !dAGTF ,I embarked are developed UI mordmatton ctfecuvc cvwxma pwrlm. It may be desmble to
w* tbc lmplubiolu tack force mtelbgenee ottiecr. ~~lmett cewnng mrd snd tekphonc u,k before
e,badt.tto M empbaw.e surty teds. Ako. the
(10, cootdtue wtth the permel otfiar ad the parsslon of dvnes u omully forbtdde. uni permlul
loglsttcs ottictr regalii the hudlittgot uptwcd personnel. caICM arc ngJdly contrc4kd.
documents. ud mamaL
(7) Prepam the eountcrmtclJiicncc plln t, ksuce
(11) I cootdittatton wtth the tWS3. prepare IS part of the intelliiena *ox.
wxdtruted. detuled rcconnutwce ad sunedkce pluu,
t&ii allc0Ucett.3
agectea. (8) To minuntze the prohahdity 01 ktcr comptxmuse.
j _ recommcdationr thotdd be stbrmtted regtdinq the
~kcttoo ot embulotto mttd reheat4 area md the
vlectlo of mutes and ttmea for (he mo~eme, to the
cmbatiatmn area.

I
(13, PLn wth the CEO. requtteme~ for votce .d 19) The ,mportrce of thev measwes c. be appe-
d,gjtal c.,mmtmtcat,a li&a. emrdlnate the use of mmotc cutcd vhc the uque opponuntncs for esptorugc durw
I mmrdab brJrs wtth the amohtbkua task torte WeUwnee the pk,% phue am understood. The natm ad extent
O, fnendlv rcuviuea. otk~q wdcrprcad opportuntty tar
mfonnam collectton. EIW ,tomutw rerwdiw the
b. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE upen,, to be moat sucepttbk te eompmm~~c dunw tbk
phw. unlcr pmpcrly protected.
(1) Estabbdt tamcted a- for pkw. Thav
amas am guaded. 2nd entry u etn4kd by a speeui acczm c. .ADIlINlSTRATION
its,. CmtteMteUi,?ecc teuM coduct freqtx, uwpentoc
ad Cahtaha of these areas.

(2) Pktg mtomtltto Is nkaxd only 0 a need.

t&now bass. Common sew IS mquvcd to detcmune the
s,ze md mmpwtio t the eed-to.kw group. It my
be ecssry to mitkte action to obtam ckatacm tot rcrtam
members ot the corn&. (2) lnittate ~etta to obtatn necessary map xxi
&arts. Coordbutc wtth the otfiar as@d rcapo~dtty
(3) AU ~terui teietrw to the opntro t.5 we for atwage. bawl&. ad isue.
appxoptutc sattnty clutatiutto. Grtam iterrur whtch arc
puuadarly semttiw ate &cd. not to be umcd lonvatd (3) Renew the MAGTF tnteUiicc SOP and the
ot banalto comtad posts or VI amtaft flymax over enemy mteU@ece scetto SOP, ad make teqtwed chanpea.
held terms.
(4) E,,we that the ,tcUiicncc sw1t.z pe~sonnei ad
(4) Detcmtmc if code wmbob = ecuew for equ,pnmt are ready tar embark&m.
markmg of vchi& aid opnmrul eqtttpme,. If so. they
arc ttsd to corer extshng tacttul mukig. (5) If pncmabk. atrage for locattnn the MACTF
mtrlligaxz section mth the mtphtbiotts task terce
itell&eor sectto. thmby rcnnttttg a joint vlteU&cc
center.

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d. TRAINING 1505. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION

(REHEARSAL PHASE)
(1) Fia. mordbute. Md svpmr ulylutmblute
intdbgencetnmbq rcquucd by the commaI. . . COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. Tclt plw for the
mucmon of blfomution ud the pfoeam3ulddimcmi.
(2) fntelulfy bamm3 of intelligenec pelwmel ruhan of intelligence indudiq the rewm&taec md
slweiumce &.

1504. AMPIUBIOUS OPERATION b. COUNIWUNTELLICENCE

(EMBARKATION PHASE)

a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. Commenct tbc,c.mt cd-

kctton. pmcemng rnd diimuution of blteuI3w.e ntb the
lnteui3cnc tection of the lmphlb~ tatk torte and cou-
hnw c.mrdlMted recallnwanccandame~~

b. COUNTERlNTBLIJCENCE

c. ADMINISTRATION. Ted c.,mmunia&,,u. ,taff pro.

ccduw. and the pmriawu of the MACTF inteil&na SOP
ud the mteuiia aectlnnSOP.
(2) Ensue that ContaCt between Ibe troop and
&Ji,nt. both en mute .nd in the embarkation ue.. u kept 1506. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION
to 111rbsolute mInImum. (MOVEMENT PHASE)

a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

(1) Produceand &muute intdiigencr u obtained.

(4) E- poatwe ldenhhatlon ot all ~MN to
be embarked.

(5) hK to the new&y to huupo* and mardull (3) Mtiuin a CGiltuluvlg mtdligeac cslimlte.
luge amouotaof cgwpment, the tbrut of sabotagemu be
at its greatestdurm3 the cmbarkahon pbw. Fmpr meaura (4) Suwmta with the amphibious tnk force intd-
an n- ta deny the enemy x.xm to the many p&en. ligcnces&ontheelnvtiwdthcmoMlivlnctud
ttdly lumtlve bt3eu ptwotcd. surlcdlulcc plul.

c. ADMINISTBATION (5) Remamend .pp~pn&e duttfst w nx&icabona

to the rcsmMluulcc and nn*cdlulec &la
(1) Establishthe mtelligcncere(ion in wgacd off&
rpaccaaboad ship. b. COUNTERlNTW.LlGENCE

(2) Aettnte the joint intclbsenee center if not p (1) Belmvt reawionl on mf.nmm# the Imop
noudy done. ,b.,ut Dday. H-!mur. de&n&d land@ budw, hebcopta

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(7) Supervine w!h Ihc amphtbiau ta.& force utel-

JJJce 5wtJon the eXeEtH) of the reconaaaluc and
sunuUanu pJan.

b. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE. Supcms. tJw accom.

plirhmmt of mtmtermtcJJ~ence epeatiolu m accordance
w+Ja the muntetmteU&ncc pJan. included ye the
foliowl~:

1507. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION

(ASSAULT PHASE)

I. COMBAT I>TELLICENCE (2) Estaisk -ty agaimt sabotage for dl mdJwy

instaJlatir.a and for rhosc etvihan mstaJJatio~ to be kept
(1) Pmduec ud dlssemmate ,nteJJiimce a, obtamed. In opcntkln.

(2, OimemlNtc urgent !nfomlrtton and Lntdliinct (3) EstabJii mlmtcMtdJ~ece mtermgatmn center
by the fastest pomblc meam to the umta or wff amtvxts adjacent to the pnsoner+f.ru mtermgatmn centet or
tJut rqture It. other secure M.

(3, Hamam a cOtmumg ultr.Jltgena esttmate. (4, Establd~ cmnJfancontml me- mch u hcck-
porn& ident&atioon car&, ud curfew m cwdiiwn
(4) Rena the cdkcuon plan .a rqwmd. WltJt the pcmonneJofficer.

(5) Pmndr tvqet tntebnee to the FSC or his (5, Loate and rcco*er COtrabMd mater!& swh
tCplWWJVC. u amu. exphwi*e% cmnmlUUnon equipment. food.
medfcll aupplics. or other items whld, tune not hen sus
(6) Supemac the aecompluhmcnt of inteUiin= rendered in accordance w*lth pmclamatmns.
rehvitier m rccodannce xltb the mtdUJence annex. lnduded
arc the folJowlng: (6) Entorte c.ampJJance wth camou!lw,e and hhck-
Ot &ttom.
(a, EEIi are mswered. deleted when stidii.
ad new EEIr added as rcqwed. (7) PubUsh effective CountelagM.

(b) lntcJUgcneccdlect~on &are rcmmplJ&d. (8) Conduct rawtty checka of aJl aleu vluted
by WI troops putlcuJ.dy command posts, to dctvmvlt
(c) Gptuxd pcrronnd. document,. and matettel if my wmpmmtling materul bu been uudvertentty left
are exploited fully. bdlind.

(d) Maps. charts, and pJmtogr@a are dtunsd (9)F.stablhh uwlteneconMmY8ncc meMt!rea in
.
mddiiutoiaarequrtd. DJordiNhml mtb the opewiom off&r.

(e) Reports UC wbmttted on bme tn tJu popet (10) Seize. exploit. and protect munterintdligence
fotmu. t=fw%

155

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C. ADMINISTRATION (6) Report the statusand rudincaa of rcmotc swwor

(1) When dbwtcd. dies&e the jomt inml~nce

equipmen*to the c-2. c
center and dispke the YACTF mtelL&nce sectxrn b. COUNTERINTELLfCEhCE
*re.

1508. POSTOPERATION PERIOD (2) submit biiphie repo* on memben of the

a. COMBAT INTELLlGENCR
(1) Complete studies of the memy concemm3 hi0
orgntrrhoh we.pm and equzpacnt. tactical doctrine.
ud mmb*t efficient. llledc studiu, abn3 Wltil any other
matcnJ deemed apptopnate. am fonvuded to higher head.
quarters.
eivilim popullcz who have been obeened w mva~ted.
(3) Ev.lute md report on the cffecnvenemof the
c.wnteMtel&eacz tams, techniquesand pTocedure6.and
equqxtwntemplayed.
(4) Enbute aad report on the effeetweness of
coimterintelligenct opentmm mnducted in the opennon.

(2)submit Ii& of comctioru to existm3 map E. ADMINISTRATION

charts. and ama atudicr to appmptiate hcdqwtcn u
mid.

(2) Renew tbc plam for stockpdin3 of INpa ud

charts to luppwt contmgencyoperattonh and ncommcrd
changes rqued.

(3) Renew the MACTF u,teU&encc SOP md the

intcu&eme ~chal SOP. and nuk.e cbatwer u requual.
c
(5) Evrluate ml rep~ti on the cffectiwws, of d. TRAINING. Resume mtelliima tnming. with
draacminauonof ryreting vlromlruon to.ppropru*e
t-ii cmpiusls
onthose
areas which combathrs provenwe in need
contml agegcncxd. 0, the gwtcst attewion.

a
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 FMFM 2-l

SECTION 16

AIR INTELLIGENCE

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 FMFM 2-I

(d) Debnefinaof comht crews.

(2) Ross (i.e.. evdlute and W-t) the miketed

mfornutton to: 1605. TARGET INFORMATION

(a) Detemdneits probabk s-y. sigmfiance,

mdbnpotianx.

(b) Deternine the &&ionec of the mformc

tiobnL( it relatedto the ucampliskment of the urutsWdon.

(3) Dirsmmatc the pmmaed intdliincs by penodic

mteu&nce report?. apecld mtelbgma rem. lnt4iincc
summazxh termn and wutbn atudie% atlutton *w. and
bnefii.

b. YWELLANEOUS DUTIES. Miwdlaneout duties of

tbc ,lz bIteSigwlccorfiw and bia ECMO arc to:

(3) cooldIMte rqldrementa for mapa and dutt and

control Ihcir diimuutws

1604. TARGET INTELLIGENCE

lb2

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 FMFM 2.1

. Sekcm the OdNttec.

. DetcnnuKs the umber of Y)*e mquucd bad

upon the pmb,bdities and damage level desrd. a. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS. Perfomunn
ch,mnmsha of the enemy au defenw weapona m&du~
1607. TARGET SELECTION tbclr ruqe. nte of fit, and other techruul data.

b. LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION. Lwhon ud

&,tifiitiea o, the .w deferme xupmu mcludbq the type
ad number of weapona in an area: wbcthcr respons am
INnuluy. ~tomatiully. or radar contmued: and whether
weapons arc fucd of mobik.

e. PASSlVE CONSIDERATIONS. Pawe eonadentmns

luch Y terram. camouttqc. dwermon, etc.

1610. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The mf.,rmation an enemy a,, defew from whrch

mditln mt~ll&nce u based is aequucd by the iollowlng
Illem:

b. The opentiana scctmn wdl PI. tbe owmz.tton ot a. ,AER,AL IYACERY One of tbc moat reliable
the stnke UNts. rendnvour paws. ud appmadl mtes to meti of loutino: enemy ai defense wtallatmna is
the tam++.% The OpmtmM sectIon mu not diit the type *rough the Interpretam of cutTent aerul lnqwy. In
ot f.,,matiom to be usd on the mtsion. but they wdl addition te loatmg the guna and Mavle hunching mtes.
excrclse certam coodbtatiw to c- th.1 the tqeta good tmqery pmrdes intomutton of the pmbablc fre
UT ha it the proper time. tbst the different aubodirute control svstem UC&. Current nmqery mterpretihon methods
UN~J understand rho w ludii tbc stnkc. md that Jl are up&k of detectq and drffcrent,atmg between most
ruts 0, a pmcti type arc cmplavLrq nmdu trctlcs. M,OI type, of weapons and frcdihes.

1608. FLAK INTELLIGENCE b. ELECTRONICS RECONNAISSANCE. Elecuonia

mco,maua,,ce (bv obtauuxq m,onnatmn 0 location, mnge,
Flak mtcllqcncc u that put 01 tachcal air mtcUrence and freq,,enc,a .,, enrmy radar equipment) u able to pronde
concerned wtb the colkctmn. cvahut~on. and diimrutmn techrum, d.1. ~pp,imblc to the dcqt of etfectwe elecfmscs
of intelliqence tegadmg the enemv gmtmd-to-w defenses. It countem~asures. See FVFM 23. S&wb lnreflfgencel
mduder the c&iliho and ltmthho~ of spcafk enemv Efectronie W%re Opemhw (U). for further de,& of
uutaU~hons to defend @nst au attacks. Flak b dewed rkctmw_a RC-XIIIILSSU~CC.
imm the Gemtan tam for antiwaft artd!ay and. z1
presently wed. ,nciudcs all enemy ground-toa dcfenswe
werpona. This seetmn dii the elements of flak
intelligenrr. so- of mformation, and tbclr .ppliati.n.

16D9. ELEMENTS OF FLAK INTELLIGENCE

The ultimate objective of tlak inteUi,yncc

I to pmnde
tbc air mmp0l~nt with a~ accurate rppnisai of UIC cifco-
t,ve,,cs, of the enemy zq.,tmd.tour defense means. Thu

163

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ezokvgy. Sm.& routine nd.s.,~ m,y be b&fed by a smyle

1611. APPLICATION OF FLAK INTELLIGENCE officer. Combat bmtii are generally caductrd at the
group level ante tbla u the level in Mume aviatmn which
Flak bltdligena Y uauuy pcpucd I, the hiiet air mmully hu svailabk atI pertinent intdtiience infonnat~on
mmponat c&km of ontmudiatbeprticvluUU. pertunins to arqncd InuBoM. Thi# bneftblg u genenuy
Effective t&k aoaiyaia dependa on wailable data v attended by ali pattci~ating perxwnel. Lkpendii on the
chc NP and Iwtiorl of battle lntilirmR ile&hom. number of Pdoota bwd*ed. old ntcbt leaden 0, tbw

oftitersSwh briefmta arc conducted to emwe they bwc the

blfomution twxied to execute their a@Jw.d mistas_ upon
c,,mpktien of tkc muion. pdou and - 1~ debmfcd.
.%b dehicfuyl supply vabubk infomuhon ,qding the
uec*~~ of the mimw and itl effect won the enemy.

h&ala any Information mlding to the mub of the ssipd

1613. CONDUm OF BRIEFINGS mimon. mfomutioll reauwed bv the cdkctim dan of b!dux

c
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--.- _
SECTION 17

TOPOGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER

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 .

17.2

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 FMFM 2.1

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FMFM 2-l

- -.

Fire 17-l. Conuve Beach.

t
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t.

/-----------
mnauis WAVES
/----------7

Fii 17.2. A Cmluve Sborelble.

17.5

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 FMFM 2.1

--__ --__
U
-\

17-6

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 FMFM 2-l

/ -----______ 1
___________
/ \

Fii 17-S. A slmght shorclinc.

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FMFM2-1

(e) Offshors Mad,. Shorelinea we often pm.

&ted by @oup of small &nda of wnoua srze whrch ke so
clou to the madand that they crute a complicated warn
of w&,wys lmmediitely offsbore. ThL ,omuon presnts
dsriou, problems to both the .ttxker aad tbc defender. If the
defender orgudza most of the unportrnt indtndurl idands.
he Ia able to bfmg fue to hu on the attwker *mm many
dbectiom aa tbc rttackii force attempta to thrud iu way
anto tbe mast of the mainland. Rauta of appmrch tbmwb
tbae Mllndl mto the muntand may be ,ortuolM .nd mane.
ted. The st,S+ power of M amphibiius rrsrult &add not
be diip,tcd by the asavdt ot off&we ,s,.n& betorc the
laRdbIg on the man buehed of the ludmg area 15 com-
meneed. The &land, may be u&ted and ,eddue.d indeud by
emxedve
mm,Wmgs.
after rhtcb they MY otter the
,tt.dcer l ,enes of farombble artillery powmu from x hieh to
support the landii as well w masks for the rvvmbly past-
tionr of landii craft. Offshore lauds may be dtfficuh to
defend if (he ataker hu commsd of the ar .nd sea at the
tune .nd p&e of i.nding. (See t-&s.17.7 and 17-8.)

(I) FIoren shorel. If the shorelme bordcn arctIe

or sub,rct,c xm or u swept by mid currents. ,,I) facucal con-
fiit!a u liable to altem.tion by freezmg of the adjacent

IoATalmm

F&e I7.7. CaStal Ida& in Poranon of the Defender.

c
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 FMFM 24

Ii.9

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 FMFM 2-l

(3, Con&n, and cover are d&r&k for both tbe b bmed on the m&on of the command. Terrain funtm
a.& and the defenm. If troap .xn more fowud under selected are tbcde wbicb in our conkol giu UI . muked
Q
the concublunt of Woods. the chanced of *dtienng lurplse ad** in the acLvmplisbment of our minton. or which
are gTe.ar. If hoop can mow pmtnted from enemy rbw If seized or contmlkd by the e-,, hinda matldlY the
by ditches. embukmenb, or w& the attxk wdl be more accomplishment of the mimon For exampk. a bnda over
cffectwe. A dcfcndn seeks to defend behind an M whid, an lmfo&ble rtvef may gI*c aceam to the oppc-dte dwe
ba mrer for (he defendii troop ad concc~nt for thek without mquiring ul aad, m+ng. cofltml of * mad or
organnation of the gound. but dos not offer the cnem)r cad center may redvet the encmyc ability to resat our
ooCKd r~dleh ad.,na. A levd de.mtg in rough ta,.bt m, be the oh
.wsabk Ming field for &mobile opnttona Kq krmm
(4) The mobiity of the mntmand L COMdered m arten with the level of command. For nunpk. to tbc MAF
detemtmmg av&bk covet and cowedmen,. Cover am! commmder. L *ae town may afford muked nlvant4a aa
~oneabneat are dearable dwmg tmop morement~ by any a communrution center. but to . battalion eammuda. the
means. Rautcr which afford good CoveI and concc~nt htgb ground which domutatea ttu town MI be mow unpor-
educe
therulncnbility
ofI movmg fomr to detectton .nd tmt. and tie tom itself may be an obsade. Ob8tadea arc
to dc&uctton by fw. rarely key termbt futurea. Tbe b& gmurd dommatma a
river.. rather tbut the river ttsdf. t uwdly the key tenam
c. ORsrACLE3 feature for tbe lower Iad, wmmuldn.

(1) An obstacle YI any natural or araticid tetnm (2) Key terrun. in uldition to kttluencing the mu&n
fcatux which stop or unpedea mditary mowmat. Natural acmmphzhment, b ddo bigkly cigntfieau in appiybtg combat
obstade. indude riven.. stmams. can&, lakes. swamp. ddfs. porn. Conh.,l b not enawed only by r&we .ttd occuprhon.
steep dopci dens woods, ~un$e%. deszb, mountum. seizure aad phrstul oaucanq it keytenam futurea bv
aties. ud - typm of tan&able roil. Artiticid obstaclea r&ively large forea may not be fusible. Dcmnlcuvc fka
are work, of ~orurmchon and destzwtton executed to stop d&wed by longange mea,. un destroy for-a phvsdly
o, unpede m,bt,,y movement. They indude mmetield~. armpytq key tetnm. Tite comma&, control key t-
mters. mtitmk ditcba. trendxs. abstts. roadbloc& dclib- and woids demuction of bb fotcu wkile keepmg the enemy
cc&y lloodcd ueu. ucu catted with bxdoglcd from g,ining oontrol. 6mrol indudea m.neuver. auwd-
ud &rmal agents. extensive rubbk. form fbw. tree lance. security. ud employment of effective TJCS.Tecmin
b,o,&m cawed b, m&s tii ud aresa contamuuted which permit, o, denies -wer m.y be key temin.
wtb widud nudes mdltion. T.etiul use of terrain often ia directed .t itlauawme
capabiity for applying e0mb.t pow% ud at the same time
(2) ot&clcs, to be fully effective. mlut be covered focuang the enemy blm LFQl which read, in reduction of
bv obsrmtio., asd fii. Howew, eve undefended obatwla his J&q to apply hts tvmbat power. Temm which wnmts
may ctwmdiz an attacker ml0 cal~entratm~ wbieh are 01 denta maneuver nuy be key temb. The effect of tcrfam
easer to detect and arc smtable for nudea attack. Obstadw 0 rnanever. application of WInbat powxr. 2nd pahon
-ndtada, to a diction of attwk favor the defender of force integrity are eonaidnations in aelecting key temm.
by dowb,g the enemy. for@ hii into wncxnttiot Its control. and tactical us.
that tend to occur whde n- obsudes. and hokiii
Ihe .ttadKer for a longer tune lmdn the effectiw fkw of the
d&n+. Ohuder parallel to M axis of dnncc may gwc
the attacker Rank pmtection. However. par&l obstaclea
may bltafere wb latenl moemr,ttt and cootdbution

d. KEY TERRAIN FEATURES

17.10

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 FMFM 2.1

(4, I the defenre. key trmin futurea are uaully

wthin tbc a8mgc.dsector md within or behind the selected
dcferuive ,m.. These futurea are wmdly:

(b) Temi which penutr the defender to corn

UI obetade by fut.

(c) Importmt oommutuutlon cudm which

atfeet cammud. cmnmwucattons. ud the we of -es.

c. AVENUES OF APPROACH

(1) Crovnd Aucnvu ofApproach

(b) A v4q appmwb giver the dra

fom some eovu from enemy dbvct fne and some concal-
mmt from cnmty oboenation. A v&y lppQKh btdudts
the tloomrof the alley, dopa of the &es, ud mdiy

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FMFM 2-I

Fii 173. A Topcswhtc hlap Prier to XonrY.

17.12

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 FMFM 2.1

Fii 17.12. An Aerul Photwwb TM Hu Ree Rid& aad Stmm Lb14

17.13

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FMFM 2-l

Fi3w 17.13. A Lyu-Tinted Map.

Fii 17.14. A Map tit Hu Been HillTopped.

17.14

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 (c, A modtfic.tton of layer.tmtiw m.y k

c ~eeompliskd by uung the same color s&me.

stzily the contotn bttes onlv. Thu
but cmpha-
method is qluckcl but
no, as rtectfe

17.15

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Fii 17.16. Gomg M.p

Fii 17.17. Temm Fwonnua Iad Altads Abq the Axu

of1 Weu.Defmd codor.

17.16

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Fii 17-18. Same Termi aa m Fiwe 174. Now Altered

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 FMFM 2.1

tmtte~vc~ mom ,a provtdd. ad. sarbequcnt adnncr Pmttthns i lkbdy equtpped force to xiac It ad
ftomtbebcxhcabem&Lattydii.Can- abtam tacttcal rurpnr. ALo. domttutittg t- rmy
vcncly. Utc c.astaJ pkm hu certattt dimdntttqe~. benptdlyxkedaduaedtopmtecttbekdb3gof
Attdkty. NJ guntut. attd sttal bomba&xnt an. them.btforaovetbc.che.rbkbuec.,rctedbytbk
hbldemi by the lack 01 prommen, te@md.m pmtB: vtzed tetnicl. when the motmtabM are rpuated
bamdartn ad ob,ccttvcs sc dtfticult to locate o the fmm the bcsb by smtly twmg cmtttui. the defender
mtmd: md the zxtlvlte.ttce of dwectmt may be hu the .dnntw of c.xttinw &ervati.x of Le
difficult tot sma wt,. If UK ~uttd ts wooded. kttduyuuut~tilheudriveotttoftbem.,,mtai
tern-ca ryncks wdl bwc diftictdty scorn-- mus. Altb&t e,tamely m,& m0unt.b~ yt
plidlbq tbev -mu. Arntba anuidmtion In dtffictdt to attwIt. it k &a diffkadt far the defmdcr
rcgwdtotlatgI.xmd*tbttbstlMbaoftbc~dl- tosupportbkpIttioNbtstdt-ntktyptetnttl
hcd uuully w, not be located 011 4 dcfmdve may offer excaUctlt oppothmitk8 for tbc UT of beli-
temm.adlotetmopowdlbet?qlvcdfwtbe e4ptetbomc 01 aim truswtcd fotcer t., block mve.
pmtectlon of the tti. tbul bmdetttta the upabdity ment of tbe defudcri - to tbe Mbtg are..
of the cntbx iom to adwa ttdmd rwtdly. The a.&er may be able to achkve sttrpmc bv
kndi# vltexpctedly on a rat&ted beach Md mauc
a taptd movettxnt wet the ~tttnl ternin bmxt by
xcu.-w tbc purs utd tvuka of qger by tbc UK of
helicopterbome or air txuapotied facea.

. Teme,. Tcmciw is common abaq coasta which

bare Wc from the sea rt itttetmaettt inter&.
The tactxal aspects of tbae fomvtiw ndI depend
Iat& pat the w/a Lrd stnpttem of the cliff.. If
the escarpments ate butters to alI iygu of troop.
thsu smtmtb must be ncutmJkul 01 wzed by hcb-
mptcrbome M ai? trup&cd form wit& the
temamt# urtdt tmow tore ktenJly to a pceeabble
pxt.If.uumoreoftentbecue,tJtetkamDyh
sttmtotmted by infawn. frontal amuit may be tan
effeeme. if the atack k by frontal uvtdt, the
suppottbtg wupo# of &atdt koop lay be It& to
neutmbze deemtve poatwn in the f.cea ml .lo,q
the I-,~ of the chffs. llte deftthve rytux of the
Broken C-d. wbctc the v%wnd Ia ehatp4y btdtm. fomutlon will flcibtate me mtrd of utch rue, but
Y UI tbe but ot exte~ve wd dunes M L low coastal weftd prtot pkN& eslmr# tbe comdtlm of
pktcau. the attrdter ha. the rdvmtqe d wtul wpp3rhg tires mm the lu- 6ckut.s of the
freedom tmm ho&e obsrv~tw. Aho. a nena 01 mxrplet& u -tkl to the pmemtton of a
mtall compattmenta md corndots littt the extent oi temmi ccast.
defenavc ttru. However. the defender q pmvidcd ntb
an mf-bute sewa ot du.Uov. lo4 dckyu$ p~~ttanr (b) Compomnan~aon. TIaet&f of the &
front wbtcb to slow the Itoll aazute of the bacb- Dodd beak down into a eotttputmentltiocl wbicb pemtttr I
had. Gircctton attd mntml may be cmmnly unit on YI mditiul beach to utablbh ita om limited
difficult. bachhead on defuuibk ground in a anull retnut mmput-
tent. It sbmdd be pomble to untte ltui expand these Ibutted
co&d uounsw wbete moMUUU twolch berdtbcdda 0, lapult troopa into Mtcceamvdy kt@t tctnm
ditwly upon the se.. the kck of buehu of wfticknt cmnputmmtsutiltbebeuhbudkocnrpiad.
sue to ac.wlmdatc a large fota may rqum the
rej-xtto of an othmg dewable k&w M. How- fc)Rou&aof&a~ Ahdiqmnrhovldbe
cm. thcte at.2 atcttMiut~ witkb may twos lmtdt choemwhtch&wtJteforcetmkblgthekndiBg.or.rub-
tmops. Steep ground try be my lightly defended ot vqwnt force. to mow out Of the uu. Tbe fora ehould at
eve e&eted entwely by the defmder. tbll. be tqttted to drlnec &rot& cattt&untivety tmpwabk

17.19

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covered mutesof admnce.

Tcmm affcnng manmum pmtecaan from enemy

fucs. both nudur and nonnudea,.

ObwwM pants.
War* of Ma,,. Work, d mar, are not rvturd obatr-
de,. but the effect of buildii se. walk, pwm.
fences. duns. and.. d&u. and other co~truchon c1
Lb.t of M ok&de. whetba 01 not they bxve been
intentionally comtructed for defenwe puwoses.
Also. obsudu may ,ppar in the form of obemtctions
ud rubble created by the premvnton bombudment.
Nudea weapon detonated just offshore fmm a
IMdii buch. or in the b&tom8 Of shdlow bubom
Swtabk conditiona for the landing md operationa of M nren may produce I alter with a bp which wdl be
hcbcopterbome forca and tbelr early b&up with 1~ obstade to runyhon. Even if the lip ~teelf is not
WIfxY forces. a,, obsmde, the intc~e radfftion pmduced in the
c
watuand.
onadjoii land
arms. pmbably would be
Temm mutable for logrstie opentmns. an obstadc. at lcut for a few days.

(d) Obrder Cmwd aa OII Obrrocb. Soil tnfffcabil~iy u the

&end. The tctnm of the knding area should pernut
t rapbi nlwcnunt of the iNt*l YaYc* ml& to COnI.
madii ternin. N*turd obatadu are e1tber utdiwd
to the advantage of the atacker. modifti in their
Nmrd form. 01 rroded. If a .Cl. lake. swamp. or
Lagoon can be ublked to proted a flank of the
attarkbtg force. it should be exploited to the grutedt
pwibk advantage. Siiy. an obet.ck m,y &
included m the force bachhad fine. tbw eltmuuting
the mcaslty of actually ocepymg the grolmd. (Sac
fw. 17.19.) Thu. . beach M which might otherwise
be wceptable will be uneat&actosy if it k baded by
lutunl tcmfn oks-tsckd such LI riven. lakes, or
n.mpn Smc+ detailed knmvkdge of the terrafa in.
landii opntian ia mucb - Lbmted than in land
warfare. edPeciauY mnammg the anuua unib,
PutievLr attention Ia given to all natural ohada
ability of sad to support mditaty InffiC of a given
de&y. Thii tiffubd~ty vana wtb sod compostion
and wettbcr CondItiona (See Fii. 17.20.) wbm the
wutber 16 dry. most dry mda wdl suPPat mditw
tmftic_ Horcw. when the wather I wet, certain sods
became Impssable to milftw kaftic and thus.
m,,st,tute an &&de. Fturhea are often dunctened
bywmetypofsud.WhmthewdkIowc.buvg
~&de4 ud equpment are moved through it tib
great difftctdty.The sand an dao be an obstadc in
other ways; i.e.. in uu3iq repeated mdfUnCttOlu
& StoppageI Of .tomatx IvcaPona when the uaul
offshore wmd rpruds it duougb the meduninu of
such *upon& In pkmlfng an opemtmn. tnftiabdihl
durtscmkprepadfwthekndingua.Tht& .
charta indicate the magnihde of an obsucle the Sod
,tldf wdl FoMtitutc to mditw tnfRe w&da set
wathn caditions. Soil tnfficabiity mf0mutic.n u

17.20

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 FMFM 2.1

Fii 17.20. Gmd Its& Cm Be .n Obaade

17-21

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 FMFY 2.1

vm
IiS!aDomATE
Auwmlm
TO oooo. DlmmllT.
MLwuTllEn

17.22

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 FMFH 2.1

Provided by www.marines.cc
 FMFM 2-l
mnforammts. Nd wnt-mmy be ahk .h to
enfdade the ada of these sm.U pomontones 01
pamtr If the sdknt k l & psliwda or pmmo,
tory. the glmfve upport dup lgwltr enjoy freedom
of utton It su and can take poattom *a rtie *t
both sides of the aalknt and thus provide dor
support by aeepq the fmnt of the dranq
amudt troop Huv cooctmtmN of enemy forced
and mrtenal on krge pelvrwlu M p-ntoria
may be dealt wttb effectively by the cmpkymen,
of nuclear rmmttto~ fvtd by Suncvc support rhip.
-ThrNtureofibetmunntbin~Lndinquu
affecta employment of an support. In pktmmg 841
employment. I, I neaswtom&c.8hdyafthe
nd$e system. If then Y L &es of tidga which nut
more 0s kt4 papali& to the dhectmn Of .ttxk.
the mmmamier may plan to ublk4 dose support
urmtt mtb manmum cffectivenca, in the neutxd.
iumn of enemy powtom on mm sbpa by the
emplorment ot m&n and nonnudur ord~uncc.
However. If the ridge syrtem Is a scna of r!dga
nw~ or les parnIle to the direction of an.&. the
employment of dose suppwt limrft may be some-
rbat m.utcteA. In the ktter euc. the dimcnon of
lircnrt awra-h to the targa may be Limited to.
nm strught toward or direstly way from the front.
and the rffcalveneas oi the In VJppart H reduced
further by the intmdetmn Of certain safety lequim
mata for both nudar ud n0mtude.r re.pom.
- 4ltbowb c&am t- fuhua may completdy
resktet the employment of naval gutBe, thee nmc
fwurea may Impose M sxb limwton on the uw
of dae UT support. Thesefore. depending on the
number of aircraft waikbk. the cnmmandaanuk
air rupport. not only to wppkment NVJ glmfve,
but for kwta which ue bucwsibk to nw.l
guntii. very rnountiMu9 termIn and a low ceding
My rcsllt in egli@bk .#I opentiol& e*etl thwgb
other mndittona may be aubbk for k&i
wentions
17.21
. Ffdd Artihy. Ones .dw,,e. the pmblmu kddcnt
to the nnpkvmont of &Id u$lkry am denttoll to
tbae of mnvcrdiolui M vufue. Horem. UI
planldw the ucly entpkymmt of f& utilkry. the
commudrr #.a c.reful c.,nidemtton to the ferm-
bitin of PLdq artdkry on o&y& w.km% where ,t
011 be loated Y) to be athin effeetwe nngc of
the kndbtg area. The utubrtion of adjacent s&o& for
thk purpaa k cspwiauy important w&l 1 ,tudy of
tkc temtn within the kwikg area indiatea that
cwdition there atx unfwombk for the early empkce-
malt of fii utilkry.
. Tank Suppaf. Tanin ia I tn.jot limiting factor m
ti wufuc and only thm@ . pop, evdutkn of
tbeteminun. mmmwin determmc when and how
best to employ hk t&s_ Good I& bucbea
b&cd by fatdy opm ,e,,sb, .nd ch.r.ctmzed by
I*@ + et gcti nsbw wound. shovld ptscnt
no diffmdty to the employment of tanks. Such a
situuton offer8 unlimited pmmbilsti for the effectwe
empbwnent of medwdxd urmbbsd arma task
faczd and dmldd be UFdLwed to the utmost.
. Eflect of Ted on ti Empt,yment of Hdfmpw.
home foren. FM the general effects of termin on
hdiaptabome forces. see FMFM 33. Heffcopter.
bomeowmtfmu
. Obadea Te,mim fe.Ma rbkh do nat bmda the
&mae of the mtmdck# troop may prwe to k
ob&da to lo&tic support. Fn example. bridgea ud
defii are mm@ing pants which pmvide lumhve
tqw to enemy aiz and utilkry. Canvemdy.obstades
c
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 FMFM 2.1

Ulten tbc temm I anrlyzed wtth respee, to the

rstabkhment of * bacbhud. II Is ccc- t-it to
dctermux ulc maor compsttment of ca.rul taxam
*btcb-i most wtcd to the az.a 01 the _ult urn,.
fderllv. a mqor compwtmcnt should closelv appmr-
mute tbc r&t uze. but tf tbr gmnd is very broken.
I, mm be M- to m&de urd gmup tqthcr
wwml mmpubncnt., On tbc other hand. the torcc
ma)r k too small for the temm forma m the locrl,ty
and thlll mu k myred to llcd wltb 0C t1ank open.
the its. 17-22.17-23. and 17.24.)

17.25

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 MFM 2.1

I I
Fi 17.33. In Certain Typr of Temm, the Miw Foroc May Not
a9 Abk to OccFq AU of the D.xmNnt Computmentr

17.36

t
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 FMFM 7.4

(4) .%*shon of Land& &sha

(a) Aft... m c.altuhm of the vboreline and ,ts

related CoMtd le..& lmi afta a c0Mdcntl.m of tb.x
beacbu w&h ,ve vekted to the kndii fom objectwe ,Od
meet the navrl e.mvidentmns wotved. spenfie beach., ax
vlccted which best suit the kwiii force wbenw uf
maneuver. The rkcmn k b.sed upon, mawxkmuon o, the
uvud knd wrfvc temm futovc obwvation. Ii&. of fit,
cow.andmn&cnt. ohdu. ad c.ammuNatlorY. An
c.dutuul mustbe madeof bagutx rquucmenu With
rape.3 to the dwactenha et .ul.nn h~dwa. The hrh
mwt &a. a rapd mo.emet ot arpplia acrov. at. md then
sboukl be luessbk adjacent are.. for the adeqlvte drspmd
of supplQ and equpmeat wbxh accumtdate dunn$ the
udcadii of wudt fhipplnk To m- the speed of
udoadmg opmtioa& it I deumbk that be&a lure a
gal* to modrnb undcn..ter grmiknt ad . havd surface
whkhpnmItrthcbu~ofautypmotluldtng.hihipmd
watt adftidently dor to tbe .ho.elbw to pevmat dry and
mptd debarkatmn acd movement mknd of tmops. vohkla,
eqrpment. and suppbes. Such be&es do not reqwc tune-
- spend beach v.xd vu.taq to acmmmodate
wbcckd and tnckcd .dud.s, a&kzy, and heavy eqrpmsnt.
Ternin fva,,rev whih ,re detiiled from ,cavud ad wh,eh
may bc utdked by the defender to cnrd.de the Ming beach
ami ,ts appowbca vhould WI& hunly in the xkctmn ot
ludlcg be&es

(b) lbe rumbe. of buchrr veqwed for an

opemtion depend. upon the ace of he Wxluw force .nd
dKxbsmcofmuwu.c..A~aruwitbnumemu
autvbk bu..ha k punculuty demnbk a.3 pmmt. the
ata&. to wbkve dii~ - umly.

(C) nm buohcl aeketed dwuld poeur not

only vmtabk rod Md sbdf gmdknt. and ap.biutKI for
dcvrhwnmt of s.a+u&w fuditka, but h&d vko
have udftcicat CUD for vddck. fvom Lbe bexhu. smu
abomwtydum~mwthudmdtopveventamsc.s~oa
the bacbu. the buda exik and tmftiabtlity avc of vital
Mportwt.

17.27

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FMFM 2-1

1704.HYDROGRAPHY (4) llle mmpmiticn of the belch r&ted to

itaintluenceoathebewhbgudretmctingofWb%g
craft and tifkability for pemmmd and vehicles

(6) The loumn of lvtumi obstader Y related

totbelrmaumaontbebadliiorlaluib#mftMd
tbe dabukiq of pmonncl ud equipment.

d. SOURCES OF ENERGY WHICH ACT UPON

BEACH. The aowes of eneay rbicb ati dii upon
thebe&anditsviardtyarewmda,wwa,udeumnu.
Tbw. fnrtl are LvMuntly uyblg in iotcmity and
dbeukm and are reaponsiMe for tbc mobik cburcter of
the beach ~Kle. An erpaed be& will dunge ausondly
,m, nth cl&, were atom,, dtholyh ,,I nearly erery cse
it WIU revert to Itl nmm. The effect of ewqy components
will be mnddered in same detad &we a ndemunding
of their *alon is a cwsuy rcquuite to beach blterpre-
tatial.

e. IDEAL BEACH FOR AMPHIBIOUS LANDING. A

bead, with no ohrmetioru or defema vlwnd or land-
rud;mtbdcep*Rtndaetoshorr;rith.firmbdMt
mck bottom: mm mbdmum tie. clnrcnt. or surf: ntb
gmdimtwhi&wiupwaittbebuchiJqandntnctlon
of d typa of M@ craft and ddpn under a3 mnditiona
of btd at any d&cd tbne. md not cxtive for the usz
of *chid-; with excellent tntficability; and with adequate
exiu for pcmmmd and *chider would be an ldul beuh.
c. HYDROGRAPHK FACTOR5 IN THE (See Bg. 17.25)
SELECTION OF A LANDING AREA. In planrungan
amphibksn opmeon. the prmcipd pmblenu dependent f. HYDROCRAPHIC CONDfTlONS WHICH CAUSE
upon hydrqnphic facton UC: CASUALTIBS TO LANDING CRAFT

1738

c
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 PMPM 2-l

,._ ._1 C.

_-

_. _ ;..&Li--._. =- .-. _.
.-- _ ---:_. ____-
-.

z>*--. ;;y _ --_..*y--. ..,__

_. -a
._.. _.---IIU - >--. - ., -Cm....--.-.--_
. _r.;._.&.
- _ ---e--m r ,._ ..--z._y.e.~~.ry--.-y~,.
I._

. Tbc dumcter of the breakers. he&. and

prod.

g, SOURCLS OF HYDROGRAPHIC LNFORMATION

(1) Sourrc. Amikbk. Sama of hydrogmptuc urlor-

IlUtionUZ:

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FMFV 2-l

c
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 FMFM 2.1

(b) Cycloid& The more choppy or nclmdal

waes may spmq UP qwkly VI een . f&y modmte brenc
and break euJy at the crest. They NR cloa togctbet. tend to
bounce L boat m *II immmfortablc faehtoh and m&e
steerw dlfticult. If they ut taken on the beam. they m.y be
dmqemus. rspc&y to ban that UC not decked oer.

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 i UNDERWATER GRADIENT

(1) &wml

(b) The falkwbcg gmdknt scale, developsI by

tbebudtemwJnbwi.rssmnduduithmuly~c.ua
widdl UC c.xwmcd with hydmgapby:

steep. . . . . . . , . . . , .w.mIhan 1:15.

Madenb. . . . . . . . . . _I:15 to 1:30.
Gentle . . . . . . . . . . . .l:3oto1.60.
Mild . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:60t01:120.

steep.. . . . . . . . . . . .v
bkdmte. ........ w
cede. . . . . . . . . . . x
t.mi..............Y
fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . z
cc&. .......... .l:31to1:60
............
Miid. .l:61 to 1:120
Flat............. .Fktterthul1:120

1732

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 FMFM 2-l

through
thebow. However. thisdoe. not mc,n th,t they can
land on .ny buda. An LCVP m.y be able to run m on a
(a) Charts. The detcmnatmn of matshore flltly t%t beach until it is atoppal In about 1 to 2 feet 01
gradient M mldom be obtamed directly from bydrognphtc w.tn from where the troops wde as!n-e. An L.5T pmpu
dwts. Howcvcr, offshore sadicnts suftiinent for ma a differmt pmbkm. The ship baa I keel dope of about
nrngat~antl purposes can be obtrmed and the oifthom I:60 and a beach gradient of that ntm or steeper 16tequued
gadrdlent may be of asatan= m mmputmg ncamhore to buch tt.
gradient.

(b) Sterwc+e. f/a Slondwd .&&I Canem.

The diffcnnec m depth bemcsn ho pomu ,a dstetmlned
tt-~-fJ~ by measnms the dtffercnce in p.nU.x
ktween tbe Image 0 m oerLppq pail of photogtphs
Tbu method rqulrts mtetpretcm bllned m stereo.
campwgmpb methods. mnspuwt water. undiitwbed by
nveU ot Iat@ wwcs. but with surtact tuftled by wind tippia
and tcccwuablc bottom fcatuta. Under ideal conditmns.
leeuncy can be obtamed to wtbbt pbu ot mtmu 1 foot.

(c) r%toima?ery Itupret.tf0 , waou. A (4 Stmp fJmiertm,tn Clodlent. From the fore-
r&tionsb,p eusta between w.c fen@,. elonty, and depth gouts pangmphr. tt may rpplr that the steeper the gradient.
of water; the dutrncc betreen v,u, ,da,,cmg ,,a, ehaU.,w the mare favombfe the buch. This u ttue for touchmq down.
water becoma smlilcr nmi the spwd deercrscs. This change but there ate other less fwxable tactrxs. Although the
u mawtable on photagmpbs. Waves tend to +n themselves rgwmdtng takea pirce at the bow, the steepr the gndient.
pataIM to the contow. depth. may be appmxbtmted from the less the abipi bottom is tn cantact wtb the beach Thu.
the chatwe m angle of the w.es to tbc shoreline. Under &.I whetwet there is . ctrent along the bath. vhenercr the
condmons, depths detetmmtd from wae e,oc,t,ea.nd ware surf is hewy. or whenever stlong ctossnnds head on to the
lengths wdl be accurate to vltbii 3 feet. Depths obtabwd beach. the ship will broach. Holding lines may be placed on
from nleuurrmenrs of w*e iengtba ill be dlghti less the beach and engittca may be kept gomg. but unlesl con.
rccunte. ditfons are f~*onMe, it wdI be necessary for ship and watt
to retract Md wait until conditlont are better.
(d) fhotofmwry btetprelotwn of W~,.rliru.
The edge01 the water
eatsbli slllpptortmate cotour.
Thcrcrorc. ,f the tune of pbatoc,aphy u known. tbe clev~tmn
01 this contour to the local datum may be taleuiated tram (a) InJlon Underlmur Topanmphy. The ,mpor-
trde trbla A vnes of swt,u conducted at arymq tide tannceof beach dopa to the surf bm bes m 1,s ctfeet on the
stages wd, pro& mformanon for contounnq of the bad, 4th of the wtf zone. The breaker Ime. whrch represents
area between huh sd low ttde levels. *here tidal range the seaw.td bmdn of the surt zone. it found where the
cweeda 6 to 8 teet. an xccuney of ? feet or les, can be depth to the bottom equala about 1.3 uma the sgmfiernt
obtamcd. bteaket he&t. Thus. wttb (-foot breakers. the breaker lute
u located whete tbe depth of the bottom it about 8 feet,
rrgvdlcss cd beach dope. Off a cry steep beach xub a dope
of 1:lO. the btuket bne for 6.foot breskers ui only about
80 fee, from me ehotclyK: wherea, otf a tlat belch wltb a
slope of 1:50. the btaket line k about 400 feet from the
thotdbtc. Off a wty steep bueh, then may be no lmes 01
foam inale the b&r line. and after brukmg. cash wae
n&w *idmtly up theshote
fact and hits any badted cntt
wltb gat force.
Off P flat bewb, *em Ill h numerou
I employed u1 ampbtbiova opmtionr sty lnddy m aite. Unea of ad- foam khveen the btuker bne ad the
shape. WC@. and purpose. They bare one tbbtg ,,I mmmon: ahwelim: the energy of tbe wwct wdl be cxpcndcd dunnS
they hre been dengned wttb emtam spenfic tr,tures to the alvlnrr tbtoaqb the ,utf tone. and tbete wdl be only a
pmut them to run up on a beach ad diiw,c tbeu load gentle upnrh .nd b&tush on the beach.

1733

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FMFM 21

e
with of anf axle.
w.ve length.
Period of breakers.
Hei& of breakers.
Type of breakem.
An& .t tich ,mf strikes be&.
Numbcroflinaofbrmkem.

1734

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 FMFM 2.1

17.35

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FMFM 2-1

Fii 17.27. ~&mm showing How WavesSwing Twether

ave. 1 n&t.

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 FMFM 2.1

. Fii 17.29. 1730. and 17.31 are examples

of the throc ECIIUII typed of bmakem.

(6) Rei&m.kip Belumn Lkp;h aad Height of

Brwkiw. Wwo of modente steepness. gmented
mdeep
vster
but advancmg oe . &xl& bottom m cab,, wertber.
buk when they reach the pomt whnc tbc depth ,a ,,o
mole dun 1.3 tbnw Y cm.* .a tbcu own h&t. In shallow
ate. the pnod re- constant. but the speed ami ,e,,&
dcatvc and the form of tbc wwc b. Neu shore.
the spsd depends upon depth alone, uul therefore. the
depth M be computed if the wave period an be deter.
mmed. Fmm dais. the he& of the aeragc b&e can
bc dctctmwd. The ntm b&wccn the he@ of the brrakker
and the depth of water whew tt bm& M eonndembly
under different condamlu of wmd, e. ud cutrent.

(7) Speedof Bmkwr llle apeed ol a belkcr

depend upon the depth of bm&mg. Since the depth 01
bmkinq u daecdy r&ted to the hc&er h&t. the a@
of a bmlker depends on ,h he& onlv. for example. a
Mootb&e advances at 9.3 knots. (See ftg. 1732.)

1737

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..

---- ,_ -
, _.~< - -.

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 FMFM 2.1

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 FMFM 2-1

(b) Hi& tide. or b&b water. ia tbc mubnum

heiit reached by the twin3 tide. Low tide, or low w.ter. is
the mb,baw height readted by the f,lGng tide. Tlw differ-
cnec khvcen the level of wee, at hff tide and the led of
w.,er a, low tie known Y the tuqle of tide. Tbe
pznod of tide is the intervd of tmx from bw tide to tbc
foUowm3 low Me. 01 from b&b Ude to the next Id& tide.
Tbuc inti nomuoy average 12 houm ud 25 minute&
Abouteverf2week4lvbaLtbcmowi6Mo?flln.the (4) E/W 01 Undem&r Obrsc*r
bigbed b&h w*tcn wad the lowest low ,,a8 -. calwin
.ntmuadiyly~oftide.~dUryth(.timeue (8) A imx& .t h&h tdamay
be derinbk m
knownaaapHn3t&l.WhentbemoonbbltlvJiktor order to eve- tba dkadvanqa of L gentle &at.
th&dquute?:theM3e0ftidewinbelwudly5ulLT!d~ but the defender often may place obst.da whids .re more
durm3 tbb time arc known aa nup ttdcs. effective at hi& tie. Altbow#l the pbymul ludbl3 of
pemmwl and equipment b mo,e diintlt at low tide on a
sentas beach, undenvaer obsmde, twudly yc redtad mom
easily tt low w.ta when they UC erpord. If the beach I
wide Md 3entle. the relative merit8 of landing .t b&h or low
w,te? must be mmpual. Md the bnud of pomiblc under-
wxter ob&ada muat be bdanced ag.but the b.urd of
uos?m3 111expomd beach. Tbueforc. on0 of tbc important
CQnwdentmar b the poi&iml of the w,tedirw with reference
(2) In/-tioa Reqdmdfa AmphibhOpsmtionr. to be.& underw~ta obd.du st vwtu stagea of the tide.
la al+libii 0pemtioM. kt ia llccumy to know the tima
ofb~udfowtideuultben*yeoftlde.~~arremn (b) With respect to the be&in3 of waft ccrtatn
beatwe the rta3e of tide affect. the w&b of the be& hydro3raphic conditioru m.y be quite diiuent bter bemuse
and, tbucby. tbc type of surf. depth of w&s orerardbua oft~intidrs~or~dawhishmtybcaoucd
Mid reef& effuti?ena of Imd-t~ obstacles. slnndii SueeMfIdly at b&h water may be bartim *t low w.ta,
oflandbl3mft.wtdtbofexpoadbelcbtotn*en.Md
the lx+mwimtr for lpead ruvd 3uz to tcditate
dcbulution
(a) Foctm to Conridsr in .S&enon. Since the
day-by&y cbuacterktica of tide 011L &en be& vary. the
rlnge of tide. period of tide, and time of spat3 or UP tide
(a) flat Undenmra Cradienl. Tbe tide level are d cam&red in the aelectiw of the day mcd time w+ich
mtb reference to the hrcb gndient and its intluence on prtsent the moat r*vombfe c.mditiont for llndblg.
landing a-aft is of ntd importance. When I nltively lar3e
uds nqe occur9 on . gently dora@ be&l. the flow of
water or the spud w:th wbieh it riaw 01 descends on the
beldlmayhnpidcnougbtoatnltdludingmfton~dq
bottom before they are dde to retmet. unks tlda pomibilitr
t aladated. 1 uitial numba of luuiblg mft may be
rendered bIopentNe until the next MC of tide.

1746

c
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 FMFM 2.1

F@,e 1733. Effect of Tide on Width of Surf Zone. (At hi& ode, the beach has the character of a
steep bash wttb I -w zone. whera, I* low hde. rt rppun aa. flat haoh ntb 1 wide *ti 7.oOC.)

1741

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 .

17u

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 QMQM2-l

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they form tbc bud stru~turc commonly du.x,bed u conl.

When the linng coral dlea. the skeleton nmw studbw. m
01.1 a mef may be alwe or dud. Often. the reef
axuetutc shows no coral wuct~ed us place but is composed
largely of broken coral qmenta: .w,me hqe. dmoa
complete +&tons; some crushed into small picas: and still
then wh,ch have been gmund into cod sand. These
fmgmena !argc mnd mull. and w)me and. become cemented
to&et wth lime to form rcefmck. Altbowb cadt reef
My hare some chmetenatlcd pecldiu to rtself. nearly au
reefs have cettam fe.,wn in common. From these baste
fututcr. rctfs may be dinded into general types:

. Fringingrecb.
. B.mer reefs.
. AtoUmh.

(b) As& fmm coml nefs. there are reefs whub

arc Ionned tmm bata which have undego~ a pewbar
pmccsn of lithuicanon. and there are reefs which arc fomtcd
from the pliftmg 01 tbc v&d or lowermg Of the sn level
od l be&.

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c
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 PMFM Z-1

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 e.. NAVAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTION OF
LANDING AREA

(1) Gneml. Fmm the naval pant of new. it h

daimblc tJut the luding arca have artatn chamctemticd
in the offsbote ares. Tbesz dunctcn*cd are:

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to tin on st.tlm for the kndbtg opntom. To do this.

they mlmt ap& in the o&r in wbkh they will be
#tattoned for (he kndii. Rock& reef& and rho& can
end.n&er sbipply, and Jtbougb the tide rips and aIlreb
wLl not in tbemvlvn catut damage. they M throw ship (2) Wsatha. 7lw bazd condition of the aBloc
off co,,rs and thus came tbcm to run qxvmd or c&de pbcrt rt I puncldu time and pka vi* K& to the
mtb otbu veack. In addition. tide npa and cutten@ un tnnpmtlm ud metcomlq*ll mndi*M.
render E+rtabl areaa lmdainble for fur support tack
huur of the eamnc difficulty m muntaining I concct b. WEATHER CONSlDERATlONS IN AMPHIBIOUS
powon plot. OPERATIONS

(3) coed Holdfw CIowd in Tmwwr Area Good (1) By llworpMtln3 the wc8tbu fador into the
holdw 3rwmd fwditata the sbip.to.bore marnmnt by stnt~a,,dkcdaofknd.,u.ud.irfo,wb,uwwhere
rllowmg ship to Mint& a fned poa&m. An anchorage thCWUtbU~ybedcciirc,MU&iblou.~ldtUUbc
area which hm a bottom eompoacd of siit. loose aud. or de&e& wtb muimvm effi&ncyar.dmlnimumlouaf
oxal would rquuc that *iup nde to an .xce.wcly long Mtmd and pmoMel. TIN *arauI facto of werther
smpeofchun.vhichmunrrwrykrsawin@ng cl!=& ud affect each component of the unpbibiolu task foru m I
w&r dlaprml of bldivldlul mchomgcs. * modurtely be& different mwmer. Wlten sm conditioru we fwonble fat
b- may EI~ sewal sbipa to drq an&or fbus resdtq ,u?fue mft. 1, My be tbu cocditklu sloft se club tlut
v1 &kions. Wind baa a nohcabk rul effect on ship that arc&t cannot be employed. WXen condition9 at the s&ace .
lwe I krgc cxposd hall arc. m ho to theu wetght. such a mdaloft arc fwxabk for both sbxpa md &craft. thy may
the LST. L-SD. LPA. LHA. xd LKA. The deeper the water. well bc unfivonbls for the ehiptoabore mar-t of
the bate, the hoMing sotmd must be. In b&on of 90 kndblg aaft.
fndwma or over. only the krger ship can anchor.
(2) Tbc pmbkm of weather an it affecta the total
opentmn may be divided fnto four ategones:

(5) Shelund Anch-. In own a roadated&

slight tit ,n the wmd may bw about a halt m the
lmloadblg. one of the pnmaq naval mnsdeneona u shelter
from unfr*otable wutber ca&ion. (c) Tempemtwr The effecta of extreme
tempuature on perwmd and nutenel and QR the nature of
preei@uioa

(d) Precf&ufo,,. The effect of ex-ve patip

itation. ram or cnow. on pemonnel and materiel.

1705. WEATHER c INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON AMPHfBlOUS

OPERAllONS. Watbu futon must be mnddercd u to
I.DEFINITIONS tbdr hdlumce on every pbue of mc operation; how thcJ
affect the ten.in by chqbq the mffiabtlity of the sxl
.
(1) aimeta. The pwmlfa# or werage wutber ud#ixe.amaJmdiiudhorfogandthc~ofthe
conditiona of a pkce. aa determnwd by the tenventure and mooa aBd M dfeet viability,

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 FMPM 2.1

dnnft puked on the gmund, Operaon thm -

reqtdm a certdn mtnbmm vnnd o*er the night deck, the
,oioam, of wnd needed dependii pota the type of atnet
mdtbetypeofumnft.
(b) Wind Aloft. An tmportmt condenhon
the a,tpLoymm, of wcmft I the direction md rckcih of
wmde ,t au opnttotul akuda Depmding po the
ditectionmdforteofdlewmde.hmeoftli&twiube
affected. The y~etewc or d- m fuel 0m~lpti.m
mltetuuy affecta the payload md buluenocl the range.
ONin arus have a turbttknt att.&ere. ow yt sddch
thaelrerrete cmmcurrenb of air. frequently diratcd
ve,tiully.AnairmftwbichtXesthmughsudtanstum
buffeted about md may bc damaged structwdly. Aetkl
tecaonuMlrlcc lttd support I dhetd by wmd cmtditknn
in the upper air.
(7) Eflecer 1 HeffcoptarboM 0FedwnJ. Gmmd.
entlo~ UI the employment of hclkopterbomc faceawe the
ame aB for au opntlolw: however. mnda In ax- of 23
knot8 mult be CoMdcrrd in planning the t-bid .pPmaeh md
kndlng of hdimpters.
(8) Effect on Nuckm ad Cbemkd Opemtfuu. 6&e
the FMFM 11 senea for the rtieets of wbtda on the atwky.
ment of *emted md mdii&xd agent%
3. EFFFLTS.OF REDUCED VISIIIILITY
(1) Cm&. Reduced vi&& haa a numba of
eirects on Impbibiotu ofxraona that UC of both bmefi&l
and detnmmtd in nature. Conditions of redu& risibitity
dwmg the movement of tbc lone to the t,tqu M ate u1
ud m pmtcxtmq I, from enemy obsarati and rttuk. At
the target M. reduecd nmbdity a& offers protection. to
*me extent. fmm enemy an attack and pro&a covet iot
tbetzampo&mthetnnsFottnuubifatbc~mft
dttt%tg the +ip.toshorc movmtmt. Howeva, rcduud
~~~~~vrrscef(~intlutitd~mccH~
thenw0fdoscurmdNvdPwtf.mnlppaCudtbe
zealmcy of uttlkry au sfmttiw. nc monatent from ddp
to sbote bemmet more diftictdt due to the poibility of
kndbtq enit b*ng dekyed md not cmtinq in on .dwdtde
otevmkttding!nthewtottg~Thtrrmcd*~k
fttqumtly dictated by the tbne of the be+ntn3ofnnmua#
wttcdhvdigbt.
. Clear. Less than onc.tenth of the&y cowed.
. scortcred. Owtcnth to five.tcnthl of the ay
m c.wered.
. Bmker~ Five-tenths to mnetentbt of the sky
mverul.
. OIwrmn when more than Nne-tenltu of tbe
dry I mvacd.
(3) Eff?cc m Che Au Support Foq at w lent may
pc.mt ot r&net umct opentiow by mJang takeoffi and
Mm@ dangmxs. Alto, low iymg dot& OTfog interferes
vntb verttul visibility and. wnacqumdy. uItlttenccn the
quality of rctki photoqnphs. nconmistana of the beach
enemy diipoaitions. ud testnat the employment of arcraft
lot Floe.5support bombing and strtfq tllma.
(I, If fcg. stow. or heavy nut obslm new,
the ship proriding the pre.Dday bombardment can usually
rut on preno!Mfy touted and plotted tuwta ody. Tbe f=
cannot be delivered u effect&y under th+s condittons.
nor un nn* and prenoudy unreported tar&t8 be rudtly
latcd. Dloing the kcdinq phuc. when dup. move m to
pmnde arppxt for the kltdbtq force. the fuc support
,,omt,Uy depend, upon direct obscrration. Ihe effectivmes
of the t-we auppon. &refore. w grutly reduced. After the
&bole fue contml parties are adtote. the etppcit ship nIta
then pkec much more rebmcc on tbev spotting teama durw
these pmoda tbln dtrmg ttmunesof unlbmtcd nebility. It
may be that the nwd guntire spotter wdf - complete
conavl owr the fire8 of the Joac support dup.
(b) There are &,a when pew& of reduced
mtbility are dcsinbk for the employmmt of nsvai gmfii.
Itm,ybedetambktofue~mitdonofhuwmgnahtrcot
to execute . feint, *t wbkh time lbnited wdbility would
pmnde pmtcctiolt for the abip fmm enem, obtenahon
ami *t&t.

(2)QoudrTbc bnpokmce of cw and ule

amount of pmtection they afford dutfng m opm&ott (6) Effect of VisibtZty MI Time o/Lad&. A lonm
dcpmi prbtwiLy upon the uwwt of sky c.nww tbty ,md of d.yligbt h otdbuniy dearable for the exceyhon of

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