Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Any three
1
Prepared By Umair Saeed
Fuzzy Logic is a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables
that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which
operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true or false respectively).
9. Define Luminance.68
It shows the intensity of light. (i.e. In B&W picture)
2
Prepared By Umair Saeed
The IF subsystem consists of SAW filter for bandshaping, AGC controlled, IF Amplifiers, AGC, AFT (or
AFC), Intercarrier Sound, IF Detector, Video Detector and Video Buffer amplifier. The Video Detector uses a
diode as a rectifier and filter to remove the unwanted high frequency carrier signals.
3
Prepared By Umair Saeed
The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-
noise block down-converter. A satellite receiver decodes the desired television program/channel for viewing
on a television set. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services.
4
Prepared By Umair Saeed
33. Difference between Up and Down conversion.125
The chrominance signal around 4.43 MHz is down-converted to 562.5 kHz before recording and is up-
converted to the original value around 4.43 MHz in the playback section. The purpose of down and up
conversions is to eliminate 'time-base error'.
39. Working of video monitors and dose it contain RF, IF and Demodulator. 138
The video monitors reproduced the picture from composite video signal. Hence monitors doesnt not
contain RF, IF and Demodulation. It provide the batter reproduction, resolution, bandwidth, linearity and
less geometric distortion. It may or may not have audio reproduction circuit. They are used in CCTV.
5
Prepared By Umair Saeed
There are three types of Liquid Crystal used in LCD.
a) Nematic crystals
b) Cholesteric crystals and
c) Smectic crystals
42. Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of LCD
Advantages of an LCDs:
LCDs consumes less amount of power compared to CRT and LED
LCDs are consist of some microwatts for display in comparison to some mill watts for LEDs
LCDs are of low cost
Provides excellent contrast
LCDs are thinner and lighter when compared to cathode ray tube and LED
Disadvantages of an LCDs:
Require additional light sources
Range of temperature is limited for operation
Low reliability
Speed is very low
LCDs need an AC drive
Applications of Liquid Crystal Display
Liquid crystal technology has major applications in the field of science and engineering as well on electronic
devices.
6
Prepared By Umair Saeed
A plasma display is a computer video display in which each pixel on the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit
of plasma or charged gas, somewhat like a tiny neon light. Plasma displays are thinner than cathode ray
tube (CRT) displays and brighter than liquid crystal displays ( LCD ).
Interlaced scan: Traditional TV systems (such as NTSC, the standard TV system in the United
States) use an interlaced scan, where half the picture appears on the screen at a time. The other
half of the picture follows an instant later (1/60th of a second, to be precise). The interlaced system
relies on the fact that your eyes cant detect this procedure in action at least not explicitly.
Progressive scan: In a progressive-scan system, the entire picture is painted at once, which
greatly reduces the flickering that people notice when watching TV. Progressive scan is available
9
Prepared By Umair Saeed
The remote control has a transmitter, which transmits infra-red waves towards the receiver. This receiver
detects the infra-red waves and produces specific electronic signals. The infra-red signal detectors and
receivers are fitted on the front panel of the appliance, which is being controlled by the remote control.
10
Prepared By Umair Saeed
75. Enlist the feature of video game.
Listed below are features/ specifications Of Sony's play station video game console.
11
Prepared By Umair Saeed
80. Enlist the feature of Digital Diaries.
Listed beiow are the typical features of digital diaries.
12
Prepared By Umair Saeed
85. Enlist the feature of washing machine.168
Listed below are the features of Videocon washing machine, model No V-NA-1311F.
14
Prepared By Umair Saeed
SMS cell broadcast with upto 5 channels selection option.
Displays number of name of the incoming call.
Allows the receiver to receive and manage second call.
Emergency call can be made with or without SIM card. The standard emergency number is 112.
It records incoming messages (voice mail).
Editable fixed dial number to control outgoing calls through network operator.
94. What is meant by Facsimile or Fax.175
Facsimile or Fax is an electronic system for transmitting graphical information. Facsimile means an exact
reproduction. Document at the transmitting end is copied exactly at the receiving end in Facsimile system.
15
Prepared By Umair Saeed
Analog:
Fig. 6.11.6 shows the analog transmission of data.
In this, image on the page is converted to a series of audible tones. These tones are then transmitted from
one fax machine to another on phone lines. The two main disadvantages of analog transmission are.
1. It is subjected to noise.
2. The sequencing of tones reduces the transmission speed.
Digital:
Fig. 6.11.7 shows the digital transmission of data. Digital transmission also uses audible tones, but these
tones are fewer in number, and represent digital information
16
Prepared By Umair Saeed
104. Define base unit.184
The base unit is attached to the phone jack through a standard phone wire connection. The base operates
like a standard telephone plus transmitter/receiver and charger for the handset.
When paper as graphical information is inserted into fax machine, it is scanned rowbyrow. The Charge
Coupled Device (CCD) converts this information into proportional analog signals which is fed to A/D
converter circuit to produce a digital signal which is compressed before modulating a carrier for
transmission.
The Charge Coupled Device (CCD) is a special integrated circuit consisting of a flat, two-dimensional array
of small light detectors referred to as pixels as shown in Figure 8. Each pixel acts like a bucket for
electrons. A CCD chip acquires data as light or electrical charge. During an exposure, each pixel fills up
18
Prepared By Umair Saeed
with electrons in proportion to the amount of light that enters it. The CCD takes this optical or electronic
input and converts it into an electronic signal. The electronic signal is then processed to either produce an
image or provide information.
When the fax signal reaches receiver block through telephone line, it is demodulated using demodulator
within the modem. The data is fed to digital data expansion block to recover the original data from the
compressed form. The signals are fed to a printer together with the control signals such as Line Feed (LF).
Fig. 6.8.1 shows the block diagram of washing machine. It uses the micro controller or microcomputer as
the central controller. The controller has LCD or LED display and keyboard for program entry. The machine
can be operated in manual or auto modes. The machine has two washing tubs. The inner tube is
perforated. This tub contains the clothes to be washed. The outer tub is water scaled. The outer tub has
hot/cold water inlets, water outlets, soap inputs etc. The wash tubs are attached to the motor and gear box
assembly.
Please refer Fig. 6.8.1 on next page.
The controller senses volume of clothes, type of dirt and degree of dirt. Depending upon this data, the
controller decides various timings of the wash cycle. The controller controls the mixture of hot/cold water,
detergent/soap etc. After you fill the inner tub with clothes, the machine fills the tub with water. The
controller then adds the detergent to the water. The controller then agitates the inner tube. After the
completion of agitation time, the washer drains the water. The solenoid valve of water outlet is opened. The
controller spins the inner tube so that water comes out of the holes and goes to the outlet. & the controller
then refills the wash tub, agitates again for some time and spins the inner tube to rinse out the soap. This
washing cycle continues till the time estimated by the controller.
3. Draw the block diagram of Remote Control & Explain its Operation.
19
Prepared By Umair Saeed
Operating Principle:
Most of the electronic appliances such as TV, VCR, music systems, games, toys etc are operated with the
help of remote control. The remote control is based on electronic principles. The remote control has a
transmitter, which transmits infra-red waves towards the receiver. This receiver det&'ts the infra-red waves
and produces specific electronic signals. The infra-red signal detectors and receivers are fitted on the front
panel of the appliance, which is being controlled by the remote control. The remote control has several
keys. The pattern of the transmitted signal depends upon the key pressed. The receiver decodes this
pattern and decides which key on the remote control is pressed. The appliance then acts accordingly.
4. Draw the block diagram of Microwave Oven & Explain its Operation.
Operating Principle:
The microwave oven is an electronically controlled home appliance used for cooking. It uses the principle of
dielectric heating at microwave frequencies. The frequency of microwaves is 2450 MHz. The microwaves
are generated in the cooking cavity. These waves are reflected from the walls of the cavity and strike the
food. Because Of these high frequency waves the heat is induced inside the food. The temperature
increases much faster than the conventional cooking. The heat is conducted inside the food and it is
cooked in short time.
5. Draw the block diagram of Video Game & Enlist its Features.
20
Prepared By Umair Saeed
32-bit R 3000 A RISC processor.
33.8688 MHz clock speed.
30 MIPS i.e. 30 Million Instructions Per Second.
132 MB per second bus speed.
4 KB data cache and 1 KB instruction cache.
640 x 480 maximum graphics resolution with five interlaced and four non-interlaced modes.
24-bit colours.
256 x 256 maximum sprite size.
360, 000 polygon rendering speed.
1 MB RAM for graphics.
MPEG decoder.
12. 24 channels of audio.
13. 44.1 kHz audio sample rate.
14. 512 KB audio RAM.
15. Special digital audio effects like envelope, looping, reverb etc.
Feature of VCR:
Listed below are the features/specifications of SHARP VC-S101U VCR
21
Prepared By Umair Saeed