Professional Documents
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ON
OF
This is to certified that major project entitled Effect of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate &
Coarse Aggregate by Waste Glass and Waste Ceramic Tiles embodies the original work carried
out by Ms. Meenakshi Thakur, Nirmla Devi, Jomde Bogo, Chander Prakash, Rahul Kumar, Anoop
Kumar, Ankush Thakur and Suryakant Negi, B.Tech Civil (VIII Semester) under my supervision and
guidance. It is being submitted by them in partial fulfilment for the requirement of Bachelors
Degree in Engineering and Technology of this institute.
Supervisor
We owe many thanks to many people who helped and supported us during this project.
We are grateful to our Supervisor Prof. Arun Goyal for his guidance and overall supervision. He
had go through the project and made necessary corrections when needed.
We express our special thanks to Dr. Gulshan Kumar, Director Of Himalayan Institute of
Engineering and Technology Kala-Amb for extending his support.
Our deepest gratitude to all the staff, lab assistants and teachers for their support and informatory
guidance.
Last but not least, this work would have certainly been a distant reality without the moral and
financial support of our families.
In this venture, we are using the Waste Glass (WG) and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) in the creation
of M30 review concrete. The Waste Glass (WG) and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) are utilized as
building material by supplanting (by some %age) the regular sand and totals separately.
An exploratory examination was completed on concrete containing waste glass and waste ceramic
tiles in the range 0%, 25%, half and 75% by weight of natural aggregate for M30 review concrete.
Concrete was tried for workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength. These tests were
done on standard specimens for 7 and 28 days to decide the properties of concrete. In this venture,
we likewise analyzed the quality (compressive and split tensile strength) of the regular concrete to
the concrete with replacement of sand and aggregates. The point of this venture is successful usage
of Waste Glass (WG) and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) as fine total and coarse totals will transform
this waste material into an important asset and to know the conduct and mechanical properties of the
solid for its eco-accommodating and practical utilize.
Certificate 1
Acknowledgement 2
Abstract 3
Table of Contents 4
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter-3
MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter-4
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Chapter-5
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It consists of cement,
sand and aggregate (e.g., gravel or crushed rock) mixed with water. The cement and water
form a paste or gel which coats the sand and aggregate. When the cement has chemically
reacted with the water (hydrated), it hardens and binds the whole mix together. The initial
hardening reaction usually occurs within a few hours. It takes some weeks for concrete to
reach full hardness and strength. Concrete can continue to harden and gain strength over
many years.
Types of Concrete:-
There are various types of concrete used in construction projects. These are:-
1) Regular Concrete
2) High Strength Concrete
3) Self -Compacting Concrete
4) Reinforced Concrete
In this project, experimental investigation can be carried out on concrete to investigate the
effect of waste glass and waste ceramic tiles as partial replacement of fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate respectively on mechanical properties of concrete such as strength,
workability, etc. of ordinary concrete.
Concrete consists of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. In this project, we have
replaced fine aggregates and coarse aggregates by waste glass and waste ceramic tiles. We
have following constituents to make M30 concrete:-
A. Cement
B. Aggregates
C. Waste Glass (WG)
D. Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT)
B. Aggregates:-
Fine Aggregates:-
The fractions ranging from 4.75mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river
sand as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS:383 is used for the concrete mix.
Sand is screened to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.
Coarse Aggregates:-
The fraction ranging from 20mm to 4.75mm are used as coarse aggregate. The coarse
aggregates from crushed basalt rock, conforming to IS:383 is being used.
C. Waste Glass(WG):-
Glass is a transparent material produced by melting a mixture of materials such as silica ,
soda ash and CaCO3 at high temperature followed by cooling where solidification occurs
without crystallization. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such
as sheet glass, bottles, glassware and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling.
The use of recycling glass saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass recycling
speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its
significant contributions is the construction field where the waste glass was reused for
concrete production. The application of glass in architectural concrete still needs
improvement. Several study have shown that waste glass that is crushed and screened is a
strong, safe and economical alternative to sand used in concrete. During the last decade, it has
been recognized that sheet glass waste is of large volume and is increasing year by year in the
shops, construction areas and factories.
CHAPTER-2
TOMAS U. GANIRON JR (2013) This experiment study aimed to design a concrete with
recycled bottles as an alternative fine aggregates for housing projects that will meet the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) requirements in order to help contribute
to the industry in saving the experiment , to encourage the government to find solutions
regarding the disposal to landfills of waste materials and provide new knowledge to the
contractors and developers on how to improve the construction industry methods and services
by using recycled bottles, and to sustain good product performance and meet recycling goals.
A conventional concrete products was compared to concrete with recycled bottles of the same
properties. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the laboratory where
precise data were gathered and completely attained.
Ankita V. Ahire1, Leena D. Pawar2, Ravindra N. Patil3 (2016) From the last few years
various researchers had done work in concreting and invent various techniques and methods
to produce concrete which has desired properties. Concrete is one of the most vital material
used in the construction field. The current area of research in the concrete was introducing
waste foundry sand (WSF) and waste ceramic tiles in the ordinary concrete. Waste foundry
sand is the byproduct of metal casting industries, which causes environmental problems
because of its improper disposal. Construction industries requires huge amount of ceramic
tiles and others ceramic for architectural appearance, the production of which are drastically
increased, due to this waste is also produce during handling and usage of ceramic tiles. Thus,
its usage in building material, construction and in other fields is essential for reduction of
environmental problem. This research was carried out to produce an eco-friendly concrete.
This paper recommends the effective use of waste foundry sand as partial replacement for
fine aggregate and waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in
concrete. Ingredients for concrete are cement, coarse aggregate, waste ceramic tiles, fine
aggregate and waste foundry sand. An experimental investigation was carried out on concrete
containing waste foundry sand and waste ceramic tiles in the range 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40% by weight for M25 grade concrete. Concrete was produced, tested and compared with
conventional concrete in plastic state as well as in harden state for workability, compressive
strength & split strength. These tests were carried out on standard cube, cylinder for 7 and 28
S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal (November 2012) Glass is widely used
in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and
vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass helps in
energy saving. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections on the use
of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is to
the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The
application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improvement. Laboratory
experiments were conducted to further explore the use of waste glass as coarse and fine
aggregates for both ASR (Alkali-Silica-Reaction) alleviation as well as the decorative
purpose in concrete. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine
aggregate replacement (up to 40%) without substantial change in strength.
K.Rubini, Liya Sara Joy, Sanjana (March 2016) The experimental study reported in this
paper deals with the performance of concrete containing crushed glass material as partial
substitution for natural sand. In this project, natural sand is partially replaced by 5%, 8%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of crushed glass material. The compression tests and split tensile
tests are carried out on cubes and cylinders of conventional cement concrete and designed
concrete for 7, 14 and 28 days. The results for designed concrete and conventional concrete
are obtained and compared to determine the optimum value for the replacement of natural
sand in cement concrete. This experimental study deals with prevention of environmental
degradation, economic profits, development in strength and also enhances durability
characteristics. As a sustainable solution to glass storage, its a potential way to reuse the
glass in concrete.
Punit Malik, Jatin Malhotra, Arjun Verma, Piyush bhardwaj , Akhil Dhoundiyal and
Nitin Yadav (2014) Due to the increasing demand of construction material and degradation
of environment, there is need to explore alternative construction material from industrial as
well as household waste and recyclable materials. Ceramic tiles are often dumped as waste
material after it becomes useless. But it can e recycled and can be used as a construction
Building materials:-
A. Cement
In this project, we have used Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade was used. Its specific
gravity is 3.15. In this work, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of Birla (43 grade) brand
obtained from a single batches was used. The cement satisfies the requirement of IS: 8112-
1989. The specific gravity was 2.96 and fineness was 2800 cm2/g. (as reference to J. Acad.
Indus. Res. Vol. 1(6) November 2012).
B. Aggregates:-
Aggregates are classified in two categories as follow :
Fine Aggregates:-
The fractions ranging from 4.75mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river
sand as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS:383 is used for the concrete mix.
Sand is screened to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.
Coarse Aggregates:-
The fraction ranging from 20mm to 4.75mm are used as coarse aggregate. The coarse
aggregates from crushed basalt rock, conforming to IS:383 is being used.
The physical properties of aggregates are shown in table 2 below:-
P ICTURE 3:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE SIEVED WASTE GLASS P OWDER (WG)
Concrete mix proportion for M30 grade concrete is tabulated in the table 4 below:-
Table5. Modified Mix Proportion for Replacement of Fine Aggregate by WG and Coarse
Aggregate by WCT
C = Cement, FA= Fine Aggregates, CA= Coarse Aggregate, WG= Waste Glass, WCT=
Waste Ceramic Tiles
The mixture is made up for individual specimens. All the building materials are hand mixed
(according to the proportion as per the design mix). No mechanical mixture is used for the
mixing of the materials.
P ICTURE 5:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE HAND MIXING OF THE BUILDING MATERIALS
P ICTURE 6:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE CASTING AND TEMPERING OF THE MATERIAL IN THE
MOULD
Keeping in mind the gap in research area, the objective of this study was to determine the
strength of concrete containing Waste Glass (WG) as partial replacement of fine aggregates
and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) as partial replacement of coarse aggregates. For this
purpose, different tests on harden concrete were conducted at the age of 7 and 28 days like
compressive strength on 150mm X 150mm X 150mm size cube and splitting tensile strength
on 150mm X 300mm size cylinder. The cubic and cylindrical specimens are shown in picture
PICTURE 9:- PICTURE SHOWS THE CASTED CUBIC SPECIMEN AND HARDEN
CYINDERICAL SPECIMEN
In this project, total 16 number of specimen were tested. Results for the compressive strength
and split tensile strength are tabulated as below:-
A. Compressive strength:-
Compressive strength tests were performed on cube samples of size 150mm X 150mm X
150mm using compression testing machine. The samples were tested with compressive
strength values tabulated in table6 below:
1 0 A
2 25 B
3 50 C
4 75 D
Splitting tensile strength tests were performed on flexural testing macine using cylindrical
samples of size 150mm X 300mm. The samples were tested with the tensile strength values
tabulated in table7 below:-
1 0 A
2 25 B
3 50 C
4 75 D
C. Workability :-
Workability is most important regarding the flow of concrete. As coarse aggregates are
replaced by Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) absorbs water because of pours surface. Waste
Ceramic Tiles (WCT) gives an advantage here due to its one polished surface and hence
absorbs less water content as compared to coarse aggregates therefore provide more workable
concrete.
1 0
2 25
3 50
4 75
Properties of concrete using Waste Glass (WC) and Waste Ceramic Tiles.
It is also found that split tensile strength increases with the increase in percentage of
waste glass and ceramic tiles.
As Waste Glass is waste from the industries, construction sites and other places and waste
ceramic tiles is a waste from construction industries, therefore, both can be effectively
used in concrete mix. Hence its an eco-friendly construction material.
By using the waste glass and waste ceramic tiles, problems like safely disposal are
reduced.
The use of powdered waste glass as an alternative of fine aggregates for concrete mix
decreases the water-cement ratio depending on the amount present in the mixure.
The use of waste glass powder as fine aggregate decreases the unit weight of concrete.
The use waste glass powder as an alternative for the fine aggregates is not recommended
for the structural members such as columns, beams and suspended slabs.
The use of waste glass as an alternative of fine aggregates decreases the amount of
material cost for concrete.
It is found that compressive strength of concrete mix increase with the increase in
percentage of waste glass and waste ceramic tiles as compared to regular concrete.
Workability of concrete mix also increases with the increase in percentage of waste glass
and waste ceramic tiles as compared to regular concrete.