Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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CHESTER
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8 CHOI. SotooI.
MEM ORIAL
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f.
r ur P I CTO R IA l. H I ST ORY Of
CHESTER
CATHEDRAL
A!lOn:: The south-wes t porch and th e: exterior of the.' 1UI\'e.', Tht nave, begun about 1350, '<"as finished aOOu I
1490, and the porch about 150S, The: Wor ld War I memorial cross, erected in 192:1, is by F , H , Crosaley,
TIlE I'I CT ORI A L III ST OR YOI'
CHESTER CATHEDRAL
R.y The r~, ,}" RlT. G. Jr. O. Addlcsbow. .ILI. . B.D.. 1-".5.. 1., Dcun l' Chester
HE story of OIC!ittt Cathedral F rom t 092 til l 1540 th e present Sa xon chu rch ...."as rep lace d by the
H IE C()~SI'iT{)RY
COU RT
LEFT : In 1635 th e gro und floor of
th e unfin ishe d sou th-west to we r
was turn ed in to the consis tory
coun. It is the COUrt of the
Bishop, and it s judge: is th e
O1ancellor o f th e diocese. H e
sits in th e canopied KIlt at m e:
bad.. The: oaken ,"11 and
table are of the time of Chaeles I.
This is the om}" aample in Eng-
land of an old consistory court.
Page S
A GREAT POP U LA R
H ISTOR IA N
century they moved ou t to a guild
chapel dedicated to St . !\"icholas, the
remains of which can be seen in St.
,"erburgh Street opposite the south-
west por ch. In the early decades of
the sixtentth century, the y were
gi\'en the south transept as th eir
parish church. It was called St.
Oswald' s and remained their parish
church till 1881. A panition at the
north enJ sep arat ed it from the rest
of the cathedral. The same arrange-
mall is found in Spanish cathednb
which have a parish . The parishion-
en worship in a part-e-often the
J<IKr,m'o-whi ch though st ructurally
belonging 10 the cath edral is cut
01T from the pans used for th e
cath ed ral services and has iu O'A'R
o utside entrance.
~ the abbots the most
noted u builden were Simon de
\llUtchurch ( 1 26~ -9 1) ; his su ccessor
Thomu de Burchelks ( 129 1- 1323) ;
Simon Ripl ey ( 148 ~ --9)) whose ini-
tia.ls can be scm on tWO of the
capiuJs of the north arcade, S R on
thoU of the western respond, R on
that of the third pier from the west;
and John Birchens hawe, who was
abbot from 1.49 3- 1 ~ 24 and again
from 1529-38. Some evidence is
a\'ailabk u to the number of monks
belonging to th e abbe y. In the
middle of th e thirteenth century,
there were abou t forty towards the
end of the fourteenth century about
thirty, and when the ab bey was dis-
solved in 15]8 there were at lust
twenry-cigb e. The main work of
the monks was the singing of the
dil'me office in choir dar by day. The
magnificent choir stal ls (pages 10
and II ), a bout 1390 in date, witness
to th e importance placed on this
work of worship. Incidentally, the
choi r was divided from the nave by
a stone screen, an d pan of it can
still be seen in th e north choir aisle
at th e bad. of th e stalls. Alth o ugh
St. Anselm , who pr esided over the
abbey 's foundation, was one of the
1' 111; CH ..\ I'EL OF ST. ERAS\lll S greatest thinkers of all time, the
ABOVE : This chapel in the south choir aisle is set apart for priva te prayers. monks were no t distinguished for
Here the Blessed Sacrament is reserved . The apsidal end of the chapel ( 1 81~) th eir intellect ual gifts excep t in th e
is new work by G il~rt Scott ; th e stained glass windo ws , by Clayton and Bell, fou rteenth cen tury , when th e abbey
re pre sent Fa ith, H ope , Charity and H umilit) ; and Clayton's three fine mosai c produced the great popular historian
pa nels behind th e allar depict women ' s m inistry in me Chu rch. of th e later M iddle Ages. H is name
was Ranulp h H igden . At th e sug-
gest ion of his brothe r monks he
T1IE C HO IR SC REE:" wro te a history of the world begin-
FACING PAGI! : The screen (J876), designed by Gilbert SCOtt, replaced 1 solid stone ning at the creation and brought his
screen which from the M iddle Ages down to 1876 di vided th e choir from th e na rra tive down to 1352. It is called
nave. The rood , the work of Bavarian carvers, was added in 191), the first to be th e P(}/~hronic(}n, and then: is 1
placed in an English cath ed ral since the Refo rma tion. Above th e screen th e manuscript copy on show in the
choir ceiling is seen with its de coration of angels and prop hets by J. R. C layton . chapter hou se . H igden ' s narrative
Ctntt,_ J "" I"JI' 8
Page 6
TilE C IlE STE R
,\I YSTE R Y PLA YS
has bee n d escribed as scrap py an d
re petinve ; bUI it contains so me lively
character sketches. H e d ied in 1]64
and was buried in th e south ch oir
aisle just eas t of th e blocked-u p d oor.
The grave was opened in 1874. H is
bones were in I sto ne coffin, and
wrap ped in a coarse woollen clo th
of reddish brown. The bones dis-
scleed directly they we re tou ch ed .
But the fourteenth-century abbey
also produced the earliest of the
Clester .")'Stery P lays . The p lays ,
of wh ich twenty-four are extant ,
deal with th e Christian scheme of
~\1Ition from th e fall of Lu cifer
md th e Creation to the La st J udge-
menr, Accordin g to a 0\c:s1eT t radi-
tion of 15]1, thq- were "devised and
made" b) I H enry F rancis, wh o is
lmongs1 the monb signing docu -
ments dealing 'Ai th m e abbey be-
tween 1] 17 It'd 1]81. H e may have
been me author o f the earliest p la}"S,
but many were written in the fif
teenth century. Since 195 1 there
have been regular performances in
CleslC'f of me p lays, the abbe)'s
great contribulion 10 the story o f
En glish drama.
Chester Cathedral is fortunate in
possessing many o f the buildings
wh e re me monks lived. They an:
amongst the best p rese rved monastic
buildings in Great Britain an d give
far be net id ea o f I medieval
abbey than the celebra ted Cistercian
ruins in Yorkshire. They are on the
north side of the cathedral, built
ro und the clo ister (p age ii cover),
which was originaJly laid ou t where
th e first abbey ch urch was built in
the twelfth century. T o the twelfth-
cen tury cloister belo n g the two
doorways in to th e cathed ral fro m the
sou th c jois re r and the blind Itch es
along its wall, an d m e un de rcroft
leaJing off the WCSt wa ll. This was
th e mo nk's cellar and is now the
cathedral work shop (p age 22 ).
T he other build ing s are later in
date. Off the east cloister is the
chap te r ho use wher e the monks me l
each d ay in conference, p receded b y
its beautifu l vestibule (page 18) and
the ir par lou r. These are thi rt eenth
centu~r in d ate . Over th em was th e
T H E O RG ,"r.'" monks d crmitc ry , wh ich has been
The main pan of th e or gan stands in the archwa y betwee n the to we r cross in g d estroyed . It ha d two staircases-c.
and th e nonh transept. The loft an d case (1876) were designe d by Gilbe rt Scott one use d by the monks in the day -
an d many peo ple think it his finest work in the cathedral . The o rgan was last lime , just by th e door to the parlour,
re bu ilt in 19O'ri O b y W. H iJl and Son. It has four man uals an d sixt)-three an d the e ther leadi n g from the
spea kin g sto ps. The choir organ is in the south choi r a isle. The flags in the do rmi to ry to the nom transept, by
foregr ound 'A~ ftown at th e ban le o f Jutland by H .~1 .S . Cheue r, On a tab let is wh ich th ey came down to th e choir
co mmemorate d Ja ck Ccm we lt , I boy seaman of sixtee n who, serving in that sh ip , for the night office . Along th e nonb
was awa rded a posthumous Victori a C ros s for bravery d u rin g the great ee me. clo ister is one of m e most n ob le
e-tu..uJ ... ~ II
Page 8
T HI: Cl IAI' I I 01:
ST. ~ I .\ RY .\\.<\<;n .\1 E;-; I;
UfT : This chapel is in the easr ais le
of the south transept and was foun -
ded in 1922 in memo ry of John
L ionel D arby, Dean of Chesler
1886-19 19. The altar and reredos
we n: designed by W . F. T OVoTf. In
the centre of the reredos is the as-
cended Chrin; on the left .'\lary
.\ lagdal m e 's sins ate forgi"en and
on the righ t she is the firs l to sec
Our Lord in the Garden on Easter
morning. The Il.indo w, a militar)
one b)' H eat on , Bu tl er and Bayne
( 1876) , shows fOUT sol d icn, Joshua ,
D avid , and the cenlu rions of Cape r-
Mum an d Caesarn. The colo urs
arc those of the Cheshi re Reg imem.
TIl E L-\ DY CHA PEL
FACI SG PAGE: In 1960 the Lady
Chaptl u"as r. d. corated by B ernard
,\1ill.r and the lampshad.s d.signtd
by his partllv. DUllcan .\1. Sttf,aart "
It u'<u built IZSG-7S and brought back
TilE SIIRI:'\f: OF ST. WfRRURG H to its original form by GilI'ert Scott
At the back of the La d y Chapel is the shrine o f S t. Werb urgb , about 1310 in date. ill 1868-73. The glass is by Wail.s:
After the Reformat ion unli l 1876 it srccd in the choir and fo nned th e bottom part in th ast Cl.1"nduw is the Passion
o f the Bishop ' s th ron e. W erbu rgh Wa5 the daughter of Wulfhere, king of ~tercia. and Resurrection; in th. side ttindou:s
who d ied be tween 700-707. The shrine i$ much mu tilated ; a.ll that remains of the <Ire sunts from the li,:es of SS. Peter
lar ge number of natue$ are some figureJ at the top (most ly headless), o f Angle> and Paul. Till allar frontal ( 1889) t::<u
Saxon king5, and, on the comer on the left, a little dog scratching its ear with itJ foot. "Iad# by 'he East Grinsuad Sisters.
Page 14
A SERI ES OF
REST O RA TI O ;-'; S
and BeU and Heaton, Butler and
& }'IlC, both da ting from 186) .
S ince 1868 the whole ap pea rance
of th e cath ed ral, insi de and ou t, ha s
been altered by a series of restora-
lion s. Of these mu ch the great est
was that of the nne, choi r , an d LId}'
Chapel, and exte rior carried o ut ,
1868- 76, by G ilbert Soon . II was
more than I rest or atio n. M an y new
features wer e add ed, and det ails o f
th ese will be found in the ca pti ons
10 th e illu st rations. The cre d it for
mu ch o f the work belon gs 10 James
Frater, Sco u's cler k of wor ks ; and
in the nonh choir aisle is a brass to
hi s mem ory . The present a rrange-
m ent of the interior of the cathedral
is due: 10 Sam. H e replaced th e
stone screen between th e nave and
choir b y the open .. -ccden SCf'C"C'1l
(page 7 ). It mak es the sanetw.ry
the focal point o f wo rshi p from the
nave, cnhancc:s the SC'1UoC' o f space,
and gi"c:s the cathedral an an nos-
phere of reverence and prayer.
Between the to wer crossing an d the
north transep t the organ lof l an d
case were buil t, forming a splen d id
TlII- :,\O RT H T R.-\'''U'T RO OI termin us 10 the ,-ista from the
ABOVE : The only med -evei roof left in the cathed ral easily see n is tha t of the south transe p t (page 8). T he p res-
north transept. It was bu ilt be tween 1509 an d 1529 and o n it a re the a rms of ene arran ge men t of th e choi r and
Henry VII I and of Car dinal Wolsey. On the Jcfl of th e photogr aph the top of the the stal ls (page 13) also da tes fro m
or gan case is see n, The timber roof was restor ed in 19 27 by the arch itect D . T . F yf e. Scott'S restoration. P art icu larly fine
is th e tiled floor , an d the WI }' it s
brown to nes in with the san d stone.
T ill' SP A:" ISU G,J"ns At th e eastern en d of th e floo r are
BELOW : In 1876 the cathe d ral was given a pa ir of Spanish 1l.<'O\Ight iro n gates the head s of the apos tles and two
dated 1558, the wo rk o f ..\ 10 0 $0 Berrugue te. They stan d at th e en trances 10 the G ree k and I -'"0 La tin docton of the
north an d sou th c hoir a isles. The splend id gatt shown is in the north cho ir aisle. Chutcb incised on marble tablets
from cartOOl\$ b y J. R. Cayton. The:
dccecrs , Athanasi us , Chr}"50Stom,
Am b rose an d Augus tine , represent
respectively the creeds, prnching,
church music and theology ,
The sancruat) was planned b)' J. S.
Ho wSoOI1, the gr eatest of the Victori an
deans of Chester , In the floor a re
two ~p l"C'SC'ntation s of the Passover,
also from cartoons b y J . R . Cl ayto n.
Rou nd them a rc pieces of tessela ted
pavement fr om the tem ple a rea at
Jerusalem . T he wood of the alta r
table is from th e H oly Land. On it
C""""""J .... ""'6 20
Page 16
THE l -H .'PTER H OU SE
xx o VEST IBUl.E
ABOVE : T be chapter house was built in the r jth
cen tury. H ere th e mo nks assembled each day
in Chapte r for spiritual conference, and it was
the burial place of the abbots. T he D ean and
C hapter now meet here each mont h to deal with
cathedral business. ABOVE, left: T his vestibule
is a much admired piece of r j th-century archi-
tecture. II leads fro m the east clois te r to the
chapter ho use. In the vest ibule the cathedral
cle rgy and the choir asse mble before the service.
THE PARLOUR
L EFT : Ar jth-century room off the east cloister,
now used for meetings. T he portraits arc of
D ean H o wson (d . 1885), !he grea test of Victorian
deans, and D ean Bennett , unde r whose lead er-
shi p from 1920-37 Ch ester became the first
E nglish cathedral to be run in a mo dem way.
T H E ;,\ORT H C L O IST ER
FACISG PAGE: The cloisters were laid out in the
rz th cen tury an d still contain work of this
period, bu t th ey were large ly rebuilt 1525-37,
and resto red by G iles Scott 19 tt - 13. The roof
bosses in the no rth cloister show it dates fro m
1 5 27-~ 9, The stained glass in the windows
( 192 1- 27) by Nichelson and Eden illustrates the
Christian year accordi ng to the Pra yer Book.
Page 18
TH E C HESH I RE
REGIM EN T
are ca....in gt b)' G. F. Armitage of
plants connected with th e Passion.
Prophets b y J . R. Dayton look down
from the ceiling, So far th e sanc-
tua ry s}mbolises the earthly Jeru-
salem, where th e Lord' s d eath and
passion , foretold b)' the Old Testa-
ment , was accomplished. Bu t over
the ala r is th e mosaic o f th e Last
Supper, where Our Lo rd instituted
the H oi)' Communion IS "a perpet-
ual memo!'}" of H is death and
passion. At the Hoi}' Conununion
H e gi\'es us the hca\'culy food of
H is Body and Blood. So the sanc-
tuary sym bo lises the heavenly Jeru-
salem, whe-n: (in Au~tinc', great
words}, God fds H is Israel for ever
with the food o f truth , and life is the
wisdom b)' who m iii things an: made.
At the end of 1881 the south tran-
sept cease d to be used by St .
Oswald', as their parish church. In
1882 Sir A rth u r Blomfield res tored
the- cast aisle and in 1887 placed the
grea t ....tndow in me south ....-all, IIIi th
its staincd-glass T~ Triumph of
Faith, by H eaton , Butk r an d Bayne.
The rest o( the interior of the tran-
sept was restored 1900"'2 by Chafin
James Blomfield. A striking feature
ofthe tranSoCpt an: the four litan in a
row in the cast aisle. In the first ba}'
from the- south is the St . :'\icholu
THf' RI-H CTOIn altar (19 17) and in the second the 51.
AllO\'E: The ~at building in Georg.: .Itar ( 19 21). Both .... ere
th e background is th e refecto ry . designed b)' Gi les Scott. In the third
the dining hall of the rl\OIlk$ . bay is the 51. Oswald altar ( t'}06) by
In the foreground is th e cloi ster Kempe, and the stained gla r.s in the
garden which was laid o ut in windows over these altan is by him.
the 1920'S. Hen: visitors to the The last altar, 51. M ary M agda -
cathedral can rest and enjoy th e lene ( 1922) is by T ower (pa ge 9).
colour of the stone. If they The bay wit h the St . George alta r is
throw a coi n in the fountain the c hape l o f the Ocshin: R egimen t,
they will come back again. and round the transept are the regi-
fACIS'G PAGE: The interio r of mental colou rs, includ ing th ose in
the refectory . Un d er the wood- wh ich th e coffin of Wolfe was wrap-
en p latform is the dais wh en: ped after the Battl e of Q uebec
th e abbot and his chief guests ( 1" 9), In the bay in the west ais le
sat. Fro m the car ly 17th cen- opposi te SI. George's chapel is th e
lUI'}' u ntil 1876 th e refecto ry cenota p h ( 1933) designed hy G iles
was used b y the K ing ', Sc hool, Scott with Ih... Rcgim ... ntal Book of
foun ded as pan of th e cathed ral Remem b ran ce of th e F irst World
in 1541. T he st one wo rk of the War. Th e Book of Rem...mbrance
east window (19 13) is by G iles of the Second Wor ld W ar is in th e
SCOll. In the glass ( 1920) b y case n... arby. In th... wind ow ( 19 49)
P owell a re Sr. \'i:'c rb u rgh and neer the south- west door is the
her relations. Th e arch brace R isen and Glorified Orist by H .
and ha mm er beam roof de- .\ 1. 0 0)1e.
signe d by F . H . C ros sley dates Between 19 1t and 19 t4 the m on-
from 19 39. The refectory is aSlie b uild ings wen: resto red by Gi les
no w used for big gath c rinlr-l of Soon. The easl, north and west
all kinds. RIG HT: The r jth- cloisteR an: h is work, so is also the
century wall pulp it and arcaded cas t windo w o f the refecto ry. In the
stai r in the refecto ry. From mo na stic buildings the cathedral has
it a monk rea d aloud 10 the a magnificenl plan t (or pla}ing its part
brethren during mealtimes. as a cathedral in th e modem world.
e-,'i.....d .... ~~ 24
Page 20
T HE WO IU':SIIOI'
ABOVE: Cat hedra ls arc th e hom e of fine craftsmanship. At Chesle r the
workshop is off th e west cloister in a rzth -century un dercroft. Two
of th e cathed ral cra ftsmen who maintain th e tradition arc seen at work:
in th e inner room is Mr. Fr ank Fox, th e p lum ber an d general handy-
man; at th e bench is .... t r. Gordon Williams, one of the several joiners.
Page 23
A NE W
W EST W I ND OW
T hei r possibilities were first realised
by D ean Bennett, dean from 1920-
19 37. U nd er his imaginative lead er-
ship th er ...."C're o nce mo re used as an
imegral pan of th e cathedral's day-
to-day life. The pa rlou r and rerec-
tory became rooms which oould be
used for meetin gs, \isi ling parties
and d iocesan ptherings. A kilchcn
w" made: in 1923 al th e \VC'St end o r
th e: refect ory so thai meals can be
served. The elo inen became a
place to \\'alk in sheltered from the
elements, In the: middle of the
doisten a garden ,.,as laid out (page
19). The work of bringing the
monastic buildings into modem use
was completed in 19 39 ....'ith the
building of F. H . Crossl~"s mag-
nifioent double hammer beam in
the refectory (page 2 1).
The restorations were carried out
by IWO finns, John Thompson and
Son of Pet erborou gh, and \'{'illiam
Haswell and Son of Cheerer, and
are a lasting monumenl to the excel-
lence of thei r craftsmen. Since 1946
under the diceetion of Bernard
.\liller, the main roofs have been
covered with copper atld in the aisle
roofs timber ha$ been replaced ....ith
mc:tal. In 1'}61 came one of the
greatest treasures, the west ...indo...-
The choir and [he Lady Chapel from Ihe Kluth. T he Lady Chapel WlIIS restored 10 of the 11lII\'e: by W . T . Caner Shap-
its r jth-century appearance by Gilbert Scott 11168- 73. The cenotaph ( 19 52) in the land, ....ith its tall hieratic figures of
Cheshire R egim ~'1lt Garden of Remembrance was designed by Bernard .\ liller. Our Lad}' and SI. Joseph ....ith
.\lc:rcian and Xorthumbrian saints.
A feature of th e n inet een th-
,\RCIIIH:CTS century res torations were: the rib-
Berkeley, George, Bisho p 01 Cloyne, 16 85-1 7 53. Blomfield, Sir Anhur vaul ted ceilings. U nti l the 1840's
Wi lliam , 1829-99. Blo mtield, Charles James , d. 1932. C rosst ev, Fred eri ck all pans of the: cat he dral except th e:
H , d. 19 55. F yfc , Da\'id Theod ore 1875-1 94 5. H arrison, Thoma s, nw- Lad}' Chapel had open limber roofs.
1829. H usSC'}' , Richard Charles, 1806-87. Ken t , \\'illiam , 1684-1748. Husse y, 1844-6, pu t a rib-vaulted
M iller , Bern ar d Alexander, d. 1960 , P ace, George G . Soon , Si r George ceil ing with lat he and plaster in-
Gilbert, 1811- 78. Soo n, Sir Giles Gilbert, 1880-1960 . filling ever th e cho ir under the tim be r
C RAFTS.\ \I ';'; roof. G ilben S oon removed Hu s-
se}"s ceilin g and pla ced th e oak ri b-
Frater , J am es, d. 1875. H aswell and Sons Ltd., Chest er : (George H as- vaul ted cei lings ove r the nave: an d
well, d. 1852 ; W illiam H aswell, 1837-1926; G eorge Wi lliam H asw ell, choir ; an d C- J . Blomfi eld pUI a
1862 -1 9 38; James Nicholson Cadman I 1 882 ~1 962 ; James xicnctsoo similar ceiling o ver th e so uth tran-
Cadm an II ), Sa lviati Antonio , 1816""'90. Sk idmo re , Franci s Alfred , 1816- sept. O f recent yea rs emp hasis has
96. John Thompson an d Sons, Peter borou gh : (John Thompson 1824-98). been laid on th e importa nce of th e
~n llI'TO RS pri nciple o f " pa rt iality" in go th ic
Armitage, G eo rge Faulkn er, 1848-1937. Berruguet e, Alon so, 1486- 1561. ar chitectu re . T he principle sp rings
Bridg eman , Ro bert, 1855-1 9 18. Earp , Thomas, 1837-93. Ha yward , from th e use: o f rib- vaul tin g whether
Rich ard , 1728-1 900 . Nol tckeos, Jo sep h , 1737- 1823. Pomer oy, F red erick wood or stone. A cha rac teristic of a
mediev al rib-vaulted c hu rch is th at
William, 1857 -1 924. eac h part is a fra gment of the wh ole .
STAl:-';l-:n GLASS .o\RT ISTS This characteristic is mo re than an
Clayton an d Bell : (John R ichard Clayton, 1837- 1913 and Alfred Bell , archi tec tural featu re. It mak es a
1832-95). Doyle , Har cou rt M ed h u n t . Ed en , Fred erick, 1864- 1944 . church speak a great Ehrisrtan truth.
H eaton , But ler and Bayn e : (Clemen t H eaton I d. 1882.) Kem pe , Charles C hester Ca thed ral 100 , wit h its
Earner , 183 7-1 907, l' icholson, Arch ibald Ke ightlcy, 1872-1937. O'Connor, nineteent h-century rib-vaulted ceil-
M ichael , d . 1865, and A rth ur, d. 1874. Pu gtn, Augustin e W'e lb}' X ort h - ings, is able to speak that truthc -
more , 18tl - 52. Sha pland, W . T . Caner. T o wer, W alter E rn est , 1873 - M an is but a fra gme nt of creation,
Page 24
H e: finds his totality by taking h is
place in the: Kin gdo m o f God.
P IT K I :" PRIOE O F IlRITA I:" 1l0 0KS
At [he pla ces portrayed anJ from booksellers in G rea r Britain the p rice is 2 :6 each. At booksellers abroaJ the follo...ing
prices prevail: Cana Ja 55 cents; U.S. A. 55 cenrs ; France 2.50 Frcs ; Bl!l:Jiu:n 25 Fr~'S : Italy }()() lire ; Germany 2 D m.
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The east end of the church seen from the south. This side of the cathedral IU' virtuall y reconstructed by
Gilbert Stott during his restoration 1868- 76. Dver his apse I I th e end of lh e sou th choir aisle i. the curious
spire with the \"ertical western race which SCOtt maintained was the original 13th -centUf)' end of the aisle.
The top stage of the tower , built 148S-92, was restored 1868 70 by Seen, The turrets are new work by h im.