Ace-A2 1D5

WP 2.1-4 Design and test of MM and sub-MM/Integrated antennas p.
ACE
European (Antenna Centre of
Commission - 6th Excellence)
Framework Programme
WP 2.1-4 Design and test of MM and sub-MM/Integrated

antennas
ACE-A2.1D5 Report on design tools and software

benchmarking
Authors Institution
M. HIMDI IETR
Active Participant Institution

Juha Ala Laurinaho HUT
Carlos fernandes IST
Cezary Sydlo TUD
Document Evolution
Revision Date Reason of change
1 2005-12-20
WP 2.1-4 Design and test of MM and sub-MM/Integrated antennas p.2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION
1. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
1.1 Description
1.2 Applications
1.3 Method Description
1.4 Format imports/Exports
1.5 Optimiser
2. HFSS
2.1 Description
2.2 Applications
2.5 Optimiser
3. WASP-NET
3.1 Description
3.2 Applications
3.5 Optimiser
4. IE3D
4.1 Description
4.2 Applications
4.5 Optimiser
5. FEKO
5.1 Description
5.2 Applications
5.5 Optimiser
6. SR3D
6.1 Description
6.2 Applications
6.3.1 Analytic expression of Huyghens principle
6.3.2 Variational expression of integral equations
6.3.3 Finite element method solution
6.3.4 Iterative and hybrid method
7. GRASP
7.1 Description
7.2 Applications
8. WIPL-D PRO
8.1 Description
8.2 Applications
8.3 Method description
8.4 Meshing and system requirements

8.5 Input/Output
8.6 Optimiser
PART II : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN BENCHMARKING
INTRODUCTION
II-1 BENCHMARKING FORM STRUCTURE DEFINITION
II-2 PROPOSED STRUCTURES
PART III : MILLIMETER ANTENNA BENCHMARKING SIMULATIONS
INTRODUCTION
III-1- Structure N1 results : Thick slot coupled patch antenna
III- 2- Structure N3 results : Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic

Antennas
III-3- Structure N6 results : Integrated_antenna_array
III-4- Structure N8 results : Slot waveguide antenna
III-5- Structure N10 results : Metallic leaky-wave antennas
Conclusion
PART I : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN SOFTWARE

INTRODUCTION
The objective of this preliminary report is to assess millimeter antenna design software.
This not an exhaustive review but it correspond to the major available partners software.
In millimeter and sub-millimeter wave range, the size of antennas is very small compared to
antenna in lower frequencies range. But those structures are in general large compared to the
wave length as : dielectric lenses, reflectors,In this case, accurate 3D EM simulation must be
used taking into account all antenna parameters. Many softwares exist and assessed in W-1-1, but
this report concern only commercial software. Most of them are European and are described in the
following review.
1. CST M ICROWAVE STUDIO
1.1 Description
CST Microwave Studio is a specialist tool for the fast and accurate 3D EM simulation of
high frequency problems. This software is commercialised by a German company located in
Darmstadt. The website address is http://www.cst.de
The software is composed of 3 modules: a Broadband Time domain analysis calculation of
S parameters and antennas problems, an Eigenmode calculation including modal analysis and
finally a Frequency domain solver with adaptative frequency sampling.
1.2 Applications
Applications include, amongst others: Couplers, filters, planar structures, connectors, EMC
and SAR problems, packages, and all kinds of antennas whose 3D millimetres ones. Antennas,
antennas arrays, antenna feed systems performances could be predicted and adjusted.

The software is based on a combination of the proprietary PBA (Perfect Boundary
Approximation) technique with the unbeatable efficiency of the Finite Integration method (FI).

Thanks to the three modules, CST allows the user to switch to the method and mesh that is
the most appropriate to the simulation task, especially 3D millimetres waves antennas. Cartesian
meshing as well as nonorthogonal ones, like tetrahedral for example can be used, depending on
the module chosen.
However, the more meshing criteria is important the more computer performances are
required. One solution provides by CST Microwave studio is the possibility to parallelize the
computation. Indeed distributed computing mechanism is featuring by CST Microwave Studio. Two
models are offered. The first one deals with multi-ports models. The time domain solver requires
up to n-runs in order to derive the full S-matrix of an n-ports. These runs can be easily started in
parallel on different machines. The second model is for parameter studies and optimisations. The
same structure is simulated with geometrical modifications, distributed on different machines.
Then, results are collected in the central front-end. This kind of parallelization delivers a speed up
that is proportional to the number of machines and could be very interesting for 3D millimetre
antennas design and optimisation.

CST Microwaves Studio is compatible with the intensely used 2D (DXF, GERBER, GDSIII)
and 3D (IGES, SAT, STL) import formats, and furthermore the new version features import filters
for STEP, CATIA, Autocad and Pro/E.
1.6 Optimiser
Every parameters can be varied and even complicated goals can be defined in CST
Microwave Studio. The new and powerful optimisations strategies allow optimisation for multiple
parameters in a reasonable length of time.
2. HFSS
2.1 Description
HFSS is the industry leading tool for high-frequency and high-speed 3D EM simulation
problems. The US company Ansoft is the society which commercialise this software. The website
address is http://www.ansoft.com
2.2 Applications
HFSS allows to design, optimise and predict the performances of antennas, from a simple
monopole to complex radomes and arbitrary feed networks. From antennas, to antennas arrays, to
feed systems, HFSS accurately predicts electrical performances, including radiation patterns,
beam width, internal fields and more.
Other applications are RF and microwave component design, high-frequency IC design,
high speed package design and high speed or RF PCB design.

The software is based on the finite element method (FEM).

HFSS employs techniques such as automatic mesh generation and refinement, tangential
vector finite elements, and Adaptive Lanczos Pade Sweep (ALPS. Accuracy of simulation results is
assured because the software automatically computes multiple adaptative solutions until a user
defined convergence criterion is met.

HFSS is compatible with the intensely used 2D (DXF, GERBER, GDSIII) and 3D (IGES,
SAT, STEP) import formats, and furthermore the new version features Cadence, Mentor
Graphics, Synopsys, and Zuken . In addition a spice model can be exported to HSpice,
PSpice, SpectreRF.
2.6 Optimiser
Optimetrics performs parametric sweeps, optimisation, and sensitivity and statistical
analyses. It allows users to synthesize improvements by specifying design goals and investigating
manufacturing changes to reduce costs.
3. WASP-NET
3.1 Description
WASP-NET is a CAD tool for very fast 3D computational electromagnetics problems. This
software is commercialised by a German company located in Bremen. The website address is
http://www.mig-germany.com
3.2 Applications
Applications are: Diplexer/Multiplexers, Couplers, polarizers, phase shifters, Ortho-Mode-
Transducers, transformers, transitions, bends, feed network end at least, horn antennas, horn
clusters and slots arrays.

Based on the new hybrid MM/FE/MoM/FD method, WASP-NET combines the high
speed of the analytic mode-matching (MM) method with the flexibility of the space discretization
finite-element (FE), method-of-moment (MoM), and finite-difference (FD) techniques.
The structure is only described by blocks association, thats why meshing is not necessary.
In function of the antenna geometry, the software will combine intelligently the advantages of all
four field solvers and will achieve exact accuracy and extremely high efficiency in a cup of time.
Some examples are provides by the company dealing with a corrugated horn computed on
the website. The CPU time for 5000 iterations ca. 12 hours, 44 modes Pattern: 1 min. per
frequency point on a 2 GHz P4 PC.
3.5 Optimiser
The software uses three optimisers (Evolution, Extreme, Gradient) to achieve complicated
goals. This is undeniably the advantage of the software because WASPNET will find the optimum
solution within typically one overnight run.
4. IE3D
4.1 Description
IE3D is a full wave electromagnetic simulator solving the current distribution on 3D and
multiplayer structures of general shapes. IE3D is commercialised by an US company located in
Fremond. The website address is http://www.zeland.com
4.2 Applications
The software is widely used in the design of MMIC, RFIC, LTCC circuits,
microwave/millimetre-waves circuits, IC interconnects and packages, HTS circuits, patch antennas,
wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas.

IE3D is based on the moment method.

Numerical simulation requires sub-dividing a circuit into small cells. Both rectangular and
triangular cells are employed in IE3D. Rectangular cells are used in the regular region for the best
efficiency (each rectangular is equivalent to at least 2 triangular cells). Triangular cells are utilized
to fit the irregular boundary. The efficiency of rectangular and triangular cells and flexibility of
triangular cells are automatically combined to yield the best result.
The solution time for full matrix solver (FMS) is proportional to N3. Symmetrical matrix
solvers (SMS and SMSi) reduces the RAM requirement to half. Partial matrix solver (PMS) only
considers the strong coupling and reduces the RAM requirement and simulation time significantly.
Iterative matrix solver (IMS) performs iterations based upon the PMSs result. The simulation time
for PMS and IMS is proportional to N2. It saves time and yields accurate results. The newly
implemented AIMS III and AIMS III can solve large planar structures using much less time and
RAM. For example, simulating an 8-by-8 patch antenna array with feed network may take 2 GB
RAM and more than 10 hours on the advanced symmetrical matrix solver SMSi (default matrix
solver on IE3D). However, the AIMS III matrix solver can solve the same problem with the same
accuracy in 1 hour using less than 120 MB RAM

The primary simulation results of IE3D are the parameters S. The S parameters
can optionally converted into a spice netlist. The spice netlist could be imported into a spice
simulator for time-domain simulation.
4.6 Optimiser
IE3D allows users to define the shape of a circuit as optimization variables. The built-in
optimizer will be able to optimize the shape of a structure for best performance. The
implementation of the Genetic EM optimizer allows robust and efficient electromagnetic
optimization for a large number of optimization variables and goals.
5. FEKO
5.1 Description
FEKO is an electromagnetic simulator solving the Maxwells equation in the frequency
domain. This software is commercialised by a south African company located in Stellenbosch. The
website address is http://www.feko.info
5.2 Applications
The software is widely used in the antenna design (wire, horn, microstrip, phase array),
antenna placement, EMC analysis, complex cable harnesses, dielectric media and also scattering
analysis.

FEKO is based on a full wave solution of Maxwell's equations in the frequency domain. The
accurate Method of Moments (MoM) formulation is used to solve the unknown surface currents.
Asymptotic techniques, Physical Optics (PO) and Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD), have been
hybridised with the MoM in order to solve electrically large problems. The MoM has also been
extended to solve problems involving multiple homogeneous dielectric bodies, thin dielectric
sheets, planar multilayered media and dielectric coated wires.

All numerical techniques suffer from scalability problems. The Method of Moments (MoM),
on which FEKO is based, is no exception. Let N be the number of unknowns. The traditional MoM
scales as N*N in terms of memory (to store the impedance matrix) and as N*N*N in terms of CPU-
time (to solve the linear set of equations). When N becomes large the MoM will therefore require
too much memory and CPU-time. For this reason the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM)
was developed that scales as N*log(N) in memory and as N*log(N)*log(N) in terms of CPU-time.
The reduction in memory requirements can be as much as orders of magnitude. For some
examples see the table listing:
Asymptotic Memory Estimates for Different Applications
Memory
Application and Frequency Unknowns
MoM MLFMM
Military aircraft at 690 MHz,
Ship (115m x 14 m) at 107 MHz, 100 000 150 GB 1 GB
Reflector antenna with aperture size 19 lambda
Military aircraft at 1.37 GHz,
Ship (115m x 14 m) at 214 MHz, 400 000 2.4 TB 4.5 GB
Military aircraft at 2.65 GHz,
Ship (115m x 14 m) at 414 MHz, 1 500 000 33.5 TB 18 GB
Many computer systems make use of multiple CPUs in order to improve the performance.
Such systems range from dual board PCs with 2 processors, SMP (symmetric multiprocessor)
workstations with typically 2 - 8 CPUs to large massively parallel systems with typically 128 to 1024
CPUs (for instance various Linux clusters or NEC SX/5 or CRAY T3E). All phases of the solution
process in FEKO have been parallelised based on the industry standard MPI so that FEKO can be
executed efficiently on parallel computer systems. Typical measured values for the parallel
efficiency are in the order of 0.8, i.e. a user can expect that the run-time on, for instance a 32 node
system, to be approximately 0.8*32 = 26 times shorter than a sequential run on a single node.

Geometries can either be defined using parametric geometry cards or by importing meshed CAD
files. Full flexibility is obtained by combining both of these methods in the same model (e.g. placing
simple antenna on a complex automobile). The importing meshed geometry files directly into
FEKO are:
FEMAP Neutral (*.neu),
AUTOCAD (*.dxf),
special ASCII,
NASTRAN (*.nas),
PATRAN neutral (*.pat),
STL (*.stl),
ANSYS (*.cdb).
Several CAD and meshing applications (e.g. FEMAP) can be used for the creation and
manipulation of complex geometries (e.g. aircraft, automobile). Such applications should,
however, be able to export meshed geometry in any of the above file formats.
5.6 Optimiser
Geometries defined with FEKOs geometry cards can be parametric. These geometries can then
be easily modified by changing variables. OptFEKO automates the geometric optimisation. An aim
function, variables, and their respective ranges, are specified and optimisation is done through a
predefined optimisation algorithm. The available optimisation methods are:
Discrete Points (not a true optimisation routine)
Simplex Method
Simplex Method by Nelder Mead
Conjugate Gradient Method
Quasi Newton
6. SR3D
6.1 Description
SR3D is a CAD tool for very fast 3D computational electromagnetics problems. This
software has been developed by CNET, France Telecom, Turbie and ends up to the SR3D CAD
tool.
6.2 Applications
The software is used to analyse 3D radiating structure, calculates the electromagnetic

characteristics of arbitrarily shaped structures incorporating dielectric material.

The methodology is based on the Magellan code developed in 1984-1986 at "Ecole
Polytechnique, Paris".
6.3.1 Analytic expression of Huyghens principle

The structure is divided into homogeneous domains. Each domain is bounded by interfaces
with other homogeneous dielectric domains, by surfaces limiting perfectly conducting objects, and
by an infinite sphere in open problems. To determine the unknown surface current densities J
(induced or equivalent electric current) and M (equivalent magnetic current) at each interface, we
use the Greens representation for the electromagnetic fields.
6.3.2 Variational formulation of integral equations

A variational formulation obtained by applying Rumseys reaction concept to all of the
dielectric domains, which is equivalent to a Galerkin solution for the EFIE (if the structure only
includes conductive objects in homogeneous medium) or for a CFIE (if the structure includes
several dielectric domains).
6.3.3 Finite element method solution

Then, to numerically solve the equations, surface finite elements is used, it's particularly
appropriate, in electromagnetic problems, to approximate the interfaces of the domains by
triangular facets. These elements, introduced as non-nodal linear triangular elements. The
unknown current densities are projected onto a set of first-order basis functions.
Linear system which is solved by a direct matrix inversion can be obtained. At present, the number
of unknowns can be up to 100 000, so a specific resolution by blocks on disk with minimisation of
I/O access was developed.
6.3.4 Iterative and hybrid Method

For very large structures, rigorous formulations are unaffordable because of excessive
computer time and storage requirements. A hybrid iterative method based on the CFIE formulation
was developed. The solving of the linear system is replaced by the rapid approximation of Physical
Optics (PO) for electric and magnetic currents. To improve the value of these currents, an iterative
method was introduced and able to take into account the reflections between the different objects
of the structure and to manage shadow and lit regions.
This code was developed to analyse the influence of the near environment of antennas like walls.
The structure can be modelised by several parallel stratified dielectrics. We obtain the PO fields in
front and behind each part of the structure thanks to the Fresnel reflection and transmission
coefficients.

Efforts were performed in parallel processing in order to solve very large dimensional
problems (>50 000 unknowns) with a tolerable real computation time. For instance SR3D can
analyse structures involving 50 000 degrees of freedom within 15 hours of real time (8 x 1500
Mflops processors). As a result SR3D can study complex 3D structures.
iterative and hybrid method have been developed and refined to analyse very large structures or to
model the influence of the near environment of antennas.
7. GRASP
7.1 Description
The GRASP9 software is the most versatile tool available for analysing general reflector
antennas and antenna farms. This software is commercialised by TICRA a Denmark company
located in Copenhagen. The website address is http://www.ticra.com
7.2 Applications
GRASP is widely used in the antenna reflector design (typically from 03 to 3.0 THz). The
package is a general tool to handle single, dual and multi- reflector configurations (beam
waveguides). GRASP9 can calculate the electromagnetic radiation from systems consisting of
multiple reflectors with several feeds and feed arrays. It is even possible to analyse the interaction
between various antenna systems, a requirement which is often encountered in satellite systems
where several antennas may be mounted in the vicinity of each other. The scattering from a feed
or from a reflector of one system in a reflector of another system can thus easily be calculated. A
vast amount of different surfaces, including user-defined shapes, can be analysed, just as
the primary feed, or feed-array, can be selected from a substantial number of built -in models or
from user-supplied data.
Physical Optics, augmented by PTD if desired. Convergence of the PO numerical integral is

ensured by an automated procedure. GO/ GTD, but only on a single reflector at a time. If GO/GTD
ray analysis is needed through a system of reflectors, the optional multi-reflector GTD package
must be available. Analysis can be carried out for points in the near field as well as in the far field
of the antenna, in planar or spherical cuts and two-dimensional grids.
In general, the GRASP8 user will experience a speed increase with GRASP9. This is even
more so if a multiple -processor PC is at hand, since GRASP9 automatically detects and takes
advantage of this via the built-in parallelisation support. As an option, GRASP9 can also be
delivered with distributed multi-processor support over a network.
8. WIPL-D PRO
8.1 Description
WIPL-D Pro is a high-frequency electromagnetic solver based on the method of moments that can
be used for the analysis of arbitrary 3D structures, formed by metals, dielectrics and wires. The
code can be used for planar and 2D structures as well.
The professional version of this tool can be obtained from WIPL-D Ltd, Serbia (www.wipl-d.com).
8.2 Applications
WIPL-D can be used for:

o Antenna analysis (wire antennas, horn and aperture antennas, reflector antennas, dielectric
antennas, antenna arrays, micro-strip antennas);
o Antena co-siting analysis and EMC;
o Scatter analysis (RCS and current distribution on arbitrary shape scatterers including
aircraft, vehicles, ships);
o Microwave circuits and waveguide or other open or closed devices
8.3 Method description
WIPL-D Pro core is based on the Method of Moments, Surface Integral Equations and Surface
Equivalence Theorem. Geometrical modelling is based on right truncated cones and bilinear
surfaces (WIPL quads). Sophisticated segmentation techniques enable inclusion of arbitrary wire-
to-plate junction and usage of arbitrary electrically large quads.
Currents along wires (over plates) are approximated by single (double) polynomial type
expansions. To obtain unknown coefficients of these expansions, WIPL-D imposes a system of
linear equations by applying Galerkin testing procedure to FIE (Field Integral Equation). The
solution of system of linear equations is obtained using either direct method (LU decomposition) or
iterative method (Conjugate Gradient).
WIPL-D requires 4 unknowns for a wire per wavelength and 30 unknowns for a metallic surface
per wavelength squared. RAM requirements are 8*N*N [MB], where N is the number of unknowns
(limited to 15000 in PCs). Typical computation times can be viewed in the table below
corresponding to the radiation pattern calculation of a dielectric filled conical horn benchmarking
example calculated for increasing frequencies. The computer is a Pentium IV with 1 GB of RAM.
Unknowns CPU Time [s]

604 34
6010 608
10096 2326
Table I WIPL-D Benchmarking for dielectric filled conical horn

8.5 Input/Output
The user interface allows defining objects using a set of simple but sophisticated directives, and
manipulating and grouping them to model the structure. This information as well as the output of
the analysis is translated into open format input and output files that can optionally be easily
accessed and manipulated by user own software. Structure definition can be imported from AUTO-
CAD dxf files. Graphical visualization of the structure model and the analysis output in WIPL-D user
interface is based on Open GL. WIPL-D core can optionally be run on stand-alone, incorporated
into an user application.
8.6 Optimiser
Different optimization methods are available: Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing, Random
Search, Gradient, Simple Search, Simplex Method. Optimization can be performed as a two phase
process, where any two different algorithms can be run in succession: the first one for coarse
optimization and the second one for fine tuning.
PART II : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN

BENCHMARKING
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this part is to select :

4 typical MM structures to simulate using different available software
4 partners run benchmarking simulations (typically 2 partners/structure)
II-1 BENCHMARKING FORM STRUCTURE DEFINITION

In order to have a normalised proposition for each structure the following form was established :
BENCHMARKING STRUCTURE DEFINITION
(WP2.1-4)
1- Use one form for each structure you would like to submit for benchmarking.
2- The form should be named WP214_NameEnt_NumStruct where NameEnt is the
name of the institution submitting the structure and NumStruct the number of the
structure (ex : WP214_IETR_2 for the second structure submitted by IETR).
3- Forms should be sent to mohamed.himdi@univ-rennes1.fr before October, 4th.
1- Entity
(Name of the submitting entity and coordinates of the contact person)
2- Structure Definition
Describe the structure you want to submit for benchmarking. Give all geometrical and
physical characteristic (dimensions, materials, ). Precise the simulation constraints
(frequency range, excitation mode, ). Include figures and/or pictures.
3- Expected results
Precise the results that should be considered for the benchmarking process (scattering
parameters, radiation patterns, axial ratio , , CPU time, memory storage, ).
4- Interest of the structure

Explain why the proposed structure is interesting for benchmarking purposes. Does it involve
any particular modelling difficulties? Does it correspond to any realistic configurations or
challenging applications?
5- Keywords
Propose a few keywords that could be used to categorize your structure.
6- References
Suggest reference results that should be used for comparison (measured, analytical, ).
Could you provide such results yourself? Give those results if possible.
7- Applicability
Suggest numerical methods and/or software codes that could be candidates to analyse
the proposed structure. Do you have such candidate tools yourself?
8- Confidentiality
9. ARETHERE ANY PARTICULAR RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING THE USE OF THE

PROPOSED STRUCTURE AS AN ACE BENCHMARKING STRUCT URE? ARE THERE
ANY RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING THE DISSEMINATION OF THE RESULT S YOU
COULD PROVIDE?
II-2 PROPOSED STRUCTURES
In order to develop a coordinated approach to provision of design tools and software, each
partners proposed antennas for benchmarking. The different case are given below:
Proposed antenna
N1 : Thick slot coupled patch antenna (IETR)
N2 : Dielectric loaded flat reflector (HUT)
N3 : Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic Antennas (TUD)
N4 : Hybrid integrated antenna (IETR)
N5 : Oscillator patch antenna (UoB)
N6 : Integrated_antenna_array (IETR)
N7 : Dielectric Lens_antenna (IETR)
N8 : Slot waveguide antenna (IETR)
N9 : Printed leaky-wave arrays (La Sapienza)
N10 : Metallic leaky-wave antennas (La Sapienza)
N1 : Thick slot coupled patch antenna (IETR)

1. Entity:
IETR : Institute of Electronic and Telecommunication of Rennes (France)
olafond@univ -rennes1.fr
2. Structure Definition
The structure is an aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna with a thick ground plane (thickness
t) between the two substrates layers. In millimeter waves (40 Ghz in this case), the substrates are
very thin (0.150 mm) then it seems necessary to add a thick ground plane to rigidify this kind of
antenna. Moreover, it allows to introduce MMIC components on the bottom layer to manufacture
active antennas. In fact, this multilayer antenna permits to separate active layer to radiating
elements to reduce spurious radiations due to feeding line network. The structure is described on
figure 1 and 2. In our cases, a Rogers Duroid 5880 substrate is used for all layers to realise this
antenna. The thickness H1 = H2 = 0.150 mm. The dielectric constant equals 2.22 in 40 GHz band.
Figure II-1 and 2. thick slot coupled patch antenna
The different sizes of a particular case are giv en as follow :

Thickness of ground plane : t = 0.2 mm
Substrate thickness metallisation : 17.5 m
Patch : 2.165 mm * 2.165 mm
Slot : 0.287mm * 1.141 mm
Serial Stub : length of 0.9 mm between middle of slot and end of stub, width = 0.38 mm
Feeding line : 15 mm, width = 0.38 mm (50 microstrip line).
3- Expected results
The important results has to concern S11 parameter and input impedance. Indeed, the resonant
frequency and value of input impedance is very sensitive according to the ground plane thickness.

This structure is interesting for benchmarking purposes because of the addition of the thick ground
plane between the two substrates layers. Indeed, this thickness is quite important according to the
wavelength (in 40 GHz band) and it is a critical parameter to resonant frequency and input
impedance value. A second interest concerns antenna efficiency. It is very important in millimetre
wavelength range to have a good estimation of dielectric losses, metallic and surface waves losses.
5- Keywords
Printed antenna, multilayer stucture, thick ground plane.
6- References
The example of aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna with the given sizes (Figure II-1 and 2)
has been simulated with Ansoft HFSS software and has been manufactures in our laboratory
(figure II-3). Some results are given in term S11 magnitude parameter and input impedance.
Two different measures have been done : First with a coaxial calibration and secondly with a TRL
calibration. Measurement results and simula tion are compared between 37 and 43 GHz (figure II-
4).
Figure II-3. Manufactured Aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna
The results are in good agreement in term of resonant frequency but a phase shift exists between
results in term of input impedance.
Figure II-4. Comparison of simulation and measurement results (coaxial calibration or TRL calibration)
7- Applicability
3D numerical methods could be used to simulate this kind of structure because of the
metallic thickness of ground plane. Some commercial softwares examples can be given :
Ansoft HFSS software (our choice), CST Microwave studio,.. But it could be interesting to test
laboratory methods and software with this particularkind of antenna.
8- Confidentiality : No restrictiction
N2 : Dielectric loaded flat reflector

1- Entity
Radio Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology
Contact person:
Juha Ala-Laurinaho
Radio Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology
P.O. Box 3000
FI-02015 HUT, Finland
Tel. +358-9-4512886
Fax +358-9-4512152
juha.ala -laurinaho@hut.fi
Structure: Dielectric -Loaded Flat Reflector Test Antenna for Sub-millimetre Wave Antenna
Measurements.
The test object is a two-reflector antenna system with an offset dielectric -loaded flat main reflector
and a flat subreflector. The dielectric loading has a spherical shaping on the other side and a flat
surface on the other. The flat side is against the flat main reflector. The test antenna is designed
with ray-tracing optimising iteratively parameters of the spherical surface of the dielectric loading
and tilting angles of the flat reflectors. The objective was to have flat phase front in the antenna
aperture.
The coordinates for the feed horn phase centre are (0,0,0) (all dimensions are in millimetres), see
photograph and side view of the basic geometry of the antenna structure in Figure II-5. The flat
sub-reflector centre coordinates are (50,0,0), and the angle between the sub-reflector and the
positive x-axis is 67. The centre of the main reflector is (123.665,179.835,0). The angle between
the main reflector and the positive x-axis is 66.7. The centre of the sphere is (
356.032,279.908,0) and the radius of the sphere is 273 mm. This means that the maximum
thickness of the load is 20 mm in the centre of the loading. The diameter of the dielectric loading
is 120 mm and it is made of Teflon having dielectric constant of 2.06. The support of the structure
is mostly made of acrylic.
A MATLAB-based program was coded for calculating the lengths of the rays in the antenna
aperture. The rays are originating from the feed focus. The first reflection occurs from the flat sub-
reflector. The rays propagate from sub-reflector to the spherical dielectric loading surface. The
rays refract in the air-Teflon interface and propagate in the dielectric loading material to the flat
main reflector. After reflection from the flat main reflector, the rays propagate back to the
dielectric loading surface, and refract to the free space. The antenna aperture is situated in front
of the dielectric loading in the same plane, where the feed focus is. The vectors for the ray
directions are calculated with the Snells laws of refraction and reflection.
The antenna is intended as a test antenna for submillimeter wavelengths and it has been
measured in a hologram based compact antenna test range at 310 GHz. Near-field tests will also
be done for comparison. Figure II-6 shows the amplitude of the feed horn radiation pattern.
Theoretical data for both the phase and amplitude for the corrugated feed horn radiation pattern
are available.
Figure II-5. (LHS) The antenna after connection to measurement instrumentation (a

submillimetre wave vector network analyser extension receiver and on a rotator stage in
an x-y-z-scanner). (RHS) Principle sketch of the antenna.
Figure II-6. Amplitude pattern of the feed horn.
3- Expected results
The expected result is the radiation pattern, co-polar and cross-polar. The benchmarking of the
method is based on the comparison of the simulation results and the measurement results. Also
the computational efficiency, e.g., required CPU time and memory can be benchmarking figures.

An easily available low-cost test antenna option is needed for everyday measurement technique
development and research. Practicality in laboratory use, and the features of available
submillimetre wave measurement instrumentation (here typically a millimetre wave vector network
analyser with receiver and transmitter extensions) need to be taken into account in designing the
test antenna system. The aperture of the antenna needs to be large enough with respect to
wavelength. This is because a relatively large aperture leads to high directivity and a radiation
pattern that can be estimated to reveal the essential features and possible problems of any
measurement method intended for even larger reflector antennas. The realised antenna for use at
frequencies near 300 GHz or at wavelengths near 1 mm was chosen to have an aperture of 120
mm in diameter, leading to good directivity and a minimum half -power beamwidth well below 1.
The difficulties in modelling are caused by the relatively large dimensions of the structure respect
to the wavelength, and the dielectric loading.
5- Keywords
Off-set reflector, dielectric loading, high-gain antenna, directive antenna
6- References
Measured results are available. The test object is measured in compact antenna test range based
on a hologram. Two tests procedures have been used: rotation of the antenna and feed scanning.
The antenna will also be measured with planar near-field scanning.
7- Applicability
To our knowledge there are not available commercial codes for directly analysing this kind of
structure. GRASP by TICRA allows implementation of thin dielectric sheets in the analysis. This
might be possible option. FDTD method could be one candidate, but the structure is relatively
large, although only the main reflector with dielectric loading would be analysed.
In Radio Laboratory, HUT, we have custom -made ray-tracing based code which will be further
developed to take into account multiple reflections in the dielectric loading.
8- Confidentiality
There are no restrictions to use the structure as an ACE benchmarking structure.
N3 : Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic Antennas

1- Entity
TUD Cezary Sydlo(sydlo@hf.tu-darmstadt.de)
Figure II-7. Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic Antennas
With standard notation for LogPeriodic Antennas: R1 =0.64mm, =150 , =50, =0.5, =1/2,
3arms on each side=> 6 arms, 100nm of evaporated Pt (platinum) on a 350m GaAs (Gallium
Arseninde) substrate. Frequency range: 50GHz to 1200GHz
3- Expected results
a) S-parameter, b) CPU Time, c) Memory Usage

This Antenna has been measured/used from 50GHz up to 1.2THz. The major difficulty is the
broad frequency range, which challenges computational effort and accuracy.
5- Keywords
a) Broadband, b) MMIC Integration, c) Antenna-on-Chip
6- References
Measurement results at 40 frequency points from 50GHz to 1200GHz.
7- Applicability
a) MoM
b) FDTD
c) FDFD
Available Software:MWS (Microwave Studio) from CST (Computer Simulation
Technologies)
8- Confidentiality : No restrictions
N4 : Hybrid integrated antenna
1- Entity

Mohamed.himdi@univ -rennes1.fr
The structure is an aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna in millimetre waves (38 GHz in this
case). In order to perform the antenna efficiency, the two substrates layers are choosing as follow
: low permittivity (Glass Teflon) on antenna side and high permittivity dielectric on feeding line
side (PIn). The PIn is used for its capability to integrate optical function as PIN photodiode, Mac
Zender microwaves/opto-modulator.
this multilayer antenna allow to separate active layer to radiating elements to reduce spurious
radiation due to feeding line network. The structure is described on figures II-8 and II-9.
Patch
y
b
Wa line
z
Yo
t r1
La x
Ls
h
Wa
r2
O a x
Xo
slot
Figure II-8: Slot coupled patch antenna
3 mm 2 mm
2,32 mm
OFCM1 INP38
Square
PIn Chip Window in patch
80 Bonding zone ground plane
1150
2 mm 40 24 mm
2095 Glass Teflon Substrat

Coupling slot
Thickness : 0,254 mm
on backside
Feeding line
on broadside
11 mm
Figure II-9-a: Descriptive of PIn chip Figure II-9-b: Descriptive of patch support
The characteristics of the structure called OFCM1_INP38 are given bellow:
Antenna Substrate: Glass Teflon

r1 = 2 ,22
t = 254 m
Feeding line substrate: Pin (Dimension of chip : 3x3 mm)
r2 = 12,48
h = 95m
Antenna dimensions:
a=b=2320 m
Antenna metal: Copper
thickness: 9 m
7
conductivity : 5,7 10 S/m
Feeding line dimensions:
W=80 m, Ls=695m
Slot dimensions and position:
OFCM1_INP38 : Wa=40 m, La=1150m
X0=Y0=1160 m
In order to obtain a good alignment between patch antenna and coupled slot, the technique of
"Flip Chip" was used.
Theoretical and experimental results (figure II-10) :

a. Return loss computed with the Segmentation method
OFCM1_INP38
0
-5
S11 (dB)
-10
Measurement
Segmentation
-15
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Frequency (GHz)
Figure II-10: Theoretical and measurement return loss

In order to measured the array radiation the following device was used (figure II-11):
K Connector
Thermo-compression
Mircrostrip line
on Alumina substrate
Pin chip
Metallic Support
Figure II-11: Measurement device with K connector
Radiation patterns in E- and H planes (figure II-12 and II-13): The patterns are computed using
the Segmentation method and compared to measurement.
0
Co-pol.
Normalized power dB
-5
-10
-15
-20
Cross-pol
-25
-30
-35
-40
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Theta
E-plane
Figure II-12: Measured and computed co- and cross-polarisation components at
resonance (38GHz)
0
Co-pol.
Normalized power dB
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25 Cross-pol
-30
-35
-40
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Theta
H-plane
Figure II-13: Measured and computed co- and cross-polarisation components at
resonance
(38 GHz)
Figure II-14 gives the comparison between theoretical and measured gain.
2,5
Gain (dBi)
-2,5
-5
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Frequency
Frquence(GHz)
(GHz)
Figure II-14: Measured gain versus frequency
The efficiency is about 80%.
3- Expected results
Results to be considered:
- Return losses and input impedance (including all layers)
- Radiation patterns:
Computed at the resonance frequency (38GHz)
2D patterns in E- and H- planes (co- and cross- polarisation components),
Directivity and gain (including dielectric and/or metal losses).

This structure seems very interesting for benchmarking purposes because its involves the problem
of hybrid solution for active antenna operating at millimetre-wave frequencies (the reduction of
surface wave losses effect on efficiency).
5- Keywords
Millimetre wave, hybrid antenna, Pin, multilayer.
6- References
Some results have been given in Figures II-10, II-12, II-13 and II-14. We will provide,
upon request, additional results if needed.
7- Applicability
Numerical methods that could be candidates for the analysis are the following:
A Global electromagnetic modelling (MoM, FDTD, FEM, ),
We have developed segmentation technique to analyse this structure.
8- Confidentiality : restricted to ACE partners

N5 : Oscillator patch antenna

1. Entity:
University of Birmingham
School of Electronic, Electrical & Computer Engineering,
Gisbert Kapp Building
Birmingham B15 2TT
Contact person:
P.S. Hall (p.s.hall@bham.ac.uk),
H. Ghafouri-Shiraz (ghafourh@bham.ac.uk),
S.T.Chiw ( S.T.Chiw@bham.ac.uk)
2. Structure Definition: Oscillator patch antenna.

Consists of : An active device: (discrete transistor infineon CLY2)
Lumped element: Resistor, capacitor
Distributed element: Transmission line, radial stub
Material : Duroid 5880 (h=0.8mm)
Simulation Constraint : Antenna and distributed element simulated using Momentum (MoM),
imported into circuit simulator for co-simulation with active device and lumped components. The
perturbation of near field cause by active device is ignored in the final co-simulation.
Transistor model:
Figure II-15 : Transistor model

Figure II-16 : Antenna + Circuit Layout : Vdg=1.5V Vgs=-1.5V common gate configuration
(units in mm)
3. Expected Results:
CPU time : Momentum (Antenna and circuit layout simulation) approximately 9 hours on a
Pentium 4 2.8 GHz machine, memory approximately 150MB sweep freq 0-5.6GHz.
CPU time : Transient 345 seconds on a Pentium 4 2.8 GHz machine, 0-160ns : 0.025ns interval,
memory approximately 1.1GB
Figure II-17 : Pictures of a 3 elements oscillator patch arrays

(a) (b)
Figure II-18: a) Simulated free running oscillation freq
b)Measured injection locked oscillator patch (MaxHold 30secs)
4. Interest of the structure:

Simulation involved active and passive elements. Large signal transistor model was used (Statz
model). Transistor model provided by manufacturer was in bare chip form, package parasitic were
added and optimised to match data given in datasheet/experiment).
5. Keywords:
Active antenna, Oscillator patch antenna
6. References:
1. CLY2 datasheet -http://www.triquint.com/company/divisions/wireless/docs/CLY2/CLY2.pdf
7. Applicability:
Include active device in EM simulation .
8. Confidentiality:
For benchmarking purposes only.
The dissemination of results has to be approved by University of Birmingham
(Publication in progress)
N6 : Integrated_antenna_array
1- Entity
Two element antenna array :
The study of printed antenna on GaAs substrate allows us to design active integrated antenna. In
this case the antenna is printed in the same substrate for active circuit (amplifier, mixer,).
The antenna design must take into account different existing layers necessary for metallisation and
also for active circuit (D02AH OMMIC process).
The process of realisation D02AH of OMMIC allows the designer to achieve some transmission lines
on two distinct metallized layers. The first named BE layer is used to achieve lower electrodes of
capacities as well as the first level of interconnection. The second named IN layer is used for the
realisation of the second level of interconnection.
In millimetre wave band, the dimensions of antennas are compatible with component integration.
The structure to be analysed is a two printed patchs array (Fig. II-19) working at 60GHz. The
geometry and dimensions of the structure are given in Figure II-19.
ORM1 AsGa60
L
SiN r = 7 e = 0,15 m Gold
SiO2 r = 5 e = 0,85m
L3 d Wq Lq SiN r = 7 e = 0 ,15m
a
Wl
La GaAs : r=12.9, e=100m
b
Ground plane
(a) Cross-section of the lens antenna (b) support characteristics
Figure II-19: Geometry of the integrated passive antenna
Dimension of chip : 3x2 mm

Substrate GaAs : r=12.9, tg =.001, h = 100m ,
Metal (Gold) : Thickness : 1,25m, conductivity : 4,6 107 S/m
Antenna dimensions : a=960m ; b=645m ; d=140m ; L=1600m ;Lq=475m ;
Wq=150m; La=1600m ; Wl=77m
Examples of theoretical and experimental results (figure II-20) :
A return loss computed with the Segmentation method considering an effective dielectric
substrate with r=12.5 or r=12.3 depending on the transmission line width.
ORM1_ASGA60
0
-5
-10
S11 (dB)
-15
-20
Measurement
-25
Segmentation
-30
57 57.5 58 58.5 59 59.5 60 60.5 61 61.5 62
Frequency (GHz)
Figure II-20: Theoretical and measurement return loss
Figure II-21 gives the comparison between theoretical and measured input impedance.
ORM1_ASGA60
Swp Max
1.0
0.8
62GHz
0.6
2.0
4
0.
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.2
10.0
10.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0
-10.0
-0.2
-5.0
0
-4.
Measurement
0
-3.
4
-0.
Segmentation
0
-2.
-0.6
-0.8
Swp Min
-1.0
57GHz
Figure 3: Theoretical and measurement input impedance
In order to measured the array radiation the follo wing device was used (figure II-21).
Radiation patterns in E- and H pla nes (figure II-22 and II-23): The patterns are computed using
the Segmentation method and compared to measurement.
V Connector
Thermo-compression
Mircrostrip line
on Alumina substrate
GaAs Antenna
Metallic Support
Figure II-23: Measurement device with V connector
0 Co-pol.
-5
Normalized power dB
-10
-15
-20
Cross-pol
-25
-30
-35
-40
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Theta
Figure II-24: Measured and computed co- and cross-polarisation components at resonance (60 GHz)
0
Co-pol
-5
Normalized power dB
-10
-15
-20
-25 Cross-pol
-30
-35
-40
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Theta
Figure II-25: Measured and computed co- and cross-polarisation components at resonance (60 GHz)
4
Measurement
Mesure
3
Segmentation
2
Gain (dB)
1
0
-1
-2
-3
58,5 58,75 59 59,25 59,5 59,75 60 60,25 60,5 60,75 61
Frquences (GHz)
Frequency (GHz)
Figure II-28: Measured and computed gain versus frequency

Figure II-28 gives the comparison between theoretical and measured gain. The efficiency is about
50%.
3- Expected results
- Return losses and input impedance (including all layers)
Computed at the resonance frequency (60GHz)

This structure seems very interesting for benchmarking purposes because its involves the problem
of integrated antenna on high dielectric permittivity substrate for active antenna application
operating at millimetre-wave frequencies (the effect of surface wave losses on efficiency).
5- Keywords
Millimetre wave, integrated antenna, GaAs..
6- References
Some results have been given in Figures II-24, II-26, II-27 and II-28. We will provide, upon
request, additional results if needed.
7- Applicability
A global electromagnetic modelling (MoM, FDTD, FEM, ). We have developed segmentation
technique to analyse this structure.

N7 : Dielectric Lens_antenna
1- Entity
Ronan.Sauleau@univ -rennes1.fr
The structure to be analysed is a 3D lens antenna operating in Q-band (47.2 50.2 GHz): it
consists of an aperture-coupled microstrip (ACM) patch antenna exciting a Teflon lens (diameter =
4.6 wavelength in free space). The geometry and dimensions of the structure are given in Figure
II-29. The 3D view of the antenna is represented in Figure II-30.
The 3D lens profile is described using a 3D set of points that will be provided upon request.
(a) Cross-section of the lens antenna (b) Dimensions of the primary source
(aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna)
Figure II-29: Geometry of the lens antenna
Figure II-30: 3D view of the lens antenna (dimensions in centimeters)

Antenna prototype:
Figure II-31 shows the top and bottom view of this lens antenna (together with the V-type
connector used for measurement purposes).
Figure II-31: Top (left) and bottom (right) views of the antenna
Examples of theoretical and experimental results:
a. Reflection coefficient: S11 computed with the FDTD method (solid line = ACM patch
radiating in an semi- infinite dielectric half space of Teflon ; dotted line = ACM patch + lens of fig.
2).
Figure II-32: Theoretical reflection coefficient
b. Radiation patterns in E- and H planes: The patterns are computed using the FDTD
method and the classical geometrical optics (GO) / physical optics (PO) approximation.
3- Expected results
- Reflection coefficient and input impedance,
Computed at the resonance frequency and around the resonance frequency
(fractional bandwidth 6%),
3D patterns: equi-amplitude contours,
- Computational resources (CPU time, memory requirements; high-performance

computing plateforms for global analysis).
Figure II-33: Measured and computed co- and cross-polarisation components at resonance (49
GHz)

This structure seems very interesting for benchmarking purposes because its involves several
modelling difficulties:
a. it operates at millimetre-wave frequencies (the effect of near-field environment could be
analysed in a second step),
b. it involves dielectric and metallic parts, and especially a complex 3D dielectric shapes with
small radIII of curvature compared to the operating wavelength. Meshing the structure is a
challenging task,
c. it is small enough (4.6 free-space wavelengths in diameter) to wonder if asymptotic
approaches (Physical Optics, True Physical Optics, Physical Optics with lateral waves, ) are still
valid. Sophisticated asymptotic approaches may be required for an accurate analysis of the
radiation performance of the lens.
d. it is electrically large (including with small physical details): the use of 3D electromagnetic
tools for a global modelling of the structure is thus challenging,
This antenna has been designed in the framework of a European Project (FP5) MIPA (MEMS
based Integrated Phased Array Antenna). The challenging application consists in defining a very
compact lens antenna with a symmetric radiation patterns and a directivity > 19 dBi over the
frequency band 47.2 50.2 GHz. .
5- Keywords
Millimeter-wave, lens antenna, complex dielectric shapes.
6- References
Some results have been given in Figures II-32 and II-33.
We will provide, upon request, these results and additional results if needed (equi-apmplitude
contours, electric and magnetic currents densities, near-fields, ).
7- Applicability
a. Global electromagnetic modelling (MoM, FDTD, FEM, ),
b. Asymptotic approaches (Physical optics, )
We have developed FDTD and Physical optics software for the analysis of such antennas.

N8 : Slot waveguide antenna
1- Entity
Slot waveguide antennas are very useful in microwave applications, especially for microwave
communications and radar systems. The variety of these applications can be explain by the slots
waveguide antennas good performances, especially in terms of cross polarization and very low
losses up to millimetre-wave bands.
The example proposed for benchmarking is a longitudinal slot waveguide array presented in Figure
II-34. Longitudinal slots are ds spaced on the broad face of the waveguide which needs the slots
alternation in order to compensate the current phase. Moreover the slot distance from the center
of the waveguide, which allows to control the radiated power is choosen different for each slot
(Taylor distribution). The waveguide is metallized foam built thats why we shall consider a
dielectric permittivity ( r).
Figure II-34: Slot Waveguide Antenna.
Figure II-35: Slot Waveguide Antenna dimensions.

The following dimensions will be considered (see Figure II-35): a=7.112mm b=3.556mm,
t=0.02mm Lf=3.65 mm, W f=0.5 mm, ds=4.04 mm, r=1.15. The slots displacement from the
center of the waveguide is provided on request (txt, Gerber or dxf format).
3- Expected results
The results that should be considered for the benchmarking process are the array return loss,
transmission coefficient, radiation patterns (H and E plane), efficiency, as well as the computing
resources (CPU time and memory storage).

This dielectric slot waveguide antenna presents several points of interest. It is a long array (13
g) with each time, a different slot waveguide displacement from the centre of the waveguide.
Thats why CPU tim e is a critical parameter. In addition, several applications, such as radar ones
required slot waveguide array (weighted), and in this case CPU time will become more and more
important.
The other interest is the technology used to realized this antenna is based on metallized foam (see
WP 2.1.3). In this case, it will be interesting to compare the efficiency computed by different
codes.
5- Keywords
Dielectric Slot Waveguide Antenna, Antenna arrays, efficiency
6- References
The structure was computed, realized and measured at IETR (return loss, transmission coefficient,
E and H plane pattern and also efficiency) and published in a thesis [1]. A comparison between
measurements and different codes (MEV, MLTP, CST) simulation is given below. Tabular data and
other measurement results are available on request.
Figure II-36: Transmission coefficient (S21) versus Frequency.

Fig. II-37: H plane pattern computed at 35 GHz Fig. II-38: measurement at 34.5, 35, and
35.5 GHz
Theory/MEV Theory/MLTP Measurement

Directivity (dBi) 18.1 17.7 17.7<D<18.1
Gain (dB) 16.6 16.3 16.6
Efficiency (%) 70.8 71.4 70.8<<77.9
Table 1: Directivity, Gain comparison.
[1] S. Chainon, Etude et conception dantennes composes de guides dondes en technologie

mousse mtallise. Application aux antennes balayage lectronique., University of Rennes 1,
November 2002.
7- Applicability
Numerical methods should be good candidates to analyse the proposed structure. However MEV,
MLTP (analytical methods, in-house code) have a CPU time advantage. Perhaps it is also your own
software tool case.

N9 : Printed leaky-wave arrays

1- Entity
La Sapienza University of Rome Department of Electronic Engineering
Prof. Alessandro Galli Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy

Tel.: +39-06-44585840; Fax: +39-06-4742647; E-mail: galli@die.uniroma1.it
The proposed structure is an array of leaky-wave antennas based on MIC technology. The device
operates as a pencil-beam radiator, which can scan both in elevation and azimuth by varying both
frequency and phase shift. The main applications are for microwave monitoring systems. Practical
advantages of such a solution derive from the use of a simple one-dimensional (instead of a two-
dimensional) array configuration.
This structure is basically a set of juxtaposed travelling-wave lines, radiating power in small
amount along their length. In particular, each line is constituted by a microstrip operating with the
first higher-order mode in a frequency range where it can efficiently radiate (leaky-wave regime).
The proper use of frequency and phase shift between elements enables a control of the pointing
direction of the pencil beam.
The excitation of the microstrip lines can be obtained by means of suitable feeding elements (e.g.,
dipoles or slots in the ground plane) including possible phase-shift elements. The dimensions are
related to the frequency range of interest, usually in the upper part of microwaves (X band etc.),
and to the possible choices of permittivity and height of the dielectric substrate.
Figure II-39 : Basic configuration of an array of microstrip leaky-wave antennas.
3- Expected results
CPU time and memory storage for the numerical tools and commercial software
Beam scanning features
Radiation patterns
Efficiency

The benchmark of the analysis and design techniques is a very important aspect for such
structures. The development of ad-hoc numerical tools, based on proper modelling of the
structure, can provide a useful alternative to standard commercial software. It is also important to
check some peculiar features of these structures, including for instance the presence of grating
lobes and the regions of end of scanning.
5- Keywords
Scanning arrays
Leaky-wave antennas
Printed circuits
6- References
It is possible to achieve numerical results with different types of commercial software; also
experimental results through measurements on suitable prototypes at microwaves could be
compared.
7- Applicability
A very efficient and quite accurate tool to analyse this kind of structures can be based on the
knowledge of the travelling-wave phase and attenuation parameters, as a function of the physical
parameters involved. In our case, this is achievable by means of ad-hoc numerical tools, based in
particular on a spectral-domain approach in conjunction with the unit-cell approach. Standard
software for high-frequency antenna analysis, e.g. based on moment methods or finite elements,
can also provide alternative characterisation of the performance of this antenna. We have all such
candidate tools by ourselves, and interesting comparisons among the different analysis and design
techniques can be obtained as concerns efficiency and accuracy.

N10 : Metallic leaky-wave antennas
1- Entity
La Sapienza University of Rome Department of Electronic Engineering
Prof. Alessandro Galli Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy

Tel.: +39-06-44585840; Fax: +39-06-4742647; E-mail: galli@die.uniroma1.it
The proposed structure is a leaky-wave antenna based on a partially -open metallic waveguide. It
can work as a fan-beam radiator, which scans by varying the frequency; the main applications are
in control systems at microwaves and millimeter waves.
This structure is a travelling-wave line (usual lengths can be of the order of ten wavelengths),
which leaks power in small amount per unit length. In particular, the geometry considered here
consists of a metallic rectangular guide, whose transverse shape is suitably modified with a pair of
ridges or steps (stepped leaky-wave antenna); the structure is open on the top wall by a narrow
and long slot, which enables power to radiate in the form of a focused beam at an angle varying
with the operation frequency.
The excitation can be obtained by means of standard rectangular waveguides, possibly with
tapered transitions to match the stepped geometry; termination with a matched load is als o
advisable to avoid back radiation.
The dimensions are related to the frequency range of interest, which typically is in the upper
microwave range (e.g., Ku band) or lower millimeter-wave range (e.g., Ka band). The frequency
ranges (and relevant scanning angles) are in general quite wide, since they can be specified by the
operation of the dominant mode of the feeding rectangular guide.
Suitable procedures of longitudinal tapering of the geometry can furnish excellent control of the
aperture illumination with possible reduced sidelobes. These structures are usually air-filled but
also dielectrics can be employed inside the open guide or as radomes.
Figure II-40 Basic configuration of a stepped leaky-wave antenna.
3- Expected results
CPU time and memory storage of the numerical tools and commercial software
Aperture amplitude and phase distributions
Radiation patterns
Efficiency

The structure is very interesting for benchmarking, since it has some peculiar features as concerns
dimensions and radiation performances.
It is important to check how standard software can work with this type of antennas, which has
been proven to be very versatile. An interesting topic specifically concerns with the design of
suitable aperture distributions for a good control of the radiation pattern.
It is finally important to check the capabilities of ad-hoc analysis and design numerical tools based
on proper modelling of the structure.
5- Keywords
Travelling-wave antennas
Leaky-wave antennas
Radiation pattern control
6- References
In order to check the performances of the proposed structure it is possible to achieve both
numerical results with different types of software and also experimental results through
measurements on suitable prototypes. We can provide such results by ourselves.
7- Applicability
A very efficient and accurate tool to analyse this kind of structures can be based on a equivalent-
network representation, which exploits a transverse resonance technique. Commercial software for
high-frequency 3-D antenna analysis, such as those based on finite elements, can also provide the
characterization of the performance of this antenna. We have such candidate tools by ourselves.

PART III : MILLIMETER ANTENNA BENCHMARKING

SIMULATIONS
INTRODUCTION
This second part concern the comparison between different software applied on different antenna
design.
This report was intended to benchmark a software tools in the analysis of pre-defined reference
antenna structures. As indicated before, ten structures was proposed only six of them (N 1, 3, 6,
7, 8 and 10) was tested by different partners : IETR, TUD, HUT, IST. The results obtained for
structure N7 will be given in WP2-1-3 report. The structure 10 is different to the antenna
proposed by La Sapienza, because no available data's. In order to simulate an equivalent
structure, HUT proposed two leaky-waves antenna.
III-1- Structure N1 results : Thick slot coupled patch antenna

This structure was tested by IST (WIPL-D Ltd ) and IETR.
1-1 Geometry
The geometry and complete specification of the antenna structure is presented in Figure III-1.
Serial Stub : length of 0.9 mm between middle of slot and end of stub, width (50 O line)
equals 0.38 mm
Feeding line : 15 mm, width = 0.38mm (50 O microstrip line).
Rogers Duroid 5880 substrate is used for all layers. Dielectric constant= 2.22 at 40 GHz
H1 = H2= 0.150 mm. The
Figure III-1 Geometry of structure #1 as defined by IETR.
1-2 Results
Two WIPL-D projects were implemented to analyse the above problem:
1. Start5 model as described in the Benchmarking Structure Definition, ground plane of

size 30 x 30 mm.
2. Start5a model with ground plane of size 10 x 10 mm. The position of the resonance is
the same as in Start5 and requires much less unknowns, so it is suitable for tuning the
resonance position.
The corresponding WIPL-D model is shown in Figure III-2. Symmetry was used to reduce the
number of unknowns. The analysis was performed on a Intel Pentium IV, CPU at 2.4 GHz with 1
GB RAM, and the main numerical execution indicators are presented in Table 2.
Input reflection loss curves are presented in Figure III-3 (calculated by WIPL-D) and in Figure III-4
(measured). Calculated radiation pattern is shown in Figure III-5 and Figure III-6. No measured
data was provided for radiation pattern.
Figure III-2 WIPL-D model for structure #1.

Model Analysis Time @ Single Number of Unknowns

Frequency Required
Start5 367.9 s 4050
Start5a 21.7 s 987
Table 2 Numerical execution paramters for the WIPL-D Pro analysis of structure #1. Pentium IV
@ 2.4 GHz, 1 GB RAM
Figure III-3 Input reflection loss for structure 1, calculated by WIPL-D
Figure III-4 Measured input reflection loss for structure 1, using coaxial or TRL calibration.
Figure III-5 Calculated Radiation Pattern at Resonance (39.6 GHz) for F =0
Figure III-6 Calculated Radiation Pattern at Resonance (39.6 GHz) for F =90
III- 2- Structure N3 results : Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic

Antennas
This structure was tested by IST (WIPL-D Ltd ) and TUD (CST).
2-1 WIPL-D simulation
With standard notation for LogPeriodic Antennas: R1 =0.64mm, =150 , =50, =0.5,
=1/2, 3arms on each side => 6 arms
100nm of evaporated Pt (platinum) on a 350mm GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) substrate
Frequency range: 50GHz to 1200GHz
Figure III-7 Geometry of structure #4, as defined by TUD.
The WIPL-D antenna model is presented in Figure III-8, the input reflection loss in Figure III-9,
and radiation power patterns in Figure III-10.
Figure III-8 WIPL-D model for structure #4.
Figure III-9 Calculated reflection loss for structure #4.

Figure III-10 Calculated power patterns for structure #4 at two frequencies.
Table 3 shows the numerical execution parameters for the analysis of this structure, considering
100 GHz as the upper frequency limit. However WIPL-D model can handle this antenna up to 220
GHz with 15,000 unknowns using a standard PC and higher at 64 bit architecture PC (for example,
with 30,000 unknowns the analysis can go up to 330 GHz, and so on).
Model Analysis Time @ Single Number of Unknowns

Frequency Required
b5_10a 417 s 4539
Table 3 - Numerical execution paramters for the WIPL-D Pro analysis of structure #4. Pentium IV
@ 2.2 GHz, 0.5 GB RAM
2-2 CST simulation
Figure III-11 Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic Antenna.

Figure III-12 1D Results > |S| linear > S1,1.
Figure III-13 1D Results > |S| dB > S1,1.

Figure III-14 Z Matrix (AR) > Real Part > Z1,1.
Figure III-15 real part of antenna impedance.

Figure III-11 Given results.
Table 4 Simulation Statistics.

III-3- Structure N6 results : Integrated_antenna_array

This structure was tested by TUD (CST).
Figure III-17 Antenna structure.

Figure III-18 Integrated Antenna Array at 60GHz
Figure III-19 1D Results > |S| dB > S1,1.

Figure III-20 1D Results > |S| linear > S1,1.
Figure III-21 Far field at 59.2 GHz.

Figure III-22 Far field at 59.2 GHz at theta=90.
Table 5 Simulation Statistics.

III-4- Structure N8 results : Slot waveguide antenna

This structure was tested by HUT (Ansoft HFSS ) and TUD (CST).
4-1 Ansoft HFSS simulation
Used simulation software:

HFSS, version 9.2.1
Used server:
Eric, Dual CPU 1 GHz, RAM 8 GB
Used material parameters:

Dielectric: relative permittivity 1.15, electric loss tangent 0
Copper: conductivity 58000000 S/m (HFSS value)
Used simulation settings:

Maximum number of passes: 8
Maximum delta S per pass: 0.02
Lambda refinement, target: 0.3333
Refinement per pass: 20 %
Minimum number per passes: 1
Minimum converged passes: 1
Port field accuracy: 1 %
Radiation boundary box:

L x W x H = 131 x 22 x 15 mm (The radiation surface must be located at least a quarter
wavelength from the radiating source, the requirement of HFSS.)
Figure III-23. Structure of the antenna.
Results
Simulation time: 1:11:45 (real tim e), 34:48 (CPU time)

Required memory: 80 486 Kb, 58 648 tetrahedra
Table 6. Antenna results in the direction of the main beam. The surface roughness has not been
taken into account in simulations.
Value
Etot 36.9 dB (theta -11, phi 0)
G 19.6 dB (theta -11, phi 0)
Grealized 19.1 dB (theta -11, phi 0)
D 19.1 dB (theta -11, phi 0)
Efficiency 100 % (?)
S21
-2
-4
-6
S21 [dB]
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
30 32 34 36 38 40
Frequency [GHz]
Figure III-24. Transmission coefficient (S21) versus Frequency.
S11
0
-10
-20
-30
S11 [dB]
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
30 32 34 36 38 40
Frequency [GHz]
Figure III-25. Input match (S11) versus Frequency.

H plane
0
35 GHz
-10 34.5 GHz
35.5 GHz
-20
Etot [dB]
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Figure III-26. H plane pattern computed at 34.5, 35, 35.5 GHz (phi 0).
E plane
0
-5
-10
-15
Etot [dB]
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
phi [degree]
Figure III-27. E plane pattern computed at 35 GHz (theta -11).

Gain
25
20
15
10
5
G [dB]
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Figure III-28. Gain computed at 35 GHz (phi 0).
Grealized
25
20
15
10
Grealized [dB]
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Figure III-29. Realized gain computed at 35 GHz (phi 0).

Directivity
25
20
15
10
5
D [dB]
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Figure III-30. Directivity computed at 35 GHz (phi 0).
Figure III-31. The far field plot (E [dB]) of the antenna.

Figure III-33. Propagation of the E-field on the surface of the radiation boundary box.
4-2 CST simulation
Figure III-34. simulated structure.
Figure III-35. Return loss versus slots displacement.

Figure III-36. insertion loss versus slots displacement.

III-5- Structure N10 results : Metallic leaky-wave antennas
Two different taperings for the leaky wave antenna metallic wasproposed and tested by HUT
(Ansoft HFSS ) :
5-1 Structure N10-1

Ansoft HFSS, version 9.2.1,
Used server:

Steel (stainless): conductivity 1 100 000 S/m (HFSS value)


Figure III-38. Structure of the antenna (bl= 5.8 mm, br = 1.2 mm)
.
Results
Simulation time: 6:25:33 (real time), 3:11:45 (CPU time)

Value
Etot 33.4 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
G 16.0 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
Grealized 15.6 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
D 16.1 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
Efficiency 89.1 %
S21
0
-5
-10
-15
S21 [dB]
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Frequency [GHz]

S11
-5
S11 [dB]
-10
-15
-20
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Frequency [GHz]
H plane
-5
E [dB]
-10
-15
-20
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Figure III-41. H plane pattern computed at 15 GHz (phi 0).

E plane
-5
-10
E [dB]
-15
-20
-25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
phi [degree]
Figure III-42. E plane pattern computed at 15 GHz (theta 36).
Gain
20
15
10
G [dB]
-5
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]

Grealized
20
15
Grealized [dB]
10
-5
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Directivity
20
15
10
D [dB]
-5
20 30 40 50 60 70
teta [degree]


5-1 Structure N10-2

Ansoft HFSS, version 9.2.1,
Used server:

Steel (stainless): conductivity 1 100 000 S/m (HFSS value)


Figure III-49. Structure of the antenna (tapering bl and br).

Results
Simulation time: 1:58:28 (real time), 59:52 (CPU time)

Value
Etot 34.3 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
G 16.9 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
Grealized 16.5 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
D 17.1 dB (theta 39, phi 0)
Efficiency 87.1 %
S21
-5
-10
-15
S21 [dB]
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Frequency [GHz]

S11
-5
-10
S 11 [dB]
-15
-20
-25
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Frequency [GHz]
H plane
-5
-10
E [dB]
-15
-20
-25
-30
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Figure III-52. H plane pattern computed at 15 GHz (phi 0).

E plane
-5
-10
E [dB]
-15
-20
-25
-30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
phi (degree]
Figure III-53. E plane pattern computed at 15 GHz (theta 39).
Gain
20
15
10
5
G [dB]
-5
-10
-15
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]

Grealized
20
15
10
Grealized [dB]
-5
-10
-15
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]
Directivity
20
15
10
D [dB]
-5
-10
-15
20 30 40 50 60 70
theta [degree]


Conclusion
This report shown the WP-2-1-4 partners possibilities in term of simulations as well as the
expertise of researchers of this group.
The scientific community working in millimiter domain has currently strength software of 3D
electromagnetic simulation allowing to simulate some more and more complex structures.
The CPu time of calculation doesn't stop decreasing thanks to the progress of computers that is
more and more fast.
ACE2 can start therefore consider some of very sophisticated and large size antennas.

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WP 2.1-4 Design and test of MM and sub-MM/Integrated antennas p.

WP 2.1-4 Design and test of MM and sub-MM/Integrated

ACE-A2.1D5 Report on design tools and software

Active Participant Institution

PART I : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN SOFTWARE

1. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO

1.3 Method Description

1.4 Format imports/Exports

2.3 Method Description

2.4 Format imports/Exports

3.3 Method Description

3.4 Format imports/Exports

4.3 Method Description

4.4 Format imports/Exports

5.3 Method Description

5.4 Format imports/Exports

6.3 Method Description

6.3.1 Analytic expression of Huyghens principle

6.3.2 Variational expression of integral equations

6.3.3 Finite element method solution

6.3.4 Iterative and hybrid method

7.3 Method Description

8.3 Method description

8.4 Meshing and system requirements

PART II : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN BENCHMARKING

II-1 BENCHMARKING FORM STRUCTURE DEFINITION

II-2 PROPOSED STRUCTURES

PART III : MILLIMETER ANTENNA BENCHMARKING SIMULATIONS

III-1- Structure N1 results : Thick slot coupled patch antenna

III- 2- Structure N3 results : Integrated sub-MM LogPeriodic

III-3- Structure N6 results : Integrated_antenna_array

III-4- Structure N8 results : Slot waveguide antenna

III-5- Structure N10 results : Metallic leaky-wave antennas

PART I : MILLIMETER ANTENNA DESIGN SOFTWARE

1. CST M ICROWAVE STUDIO

1.3 Method Description

1.4 Meshing and system requirements

1.5 Format imports/Exports

2.3 Method Description

2.4 Meshing and system requirements

2.5 Format imports/Exports

3.3 Method Description

3.4 Meshing and system requirements

4.3 Method Description

4.4 Meshing and system requirements

4.5 Format imports/Exports

5.3 Method Description

5.4 Meshing and system requirements

5.5 Format imports/Exports

The software is used to analyse 3D radiating structure, calculates the electromagnetic

6.3 Method Description

6.3.1 Analytic expression of Huyghens principle

6.3.2 Variational formulation of integral equations

6.3.3 Finite element method solution

6.3.4 Iterative and hybrid Method

6.4 Meshing and system requirements

Physical Optics, augmented by PTD if desired. Convergence of the PO numerical integral is

7.4 Meshing and system requirements

WIPL-D can be used for:

8.3 Method description

8.4 Meshing and system requirements

Unknowns CPU Time [s]

Table I WIPL-D Benchmarking for dielectric filled conical horn