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Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138

www.elsevier.com/locate/solener

Theoretical assessment of the maximum power point


tracking eciency of photovoltaic facilities
with dierent converter topologies
a,*
J.M. Enrique , E. Duran a, M. Sidrach-de-Cardona b,1
, J.M. Andujar a

a
Departamento de Ingeniera Electronica, de Sistemas Informaticos y Automatica, Universidad de Huelva, Spain
b
Departamento de Fsica Aplicada, II, Universidad de Malaga, Spain

Received 16 May 2005; received in revised form 1 March 2006; accepted 15 June 2006
Available online 24 August 2006

Communicated by: Associate Editor Hansjorg Gabler

Abstract

The operating point of a photovoltaic generator that is connected to a load is determined by the intersection point of its characteristic
curves. In general, this point is not the same as the generators maximum power point. This dierence means losses in the system per-
formance. DC/DC converters together with maximum power point tracking systems (MPPT) are used to avoid these losses. Dierent
algorithms have been proposed for maximum power point tracking. Nevertheless, the choice of the conguration of the right converter
has not been studied so widely, although this choice, as demonstrated in this work, has an important inuence in the optimum perfor-
mance of the photovoltaic system. In this article, we conduct a study of the three basic topologies of DC/DC converters with resistive
load connected to photovoltaic modules. This article demonstrates that there is a limitation in the systems performance according to the
type of converter used. Two fundamental conclusions are derived from this study: (1) the buckboost DC/DC converter topology is the
only one which allows the follow-up of the PV module maximum power point regardless of temperature, irradiance and connected load
and (2) the connection of a buckboost DC/DC converter in a photovoltaic facility to the panel output could be a good practice to
improve performance.
 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Photovoltaic module; DC/DC converter; IV curve; Maximum power point tracker; Losses

1. Introduction Masoum et al., 2002). The DC/DC conversion process


implies in turn an associated eect of impedance transfor-
DC/DC converters are widely used in photovoltaic gen- mation, i.e., the input impedance shows a dependence on
erating systems as an interface between the photovoltaic a number of parameters such as load resistance, duty cycle,
panel and the load, allowing the follow-up of the maximum etc. In this sense, converters are similar to transformers
power point (MPP). Its main task is to condition the energy when they are used as impedance adaptors, except that in
generated by the array of cells following a specic control converters the adaptation parameter is not the turns ratio
strategy (Hua and Shen, 1998; Hussein et al., 1995; between the secondary and primary ones, but the duty
cycle d, which can be governed electronically (Singer,
1991; Jingquan et al., 2001; Tse et al., 2002, 2004), a fact
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 959 21 7374/7655/7671/7656; fax: that corresponds to the maximum power point tracking
+34 959 017304.
E-mail addresses: juanm.enrique@diesia.uhu.es (J.M. Enrique), msi-
system (MPPT). This eect, which is the basis of MPPT
drach@ctima.uma.es (M. Sidrach-de-Cardona). systems, also shows an odd property: certain input imped-
1
Tel.: +34 952132722/23; fax: +34 952131450. ance values can be either reached or not, depending on the

0038-092X/$ - see front matter  2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2006.06.006
32 J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138

Nomenclature

d duty cycle q electron charge (1.602 1019 coulombs)


g MPP-tracking eciency Ri input resistance
A ideality factor of PN junction RL load resistance
C capacitance RMPP maximum power point impedance
I current supplied by the photovoltaic array RP intrinsic parallel resistance
IL photo-current generated by solar radiation IS reverse saturation current
IMPP maximum power point current RS intrinsic series resistance
K Boltzmann constant (1.38 1023 J/K) T temperature
L inductance TC conmutation period
nP number of parallel-connected cells V voltage supplied by the photovoltaic array
nS number of series-connected cells VMPP maximum power point voltage
P power supplied by the photovoltaic array
PMPP power of the maximum power point

" "  . # #
type of converter used, which signicantly aects the pho- V IRS V
IRnPS
q nS nP AKT nS
tovoltaic systems performance. I nP I L  I s e 1  1
RP
MPPT is used in PV power systems to force the PV mod-
ule operating at MPP. In this way the PV module produces P I V 2
the maximum power output. For this operating point, it " "  . # #
q V P RS
nS V nP AKT
V
VP RS
overcomes the disadvantages of high initial installation costs P nP  V  I L  I s e 1 
nS nP
3
and low energy conversion eciency. Previously-used meth- RP
ods of achieving MPPT include: (1) incremental conduc-  
dP
tance (IncCond); (2) perturbation and observation (P&O); 0 4
dV MPP
(3) neural network and (4) curve-tting (Hua et al., 2003).
At present there are numerous works aimed at designing The nP and nS parameters indicate the number of cells
MPPT systems (Bahgat et al., 2004; Enslin et al., 1997; Gar- connected in parallel and in series, respectively; RP and R
ca and Alonso, 2000; Hua et al., 2003; Kitano et al., 2003; S, are the intrinsic parallel and series resistances associated
Masoum et al., 2002; Neto et al., 2000; Schilla et al., 2000; to the panel; K is the Boltzman constant (1.38 1023 J/K)
Veerachary et al., 2002, 2003; Yu et al., 2004), where the e- and q is the charge on an electron. Factor A determines the
ciency of each of them is shown and comparatives of the dif- deviation of the characteristics of an ideal pn junction,
ferent methods of MPP tracking are established under and IS is the reverse saturation current, which presents a
dierent operating conditions. However, the choice of the dependence on the panel temperature. IL represents the
appropriate DC/DC converter for the implementation of current (photo-current) generated by solar radiation (G).
both the MPPT system and its integration in the facility Such a current shows a linear relation with regard to radi-
array has not been explicitly studied, despite its aecting sig- ation and temperature.
nicantly the optimum operation of the photovoltaic system. Eq. (1) (considering the dependence of its parameters on
The aim of this work is to make a comparative of the T and G) provides the so-called IV curves of a photovol-
photovoltaic system performance using the three basic taic panel, and the multiplication result of both magnitudes
topologies of DC/DC converters and MPPT tracker, so provides the supplied power: Eqs. (2) and (3). This curve
that it may be possible to make a decision on the best con- changes depending on the incident irradiance and the cell
guration to be used. This work is divided into the follow- temperature. Each curve presents a maximum power point
ing sections: Sections 2 and 3 present some characteristics (MPP, point of coordinate VP), which provides the optimal
and properties of photovoltaic modules and DC/DC con- operation point for an ecient use of the panel (Hohm and
verters, especially as regards the input impedance that they Ropp, 2002; Hua and Shen, 1998).
present under certain operating conditions. The analysis The MPP is calculated solving Eq. (3) with the condition
and results for each conguration are shown in Sections 4 (4). This calculation is tedious and slow, since these expres-
and 5. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in Section 6. sions do not have an analytical solution, and therefore,
they have to be solved by numerical methods (i.e., New-
2. Theoretical models of solar arrays tons method). Other two important points of this curve
are the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the short-circuit cur-
A simplied exponential expression (Gow and Manning, rent (Isc). The voltage in an open circuit represents the
1999) describes the relationship between voltage (V) and maximum voltage given by the panel to a zero current
current given by a module, Eq. (1). (without load), while the short circuit current represents
J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138 33

the maximum removable current of the panel (short-circuit


load).
There are other models of photovoltaic generators
(PVG) apart from the one mentioned above. Akbaba and
Alataawi (1995) proposed a simple model which is named
the Akbaba model (Akbaba et al., 1998). Its accuracy, ex-
ibility and simplicity are demonstrated by comparing this
model with the traditional diode junction model for a
PVG whose parameters are given in Appelbaum (1986).
But the existing version of the Akbaba model is not com-
plete, since the values of its model parameters are solar radi- Fig. 1. Panelconverter connection.
ation-dependent and they need to be evaluated at each solar
radiation level. This adds additional computational burden Table 1
Ri values for converters in Fig. 4
and hence full advantage of the model cannot be utilized.
In this work, we use the model described in Eq. (1) in Converter Kcrit Ri (CCM) Ri(DCM)
RL  q2
order to implement the theoretic model used in the Buck 1d d2 RL
4  1 1 4K=d2
simulation.
Boost d(1  d)2 RL (1  d)2 4RL
p
1 14d =K2
2

3. DC/DC converters as variable resistance emulators Buckboost (1  d) 2 RL 1d2 KRL


d2 d2
2L
With K RL eqv
TC DCM happens for K 6 Kcrit
DC/DC converters are used in applications where an
average output voltage is required, which can be higher or
lower than the input voltage. This is achieved by governing If K value is lower than or equal to another one called
the times in which the converters main switch conducts or Kcrit, the converter will operate in DCM. Conversely, if K
does not conduct (PWM technique) usually to a constant fre- exceeds the value of Kcrit, the converter will operate in
quency. The ratio of the time interval in which the switch is CCM. As observed in Table 1, the value of Kcrit is dierent
on (TON) to the commutation period (TC) is called duty cycle for each type of converter.
(d) of the converter. Both in the continuous conduction Fig. 2 shows the three basic converters which provide
operational mode (CCM)2 and the discontinuous conduc- the dierent conversion ratios given in Table 1, together
tion mode (DCM),3 the three basic converter topologies with a graphic representation of the input resistance
can be compared to a continuous current transformer, reected according to the duty cycle d for CCM (Andujar
where the transformation ratio can be electronically con- et al., 2004; Enrique et al., 2005).
trolled varying the converters duty cycle d in the range [0, 1].
Fig. 1 shows the diagram of a solar panel connected to a 4. Theoretic analysis
DC/DC converter, where the resistance shown at the con-
verters input is represented by Ri (RL is the converters Fig. 3 shows the IV curve for a given module connected
load resistance). In relation to the photovoltaic module, to a converter. Let us take any curve point, for example A.
the converter is its Ri value load resistance. Assuming con- The photovoltaic module will operate in A provided that
verters without losses, the ratio of input resistance to load the output voltage and current match the voltage and
resistance is shown in Table 1, both for CCM and DCM current of point A (VA, IA). Thus, we will call the quotient
(Tse et al., 2002). VA/IA impedance of the operating point A (RiA).
The converters operational mode is dened by the con- Assume that B is the maximum power point, therefore
stant K given in (5), where Leqv is the inductance equivalent RiB = RMPP = VMPP/IMP. The system will then operate at
to the converter, RL its load resistance and TC the commu- the maximum power point (MPP) provided that Ri =
tation period (reverse to the operating frequency). RiB = RMPP. In general terms, a maximum power point
2Leqv tracking system tries to vary impedance at the photovoltaic
K 5 module output (Ri) in order to take it to the RMPP value.
RL T C
As has been mentioned above, the IV curve of a photovo-
ltaic module varies according to the incidental temperature
and radiation, so VMPP, IMPP and RMPP will vary depend-
2
CCM (Continuous Conduction Mode): DC/DC converter operational ing on how these variables do.
mode, where the current intensity that circulates through the inductance of
that converter is not cancelled out at any interval of the TC commutation 4.1. Analysis of the module-buck converter-load
period. conguration
3
DCM (DCM, Discontinuous Conduction Mode): DC/DC converter
operational mode, where the current intensity that circulates through the
inductance of that converter is cancelled out during an interval of the TC The following expressions are deduced from Table 1 for
commutation period. the buck converter:
34 J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138

Fig. 2. DC/DC converters commonly used and their input resistance. (a) Buck Converter; (b) boost converter; (c) buckboost converter; (d) input
resistance versus d in CCM; (e) input resistance versus d in CCM and (f) input resistance versus d in CCM.

r!2
RL 4K
Ri-DCM  1 1 2 P RL 9
4 d
r!2
RL 4K
lim Ri-DCM lim  1 1 2 10
d!1 d!1 4 d
In DCM K 6 K crit 1  d, then:
0 s12
RL @ 41  dA
lim Ri-DCM 6 lim  1 1 RL 11
d!1 d!1 4 d2
Fig. 3. Location of the operation point of a photovoltaic module. From (9) and (11) we have:
RL
lim Ri-CCM lim 1 6 lim Ri-DCM RL 12
d!0 d!0d2 d!1
RL Being the expressions of Ri continuous in d, for a scan-
lim Ri-CCM lim 2 RL 7
d!1 d!1 d ning of the converters duty cycle d 2 [0,1], Ri takes values
r!2 that belong to the interval [RL,1), being RL the load resis-
RL 4K
lim Ri-DCM lim  1 1 2 1 8 tance. If RMPP does not belong to the set of values allowed
d!0 d!0 4 d for Ri, the capture of MPP will not be possible, thus
J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138 35

Fig. 4. Chart of MPP tracking with buck DC/DC converter. Fig. 5. Chart of MPP tracking with boost DC/DC converter.

there is an inversion of zones with respect to the buck con-


dening a non-capture zone for RL > RMPP values.
verter. Fig. 5 shows this eect. The impedance at the input
Fig. 4 shows the eect graphically. The impedance at the
of a boost converter is always a lessened version in a factor
input of a buck converter is always a version scaled by a
lower than or equal to 1 (see Table 1) of the impedance
factor greater than or equal to 1 (see Table 1) of the imped-
connected to its output (RL in our case). Therefore, the
ance connected to its output (in our case RL). Therefore,
MPP capture will only be possible for RL P RMPP values.
the MPP capture will only be possible for RL 6 RMPP
values.
4.3. Analysis of the module-buck/boost converter-load
conguration
4.2. Analysis of the module-boost converter-load
conguration
The following expressions are deduced from Table 1 for
the buckboost converter:
The following expressions are deduced from Table 1 for
the boost converter: RL  1  d 2
lim Ri-CCM lim 1 18
lim Ri-CCM lim RL  1  d RL
2
13 d!0 d!0 d2
d!0 d!0
RL  1  d 2
lim Ri-CCM lim RL  1  d2 0 14 lim Ri-CCM lim 0 19
d!1 d!1
d!1 d!1 d2
4  RL K  RL
lim Ri-DCM lim  lim Ri-DCM lim 1 20
d!0 d!0 q2 RL 15 d!0 d!0 d2
2
1 1 4dK K  RL
lim Ri-DCM lim 21
d!1 d!1 d2
4  RL
lim Ri-DCM lim  q2 16 In DCM K 6 Kcrit, therefore K 6 (1  d)2. Taking this
d!1 d!1 2
1 1 4dK condition in Eq. (21) into account, it is deduced that:
2
K crit  RL 1  d  RL
In DCM K 6 Kcrit, therefore K 6 d(1  d)2. Taking this lim Ri-DCM 6 lim 2
lim 0 22
condition in Eq. (16) into account, it is deduced that:
d!1 d!1 d d!1 d2
4  RL Given that Ri-DCM cannot be negative, it is clear that the
lim Ri-DCM 6 lim  q2 limit, when d ! 1, matches Ri-DCM = 0. For this congura-
d!1 d!1 2
1 1 K4dcrit tion, in accordance with the results from (18)(22), and
knowing that Ri is a continuous function in d, a scanning
4  RL of the duty cycle, d 2 [0, 1], allows all values of Ri, i.e., Ri
lim  2 0
q 17
d!1
1 1 d1d 4d2
2
can take any value between 0 and 1. Consequently, the
imposed restrictions for the two previous converter topolo-
Given that Ri-DCM cannot be negative, it is clear that, gies do not aect the buckboost converter, and therefore
when d ! 1, the limit matches Ri-DCM = 0. Being the there is not non capture zone. Fig. 6 shows this eect.
expressions of Ri continuous in d, both for CCM and This allows the photovoltaic solar facility to achieve the
DCM, it is deduced that Ri can only be at the interval MPP regardless of the value of RL, thus obtaining a higher
[0, RL]. The maximum power point tracking system will power point tracking eciency.
modify the value of Ri, trying to get Ri = RMPP. However,
this will not be possible if RMPP does not belong to the set 5. Examples
of values allowed for Ri, that is, the system will not reach
the MPP if RL<RMPP. The behaviour is clearly opposite To support the theoretic results analysed in the previous
to that mentioned in the previous section, and therefore section, we have simulated four photovoltaic systems
36 J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138

Fig. 6. Chart of MPP tracking with buckboost DC/DC converter. Note


that this converter allows MPP tracking in both directions.

Fig. 7. Temperature and irradiation values for a clear day in Malaga


(using MATLAB). Three systems use a DC/DC converter (Spain).
(each one of a dierent type) with MPP tracking system,
and a fourth one uses a direct connection photovoltaic
module-load. Experimental values of cell temperature and Table 2
Photovoltaic module SX60 parameters
global irradiation corresponding to a clear day have been
used as input metereological data. A = 1.2 Ideality factor of PN junction
Eg = 1.12 eV Band gap energy
The aim is to evaluate the MPP-tracking eciency of
np = 1 Number of parallel-connected modules
each of the systems, calculated according to expression ns = 36 Number of series-connected cells
(23): Pmax = 60 W Maximum power at standard conditionsa
Rt Vmax = 16.8 V Voltage at the maximum power point
P inst t  dt Imax = 3.56 A Current at the maximum power point
g R t0 23
P t  dt NOTC = 47 C Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
0 MPP
Isc = 3.87 A Short-circuit current at standard conditions
where Pinst is the instantaneous power in the operating Voc = 21.06 V Open circuit voltage at standard conditions
point of the system and PMPP is the available power at kv =  80 mV/C Voc temperature coecient
ki = 0.065%/C Isc temperature coecient
the photovoltaic module maximum power point under a gi-
a
ven cell temperature and irradiance (Hohm and Ropp, Standard conditions: 25 C and 1000 W/m2.
2002). Given that according to (23) MPP-tracking e-
ciency is the quotient between the areas under each curve, dierent from RMPP, in our analysis we have dierentiated
the closer the real curve to the PMPP(t) trajectory, the better between loads higher and lower than average RMPP (specif-
eciency. ically, 5 X and 20 X).
The meteorological data used for the study have been Due to its simple and easy implementation, the maxi-
measured in the laboratory of photovoltaic systems of mum power point tracking in this work was made on the
the University of Malaga (Spain).The measure of the cell basis of the well-known method Perturbation and Obser-
temperature was carried out by means of a PT100 coupled
to the later face of the module. The incident global irradi-
ation has been measured by means of a reference solar cell
installed in the same plane that the photovoltaic module.
Both signals were taken from the weather station with
one minute intervals from the data acquisition system,
Hydra (Fluke). The measured values for the day 3rd of
October of 2002 are shown in Fig. 7. The SX60 (BP)
model was selected as photovoltaic generator for the simu-
lation. Table 2 shows its parameters.
Fig. 8 shows the calculated trajectories of VMPP, and
IMPP, for the cited day for the SX60 module. It can be
observed that the IMPP is directly proportional to the inci-
dent irradiance while the VMPP varies depending on the cell
temperature. The variation of the impedance in the maxi-
mum power point, RMPP, throughout the day is shown in
Fig. 9. In this case, we obtained a daily average RMPP value
of 9 X. To guarantee the achievement of information on Fig. 8. Maximum power point voltage VMPP(t) and current IMPP(t)
the systems behaviour when it operates with resistive loads trajectories for the SX60 (BP) module for a clear day in Malaga (Spain).
J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138 37

Fig. 9. Maximum power point impedance trajectory RMPP(t) for the Fig. 11. Maximum power point power trajectory PMPP(t) and power
SX60 (BP) module for a clear day in Malaga (Spain). supplied P(t) to the 5 X and 20 X loads, with buck converter between the
photovoltaic module and the load.

Fig. 10. Maximum power point power trajectory PMPP(t) and power Fig. 12. Maximum power point power trajectory PMPP(t) and power
supplied P(t) to the 5 X and 20 X loads, without DC/DC converter supplied P(t) to the 5 X and 20 X loads, with boost converter between the
between the photovoltaic module and the load. photovoltaic module and the load.

vation P&O (Hohm and Ropp, 2002; Hua and Shen, Finally, when a buckboost converter is used the
1998; Hussein et al., 1995). PMPP(t) and P(t) trajectories are graphically equal, with
Fig. 10 shows the trajectories of the power supplied by the values of 0.999 for the MPP-tracking eciency. Ri can take
load and the MPP power for the two dierent values of RL. any value with this converter. This allows the photovoltaic
It is observed that when the panel is directly connected to the solar system to reach the MPP regardless of the existing
resistive load, without inserting any DC/DC converter, the irradiation level and RL, achieving a higher MPP-tracking
system will only operate at the maximum power point when eciency. Note that the MPP can be tracked for any RL
RMPP and RL match (see Fig. 9). If a buck converter is value, regardless of its relationship with RMPP.
inserted between the panel and the load (Fig. 11), we can In Table 3, a comparative of the MPP-tracking e-
observe that the system is only able to follow the maximum ciency provided by each of the congurations for the con-
power point for not very high irradiation values (depending cerned day of study is given. Observe that in all cases, the
on RL), i.e., when the maximum power point impedance
RMPP is relatively high. At maximum solar irradiation Table 3
hours, RMPP reaches its minimum values, and so the system MPP-tracking eciency obtained for each DCDC converter congura-
is unable to achieve the MPP. This is even more evident that tion and load
the higher RL is in relation to RMPP. When it is used a boost Load Without Buck Boost Buckboost
converter, (Fig. 12), the system is able to reach the maximum converter converter converter converter
(%) (%) (%) (%)
power point only at maximum irradiation hours (low
RMPP), with a remarkable loss of MPP-tracking eciency RL = 5 X 88.5 97.2 91.2 99.9
RL = 20 X 40.2 40.3 99.7 99.9
at the initial and nal hours of the day.
38 J.M. Enrique et al. / Solar Energy 81 (2007) 3138

conguration with buckboost converter is the one that photovoltaic module by neural networks. Renew. Energy 29 (3), 443
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