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MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF HYGIENE

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

TITLE
ADEQUATE TO LATRINE AND PROPER USE OF LATRINE AT IPAGALA, DODOMA
APRIL 2017 JULY 2017

AUTHOR: GILBERTH E, MOSHI


REG. NO: 2014-02-08117
COURSE: EHS

SUPERVISOR: MR MATHIAS MUHOCHI


MY DECLARATION

This proposal is my original work and has not been presented in any other university.
Signature
.. DATE

NAME: GILBERTH E MOSHI


REG: 2014-02-08117
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................... i
LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA.................................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Project rationale...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Research questions ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5.1 BROAD OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Significance of the study ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 7
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ................................................................................................................ 7
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 Research design ............................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 Data collection methods ................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Sampling technique .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Study population ............................................................................................................................... 7
3.4 BUDGET ................................................................................................................................................... 8
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 9
ABSTRACT

Adequate to latrine and proper use of latrine is the major measurement of hygiene. Having
latrines and proper use of them is important and health character in hygiene and environmental
protection. During old days people were not having education on how diseases transmitted and
sprayed from one person to another or from one area to another, they were defecate randomly in
bushes. According to that ignorance a lot of people where infected and dying with communicable
diseases. World record show that in 2015, 68% of world population had to improved sanitation
facilities including flush toilets and covered latrines, compared with 54%in 1990. Now days
about 2.4 billion of world populations do not have access to basic sanitation facilities such as
toilet or latrines. The objective of this study was to assess the adequate latrines and proper use of
latrines in the Dodoma region. By conducting an assessment one can determine adequate latrines
and proper use of latrine coverage and identify adequate latrines and proper use of latrines
problems in the village and then propose solutions to adequate latrines and proper use of latrines
coverage adequate latrine coverage is defined as the percentage of the population with access to
proper latrines and proper use of them at all the time.
MAIN OBJECTIVE: Main aim to diagnose how improved latrine influence health environment
of communities compare to unimproved latrines and finally to ensure that planned public health
programs are based on the outcome measures of assessment to improve public health.
LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
Dodoma rural district is located as among of six districts found in Dodoma the central part of
Tanzania. According to 2012 Tanzanian National Census, the population of Dodoma urban
district 410,956. The district lies between the latitudes of 630 to 80 of south of the Equator
and between the longitudes of 3530 to 370E of East of the Greenwich Meridian. The altitude
of the district lies between 1200 m and 1400 m above the sea level. The average rainfall is 500-
800 mm and the maximum temperature is 31C, with the minimum 18C .The district made up 8
divisions, 37 wards and 128 villages covering an area of 2,607.6km2-157.6inh./km2
Ipagala ward as a study area; is among of wards found in Dodoma rural district, it has a total
population of 18,146 areas of 14.8km2. The ward is located 12 km south of Dodoma
municipality.
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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers to introduce the Background of the study, statement of the problem,
general objective, research objective, research questions, significant of the study and scope
of the study. This chapter explains the Introduction, Significant of sanitation and hygiene and
challenges, and methods of elaborate those challenges related to poor latrines and proper use
of latrines.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Hygienic sanitation facilities are crucial for public health. Since 1990, the number of people
gaining access to improved sanitation has risen from 54% to 68% but some 2.4 billion people
still do not have toilets or covered latrines.

In 2010, the UN General Assembly recognized access to safe and clean drinking-water and
sanitation as a human right, and called for international efforts to help countries to provide safe,
clean, accessible and affordable drinking-water and sanitation.

Despite progress, the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target to halve the proportion of the
population without access to improved sanitation facilities was missed by almost 700 million
people.

In 2015, 68% of the worlds population had access to improved sanitation facilities
including flush toilets and covered latrines, compared with 54% in 1990.
Nearly one third of the current global population has gained access to an improved
sanitation facility since 1990, a total of 2.1 billion people.
2.4 billion people still do not have basic sanitation facilities such as toilets or latrines.
Of these, 946 million still defecate in the open, for example in street gutters, behind
bushes or into open bodies of water.
The proportion of people practising open defecation globally has fallen almost by half,
from 24%to 13%.
At least 10% of the worlds population is thought to consume food irrigated by
wastewater.
Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery,
hepatitis A, typhoid and polio.
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Inadequate sanitation is estimated to cause 280 000 diarrhoeal deaths annually and is a
major factor in several neglected tropical diseases, including intestinal worms,
schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Poor sanitation also contributes to malnutrition.

. There is no standard blueprint for a sustainable and effective improved latrines project. Each
situation needs a coordinated approach by all of the stakeholders to ensure that the installation
reflects the true demands of all sections of society. Discovering these demands can involve a lot
of preparatory time and effort, which has not always been provided in the past.

Many committed professionals have been sharing experiences and developing common concepts
and principles which can be used to guide the process of planning, implementing, and
maintaining latrines improvements. That collective expertise provides a basis for optimism that
concerted efforts in the early years of the new millennium can make a major impact on the
current depressing situation in so many countries.

1.2 Problem statement


Adequate latrines and proper use of latrines is still a major problem in our urban and peri urban
areas Tanzania.
Up to one third of deaths in children under-five years in Tanzania are related to poor hygiene.
This includes nearly 20 percent of under-five deaths due to preventable diarrhea totaling nearly
five children every hour, as well as deaths among newborns and due to respiratory illness

1.3 Project rationale

Latrines are important tool in hygiene. Even though not all latrines are acceptable for use as
toilets. Unimproved latrines can cause numerous diseases and untimely death. Living health life
without access to latrines and proper use of them is impossible.
Here in Tanzania, there is numerous enough area to build adequate improved latrines to every
household. Despite of being among the countries which have best implemented the Millennium
Development Goals, Tanzania is still experiencing dramatic scarcity of improved latrines in rural
areas. Politics have been ruling and deciding about on everything with no political will of
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alleviating poverty especially in rural areas. Political leaders contest for various positions then
after winning they continue with their own business. Corruption exuberate this problem.
The central regions of Tanzania such as Dodoma, Singida, Tabora and Shinyanga are in semi-
arid area, hence they are good examples of the areas which experiences water shortage in great
magnitude. One of the great challenges in solving this problem is weak or an adequate
investment in the sector. There is no big water project invested which can serve large population
like three regions. Therefore, Ipagala Ward in Dodoma is sampled by this study to represent the
area with excessive shortage of water in the country.

1.4 Research questions


The study will answer the following questions.

1.What are the initiatives the community itself has embarked upon to improve their
sanitation?

2.What are the local resources available within the community to improve sanitation?

3.What do community members consider unsanitary or unhygienic practices?

1.5 objectives
1.5.1 BROAD OBJECTIVES

Main aim to diagnose the environmental sanitation needs of communities to


ensure that planned public health programs are based on the outcome measures of
assessment
Action plan will focus on advocacy, education, communication and practical
interventions but the exact components will depend on our assessment within the
capacity of the communities

1.5.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Is to reduce the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking


water and basic sanitation.
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1.6 Significance of the study

Adequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are all essential ingredient to ensure human
health. The same is true for proper waste water management, which is basic prerequisite for
environmental health. Improving upon these services will bring economic gains while also
helping to build resilience given increasing climate variability. The worlds drinking water
situation is improving however there is still cause for concern. In 2012 it was reported that
international community has reached the development goal (MDG) target to halve the proportion
of people lacking access to self-drinking water 3 years before 2015 deadline, while this is
welcome achievement there is important caveats. The proxy indicate used to measure progress
towards this target is access to an improved drinking water source this indicator has limited
meaning since it does not represent a reliable measure
There are tremendous economic games that can be realize with improved drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene. The WHO estimate that for every us dollar invested in improved drinking
water sanitation there is economic return of 4 us dollar resulting from health and productivity
gain. It is estimated that the benefit of achieving universe access to improving sanitation would
outweigh costs at leastfivefold, and for improved drinking water at least two fold with a
minimum combined economic benefit of over 220 billion us dollars annual.
The burden of water related disease curtail effort to improve public health in developing world.
Diarrhea most often related to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene
is one of the leading cause of death among children under age of 5. It kills more children than
malaria or HIV/AIDS. The WHO estimate that exposure to inadequate drinking water sanitation
and hand hygiene was responsible for 58%of death from diarrhea , adding up to 840,000 death in
Low and middle income country, in 2012. This translate into 1.5% of the global disease burden,
even 5.5% for children under 5.
There is growing that repeatedly exposure to unsafe drinking water, and in adequate hygiene has
significant impact on stunting. This comes about as a result of intestine worm infections, diarrhea
diseases and environmental enteropathy which lead to poor nutritional status. Cholera is also
transmitted via contaminated water. The cholera epidemic in haiti has killed more than 8500
people since 2010.
Taking all the above into account, water ,sanitation (including waste water) and hygiene must be
given greater priority in health community, which presently put too much focus on curative
approaches, in their paper (hygiene,sanitation,water)

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS


SANITATION- is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human
contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage
or wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical
agents of disease.
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EXCRETA- is a waste type usually used to refer to byproducts of digestion, such


as feces and urine. There are many different ways in which human waste can be
collected, treated and disposed or reused, depending on the sanitation system that is in
place, e.g. starting with the type of toilet that is being used.
HYGIENE- is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that
help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.
FECES- Feces or faeces (British and Latin) are the solid or semisolid metabolic
waste from an animal's digestive tract, discharged through the anus or cloaca during a
process called defecation. Urine and feces together are called excreta.
INFECTION- is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents,
their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and
the toxins they produce.[1][2] Infectious disease, also known as transmissible
disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
DISEASES- is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function n,
that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which
includes the causal study of etiology. Disease is often construed as a medical
condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.
ENVIRONMENT- is living things and what is around them.. It can be living or non-
living things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things do not
simply exist in their environment. They constantly interact with it.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE- is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates
physical, biological and information
sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, mineralogy,
oceanology, limnology, soilscience, geology, atmospheric science, and geodesy) to the
study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
PUBLIC HEALTH- refers to "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life
and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."[1] It is concerned with
threats to health based on population health analysis.
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CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW


Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania is characterized by decreasing access to improved water
sources in the 2000s (especially in urban areas), steady access to some form of sanitation (around
93% since the 1990s), intermittent water supply and generally low quality of service. Many
utilities are barely able to cover their operation and maintenance costs through revenues due to
low tariffs and poor efficiency. There are significant regional differences and the best performing
utilities are Arusha and Tanga.
23 million people in Tanzania do not have access to safe water. Typically, women and
children spend over two hours a day collecting water, and up to seven hours in remote
areas. Access to toilets is even lower at around 15% of the population. This is
particularly problematic to health in densely populated, unplanned settlements.

These issues have a big impact on health, with over 4,000 children under five dying each
year from preventable diarrheal diseases caused by poor water and sanitation. There are
wider impacts too on education, livelihoods and wellbeing.

The health burden due to poor sanitation and hygiene is significant. Cholera and Typhoid
is endemic in some areas of Tanzania and outbreaks are common. Then there is the ever
present problems of water related parasitic infections such as malaria and
schistosomiasis. Prevalence of these infections in Tanzania has been scientifically linked
to poor sanitation and hygiene; in particular access to latrines, poor hand washing
behavior, and inadequate drainage.

Across Tanzania it is estimated that 93 % of the population has access to a latrine.


However, when assessing access to improved sanitation that figures drops to 24 %,
depending on the definition of improved sanitation used. There are differences between
urban and rural areas with urban areas particularly in Dar es Salaam reporting lack of
access to affordable sanitation due to costs of construction, high water table and
desluding expenses. In urban areas lack of solid waste collection and poor drainage
combined with extensive use of pit latrines make for very poor hygiene conditions.
Hygiene behavior in Tanzania varies, although hand washing is widely practiced except
not always with soap nor at critical times such as before preparing food or after disposing
of children's feces.

.
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the overall research design, area of the study, a data collection
technique that is used to collect relevant information.

3.1 Research design

The project will be based on Retrospective study which involve secondary data
collection, based upon data available from previous studies or databases. The
study was adopting a case study which conducted to provide a better
understanding of a situation. Its not designed to come up with final answers or
decisions. Through exploratory it will help to produce hypothesis about what is
going on in a situation. Both quantitative and qualitative approach will be
adopted. This design was used because the study needs descriptive information
and with the support of facts and figures in collecting and analyzing data so as to
present accurate findings.

3.2 Data collection methods

The study will use secondary methods for collecting data because these data are
collected by others researchers compared to primary data, secondary data tends to
be readily available and inexpensive to obtain. In addition, administrative data
tends to have large samples, because the data collection is comprehensive and
routine. What's more Administrative data and many types of secondary data are
collected over a long period. That allows researchers to detect change over time.
There are many types of secondary data but in this research I prefer to use
documentation review.

3.3 Sampling technique

Non-probability sampling or convenience sampling will be used

3.4Study population

The study population will include


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Community Members
Relevant Government Agencies
Opinion Leaders
Members of Households
School Children
School Authorities
NGOs

And the sample size will be calculated with the following formula

n=Z2 p (1-p)
d2
Where n=sample size
Z=value of confidence interval (1.96(95% CI)

p=expected proportion or prevalence

d=confidence interval (0.005)

3.4 BUDGET

SN. ACTIVITY PARTICULARS UNITY COST SUBTOTAL


(TSH) DAY (TSH)
1 Writing research Typing 25pgs*2 1,500 37,500
proposal
Printing 25pgs*2 1,500 37,500
Binding 2 5,000 5,000
80,000

2 Preparation of Typing 1pg 1,000 1,000


research Printing 1pg 1,000 1,000
instruments Photocopying 50pgs 100 5000
7,000
3 Report writing Typing 40pgs 1,500 60,000
Printing 40pgs 1,500 60,000
Binding 2 5,000 5,000

175,000
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4 Meals and Researcher 1 10,000 30 300,000


accommodation
5 SUBTO0TAL 562,000

6 Contingent cost 60,000


10%
7 GROSS TOTAL 622,000

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Boyne, George (1998), Public Choice theory and local government: A comparative analysis of
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Caplan, Ken, Barbara Evans, Joe McMahon (2004) The Partnership Paperchase Structuring
Partnership Agreements in Water and Sanitation in Low-Income Communities Building
Partnerships for Development, www.bpdws.org
http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/english/docs/paperchase.pdf

Clarke, George R. G., Katrina Kose, and Scott Wallsten (2004) Has Private Participation in
Water and Sewerage Improved Coverage? Empirical evidence from Latin America, AEI
Brookings Joint Center for regulatory studies.
http://www.aei.brookings.org/admin/authorpdfs/page.php?id=325

Constance, Paul A Fair Price (2003) IDB America: Magazine of the Inter American

Abebe, F. K. (2011). Modelling informal settlement growth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Faculty
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of Science.

ACRA. (2013). "Tanzania Headquarter." from


http://www.acra.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=116&Itemid=270&lang=e
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African Development Bank. (2011). United Republic of Tanzania, country strategy paper 2011 -
2015. A. D. Bank. Dar es Salaam.

African Development Bank. (2013). "Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program." from
http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-ea0-004/.

African Development Bank. (2013). "Zanzibar Urban Water Supply and Sanitation " Projects
and Operations, from http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-
tz-e00-007/.

African Medical Research Foundation. (2013). "Our work in Tanzania." from


http://www.amref.org/where-we-work/our-work-in-tanzania/.
Aga Khan Foundation. (2007). Promoting Better Health: The Raha Leo Community Health
Programme.

Agenda for Environment and Responsible Development. (2013). "Waste management." from
http://www.agenda-tz.org/activities_detail.php?c=2&p=1853.

Allen, C., N. Desmond, B. Chiduo, L. Medard, S. Lees, A. Vallely, S. Francis, D. Ross and R.
Hayes. (2010). Intravaginal and menstrual practices among women working in food and
recreational facilities in Mwanza, Tanzania: implications for microbicide trials. AIDS &
Behavior. 14(5): 1169 - 1181.

Almedom, A. M. (1996). Recent developments in hygiene behaviour research: An emphasis on


methods and meaning. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 1(2): 171 - 182

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