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CIHAN BAHRAN
For each i Z, let ei be the sequence defined by (ei )j = ij where is the Kronecker
delta. Clearly ei `2 (Z) is a unit vector and for k 6= l we have hek , el i = 0. So {ei }iZ
is an orthonormal set in H.
Let f = (ai )iZ be an arbitrary element in `2 (Z). Set
N
X
SN = ai ei = (. . . , 0, 0, aN , aN +1 , . . . , aN 1 , aN , 0, 0, . . . )
i=N
|i|>N
is the tail of the convergent sequence iZ |ai |2 (reordering is not an issue since the
P
terms are nonnegative). Thus limN SN = f in `2 (Z). But SN s are finite linear
combinations of ei s, so {ei }iZ is an orthonormal basis for `2 (Z). So `2 (Z) is separable.
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REAL ANALYSIS II HOMEWORK 2 2
and
kf kL1 (Rd ) m(E)1/2 kf kL2 (Rd ) .
(c) If f is bounded (|f (x)| M ) and f L1 (Rd ), then f L2 (Rd ) with
1/2
kf kL2 (Rd ) M 1/2 kf kL1 (Rd ) .
[Hint: For (a) consider f (x) = |x| when |x| 1 or when |x| > 1.]
(a) From Chapter 2, Exercise 10 (this was in the 4th homework last semester), if we
define
|x|a if |x| 1, |x|b if |x| > 1,
f (x) = and g(x) =
0 otherwise, 0 otherwise.
then f is integrable if and only if a < d and g is integrable if and only if b > d. Thus
if we let a = d/2, we have f L1 (Rd ) r L2 (Rd ) and if we let b = 2d/3, we have
g L2 (Rd )r L1 (Rd ).
(b) Note that
Z Z
2
(E ) = E = m(E) <
Rd Rd
(a) Let C denote the set of simple functions.. Since the square of a simple function
is integrable (it is actually simple!), we have C L2 (Rd ). Given f L2 (Rd ), since f
is measurable, there exists a sequence {fn } in C such that |fn | |f | for every n and
fn f pointwise. Then
|fn f |2 (2|f |)2 = 4|f |2 L1 (Rd ) ,
and |fn f | 0 pointwise, so by the dominated convergence theorem we have
Z
kfn f k2L2 (Rd ) = |fn f |2 0
thus fn f in L2 (Rd ).
REAL ANALYSIS II HOMEWORK 2 3
(b) Let C denote the set of continuous functions of compact support. First note that
bounded functions are dense in L2 (Rd ) since they contain the set of simple functions.
Moreover if is bounded, then by Lusins theorem we get a sequence {gn } of continuous
functions such that gn in L2 -norm.
10. Let S denote a subspace of a Hilbert space H. Prove that (S ) is the smallest
closed subspace of H that contains S.
Note that the closure S is a subspace of H because scalar multiplication and addition
are continuous maps on H (for instance if fn S such that fn g then fn g).
We know that S is also a closed subspace of H. Thus
(S ) S = H = S (S) .
So if we can show S = (S) , since we clearly have S (S ) (because (S ) is a
closed subspace containing S), it follows that S = (S ) .
Since S S, we immediately get (S) S . For the reverse inclusion, let h S .
Now for every g S, there exists a sequence {gn } in S such that gn g, thus
hh, gi = lim hh, gn i = lim 0 = 0 ,
n n
hence h (S) .
14. Suppose H and H0 are two completions of a pre-Hilbert space H0 . Show that
there is a unitary mapping from H to H0 that is the identity on H0 .
[Hint: If f H, pick a Cauchy sequence {fn } in H0 that converges to f in H. This
sequence will also converge to an element f 0 in H0 . The mapping f 7 f 0 gives the
required unitary mapping.]
so T is bounded.
Folland, Chapter 5
We shortly write k.k for k.k`2 (A) . Let {fn }nN be a Cauchy sequence in `2 (A). First
note that since the norm map
`2 (A) R
g 7 kgk
is continuous, the sequence {kfn k} of real numbers is Cauchy, hence bounded; so there
exists M 0 such that kfn k2 M for all n.
Fix A. Then for every > 0 there exists N N such that n, m N implies
> kfn fm k2 = |fn () fm ()|2 |fn () fm ()| .
X
Thus the sequence {fn ()}nN of complex numbers is Cauchy. Since C is complete,
there exists a uniquely determined f () C which is the limit of {fn ()}. So we have
a function f : A C. We will show that f `2 (A) and fn f in `2 (A).
Let F be a finite subset of A. Then given > 0, we can find a universal N N such
that n N implies
1
|fn ()|2 |f ()|2 <
|F |
for every F . Hence
X 2
X 2 1
|f ()| |fN ()| +
F F |F |
|fN ()|2 + 1
X
=
F
kfN k2 + 1
M + 1.
Since M does not depend on F , we get that |f ()|2 M + 1 < , so f `2 (A).
P
A
identically zero if
/ B. Thus / B implies f () = 0. Let us enumerate
B = {k }kN .
And similarly
Z
gm,n = kfm fn k2 .
Now sending m , the right hand side goes to zero since {fn } is Cauchy; thus the
left hand side must go to zero, which means fm f in `2 -norm.
55. Let H be a Hilbert space.
a. (The polarization identity) For any x, y H,
1
hx, yi = kx + yk2 + kx yk2 + i kx + iyk2 i kx iyk2 .
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(Completeness is not needed here.)
b. If H0 is another Hilbert space, a linear map from H to H0 is unitary iff it is
isometric and surjective.