races son 1, , 2, , n1.

Geomtricamente, estas races representan

los n vrtices de un polgono regular de n lados, inscrito en un crculo de radio uno, con centro en el origen.
La
ecuacin de este crculo es |z| = 1 y se le suele llamar crculo unitario.
1.14 I nterpretacin ve ctorial de los nmeros complejos
Un nmero complejo z = x + iy se considera como un vector OP cuyo punto inicial se encuentra en el origen
Oy
cuyo punto final P es (x, y), como se ve en la figura 1-4. A OP = x + iy se le llama vector posicin de P. Dos
vectores
con la misma longitud o magnitud y la misma direccin pero puntos iniciales diferentes, como OP y AB en la
figura
1-4, se consideran iguales. Por tanto, se escribe OP = AB = x + iy.
x
B
A
P(x, y)
O
y
x
A
B
C
O
z2
z2
z1 + z2
z1 z1
y
Figura 1-4 Figura 1-5
La suma de nmeros complejos corresponde a la ley del paralelogramo para la suma de vectores [vea la
figura
1-5]. Por tanto, para sumar los nmeros complejos z1 y z2 se traza el paralelogramo OABC, cuyos lados OA y
OC
corresponden a z1 y z2. La diagonal OB de este paralelogramo corresponde a z1 + z2. Vea el problema 1-5.
1.15 P royeccin estereogrfica
Sea [figura 1-6] el plano complejo y considrese una esfera
A very important theorem called the fundamental theorem of algebra [to be proved in Chapter 5] states
that every polynomial equation of the form (1.9) has at least one root in the complex plane. From this we
can
show that it has in fact n complex roots, some or all of which may be identical.
If z1, z2, . . . , zn are the n roots, then (1.9) can be written
a0(z z1)(z z2) (z zn) 0 (1:10)
which is called the factored form of the polynomial equation.
1.13 The nth Roots of Unity
The solutions of the equation zn 1 where n is a positive integer are called the nth roots of unity and are
given by
z cos
2kp
n i sin
2kp
n e2kpi=n k 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1 (1:11)
If we let v cos 2p=n i sin 2p=n e2pi=n, the n roots are 1, v, v2, . . . , vn1. Geometrically, they
represent
the n vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius one with center at the
origin. This circle has the equation jzj 1 and is often called the unit circle.
1.14 Vector Interpretation of Complex Numbers
A complex number z x iy can be considered as a vector OP whose initial point is the origin O and
whose terminal point P is the point (x, y) as in Fig. 1-4. We sometimes call OP x iy the position
vector of P. Two vectors having the same length or magnitude and direction but different initial points,
such as OP and AB in Fig. 1-4, are considered equal. Hence we write OP AB x iy.
x
B
A
P(x, y)
O
y
x
A
B
C
O
z2
z2
z1 + z2
z1 z1
y
Fig. 1-4 Fig. 1-5
Addition of complex numbers corresponds to the parallelogram law for addition of vectors [see
Fig. 1-5]. Thus to add the complex numbers z1 and z2, we complete the parallelogram OABC whose
sides OA and OC correspond to z1 and z2. The diagonal OB of this parallelogram corresponds to z1 z2.
See Problem 1.5.
1.15 Stereographic Projection
Let P [Fig. 1-6] be the the complex plane and consider a sphere S tangent to P at 0. The diameter NS
is
perpendicular to P and we call points N and S the north and south poles of S. Corresponding to any
point A
on P we can construct line NA intersecting S at point A0. Thus to each point of the complex plane P
there corresponds one and only one point of the sphere S, and we can represent any complex number by
6 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers
tangente a en z = 0. El dimetro NS es perpendicular
a , y a los puntos N y S se les llama polo norte y polo sur de
A very important theorem called the fundamental theorem of algebra [to be proved in Chapter 5] states
that every polynomial equation of the form (1.9) has at least one root in the complex plane. From this we
can
show that it has in fact n complex roots, some or all of which may be identical.
If z1, z2, . . . , zn are the n roots, then (1.9) can be written
a0(z z1)(z z2) (z zn) 0 (1:10)
which is called the factored form of the polynomial equation.
1.13 The nth Roots of Unity
The solutions of the equation zn 1 where n is a positive integer are called the nth roots of unity and are
given by
z cos
2kp
n i sin
2kp
n e2kpi=n k 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1 (1:11)
If we let v cos 2p=n i sin 2p=n e2pi=n, the n roots are 1, v, v2, . . . , vn1. Geometrically, they
represent
the n vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius one with center at the
origin. This circle has the equation jzj 1 and is often called the unit circle.
1.14 Vector Interpretation of Complex Numbers
A complex number z x iy can be considered as a vector OP whose initial point is the origin O and
whose terminal point P is the point (x, y) as in Fig. 1-4. We sometimes call OP x iy the position
vector of P. Two vectors having the same length or magnitude and direction but different initial points,
such as OP and AB in Fig. 1-4, are considered equal. Hence we write OP AB x iy.
x
B
A
P(x, y)
O
y
x
A
B
C
O
z2
z2
z1 + z2
z1 z1
y
Fig. 1-4 Fig. 1-5
Addition of complex numbers corresponds to the parallelogram law for addition of vectors [see
Fig. 1-5]. Thus to add the complex numbers z1 and z2, we complete the parallelogram OABC whose
sides OA and OC correspond to z1 and z2. The diagonal OB of this parallelogram corresponds to z1 z2.
See Problem 1.5.
1.15 Stereographic Projection
Let P [Fig. 1-6] be the the complex plane and consider a sphere S tangent to P at z 0. The diameter
NS is
perpendicular to P and we call points N and S the north and south poles of S. Corresponding to any
point A
on P we can construct line NA intersecting S at point A0. Thus to each point of the complex plane P
there corresponds one and only one point of the sphere S, and we can represent any complex number by
6 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers
. Para cada punto A de puede trazarse una recta
NA que interseca a
theorem called the fundamental theorem of algebra [to be proved in Chapter 5] states
equation of the form