A Concise

Etymological
Dictionary
of the

English
Language

WALTER W. SKEAT
The Concise Dictionary
Etymological
ranks among the most useful of readers'
companions, for it can be relied on to
throw light on the origins and relation-
ships
of most Englishwords in ordinary
use, and of many rarer words whose
isespecially
history curious or instructive.
ProfessorSkeat gave a lifetimeof study
to

the subject,and his resultsare presented

and conveniently
so clearly that the book
can be used without difficulty by those
who have no specialtraining in philology.

By the same author

AN ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE

OXFORD UNIFERSITT PRESS

 NY PUBLIC LIBRARY THE BRANCH LIBRARIES

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 CONCISE

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

SKEA T
Oxford University Press, Ely House, London W. i

GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON

CAPE TOWN SALISBURY IBADAN NAIROBI LUSAKA ADDIS ABABA

BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA

KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG TOKYO

 A CONCISE
i

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY THE REV.

WALTER W. SKEAT

LiTT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D., F.B.A,

ELRINGTON AND BOSWOKTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CAMBRIDGE, ANO FELLOW OF CHRISt's COLLEGE

NEW AND CORRECTED IMPRESSION

'Ware man to live co-eval with the sun,

The patriarch-pupil
would be learning still.'
Young, Nighi Thoughts, vil Z6

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

 IMPRESSION OF I967
FIRST IMPRESSION 1882

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD

BY VIVIAN RIDLER

PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

 Hua.03'

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION vii

Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . . .

xi

List of Abbreviations xii

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE i

APPENDIX :

I. List of Prefixes 624

II. Suffixes 630

III. Select List of Latin Words 632

Select List of Greek Words 644

IV. Homonyms 647

V. List of Doublets 648

VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages

from which they are derived 652

SUPPLEMENT 662
 PREFACE

TO THE EDITION OF I9II

* A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language '

was

first published in 1882, and, after passing through several editions,

appeared in
1
in form, largely re-arranged and re-written
190 a new so

as to become, practically, a new

book.

The edition of has been revised, and

1901 now again numerous

corrections have been made, chiefly due the light which has
to new

been thrown words by the advance of the publication of

upon some

the New English Dictionary, and by the of works

appearance new

upon
etymology. Among the latter I especially instance the
may

Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterhuch by Dr. Alois Walde, published

at Heidelberg in 1906.

Cambridge, Dec.^ 10.

19
 INTRODUCTION

The first edition of my

'
Concise Etymological Dictionary of the

English Language' was published in 1882, and it has since passed

through several editions.

Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,

in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought to
up
date.

Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been

made, by many writers, to the study of Indo-germanic philology;

more exact methods of analysing phonetic changes have been

adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.

Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's

Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old

French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,

in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all

contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of

comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial

emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,
have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of

the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from

beginning to end, making improvements in nearly article,

every
whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work

words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a tinually

con-

increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition

than a new book.

Since the
year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been

made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster

appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication

viii INTRODUCTION

was begun in 1889, was completedin 189 1. In both of these works my

'
name appears in the List of Authorities cited ; though it is seldom
'

expresslymentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty,

where
the writer
preferred not to risk an opinionof his own. But the chief

event during this period has been the publication of The New

English Dictionaryon Historical Principles, the unique value of

which is even now too little understood and respectedby the
generalpublic. The firstpart of this great national work appeared
in 1884.
The chief difference between the second and later editions of my
Concise EtymologicalDictionaryand the present one can now be

explained.The former editions were mainlyreproducedfrom

readily
the first edition,
at a time when, from the nature of the case, little

help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the

fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.
But in the present work, I have endeavoured to gleanfrom them all

their importantresults. The work has been collated with the

most

CenturyDictionary throughout, and with the New EnglishDictionary

from A to H (excepting a small portionof G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other autho-rities;
and have gladlyadopted a largenumber of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantitiesof all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much lightupon Romance
phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have giventhe primitivetypes of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all former editions,
I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
to arrange derivative words under a more form.
primitive Thus
re-cite and
ex-cite,in-cite, resus-cit-ate were all given under Cite.
But experiencehas shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
often causingneedless delay and trouble. Hence
than practical, the

only trulypractical order,viz. an alphabetical one, has been here

adopted,so that the requiredword can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantagesof the old plan,I have pre-
pared
two lists,
one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account

for large number

a of derivatives. These will be found in the

Appendix," III, at pp. 632 and 644.

I have much pleasurein mentioningtwo more circumstances by
which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years
 INTRODUCTION ix

ago, my friend the Rev. A. L. Ma} hew

good as to go patiently
was so

throughevery word of the Concise EtymologicalDictionary, making

hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the

copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They have all
been carefully considered,and in a very largenumber of instances
have been fullyadopted. Again, while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by ]\Ir.
H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
Fellow of Clare College,Cambridge, author of Studies in Old '

English'publishedby the Cambridge Philological Societyin 1899;

and his exact knowledge of Indo-germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to

these scholars, that theyare not responsible for all the results here

given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived

opinion; perhapsnot alwayswisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision ; for the
reader is then sure as to where layany blame.
he must

Many articles which, in former editions,appeared only in the

Supplementhave now been incorporatedwith the rest, so that the
number of words now explained(inalphabeticalorder)amounts to

more than
12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
of
printing the forms cited ; and I have received much help from the
care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be
thankful any reader who will kindlysend me
to a note of any error

which he may detect I have myself discovered,for example,that

under the word Cemeierythe *
Skt. gi' is an error for the Skt. fi!
'

A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.

As I allude
frequently to the ordinaryvowel-changesin the course

of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.

ANGLO-SAXON. The most vowel-changeis that produced

usual
by the occurrence of an i ox j (whichoften disappears
by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable.Owing to this,we
 X INTRODUCTION

frequentlyfind that the vowels, as arranged in row (i) below, are

changed into the correspondingvowels in row (2).

(i)a, u {0),ea, eo, a, 5, u, ea, eo.

(2) e, y, ie{y),ie[y),
^, e, y, le{y,O. Merc, e),le{y).
for ^fulljan;
to fill,
Example :";/5^//"//, kom/ull, full.

Moreover, substantives and secondaryverbs are often formed from

bases seen in the
past tense singular, or past participle
past tense plural,
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus band and

be7id are from the base seen in the A. S. band, pt. t. of bindan,to bind ;

whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-en.
By way of I refer
distinction, to bind- as the '
prime grade,'to band-

as the '"
second grade,'and to grade.'
bund- as the '
weak

Lastly,our modern words originbelong rather to the

of native
'
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the Anglo-Saxon or '

Wessex ; and Old Mercian employs a (mutatedto e)where the A. S.

has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.

ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-

changes,but few of these appear i7i English. But we

very must not

pass over the frequentformation of derivatives from the past tenses

(singular
or and
plural) the past of strong
participles verbs. Thus

bait,Icel. beita,
lit. '
to cause to bite/is the causal of bita,to bite ; its
form may explainedby the fact that the pt. t. of bita is beii.
be

Again, as regards the Romance languages,especially French, it

must be borne in mind that they are also subjectto phonetic laws.
These laws are sufficiently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee's trans-
lation

of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In particular, I may

note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives ;
and that to derive bounty from bonitds (nom.),or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.),is simply impossible.
For fuller information,the reader is referred to my Principlesof
EnglishEtymology, First and Second Series ; the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with foreignelementsthe of the

language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the

more importantfacts,
I subjoina key to the plan of the work, and a listof abbreviations.
 INTRODUCTION xi

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF

THE DICTIONARY.

" I. Order of given in their alphabetical

Words. Words are

order; but a few secondaryderivatives are explainedunder some

more importantform. Thus campaign is given under Camp, and
ca7ino7i under Caiie.

" 2. The Words selected. The word-list contains nearlyall

primarywords of most frequentoccurrence, with a few others that are
remarkablyprominent in literature,such as imaneled. Homonymous
forms,such as bay (usedin fivesenses), are numbered.

" 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common

words ; but explanations forms

of original are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.

" 4. Language. The languageto which each word belongs is

distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of
parenthesis.Here the symbol or is to be read as" 'derived
-

from.' Thus Abbey is (F. L. Gk. Syriac);i.e. a French word

" "
"

derived from Latin; the Latin word being,in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriacorigin.

The order of derivation is alwaysupward or backward, from late

to early,
and from earlyto earlier forms.

The symbol + is
employed to distinguish
forms which are merely
cognate,and are adduced merelyby way of illustratingand confirming
the etymology. Thus, bi'ieis a purelyEnglishword, derived from the

Anglo-Saxon bitan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijten,
Icel.blta,Swed. bita,Dan. bide, G. beissen,and the other Indo-
germanic forms,viz. 1^21.findere{b3.se
fid-)and Skt. bh'd,to cleave,
are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point,there commonly
exists the most singularconfusion of ideas; and there are many
Englishmenwho are accustomed to derive English,of all things, from
Modern High Get-man ! I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or additional;
and indicates '
additional information to be obtained from the parison
com-

of cognate forms.'
xu INTRODUCTION

'
older than,'or than
primitive ; the
' '
The symbol " means more

symbol " means

'
younger than/ or '
derived from/

" 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols,such as F.=French,

are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer
who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a special

sense, and has reference to certain books, in one at least of which the

word cited may be found, as I have ascertained

myselfby looking for

them I have purposely

all out.used,as far as was the
practicable,
most easilyaccessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is

givenin the listbelow.

" 6. Roots. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original

Indo-germanicroot. The root is denoted by the symbol V^,to be

read as 'root.' Thus hear,to carry, is from \/BHER. Some of
these roots are illustratedby the listsin " III of the Appendix.
" 7. Derivatives. The
symbol Der., i.e. Derivatives,is used to
introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Act, I
note such derivatives as act-ion, "c., which cause no difficulty.
act-ive,

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Arab. " Arabic ; as in Richardson's sian

Per- Corn. " Cornish ; as in Williams' Diet.;
and Arabic Diet.,ed. F, John-
son 1865.
; 1829. See also Devic's plement
Sup- Dan. Danish "
; as in Ferrall and Repp ;
to Littre's F. Diet. 1861.
A. S. "

Anglo-Saxon; as in the diction-

aries Dan. dial. " Danish dialects ; as in

by Bosworth and Toller,Ett- Molbech, 1841.

miiller,and Grein ; in the Vocabu-
laries Du. "
Dutch; as in Calisch and in the
edited by T. Wright and Prof. Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Middle
WUlker ; and in
are Sweet's
Oudemans, Oldest Dutch words from
EnglishTexts. (1658),or Sewel (1754). Hexham
Bavar. Bavarian ; as
" in Schmeller's E. Modern English; as in N. E. D. "

Bayerisehes Worterbuch ; 1827- (New EnglishDictionary) ; and in

1837. the CenturyDictionary.
Bret. Breton ; as in Legonidec'sBret.
"
M.E. Middle English(Englishfrom "

Diet.,ed. 1821. the thirteenth to the fifteenth turies

cen-

Brugm. Brugmann, Grundriss der ver-

"
inclusive); as in Stratmann's
gleichenden Grammatik, "c. ; vol. i. Old English Diet., new edition,
(2nd ed.),1897 ; vol. ii. 1889-90. 1891.
C." Celtic ; used as a generalterm for F. " French. Most of the forms cited
Welsh, Breton,Cornish,
Irish,Gaelic, are not precisely
modern French, but
"c. from Cot. =
Cotgrave's
Dictionary,
XIV INTRODUCTION

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.

ace. " accusative case. nom, " nominative case.

adj. adjective. " obs. " obsolete.

adv. " adverb. orig. original or originally."

A.V. " Authorised Version of the pi. plural.

"

Bible,1611. pp. past participle.

"

cf. "
confer, i. e. compare. prep. preposition. "

Ch. " Chaucer, pres. part. "

present participle.
comp. comparative, "

pres. t. "
present tense.

conj. conjunction, "

prob."probably.
dat. " dative case, pron. "

pronoun.
decl. " declensional. prov. "
provincial.
Der. "
Derivative, pt. t. "

past tense.
dimin, " diminutive. q. V. "

quod vide = which see.

f. or fem. " feminine, s. V. " sub verbo = under the word.

frequent.frequentative, " sb. " substantive.

gen. genitive
case. " Shak. "
Shakespeare.
i. e. " id est, that is. sing. singular. "

inf. " infinitivemood, str. vb. "

strong verb.
interj.interjection, "

superl. superlative. "

lit.literally.
"
tr. "
translated,
or translation.
m. t7r masc" masculine. trans. " transitive.
n. or neut. "
neuter. vb. " verb.

Some of the longerarticles are marked off into sections by the use

of the Greek lettersp, y. This is merelyintended to make matters

clearer,
by separatingthe various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginningwith
the symbol 10". XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th,15th,or i6lh Hyphens freely
century,respectively. are

introduced to shew the division

etymological of a word. Thus the
word concede meaning that concedere is derived from Lat. con-cedere ;
can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is
often very differentfrom that usually adoptedin printedbooks when
words have to be divided ; thus capacious can only be divided,etymo-
logically, as cap-ac-i-ous,because cap- is the root-syllable ; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation,it becomes ca-pa-ci-ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (i), Teutonic type "^bergoz,
the a hill, i s the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. beorg and the G. berg are alike de-
scended

; and wYidti: Beetle (2),the A. S. form bytelmust have been

"^betel
in Old Mercian.
 INTRODUCTION SV

The symbols 'S and Ip are

both written for ///. In Icelandic, p has

the sound of //i in /h'n, and tS that oUk in /ha/; but the M.E. and A.S.

symbols confused. The M.E. syml^ol commonly

are ^ represents j/ at

the beginning of a word, and gk in the middle. A. S. short and long

vowels, such as a
and are as
distinct from each other aj and
a, e
t],

or o
and co
in Greek.

The distinction between the two values of A. S. long ce (as

made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.

Thus the A. S. ^ invariably represents the mutation of A. S. a (as

usual), and corresponds to Goth, but A. S. d represents the

at;

Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish and to

e,

Goth. e.
For example, /leal is from A. S. hflan, cognate with Goth.

hai'Ijan, G. heileii', but deed is from O. INIerc. aid (Wessex dad),

with Goth, deds^ G. that.
cognate
 ADDENDA ET EMENDANDA

In the course of revision, the following Errata have been observed. This list

is added for the sake of completeness, as

the errors are not serious.

Adieu, 1. I. For (F.) rm^(F.-L.) History, 1.

5. For base read weak

Adulation. Read adaldtidnem, adu- grade.

Idiio, adiilatus, adilldri. Holly, 11. 5, 6. For G. /i/i/st read

Allegory. Read (F. -

L. -
Gk. ) X I V low G. hzilse.

cent. Hone, 1. For stem 7-ead type.

4.

Audience, 1.
5.
Read afiaOioQai. Hyson, 1. 6. For Chin, read Amoy.
Chicken, 1.
5.
Read kjuklivgr. Indigent, 1. 6. Not allied to ax^iv.

Choose, 1.
3-
Read Da. kiezen, G. Mist, k 9.
Read VMEIGHw, to

kiesen. darken ;
distinct from, "c.

Cost, vb. Prob. (Du.~F. -L.) In. Nasturtium, 1. .^. Read "
also spelt
koslen from O. F. coster. nasturcinm both forms for '^nas-
; ; are

Curl, 1.
4.
For krtdla read knille. torctioin (Walde).
Cypress (2), 1. 2. For (F. L.) read Notorious, 1. R^^^d voucher,
"
3- "

(F.-L.-Gk.). witness ;
cf. L.
pp. nottis, "c.

Diphthong, 1.
4.
For G. read Gk. Pier, 1. 2. Read "
M. E. pere ;
A. F.

Engage. For (^F." L.) read (F,-L. pere^i the Norman equivalent of O. Y.piet'e.
and 'lent.) Plait, 1. Read ""plictum.
3.
Orotic, 1. 2. For crude form read deck Scraggy, 1.
5. For skragga rend

stem. skragger. (Ross gives Norw. skragg, a poor

Sxponent, 1. i. Read exponent-. weak creaUire, skraggen, scraggy.)
Falcon. Some take falco to be o' Shaddock, 1. Read late in the
4.
Teutonic origin. seventeenth.

Fern, last line. The Gk.

-nrfpis, vTQpuv, Shah, 1. 2. Read khsdyathiya.
are merely given by way
of illustration. Smith, 1. 8. Read
pp.
^smidanoz.

They are not allied words. Throstle, 1. 5. Read lct\. prdstr.

Fusil (i). The l..foclle is not found Vernal, last line. For air Tea.d/dir.
;
but Ital. has this Wheel, 1. 8.
very form. For QEL read QwEL.
Gunny, 11. 2, 3.
Read gd:j, goni.
Hare, 11.
4, 5.
Read sasjtis, *^asnis. P. 652. The lists given in this Section VI

N.B. The Skt. is from somewhat

fasa not
faf, to are uncertain, and are only given
jump; but perhaps meant' gray'; cf. A. S. tentatively. Several will hereafter require
^asu, gray. slight readjustment.
 A

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ABBEY

A, indef. art. (E.) See An. lies to the aft. Cf. M.E. biaften.Gen.
A- (i), as in a-do7c"n--^ A.S. ofd fine. and Exod. 3377; A. S. beceftan.See A-
(E.) Here a- = A. S. of; see Of, Off. (2),By, and Aft.
A- '2\ as in afoot. (E.) For on Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O. H. G.)
foot; see On. ^ This is the commonest M.E. abandounen, vb." F. abandonner."
value of the prefixa-. F. a bandon, at liberty; orig.in the power
A- (3), as in a-long. (E.) Here a- = (of). " L. ad, at ; Low L. bandnm, bannum,
A. S. and- ; see Along. an order, decree ; from O. H. G. ban,
A- (4), as in a-risc. (E.) Here a- "=
summons, ban ; see Ban.

A. S. a- ; see Arise. Abase. (F. "

L.) M.E. ahasen,i\om.
A- (5), as in achieve, a-stringcnt. (F, A- (5)and Base O.F.
; imitating abaissier,
"
L. ; or L.) Here a=Y. prefix a L. = to lower.
ad. to ; see Ad-. Abash. (F.) M. E. ahaschen, abais-
A- (6), as in a-vert. (L.) Here a- = chen, abasen. " O. F. esba'iss-,
stem of pres.
L. d\ see Ab- (1). part, of esbdir (F. ^bahir),to astonish."
A- {i^j,
2,'i,m a-mend. (L.) Here a-mend O. F. es- ( = L. ex, out, very much) ; and
is for e-mend ; and ^- = L. "? or "?x ; see Ex-. ba'ir,bahir, to cause astonishment, a

A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) See Alas. word of origin from the interj.
imitative
A- 9), as in abyss. (Gk.) Here "- = bah ! of astonishment, iffSometimes con-

Gk, d- or av- ; see ITn-, Abyss. fusrd with abase in M. E. See Bashful.
A- (10), as in a-do. (E.) For at do; Abate. (F. "
L.) M. E. abaten."

see At, Ado. O.F. a bat re. " Late L. *abbattere, to beat
A- (ii\ as in a-ware. (E.) Here "- is down (as in Ital.). L. ad, " to; and batere,
for M. E. jj/-,?"-,
A. S. ge- ; see Aware. for batuere, to beat. See Batter. ^ Hence

A- (12), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du. bate, for a-hate. Cf. Ab- (2).
houd vast Avast. Abbot. iL.-Gk.-Syriac.) M. E.
; see

Ab- (i), prefix. (L.) L. ah, from ; abbot, abbod, A.S. abbod.^" L. abbdt- (nom.

cognate with E. of\ see Of. In F., it abbas),an abbot, lit. a father "Gk. d/3/Sas.
becomes av- Advantage. Syriac abba, a. father; Rom. viii. 15.
a- or ; see "

Ab- (2), prefix. (L.) For L. ad, to, abbess. (F. -

L. -
Gk. -
Syriac.)
by assimilation ; see Abbreviate. M. E. abbesse.~-0. V. abesse, abaesse. "

Aback. (E.) For on back. A. S. Late L. abbdt-issa. "

L. abbdt- (as above) ;
onbcFC A- (2) and Back. and -z'j-ja Gk. -laaa, fern suffix.
; see =

Abaft. (E.) From prefix a-

the (2), abbey. (F. - L. -
Gk. - Syriac.)
abbeye. O. F. abeie. Late L.
and b-aft,short for bi-aft,by aft. Thus M. E. - -

a-b-aft ^oxi by aft, i.e. at the part which abbift-m. " L. abbdt- (above).
 ABBREVIATE ABRIDGE

Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L. habere,to have. Cf. Habit. Der. ability
ahbreuidre,to shorten. " L. ab-, for ad, from L. ace. habilitdtevi.
to, assimilation ; and
by Ablution.
breiiis,short. (F.-L.) F. ; from L.
See Ab- (2) and Brief. ab-hUionem, a washing away.
ace. L. "

Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- abliltus, pp. of ab-luere,to wash away. "

dicdre,to renounce. " L. ab,from; died re, L. ab, from ; Inere,to wash.
to proclaim. Allied to Dictiou. Abnegate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab-
Abdoxuexi. (L-) L. abdomen (stem negdre, to deny. L. ab, from ; negdre, to "

abdoinin-), lower part of the belly. say no. Cf. Negation.

Abduction. (L-) L- abdnctioncvi, Aboard. (E.) For o^i board ; see A-
ace. of abdiictio, a leadingaway. L. ab- (2) and Board. "

ducere,to lead away. L. ab,from ; dficere, Abode,

" sb. (E.) M. E. abood, delay,
to lead. Cf. Duke. abiding. P^ormed as if from A. S. dbdd,
Abed. (E.) For on bed; see A- (2) 2nd of dbJdan, to abide.
stem See Abide.
and Bed. Abolish. (F.-L.) F. aboliss-,stem
Aberration. (L.) From ace. of L. of pres. pt. of abolir. L. abolere, to "

aberrdtio,a wandering from ; from pp. of abolish.

L. ab-errdre. L. ab, " Abominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
wander, See Err.
err. ab-ouiindri,to turn away from that which
Abet, to incite. (F.-Scand.) O. F. is of ill omen. L. ab, away; ouiin-,for "

abeter, to excite, set on (Godefroy). F. omen, an omen. "

a- (Lat. ad-); and O. F. beter, to bait (a Aborigines, original inhabitants.

bear), to set on, from Icel. beita,to make (L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
to bite,causal of bita,to bite. See Bait, previousto historical record,drove out

Bite. Der. bet,short for abet,sb. the

Short). Formed Siculi (Lewis and
Abeyance, expectation,suspension.from L. ab origijie, from the beginning ;
(F. L.)
" A. F. abeiance, suspension,where origine is the abl. of origo (Vergil,
waiting(Roq.)- F. a ; and beaut,pres. pt. iEn. i. 642).
"

of O. F. beer (F. baye?-), to gape, expect Abortion. (L.) From ace. of L.

anxiously. L. ad,"at ; and baddre, t o gape. abortio, an untimely birth. L. aboi'tus, "

Abhor. (L.) L. ab'horrere, to shrink pp. of ab'Oriri,to fail. L. ab, away; "

from in terror. L. ab, from ; horrere,

" to orirT,to arise, begin. Cf. Orient.
dread. Cf. Horrid. Abound. (F. L.) A. F. abnnder, "

Abide (0, to wait for. (E.) A.S. O. F. abonder.^1^. ab-tinddre, to overflow.

d-bJda)i ; from d-, prefix, and bidan,to L. ab, away; nnda, a wave. "

bide. See A- (4)and Bide. About. (E.) M. E. abuten, abouten.

Abide (2),to suffer for,pay for. (E.) A. S. dbutan, onbfttan ; short for onbe-
In Sh. ; corruptedfrom M. E. abyen,to iitan ; where be answers to E. by,and ntan,

]iay for, lit. to buy up, redeem. "A.S. outward, is related to ill, out. See A- (2),
dbycgan,to pay for. See A- (4)and Buy. By and Out.
Abject, mean, lit. cast away. (L.) Above. (E.) M. E. ahoven, abnfen.
L. ab-iectiis, cnst away, pp. of ab-icere, to A. S. dbufan, for on-be-iifan ; where be
cast away. L. ab, away ; iacere,
" to cast. answers to E. by, and iifan,upward, is
Cf. Jet (1). extended from Goth, uf,up. See A- (2',
Abjure. (L.) L. ab-iurdre, to deny; By, Up. (A.S. nfan G. oben. A.S. =

lit. to swear away from. L. ab, from ; be-ufan Du. boven.)

" =

iiirdre, to swear. L. iur-,from nom.

" ins, Abrade, to scrape off. (L.) L. ab-
law, right. Cf. Jury. radere,to scrape off. L. ab, off ; radere, "

Ablative. (L.) L. abldtnms, lit. to scrape. Der. abrasion (from L. pp.

taking away. L. ab, from ; and
" Idtiun abrdsits'^.
( tldtiwi),
= to bear,take ; allied to tolleix, Abreast. (E.) Put for on In-cast;
to take. See Tolerate. see A- (2) and Breast.
Ablaze. (E.) For on blaze; see A- Abridge. (F.-L.) M. E. abreggen.
(2) and Blaze. A. F. abngger, O. F. abreger,abregicr,
to

Able, powerful, skilful. (F. "

L.) shorten. " L. abbrcnidre, to shorten. " L.
M. E. able,liable.^O. F. habile,able,able. ab-, put for ad-, to ; and breiiis,short.
" L. habilis, easy to handle, active. L. " Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.
 ABROACH ACCLIVITY

Abroach, to set. (E.and F.) Put cult, concealed ; pp. of

abs-truderc,to
for to set on broach ; see A- (2) and thrust away. " E. abs, away; trndere, to
Broach. thrust. See Intrude.
Abroad. (E.) M. \\.ahrood \ put for on. Absurd. (E.) E. absnrdus, inhar-
monious,
brood; lit.on broad ; see A- (2)and Broad. foolish. E. ab, from; siirdus, "

Abrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- deaf, inaudible, harslu Cf. Surd.
rogdre, to repeal a law. E. ab^ away ; Abundance. -
(F,-E.) F. abondance.
rogdre, to ask, propose a law. E. abundant ia. See Abound. "

Abrupt. (L.) L. abruptus, pp. of Abuse, vb. (F.-E.) F. abuser, to

ab-ruiiipere, to break off. E. ab, off; use amiss. J,, abfisus,pp. of ab-ilti,
" to "

ruinperc, to break. use amiss. E. ab, away (amiss); iitl, "

Abscess. (E.)A gatheringof humours to use.

into place; lit. a going away.
one E. Abut, " to ]:)roject
towards. (F. " E. and
abscessiis,going away; abscess
a (Celsus).G.) O. F. aboiitcr,
to thrust towards."
" E. abscessus,pp. abs-cedere, of
to go E. ad, to ; O. F. bonier,botcr,to thrust.
away. E. abs^away
" cedere,to go, cede. See A- (5)and Butt (i).
;
Abscind. (E.) From E. ab-scindere, Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (E.-Gk.)
to cut off. " E. ab, off; scittdere,to cut. Milton. E. abyssns. Gk. d^vaaos, bottom-
less." "

Der. abscissa,from fem. of L. abscissiis, Gk.

a-, short for av-, neg. prefix;
pp. of abscindere. and (Bvaaos,depth. See A- (9^ ITn- (i).
Abscond, go into hiding. (E.) E.
to Acacia, a tree.(E. Gk.) E. acacia. "

absconders,to hide. E. abs,away; condere, " " Gk. vLKaKia, the thornyEgyptianacacia.
to hide. Condere is from con- [cuni),
to-
gether, " Gk. cLKis, a point,thorn. (-y^AK.) See
and -dere, to put, allied to Skt. Brugm. ii. " 52 (4).
^//^^,
to put. i-y^DHE, to place; Brugm. Academy. {". - L. -
Gk.) F.
i. " 589.) See Do. acad^nne. " h. academTa.^ Gk. aKabrjueia,
Absent, adj. (F.-E.) XIV cent. a grove where Plato taught, named from
O. F. absent,adj. E. absent-, stem of ab- the hero Akadevms.
"

sens, being away. E. ab-, away; -se7is, Accede.

"
(E.) E. ac-cedere,
to come
being,occurringalso in prce-sens. Cf. Skt. towards, assent to. E. ac- (forad), to "
;
sant, pres. pt. of as, to be ; from VES, to cedere, to come, cede.
be. Cf. Present, Sooth. Accelerate. (E.) From pp. of E.
Der. absence,
F. absence,E. absentia. accelcrdre,to quicken. E. ac- (forad), "

Absolute, unrestrained, complete.to ; celer,quick. Cf. Celerity.

(E.) E. absolutns,pp. of ab-soluere,to Accent. sb.
(F." E.) F. fi'"r(rr;//, E. "

set free. E. ab, from ; solncre,to loosen.

" ace. accenttan, a tone. E. ac- (for ad); "

absolve. (E.) E. ab-soluere, to set canius.,a singing, from cancre, to sing.

free (above). Der. absohit-ion from the Accept. (F. E.) F. accepter. h. ,
" "

pp. above. acceptdre.frequentative of ac-cipere, to re-

ceive.

Absorb. (L.) E. absorbere,to swal-low. E. aC' (for ad\ to ; capere,to take. "

"E. ab, away; sorbere, to sup up.+ Access. (L.) E. accessus, a coming
Gk. pocpidv,to sup up. (Brugm. ii. unto. " E. accessus, pp. of ac-cedere,
to

" 801.) Der. from

absorpt-ion, pp. ab- accede. " E. ac- (tor ad), to; cedere,to
sorpttis. come, cede.
Abstain. (F. E.) ". abstenir {O.Y. "
Accident. (F.-E.) F. accident,a
as/emr). \^. abs-tinere,to
" refrain from." chance event base of
(Cot.). E. accident-, "

E. abs,from ; tenere, to hold. Der. tinence,

abs- pres. pt. oi to haj)pen. E. ac-
ac-cidere, "

F. abstijience,from E. abstijzentia,
(forad), cadere. to fall. Der. to ; cidence,
ac-

sb. : abstent-ion,from the pp. F. accidence,E. accidentia.

Abstemious. (E.) E. abstemius, Acclaim. (E.) Formed from E. ac-

from
refraining strong drink. " E. abs,from ; clctuidre,to cry out at. " E. ac- (foradi,
tenietnm, strong drink,whence te?7iH-/entus, at ; c/ih/idre,
to cry out. Vox the spelling,
drunken. cf. Claim.
Abstract. E. abslractus,pp. Acclivity. (E.) XVII cent.
(E. From
of abs-traliere,
to draw E. abs, E. acclJiiitatcni,
aco. of accliuitas E. ac- "
away. "

(forad ; and clTu-tis,

sloping, a slope; see
away ; trahere,to draw. ,

Abstruse. (E.) E. abstrusus,diffi-jLean (1). (y'KEEI; Brugm. i. " 463.)

 ACCOLADE ACME

Accolade, the dubbing of a knight. Accrue, to by way of increase,

to come

(F. " Ital. -

L.) F. in Cotgrave, (F.
accollade, L.) " k. F. acru, O. F. acreu,
From
ed. 1660; lit.an embrace round the neck, pp. oi acrois/re (F. accroitrc), to increase.
then a salutation,lighttap with a sword L. accrescere
"
; see above.
in dubbing a knight. " Ital. fem.
accollata, Accumulate. (L.) From pp. ofL.
of pp. of accollare,
to embrace about the ac-cunmldre, to amass. " L. ac- {ad),to ;
neck (Florio). L. ac- "
(forad), to, about ; cnmnldre, to heap up, from ciimulas,a
the
colliim, neck. heap.
Accommodate. (L.^ From pp. of Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
L. accommodare, to fit, adapt. L. ac- (for acciirdre, to take painswith. " " L. ac- {ad),
ad^,to; and cotn"nodus,fit. L. cojn- ( to ; cfndre, to care for, from "
"

cilia,care.
cu?)i),with ; and modus, measure, mode. See Cure.
Accompany. (F. L.) " F. accom- Accursed, cursed. (E.) Pp. ofM.E.
pagner, to accompany. ad),to ; " F. " (L. acursien. A. S. a-, prefix; and cursian,
and O. F. coinpaing,companion ; see to curse ; see A- (4)and Curse.
Company. Accuse. (F. L.) K.". acuser.^l..
"

Accomplice. _(F.-L.) Put for^ ^z acc/lsdrc, to lay to one's charge. L. ac- "

complice ; a complice,{ad),
is the indef. art. causa, caussa, law, " F. to ; and a suit at
'a complice, confederate;'Cot. L. ace a cause. "

complicem, from complex, confederate,lit. Accustom. (F.-L.) K.Y.acustumer

*
interwoven.' L. com- [cum)^ together; (F. accotitumcj'),
" to make usual. F. a "

and %\.tTCiplic',allied to plicdre,to weave. [ixovn.L. ad, to); and A. F. custume,

Cf. Ply. custom. See Custom.
'
Accomplish. Ace, (F. L.) (F.-L. Gk. ?)
"
M. E. acom- the *
one on dice. -

pliscn.'~0.".acomplis-,stem of pres. M. E. as. O. F. as. L. as. [Saidto be the - -

part, of acomplir, to complete. L. ad, to ; Tarentine d'?,lor Gk. er?, one.] "

complh'e, to fulfil. L. com- gether Acephalous,

{cum), to- " headless. (Gk.) Gk.
; plere,to fill. headless; with sufiix -ous.'~Gk.
dKe(pak-os,
Accord. (F. L.) A. F. acorder,io a-, un- ; and K((pa\i],head.
"
See A- {g).
agree. Late L. accorddre.
" L. ac- (forad), Acerbity. (F.-L.) XVI cent. 'f. "

to ; and cord-^ stem of cor, heart. Cf. acerdile. h. " ace. acerdildlem (nom. ace r-

Concord. dilas), bitterness. " L. acer-b-tis,bitter;

Accordion, a musical instrument. L. acere, to
cf. dc-er, sharp,lit. piercing. "

(Ital. L.) " From Ital. accord-are,to be sour.

accord, to tune an instrument ; with suffix Ache, verb. (E.) M. E. aken, vb. ;
-ion (as in clar-ion).Late " L. accordare, pt. t. ook.
A. S. acan. (y'AG, to drive.)
to agree. See above. % Spelt ache by confusion with M. E.
Accost, to address. (F.-L.) F. ache, sb.,from A. S. cece, a pain. The verb
accoster,lit.
'
to go to the side of.' " Late survives,speltas the obs. sb.
L. accostdre (same). " L. ac- (forad),to; Achieve. (F. L.) yi.Y.. acheven.-- "

costa, rib,side. See Coast. A. F. achever,to achieve ; lit.to come to

Account, (F. L.) A. F. acounter,vb. " a head .

" O. F. a chef, to a head. " L. ad,
acunter. O. F. a, to ; confer, compter, to
" to ; caput, a head. Cf. Chief.
count. L. ad ; and com-putare, to com-
" pute, Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See
from com- {cum), and putdre, to A- (9^ and Chromatic.
think. Acid, sour, sharp. (F.-L.; or L.)
Accoutre. (F.-L.?) F. accoutrer, F. acide. L. ac-idus,lit.piercing.
"
y'AK,
formerly also accoustrer, to dress,array. to pierce.)iJer. acid-i-ty; acid-id-at-cd
Etym. quiteuncertain ; perhaps from O. F. dimin. oi
(from L. acid-ul-us, acid-us).
cotistre,coutre, a sacristan who had charge Acknowledge. (E.) XVI cent.
of sacred vestments, from Late L. czistor M. E. knoivlechen ; from the sb. knowleche,
= L. custos, a. custodian, keeper. mod. E. kno7vledge;
see Knowledge. The
Accretion, increase. (L.) From ace. prefixis due to M. E. aiinoiven ( " A. S.
of L. accretio,increase. L. accretus,pp. " 07icndwan), with the same sense ; hence
of ac-crescere, to increase. L. ac- [iovad ; " the is A- '^2).
prefix
crescere, to grow, inchoative form from Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. d/f-/x77,
top,
cre-dre, to make. Cf. Create. sharpedge. (y'AK, to pierce.)
 ADDUCE ADROIT

" F. a, to; dresser^ dress;

to direct, see the sense of O. F. ajoster,
to
Dress.
Adduce.

lead, bring.

one
Adept,
(L-)
to, bring forward.

proficient.
obtained
who
(L.) L. adeptus,
proficiency
has
a

; pp. of
"
I- aJ-dr/caw to lead
L. ad, to; dncere,to
standing put side by side,

adintant-em,ace.
adiiitdre,
to aid.
to assist,
arrange.
iiixtd,near ; see Joust.
Adjutant,
L.
lit.assistant. (L.) P'rom
of pres. part, of
frequent,of ad-itmare,
L. ad, to ; iimdre,to help. Cf.
"
" L. ad^ to ; and

to obtain.
adipisci, L. ad, to; apisci,to Aid. "

obtain, perhaps related to aptiis, fit. Administer. (F.-L.) M.Y.amin-

Cf. Apt. istren.'-O.Y aniinistj-er.-'l.. ad-minis-
.

Adequate. (L.) L. adivqiidtus,pp. trdre,to minister (^to).L. ad, to; minis- "

of adceqiidre, to make equal to. L. ad, trdre,to serve,

" from minister,
a servant.
to ; aqiidre, to make equal,from aquiis, See Minister.
equal. Admiral. (F.-Arab.) M. E. ad-
Adhere. (L.) L. ad-hcerere,
to stick miral,more often amiral.^0. F. amiral,
to. " L. a*:/,
to; /uerere,
to stick. amirail,also ainire ; cf. Low L. aduii-
Adieu, farewell. (F.) M. E. a dieii. raldus,a prince,chief. Arab, amir, a "

" F. dieii,
a (I commit you) to God. " L. prince; see Emir. The suffix is due to
ad Deitm, to God. See Deity. Arab, almamir-al-bahr,princeof the sea.

Adipose, fatty.(L.) Late L. adi- Admire. (,F.-L.) F. admirer (O. Y.

posns, I'atty.L. adip-,
stem " of sb., amirer).
adeps, " !^. admirdri, to wonder at."
fat. Connection with Gk. dXeupa,fat,is L. ad, at ; mirdri,to wonder.
doubtful. Admit. ad-7nittere,to let (L.) L.
Adit, access to a mine. (L.) adit-iis,to, send to. L. ad, to ; mittere,to send.
L. "

approach,entrance. " L. adit-iim, supineof Der. admiss-ion ; from pp. admiss-us.

ad- ire, to go to. " L. ad, to ; Jre, to go. Admonish. (F. L.) M.E. amon- "

Adjacent, (L.) From base esten ; so that admonish

near to. has taken the
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. of
place amonest, with changed suffix due "

'
L. ad, near ; iacere, to lie. to verbs in -ish. I a7)ioneste or warne ;
'

Adjective. (F.-L.) Y. adjcctif {{tm.. Wyclif,I Cor. iv. 14. O.F. amonester.'^ "

-ive). h. ad-iectnius,
" lit.put near to. Late L. admonestdre, new formation from "

L. ad'iectns,pp. of ad-icere, to put near. L. adf?ionere, to advise. L. ad, to; monere, " "

L. ad, to ; iacere, to cast,throw. to advise. Cf. Monition.

Adjoin, to lie next to. (F.-L.) O. F. A-do, to-do, trouble. (E.) M. E. at
adjoindre. L. ad-mngere(pp.adiuiictus),
"
do,to do ; a Northern idiom, whereby at
to jointo. L. ad, to ; iungei'e,
" to join. was used as the sign of the infin.mood, as
Adjourn, to put off tillanother day. in Icel.,Swedish,"c. See Do (1).
(F. L.) O. F. ajorner,
"

properlyto draw Adolescent, growing up. (L.) L.

near to day,to dawn ; also, to appoint a adolescent-em, 2iCc. of pres. pt.oi ad-olescere,
'
day for one. Late L. adjnnidre, diem
" to grow up. See Adult.
'
dicere alicui ; Ducange. L. ad, to; and Adopt. (L.) L. ad-optdre,
" to adopt,
Late h.Jiirnus{liaX. giorno), a day,from choose. L. ad, to ; optdre, to wish. "

L. adj.dinrmis, daily. L. dies,a day. Adore. (L.) L. ad-orare,to pray to.

"

Adj udge. (F. L.) M E. adiuge^i ; - L. ad, to ; or are, to pray, from os (gen.
.
"

also aiugcn {=^ajugen\^0. F. ajiigcr, to dr-is\the mouth. Cf. Oral.

decide. !^, adiudicdre,
" to award. L. ad, Adorn. (L.) L. ad-omdre, to deck. "

to ; itldkdre,to judge, from iiidic-^ base L. ad, to ; orndre, to adorn. "

q{ index,a judge. See Judge. Adown, downwards. (E.) M. E.

Adjudicate. (L.) From pp. of L. adune. A.S. of-dune,lit.from a down or

adifidicdre (above). hill. A. S. of,off,from; and fi'/?;/,?,

" dat.
Adjure. (L.) L. adiurare,to swear of dUn. a hdl ; see A- (i)and Down (2).
to ; in late L., to put to an oath. " L. ad, Adrift. (E.) For on drift; see A-
to ; in rare, to swear. See Jury. ,2) and Drift.
Adjust, to fit exactly.
(F.-L.) From Adroit. (F.-L.) F. ar/;-^//,
dexterous.
'
F. adjuster, adjust,placejustly ; Cot.
"
to " F. ^ djvit,rightfully. F. a (L. ad),to ; -

L. ad, to ; iiistus,
just,
exact ; see Just. Late L. justice,
directum, right, neut. of
^ A new due to misunder-
F. formation, L. dtrectus,
pp. of dl-rigere, direct.
to
 ADULATION AFFECT

from L. di- apart,and

(for"/w-), legere^ to warn. " Late L. aduertere,put for L. aduer-
tere.
rule. to turn to, heed ; see above.
Adulation, flattery.(F.-L.) F. Advice. (F.-L.) M. E. auis (avis),
adulation. " L. ace. adnlationeni, from without avis, an opinion; orig.
"/. " O.F.
aduldtio, flattery. L. aduld/iis,
pp. " of a compound word, put for a vis,i.e. ac-
cording

adiddri^to flatter. to my opinion. L. ad, according "

Adult. (L.) L. ad liltus grown up; ^

to ; uisuni, that which has seemed good
pp. of ad-olescere,
to grow up. L. ad, to ; " to one, orig.neut. of uTsus, pp. of tiidere,
"^olescere,
inceptiveform related to alere,to to see.

nourish ; see Aliment. Advise. F.-L.") M. E. rtr/?""",also

Adulterate, corrupt. (I..^ XVI to auisen {avisen),without ^. O. F. aviser, "

cent. L. adiilterdtus,
"
pp. of adiilterare,
to to be of opinion. O. F. avis (above). "

corrupt. L. adulter, adulterer,

" an a de- Advocate, ^b. (F." L.) M. F. advocate
'
baser of money. '
an advocate ; Cot. " L. aduocdtus, an

Adultery. (F. L.) " Vi.Y..avoutrie; advocate, one 'called upon' to plead."
but a later form was adulterie,in imita-
tion L. aduocdtus, pp. of ad-tiocdre,
to call to,
of Latin. Cf. O.F. avoitterie,call
avoutrie, L. ad, to ; uocdre, to call.
upon. "

adultery ; from
avoiitre, an adulterer, AdvOVTSOn. (F.-L.) A. F. avoeson,
which represented L. adulter (,see above); also advouson,patronage ; hence the right
so that avoutrie was equivalentin sense to to a benefice (Roquefort)."
of presentation
L. adiilterzHfn, adultery. Late L. aduocdtionem,ace. of aduocdtio,
Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L. patronage. " Late
L. aduocdtus,a patron;
ad-umbrdre,to shadow forth. " L. ad, to ; the same as aduocdtus,an advocate.
L.
umbra, a shadow. Adze, a cooper'saxe. (E.) M. E. adse,
Advance, go forward. to(F. L.) adese. A. S. adesa,an adze. "

XVI cent. A mistaken form ; for M. E. Aerial. (L. (ik.) Formed with suffix "

auancen, avancen. F. avancer, to go ward

for- -a/
" from L. dwellingin the air.
aeri-tis, "

or before. F. avaiit, before. L. ab^ L. aer, air. Gk. d.r\p,

" air ; see Air. " "

from ; ante, before. See Ante-, Van. Aerolite, a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Advantage, (F.-L.) Amis-
profit. Also aerolith,which is a better form. "

taken form for M. Y..avantage.'-Y

avant- .
Gk. a^po-, from arip, air ; Ki6-os,
a stone.

age ; formed with suffix -age from avaiit, Aeronaut, a balloonist. (F. Gk.) "

before ; see above. air;

d-qp, F. aeronaute. " Gk. d(po-,from
Advent, approach.(L.) aduejitus,i'avT-i]s,a from
sailor, L.
vavs, a ship.
approach. L. aduentus,pp. of ad-zienire, Aery, an eagle's
" nest,brood of eaglesor
to approach. L. ad, to; tiaiire, to come.
" hawks. (F. Late L.) F. aire, an airie " "
*

'
Cf. Venture. or nest of hawkes ; Cot. " Late L. drea, a
Adventure. (F.-L.) yi.Y..aventure\nest bird of prey ; of uncertain origin.
of a

with F. a- replaced by L. ad-. " F. ^ Sometimes misspelteyry, by confusion

aventure, a
occurrence. chance, " L. ad- with M. E. ey, an egg ; see IJgg.
tieutura, fem. of aduentftrus,about to JEsthetic, refined. (Gk.) Gk. aloOrj-
happen,fut. part.o1 aduenire, to approach; TiKus, perceptive.Gk. aladiaOai,to per-
ceive. "

see above. (VAW ; see Brugm. ii. " 841.)

Adverb. (F.-L.) Used to qualify
a anaesthetic, relieving pain,dulling
verb. F. adverbe. " L. aduerbiuiu. aladrjTiKos.
" L. ad, sensation. " Gk. dv-,not ; and
to ; nerbuvi,a word, a verb. Afar. (E.) Y ox on far.
Adverse. (F.-L.) \l.Y.advers{"d.Y. Affable. (F.-L.) Y. affable.
-l..affd-
avers). h. aduersus,turned towards, also bilis,
"
easy to be spoken to. L. af-=^ad, "

opposed to; pp. of L. aduertere,to turn to ; fdri,to speak.

to (see below).Der. advers-aiy, adversity. Affair. (F.-L.) W.Y. affere.-O.Y.
Advert. (L.) L. ad-tiertere,
to turn afeire, afaire,a business ; orig.a faire,
to, regard,heed. L. ad, to; uertere, to i.e. (something)
" to do. -L. ad, to ; facere,
turn ; see Verse. Der. in-advert-ent,
not to do.

regarding. Affect. (L.) L. to apply

affectdre,
Advertise. (F. L.) - M. E. avertisen,oneself to of
upon) ; frequent,
;henee,to act
later advertise. From the base of aver- to aim
afficere, at, treat. L. af- ad, to; " =

tiss-ant,
pres. pt. of avertir,to inform,facere,to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
 AFFEER AGATE

Affeer, to (F.-L.) af-,for L. a.i-,

assess, prefix; and contirm.
F. fret,the
O.K. iifcu'fr,to fix the price of
a thins;freight o{ a ship.See Fraught, Freight.
^officially).Late I., afforarc^
" to lix a Affright, to frighten.(E.^ The
" and /^r*;////,
price. L, "z/-J"or"7./i; matket, double/ is late. From ^L E. afright, used
price. as a pp., .nffrighted. A. S. ifvr)it,afyrhf -

Affiaiice. v^' ^ O- ^ iifi^ift^^,

trust; pp. artrightcd
"
"
; "
^
from infin. dfyrhian (not "

ct'.
affi-cr,
aricr.to trust ^^whenceE. rf^j' ,
" usedV- .\.S. "/-, intensive; xa\"\fyrhtan,
O. F. a i^L. aii)^to; anLl/7ja;//-,stem of terrify.
\xo\\\fyrhto,
fright
to; see Fright.
pres. \)t.oi Late L. fidure,to trust, from Affront. (F. L.) M. E. afrontcn. -
-

L./FJtr". to trust. Cf. Late h./fjin/ia,

O. F\ afronter,
to confront,
oppose face to
a pledi^e. face." Late L. affront
arc. " L.
af {{ox ad),
Affidavit,an oath.
o/f}"-
to ; front-cm, ace. (L ) Late L. of from, forehead,
dchdt, 3 p. s. pt.t. oi iijffdd'c,
to plcdi^e. brow. -

L. .if-=.:.;. to for L.fidere,Afloat.

; Late h.flddrc, E.^ For en float.
to trust. Afoot. \\l"i For on foot.
Affiliation. ^,F, L.) " F. affiUation,Afore. vl^O For on fore, A. S. on-

an adoption as a son. " Late 1.,.

ace. affilid-
foran.alore.
tiomm. " L. filins,
af-=ad,
'
a son. Afraid. ^F.-L. and Teut.) Grig.
to ;

Affinity. (F. F. ajiniii'. L. affrayed,

- L )
i.e. 'frightened.'
Pp. of Affray, -

ace. of affitiilas,
cijfy?ntdtcm, nearness. L. q.v. "

aff:nis,
near, borderini^ on. L. of-(for ad Afresh. (,E.)For on freshor offresh; "
,

to. near: boundary, end.

/Friis, see Anew.
Affirm, vl"- L.") " M. E. offcnnett.'-
Aft, After. lE.) A. S. .cftan.
be-
hind;
O. F. afcrmcr, to fix. L. af/irfudr^.L. after,after,both prep, and adv.+
" "

af- ^for";Ji,to ; Jirmdre,to make lirm, Icel. aptan, behind,aptr, "7//r,

backwards;
from nr-mus, strong ; see Firm. Dan. and Swed. efter, Du. achter,O. H. G.
Affix. (L.) LateL. "7/;^a/"^(^)ucange^, aftar,prep, and adv. behind, p. Aftan
frequent, of L. affigcre
;,pp. affijc-us),
to is extended from Goth, af, off; see Of.
fasten to.- V..af- axi),
[^ior \o\fFgere,to fix. After is a comp. form, likeGk. a-noo-rkp
a:.

Afflict,to harass. (L.) XVI cent. -L. further off; it means more off,fuither off,
ajiiitus. pp. of ajilgcre, to strike to the hence behind. Der. ab-aft, q v. ; after-
ground. L. af-Jor
" ad ; to ; andy//"tV"', 7i'ard y^sceToward
to . .

dash. So also conflict, from pp. conflutus ; Aftermath, a second crop of mown
inflict:and d. J"ro-Jii_ga/e. grass. '^E.Herea//trisan adj. ; and math
Afflnence. ^F.-L.) F. affluence. means a mowing,' unaccented form of ~
'

L. ariucr.na, abundance. L. affluent-on A. S. mcc/i. Allied to Mead, Mow.

" Cf.
vacc.\ riowing towards, pres. part, of G. mahd. a mowing ; nachmahd, aftermath.
afflucrc. to flow to, abound. L. af- (for Aftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.
"

a"/\ to ; flitej-Cy to flow. izftemesi. Goth, aftumists; but affected

Afford. (E.) Altered from aforth,by afterand 7nost. The Goth, aflu-jn-
yi.V^. aforthen, to provide, P. PL B. vi. ists is a treble superl. form. vSee .^t.
20 1. A. S. gcfonian,
"
fjrdian,to further, Aga, Agha, a chief officer. ^^Turk.)
promote, provide. A. S. ^"r-, prefix;and " Turk. ai;hd, master.
for^,forth, forward ; see Forth.. Again. North E." Cf. ^L E. ayein,
Affray, to frighten. (F.-L. and Teut.^ A. S. ongcgn {ongean^ A.S. on\ and .
-"^

XI\" cent. M. E. affrayen.-'O. F. effraier, gegn, of w hich the primarymeaning seems

"sfreci\to frighten.Low L exfnddre,to to have " been direct,'or straight.' ' '

break the king'speace, cause an aftrayor (X. E. D.^i4-L)an. igien, Swed. igen, again.
fray; hence, to disturb,frighten. L. ^j"r ; against. ^NorthE.) The / is added. "

and O. H. G./ridii {G./riede), peace. (See Qi. ^L E. uveincs, against; extended from
Romania, iS7S.vii. 121.) Der. affray, sb., M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix -es.
also spelt /rav ; and afraid,q. v. A. S. ongean, against ; the same as A. S. "

Affreightment, hiring a vessel ongean, ongegn, again;

the of see above. + Icel.
to convey cargo. ^F. L. and G.) An T gegn, G. against.
ef.'ti;'egen,
"

E spelling of V affrctcment. now .

written Agate. '^h\- It. L. Gk.^, O.F. agate, - -

affr^temcnt. the hiring of a ship. F. agathe. Ilal. agata, agatha,an agate " "

affreier now affrdler), to hire a ship. F. (^Florio).L. aehdte/Hface oi achates." " "

S
 AGE AGREE

Gk. dx^TJ^j, agate ; so named

from being Agitate. (L.) L. agitdtus,
an
pp. of
found near the river Achates
(Sicily). agitdre,to keepdriving about,frequent, of
Age. (F. L.) O. F. aage, edage. Late agere, to drive ; see Agent.
"
(..y^AG.")"

L. cBtdticiwi. L. (rtdti-,%\tva of ceids (from Aglet, a tag of a lace. (F.-L ) Also

"

*aui-ids), age. L. cemim, life,period.

"
+ aygulet,Spenser,F. Q. ii.3. 26. F. aiguil- "

Gk. alwv ; Goth, aixcs ; Skt. dyus, life. lette,

dimin. oi aiguille, a needle. Late L. "

Brugm. ii. " 112. acucula, dimin. of ac tis, a needle,pointed

Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. agent-, thing. Cf. Acme. (v^AK.)
stem of pres. pt. oi agere (pp.actus^,to do, Agnail, (1) a com on the foot, ('2)a
drive,conduct.+Gk. a7etj/; Icel.^/6(3;; Skt. sore beside the nail. (E.) The sense has
a;',t o drive. {^/ AG.) been confused or perverted.From A. S.
Agglomerate, to mass together.(L.) angncrgl,a corn on the foot (see A. S.
From pp. of L. agglomerdre,to form into Leechdoms, ii. 81, " 34); with which cf.
a mass. "L. a^- ( ad) ; and glonier-,
= stem O. Friesic ogneil, ongneil,apparently used
of glomus, a mass, ball,clue of thread, in a similar
sense. From a prefixang-,
allied to
globus, globe; see Globe. a signifyingafflicting,
paining,and A. S.
Agglutinate. (L.) From pp. of ncvgl,
a nail (as of iron),hence a hard
agglutindre, to glue together. L. ag- wart fixed in" round-headed excrescence or

( ad),to ; glutin-,for glfiteti,

=
glue. Nail. P Soon tiie flesh ; see Anger and
Aggrandise. (F.-L.) M.V. a^^ra;/-misunderstood as referring to the nails of
fl'zV-,
stem of pres. pt. of aggrandir,to the toes or fingers,and so made to mean

enlarge. Also agrandir(with one ^). F. *

a sore beside the nail ' ; prob. by com-
paring "

a (forL. ad) ; and grandir,to increase, (wrongly) the Gk. "napovvx'^a, a

from L. grandlre,to enlarge,which is whitlow (lit.beside the nail',

or by fusion
con-
from L. grandis,
great. with F. angonaille,
a sore (Cot.).
Aggravate. (L.) pp. ofL. ^^^- See N. E. D. From
graudre, to add to a load. L. ag- {-ad), Agnate, allied. (L.) L. agndtus,
"

to; graudre,to load,{rom grants, heavy. allied ; pp. of agnascT= ad-gnasd. L. ad, "

Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- to ; nasct, earlier form gnasef, to be born.
gregdre,to collect into a flock. L. ag- (for Ago, Agone, gone away, past. (E.) "

ad), to ; greg-, stem ofgrex,a flock. M. E. ago, agon, agoon, pp. of the verb
Aggress, to attack. (F.-L.) M.F.ag- agon, to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgdn,
gresser. L. aggressus, pp. of aggredi,
" to pp. of dgdn, to pass away. See A- (4)
assail. L. a^- {for ad), to; gradi,
" to vance.
ad- and Go.
Agog, in eagerness. (F.) For a-gog,
Aggrieve. (F. L.) M. E. fl^;rz/^;z. in in eagerness,
activity, " where a- is "

O. F. agrever, to overwhelm. O. F. a, to ; the prefixA- (2). Adapted from O. F.

"

grever, to burden. L. a"^,to ; graudre, to en gogues (Littre),

" or a gogue (Godefroy),
weigh down, from grauis,heavy,grave. in mirth. Cot. has estre en ses gogues, to '

See Grave (2). be frolicke, in a veine of mirth.' The ...

Aghast, horror-struck. {"..)Misspeltoriginof O. F. gogue, fun, diversion,is

for agast,which is short for pp. of unknown.
agasted,
M. E. agasten,to terrify ; Ch. C. T. 2341 ; Agony. (F. "
L,"
Gk.) M.E. agonie.
Leg.of Good Women, Dido, 248. A. S. " " F. agonie. L. "
agdnia.^Gk, dycvvia,
orig.
a-, prefix; and giestan,to terrify,torment. a contest. " Gk. dytuv,
contest. Gk. dyav, "

p. A. S. giestan is from the base gas- to drive. (^ AG.) "

Goth, gais-in tts-gais-jan,to terrify,(y' Agouti, a rodent animal,of the guinea-

GHwAIS.) pig family.(F. Sp. Brazil.)F. agouti.
Brugm. ii. " 802. " "

Agile. I F.-L.) XVI cent. Y. agile. Sp. ^^"//. Brazil, aguti,acuti. " "

" L. agilis, nimble; lit. easilydriven Agraffe, a kind of clasp.(F.-O.H.G.)

about. L. agere, to drive.
" F. agrafe; also agraphe (in Cotgrave),
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle a hook, clasp;agrafer,to clasp. The
by agreement. (F. L.) From the F. vb. verb is from F. a ( L. ad), to; and
"
=

agister,to assigna resting-place. P\ a M. H. G. krapfe, O. H. G. crapo, chrapfo, "

( \^.ad),\o
=
; and O.Y.giste,a couch,ing, a hook, which is allied to E. cratnp.
lodg-
verbal sb. from O. F. gesir(F.gesir), Agree, to accord. (F.-L.) O. F.
to lie,from L. iacere,to lie. agreer, to receive favourably. O. F. agre^ "

9
 AGRICULTURE ALBUM

fhvourably.O. F. a ( T^. aJ),according Aja"r. (E." From a char, on char, on

" =

to ; pf, ST*"^'pleasure, from I i^nftft/n,the turn (G. Douglas,tr. of Virgil, b. vii. ,.

ncut. dear, pleasing.

ofi::'rr7/uj:, Cl. Grace. prol.^.A.S. on "i"rrc, on the uun ; cf.A.S. "

Der. iiis-(7ipy^. cyran, ricrran. to turn. See Char {2).

Agpricultnre. (L-) L- ^^n cuUum, Akimbo, in a bent position.(Scand.)
culture 01 .n field. L. agrl,gen. of cgcr^ M. K. ;;." kcnchou-f,Berjni,
"

1S3S. Perhaps
a field ; and cultut-a. See Acre and Cxil- from Icel. /" Xvw^% into a crook; with
ture. E. ho7v,i.e. bend, superfluously added.
Alimony, a plant. (F.-I,.-Gk." Here kcng is the ace. of kcng-r, a crook,
M. v.. apit'vohu. V. aipi- twist, kink.
('p-ftti("itif.'''^\. Cf. also Icel. Arnii'ho^fin,
f'.w';;.'-. 1.."
(j'-grmdnia, Gk.
"7r^;vw"v//. " bent into a crook, from kcngr, a crook,
dp^iii^y^l.(Lewis and Short. L. Diet.") twist, kink, and bowed,
hog'inn, pp. of
Ag^round. ,K.^ " or on gr-ound. lost verb hjf/ga,to bow. See Kink and
Ague, a fever-fit. (F. L.)" Lit. Bow ^i"*. ^Very doubtful ; a guess.)
'
acute' .ittack. O. F. agiu, " fern, of agu Akin, of kin. (E.) " or of kin.
i^F.aii:u^.acute. " L. arz/Ar {ffbris),
acute Alabaster. ^F.-L. Gk.^ ^LE. ala- -

i^fever^
: fern, oi a: fitus ; see Acute. ha.-tre.'^O. ". alahastre {" aIhdt!-e).'"'L. .

Ah!\F.-L.^ M.E. a:-O.F. fl!- alabaster,alahasfriim.^G'k. dXat^aarpov,

L. "7V! oXd^aaTos. Said to be derived from .4/a-
Ahead. ^F." For on hcaJ, i.e. in a hastron. a town in Eg}-pt. (Pliny.)
forward direction. See A- {2'^. Alack. {"..')Prob. a of
corruption M.E.
Ai, a sloth. "^ From
(Brazil. Brazil, ai. a! .'acL'!nlas ! a shame! lit. 'lack.' (It
Aid. (F.-L.^ M. E. aidcn. - O. F. cannot be the same as alas.')
oi aJitiiidre.
L. adiutare.. frequent,
^7;'..v''. "
Alacrity. (L.^ Formed by analogy
to assist. L. ad\ and iuuihf, to help,
"
pp. wirh from
cc.'city. L. alacritdtem. ace. of
Cf.
/.-T/;/,*-. Brugm. ii. " ^S^. a/acri/ds. briskness. L. alacer,brisk. "

Ail, V- (E.^ M.E. ^;"". A.S.eglan, Alarm, a call to arms. ^F. Ital. L."! " "

to pain ; cognate with Goth, agljan. ^L E. alartnc. F.rt/rtrw"r. Ital. alfarvie, " " "

A.S. eg!e, troublesome (allied to Goth. to arms I for alle anne. Late L. ad "

aglus, hard\ Cf. A.S. ege, terror, orig. illas armas, for L. ad ilia arma, to

pain ; see A"we. those arms ! to your arms !

Aim, to endeavour after. (^F, L.) ^L E. alarum. (F.-Ital.-L.) The same

"

ci^na:. From confusion of (i) A. F. word. Mith an old pronunciation, in which

csnh-r, from L. izst{rfii.lrc.
to estimate, aim the ;- was stronglv trilled.
at, intend ; and (2 O. F. arsrner, from L.
'
Alas ! (F. L.') I\L E. alas. O. F. alas - -

ad-usfir?!arf, comp. with prefix ad-, to. (cf. F. helas^. O. F. a, ah ! and las, "

See Esteem. wretched that I am ! " L. ah ! and lassiis,

Air i\ F.-L.-Gk.^ M. E. ah\ dr. tired,wretched. (Alliedto Late.)
" F. air. " L. (ier. " Gk. air.
a-^p. Alb, a white vestment. (F. " L.^i M. E.
air v2\ mien, affected manner ; tune. a^bc " O. F. a/7'^, Late " L. alba,sb.;orig.
(F.-It. -L. -Gk.) F. air, look. tune. - fem. oi L. alhus, white.
'
Ital. aria^' a looke, . .
a tune : Florio. "
Albacore, a kind of tunny. (^Port. "

Folk-L. neut. pi.acra, treated as a fem. Arab.' Port, albacor, albacora. Said to

sing.(Diez\ L. dcr.^G\^. drjp(^above). be of Arab, origin.

"

Airt, a point of the compass. (Gael.) Albatross, a largesea-bird. Port. "

Gael, aird, a quarter or point of the Span. Arab. Gk.) Formerly also alga- " "

compass. Cf. O Irish ai'd. a point,limit. //vj-r. Port, alcatraz, a cormorant, tross;
alba- "

Aisle, the wing of a church. (F. L.' Span, akatraz, a pelican. Port. " "

Better spelt a//V. F. a/VV. L J/,?,

a wing. alcatruz. a bucket. Span,ar-.adttz,
" M. Span.
"

Prob. for *.7.v.'(7.

dimin. of Axis. ahaduz (^Minsheu".
a bucket on a water-

Ait. K.
See Eyot. wheel. "Arab the
al-qddus, same (Dozy).
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. ; SimilarlyArab, saijqd,a water-carrier,a
F. -L. jfid E.) Orig.speltnoi/if hone. "
pelican,because it carries water in its
C". F. nache. sing,of iiachcs. the buttocks ; pouch. (Devic : supp. to Littre.")
and E. hone. Apaches Late L. naticds, ace. Album, lit.that which is white. (L.)
-

of dimin.
fuifi^iT, of L. tiatcs,the but-
tocks. L albiim, a tablet,orig.neut. of albtis,
white.
 ALBUMEN ALIVE

albumen, white of egg. (L.) "L.allm- I algebra, compntation. Arab, al,the : and "

uun dui (alsoalbum out), white of egg." setting, repairir.g\jabr,

; also,the reduction
L. albiis, white. in arithmetic;hence.
of fractions to i.^.tegers
Alcayde, a judge ; see Cadi. algebra. Arab, " root jabara, to set, con-
Alchemy. (F.-Arab.-Gk.^ O. F. sol :ca:e
a.cheinie.XzdL^j. al, the; and
" kimld. Algn^sril, a police-officer. fSpan."
alchemy." Late Gk. x'?M*''*" chemistry; Arab.) Span, alguazil.^\T^h. al, the;
ling, uazTr, a vizier, officer ; see Vizier.
probablyconfused with xypuia, a ming-
from Gk. x^f^iv,to pour out, mix. I AlgTim, sandal-wood. (Heb. Skt.)
'
"

Alcohol. Med. L.- Arab.) Med.L. In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. lo ; speltalmug,

though the ! I Kings X.
alcohol,appliedto pure spirit, 1 1. Heb. alpimmim, or trans-
"

orig.sense was a fine impalpablepowder. posed almugim '

: a borrowed word. posed
Sup-
"
al, the ; and kchl or kiihl,a
Arab, by Max Miiiler Sci. Lang. i. 232) to
sandal- wood; where
collyrium,very fine powder of antimony,.be from Skt. valgii-ka.
with.
used to paintthe eyelids -ka is a suffix-
Alias. L.) L, alias, otherwise. I..
Alcoran ; see Koran. "

Alcove, a vaulted recess. ^F. "

Span." alius, another ; see Alien.

Arab.) alibi. (L.) L. alibi,

F. ^/^(tz;^. Span, alcoba,a recess
"
in another place.
in a room. " L. ali-,as in aliits ; and suffix -bi as in
Arab, al,the; and qobbah.a "

vault, dome, cupola; hence a vaulted space. i-bi. there,u-bi, where. See below,
Alder, a tree. (E.) ^L E. alder,alhr i alien. F.-L. M.E. a/zV"^.-0. F.
[d being excrescent). A. S. alor (aler, alien. L. alienus,strange ; a stranger. L.
" " "

a/r).+Du. els; Icel. blr Hot plr); Swed. Icdius,another, -f Gk. oAAos, another: O.
al; Dan. elle,el; G. erle; O. H. G. erila, Irish aile,W. ailL all; Goth, aljis(stem I

earlier elira; Span, aliso (from Gothic,. aljo-\other ; see Else. '

Teut. stems *aluz-,*aliz-,*alis-. Allied Allgllt(I ',to descend from. (E. ^L E.

to Lith. alksnis,L. alniis (for *ahnos) ; alihten,to alightfrom horseback ; A. S.
Russ. olekJia; and perhapsto Elm. dlihtan, the prefixa- being=A. S. a-.

Alder-, of all.
prefix, In The
alder-lufest simpleform lihtan also occurs in A. S.,
alder is for aller,O. Merc. meaning make light,relieve of weight,
(Sh.;; here to

alra, A. S. ealra^gen. pi. of al, eal,all. alight from a ' horse); from liht, light,
See All. adj. See Light (3).
Alderman. fE., Merc, aldorman^ alight 2 to lightupon. (E.) M.E. ,

A. S. ealdorman.'''SitTC. aldor (ealdor),

a alihten,with reference to the completion
of
chief;and matt, man. Allied to O. Fries. the action of alighting.See above.
alder, a parent; eltern, pi. parents; G. Align ; see Aline.
and to L. al-tor,a bringerup, from alere, Alike, similar. (E.) M. E. alike,alike.
to nourish. Cf. Old. A.S. like,with
onlJc, like; from /r^, prefix
Ale. 'E.) ^L E. (2/,f. A. S-
ealu, gen. " on- prep.
= on,

Swed., and Dan.

Icel., Aliment, food. L. Y. aliment. (F.
alop(stem *a/"/y.-|- "

bl; Lithuan. a/z^.;; Rubs, oloz't'na. " L. alimentum, food ; formed with

Alembic, ^F.
distilling.
a suffix
vessel for " -vientum from alere, to nourish.
Span. Arab.-
Gk.) M. E. alembyk.
-
F. VAL. -

alambique Cot.,. Span, alambique. alimony, money allowed for a wife s

" "

Arab, al,the ; and anb'iq(pronouncedani- support upon her separationfrom her

L, alimonia. nourishment,
biq a still. Gk. ay^tii^,
,
a cup, goblet; husband, (L.)
"

cap of a still. Cf. Limbeck. " L. alere,to nourish ; see above.

Alert. fF.-Ital.-L.) : F. o/^r/^ merly
for- Aline, Align, to range in a line. (F.
and (in Rabelais) a Cherte,
allerte, " L. ) Adapted from mcd. F. aligner,to
i.e. on the watch. Ital, allerta, on the "
range in a line. From the phr. d ligne,
watch ; from the phr. stare alVerta, to into line, L. ad, to ; linea, a line. See
"

stand erect,be on one's guard. Ital. alia " Line. (Aliue is the better spelling for
for a la), at the. on the ; erta, fem. oi the E. word.)
erio, erect. ad,to,
" L. at ; illam, fera. ace. Aliquot. X.' L. aliquot,
some, several
of ille, he ; erectam, fem. ace. of erect us, i^hence, L. ali-us,other;
proportionate). "

erect ; see Erect, and qtwt, how many.

Algebra. Late L. "
Arab.) Late L. Alive, in life. ',E.)From A.S. on life.
 ALKALI ALLOW

in life;where lifeis dat. of life;see

///, Gk. d\\r]yop(iv, to speak so as to imply
Life. somethingelse ; Galat. iv. 24. Gk. dWo-, "

Alkali, a salt. the

(Arab.) Arab. "?/, ; stem of dWos, other ; and dyopevetv, to
and ^a//",ashes of which abounds
salt-wort, speak,from dyopd,a placeof assembly; cf.
in soda. dydpfiv, to assemble. Gk. dWos L. alius; =

All. (E.) M. E. a/, sing.;alh, pl.- see Alien.

O. Merc, + Icel.
S. eal,pi.^"z//"?.
al,all; A. Allegro, lively. (Ital.-L.)It3.\.alle-
allr\Swed.a//; Dan. al ; Du. al\ O. H. G. g70."L,.alacrem, ace. oi alacer,brisk.
al ; Goth, alls,pi.allai. Teut. type *a/- Alleluia. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
w^2 ; allied to Irish uile,all,from Idg. Alleviate. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
type *oljos. alletiiare,used for L. alleudre, to lighten.

all, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-io L. al- (forad), to ; leiidre,t o lift,
lighten,
brake (correctly all to-hrake) ix. 53. from leuis,
]vidges , light.
Here the incorrectall-to,for utterly,'came Alley, a walk. (F.-L.?) M. E. aley.
'

up about A.D. 1500, in place of the old O. F. alee,a gallery ; a participial

" sb. "

idiom whichlinked to to the verb ; cf. ^Al O. F. aler,to go ; F. aller. |3. The mology
ety-
is tobrosten thilke regioun,'Chaucer,C. T. of aller,much and longdiscussed,
2757. See ^o-, prefix. is not yet settled ; the Prov. equivalent
is
almost. i.e. quite anar, allied to Ital. andare,to go.
(E.) A. S. eal-mcest,
the greatestpart,nearlyall ; affected by Alliance ; see Ally.
mod. E. most. See Most. Alligator. (Span. L.) " Lit. '
the
alway, always. (E.) {i) k.S,.ealne lizard.' "
Span, el lagarto,the lizard,i.e.
weg, every way, an accus. case. (2)M. E. the great lizard. L. ille,
he,that; lacerta,
"

alles weis,in every way, a gen. case. a lizard. See Lizard.

Allay. (E.) M. E. aleyen,alaien^the Alliteration, repetitionof initial
stem of which is due to aleg- letters. (L.)
A. S. dleg-es, Coined from L. al- (for ad),
ed,2 of A.S.
and 3 pres. t. sing, dlecgan, to to ; and Ittera, a letter ; see Letter.
laydown, put down, which producedalso Allocate, to set aside. (L.) From
M. E. aleggen, to lay or set aside. A.S. pp. of Late L. allocdre,
" to allot. L. al- "

and lecgan, lay,place; {=^ad), locdre, place, from loctis,

a-, prefix ; to see to; to a

A- (4) and Lay (,1).p. But much fused

con- place. Cf Allow (i).
with other forms, especially with M. E. Allocution, an address. (L.) From
aleggen,to alleviate, from O. F. aleger,L. allociitio, an address. L. al- (forad), "

alegier, L. alleuidre ; and with old forms to ; lociitio,speaking,

a f rom locutus,pp.
of alloy.See N. E. D. of loqul, to speak.

Allege. (F. L. ) M. E. alegen,

"
aleggen. Allodial. (LateL. O.Frankish.)Late "

In form, the word answers to A. F. alegier, L. allodidlis, from allodium, alodium, a

aligier^O.Y. esligier(see Godefroy); derivative of alodis,a free inheritance
from A. F. a- 0. F. es-, and ligier.\j. (Lex Salica). It means
= " entirely(one's) '

ex- ; and lltigdre, to contend (Ducange), property,' from O. Frank, alod ; where al- ls
*
from L. lis (gen.llt-is), strife. Latinised related to E. all,and od signifies perty
pro-
'
as adlegidre(Ducange),and treated as if or wealth.' This O. Frank, od is
'

allied to L. allegdre (F. alleguer) ; hence cognate with O. H. G. ot, A. S. ead, Icel.
the sense usuallyanswers to that of L. auhr, wealth. Cf. Goth, audags,blessed.
allegdre, to adduce, L. al- (forad), to ;
"
Allopathy, a treatment by medicines
legdre, to dispatch, tell,
to f rom leg-, base which producean opposite effect to that of
of lex,law. disease. (Gk.) Opposed to homceopathy,
Allegiance, the duty of a subject to Gk. d\Xo-, for d'AAos, other ; and
q. v. "

his lord. (F. O. H. G.) M. E. alegeaunce.

-
Trad-eiu, to suffer ; see Alien and Pathos.
Formed from F. a (==L.ad), to; O. F. Allot, to assigna portionto. (F.-L.
ligance, ligeance, homage, from O. F. lige,and E.) A. F. aloter. A. F. a, from L. "

liege,liege. See Liege. % The form ad, to ; and M. E. lot,A. S. /ilot; see Lot.

ligance(^ Godefroy) was due to a supposed Allow (i), to assign, g rant. (F.-L.)
connexion with L. ligdre, to bind. F. allouer,to let out for hire, assignfor
Allegory. (L.-Gk.) XVI cent. L. an expense. Late L. allocdre, to allot.
" "

allegoria.Gk. d\\r)yopia,
" a description L. al- (forad), to ; and locdre,to place,
of one thingunder the image of another. from locus, a place.
"

2
 ALTERCATION AMBITION

" L. alter, other. " L. al- (as in al-iiis); Amatory. (L.) L. amatorizis,loving.
with comparative suffix -tero-. " L. amdfor, a lover. L. amdj-e, to love ; "

altercation, a dispute. (F. "

L.) with suffix -tor-,-tor,of agent.
M. E. altercation. " O.Y. altercation. " l,. Amaze, to astound. (E.) M. E. a/nasen.

altercdtioneui, ace. oi altcrcatid.-'l^. altcr- A. S. d/iiasian,pp. dmasod; Wulfstan's

catus, pp. of altercdri,to dispute, speak in Horn. p. 137, 1. 23. From A.S. d-
turns. Iv. alter,other,another.
"
(prefix);
and ^masian, to perplex. See
alternate. (L) L. alterndtns,pp. Maze.
of alterndre, to do by turns. L. alter- " Amazon, a female warrior. (Gk.) Gk.
nus, reciprocal.L. " alter (with suffix apia^iov,
one of a warlike nation of women
-no-). in Scythia."ff To account for the name,
Although. (E.) lsi."..anhogh;ste the Greeks said that these women cut off
Already and Though. the rightbreast to shoot better ; from Gk.
Altitude. (E.-L.) XIV cent-F. a-, not ; and jxa^os,the breast. Obviously
altittide. " L. altitftdo,
height. " L. alius, an invention.
high. Ambassador, Embassador. (F.
alto,high voice. (Ital. L.) " liz\. alto. " Late L. " C.) F. ambassadeur. " Y.
" L. alius, high. ambassade, an embassy ; prob. borrowed
Altogether. (E.) U.Y.. al from
together, Ital. ambasciata. " Late L. ambascia
quitetogether. See Already. (Lex Salica)
; more '^ambactia
correctly ;
Altruism, regard for others. (Ital. - a mission,service. L. ambactus,a "
servant,
L. ; ivith Gk. Coined
sitffix.') from Ital. emissary; Caesar,de Bell. Gall. vi. 15.
altriii,another, others, a form of altro, The L. word is borrowed from an O.
another,when preceded by a preposition. Gaulish (Celtic) word {ambactos ?) a slave,
Grig,a dat. case. L. alteri huic^ to this lit. one" driven about, a pp. form from
other ; datives of alter,other, and hic, afiibi-, prefix,about, and the verb ag-,
this. cognate with L. agere; cf. O. Irish tjum-
Alum. (F. L.)
- M. E. alu7n. - O. F. agi?n,I drive about, send about. (Fick,
alum ; F. alun. " L. alumen^ alum. 1894,11.34; Brugm. ii. " 79.) Cf. W.
Alway, Always. (E.) See All. amaeth, a husbandman.
Am. ;E.) See Are. Amber. (F. Span. Arab.) M. E. - -

Amain. (E. For onmain, in strength^aumbre.

i F. ambre. Span, ambar. " " "

with strength; see A- (2) and Main, sb. Arab, 'anbar (pronounced'ambar),am- bergris,

Amalgam. (F. or Late L. Gk. ?) F. a rich perfume. % The resinous -

amalgame. Late L. amalgama, a mixture, amber was so called from a resemblance to

esp. of quicksilver with other metals. ambergris, which is really quitea different
Origin unknown ; said by some to be a substance.
corruptionor an alchemist's anagram of ambergris, i-e. gray amber. Called
malagma, a mollifyingapplication haps grisamber
; per- in Milton,P. R. ii. 344. The
with Arab, a/ ( the)prefixed. "Gk. F. gris,gray, is from O. H. G. gris,gray ;
=

fxaXayfia, an emollient. Gk. fiaKaaauv cf. G. greis,hoary. "

{iov*^a\aK-yiiv), to soften. Gk. jxaKaKos, Ambi-, Amb-, prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,

"

soft. about ; cf. Gk. ayjcpl,

on both sides,whence
Amanuensis, one who writes to tation.
dic- E. prefixaitiphi'.Related to L. ambo,
(L.) L,. dmanuensis."L. a ?uanu, Gk. ajxtpoj,
both. Cf. A.S. ymb, Irish im,
by hand ; with suffix -ensis. about.
Amaranth, an unfadingflower. (L. -
Ambient, going about. (L.) L. amb-
ient-,
Gk.) Properly amarant, as in Milton ; stem of pres. part,oi amb- ire,to go
but -anth is due to confusion with Greek about, from ire,to go.
aj/0oj,a flower. " L. afnarantus. " Gk. Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amb-
afxapavTos, unfading, or as sb.
unfading iguus,doubtful, lit. drivingabout (with
flower. Gk. a-, not ; and
"
fxapaiutiv,
to -ozis ( L. -osus) in place of L. -us). L.
= "

fade. (VMEK.) amb-, about ; and age7'e, to drive.

Amass, to heap up. (F.-L.-Gk.) Ambition. (F. L. 1 F. ambition L."
.
"

F. amasser, to heap up. F. a fuasse, mto " ambitidnem, oi ambitid,a goinground,

ace.

amass. " L. ad, to; massa, a mass. " Gk. esp. used of going round to solicit votes ;
^d^a,a barley-cake.See Mass (1). hence,a seekingfor preferment.L. amb- "
 AMBLE AMITY

itum, supineoi ajnb-Jre,

to go about (but sb. pi." O. F. amende, reparation.O.F. "

note that retains the short i of

ambitio amender (above).
ilutn, thesujiine vcrb\
of"ire , the siin]ile Amenity, pleasantness.
(F.-L.^ M F.
Amble. (F. 1..) M. E. am/'/cu. O.F.
-
- and F. ame^iitc. "Y^. amcciiitdlem,ace. of
ambler, to go at an easy pace. L. ambu- " anucnitds. L. a/ULcnus, pleasant.Cf. L.
"

Idre,to walk. aiiidre,t o love.

aiXtlbulance,a moveable hospital. : Y . Amerce, to fine. (F. -
L.) A. Y. (not
"
aDibtilance.
L.) Y .
Y..ambulant-, stem " (J.F.)amercier, to fine. " O, F. a ( L. ad)^
=

of pres. part,of ambtddre, to walk. to ; mercier,to but usually

pay, acquit, to
ambulation, a walking about. (L.) thank ; cf. Late L. mercidre,to fix a fine.
From L. a^nbtildiio, a walkingabout. L. " Cf. O. Y mercit (F.inerci),
. thanks,pardon.
ambuldtus, pp. of af?ibiilare. L. mercedem, ace. oijnerces,reward, "

Ambrosia, food of the gods. (Gk.) wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
Gk. aix^pooia; fem. of ajx^puaios, ened
length- (passinginto the sense of 'fine' L. .
"

form oi dfx^poTos, immortal. Gk. d-, mere-, stem of inerx, merchandise,traflic. "

not (E. un-) ; for ^pcpoTos Amethyst,

*fj.l3poTus, and a gem. (L. Gk.) 1 cune- -
..

(Gk. ^poros;), mortal; see Mortal. Cf. thystus. X^\i.

dfxfdvoTos,
an ameth}st;so "

Skt. a-mrta, immortal. See Amaranth. called because supposedto prevent drunk-
enness.
Ambry, Aumbry, a cupboard. (F. Gk.dfi6'ei;aTos,not
drunken. Gk. - " "

L.) M. E. awmebry, awmery, Prompt. d-,not; and fitOvav,to be drunken,from

Parv. ; the b is excrescent. O. F. awiiaire, pL(6v,strong drink; see Mead.
"

almaire,armaj'ie, a ; properly, Amiable.

repository (E.-L.) O.F. amiable,
for arms ; but also a cupboard. Late L. friendly ; also loveable,by confusion with "

armdria, a cupboard; armdrui9/i, a pository

re- aiviable (from amdbilis). \..ajfiicdbili
L. "

for arms. " L. arma, arms. friendly.L. "

amicus, a friend.- L. amdre,
Ambulance, -ation ; see Amble. to love.
Ambuscade. (Span.-Late L.) From amicable. (L.)L. amlcdbilis,
friendly
;
Span, emboscada, an ambush. Orig. as above.
pp. oi emboscar,\.o set in ambush. Late " Amice oblong pieceof linen,
(i),an
Lat. imboscdre,lit. to set in a bush or variously by priests.(F. L.) M. E.
worn "

thicket. L. z}?i- (forin)^in ; and Late L.

"
amyse, and (earlier)amit. O. F. amis^ "

boscuDiy
a bush. See Bush. a^fiit{huTguy). !..a?nict-us,a covering. "

ambush. (F. " Late L.) Formerly " L. amictus, pp. of aniicire,to throw
embush.'^O.Y. embuscher, e?nbuissier,
to round. L. am-"
^amb-),around ; iacere,
to
set in ambush. " Late L. imboscdre; as cast.
above. Amice hood. (O. F."
(2),a pilgrim's
Ameer, the same as Emir, q. v. Span.? " Teut. ?) '
In aw?V^gray;'Milton,
Ameliorate. (F. P.R. iv.427.
stiffix.) O. F. aumiice
" (Y ait7inisse)\
L.; tvith L. "
.

F'ormed with suffix -ate ( L. -dtus)from Late L. al77iucia. Span,ah/iucio (Pineda;

= " -

F. amiliorer^ to better,improve. F. a where al seems to be the Arab. def. art. "

( L. ad),in addition ; -meliorer ( Late (cf.

= Port, mur^a). G. miitze,a cap (cf. = "

L. meliordre),
to make better. L. Lowl.
?nelidr-, Sc. mutch). But G. miitze may be "

from melior,better. from Late L.

Amen. (L. Heb.)
" Gk. "
in the middle of. (E.)
\.. amen." Amid, Amidst,
Gk. d/xTyi',
verily.Heb. amen, "
A77iids-t is lengthened from M. E. a77iiddes.
so be
verily,
it. Heb. ";/z,fW,firm, true.
" Heb. d77ian, Again, a7nidde-s was due to adding the
"

to confirm ; orig. to be firm.'

' adv. suffix -s to a77ndde A.S. 07i 77iiddan, =

in the middle where 77iidda)iis the dat. of

Amenable, easy to lead. (F. L.) ; "

From F. amener, to lead to, bring to." 77iidde,sb.,the middle. A. S. 77iid, 77iidd, "

F. d.,to ; mener, to conduct,drive. L. ad, adj., middle. A77iid" K. S. 07t 77iiddatii^as "

to ; Late L. 7nindre, to conduct, lead about, before). See Mid.

al?o to drive out, chase away ; L. mindri, Amiss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scaud.)
to threaten. L. mince ^ threats.
"
M. E. 07t 77iisse, i.e. in error. Icel.a mis, "

Amend. (F. L.) M..Y. ajnendeft."

" amiss. Icel. a ( A. S. on \ in ; 77iis,adv., " =

F. amender. L. emendd^-e, to free from

" wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
fapp'lt. L. e, from
"
; mendum, a fault. Miss (i).
amends. (F. "
L.) M. E. arnendes. a77iisted,
Amity. (F. L.) O. F. a7niste, "

15
 AMMONIA ANAGRAM

amistet. " Late L. *a?nicitatem,

ace. oi^amT- rpov, a theatre with seats all round the
ciids,friendship.
i., amicus, friendly. " " arena. " Gk. dfx(pi,
around; Oidrpov, a

L. anidre, to love. theatre.

Ammonia, an alkali. (L.-Gk.- Ample, full. (F. L.) - F. ample. - L.
Egyptian.) Suggested by amplus,spacious. L. sal am-

nioniacuHi,rock-salt. Gk. dfXfxcuviaKovAmputate. (L.) From pp. of L

"
,

sal ammoniac, rock-salt. Gk. dfi/xcvvids, to cut off round about.

aniptitnre, L. am-,
" "

Libyan. " Gk. a^najv, theLibyan Zeus- short for amb- ambi-, round about; ,

Ammon ; a word of Egyptian origin; putdre,to cleanse,

also to lopor prune trees.
Herod, ii.43. ^ It is said that sal am-
moniac " L. putus, clean.
was firstobtained near the temple Amulet. (F. L.) F. afuulette.-l.. "

of Ammon. amzdetum, a talisman hung round the neck.

amm.01lite,a fossilshell. (Gk.)Coined [Once thought to be of Arabic origin; but
with suffix -ite (Gk. -ittjs)from the name now givenup.]
Ammon ; because the shell resembles the Amuse, to divert. (F. L.) " F. amuser,
'
twisted ram's horn on the head of the to amuse, make to muse or think of,to
image of gaze at;' Cot.-F.
JupiterAmmon. a ( L. ad), to, at; =

Amm.UUition, store for defence. (F. O. F. jmiser, to gaze at, stare at,muse ; see "

L.) From Mid. F. amunzlt'on,a soldier's Muse (i).

corruption oi munition , due to substitutingAn, A, indefinite article. (E.) A is
ramunition for la munition (Littre).L. short ioran ; and an is an unaccented form "

ace. mfmitionem, a defending.L. of A. S. an, one ; see One. " mflni-

tus,pp. of munh'e, to defend. An-, A-, neg. prefix.(Gk.) QV.dv-,
Amnesty, lit.a forgetting of offences. d-, cognate with L. in-,and E. un- ; see

(F. L. Gk.) F. a?nn"stie.''h. amnes-

" "
Un-, In-, A- (9).
//a. Gk. dfivrjaTia,
"
forgetfulness,esp. of An, if. See And.
wrong. Gk. dfivqaros,
"
forgotten.Gk. d-, Ana-, "
An-,/r^.r.(Gk.) G\i.dva-,dv-\
not ; and fivdoixai,
I remember. (-y^MEN.) from Gk. dvd,upon, on, up, back, again;
Among, Amongst. (E.)The earliest cognate with E. on ; see On.
M. E. form is amonge, whence amonges Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.
with added s (a common adverbial suffix)
; (Flind.)Hind, dna, a sixteenth part,esp.
and hence amongs-t with excrescent /. of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.) "

A. S. onmang, prep., among. " A. S. on, in ; Anabaptist. (Gk.) One who baptizes
mang, mixture,crowd.
a Cf. Mingle. again. Gk.Coined from dvd,again; and
Amorous. (F. L.) O.Y. amoros\". "
baptist.See Baptize.
amoureux. L. amorosus. L. amor, love.
" "
Anachronism, error in chronology.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From (Gk.) Gk. dvay^poviapLO'i.'^QV.
dvaxpovi-
Gk. d-,not ; and fiopcp-rj,
shape,form. ^fiv,
to refer to a wrong time. " Gk. di/d,
Amount, up to (wrong); xpo"'os, time.
mount to. (F.-L.) up, back
O. F. amonter, to amount to. O.F. a Anaconda, a largeserpent. (Ceylon.) "

mont, towards a mountain or largeheap. Now a S. American boa ; at firstapplied

" L. ad, to; montem, ace. of mons, a to a largesnake in Ceylon. But wrongly;
mountain. it was reallya swift whipsnake ; Cingh.
Amour. (F. L.) F. amour. L. henakandayd. lit. lightningstem.'
" "
*

amorem, ace. oi amor, love. Anaemia, bloodlessness. (L. Gk.) A "

Amphi-, /r^Jf. (Gk.) Gk.dfi(pi,onLatmised form of Gk. dvaifxia, want of

both sides,around; see Ambi-. blood. " Gk. dv-,not ; ai/Jia,blood.
Amphibious. dnipi^ios,Anaesthetic, renderinginsensible to
(Gk.) Gk.
livinga double life,on land and water. pain. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. dv-,not ;
" Gk. dn"pi,on both sides ; /Stos, life. and aloOrjTiKus, full of perception ; see An-
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody. and JEsthetic.
(Gk.) The foot composed of a short Anagram, a changein a word due to
syllable on each side of a long one {"^-J).transposition of letters.(F. L. Gk. ) F. " "

Gk. dfKplPpaxvs. Gk. d/xcpi,

on both sides ; anagram?ne.
" l^. anag7-ami7ia.-^QV. dvd- "

and 0paxvs, short ; see Amphi- and '^pap.p.a. Gk. dvd,up, here used distribu- "

Brief. tively a letter of the alphabet.

; '"^pd^ixa, "

Amphitheatre. (Gk.) Gk. dixcpieid- \Gk. ypd(p"iv, to write.

I
 ANALOGY ANGEL

Analogy, proportion.(F.-L.-Gk.) Ancient (0, old. (F.-L.) With

". analogic. " L. analogia. " Gk. ulvoKo'^'m^
excrescent /. M. E. auncien. " Y. ancien.
equality of ratios. Gk. " dm, upon, Late " L. antidnns, old, belonging to
throufjhout ; -Koyia,from A07-0S, a word, former time. Formed with suffix -dims
statement, from Xtyfiv, to speak. from ante, before.
a resolv-
(Gk.) Gk.dz/dAyo-jy,
Analysis. ing Ancient '2),a banner,standard-hearer.
into parts,loosening. Gk. ilfaXvetv,to F. J^ ) Confused with ancient i 1 j ; but "
' -

undo, resolve. Gk. dvd, back ; and Kv"ii', from O. F. enseigne,

" m. 'ensigne,auncient,
'
to loosen. (y'LEU.) Der. analyse,verb, a standard-bearer ; Cot.; also for O. F. en-
coined word. f.,' a banner;' Cot. See Ensign.
seigjie,
Ananas, the plant. (Span. And.
pine-apple " E.)A. S. and, end. + O. Fries.
"
Braz.) Span, ananas i^Pineda)
; mod. anda, ende; (). II. G.
anti, unta. G. tind.
Span, anana. " Brazil, nanas or nana. Prob. related to L. ante, before, Gk. dvr'i,
% The Peruv. name is achiipalla. over against.
Anapaest, Anapest, foot in ody,
pros- a an, if. (E.) Formerly also and;
v^k. ) L. dvd-
Havelok, 2861,"c; the same
anapccsliis."GVi. word as the
iraiOTos, struck back, rebounding; because above. An if= if if, a reduplication.But
it is the reverse of a dactyl. Gk. dva-naUiv,andif=h\\\. if if; Matt. xxiv. 48.
"

to strike back. - Gk. dm, back ; and iraietv, Andante, slowly,(Ital.) \\.2X.
andante,
to strike. moving slowly,pres. pt. of andare, to
Anarchy. (F.-L.-Gk.) XVI cent. go.
". anan/it'e. L,. anarc/ii'a. Gk. dvapx'io,Andiron,
" a fire-dog.(F. L.) Not " "

lack of government. Gk. duapxos,without connected with iron, but corruptedfrom.

"

a ruler. Gk. di/-,neg. prefix;

" dpxos, a M. E, anderne,aunderne, aundi7'e. O. F. "

ruler, from apx^^v, to rule,to be first. andier ; mod. F. landier,put for Vandier ,

Anathema, a (L.-Gk.) L.
curse. where t is the def. art. Cf. Late L. ande-
anal/ienia. " Gk. avdOefxa,
a thingdevoted rius, andena, a fire-dog.
or accursed. " Gk. I devote."
dvariOrjfxi, Anecdote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ^;w-

Gk. dvd, up ; TidTjfu, place,set. Cf.

I dote. " \jdXt.L.
anecdota,orig. pi." a neut.

Theme. Gk. dvettSoTa,neut, pi, of dv""5oTos,

Anatomy. (F. "
L. "
Gk.) F.
unpublished; hence an unpublishedstory,
ana

tomie. " 'L,.anatonn'a.^Gk. dvaropLia,

the story in privatelife. Gk. dv-, not; (k, "

same as dvaTo^-q, dissection. " Gk. dpaT^fj- out ; and Soros,given,allied to SiEcufxi,
I
fdv, to cut up. " Gk. um, up ; rijxv^iv, to give.
cut. Cf. Tome. Anemone, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. dv"-
Ancestor. (F. L.) M.E. "
(i) ancestre, lit.winri-flower.
IJOJVT], " wind.
Gk. due/xos,
O. ". ancestre, from
L. antecessor, nom., Anent, regarding,with reference to.

a foregoer; and M. E. (2 an-

predecessor, E.) M.E, anent. anentis ; older form
cessour, O. F. ancessonr, from L. aiite- onefent, where the t is excrescent. A. S.
cessorevi, ace. L. ante, before ; cess-ns, anefoi,onefcn,near ; later form
" onemn.

pp. of cedere, to go. A. S on, on ; efen, ev en, Mence " onefn =

Anchor. iL. Gk.) The current ing

spell- even with, "
on an equalitywith. Cf. G.
imitates the false L. form, anchora. nehen,near ( for in eben See Even.
A. S. ancor. L. ancora (wronglyanchora)
" . Aneroid, dry, appliedto a barometer
Gk. dfKvpa,an anchor, lit.a bent liook ;
"
having no liquidmercury in it. ^Gk.)
cf. Gk. a bend.
d-yKUJv, (^ANQ.) Coined from Gk. d-, not; wet;
vrjpd-s,
Anchoret, Anchorite, a recluse. form, kind.
(I5-0S,
(F. " Late L. "
Gk ) F. auachorete (Cot ; .
Aneurysm, a tumour due to tion.
dilata-
" Late L. anachoreta.-'GV.. dvaxooprjTTjs, (Gk.J Gk. dvfvpvafjLa, a widening.
one who retires from the world. Gk dva- Gk. dv-, for dvd, up; and ivpivnv,to " "

to retire. Gk. dvd, back ; and widen, from (vpvs, wide. Also aneurism.
Xojpfiv, "

XOJpeiv, towithdraw, from x^P^^^ space, Anew. A.'^.of-

(E.) yS..".of-neive.
nioiue. John iii.7 (Rushworth). From Of
room. (VCiHE, GHO.)
Anchovy, a fish. (Span. -

Basque ?; and New.

cf. Basque anchoa.anchtia. AngeL (F.-L.-Gk.) 0.". angele.
Span,anchova ;
'
L. angelia. Gk. dyyeXo^,a messenger.
an anchovy. Perhaps' dried fish ; bom " "

Basqueantztia, dry. Cf. Gk. dyyapos, a mounted courier, from

 ANGER ANNUL

O. Persian. Der. arch-angel,

q. v., ev- cloive. " O. Fries, ankel; also A.S. ancleo7v,
angel-ist,
q. v. % The A. S. form was with a longersuffix (cf.O.
Fiies. onklef).-\-
from L. angelus.
engel,directly Dan. and Swed. ankel; Icel. okkla (for
Anger. (.Scand.) M. E. anger, often onkla-^ankiila ; Du. and G. enkel. haps
Per-
with the of vexation, trouble.
sense Icel. " allied to Skt. aiiguli,
a finger,
aiiga,
angr, grief;Dan. anger, Swed. anger, re-
gret. a limb.
+ L. angor, a anguish. Anna,
strangling, a small coin ; see Ana.
(VANGH.) See below. Annals. (F." L.) F. annales,pi.sb.
Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angifta, L. attndles,pi.adj.,for libri annales, "

quinsy,lit.choking. L. a;z^^;r, to choke. yearly books, chronicles ; from

"
anndlis,
Angle (i),a corner. ',F. L.) M.E. yearly. L. anims, a year. "
"

angle. ". angle.

" \.. angjclus, angle. Anneal, to temper by heat.
a n " ( (i) E.;
Cf. Gk. d7"uAos,bent. (2j F. L.) Two distinct words "
have been
Angle (2),a hook, fish-hook. (E.) A. S. confused. 1. M. E. anelen, to inflame,
angel,a fish-hook ; dimin, of anga, onga, kindle,heat,melt, burn. A. S.
on^lan, to
a prickle
sting, ; aJigi, cf. Icel.
a prickle,burn, kindle; from on, and tllan,to
prefix,
Gk. dyKvpa, hook, Skt. bent
ahka{s), burn. Cf. A. S. ieled,
a fire. 2. M.E. anelen,
a hook.+Dan. angel \ G. angel, dimin. of to enamel glass. Prefix a- (perhaps F".h, " -=

O. H. G. ango, a prickle, fish-hook. Allied L. ad) ; and O. F. neeler,nieler, to enamel,

to Anchor. Der. angle,verb, to fish. orig.to paintin black on gold or silver."
Anguish. (F. L.) M.E. anguisc, Late L. nigellare,
"
to blacken. L. nigelhis, "

angoise. O. F. anguisse;
" F. angoisse. L. blackish ; from niger,black. "

angustia,narrowness, poverty, perplexity.Annex. (F. L.) F. annexer. L. an- " "

" L. angiistus, narrow. " L. angere, to nexus, pp. of atinectere,to knit or bind to.
choke. (VANGH.) " L. an- 'for ad),to ; and nectere, to bind.
Aniline, a substance which furnishes Annihilate. (L.) L. annihildli(S,\)^.
a number of dyes. (F. Span. " " Arab. " of annihildre,to reduce to nothing. " L.
Pers. " Skt.)Formed, with suffix -ine,from jan- (forad), to ; and nihil,nothing.
anil, a dye-stuff.F. " a"z7. "
Span, afiil. Anniversary. (L.) For sary
'anniver-
azure. " an-Jiil\ for al-nil,
Arab. where al memorial.' " L. anniuersdriiis,re-
turning

is the def. art.,and nil is borrowed from yearly. L. " an^ti- ffrom anno-),
Pers. nil,blue, or the indigo-plant. Skt. " from annus, a year : and ucrsus, pp. of
mla, the
blue ; JiTli,indigo-plant. uertere, to turn (^eeVerse).
Animal. animal, a living
(L.) L. crea-
ture. Annotate, to make notes on. (L.)
"L. anima, breath,life. (-^AN.) From pp. of L. annotdre, to make notes

animadvert, to censure. (L.) L. on. " L. an- (for ad), to, on; notdre, to

anijuadtiertere,
to turn to, hence, the mind mark, from nota, a mark. See Note.
to criticise. " L. anini-, for animus, the Announce. (F. " L. ) F. annoncer. "

mind (allied to anima, breath); ad, to : L. annuntidre, to announce. " L. an- ( =

and ticrtere,to turn (seeVei-se). ad), to; mmtidre, to from

bring tidings,
animate. (L.) L. animdtus, pp. of nuniius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
animdre, io endue with life. L. aniina, Annoy, to vex. (F\ L.) M. E. anoien, " "

life. Der. iji-animate,re-animate. anuien. O. F. anoier,anuier,to annoy. " "

animosity. F. L.) F. animosite. O. F. anoi, anui (F.ennui), vexation. Cf.

,
"

" L. animositdtem. ace. of animosiids, Span, enojo.O. Venetian inodio,vexation.

vehemence. L. animosus, vehement, full
" L. in odio,lit.in hatred, common in the "

of mind or courage. L. animus, mind, Late L. phr. in odio

" hahui, lit. I had in
courage, passion. hatred, I was annoyed with ; cf. L. in odio
Anise, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. esse, to be hated by (Cicero). L. in, in; "

anese, anys. Y. anis Cot.). L. anisiim

"
; odio, abl. oi odium, hatred. "

also anetlnim. Gk. duicxov,avqaov, orig. Annual, yearly. (F. L.") M. E. an-
" nuel. "

anise.
dvrjOov, " F. a7tmiel. " L. yearly.
anjiudlis, "

Anker, a liquid measure. (Du. LateL.) " L. anmis, a year.

Du. anker, tlie same. Late L. anceria, "
annuity. (A. F. " L.) KY.annuite;
the same. + Swed. ankare ; G. anker; from A. D.
1304. " Late L. annuitdfem, ace. of
the same. annuitds. " \.. annus, a year.
Ankle. (E.) M.E. ancle; also an- Annul. (L.) L. annulldre,to bring to
 ANNULAR ANTICIPATE

nothing. L. " an- (forad), to ," mtlhis, no F. Q. i. 6. 26.-0. F. antelop.-.\.^\.Q

L.
one ; Null.
see Gk. dvQoKoir-,
ajttalopus.-''La\.Q the stem
Annular, like a ring.(L.) L, laris,
annu- of used by
dvBuKoxl/, Eustathius of Antioch
adj.; irom annulus, a ring,earlier to signify
some uncertain quadruped. Of
spellingdniilus ; dimin. of L. dm(s, a unknown origin.
rounding, a circular form (Lewis). Antennae, feelers of insects. I L.) L.
Anodyne, a drug to allaypain. (L. "
a^itennce, pi.ot antenna, properlythe yard
Gk.) XVI cent. Late L. anodynus, a of a sail.
pain. Gk. ovu)hvvo%^free Antepenultima, the Last syllable
drug relieving but "

from pain. Gk. dv-, not ; and uduvr], two

" in a word. (L.) L. ante, before;
pain. panultivia,fem. adj.,last but one, from
Anoint. (F. L.) M.E. anoint, used pcen-e,almost,ultima,last.
"

as a pp. = anointed. " O. F. enoint, pp. of Anterior. (L.) L. anterior,former,

enoindre, to anoint. " O. F. en, upon; more in front, compar. adj.from ante,
oindre,to smear. L. "
m, upon; ungere, before.
to anoint. See Unguent. Anthem. (L. Gk.) Formerly antem.
"

Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. viation

de-
avciJixa^.ia, A. S. L. antiphona,
antefn.'^'La.X.e an them.
an-

from rule. " Gk. dvw/.iaKos,

uneven. " Gk. considered
dvTicpoji'a, as fem.
" Gk. dv-,not ; and ofxaXus,even, related sing.,but reallyneut. pi. of dvTi(f"avos,
to ufios, one and the same. soundingin response to ; from the alternate
Anon, immediately.(E.) M. E. anon, singingof the half-choirs. Gk. dvri,over "

anoon ; also onan. A. S. on an, lit. in

'
against voice,sound.
; (pcuv-q,
one A. S. on, on, in ; an, one.
moment.' " Anther, the summit of the stamen of
nameless. (Gk.) Gk. flower. (Gk.) From Gk. dvO-qpus, ing.
bloom-
Anonymous, a

nameless; with -ous added."

dvwvvyL-o'i, " Gk. dvOeiv,
to bloom ; dvOos,
a young

Gk. ; and
dv-,neg. prefix ovo/xa, name. bud or sprout.
Another. (E.) For an otlier,one anthology, a collection of choice
other. poims. (Gk.j Lit. a collection of flowers.
Answer, to reply.(E.) A. S. and " Gk. dv6o\oyia, a gathering of flowers."
swerian, andszvarian, to answer, speak in Gk. apdoXoyo?, flower-gathering.Gk. "

reply;a weak verb. "A. S. andswaru, a dvOo-,for dvOos,a flower ; and Xeyfiv, to

reply. A. S. and-, against,in reply;

"
cull.
swerian, to speak,to swear. The A. S. Anthracite, a kind of hard coal.
and' G. ant- (in ant-worten)
= "
Gk. dv-ri; (Gk.) Gk. resemblingcoals.
dvOpaKiT-q^,
see Anti- and Swear. " Gk. dvOpaK-,
stem of coal.
dvOpa^,
Ant. (E.) M. E. amte, short for ameie. Anthropophagi, caimil als. (Gk.'
A. S. mnette, an emmet, ant. Doublet, Lit. '
men-eaters.' " Gk. dv9pwno(pdyos,
eiJimct, q. v. man-eating. Gk. dvOpajwos, a man; and "

Antagonist, an opponent. (L. Gk.) (pay^iv, to eat. ("y^BHAGw ; Brugm. i. "

Late L. antagdnista.'-'QV. "

dvTayojviaTT]S, 641.^
an opponent. Gk. dvr-,for avri,against ; Anti-, Ant-, prejix,against.(Gk.)
"

and dyoov'K^oiuai,I struggle,from dyuiu,a Gk. dvTi, against ; allied to L. ante,

before. Cf. Skt. a}iti, against, allied
eontest. (VAG.^ over

Antarctic. (L. Gk,^ 'L.antardicus. to ajita,end ; see End. "

% In anti-cipate,
" Gk. dvTapKTiKos, southern, oppositeto the prefix is for L. ante.
arctic- Gk. dr/r-,for avri,oppositeto; Antic, fanciful,odd ; as sb. a trick.
and dpKTLKos. arctic. See Arctic. (Ital.-L.) Orig. an adj. Adopted in
Ante-, prefix, before. (L.) L. ajite, the XVI cent, from Ital. antico, with the
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v. of ' '
old.
; lit. antique,
sense grotesque "

Antecedent. (L.) L. antecedent-,L. antlquus, old. See Antique.

stem of ]5res. pait. of antecedere,to go Antichrist. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. - -

before, L ante, before; cedere,to go.

"
Antecrist. 'L. Antichnstus (Vulgate). "

Antediluvian, before the flood. (L.) Gk. dvTixpi(TTOs (i John ii. 18). Gk. "
"

L. ante, before ; dihnnum. deluge, a dvTJ,against; xp'^^'^^^j Christ.

L. dilnere, to wash Anticipate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
washing away. "

L. dl-,apart; luere, to wash. anticipdre,to take beforehand.- L. anti-,

away. "

Antelope. (F.-L. Gk.) In Spenser,before ; and capere,to take. "

19
 ANTICLIMAX APHORISM

A-nticlimax. (Gk.) From Anti- and to fold up, but from M.H.G. vahen, as
Climax. above. Cf. L. incils,an anvil, from /",
Antidote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anti-
dote. on, and cfidere,to strike ; and note the
" L. antidottim,
a remedy. " Gk. uvri- A. S. gloss: Cudo, percutio,anfilte ;'
'

doTov, a remedy ; a thing given as a Voc. 217. 5.

remedy. " Gk. uvti, against; doruv, neut. Anxious. (L.) L. anxi-us, distressed ;
of doTus, gi^en,from di5cjfj.i,
I give. with suffix -ous. L. to choke,
"
angere,
Antimony, a metal. (LateL.) Late distress.
L. antimonitan. (XI cent.) Origin un- Any. (E.) A. S.
known. cenig,any; from an,
one, with suffix -ig (E. -y).+ Du. eenig,
Antipathy. (Gk.) From Gk. avn-na- from een, one; G. eijtiger,from eiu, one.
lit.
e^ia, antipathy, '
a suffering(feelingSee One.
strongly)against.' " Gk. avri, against; Aorta. (L.-Gk.) Late L. aorta."
vaOfTv,to suffer. See Pathos. Gk. dopTT},the great artery 'rising'
from
Antiphon. (L. Gk.) Late L. ""//- " the heart" Gk. ddpeoOai, to rise up;
phona, an anthem ; Anthem.
see ddpeiv,to raise.
Antiphrasis. (Gk.) See Antl- and Apace. (E. ajtd F.) For a pace, i.e.
Phrase. (good) pace ; where a is put for at a

Antipodes. (Gk.) Gk. d?/r/7roSes,pl., ott (cf.a-foot)

; see A- (2). Pace, M. E.
men with feet oppositeto ours, from nom. pas, is from F. pas (L. passus). See
sing.avTiTTovs. Gk. avri^ opposite
" to ; and Pace.
TToC?. foot,cognate with Foot. Apart, aside. (F.-L.) F. d part,
Antique, old. (F.-L.) ". antique." apart, alone,singly;Cot. L. ad partem "
^

L. antiqiius, also antuiis, formed with lit.to the one part or side,apart. L. ad, "

suffix -Tens from atite, before ; as posticusis to ; partem, ace. oi pars, a

part.
from post, behind. Doublet, antic. apartment, a separate room. (F."
Antiseptic, counteracting putrefac- tion. Ital. L.) V (ippariement. Ital. appar- "
"

(Gk.) Gk. avTi, against; and tamento,2Siapartment, a partition, lit.sepa-

ration.
(TrjiTTiKos, putrefying, otjitt-os, rotten, from Ital. appartare, to separate. " "

"jr]TTeiv,to rot. Ital. a parte, apart. L. ad partem; see "

Antistrophe. (Gk.) From Anti- above.

and Strophe. Apathy. (Gk.) From Gk. dTra^em,
Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and want of teeling.Gk. " d-, not ; -naQdlv,
to
Thesis. suffer. See Pathos.
Antitype. (Gk.) From Anti- and Ape. (E.) M.
E. ape ; A. S. a/a.+Du.
Type. aap ; Icel. api ; Swed. apa ; G. affe \
Antler. (F.) M. E. auntekre, for Irish apa (from E.) ; O. Bohem. op.
auntolier (?). O. F. antoillier, said
- to Aperient. (L.) XVII cent. Lit.
have been once in use (Littre;.In this '
opening,'"L. aperient-, stem of pres. pt.
case the O. F. word is supposed to be of aperire, to open. Perhapsfrom ap-, old
equivalent to a Late L. "^antoculdrefii,
ace, form of ab, from, away, and -uer- = L,\ih.
i.e. the branch (of the horn) in front of zver- in zverti, to move (to and fro),
I he cf. G. aztgen-sprosse, brow- whence Lith. at-ivcrti,
eyes; a to open. Brugm.
antler {lit.eye-sprout). See Romania, iv. i. " 36 T.
349. From ante, before, and ocztlus,
the Apex. (L ) L. apex, summit.
eye. Aph-, prefix.(Gk.; See Apo-.
Anus, the lower orifice of the bowels. Aphseresis, the taking away of a

(L.) L. anus. beginningof letter or syllablefrom the

Anvil. (E.^ 'W.Y.. anvelt.anfeld,an' a word. (L.-Gk.) 'L.^X^'L,.
aphciresis."
felt.A. S. anjilte, onjilti.K.'S. an, on, Gk. dipaipeais, a taking
"
away. Gk d(/)-, for "

on, upon: and a verb '^ficltan (seebelow), dnu, away; a'lpeai^, a taking,from aipeiv,
causal of *fealtan, to infix,redupl.verb to take. See Heresy.
cognate with O. H. G. *fahan, M. H. G. Aphelion, the pointin a planet's orbit
vahen, whence G.falz,a groove. ^ Some farthest from the sun. (Gk.) Coined from
derive it from on and fealdan, to fold ; Gk. d(p-, for dm'i, from ; ijXios, the sun.
however, the O. H. G. anafalz,an anvil, Aphorism, a definition. (Gk.) Gk.
is not derived from ana^ on, z.i\Afaldan. dcpopia pos a definition. Gk. dfopi^eiv, to "
,
 APPEAR APPROPRIATE

(foracT)^ to ; and *pelld)-e,

to speak,allied Appoint. (F.-L.) I.I.Y..apoijiten."
to A. S. spell, a tale. O. F. apointer,to prepare, arrange, settle.
Appear, to become visible. (F. L. " Late L. appunctdre, to repair,appoint,
"

M. E. aperen. O. F. aper-, tonic stem

" (as settle a dispute; Ducange. \..ap-(forad)\ "

in pres. subj. apere) of O. F. apareir,Late L. punctdre, to mark by a point,from

aparoir,to appear. L. appdrere. L. ap- Late L. puncta, a prick,fem. of ptmctus^
" "

(for ad), to, forth ; pdrere, to come in pp. ; see Point. Der. disappoint.
sight,aho spdt pa7'rere. Cf. Apparition. Apportion. (F.-L.) F. apporlioner,
Appease. (F. L.) M. E. apesen, to portionout to.
" F. ap- (putfor a before "

apaisen. A. F. apeser, apeiser,O. F. /, in imitation of L. ap- ad

" to ; portion, =
,

apescr Y. apaiser), to bring to a peace." a portion ; see Portion.

O.F. a pels,a pais, to a peace. "L. ad Appose. (F. L.) F. apposer ; formed -

pdcem, to a peace. See Peace. to representL. apporiere, on the analogyof

Appellant. (F.-L.) F. appellant, composer, exposer, and other presumed re- presentatives

pres. pt. of appeller,O. F. apeler,to of compounds of L. ponere ;

appeal ; see Appeal. but reallyformed on F. poser (Irom L.
Append, to attach. (F. L.) Formerly pausdre). See Pose.
"

also iVI.E. apenden,to pertainto. O. F. Apposite. (L.) L. appositus,

" suitable ;
apendre, depend on.
to L. appendere, for pp. of apponere, to put near.
" L. ap- (for "

L. appendere, to hang to or upon. L. ap- ad), to; poftere,to put. See Position.
"

(forad), to ; pendere,to hang. Appraise. (F.-L.) M.E. apraisen,

appendix, an addition. (L.) L. to value. O. Y. ^apreiser (cf.O. F. apre- "

appendix."Y., appendere, to suspend upon. tier in Roquefort). O. F. a-, prefix ; "

" L. ap- (forad), to ; pendere,to weigh. Preiser,to value,ixom. p7'eis, value, price.
Appertain. (F.-L.) M. E. aper- L. ad, at ; pretitim,a price. "

tenen."O F. apartenir (F. appartenir), appreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.

to belong to. L. "z/- (forct/),to ; per- appretidre,to value
" at a price. L. ap- "

tinere,to belong. See Pertain. (forad TiX; pretium,a price. ,

Appetite. :F.-L.) 0.". appetit.- Apprehend. (F. L.) Y apprehendre "

.

L. appetitus, an appetite; lit. assault (Cot.). L. apprehendere,

'
orig.to lay hold "

upon.' L. appetere,to attack. L. a/- ^for of. L. ap- (for ad), to. 2X\ prehendere,
" " "

ad), to ; petcre,to seek, attack. to grasp. See Prahensile.

Applaud. (L.) L. applandere, to apprentice. F.-L.) O.Y.aprentiSy
applaud. L. "
"/- (forad),at ; plaiidere,
nf)m.to of aprentif (see Godefroy, s. v.
applaud, clap (hands). Der, applause,aprentic). The O. F. aprentis, aprentif,
from pp. applaiisiis. represent Late L. ^ app7-enditTvus nom., ,

Apple. (F.) 'Si.Y..appel.K.'^.ceppel, and *apprenditwum, ace, from a Late L.

(Bpl.'\-Y)\x.appel; Icel. epli\Swed. dple \ '^apprenditiis, used as a pp. of L.
Dan. alfle ; G.ap/el; Insh a /dial; Gael. apprendcre,to learn,short for L. appre-
ubhal; W. ^z/a:/ ; Russ. iabloko; Lithuan. hendere, to lay hold of (above\
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect apprise, to inform. (F.-L.) From
it with Abella in Campania ; cf. Verg. the M. E. sb. aprise,information,teach- ing.
/En. vii. 740. O. F. aprise, instruction. O. F. " "

Apply. (F.-L.) yi.^.aplyen.^O.Y. appris,apris,pp. oi aprendre,to learn."

aplier.'-l^. applicdre, to join to, turn or L. apprendere(above).
apply to. L. ap- for ad), to ; plicdre,
" ; to Approach. (F. L.) yi.Y.,approchen, "

fold, twine. Der. appli-ance cation aprochen. O. F. api'ochier,

; also appli- to approach. " "

(F.application^. L. appropidre, to draw near to (^Exod.iii.

Appoggiatura, a grace-note or passing 5). L. ap- (forad), to ; prope, rear. "

tone prefixed, as a support, to an essential Approbation. (F.-L.) Y. approba- tion.

note of a melody. (^Ital.L. and GV.^^ L. ace. appi'obationem,
"
approval. " "

Ital. appoggiatura,lit. a support. Ital. L. approbdtus, pp. oiapprobdre,

" to approve.

appoggiare,to lean upon, Ital. ap- (for " See Approve.

ad), to, upon ; poggio,a place to stand or Appropriate. (L.) From pp. of L.
lean on, "c. " L. ad, to; podium, an vated
ele- appropridre,to make one's own. " L. "/-
place, a balcony,from Gk. -nubiov. 'for one's
ad), to; propj'ius, own. See
See Pe"w. Proper.
 APPROVE ARCH

Approve. ( F. L.) O. F. approver. aqueous.

-
As if from L. *aqiieus, adj., -

L. L. ap- Sox ad a form not used. L. aqtia, water.

approhdi-e, to api-rove. "
.
"

to; probare,to test, try, esteem as good. Aquiline, like an engle.(F." L.) F.
'
Der. approval; dis-approve. aquilin; hence nez aquilin, a nose like
Approximate. ^L) From pp. of L. an eagle;'Qo\..^Y. aquiliJius, adj.from
approxifudre, to draw near to. L. ap- aquila, an eagle. Cf JEagle. "

I for ad), to ; proximiis, very near, superl. Arabesque. F.-Ital.-Arab.) XVII

adj.from prope, nenr. cent. F. .irabesquc, Arabian like ; also
Appurtenance. (F.-L.) A.Y.apur- full of flourishes, Pke fine Arabian work.
ieiiamice (O F apartcnance), that which " Ital. Arabesco \ where -esco ^Y. -ish."
'

belongs to. " O. Y. apartcnir, belong to to. Arab. arab, Arabia.

See Appertain. Arable. (F. L.) F. arable. L. - -

Apricot. (F.-Port. Arab. Gk. " " "

ardbilis,that can be ploughed. L. arare, "

L.) Formerly to plough. (-y/AR.) See Ear

also apricock, from Port.(3").
albricoqtiedirectly. Also abricot. F. Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. L. arbiter, " "

'
abricot, the abricot,or apricockplum ; a witness,judge,umpire.
'

Cot. Port, albricoqtie.

" Arab, al barqiiq, arbitrary. (L.) In Milton.
"
L. -

where ol is the def. art. Mid. Gk. orig.like the

arbitrdrius, decision of an
irpaiKu- "

Kiov (Dioscorides); pi. vpamoKia. The umpire. L. arbitrdre,to

" act as umpire.
pi.vpaiKOKia was borrowed from L. /n?- " L. arbiter (above).
coqua, apricots, arbitrate.
neut. (L.) From pp. of L.
pi. of prcecoqutis,
another form of pra^cox^ precocious,early arbitrdre,to act as umpire (above).
ripe (Pliny;Martial, 13. 46). L. pne, Arboreous, belongingto trees. (L.) "

beforehand ; and coqtiere, to cook, ripen. L. arbore-us,adj. from arbor,a tree ; with
See Precocious and Cook. ^ Thus the suffix -ons.
word reached us in a very indirect manner. Arbour, bower. (F. L.) The word
a "

April. (L.) L. Aprilis ; said to be so seems reallydue to M. E. herbere,

to be
named because the earth then opens to also erbere,from O. F. herbier, L. her-
produce new fruit. L. aperire, to open ; " bdrium, a herb-garrien,also an orchard."
see Aperient. L. herba,grass, herb. The specialsense
Apron. (F. L.") Formerlynapron.'^ " was due to confusion with L. arbor, a
O. h naperon, a largecloth ; augmentative
.
tree.
form of O. F. nape, a cloth (F. nappe). "- Arc. (F. L.)
- XIV cent. F. arc. -

L. niappa, a napkin, cloth (withchange of L. arcuvi, ace. oiarcus,a bow, arch, arc.
in to n, as in F. naite, a mat). See arcade. (F. Ital. L.) F. arcade. " "

Map. " Ital. areata, an arched place; fem. of

Apse. (L. Gk.) " Now used of a recess pp. oi arc are, to arch. Ital. arco, a bow, "

at the end of
; formerlyapse,a church (above). " L. ace. aixuni

apsis, a turning-point of a planet's orbit. Arcana. (L.) L. arcana, thingskept "

L. apsis, pi.apsides, a bow, turn. Gk. secret,secrets. L. arcere, to keep. " "

axpis, a tying,fastening, felloe of a wheel, Arch (i),a vault,"c. (F.-L.) O. F.

curve, bow, arch. Gk. aTrrefi/,to tie, bind. arche, a chest,box (L. area, see Ark) ;
"

Apt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. aptus, also, by confusion, an arch,owing to the
used as pp. of apisci, to reach,get, but use of Med. Lat. area with the sense of
reallypp. of O. Lat. apere, to fit or join L. arcus, a bow, arch. See Arc.
together. Arch (2),roguish, waggish. (L. Gk.) "

^Q arch a leer;' Tatler, no. 193. The

^
Aq.1iatic. (L.) L. aqudticus, ing
pertain-
to water. L. aqua, water.
"
examples in the New E. Dictionaryprove
aq_ua-fortiS. L. aqua fortis, strong that it is nothing but the prefixArch-,
"

water. chief (for which see below used separately ,

'

aquarium. L. aquarium, a water- " and peculiarly. Cf. The most arch act '

vessel. " L. aqua, water. in Shak. Rich. III. iv. 3. 2 ; 'An heretic,
aquarius. " L. aqudrius, a water- an arch one;' Hen. \TII. iii. 2. 102.
bearer. " L. aqua, water. Also ' Byends a very arch fellow,a
...

ac(_ueduct. L. aqiKzductus,
a " duit
con- downright hypocrite'; Bunyan'sPilgrim's
; from aqua, gen. of w^im, water, and Progress. A. S. arce-, O. F. arche-, L.
ductus,a duct ; see Duct. Gk.
archi-, apx*" See
(prefix). below.

2.^
 ARCH- ARGENT

Arch-, prefix,chief. (L.-Gk.) The and

principal, Lat. trabem, ace. of trabs,
form arch- is due A. S. arce-, as in arce-
to a beam. See Trave.
bisceop,
an archbishop,and to O. F. arche-, Archives, pi.,publicrecords ;
s. but
as in arche-diacre,an archdeacon. This properlyan archive
is a placewhere cords
re-

form was borrowed from L. archi- = Gk. are kept. (F. L. Gk.) F. " " ar-

apx"--i as in dpx'-^''''''"''''07ro?,
an archbishop.chif,pi. archives;
Cot. L. archmiuu, "

" Gk. be first,

apx^t-v, to to rule ; cf. Gk. archnun. Gk. apx^iov, a publicbuilding, "

apxn, beginning.Der. arch-bishop, deacon, residence

arch- of magistrates. Gk. dpxh, a "

"c. ; but, in arch-angel,the ch beginning,a magistracy.

remained hard (as k in the Romance Arctic. (F.- L.-Gk.) M.E.dtr/z'y^.-
languages, on account of the following a. O. F. artique;F. "^\..
antique. arcticus.
Cf. Ital. arcangelo,
Span,arcangel. Gk. dpKTiKus, near " the constellation of
archaeology..Gk.) Gk. apx^-ioXo-ila.
the Bear, northern. " Gk. dpKTos,a bear.
" Gk. ancient,which
apxo^^os, is from Cognate with L. urstis ; see Ursine.
the beginning
a-pxh^ ; and -logy, Der. ant-arctic. the suffix
Gk. -Xoyla,due to \6yos,discourse,from Ardent. (F.-L.) XIV cent. M.E.
\(y"iv, tospeak. pres. part, of ardaunt. " O. F. ardant ,

archaic.(Gk.) Gk. dpxaik us, a.ntiqne, ardre, to burn. L. ardent-em, ace. of "

primitive.Gk. dpxaios, old. Gk. dpxr],pres. pt. oiardere,

" to burn. "

a beginning. ardour. (F. L.) O.F. ardour,ardor, "

archaism. (Gk.) Gk. dpxacapos,an heat. L. ardorem. ace. of ardor,a burn- ing, "

antiquatedphrase. Gk. dpxaiC^iv, t o fervour. L. ardere, to

" burn. "

speak antiquatedly.Gk. dpxai^os,old Arduous. (L.) L. ardu-tis, steep,

"

^above). high; with suffix -^wi-.-|-

difficult, Irish aj'd,
Archer. (F.-L.) M. E. archer. high ; Gk. 6p96s,upright. ~

A.P\ archer; O. F. archier, a bow-man. Are, pres. pi.of the verb substantive.
" Late L. arcdrius, a bow-man ; from (E.) O. Northumbrian atvn, O. Merc.
arctis, a bow. earun, distinguished
as from A. S.(Wessex)
Archetype, original type. (F. the -
sint,sind,sindon. Cf. Icel. er-u, theyare.
L. " Gk.)
archetype, *a principallFrom the Idg. V^S, to be ; from whence
F.
'

type ; Cot. L. archetypuvi, the originalalso are Skt. s-anti,Gk. ^Xo-'iv,

" L. s-unt,
pattern. Gk. dpxf^Tvirov,a model; neut.
" G. s-ind,Icel. e7'-u (for*"?5-z"),
they are.
of upxirviTos,
stamped as a model. Gk. am. O. Northumb. am, O. Merc, eam, "

apxi- dpxi--prefix(see Archi-) ; rvvos,

=^ A. S. eoJH.-J^^kt.
,
as-mi, Gk. Goth.
^l-p^i,
a type. i-m, Icel. e-j7i ; "c.
Archi-, prefix,chief. (L. Gk.) " L. art. O. Northumb.
arQ O. Merc. "?ar5 ; ,

archi-. for Gk. apx'' 5 see Arch-. A.S. eart (with/ due to -/ in sceal-t,
shalt,
archimandrite. (L.-Gk.) l^.archi- "c.). Icel. est,ert.
viandrTta, a chief or of monks,
principal is. A. S. is -J-Icel.
es, later er. Cf. also
an abbot. " Late Gk. the
dpxH^avSpiTr^s, Goth, and G. is-t,Skt. as-ti, Gk. ka-r'i.,
L.
same. Gk.
"
dpxi-;chief;fmvSpa, an closure, es-t.
en- See also Be, "Was.
fold,afterwards a monastery. See Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an

Arch-. open space.

archipelago, chief sea, i.e. Aegean Areca, a genus of palms. (Port."
sea. (Ital. Gk.) " Ital. arcipelago,Tnodifi(:^d Canarese.) Port, a/rra. Canarese rt;d?^z,
"

to archipelago. Gk. "

dpxi-, chief; and adike, areca-nut ; r being substituted for
TT"\ayos, sea. the cerebral d {W. H. Wilson). Accented
architect. (F.-L. " Gk. ) F. archi- on the firstsyllable.
/ecle. " L,. architecttis,
the same as archi- Arefaction ; see Arid (below).
tecf on. " Gk. dpxirinTwv,a chief builder Arena. (L.) L. arena, sand ; the
or artificer. Gk. "px^-, chief (seeArchi-) "
; sanded space in which fought.
gladiators
reKTdJV, a carpenter,builder. Orig.harena ; cf. '^2Lhvi\Q
fasena,sand.
architrave. Gk.) Argent. (F. L.) White; in heraldry.
(F.-ital- L. and "

In Milton. Ital. archi-

trave, F. argent. "1-.. argentutn, silver;from
" F. ajrhil/ ave. " "

the part of an entablature restingits brightness Cf. Gk. dpyvpos, silver,

immediatelyon the column. A barbarous Skt. arjuna{s), white. (y'ARG, to shine.)
compound ; from Gk. dpxi-%prefix, chief, Brugm. i. "" 529, 604. See below.
34
 ARGILLACEOUS ARRACK

Argillaceous, clayey.(L.) L. ar- armada, an armed fleet ; fem. of armado,

gilldceus,adj from argilia,clay, esp. pp. of armar, to aim. L. anndre, to arm "

white clay. Cf. Gk. ap-yus, white. (above). Doublet, army.

Argonaut. (L. Gk.) 'L..argonaut a. armadillo, an animal. (Span. L.';
" "

" Gk. ap^QvavTT]';^ one who sailed in the Span, armadillo ,

lit 'the littlearmed one,'
shipArgo. Gk. dp7w, the name
" of Jason's because of its haul shell. Dimin. of mado,
ar-

swift,from 0^70?, swift); and

ship (lit. pp. of armar, to arm ; as above.
vavT-qs, a sailor ; see NauticaL arm.ameilt. (L) L. aiindmcnttimy
Argosy, a merchant-vessel. tian.)
(Dalma- an equipment. " L. aruidre,to arm, equip.
Formerlyspeltarguze and ragusy " L. arma, arms.

(seeN. and Q. 6 S. iv. 490 ; Arber's Eng. arm.ature, doublet of armour.

'
Garner, ii. 67). The orig.sense was a armistice. (F. L.) Y armistice.'^ "

ship of Ragusa,'which is the name of a Mod. L. *ar;nistitiujti,

coined on the
port in Dahnatia. Ragusa appears in analogy oi sol-stitium,i.e. solstice. L. "

XVI cent. E. as Aragouse. armi-, for arma, arms; and -stitium,for

Argue. (F- L.) M. E. "
arguen. ~ -statium (throughatonic position), from
O. E, argue?'. ^'Laie L. arguiare (L. ar- statnm, supine of stdre, to stand. (Cf.
of
gutari),Irequent. argiiere, to prove by Solstice.)
argument, lit.to make clear;cf. argilius, arm.OUr. (F. L.) " M. E. armour, ar-

clear. mtire.'-O.
F. arniure, armetire.^'L. ar-

Arid, dry.(L.) XVII cent, l^.dridtts,

mdti'ira,armour. L. anndtus, pp. of "

dry. " L. drere,to be dry. a/'W^7;r,toarm. L.ar/;/a,arms.

Doublet,"

arefaction. (L.) XVI cent. Coined arinattire.

from L. make
drefaccre,\.o s. pi.weapons. (F. L) M. E.
dry. " L. ^r^-;r, arms, "

to be to make.
dry ; aw(S.facere, O. F. armcs, pi. L. arma, neut. armes. " "

Aright. (E.) For on right, in the right pi, arms, lit.' fittings.'.-v^AR,to fit.)
way. arm.y. iF. L.) O.Y. ari7iee,i"cci.oi "

Aj^ise. (E.) M. E. arisen. A. S. pp. of armer, to arm. L armdta, fem. "

drJsan. A. S. a-, prefix;

"
risan, to rise. of pp. of armdre, to arm. L. arma, "

See Rise. arms.

Aristocracy. (Gk.) Modified from Aroint thee ! begone ! Origin un-

known.

Gk. dpioTOKparia, government by the The usual reference to ryntyein

nobles or 'best' men. Gk. dpioro-, f or Ray does
" not help us.
dpiaTos, ; b est and Kpaniv, to be strong, Arom.a, a sweet smell. (L. Gk.)
"

govern, from Kparvs, strong. The form Late L. aroma. " GV. npwpa. a spice,
dp-LGTosis a superlative from the base sweet herb. from
aro7)iat-ic,
Der. the
excellence. Der. aristo-
dp- seen in dp-er^y. cratic Gk. stem dpcufxar-.
; whence aristocrat,for '
aristocratic Around, prep, and adv. ;E. andF."
person.' L.) M. E. a7-ou7id; for on round; see

Arithmetic. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Sh A- (2)and Round.

" F. ; Cot.
arithmetique " L. arithmetica. Arouse. (E.^'W^Scand ) From A- (4)
" the science of numbers;
Gk. dpiOixrjTiKr], and Rouse
fem. of dpLOfxrjTLKus, Arquebus, a kind of gim. (F.-Du.
adj.,from dpi9ij.i-fiv,
to number. " number, reckon-
Gk. dpiOpivs, ing. F. arquebnse, an harquebuse,or hand-
gun,' '

Cot. ; Walloon Jia/kibuse,dialectal

Ark, chest,
a box ; hence a large float-
ing variation of Mid. Du. haeckbusse, Du.
vessel. (L.) A. S. arc.-^L. area, a haakbus, lit. ' a gun with a hook.' This
chest,box ; cf. L. arcere, to keep. refers to the hook whereby it wa.-; attached
Arm (i),part of the body. (E.) M.E. to a point of support. Mid. Du. haeck, "

arm. A S. ear77i.-{-T)\\.
arm ; Icel.ai'f/ir; Du. haak, a hook ; and Mid. Dii. Imsse,
Dan., Swcd., and G. Goth, arms; Du. bus, a hand- barrel, a gv.n. See
arm\
L. armus, the shoulder ; Russ. ravio, Hackbut.
shoulder. See Brugm. i. "
524. Arrack, an ardent spirit.(Arab.)
Arm. (2),to furnish with weapons. (F. Arab, sweat, juice,
'ai-aq, essence, distilled
" L.) F. ariner. L. ar7?idre,to
" nish
fur- spirit. Arab, root 'araqa,to sweat.
"

with arms. " L arma, arms. % Sometimes shortened to Rack ; cf. Span.
armada, a fleet. (Span.-L.) Span. raque, arrack.
25
 ARRAIGN ARTILLERY

Arraign. (F. L.) "

M.'E.arainen.-^ Arsenal. (Span. Arab.) Span, ar-
senal,
"

O. F. arezsm'er, to speak to, discourse a magazine, dockyard, arsenal;

with, cite,arraign. O " F. a (L. ad), to; lojigerforms,atarazanal,atarazana, where
reisner, reisoner,to reason, from O. F. the a- answers to Arab, al, def. article.
res on, raison,reason, advice,from L. ace. Cf. Ital. darsena,a wet dock. Arab, ddr "

rationem ; see Reason. ac-cind^ah, a house of construction, place

Arrange. (F L. and O. H. G.) for making things,
-
dock-yard. Arab, ddr, "

M. E. arayngen, arengen. O. F. arengier,a house ; al, the ; and pnd'ah, art, trade,
"

to put into a rank. O. F. a (L. ad), to ; construction.

"

rangier, rengier. to range, from O. F. Arsenic. (L. Gk. Arab. Pers.) " " "

rang, ren^, a rank. See Rank. Late Y^-arseniaim."- Gk.dpo'fi/i/foi',

arsenic;
bad.
Arrant, knavish,notoriously (F. seemingto mean a male principle(the mists
alche-
"
L.) This word is now ascertained to had a strange fancythat metals were of
be a mere variant of en-ant (cf.
parson for differentsexes \ F"ut reallyborrowed from
person). Chaucer has theeferraunt arrant Arab. az-zernJkh ; where az is for al,the,
,

thief,C T. 1 71 73; and see Piers man,

Plow- def. art., and zernlkh, orpiment, is from
See Errant.
C. vii. 307. Pers. zernT, orpiment, yellowarsenic (from
Arras, tapestry, (F.) So named from zar, gold). See Devic, p. 4,
Arras, in Artois,north of France. Arson, incendiarism, (F. L.)
" O. F.
Array, verb. (F. L. and O. Low G.) "
arson, incendiarism. " Late L. ace. ar-

O. F. arraier,to array. O. F. arrai siottem, a burning. L. ars-tis, pp. of

" "

arroi,preparation. L. ad (becoming "ar- ardere, to burn. See Ardent,

before r),to, for ; O. Low G. and O. Fries. Art (i),2 p. s. pres. of verb, (E.) See
rede (cf.Goth, garaid-s), ready, A. S. Are.
nede,ready; so that to array is to get Art (2),skin. (F.-L.) M.E. '
art.~
ready.' See Ready. O. F. "3:;'/. L. artem, ace. oi ars, skill. "

Arrears, sb. pi. vF. L.) From M. E. Artery. (L, Gk.) L.a;-/i^r/a,
"
properly "

arere, adv., in the rear. O. F. arere (F. the wind-pipe;also,an artery. Gk. dpr?;-
" "

arriere), behind. Late L. ad retro,back-

" p'la,
wind-pipe, artery.
v"'ard. L. ad, to; r"?/r"?,
" behind. ^ What Artesian, adj. :F.) Artesian zvells^jo.
we now call arrears answers to M. E. named from F. Artisien,adj.formed from
arerages, s. pi. formed from M. E. arere A7-tois, a provincein the north of France,
with F. suffix -age. where these wells were earlyin use.

Arrest, to stop. (F. L.) " O. F. ares- Artichoke. (Ital, Arab.) Ital.arti- -

ter (F. arreter),to stay. O. F. " ( L. " - ciocco,a corrupt form ; Florio also gives
ad), to ; L. restdre, to stay, remain, from the spellings archiciocco, also
archicioffo\
;r-, back, and stare, to stand ; see Rest (withoutthe ar, which answers to the
?)" Arab. def. art. al, the)the forms carciocco,
Arrive. (F. L.) F. rtrrzz'^r. "
Late "
carcioffo. Cf. Span, alcachofa, an choke.
arti-
L. arrJpdre, adrlpdre, to come to shore, Arab, al kharshuf,
" or harshaf,an

land. shore,bank. Der.

L. ad, to ; I'tpa,
"
artichoke, ^ Not Arab, ar'dl shatikl
arriv-al. (Diez),which is a modern corrupt form
Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro- borrowed from Italian,
gdre, to ask,adopt,attribute to, add to. " Article, a small item, part of speech.
L. ar- (forad), to ; rogdre, to ask. Der. (F, L.) F.
"
article. " a joint,
L. articnhis,
knuckle, article in grammar ; lit.
'
small
arrogant, from the pres. pt. a

Arrow. (E.) M..\L. areweTurwe. A.S. joint.'Dimin. oi arttis, a joint,limb.

and earh Icel. or, articulate. (L.) L. artictddttis,tinct
dis-
arwe, (rare).+ an arrow

orvar ; allied to Goth, arhwazna, ; pp. of artictddre, to supj^ly with

^gen.
an arrow. Teut.
base ar/nv- ; cog-
From nate joints,divide by joints. L. artictilus, a "

with L. arc-US,bow. joint(above).

a

arrow-root. (E.")So called, it is said, Artifice. (F.-L.) In Milton. -F.

because the tubers of the Marania were artifice.!^, artificitun,a trade, handi-
craft; "

used as an antidote againstpoisoned hence skill,"L, "r/z-,stem oi ars,

arrows. iox facer
art; and -Jic-, e, to make, Der.

Arse. (E.") ^\.Y^. ars.ers. A. S "?r^. a skilled workman.

artific-cr,
+Gk. oppos, the rump. Idg.type ^orsos. artillery. (F.-L.) O.Y.artillerie,
26
 ARTISAN ASPECT

equipment of war, machines of war, in- Ashes. The ])1.(E.)

of ask, which is
cross-bows, "c., in earlytimes."
cludinij; little used. M.
E. asc/ie,axe, sing.; the
O. F. ariiller,to equip. Late L. *artil- " pi.is commonly aschen. axen, but in North-
ern
Idre, to make machines; a verb inferred E. It is asches, askes. A. S. cesce, pi.
from tliesb. ariilidior,
a maker of machines ascan, cexan, ascan. -^Yyw..asch ; leel. and
Extended from arti-,stem oiars,wct. We Swed. aska; Dan. aske; Goth, azgo^ pi.
also find artillidtor,answeringto an older azgon ; G. asche. Teut. stems *askdn-,
*ariiculdior\also Late L. ariiculum, arti-
fice *azgdn-.
; artinila,art. Ashlar, a facingmade of Ashler,
artisan, a workman. (F. Ital.
(i'. L.) It consists of
" "
L.) scjuaredstones, "

F. artisan. \i2i\.artigiano,2i
" workman." thin slabs of stone for facinga building
Late L. ^artitiamis, not found, but formed formerlyappliedto a square hewn stone
from L. artittis,cunning, artful. L. arti-, and, probably,so called because it took "

stem of ars, art. the place of the wooden beams used for
As, coiij.(E.) M. E, as, ah. alse,also, the same purpose. O. F. aiseler (Livre "

al so. As is a contraction of also. (Proved des Rois), extended from (J. F. aiselle,
by Sir F. Madden.) See Also. aisiele,a little board, dimin. of ais, a
Asafoetida, Assafoetida, a gum. plank. L. axilla, dimin. of L, axis an "

(Med. L. Pers. and L.) From Pers. dzd, axis,also,a board, a plank.
"

mastic ; the L. foetida, fetid,refers to its Ashore. (F.) '^ox onshore.

offensive smell. See Fetid. Aside. (E.) Y ox on side.
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. a- Ask. (E.) M. E. asken, axien. A. S.
a^icros, unquenchable; because it is in- dscian, dhsian. dcsian ; the last answers
combustible. to
"Gk. d-, neg. prefix;and prov. E. ax. + Du. eischen ; Swed. dska ;
-c/SeaTos,quenchable,from o^ivvvm, I Dan. cBske ; G. heischen, O. H. G. eiscon.
quench,extinguish. See Brugm. i. " 6^^,. Teut. types *aiskdn,^aiskojan.Cf. Russ.
Ascend. ^L.) L. ascende^-e, to climb iskate, l^iXh.jeskijfi,to seek ; Skt. ichchhd,

up. " L. scandere, to climb.

ad, to; See a wish, desire,esh, to search.
Scan. ascens-ion,from pp. ascensus.
Der. Askance, obliquely.(Friesic).Spelt
Ascertain. F. L.) From O. F. " a-scance by Sir T.Wyat ; ascanche by Pals-
grave,
acertainer,aceitener, to make certain who gives de trailers,
en lorgnant,
(with s inserted). F. ^ " ; = L. ad, to); and as the F. equivalent.Hardly from Ital.
'
certain,certain. See Certain. scansa7'e, to go a-slopeor a-sconce, or
Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. daKTjTiKos, given a-skew, to go sidelin;'Florio. Rather from
to exercise,industrious; appliedto hermits, ! Friesic aa Skands, obliquely, to one side
who strictlyexercised themselves in reli (Outzen);from skd7i,obhque. Cf. E. "'ries.
gious devotion. " Gk. daKTjTrfs,
one who sch 71, oblique, obliquely;Low
scJuins, G.
practisesan art, an aatcdv, schiiin,
athlete. oblique(whence Dan.
" Gk. schi'ins; Du.
to work, exercise ; also, to mortify the paa skons). O. Fries, a Teut. au. =

body, as an ascetic. AskeVT, awry. ,0. Low G.) For 07t

'
Ascititious, incidental. (L.) Coined, skew ; Hexham givesM Du. scheef, askew, .

'
as if from L. *ascTtTcitis,
from asciius, pp. awry ; see Skew.
oi asciscere,ox adsciscere to receive,learn. Aslant. ,
cScand.) For on slant.
" L. ad, to; sciscere,to learn, inceptive Asleep. (E.) For on sleep; Acts xiii.
form of scire,to know. 36.
Ascribe. (L.) L. ascrlbere,to write Aslope. (E.) For on slope.
down to one's account. " L. a- (forad'),
to ; Asp, Aspic, a serpent. {Y .
- L. -
Gk.)
scrthere,
to write. '^'L.
F. aspe, aspic. aspidem,ace. of aspis.
Ash, (E.) M. E. asch. A. S. cesc.
a tree. " Gk. da-nii
(gen.dGtiihos,an asp.
4-Du. esch; Icel. askr ; Dan. and Swed. Asparagns, a vegetable. (L. Gk. - -

ask ; G. esche. Teut. type *askiz. Cf. P"rs. ?) L. asparagus. "Gk. dairdpayos.
Russ. iasene,Lith. usis,ash. Supposed to be of Pers. origin; cf. Zend
Ashamed. (E.) A. S. dscamod, pp. of cparegha, a shoot, a prong ; Lithuan.
dscainian, to put to shame. tremely spurgas, a shoot
A. S. d-, ex- (Fick,I'rellwitz).
"

shame, from Aspect. (L.) L. aspect us, look. L.

; scamian, to "
scamii,
shame, p. Or for A. S. ofscafjwd, with the of aspicere, to look. L. a-
aspectus, pp. "

same sense (withprefixof-,off,very). Jor ad), to, at ; specere,to look.

 ASPEN, ASP ASSOCIATE

Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E.) M. E. asp, ad, to ; sa/tus, a leap,attack,from saltus,

Chaucer, C. T. 2923 ; aspen is an adj. (likepp. of salire,to leap. See Assail.
golden),and is used for aspen-tree; cf. Ch. Assay, s. ; the same as Essay, q. v.
C. T. 7249. A. S. cBspe,ceps -i^V"Vi. esp \ Assemble. (F. L.) O.Y. assembler. .
"

Icel.osp,Dan. and Swed. asp ; G. espe,dspe. Late L. assimuldre, to collect (different "

Cf. Lithuan. apuszis ; Russ. osina. from L. assimuldre,to feign). L. as- (for "

(F. L.) F. asperite.L.

Asperity. " -
ad), to ; siiinil,
together.
aspcritdtevL,
ace. roughness.
oiasperitds, " Assent. (F. L.) " O.Y. assentir.-~\..
L. asper,rough. assentire, to assent, agree to. L. as- (for "

Asperse, to cast calumny upon. (L.) ad), to ; senttre, to feel,

perceive.
Prom L. aspersHS, pp. of aspergere, to Assert. (L.) From L. assertus, pp.
besprinkle.L. " as- (forad) ; spargere,to of asserere, to add to, claim,assert. " L.
scatter. as- (forad),to ; serere, join,connect.
to

Asphalt. (Gk.) Gk. da"pa\Tos,

aa(}mX- Assess, to fix a tax. (F.-L.) O. F.
Tov, asphalt,bitumen. A word.
foreign assesser. " Late L. assessdre,to sit as sessor,
as-

Asphodel. '.Gk.) Gk. da(p6d"Xos.

a to assess ; cf. L. sb. assessor, one

plant of the lilykind. Der. who

daffodil, adjustedta.xes ; orig.a judge's tant,
assis-

q. V. one who sit by him. L. assesstis,"

Asphyxia, (Gk.) Gk. pp. of assidere,

suffocation. to sit near. See Assize ( i). a-

aipv^ia,a stoppingof the pulse; cf. Assets, sufficient effects of a deceased a-

cr"/)iwTo?,without pulsation.Gk. d-, not ; debtor. (F. L.) O.Y .assez{'^xoVi.. "
assets), "

and acpv^is, the pulse, from a(pv^fLV, sate sufficient (topay with); properlyan adv.,
to pul-

; cf. acpvy/xos, pulsation. but, in E., mistaken to be a pi.sb. L. ad "

Aspire. (F. L.) F. ^j/zm-, to breathe, satis,up to what is enough.

"

covet, aspireto. L. aspirdre, lit.to breathe

" Asseverate. (L.)L, asseuerdtns, pp.
towards. L. a- (forad), to; spirdre, to
"
oi asseiierdie,to speak in earnest. L. a^-- "

breathe. Der. aspir-ate, v. to pronounce (forad), to seiie?ns, earnest. ;

with a full breathing. Assiduous. (L.) L. assidu-us,sitting

Ass. (C L.) \\.Y.. a"sse. h..'$).a ssa. down to, applyingclosely to ; with suffix
Irish assan.
" L. asinus ; whence " also -ous. L,. assidere, to sit near. L. as- (for " "

W. asyn, Swed. asna, Icel. asni. Hence ad), at, near ; sedere,
to sit. See Sit.
also (orfrom L. dimin. aselhis) came Irish Assign. (F.-L.) O.Y. assigner.l.. "

asal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goih. assigndre,to assign,mark out to. " L. as-

asilus. Prob. of Semitic origin ; cf. Arab. (for to mark, from signum,
ad^,to ; signdre,
at an, Heb. dthon, a she-ass. a mark, sign.
Assail. (F. L.) " M. E. asailen. O. F. " Assimilate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. atj-

asaillir,
to attack. simildre,to make like to. L. as- (forad),
" Late L. assalire ; L. "

assillre. L. ad, to ; salTre,to leap,rush

" to ; similis, like. See Similai'.
forth. See Salient. Assist. (F. L.) F. assister. L. as- "
"

Assart, the offence of grubbingup trees sistere,t o step to, approach,assist. L. as- "

and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F. [ioT ad\ lo; sistere, to place, stand,from
L.) From A. F. assarte)-. F. essarter,to stdre,to stand.
"

grub up, ground of shrubs. L. ex,

clear Assize (I ), session of a court of justice. " a

out, thoroughly ; Late L. sartdre, frequent,(F. L.) M. E. assise.^O.Y. assise,an "

of L. sarrire, sarJre, to grub up weeds. of

assembly judges; also a tax, an impost.
Assassin, a secret murderer. (F. Probably fem. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit -

Arab.) V. assassin. Y^com hxoXi.hashdshin,near, assist a judge. L. assidere,to sit "

pi.,eaters of hashish,' the name *

of near ; see Assiduous, Assess. a

sect in the 13th century ; the Old Man of assize (2\ a fixed quantity '
or sion.
dimen-
the Mountain
'
roused his followers' spirits ( F. L.) O. F. assise, a tax, impost; "

by help of this preparation, and sent them the Late L. asslsa was also used in the
to stab his enemies, esp. the leading saders.
cru- sense of a fixed allowance of provisions.
Arab," hashish, an intoxicating The same word as the above. Another
preparationfrom the dried leaves of Can-
nabis form is Size, q. v.

indica,a kind of hemp. Cf. Arab. Associate. (L.) From pp. of L. ^.r-
hashiy,dry.
"
socidre,to join to. L as- (forad-'),to ; "

Assault. I F. L.) O. F. assalt. L. - - socidre,to join, associate. L. socius,a "

28
 ATLAS ATTORNEY

Atlas. (Gk.) Named after Atlas, the attain. " L. at- (forad), to; tangere, to
demi-god who was said to bear the world touch.
on his shoulders ; his figure used often to attainder. (F." L.) From the O.F.
appear on the title-page of atlases. Gk. " ateindre,verb, to convict; used substan-
tively
"ArXas (gen.'ArXauros), prob. 'the sus- ; see above.
'
tainer or bearer,from y'TEL, to bear, attaint, to convict. (F.-L.) From
atlantic, an ocean, named after Mt. M. E. atteynt,ateynt, convicted, whence
Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From the verb has been evolved ; orig.pp. of
'ArAarTi-, stem of "ArXas ; with suffix O. F. ateindre (above). ^ Confused with
-KOS. L. attinctiis; wiience E. taitzt.
Atmosphere. (Gk.) Lit. 'a sphere Attar of BoseS. (Arab.) Also, less
of air round the earth.' Coined from ^//^ 0/roses,
correctly, i.e.perfume. Arab. "

dTjxo-,stem of ar^os, vapour, air ; and perfume. Arab,

'itr, " root 'atara,to smell
Sphere. sweetly.
Atoll, a group of coral islands forming Attemper. (F. "
L.) O.Y. atemprer
a ring. (Maldive Islands.) '
We derive the to modify. " O.F. (2 ( "
L. ad),to ; temprer,

expressionfrom the Maldive islands . . . te^nperer,to temper. " L. temperdre, to

where the form of the word is atohi. It is See Temper.
qualify.
apportion,regulate,
prob. connected with the Singhalese prep. Attempt. (F. L.) O.F. atempter, "

dtul, inside.' (Yule.) to undertake, L. attentdre, to attempt."

"

Atom. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.atof?te (Cot). L. at- (forad), to; tentdre, to try; see
" L. a(omus.'-Gk. drofios, sb.,an indivisi-
ble Tempt.
particle; allied to drofxos, adj., indivisi-
ble. Attend. (F. L.) O.F, atendre, to "

Gk. a-, not ; to/j.-,^-gradeofrefx-,

" as wait. L. attendere (pp. attentus), to "

seen in Tf/x-uen', to cut, divide. stretch towards, give heed to. L. at- (for "

Atone, to set at one, to reconcile. (E.) ad),to; tendere, to stretch. Der. ion
attent-
Made up from the words ai and one, and (from the pp.); attent, adj., 2 Chron.
due frequentuse of the phrase "/ vi. 40, vii. 15.
to the
oon, (i.
at e. reconciled)
one in Middle Attenuate. (L. From pp. of L. at- i

English. Al at on^a,\l agreed; Rob. of tenudre,to make thin. L. "/- (for"z^),to; "

Glouc. p. 113. Tyndallhas afonemaker, temc-is,thin. See Thin.

i.e. reconciler,
Works, p. 158. Der. atone-
ment, Attest. to be witness
(L.)L. a.'testdrl,
i. e. at-one-ment ; we actuallyfind to. " L. at- {=ad), to; testdri, to be
the word in old
onement, reconciliation, witness,from a witness.
L. testis,
authors; see iii,7. 69.
Hall,Satires, Attic, a small upper room. (L. Gk.) "

Atrocity. (F. L.) " F. atrocite^

Cot. '- It orig.meant the whole of a parapet wall,
L. atrocitdtem. d.cc. oi atrocitds,
cruelty." terminating the upper facadeof an edifice.
L. at rod-, from atrox, cruel. Named from the Attic order of architecture;
Atrophy. (.Gk.) Gk. dTpo(pia, want of see Phillips, ed, 1 706. L. y4//z"^.r. Gk, " "

'

nourishment or food,hunger,wastingaway Kttiko^, Attic,Athenian. Cf. F. attiqtie,

of the body,atrophy. Gk. "
d-, not; and an attic; Attic.
Attiqiie,
to nourish.
Tpe"peiv(pt.t. T"-Tpo(p-a), Attire. iF, -Teut.?) U.F.atir,atyr,
Attach. (F.-Teut.?) O.F. attacker,sb. ; atiren, a'yren, verb. O.F. atirier, "

to attach, fasten. O F. a, for L. ad, to ; to adorn (Roquefort),

" -O. Y. a ( L. ad, =

and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the prefix); and O. F. tire,iiere,a row, file;
sense of E. tack, a nail. See Tack. Cf. so that atirier is properlyto arrange.'Cf. '

Picard attaker,to attach ; Bret, tac/ia,to O. Prov. iiera,a row ' Bartsch. See Tier.
fasten,from tack, a tack, nail ; and see (Ital. L.) Orig.a painter's Attitude. "

Detach, Attack. Der. attach-ment. term, from Italy. Ital.attitudine,aptness, "

attack. (F.-Ital.-Teut. ?) F.atta- skill,attitude. L. aplitudinein, ace, of "

qiier. Ital. attaccai-e,to fasten,attach : aptitado,

"
aptitude.L. aptus,apt. "

attaccare battaglia.' to ioyne battell,'Attorney. (F. L) M. E. attoume. -

Florio. Cognate with F. attacker ; so that O. F. atorne [i,e, atorni\,lit.' one ap-
pointed "

'
attack is a doublet of attack. or constituted ; pp. oi atorner, to
Attain. (F. L.) M. E. ateinen.-' direct,prepare, constitute. F. a ( L. ad),
"
" =

O. F. ateign-,pres. stem of ateindre, to ; O. F. torner, to turn, from L. tor-

ataindre, to reach to. L. attins:ere, to ndre. See Turn.
"

30
 ATTRACT AUSTRAL

Attract. ( L) From L. attractiis,

pp. an increase. " to increase. See
L. a//^fV-"?,
of ultra here, to nttract. " L. at- \=^ad ,
Auction.
to ; trahere, to draw. Augur. (L.^lM.E. augur. f^L,. augur,
Attribute. (L.) Yxovs\attribiltns:.\,Y' a sooch-sayer ; said to mean a diviner by
of L. attribitere, to assign. L. at- (^-ad), the flightand cries of birds. Hence
" a sup-
posed
to ; tribuere,to assign ; see Tribute. etymology (not certain) from auis,a
Attrition. (L.) From L. ace. attrl- bird,and -gur, telling, allied to garrfre,to
iionem, a rubbing or wearing away. L. shout. Cf. L. au-ceps, a bird-catcher. "

attrltus,pp. oi attercre,to rub away, L. August. (L.) L. augustus, venerable; "

at ; terere,to rub.
at- ( =^rtr/), See Trite. whence E. august, venerable, and August,

Attune, to bring to a like tune. (L. jthe month named after Augustus Caesar.
and L. "
Gk.) From L. at- i =
ad), to; strength.Brugm. i. " 213.
Cf. Skt. djas,
and E. Tune, q. v. Auk, a sea-bird. (Scand.) Swed. ^//^a;
Auburn. F.-L.) 'M.Y.. abome, au- Dan. alke ; I eel.alka,dlka,an auk.
burne, on"^. citron-coloured or light yellow. Aunt. (F.-L.) M. E aunte. A. F. -

" O. F. a/borne,auborne, blond (Godelroy).aunie; 0. F. ante (mod. F. t-ante).'^'L.

" Late L. alburnns, whitish, light-ainita,a father'ssister. Cf. G. avime, nurse.
coloured. Torriano explains Ital. albiirno Aureate. (L.) Late L. auredtzis,gilt,
by '
that whitish colour of women's hair golden; in placeot L. au- iVom aureus,
called an aburn colour.' Cf. L. alburnum, gilded,pp. of aurdre, to gild. L. rdtus, "

the sap-wood or inner bark of trees aurutn, gold ; O. L. atisum. Der. aur-

(Pliny).- L. albus,white. elia, a gold-colouredchrysalis ; aur-e-

Auction. (L.) L. auctidnem, ace. of ol a, aur-e-ole,the halo of golden glory
auctio,a sale by auction, lit.'an increase,'in paintings ; auriferous, gold-producing,
because the sale is to the highest bidder. fromy^rr^,to bear. "

to increase.
L. aiictus, pp. of aiige!-e, See Auricula, a plant,(L.) L. auricula,
Eke. the lobe of the ear ; used to mean the
Audacious. (F. L.) F. audadeux, "
'
bear's ear,'a kind of primrose; see below.
bold, audacious. L. ^auddciosiis. not "
told in the ear, secret. (L.)
auricular,
found ; extended from L. auddci-, from Late L. auriculdris, in the phr.auriculdz-is
audax, bold. L. audere, to dare.
" confessio,auricular confession. L. aui'i- "

Audience. (F. L. F. audience, 'an "

" cula, the lobe of the ear ; double dimin.
audience or ; Cot
iiearing
'
from auri-s,the ear. See Ear. " L. audientia
a of pres. ])t. Aurora,
hearing. L. audient-, stem
"
the dawn. (L.) L. aurora,
oiaudire,to hear. For ^aiiisdire ; cf. Cik. the dawn ; from prehistoric ^ausdsa.'\-QiV.
alaOfdOai, to perceive,for dfia$eo9ai. /Eolic aucDj, Ion, r\ws, dawn, from pre-
historic
Brugm. i. " 240. ^avcQis. See East.
audible. (L.")Late L. aiidlbilis, that Auscultation, a listening. (L.) L. \
can L. audire, to hear.
be heard.- aiiscultdtionevi,
ace. of auscultatio, a
audit. (L.) From L. auditus, a from
listening; the pp. of auscultdre, to

hearing. L. audire, to hear ; whence also

"
listen. " L. %z/j--,base of auris, the ear.
audi-tor. See Ear.
Auger. (E.) Yox na^tger. ME. izatie- Auspice, favour,patronage. (F. L.) "

gar i^^navegar),nattger, a tool for boring V

auspice, .
thingsby the flight
a token of
holes^ A. S. iiafogdr,
" an auger, lit.nave- of birds,an omen, good fortune. L. au- "

piercer, boring
tor holes in the nave of a spicium, a watchingof birds for the pur-
pose
wheel. A. S. nafu,a nave
" ; gar, a piercer, of augury. Short for *atiispicium. "

that which gores; see Nave (i) and L. aui-, for auis, a biid ; and spicere,
Gore (3).-f-I^u. avegaar (for navegaar) ; specere.to spy, look into.
\c"i. nafarr; Dan. 7iaver; Swtd. na/vare Austere. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. .
- -

O. H. G. nabager. austere. O. F. austere. L. austerus, " "

Aught. I E ) M. E. aht, aght,aught. harsh, severe. Gk. avcrrripos,making the "

A. S. d/zt, earlier dwiht ; from a, ever, and tongue dry, harsh. Gk. avuv, to dry. "

wiht, a creature, wight,whit ; lit.'e'er a See Sere.

whit.' S( e Whit. Austral. (F.-L,; orL.) We find F.
Augment. (F.-L.) Y. augment cr.-- Cot. -L. Austrdhs,
australe,'southerly;'
L,.augfnentJre, to enlarge. L. augmentum, " southerly.L. Auster, the South wind.
"

31
 AUTHENTIC AVERAGE

Authentic. M.E.au- (F.-L.-Gk.)

helping,assisting.L. auxilhcm, help.," "

auteiitik.
tentike^ O. F.
later L. augere, to increase.
auteiiticpie, "

auihentique (Cot,). L. azifhentiais,Avadavat, a finch-likeE. Indian

" bird.
original,written with the authors own (Arab, and Pers.) Formerly amadavat
hand. Gk. avOevriKos,vouched
"
for,war-
ranted. (^N.E. D.); or amtidavad,N. and Q. 6
"Gk. avdivTTis,
a.ho avTo-evTTjs, one S. ii.198. Named from the cityoi Ahined-
who does thingswith his own hand, a rtM(^,whence they were imported. Arab. "

'self-worker';
see Auto-, p. Gk. evrijs Ahmed, a proper name ; Pers. dhdd,a city.
is prob. allied to L.
(for*(T"VTT]s) so7is Avail. (F.-L.) M.E. auaileii ( =

(gen.soTitis),
guilty,responsible. availen). Compounded of O.F. a, to;
Author. ; F. - M. J*:, atttottr, and z^i2?7-,
I. ) tonic stem of O. F. valoir (valer),
alitor ; later author (with th once sounded to be of use. "L. ad, to; nalere, to be
as /, but now as th in thin), O. F. aufor strong.
"

i^Bartsch).
L. atictoreiii^
"ace. oi auctor,"n Y. avalanche, Avalanche. (F.-L.)
lit. increaser, grower.' L.
originator, '
valley.F. " the descent of snow into a "

augere, to increase. Cf. Aiiction. avaler,to swallow ; but the old sense was
AutO-y prefix.(Gk.) Gk. avro-, stem 'to let fall down.' F. aval, downward, "

of avTi)S, self. Der. aiiio-biography,

a lit. 'to the valley.'"
F. a ( L. ad), to; =

biography written by oneself (see Bio-

graphy) val,vale,from L. uallem,ace. of uallis, a

; autograph, somethingin one's valley.

own handwriting, from Gk. -ypdcpeii',to Avarice. (F. L.) M. E. auarice "

write (see Graphic). (with u for z/).-F. avarice. ^Y,. audi'itia,

autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with greediness. L. audrus, greedy; cf. L. "

suffix -cy for Gk. -rtia)from Gk. avro- auidus,greedy. L. auere, to wish, desire. "

KpaTfia, absolute power. " Gk. avro-, self; Avast, stop, hold hou fast. (,Du.)Du.
-KpcLTua (in compounds), power, from vast, houd Uu. //ci",short
vast, hold fast. "

KparUiv, to rule. Gk. "

icparvs, strong ; form of houd, imper.of hoziden, to hold

cognate with E. Hard. !^seeHold) ; and vast, fast (see Fast).

automaton, Avatar. a (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent ;
machine.
self-moving
(G.) Gk. of avr6p.aTos, hence, the descent of a Hindu
avTopuxTov, neut. deity in
self-moviiig.Gk. avro-, for avros, self; incarnate form.
" Skt. ava, down; and tri, "

and -/xaTos, cognate with Skt. Diatns, to pass over, pass.

thought,considered, known, pp. oi vian, Avaunt, begone! (F.-L.) A. F.
to think. (VMEN.) avaunt ; O.F. avant, forward ! See vance.
Ad-

autonomy, (Gk.)
self-government.
Gk. avTovopia,independence.Gk. avro- Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Aue Alaria,
"

voixos,free,livingby one's own laws. Gk. hail, Mary i^Luke i. 28). L. aite, hail! " "

avTu-, self; and pu/xos, law, from vefiofiai, imper.sing,oi auere, to fare well.
I sway, I'ffxeiv,to distribute. Avenge. (F .
" L. ) O. F . avengier,
to

autopsy, personalinspection.(Gk.) avenge. " F. a (L. ad), to ; vengier,to

Gk. avToxpia, with
a seeing avenge, L. ziindicdre,to lay claim
one's own eyes. from
" Gk. avTo-, self; oif/is,
sight(see Optic). to, also,to avenge. See "Vindicata.
Auto-da-fe. U'ort.-L.^ Lit. ' decree Aventail, the moulh-piece of a visor.
of faith ; ' a judgment of the Inquisition, (K. L.) A. F. avcntaille ; O.F. esventail, "

also,the execution of such judgment,when air-hole. O.F. esventer, to expose to air. " "

the decree or sentence is read to the L. ex, out ; tientus, wind. See Ventail.
victims "Port, auto, action,decree; da, Avenue. (F. L.) Y.avemu,advenue, "

short for de a, of the ;/e, faith. [The Span, access ; hence an approachto a house (esp.
form is auto de fe, without the article one shaded by trees) ; fem. oiavenu, pp. of
/a Port. ".] L. actum,
"
"ncc. of actus, F. avenir,to come to. L. ad, to ; uenire^ "

act, deed ; dc, prep. ; ilia,fem. of h

ille, ;e to come.

fidein, ace. oi fides,faith. Aver. (F. L.) A. F. and O. F. averer. -

Autumn. (F." L.) M.E. atitumpne. Late L. auerdre, aditerdre,to affirm to "

" O.F. autoinptie. L. autunmus, auctum- " be true. " L. ad, to; uerus, true.

nus, autumn. Perhaps allied to azigere, Average, equalisedestimate. (F.)

an

to increase.) Formerly a duty, tax, impost ; then, an

Auxiliary. (1-0 L. aztxilidrhis,extra charge on goods, the incidence of

S'-s
 AVERT AWKWARD

such a charge,the general estimate or ledge,recognise. L. ad, " to ; uocdre, to

apportionment of loss of goods. "c. call. ^Another M.E. avowen, to bind
Formed, with suffix -age, from F. avar-ic, with a vow, to vow, is obsolete ; see Vow.
now usually 'damage' (cf.Span, averia, Doublet, avouch (above\
haberia, the custom paid for goods that
'
Await. (F. L. a7idO. H. G.) O. F. -

are exported' (Pineda), Port, and Ital. awaitier, agaiiicr,to wait for. O.F. a "

avaria, Late L. avaria, averia). A ( L. ad)f for; waitier, to wait, from =

Mediterranean maritime term, orig.signify-

ing O. H. G. wahten, to watch, from the sb.
'
duty chargedon goods (G. P. Marsh, wahia ^G. ivachf),a watching. See "Wait.
'

inN. E. D.). Origin unknown; perhaps Awake, Awaken. fE.) M.E.

from Ital. avere, havere, goods, chattels awakien, awaken ; and azvaknen, owake-
i". avoir),a sb. use oi havere, haver {!.. nen ; both orig.intransitive. Two A. S.
habere),to possess. ^ Or from Arab. verbs are conlused ; dwacian. wk. vb.;
of which is
'avdr,damage, the relationship and ojiwacnaji, ^^ith wk. pres. t., but
obscure. strong pt. t. onwoc, pp. onwacen. The
Avert. (L.) L. a-tiertere,to turn away. prefixis either A- (2) or A- (4). See
" L. J i^ =
ab),oft,away; nertere, to turn. "Wake, "Waken.
Der. averse, from Award, vb. (F. L. and O. Low G.)
L. pp. diierstis. "

Aviary. (L.) place M. K. awarden.^ K. F. awarder;

L. atiidruwt, a O. F.
for birds; neut. of adj. auidrius,belonging eswarder,esgarder, to examine, adjudge. "

to birds. L. aui-,stem oi auis, a bird.

" O. F. es- ( L. ex), out ; O. F. warder, to =

Avidity. ( F. L.) F. aviditi, g

ness,
reedi- ward, guard,from O. Low G., as in O. Sax.
-

eagerness. L. auiditdte/ii, ace. of zvardon "

(cf.G. warten), to watch,guard.
aiiiditds,eagerness. L. anidiis,greedy, See Ward, Guard.
"

desirous. L. auere, to crave.

" Aware. (E.) A corruptionof M. E.
Avocation. (L.) From L. duocd- iwar. y7var, aware (common) ; from A. S.
tidnem, ace. oi diiocdtio, a calling away of gewcer, aware. A.S. ge-, a common "

the attention,hence a diversion, ment

amuse- prefix, not altering the sense ; wcer, ware^
used
; in the sense
afterwards of wary; see "Wary.
employment. L. diiocdlus,pp. oid-uocdre, Away. "
(E.) For on way, i.e. on
to call away. L. d {~ab), from, away; one's way, so as to depart. A.S. onweg,
"

uocdre. to call. See Vocation. away. See "Way.

Avoid, to shun. (F.-L.) M. E. Awe. (Scand.) M. E. aie, aghe,axve.
atioiden { avoiden),to empty, empty out, [Also eie, eghe, eye; all orig.dissyllabic.
=

get rid of; later,to keep away from, shun. The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe.j "

" O. F. esvuidier, to empty out, get quit Icel. agi,awe, fear; Dan. ave.'\-K.S. ege\
of. O.F. "
es-, prefix(L. ex, out); and Goth, agis, fear, anguish; Irish eagaly
O. F. vuit, vuide (F. vide),empty, void. fear,terror; Gk. o-xos, anguish,affliction.
See Void. (VAGH.) azu-ftd.
Dev.
Avoirdupois. (F. "

L.) Formerly Awkward, clumsy. (Scand. a"^ E. )

avoir de pois (Anglo-F. aveir de peis), Orig.an adv.,signifyingtransversely,'
or
'

goods of
weight,i.e. heavy articles. " F. 'in a backhanded manner.' M.E. a7vk-
avoir, goods, orig. to have '
;
'
de, of : ward, ajvkwart ;
'
ankwart he couth him
O. Y. pois,A. F. peis,weight. " L. habere. ta'^he gave him a hackhanded stroke,
to have; de, of; peiistim. that which is Wallace, iii.175. p. The suffix -xvai-d xs
weighed out, neut. of pensus, pp. of pen- E. as in for-ivard.on-ward, "c The
,

dere, to weigh. ^ The F. pois is now prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
misspelt /^n/^. See Poise. wrong; this is a contraction of Icel. qfttg-
Avouch.
(F.-L.' M.E. avouchen. [Swed. afvug, in Widegren], like hazok
" O. F. avochier,to call upon as guarantor from A. S. hafoc. Icel. ofngr,often con-
" tracted

(Godefroy).L. aduocdre, to call to or " to bfgu,adj.,turningthe wrong

summon (a witness) " L. ad, to; twcdre, |way, back foremost, contrary, y. Here
to call. Cf. Vouch. of- is for j
a/-, off,from, away; and -tig- is
avow, to confess, to declare openly. a suffix. Cf. O. H. G. ap-uh,M. H. G. eb-
(F. "
L.) M.E. avozven. " O.Y. avouer,\ich, turned away, perverse; from apa =

avoer. " L. aduocdre, to call upon ; Med. L. G. ab, off, away, and the suffix -h. S.
'
to call on as patron or client,to acknow- i Thus the sense of aivk is '
turned away ;
 AWL BABE

from Icel. af-^cognate with

of,off, old edd. of Shak.,"c. E.
Originuncertam;
Gk. dVo. perhapsa variant of Yea.
Awl. (K.) Auk in Shak. ; M. E. alle,al, Ayah, a native waiting-maid, in India.
Wyclif,Exod. xxi. 6. A. S. (zl,al\ Exod. (Port. L.) Port, aia, a nurse, governess "

xxi. 6 ; Levit. xxv. lo.-J-Icel.air; O, H. G. (fem.of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. aula,
ala,G. ahle ; Du. aal. Teut. types "^aloz,a grandmother. L. anus, a grandfather. "

*ald. % IJistinct from M. E. aule, flesh- Aye, adv., ever. (^Scand.) M.E. ary. "

hook, A. S. awel, grappling-hook.(Phil. Icel. ei, ever. 4- A. S. a, ever, also dwa ;

Soc. Trair;. 1906; p. 261.) Goth, aiw, ever, case- forms from Teut.
Awn. (Scand.)M.E."^"(f( 13thcent.), ^aiwoz (Goth, aiws), an age, which is
awene, awne. A. S. pi.cegnan, Corp. Gl. allied to L. cetmm, Gk. alwv,an age. Cf.
" Icel. ogn, chaff, a husk ; Dan. avne, Gk. aWi,dd, ever.

chaff; Swed. agn, only in pi. agnar, Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F. - gascar.)
Mada-
husks.+ Goth, ahana ; O. H. G. agana, F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
chaff. Cf. Gk. pi. axvai, chaff; O. L. l^"om the native name ai-ay in Madagas-
car
agna, a straw. ; said to be named from its cry.
Awning. (O.F. ?) In Sir T. Herbert's Azimuth. (Arab.) Azimuthal qSxq^q.%
Travels, ed. 1665,p. 8; the proper sense are great circles on the spherethat pass
seems to be a
'
sail or tarpauling spread throughthe zenith. Properly, azimuth is
above a ship's deck, to keep off the sun's a pi. form, answering to Arab, as-samut,
heat.' Perhapsfrom O. F. auvatt, auvant, ways, or points(or quarters) of the horizon ;
mod. F. auvent, a pent-houseof cloth from al samt, sing.,
'
the way, or point (or
before a shop-window;' Cot. Cf. Prov. quarter)of the horizon. Arab, ah the; "

anvan, Late
antcvanna, L.
auvanna, and samt, a way, quarter,direction ; whence
avanna. Perhaps from L. ante^ before ; also E. zenith. See Zenith.
tianniis, a fan (fern.sb. ). Azote, nitrogen. (F. Gk.) So called "

ii:7rv^, (E.) For on %v"y, on the twist ; because destructive to animal life. F. "

Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry. azote. '-'G^. d-, negative prefix;^wtikvs,
Axe, Ax. (E.) M. E. ax, ex. A. S. cbx. preservinglife,from ('cu-77, life,idnv, to
older forms acus, (BCUs.-\-V"m.aaks; Icel. live.
ox, oxi; Swed. jfxa; Dan. oxe ; Goth. Azure, blue. (F. Arab. Pers.)M. E. " "

akwizi ; O. H. G. acchtis\G. axt ; L. ascia asur, azure. ^0.". azur, azure; a rupted
cor-

(iffor *acsid);Gk. a^Lvrj. form, standingfor lazur,which was

Axiom. (Gk.) XM cent. Gk. d^lcunamistaken for tazur, as if the initial /
"

(gen. d"ta;/iaTos),
worth, quality ; in science, indicated the def. article ; Low L. lazur,
an I deem worthy.
assumption. Gk. d^iuoj, " an azure-coloured stone, also called lapis
" Gk. d^ios,worthy, worth, lit. weighing '
lazuli. " Arab. Idzivard (seeDevic). Pers. "

as much as.' " Gk. dyeiv,

to drive ; also,to a blue
Idjuward,lapislazuli, colour. So
weigh. (VAG.) called from the mines of Lajwurd, where
Axis, axle. (L.) L. axzs, an axis,axle- the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo,
tree. + Gk. d^Mv; Skt. aks/ia, an axle, ed. Yule).
wheel, cart. Cf also A. S. eax, an axle ;
Du. as ; G. ac/ise ; Russ. os' ; Lith. aszzs.
(VAG, to drive.) See below.
axle. (Scand.) M.E.axe/. [A.S. has
eax/,but only with the sense of shoulder.] Baa, to bleat. (E.) In Shak. ; an tive
imita-
" Icei. bxull, axis ; whence bxiil-tre,an word.
axle-tree ; Swed. and Dan. axel, axle. Babble. (E.) M. E. babelen,to prate,
p. It is a dimin. of the form appearing mumble, chatter. The suffix 'le is fre- quentativ
in L, axis: see Axis. Cf W. echel,axle. ; the word means to keep on '

Der. where
axle-tree, tj-ee is a block of sayingba,ba,^ imitative
syllables of a child's

wood. attempts to speak.-|-Du. bahbelen; Dan.

Ay! interj.(E.) M. E. ey ! A natural bable : Icel. babbla ; G. bappeln; and cf F.
interjection.
^ The phr.ay me is French ; babiller.
O. F. aymi, alas for me ! Cf Ital. ahime, Babe. CE.) M. E. bab, earliest form
Span, ay di me, Gk. oi]xoi. See Ah. baban. Probablydue to infantile utterance;
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E.?) Spelt / in cf Babble.
 BABIRUSA, BABIROUSSA BAIRN

Babirnsa, Babiroussa, a kind of Hen. Vni, an. 5. To baffull is a great "

'
wild hog. (Malay.) Malay bdbl riisa. reproach among the Scottes ; it means to
'
lit. deer-hog/
'
or hog like a deer ; from disgrace,vilify.Cf. Lowland
'
Sc. bauchle
rusa, deer,and bdbl,hog. (XV cent, bachle),to vilify. Origindoubt-
ful
Baboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F. babiiin, ; but cf. F. beffler, to deceive, mock
F. babouin ; we also find M. E. babion, (Cot.), bafotier (Cot.baffoiier, to baffle,

babian, babewiiie ; Low L. babewymis, revile, disgrace); allied to Ital. beffare, to a

baboon (a.D. 1295). Origin uncertain. llout,scoffe (Florio),from bcffa, a scoff;

Cf. O. F. babou, a grimace (Godefroy\ Norman F. baffcr, to slap in the face ;
Prob. from the motion of the lips. Cf. Prov. bafa,a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G.
Babble. heffen, to scold ; cf. G. bdffeit,
Du. baffen,
Bacchanal. (L. Gk.) L. Bacchdndlis, to bark, yelp; of imitative origin,like
"

a worshipperof Bacchus, god of wine." Du. paf^ a pop, a box on the ear.
Gk. Bd/fxo?, god of wine. Bag. (Scand.) M E. bagge. Icel. baggi, .
"

Bachelor. (F, L.) '\s'{.Y..bachele}'." O. Svved. bagge.a bag, pack, bundle.

"
Not
O. F. bachelcr. Y.^X^ L. *bacca/dris,
" but found elsewhere in Teutonic. (^Gael. bagis
only found as baccaldrius, a holder of a from E.)
small farm or estate, called in Late L. bagatelle, a trifle,
a game. (F, - Ital.
haccaldria. Remoter originunknown, and "

Teut.) F. a trifle.
bagatelle, " Ital. bagat-
much disputed. Hardly from Late L.lella,a trifle,
dimin. of Parmesan bagaia,
bacca, for L. uacca. aa little property ; from
cow. Lombard baga,
Back. (E.) M. E. bak. A.S. bcec-ifa wine-skin, of Teut. origin ; see Bag,
Icel. bak; O. Sax. bak\ O. Fries, bek. baggage (i).
Der. a-back, q. v. ; back-bite, 'M. E. bak- baggage (i\ luggage. (F.- Scand.)
biten (P. PI. B. ii. 80) ; back-ward, M. E. M E. baggage,bagage. O. Y .bagage, a col-
lection .
"

bacwa-rd {Cmsor Mundi, 2042). of bundles. " O. Y. bague,a bundle.

backgammon, game. a (E.) Li baggage (2),a w^orthless woman. (F.
Butler's Hudibras, pt. iii.c. 2. Scand.) The same The
as Baggage in a
i^i),
sense "

is back-game,'because
'
the pieces, when depraved sense. Perhaps influenced by F.
taken, are put back. See gammon (2). bagasse,'a. baggage, quean,'Cot.; Ital.
'
Bacon. (F. Teut.) M. E. bacon.
" O. F. bagascia,a baggage-wench ; Florio."
'

bacon; Low L. baco-^O. H. G. bacho, Bail (i), security; as verb, to secure.

M. H. G. bache,buttock,ham, a flitch of (F. L.) O. F. bail,s, custody; from "

bacon, Cf. G. bache, a wild sow ; M. Du. bailler,

a law term, to secure, to keep in
bak, a pig; M. Dan. bakke,a pig. custody. L. bdiuldie. to carry a child "

Bad. (E.) M.".. badde. Formed from about, to take charge of a child. L. "

A. S. bceddel, s,, a hermaphrodite ; and bditdns,a porter, carrier.

allied to A. S. bcedling, an effeminate bailiff. (F.-L.) M. E-ZiazYz/.-O. F.
man. baillif.
Cot. Late L. bdjulTvum,ace. of "

Badge. (Unknown.) M. E. bage;Prompt. bdjnlivus, custodian,

a "c. L. bdiuldre "

*
Parv. Low L. bagia,bagea, signum,in- (above).
'

signequoddam ; Ducange ; apparently, bailiwick. (F. L. ; and E.) From -

a Latin version of the E. word. Origin M. E. baili,short for bailif(above); and

unknown, M. E. ruuik,A. S. luic, a district ; hence,
' ' '
badger. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard districtof a bailiff; later,office of the '

in Sir T. More ; a nickname for the bj-ock. same.

Dr. Murray shews that badger animal with = Bail (2),a bucket. See Bale (3).
a badgeor stripe.See above. Bail (3),at cricket. (F.-L.?) O.Y.bail,
Badinage, jestingtalk. (F. Prov, an " "
iron-pointedstake ; Godefroyadds that
L,) badinage. Y badiner,to jest." in the arrondissements
Y .
"
.
of Vervins and '

F. badin,adj., jesting. Prov. bader ( F. Avesnes, bail

" is the name of a horizontal
=

bayer'),\\\..\.o
gape; hence, to be silly." piece of wood fixed upon two stakes.*
Late L. baddre, to gape; prob, of imitative Perhaps from L. baculiun, a stick.
origin,from ba,expressive of openingthe (Doubtful.)
mouth. Cf. Babble. Bairn, a child. (E.) M. E. bam. A.S.
Bafae, to foil,disgrace.(F.?-G.?) A beam. + Icel,,Swed., Dan., and Goth.
'
Scotch word, as explained in Hall's Chron. barn. Lit. that which is born ; Teut- *
 BAIT BALLAST

type *harnom, neut. sb.,from bar, Balderdash, poor stuff. (Scand.

2nd ?) It
grade of ber-an,to bear ; with suffix -no-. formerly meant a jumbled mixture of
See Bear (i). liquors.Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter ;
Bait, to feed. (Scand.) Lit. '
to make and daske, to slap, flap.Hence it appears
have a confused
'
to bite ; a bait is an enticement '
to bite.' (like slap-dash)to meant

M. E. batten,beiten. Icel. bezta,to " make noise ; secondarily a hodge-podge(Halli-

to bite,causal of bita,to bite ; Swed. beta, well); and generally, any mixture. certain.
(Un-
to pasture ; Swed. bete,Dan. bed, a bait.
Sea Bite. a girdle.(F.-M. H. G.- Baldric,
Baize, coarse L.) L.) O. F. '^baldric
woollen (not recorded),older
stuff. (F. "

An error for baj/es,pi. of F. baj'e, '

the form of O. F. baldret, baldrei ; Low L.
cloth called bayes ; Cot. O. F. bat, bay- baldringus. }\\.H. G. baldci-ich,
'
a girdle;
" "

coloured. L. badins, bay. From

" the orig. extended from O. H. G. balz,a belt. L. "

colour. Span, bayo, bay, bayeta, balteus,a belt. See Belt.

Cf.
baize; "c. See Bay (i)- Bale (i),a package; see Ball (2).
Bake. (E.) M. E. baken. A. S. bacan, Bale(2^, evih ^E.) W.Y^.bale. A.S.

pt. t. boc, pp. bacen. + Icel. and Swed. beahc, balu, evil. + O. Fries, and O. S.
baka ; Dan. bage; Du. bakken ; G. backen ; bahi; Icel. bbl, misfortune; O. H. G.
cf. Gk. ./'wyeiT/,
to roast. (V BHOG.) balo,destruction. Teut. *bahuom, neut. of
Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present, '^balwoz, adj. evil ; cf. Goth, balwazuesei,
small gratuity.(Pars.) Pers. bakhshish, wickedness. Der. bale-ftil.
a gratuity; from bakhshjdan, to give ; Bale (3),to empty water out of a ship.
baksh,a share,portion. Cf. Zend, baksh, (F.-Teut.) XVII cent. It means to

to distribute;Skt. bhaj,to divide. empty a ship by means of bails, i.e.

Balance. (F. L.) M. E. balance buckets. "

F. bailie,a bucket. Cf. Du. " "

F. balance, '
a ballance. pairof weighisor balie,a tub ; Swed. balja,Dan. bailie. G.
ballances ; Cot.
'
Cf. Ital. bilancia. L. Lat. '^bacida (Diez), "
balje,
a tub. " Late
bilancem, ace. of bilanx, havingtwo scales. dimin. from Du. bak,INI.Du. back,a trough.
" L. bi-,for bis,double,twice ; and lanx, Balk (I), a beam, ridgeof land. (E.)
a dish, platter, scale of a balance. i\L E. balke. A. S. bah a, a ridge,heap ;
BalaS-ruby, a varietyof ruby, of a which explains balked laid in heaps, =

pale rose-red or orange colour. (F. 1 Hen. IV, i. i. 69.-f-O. Sax. balko, a "

Low L. Arab. "

Pers.) Formerly balais. beam ; Du. balk,a beam, bar ; Swed. balk,
"

" F. balais ; Med. L. balascus,balascius. a beam, partition ; G. balken. Teut. stem "

Arab, balakhsh, a ruby (Devic). Pers. '^balkon-, a bar. Cf. Phalanx. "

badakhshi, a ruby; named from Badakh- balk (2\ baulk, to hinder. (E.)
shan, N. of the river Amoo (Oxus). M. E. balken. To put a balk or bar in a

Balcony. (Ital. Teut.) " Ital. balcone, man's way.

palcom,orig. stage. O. H. G. balcho,a
a Ball "(i), a spheiicalbody. (F. "

beam. + 0. Sax. a beam.

^(z//^^, See Balk(i). O. H. G.) M. E. bal, balle. F. balle. - -

Bald. (C.) M. E. balled',the orig. M. H. G. balle,O. H. G. ballo (G. ball\

sense shining,white,' as
was in ' "^aA/- a ball,sphere.
'
+ Icel. btdlr.
/iz^^^ a stag with
stag,' a white streak on bale (O, a package. (F. O. H.G.) "

its face ; cf. prov. E. ball, a white-faced M. E. bale. Y. bale,a ball,also a pack, "

horse. Gael, and Irish bal,ball,

" a spot, as of merchandise ; Cot. The same as F.
mark, speckle(properlya white spot or balle, a ball ; hence,a round package.
streak) Bret, bal, a white streak on an
; Ball (2),a dance. (F.-Late L.) F.
animal's face; W.
bali, whiteness in a bal. F. bailer, to dance. Late L. ballare, " "

horse's forehead.Cf. Gk. (pdXios, white. to dance. + Gk. fiaWi^dv, to dance.

ipa\nKp6i,bald-headed ; Lith. baltas,'whi\.e. ballad. (F. Prov.- Late L.) M. E. -

Baldachin {pronouncedb;iold akin or balade.-O.Y. balade; F. ballade. -Viov.

altar,throne, balada, a song for dancingto. Late L.
bseldakin), a canopy over an
"

"c. (F. or Ital. Arab.) F. baldaquin; ballare,"

to dance.
Ital. haldacchino,a canopy, tester, orig Ballast, aload to steadyaship.(Scand.
hangings or tapestry made at Bagdad. or O. Low G.) Three forms are found : "

Ital, Baldacco, Bagdad. Arab. Baghdad, (i)O. Dan. barlast, i.e. bare load, mere
"

G.
Bagdad. weight, Swed. barlast ; (2) O. Low
.^6
 BANGLE BARBAROUS

Bangle, a kind of bracelet, (Hind.) M. H. G. a bench,table; see

batic, bank
Hind, bangle. (,H.H.
hangri, a bracelet, (2).
Wilson.) Banshee, a female spirit
supposedto
Banian ; see Banyan. warn families of a death. (C.) Gael.
Banish. G.) E. hanis-
(F. -O. H. M. beans h ith, banshee, from Gael. bea7i,
a a

shen. O. F. banis-,stem
" of pies. part, of woman ; sith, fairy
a ; O. Irish ban-side,
banir, banni?',to proscribe.Low L. bajt- " fairies (Windisch,s. v. side),from O. Ir.
nire, to proclaim; see Bandit. ben ( = E. qtiean),a woman, side,fairies.
Banisters; a corruption of Balusters Bantam. (Java.)A fowl from Bantam^
Banjo, a six-stringed musical ment.
instru- Java. in
Ital. "
Gk.) A negro corruption Banter, (Unknown.)
raillery.
of bandore, bandora, Bantling, an infant. (G.?) Prob.
or pando7-e.\i2\. "

pandora, a instrument,usually considered as band-ling,one wrapped in

musical
with three strings.Gk. -navZovpa,the swaddling bands ; with double
" dimin.
same. Perhapsof Fgypt. orig. suffix -l-ing;but really
an adaptationof
Bank (0^ a mound of earth. (Scand.) G. bdnkling(vfith.
the same sense as bank-
M. E. banke. " O, Scand.
"^banke,orig. art),an illegitimate child; from bank, a
form of Icel. bakki,ridge,eminence, bank bench ; i.e. a child begottenon a bench,'
'

of a river ; cf. Dan. bakke,Swed. backe, not in the marriage-bed(Mahn). Cf.

bank ; whence also Norman F. banque,a bank (2).
bank. Teut. stem *bankon-. Cf. O. Sax. Banyan, a tree. (Port. Skt.) An"

and Du. bank, O H. G. banch, A. S. bene, English,not a native name for the tree. So
a bench (seeBench). called because used market-place for
as a

"bank for money.

(,2), (F. Teut.)
" F. merchants or
'
bannyans,'as we termed
banque, a money-changer'stable or bench. them ; see Sir T. Herbert, Travels,ed.
" M. Du. banck, M. H. G. banc, a bench, 1665,pp. 51, 123. Port. ^(2;//a;/,
an Indian "

table. See above. merchant. Skt. bawij,a merchant.

"

bankrupt. 'F. " Ital. " Teut. and Baobab, a tree. (African.) The native
L.) Modified from Senegal(Adanson).
F. ruptcy,
bank-
banqueroute, name in
by a of the relation of
knowledge (F.-L.-Gk.) Baptise, Baptize.
the word to L. rnptus, broken. Ital. banca Formerly baptise\ i\I.E. baptisen.^O.F. "

rotta,a broken bank, due to the money- baptiser.l^. baptizdre.iJik. fiairTi^eiv;

changer's " "

failure. M. H. G. banc, a bench from liaTTTtLv,

" to dip. Der. baptist,Gk.
(see above) ; and L. rupta, fem. of rtiptus, ^aTTTicTTjs,a dipper;baptism, Gk. Pdirna-
pp. of rimipere,to break. a dipping.
fxa, jSaTTTicrfios,
Banner. (F. Teut.) M. E. banei-e. Bar, a rail. (F. Late L.) M. E. barre.
" "

" O. F. banere (supp. to Godefroy, s. v. " O. F. barf-e. Late L. barra,a bar. "

bamere), also bajiiere. l^ov^'Y^.'^banddj'ia " Barb (i),hook on an arrow. (F. L.) "

(Ducange givesbanderia), a banner. Low " F. barbe. L. barba,a beard. Hence

" O. F.
L. bandum, bannum, a standard. From Jleschebarbelee, ' a bearded or barbed
a Teut. (Langobardic)
source ; cf. Goth. arrow ;' Cot.
See Beard.
ba7tdwa,a sign,token. '
Uexillum, quod barbel, fish. (F.-L.) M.E. bar-
a

ba^idum appellant;'
Paulus, de Geslis belle. O. F. barbel.
" F. barbeau. L. ba)-- " "

Langob. i. 20. Prob. allied to Ban ; see bellus, dimin. of barbzis,a barbel. L. "

Skt. bhanati in Uhlenbeck. barba, a beard. % Named from four

banneret, orig-a knight who had beard-like appendagesnear the mouth.
men under own banner.
his (F. Teut.) barber. (F.-L.) "
M.E. barbour.'"
W..Y..baneret. O. F. baneret [F. banneret) ; A. F. barbonr, with suffix -our=-V.vX. ace.
"

lit.' bannered.' O. F. banere (above); with" -dtorem ; cf. O. F. barbier, a barber.

suffix -et =L. pp. -dtns. F. barbe, a beard ; from L. barba, "

Bannock, a cake. (C." L. ?) Gael. beard

bannach,a cake. Perhaps from l..pdfti- Barb ^2),a horse. (F. Barbary.) F. -

citim,a thing baked ; bread.

ixom pdjii-s, barbe, a Barbary horse ; named from the
Banns, pk of Ban, q.v. country.
(F.- Ital.-Teut.) Y.ban- Barbarous. (L.-Gk.) L. barbar-us
Banquet. \
q7ief. licA. banchetto
" (Torriano), feast: a with suffix -CMJ-. " Gk. PapSapns,foreign,
also a bench ; dimin. oi banco,a bench." lit.stammering; a name givenby Greeks
38
 BARBED BARRATOR

the strange sound of foreignfor storing. .\.S. am is for *ran{n)j

to express j
languages. Cf. L. ballms,stammering. Icognate with Icel. rann ; see Kansack.
Sarbed, accoutred, aimed ; said of Barm (i),yeast. ;E.) ,
M. E. bemie.
horses. (K." Scand. ?) Also (more cor- rectly), iA. .S. beorma. "^"l.ow G. bann\ Swed.
barded. F, bardd, barbed a I bdrma G. bdrvie. Teut stem
'
"as ; "^berinon- ;
horse,'Cot. F. barde, horse-armour."
"
1 perhapsallied to Ferment.
Icel. barii, a brim, edge ; also, a beak i Barm (2),the lap. (F.^ M. E. barm.
or armed prow of a warship (cf.hartii, a A. S. bcarin, lap,bosom. +0. Sax.,Swed.,
shield)
; whence it may have been ajjpliedl)an. bar)?i ; Iccl. barvir; Goth, barms.
to horses (Diez). j Teut. type *bari/ioz ; from bar-,2nd grade
Barbel, Barber; Barb (i). of ber-an,to bear : see Bear (^i).
see
j
Barberry, Bertierry, a shrub. Barn. (E.^ See Barley.
(Med.L.) From Med.
L. barbaris^a bar- Barnacle
berry-tree (1),a kind of goose. (F."
; of unknown origin. Flence Med. L, Diniin. from F. bernaquevCot.) ;
also M. F. berbcris,
Sp. berberis,and even Med. L. bernaca. '
Bemacce, aues aucis
'
mod. Arab. barbdrJs. "f[The spellingpalustnbussimiles ; Ducange. Used by
should be bet-bery
or barbary; r,o nexion
con- Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf Port, bernaca,
with berry. berttacha; Span. /;^r;//"r/a vNeuman). ^See
Barbican. iF.) ls\.^. barbican. '^^. Max Miiller,Lectures,2nd Series.)
barbacane,a barbican or outwork of a barnacle (2),a sort ot ?hell-fish. (F.
castle ; also,a loop-hole ; also,an outlet I Med. L.) The
" same as Barnacle (1).
for water. Prob. from Eastern bab-khanah,ISee N. E. D. ; and Max Miiller, Lect.'on
gate-bouse ^Yule). jScience of Language,ed. 7, ii. 583.
Bard. (C.) W. bardd, Irish and Barnacles, spectacles, orig.irons put
Gael, bard, a poet. Cf. Gk. ({"pa((iv,
to : on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
speak. j(F.) The sense of 'spectacles' is late,
Bare. (E.) M.E. bar. A.S. bar. -^ Iand due to a humorous allusion. M. E. ber-
'

Icel. berr ; G. bar, baar. Teut. type nak, dimin.

bernakill. Bcrnak for hors, "

*bazoz ; cf. Lith. basas, O. Chamus'

Slav, bosii, beniakill, L. camtts):Prompt.
(i.e.
barefooted .
Parv. \Ve find bernac in A. F. (in an
,

Bargain. (F. Late L.) - M. E. bar- Eng. MS.) ; Wright'sVocab. i. 100, 1. 3.

gay n, sb. O. F.
"
bargaignierbargenir, to Originunknown. ^

chafier. Late
" L. barcdnidre, to change Barometer, an instrument for measur-
ing
about. Remoter originunknown. the weightof the air. (Gk.) Gk. ^apo-,
Barge. (F.-LateL.-C?) }A.Y..barge. for iSapos, weight; and pLtrpov, a measure ;
" F. /;ar^^.Late L. barga, variant of see Metre.
"

barca ; see Bark (i). Baron, a title. (F.-Late L.) M.E.

bark (i),barque. (F.-Late L. baron. '"Y. baron; older lorm ber,nom.
-

C. ?) Bark is an E. spelling of F. barque, (Prov.bar^,the sufhx -on marking the ace.

a little ship. Late L. barca, a sort of ship case
"
(Diez Cf. Ital. barone,Sp varon. .

or largeboat, a lighter. Perhapsof Celtic Port. z'flTi^fi?.Late L. bare, ace. -oneni, a "

origin(Thurneysen).O. Irish bare (fem. man, a male.

"
Originunknown.
c-stem), a bark. Barouche, a carriage.G. Ital. L.'. : " "

Bark t
K-'^, he rind of a tree. G.
(vScand.) barutsche.'-WA. baroccio,biroccio, a

M.E. ^ar"". Swed. bark; Dan.

" bark; chariot, orig.a two-wheeled car. L. bi- "

Icel. borkr. Teut. type ^barkuz. rotus, two- wheeled ; with suthx -occio
Bark (3),to yelpas a dog. (E.) M. E. assimilated to that of carr-occio, a chariot

berken. A.S."
beorcan,to bark. Cf. Icel. Diez'. "
bi-,double ; and roia. a wheel.
L.
berkja, S.
A. borciati,
to bark. Perhaps Barracks. (F. Ital.) F. baraque.
"

of imitative origin. " Ital. baracca,a tent for soldiers ; cf. Sp.
Barley. (E.i M.E.^^ar/Z.-A.S.^^r/zV. barraca. Prob. connected with Late L.
Cf. A. S. bere,barley Lowl. Sc. bear^ ; and barra,a bar, pale.
-lie,for lie,
like. Cf. also Goth, barizeins, Barrator, one who incites to quarrels
made of barley; l^.far,
corn. and lawsuits. (F.) Formerly barratour,
bam. (E.' ^\.".. berne. A.S.bern. baratour ; from strife.
M. E. barat. deceit,
contr. form of bcr-ern (Luke iii. 17)." " F. barat, cheating,deceit,guile,al.^o
'

A. S. bere,barley; and em, am, a place a Cotgrave. Allied

barter,' to Barter.

.'.9
 BARREL BASK

^ Influenced by Icel. bardlta,a fight,

a base. F. bas,m., basse,
" fern. Late L. bas- "

turmoil. sus, low ; the same word as L. Bassus,

Barrel. (F.) M. E. barel. O. F. (and -
proper name, which seems to have meant
F.) baril. Perhapsfrom Late L. barra,a stout, fat,'
'
rather than merely ' low.'
bar, pale ; from the staves of it. Base (2),a foundation. (F. " L. "
Gk.)
Barren. (F.) M. E. barain.^K.Y. Gk. ^aais, -M. E. bas. " F. base.
L. basis. " "

barain^ -e ; O. F. brehaing^ fern, bre- a step, a base ;Sa-, base.

pedestal, Gk. "

haiiigne, baraigne; F. brehaigne, sterile. to go (as in liaivuv,to go) ; with suffix

Of unknown origin. "at- (for-Tt-);
cf.Skt.^a-/'/(.r),
a going, from
Barricade. (F. Span.) F. (^ar;-/- gam, to go. See Come.
"

":-^7t/^.
Span, barricada,a barricade,lit. Basement,
" lowest floor of a building.
one made witli barrels fullof earth. Span. (F.-Ital." L.) Appears in F. as sotibasse-
"

barrica,a barrel. Perhaps from the

Span. j?ieni, basement of a ; formed
building
barra,a bar ; see Barrel. from sons, under, a-nd-bassejuent,
hoxxowed
Barrier. (F.) M.E. baj-rere.-'O.Y. from Ital. bassaviento,
lit.an abasement."
barrere [Godeiroy,s. v. basseiii\\F. bar-
rier Ital. bassare,to lower. Ital. basso^Xov^.'^ "

e.^Y barrcr,to bar up. F. barre,a

,
" Late L. bassus; see Base (i).
bar. See Bar. Basenet, Basnet; see Basinet.
barrister. A barbarous Bashaw
(Low L.) ; the old form of Pasha.
word ; formed with suffix -isfcr ( Low L. Bashful. = {Y. ajid E.) For abash-ful;
-istdruis)from the sb. bar. Spelman gives see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
the Low L. form as barrasterms. and base.
Barrow (i),a burial-mound. (E.) For Basil(i),aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
berro'cu (like parsott for person, "c.\ basile (Supp. to Godefroy); short for
M. E. bergh,berw, a hill,mound. O. basilic; cf. F. basilic, lierb basiil ; Cot. ' '

Merc. berg\A. S. beorg, beorh, a mountain, L. basilicum, neut. of basilicus,royal. " "

hill, mound. 4- O. Sax., Du., G. berg, Gr. iSaoiKiKot'. basil ; neut. of PaaiKiKos,
Teut. type "^bergoz, a hill. Cf. O. Irish b7'i,royal. Gk. (3aai\(vs, a king. "

a mountain ; Skt. brhant,large. basilica,a largehall. (L.- Gk.) L.

Barrow (2) a wheel-barrow.
, (E.~)M.E. basilica, fern, of basilicus, royal.
barewe.^K.S. bar-,2nd grade o{ ber-an^ basilisk,a fabled serpent. (L.-Gk.)
to bear, carry. Cf. M. H. G. rade-ber,L,. basiliscus.^Gk. (iaaiXiaKus,lit. royal;
wheel-barrow, from rad, wheel. also a lizard or serpent,named from a spot
Barter, to traffic. (F.) yi.Y..bartryn. on the head like a crown (Pliny,viii. 21).
'
" O. Y .bareter. barater,to cheat, beguile, Gk. l3aaiX(vs,a king. "

' '
also to barter ; Col. O. F. bai-at, ing,
cheat- Basil (2),the hide of a sheep tanned.
also a barter;' Cot. p. Of doubtful {F. Span. Arab.) A. F. baseyne(Liber "
"

origin; perhapsCeltic (Littre).Cf. Bret. Albus, 225). F. basane, M. F. bassane.-' "

barad,treachery, Irish brath,W. brad, Span.bada7ia,3. dressed sheep-skin.Arab. "

treachery, Gael. "5'rrt'//^,

advantageby unfair bitdnah, the [inner]liningof a garment,
means ; Irish bradach, Gael, bradach, for which basil-leather was used. Cf. Arab.
thievish, roguish; W. bradti,to plot. hatn, the inside.
Barton, a court-yard, m anor. (E.) O. Basin. (F. Late L.' M.E. bacin, "

Northumb. bei-e-tiln(Matt. iii.12). " A. S. basin. " O.Y. bacin,bacJiin; Y bassin.-- .

bere,barley; n.nd tiin,an enclosure ; see Late L. bachinns, bacchinus, a basin

Barley and Town. (Due). Supposed to be from Late L.
Barytes, in chemistry.
TGk.) Named bacca,water-vessel (Isidore).Cf. \)w..bak,
from its weight. Gk. /SapurT/j,
weight.
" " a bowl, trough.
Gk. (3apvs,heavy. See Gr ive (2). basinet, basenet, basnet, a light
barytone. (Ital." Gk.) Better bari-
tone helmet. (F. LateL.) "
In Spenser; F. Q.
; a musical term for a deep voice. " vi. I. 31. O.F. bacinet,dimin.
" of bacin,
Ital. baritono,a baritone. " Gk. ^apv-s. a basin ; from its shape.
heavy,deep ; and Basis. ^L. Gk.) 1..basis. "QV.^aais;
ruuos, a tone ; see Tone. "

Basalt. (L.) Also basalt es. see Base (2). L. ba-

a hard
salies, kind of marble in ./Ethiopia.Bask. (Scand.) M. E. baske,to bathe
An African word (Pliny). oneself,Palsgrave; and cf. bathe hire,to
Base l,i),low. (F. L.) M. E. bass. bask herself,Ch. C. T. Nonnes
" Prestes

40
 BASKET BATTER

Tale, 447. Icel. *batiask (laterhaQast), Bastion.

" (F. Ital.) F, bastion. ""~\\.?^\.. "

for baSa sik, to bathe oneself. part cf a fortif:c;.tion. Ital.bas-

Cf. also bastione, "

Svved. dial. a( basa sig i solen,to bask in tire,to build ; allied to O. F. bastir,to
the sun, badjisk, fishes basking in the sun build. See Bastile.
(Wedgwood). See Bathe. % Formed Bat (I),a cudgel. E.) Vl.Y.. batle.-
like Busk. A.S. batt (Eng. Suidien, xi. 65). Cf. Irish
Basket. (F.?) M. E. basket. Mod. bata,bat,a staff. Der. bat-let, with double
Norman F. basquette(Moisy). Origin dimin. suffix -l-et.
unknown. Bat (2),a winged mammal. (Scand.)
Basnet Bat has taken the place of M. E. bakke.'"
; see Basinet.
Bass (0, the lowest part, in music. Dan. bakke, now only in covc\\).aflai-bakke
(F. L.)" The same word as Base (1) ; evenmg-bat. Cf. O. Swed. natl-backa,
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso, 'night-l)at' (Hire); for which we find
base. Swed. dial, natt-batta (Rietz\
Bass(2),Barse, a fish, (E.^ (K) A batch is r.s much as is
M. E. Batch.
barse; also base, bace (with loss of r). leaked at once; hence, a quantity. M.E.
A.S. beers, a perch. -fDu. baars \ G. bars, bacche, a baking ; from A. S. bacafi,to
barsch,a perch. Named from its prickles. bake. See Bake.
From *bars-,2nd grade of Teut. root Bate (i), to beat down, diminish.
whence
*^"?;-j-, also Bristle, q. v. Cf. Skt. (F. L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a. "

bhrshtt,pointed. Bate (2),strife. (F.-L.) M. E. ^^/^;

Bassoon, a base instrument. (F. L.) a dipt form of Debate, in the sense
"
of
F. basson, augmentativefrom F. basse, strife. % So sXsofejuefor de-fence.
base (in music), fem. of bas,base. See Bath. (E.) M.I-.. baj".A.S. ^"f(J.+
Base ,0. Icel.bad; O. H.G. bad; Swed., Dan.,
Bast. (E.")M. E. bast ; a lime-
bast-tre, Du.,G./'a^/.Teut. */""-/""
w. neuter. The
tree. A. S. bcEst,inner bark of a lime- orig.sense was a place of warmth ; cf.
tree ; whence bast is made.+I^el-" Swed., O. H. G. bdjan (G. bdhen",to foment.
Dan., G. bast. Often speltbass. bathe. (E.) A.S./'a9ea", to bathe.-
Bastard, illegitimate child.
an (F.) A. S. bced,
a bath. And see Bask.
M.E. bastard,appliedto Will. I.-O. F. Bathos. (Gk.) Lit. depth,sinking. "

bastard, the same '

as Jilsde bast, lit. the Gk. ^dOos,depth ; cf. PaOvs, deep.
son of a pack-saddle,' not of a bed. [The Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F.) F.
expression a bast ibore, illegitimate,occurs baton, O.F, baston. "1. ate L. bastonem,
in Rob. of Gloiic. p. 516.] O.F. bast,a ace. of basto,a cudgel. Origin doubtful ;
"

pack-saddle(F. bat); with suffix -ard, from connecled by Diez with Gk, idaard^eiv, to

O. H. G. hart,hard, first used as a suffix support.

in proper names and then generally. Battalion. (F. "
Ital. "
L.)F. bataillon.
Baste (i), to beat. (Scand.?) The " Ital. battaglione, a battalion. Ital. bat- "

form bas-it occurs Cf. taglia, battle Battle below.

as a pp. in 1553. a ; see

Swed. basa,to strike, beat, whip. Batten (i)"to giow fat; to fatten,
Baste (2),to pour fat over meat. (Un- (Scand.) Orig. intransitive. Icel. /^a/;/^,
known.) "

InSh. '
linire; Levins, to grow
71? /'ai-/^,
'
better, improve, recover. Cf.
cd. 1570. Goth, ga-batnan, to be bettered ; Icel.
Baste (3), to sew slightly.(F. "
M. bat-i,s., improvement, E. Better, q. v.,
H.G.) M.E. basten.-id.Y. bastir, F. and Boot \2^. Cf. also Du. baten, to
batir,X.osew slightly;
a tailor's term." ; baat, profit.
yieldprofit
M. H. G. besten (for*bastjan),
to bind ; Batten (2),a wooden rod. (F.) To

orig.to tie with bast. " G. bast,bast. See batten down is to fasten with battens. JSatten
Bast. is merelyanother spelling
of Bi^ton.
fortress. O.F. bastille, Batter to beat. (F.-L.) M.E.
Bastile, a (F.) (i ,

(F. bdti)-), bat-er-en ; with suffix

frequentative
a building. O. F. " bastir to -er-.

F. battre. L. batter e, popular form of

build. Originuncertain ; perhapsallied to " "

Baton. to beat.
battiiere,
Bastinado. (Span.) Fiom Span,bas- batter (2 a . compound of eggs, flour,
tonada,a beating. Span,baston,a stick." "
and milk. (F. -
L.) M. E. batour,bature.
Late L. bastonem, ace. ; see Baton. " O.F. bature, a beating. F, battre, 10
"
 BATTERY BEADLE

beat (above). So called because beaten Bay (2),a kind of laurel ; properly,
a

berr)-tree.(F.-L.) M. E. bay, a berry

up.
(F. L.) Y.batene, batfene, F. bale, a berry. L. bdca, a berry.
battery. "
" "

'beating, battery; Cot.

'
F. baitre, to beat.
" Bay (3),inlet of the sea. (F.-L.) F.
battle. (F.-L.) 'is\.Y..bataille bataile. bale, an inlet. Late L. baia, a harbour "

" O. F. bataille, (i ; a fight, (2 ; a battalion. (Isidore),p. Confused with bay, a recess

" Folk-L. /;a//"7/?"3;, neut. pi. (turned into in a wall. O.F. baee,a gap. Late L, " "

a fem. sing.),fights;Late L. battudlia, baddta,fem. of pp. oibaddre, to gape.

neut ph of acij. battualis,fighting.Late Bay (4),to bark as a dog. (F. L.)
" "

L. battuere, to beat. M. E. bayen. O. F. baier,to yelp (Gode- froy). "

battledoor. M.
(,Prov,-L.) Y..batyl- Cf. Ital. baiare, 'to barke,'Florio.
doiire.Prompt. Parv. Prov. batedor. " Span. From the sound.
batidor,a washing-beetle, which was also Bay (,5S in phr.a/'/^^j. (F. L.) Yoxat "

at first the sense of the E. word. [The abay. F. abois,abbots ; etre atix ahois,to "

due to con- be at bay, lit, to be at the baying ot the *

corruptionto battledoor was fusion

with battle,vb. to fight.] -Prov. dogs.' PI, of F, aboi,the bark of a dog ;

bat7'e, t
Span, batir, samehe as F. batt7'e, to verbal sb, from F, aboyer,O. F. abater,to
beat ; with sufhx -dor,which in Prov. and yelp,bay,-O. F. a (forL,ad) ; and baier
Span. L. suffix -torem, ace. form from
= ^above").
iiom. -tor^expressing the agent. Bay-window; from Bay (3,sect, |3)
Battlement. (F.) M. E, batelment, and Window.
batilment ^'bateilUinent, from O.F. bateil- Bayonet. (F.) XVII cent. F. bdion-
to fortify
/e"?r, ; formed from 6a/"?7/"?,battle, nette ; bayonette, Probably a knife ; Cot,
fight, but confused with O. F. bastiller, to named from Bayojine (France),where
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build. firstmade or used.
See Battle and Bastile. Bazaar. (Pers.) Pers. bazar, a ket.
mar-

Bauble (i),a fool's mace ; (2)a play-

thing.
(F.) (I) M. E. babyII,bable,babel, Bdellium. (L,-Gk.-Heb.\ A pre- cious
Gower, C. A. i. (2) M. E. babeL substance, L. bdellium. Gk. )S5e\- "
224; "

Tudor E. bauble. From O. F. battheL Kiov. Heh. bedolakh (Gen.ii. 12). "

babel, a. child's plaything (Godefroy. Be-, prefix,(E.) A.S. be-, prefix;

Perhaps connected with M. Ttal. babbola, ofien causative,as in be-mimb, to make
a toy (Florio) ; and with L. babulus, a fool. numb.
Note also be-head,to depriveof
Cf. E. Babble. the head ; be-set,
to set upon, set round ;
Bavin, afaggot.(F.) Prov. E. (Wilts.)be-mire, to cover with mire ; "c.
bavin, a faggot; hence, as adj.,
soon dled
kin- Be, to exist. (E.) yi.Y.been. A.S.
and burnt out, i Hen. IV. iii.2. 61. bean,to be.-f-W.bod, to be ; Russ. buite ;
"

O. F. baffe,
a faggot, bundle (Godefroy, L. fore (pt.t. fid) ; Gk. ^v^w ; Skt. bhU.
Roquefort). Remoter originunknown. (VBHEU.)
Ba'wd, procurer or
a procuress, go- Beach. (E.?) XVI cent. Orig.
between. (F. O. H. G.) The full M. E
-
'
shingle,' the same
Prob, as E,, and
form is bawdstrot,P. Plowm. A. iii. 40 E. bache,a valley; also,a sandbank
prov,
(another MS, has bawde).'^0. F. *balde- near a river. a valley; Kemble,
A. S. bcpx,
strot (foundonly in the later form baiide- Cod, Dipl,iii.386.
trot),equivalent to Lat. proniiba, a bride- Beacon. (E.) W. E. beken. A. S.
woman. "O. H. G. bald, bold, gay, livelyheacn, been. "\-O, Sax. bokan ; O. H. G.
(cognate with E. bold)',and M. H. G. bouhhan. Teut. type *bauknom, neut.
'
strotzen, vb. (E. strut). Bead. (E.) Orig. a prayer ; hence '

Bawl. (Scand.) Icel. baula, to low as a perforatedball, for counting prayers.

a cow ; Swed. bola,to bellow : see Bull, M E. prayer, a lead,
bede,a A.S. bed,
Bellow. gebed,a prayer. A. S. biddan ( '^bidjan, " -

Bay (i), reddish broAvn. L.)

(F. "
to pray. 4" Du. bede ; G. bitte ; Goth.
M. E. bay. O. " F. ^az. " L. badius,bay- hida. a prayer. See Bid (i).
coloured. Beadle. (F.-Tcut.) yi.Y. bedel.-
bayard. (F. "
L.) A bay horse; IO. F, bedel,F. bedeau,a beadle ; lit.'pro-
from the colour ; also, any horse. The '

olaimer,'
or
'
messenger.' M, " H. G. biitel,
suffix -ard is Teutonic ; see Bastard. O. H, G. butil. b, H. G. -
but; weak
 BEAGLE BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN

^ade of biotan,G. bieten ; coj^natewith Beau, a dressyman. (F. L.) " F. beau ;
A. S. beodan, to bid. Cf. A. S. bydel,a O. F. beL " Y.. belhis,fair. For *ben-lus ;
beadle, irom beodan. See Bid (2). from ben- (asin ben-e), variant of bon-,as
Beagle, a dog. (Unknown.) M. E. in bon-us. good. Brugm. ii. " 67.
begle,Squireof Low Degree, L 771. beauty. (F.-L.) M. E. beute. A. F. -

Beak. (F.-C.) ^l.E. bec.^F. bee- O.V.

betite, beatiie,
beltet. 'L. bellitdteju,
"

Late L. beccns, of Gaulish origin. Cf. ace. of bellitds,

fnirness. L. bellus,
" fair
Irish bacc,\V. bach, a crook,a hook. (above). Der. beauti-ftil,beatde-ous.
Beaker. (.Scand. L. Gk.) M.E. " " Beaver 1),an animal. (E.) M. E.
biker,byker.'^lccl. bikarr, a cup. + O. bever. A. S. befer, beofor. 4- Du. bever ;
Sax. bikeri\ Du. beker; G. becher ; Ital. Icel. bjdrr; Dan. bcever ; Swed. bdfver\
bicchiere. (3.I'erhapsfrom Late L. bicd- G. biber; Russ. bobr' ; Lilh. bebriis ; L.
rium, wine-cup. Gk. ^ikos,an earthen fiber. Skt. babhrus (1)bro\\n ; (2)a large
a "

wine-vessel ; a word of Eastern origin. ichneumon. Teut. type '^bebruz ; Idg.type

Beam .1),a piece of timber. (E.) *bhcbhrtis,reduplicated deriv. of bhru-,
M.E. beem, A. S. beam, a tree. + Du. brown, tawny. Brugm. i. " 566. See
boo?n ; G. baiim. Cf. also Icel. badtnr, a Brovpn.
tree ; Goth, bagms. Beaver (2),Bever, lower part of a

Beam (2),a ray. (E.) tified

iden-
[Usually helmet. (F.) Altered by confusion with
with Beam (i\ specially used to beaver-hat. M. E. baviere.
" O. F. bavi^re, "

signify
a column light;cf. A. S. byr-
of a child's bib ; also,the bever (beaver) of
nende beam, *
the of fire.']
pillar But A. S. a helmet. F. baver, to slaver. F. /;az/(?,
" "

beam, a beam as in sunne-beani, a sun-

beam) foam, slaver. Perhaps from the move-
ment

answers to aof the lips

Teut. type *bazi-?noz. t.laver.
; cf. Bret, baboitz,
prob.cognate with Gk. (pav-ois,light,(pdos Beaver (3 Bever, a short imme- diate ,

(for(pafos), light. See Phos-

also t/jcD?, phorus. repast. iF. L.) M.E. beuer { " =

bever).'"
A. F. beivre,
a drink ; substantival
Bean. (E.) M. E. bejte. A. S. bean. use of O. F. bev7-e, bcivre,to drink." L.
+ Du. boon; Icel. baun; O. H. Q.pona, bibere,
to drink.
bona (G. bohne). Teut. type '^baund,f. Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Bear (1),to carry. (E.) M.E. beren. Calm.
A. S. beran.'iflc^.hera ; O. H. G. bera7i ; Because. (E. a""/F. L.) See Cause. "

CiO'Cq..
bairan \ also 'L.ferre\ Gk. (pepav ; Bechance. (E. and F. L.) See "

Skt. b/ir ; O. Ir. berim,\ bear ; Russ. brate, Chance.

to take, carry ; Pers. burdan, to bear. Beck (i),to nod, give a sign. (E.)
(VBHER.) Der. upbear. M. E. bek-yn,the same as bek-nyn,to
Bear (2),an animal. ;E.) M. E. bere. beckon (Prompt.Parv.). See Beckon.
A. S. bera.-\-\cft\. O. H. G.
bera '\bjdrii)\ Beck \2), a stream. (Scand.) M.E.
bero,pero, G. bar; Du. beer. Cf. I"ith. bek. " lceX. bekkr; Swed. back; Dan. bcek;
beras, brown TQxxt.iypt^beron-.
(Kluge"). a stream. Teut. type "^bakkiz. Also
feeard. E.) A.^'. beard. Teut. type '^bakiz ; whence
U.'E.berd. Du. beek,a
"^Dw.baard ; G. bart. Teut. type '^bardoz. beck ; G. bach.
Allied to Russ. boroda ; Lith. barzda ; L. Beckon. (E.) M. E. beknen. A. S.
barba, beard; from Idg.type *-bhardhd. becnan, beacnian to make
(also biectian),
Beast. (F.-L.) M.E. beste.~O.Y. signs. A. S. beacn,a sign. See Beacon. "

beste (F. bete' .

" 1^. bestia,
a beast. Become. (E.) A. S. becuman, to

Beat. lE.) E. beten. A. S. beatan.

M. arrive,happen, turn out, befall. + Goth.
+ Icel. bauta ; O. H. G. pozan, M. H. G. bi-kwiman ; cf. G. be-qnem,suitable,be-
coming.
bozen. Teut. type *bautan-. From Be- and
Come.
Beatify. (F.-L.) F. beatifer.-^l.. Bed. (E.) M. E. bed. A. S. bed,bedd.
make L. for
bedti-, + Du. bed; Goth, badi ; G. bett. Teut.
bedtificdre,
to happy. "

bedtus.pp. of bedre,to bless,make happy ; type ^badjom,n.

and -fie-,for facere,to make. bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M.E.
beatitude. (F.-L.) F. beatitude. bedrede (Ch. C. T. 73; i); bedreden (P.
" L. bedtitiidinem, ace. from nom. bedti- PL B. viii.85 ). A. S. bedrida,bedreda, lit.
'

iudo, blessedness. L. bedti-,f or beaius, "a bedrider ; one who can only ride '
on a

blessed ; with suffix -tudo. bed, not on a horse. A. S. bed,a bed ; and "

43
 BEDSTEAD BEHOOF

*rid-a, one who rides,from the weak sharp,or from M. E. bitil,

a beetle. In
grade of rldan,to ride. either case from bit-,weak gradeof bitan,
bedstead. (E.) M. E. bedstede.^ to bite.
A. S. bed, a bed ; and stede, a stand, Befall, Befool, Before see Fall,
;
station ; see Stead. "c.
Bedabble, Bedaub, Bedazzle, Beg. (F.) M. E. beggen.A. F. begger,
Bedew, Bedim, Bedizen. See Langtoft,i, 248 ; used as equiv.to be-
Dabble, Daub, "c. gtcigne}',
Britton, I. 22. " 15. Formed,
Bedell. (Low L. Teut.) - From the from the sb. beggar; see below.
Latinised form of
{bedelhis), O. F. and Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin (i).
M. E. bedel ; see Beadle. beggare\ cf. Beggar. (F.) M. E.
Bedlam. (Palestine.)M. E. bedlevi, Begger^2i Beguinor Beghard,Rom. Rose,
corruptionof Bethlehem, in Palestine. 7256 (F. text, Begiiin).'-0.". begard,be-
Now applied to the hospitalof St. Mary gart, Flemish beggaert,
Late L. Beghardus.
of Bethlehem, for lunatics. Formed, with suffix -ard (G. -hart),from
Bedouin.(F. Arab.) 0.". bedouin, Begue, a man's name.
"
See Beguine.
a wanderingArab pi, Arab, bada-
; orig. Begone, Beguile ; see Go, Guile.
"

win, pi.of Arab, badauny.,wandering in Beguine, one of a class of religious

votees.
de-
the desert. " Arab, badw, a desert. (F.) Chieflyused in the fern. ; F.
Bedridden, Bedstead ; see Bed. bdguine,Low L. beghJna,one of a religious
Bee. (E.) M.K. bee. A. S. ^"?"7,earlier order,firstestablished at Liege,about A. D.
bio.-^Dx\.bij\ O. H. G. hia. Cf. G. 1207. Named after Lambert Le Begue,
bie-ne ; Lith. bi-tle ; Ir. bea-ch. Perhaps priestof Liege (12thc.); whence also
'
flutterer' ; cf Skt. bhi, to fear ; O. H. G. Beguin,Beghard,masc. Le Begue means
bi-ben, to tremble. '
stammerer,'from
the verb begui,
to stam-
mer,
Beech.(E.) A S. boece, bece,a beech ; in the dialect of Namur ; allied to
becen,adj.,beechen ; both derivatives (by Picard bigiier,F. begayer.
mutation) from the older form boc. See Begum, in the E. Indies,a ladyof the
Book. highestrank. (Pers. Turk.)
" Pers. be-
gum,
Beef. (F.-L.) M.E. beef.^K.Y.be/; a queen, lady of rank. " Turk, beg,
O. F. boef(F. bceiif\.\a. "
bouem, ace. of bey, bey, governor.
a See Bey.
bos,an ox.-j-Gk.ii'"m,
ox; Ir. bo, Gael, bo, Behalf, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
W. binv, Skt. go, A. S. en, a cow ; see Cow. M.
phrase E. on my behalue = on
my
beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard. behalf,on my side ; substituted for the
'
Lit. eater of beef; hence,
A. S. phr.on {mJji) healfe,
'
(Hyb.) an an on the side of
attendant. Cf. A. S. hldf-ceta,
a loaf-eater, (me^i,by confusion with be healfe{me),
a servant. *(|The usual derivation (from used in the same sense. From A. S. be,
Mr. Steevens' imaginarybeaufetier, later by ; and healf,sb.,side. See Half.
speltbuffetier) is historically
baseless. Behave. (E.) I.e. to ^,?-//^w oneself,
Beer. (E.^ M. E. bere. A. S. beor. + or control oneself ; from have with prefix
Du. and G. b/er ; Icel. bjorr. be-,the same as prep. by.
Beestings ; see Biestings. behaviour. (E.; with F. suffix^
Beet. (L.) M.E. ^^/^. K.Si.bete.^ Formed abnormally from the verb to
L. beta,beet (Pliny). behave ; confused with ". sb. avoir, (i)
Beetle (i\ an insect. (E.) Prov. E. wealth, (2)ability. Cf. Lowl. Sc. havings,
bittle. A. S. bitela, lit. biting one.' A. S. (I' wealth, (2)behaviour.
'
-

bit-,weak gradeof bltan,to bite ; with adj. Behead. (E.) From Be- and Head.
suffix -ol ; cf. wac-ol, wakeful. See Bite. Behemoth. (Heb.- Egypt.) Heb.
Beetle (2),a largemallet. (E.) M. E. behefjwth,said to be pi. of behemah, a
betel. A. S. bytel{ O. Wes. ""bietel,
beast ; but probablyof Egypt,origin.
=

O. Merc.H'etel); cf. Low G. botel. Teut. Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) See
' '
baut-iloz,
ty^t* a beater ; ivom*baut-an-, Hest, Hind, Hold (i).
to beat ; see Beat. Behoof, advantage.(E.) M.Y^.to bi-
Beetle (3\ to overhang. (E.) From houe, for the advantageof. A. S. behof,
the M. E. adj. bitel-brouwed, beetle- advantage. *
+ 0. Fries, bihof,Du. behoef,
'
browed ; P. Plowm. A. v. 109. Grig, advantage; G. behuf',Swed. behof;Dan.
sense doubtful ; either from M. E. bitel,behov,need. {3.The prefix be is A. S. be^

44
 BEND BESEECH

bend,a band ( == Teut. ; from band, hengivi

^bandiz) seems to have been substituted for
2nd stem oihind-an,to bind. See Bind. the Arab, name, lubdn cense
jdwi, lit.frankin-
So also Icel. benda,to bend a bow ; allied of Java. (Furthercorruptedto gziin
to band, a cord. benjamin.)
bend 1,2),
an obliqueband, in heraldry. Bequeath. (E.) A.S. bccwedan to

(F. G.) O. F. bende, also bande, a assert, bequeath. A.

" "
; and
S. be-, prefix
band ; see Cotgrave. Tlie same word as cwedan, to say, assert. See Quoth.
F. bande,a ; see Band band
(2). bequest. (E.) M. E. biqueste,
of men bi-
Beneath. M. E. bemthe. A.'S. quiste.Formed, with added -te (cf.
(E.) M. E.
beneodan, prep, below. A. S. be-, by; reqzieste), from A. S. *biczviss,*becwiss
"

jieoSan,adv. below, from the base neo5- (not found), sb. due to beczuedan,to be-
queath,
in neod-era,nether ; with adv. suffix -an. assert, say. The components of
Cf. G. nied-en,nied-er this form occur ; viz. be-, bi-,prefix,
; and
see Nether.
Benediction. cwlss (in ge-czvis), saying. Czviss is
_(F.-L.)F.
a tion.
benedic-
L. benedictioneni,
" ace. of benedictio,from Teut. *kzuessiz, formed
Idg.*g{w)ettis,
a blessing. L. benedictus, pp. of
" benc- (with suffix -//-)f rom Idg. base *g(7v)et-,
to speakwell,bless.
dJcere, L. bene,well ; whence cwedan, to say (Sievers, A. S. "

and dicere,to speak(seeDiction). Gr. " 232); and becwiss is thus a regular
benison. (F. L.) M^Y.. beneysun. " deriv. of becweban,to bequeath.
" O. F. beneison. " L. ace. benedictiotiem. Bereave. (E.) A.S. bereafian,
to
Benefactor. dispossess(L.)
; see Beave. L. benefactor,
a

doer good. of
be7ie,well ; and L.
factor, Bergamot
"
(i),an essence. (Ital.) Ital.
a to do.
doer,from facere, bergai7iotta, the essence called bergamot. "

benefice. (F. L.) M. E. benefice. Ital. Beigamo, a town

" in Lombardy.
" F. benefice (Cot.)."Late L. bc7ieficium,Bergamot (2), a kind of pear. (F."
a grant of an estate ; L. beneficiuin, a Ital."Turk.) F. bergamotte(Cot.)."
well-doing,a kindness. L. bene, well ; Ital. bej'gamott-a (pi.-^), a kind of excel-
" lent '

'

andy^^r^r^, to do. pears, come out of Turky ; Torriano.

benefit. (F.-L.) Modified (badly^ Turk, beg arniudi, 'prince's pear.' " "

from M. E. benfet. O. F. bienfet(F. Turk, beg,prince -

; armud, pear.
bienfait).-'!^. benefactum, a kindness ferred
con- Berry. (E.) '^l.Y.berie. K.S.berie,
; neut. of pp. of bcnefacere, to do -|-Du. bes,bezie Icel. ber; Swed. bar ', -^

well,be kind. Dan. bcsr; G. bee re; Goth. basi. All

'
Benevolence. (F. L.) " Y. benevo-
lence from a base bas-. Lit. edible fruit; cf.
*

(Cot.).L. beneiiolentia,
" kindness.-
Skt. bhas, to eat. Dor. goose-bey-ry ^

L. ace. bene
uolentem, kind, lit. well- "c.
wishing. "L. bene, well; and uolentem, Berth. (E.) Formerly ' convenient
ace. of uolens,wishing, from uolo, I wish sea-room.' A 'suitable position.' From
(see Voluntary). A.S. byr- (as ge-byr-ian, suit)with
in to

Benighted. E.) See Night. suffix -th. Cf. Du. beurt,a turn ; Low G.
,

Benign. (F. L.) O. F. benigne(F. bort,good position. -

benin). L,. benignus,kind ; short for "^be- Beryl. (L.-Gk.-Skt.)

"
ls\.Y..beril.
'L. for
nigeJius. beni-, ^benns, " variant of O. F. benl.-~.l^. beryllus.'^Gk. firjpvK- "

bonus, good ; and -genus, born (as in Aos ; cf. Arab, billaur, crystal, beryl."
indigenus)^from genere, old form of Skt. vai^iirya (Prakritveliiriyd), orig.
gignere,to beget. beryl,brought from Vidura in S. India
Benison, blessing ; see tion.
Benedic- (Yule ; Bohtlingk).
Besant, Bezant, a in
gold circle,
Bent-grass. (E.) M. E. bent. A. S. heraldry. (F.-L.-Gk.) Intended to
beonet,for earlier bent-grass(in represent
*bin2it, gold a coin of Byzantium." '

place-names.-{-O.H. G. binnz, G. binse, O. F. besant, an '

ancient gold coin ;
bent-grass. Cot. " "~G\i. Bv^avnov, the
L. Byzantiu7n.
Benumb. From Be- and Numb. name Constantinople.
of
Benzoin, a resinous substance. (F," Beseech. (E.) M. E. besechen. From
Ital. Arab.) F. benjoin.gum benzoin
"
'
be-, prefix;and sechen.Southern form
or
gum benjamin ; Cot. Ital. ben- '
"
corresponding to Northern seken,to seek.
zoino,bengivi(Torriano). The Ital. lo See Seek.

46
 BESEEM BEZONIAN

Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, side, In Sh.

Be- Sonn. 121. O.F. *bivel,*btwely "

Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Sbrew, only found in mod. F. biveau,and in F.

'
"c. buveau, a kind of scjuire 'carpenter's
rule],
Besom, a broom. [E.^. M.E. desum, having moveable and compasse branches,
besme. A. S. hezcni\G.
besvia.'\^V"\\. besen. or the one branch compasse and the other
'
Tent, type *bes7non-, m. straight; some callit a (5"?^'"j//
; Cot. Cf.
Besot, Bespeak ; see Sot, Speak. Span. ha/Vid. Origin unknown.
Best; see Better. Bever, a potation; see Beaver (3).
Bestead ; from Be- and stead. beverage. (F.-L.) O.F. bevrage
Bestial. (F.-L.) F. bestial. -^ I., (Supp.to Godefroy),drink. "O. F. bevre,
beast-like.
besttdlis, " L. bestia,a beast. boivre,to drink. " L. bibere,to drink.
See Beast. bevy. (F. "
L.) It answers to O. F.

Bestow, Bestrew, Bestride ; see bevee,adrink ; from O. P\ bevre,to drink

stow, Ike. (above). Cf. Ital. beva,a bevy (Florio)
;
Bet, towager. (F. Scand.) Short for also,a drink
" (Toiriano).
abet,in the sense to maintain,or back,' Bewail, '
Beware, Bewilder,
as abet is ed. 1706. Bewitch;
explainedin Phillips, see "Wail, Ware, Wild,
See Abet. Der. bet, sb. Witch.
Betake. kE. and 'Sca.nd.)See TaJse. Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Properly
Betel, speciesof pepper.
a (Port." to accuse. beivraien, biwj-eyen, M.
to E.
Malayalim.) Port, betel, bete/e.'-'Malaya-disclose. A. S. be-,prefix (see Be-) ; and
lim veiXila,i.e. vent ila,mere leaf (Yule). "w" egan, to accuse (for older *zurogian^
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be-
token with mutation from 0 to e). Cf. Icel.
; see Think, "c. (forTjrcegja),slander,Swed. rdja,
rcEgja to

Betray. (F. L. ; 7vith E. prefix.^to discover ; O. Fries, biwrogia,

"
to accuse ;
From be-, prefix; and O. F. t) air [V Goth, wrohjan. to accuse ; G. riigen,to .

trahir),to deliver up, from L. tradere. censure, p. These are causal verbs,from
^ The prefixbe- was due to confusion the base wroh- seen in Goth, ivrdhs,
with bewray. See Tradition. accusation, Icel. rog, a slander.
Betroth.. (E.) See Troth. Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk, beg
Better, Best. (E.) (pron.nearlyas bay),a lord,prince.
1. From the
Tcut. base formed the Beyond. (E.i W.E.beyonde. A.S.
'^bat,good, was
Tent. comp. stem '^batizon-,as in Goth. begeondan, beyond. A. S. be-,for be or bi, "

batiza,better,A. S. betera (with mutation by ; and geond,prep, across, beyond, from

from a to e),M. E. better. The A. S. bet, geon, yon. Cf. Goth, jaindre,thither,
M. E. bet,is adverbial and comparative.Jaind, there ; from Jains,that, yon. See
2. From the same base was formed Goth. Yon.
batista,best,A.S. betst Bezel, the part of a ring in which the
for M. K.
bet-ist),
best. Similarly
Du.beter,best; Icel. betri, stone is set. (F.) Also spelt basil; it
beztr ; Dan bedre, bedst ; Swed. battre, also means a slopingedge. O. F^. bisel "

bast ; G. besser, best. Der. (from the (Roquefort) ; mod. F. biseau,^ bezel,basil,
snme base") batten, boot (2\ slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the
Between. fE.) K.*^. betweonan,ht- slantingedge of a looking-glass. Per-
tween ; A. S. be,by ; i haps from L. bis,double.
earlier betzueonuf?i. "

tweonnm, pi. tweone, double,allied

ofdat. Bezique, a game at cards. (F. Pers.) I "

to twd, two ; see Two. Here tweomwi I F. besigue (with g) ; also besy (Littre).
(alsotwtnuni) answers to Goth, fweihnaim, ^, The firstform Pers. bdzichah, sport,a =

dat. pi.of tiveihnai, 'two each.' Cf. L. game : the second Pers. bdzi, play. ,
= "

bini. jPers. play. [A guess.]

bdzidan,to
betwixt. (E." (M. E. betwix; to Bezoar, (F. Span.- Arab.
a stone. "

which t was afterwards added " A. S. "

Pers.) O. F. bezoar,F. "?'/3"'an/. Span. "

betwix, betwux, betweox,bet'veohs,

rently
appa- bezoar. Arab, bddizahr.
" Pers. pdd-zahr, "

extended A. ?^.beiwth,between.
from from
bezoar ; lit. * counter-poison,' its
From A. S. be by ; and ^twih, answering supposed virtue. Pers. pad, expelling; "

to tweih- in Goth, tweiknai, two each. and zahr, poison.

See above. Bezoniau, a beggarly fellow. (F.)
Bevel, sloping;to slope,slant. {Y^ In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. 118. Formerly
 Bl- BIGOT

bisonian i)y adding E. -ian to

; made the forms of which have taken the placeof
F. disogm, spelt bisonpie,in Cotgiave, those of Bid (2).
*a filihe knave bisonian.' Or from Bide, to await,wait. (E.) M. E. biden.
. . .

Ital. bisogno,need, want ; whence bisogni, A. S. bidan. 4- Du. beiden ; Icel. bi^a ;
pi. ' new-levied soiildiers, such as come Swed. bida ; Dan. bie ; Goth, beidan ;
. needy to the wars*; Torriano (not in
. .
O. H. G. bitajt. Teut. type ^bidan-.
Florio). Oiiginunknown. Biennial, lastingtwo years. (L.)
( L.) L. bi-,for *dtn-,twice.
Bi-, prefix. Formed if from bienni-nm, a space of
as

" L. duo, two. So also Gk. ti-,Skt. dvi. two years ; the true J,.,word is bienndlis.
See Two. " L. bi- two ; and anndlis,lasting a year,

Bias. (F. "

L.) F. biais,a slant, yearly. L. " annus. So also tri-ettnial,
slope;hence, inclination to one side. Cf. from tri- (forires), three; quadi'-ennial ,

Ital. s-biescio,oblique. Origin

s-biesco, more correctly from qnadri-
qiiadri-ennial,
unknown. (forqnadrus),belonging
to iour ; quinqui-

Bib. (L.) A cloth under a child's ennial, from quinqui-(forquinqne),live ;

chin; from M. E. bibben,to drink. " L. dec-ennial,from dec-em, ten ; cent-ennial,
bibere, to drink. Hence 7vine-bibber from centum, a hundred ; mill-ennial,
(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens tivmin vVulg.). from viille,
a thousand, "c.
Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) y^.V^-bible." Bier, a frame on which a corpse is
F. biblia,fem. sing.; for borne. (E.)
bible. - Fate L. M.E. beo'e,bcere. A. S.
L. biblia,neut. pl.-Gk. (ii0\ia, collection b^r, ber. A. S. b(^r-, 3rd stem oiberan, to "

of writings, pi. of l3ifi\iov, little book, carry. + Du. baar ; O. H. G. bdra (G.
dimin. of ^i/3Ao?, a book. Gk. bahj-e)
/3i;y3Aos, ; allied to Icel. barar, fem. pi.;
"

Egyptianpapyrus ; hence, a book. l^.feretrum ; Gk. (pipirpov.

bibliography. Gk.) Gk. Pi0\io-, Biestings, Beestings, the first
for ^i(i\iov; and ypdipnv, to write. milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
bibliomania. (Gk.) Gk. pifi\io-, A. S. bysting, byst (for* blest), thick milk.
for ^iliXiov; and From A. S. beost,first milk after calving.
Mania.
'
Bice. (F.) Properly grayish ; hence -|-Du, biesi; G. biest-milch.
'

bleiv byce, grayish blue." F. bis,dusky. Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late

Cf. Ital. bigio,gray. Origin unknown. L. bifurcatus. pp. of bifiircdri,to part in

skirmish. (Uncertain.) two directions. L. bi -furciis,two-

Bicker,
to "

M.E. biker,a fight; bikeren, to

skirmish. pronged; from bi-{s\double; /urea, a
Cf. M. E. beken,to peck ; biken, to thrust fork.
Apparentlyfrom Big. (Scand.?) M. E. big; also bigg,
with a pointedweapon.
O. F. bequer,to strike with the beak
(Hampole). (see rich Not A. S. Cf. prov. E.
A. S. becca,a pick-axe.bug. big,bog, boastful. Prob. of Scand.
Beak' ; or from
Cf. Du. bikken. to notch a miil-stone ; also origin. Cf. Norw. btigge,
a strong man.

E. Fries, bikkcni to hack, gnaw, from Bigamy, a double marriage. (F. L. "

bikken, to hack, bikke, a (G.

picka.xe L. bigamia;
and Gk.) F. biga/nie.'~'L^^Q
bicke) a clumsy compound from L. double
/'/-,
.

Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 186S. (see Bi-), and Gk. from
-yafxia. ydfios,
Coined from Bi- and Cycle. marriage. It should rather have been
Bid pray. (E.) Nearly obso-
(i)jto lete digamy (Gk. Siyafxia).
; preserved in bidding-prayer, and in Biggen, a night-cap.(F.) M. F.
beguin, a biggin for a child ; Cot.
'
to bid beads (prayprayers). M. E. bidden.
"

A. S. biddan '\-V"w.Unddcn\ G. bitten; Named from the caps worn by beguines ;

Icsl. bi(ija\Goth, bidjan. Teut. type see Beguine.
*bidjan-, allied to L. fldo,I trust ; Gk. Bight, a coil of rope, a bay. (E.)
M. E. big/it.A. S. by/it, in wc^teres
ireidoj,prevailupon ; fromy'BHEIDH.
I as

See Hrugm. i. " 589 ; ii." 890. byht,a bight(bay") of water see Grein)."
Bid v2),to command. (E.) M. E. beden. A.S. bug-,weak grade of bugan, to bow,
A. S beodan,
" to command. + Du. bieden, bend ; with mutation of u to^.-{-G.bucht.
to offer ; Icel. bjoda ; G. bieten ; Goth. Teut. type *bichtiz. See Bow 1).
creed.
ana-biudan I enquire; Skt.
; Gk. ncvOofxai, Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a

b/ed/i,
to understand. Teut. type *be!idan-. (F.) F. bigot, '
an hypocrite,supersti-
tious
Confused fellow;' Cot. Applied by the
^VBHEUDH.) with Bid(i),
 BIJOU BIRCH

French Normans
to as atheterm of Billow, a wave. (Scand.)Icel. bylgja,
reproachi^Wace). Of unknown origin.a billuw ; Swcd. bblja;Dan. bblge.-\-Vi.
It is an older word than beguine,with H. G. bulge, a billow,a bag. Lit. ' a
which it seems to have been somewhat swell' or surge ; cf. Icel. belgja,
to inflate,
confused at a later period. puff out. The Icel. bylgjahas mutation
Bijou, atrinket. (F. C?) Y. bijou.of u \o y, and, like M. 11. G. bulg-e,
" is frou)
Perhaps from Bret, bizoii,
a ring with a ^^^Ig-,3rd stem of bclgan, to swell with
stone, a finger-ring, from biz, a finger.anger.
Cf. Corn, bisoti i^thesame), from bis, Bin. (E.) M. E. biune. A. S. binn,
bes,a finger;W. byson,ring,from bys, a manger; Lu. ii. 7 +Du. ben, G. bennef
finger. sort of basket. a Perhapsof Cebic origin
r

Bilberry, a (Scand.)
whortle-berry. cf. Gaulish Lat. betma, body of a cart ; W.
Dan. bollebar,a bilberry; where beer is E. hen, a cart.
berry. In M. Dan., b'ollehad the sense of Binary, twofold. (L.) L bindj-ius,
Dan. i.e. boss (Kalkar).Cf. Norw.
btigle, consistingof two things. L. binus,two-
fold." "

bola,a swelling, tumour. % North Enir. L. bi-,double ; see Bi-.

blea-berry blue-berry ; see
- Blaeberry. Bind. (E.) M. E. binden. A. S. bin-
In both cases, -berry takes the E. form
G. binden ; Icel. and ; dan. 4- Du. and
see Berry. Dan. binde ; Goth, bindan ; Swed. binda ;
Bilbo, a sword ; BilboeS, fetters. Skt. bandh, to bind. (^BHENDH.)
(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or Eing, a heap of corn ; obs. (Scand.) In
Jiilbao in Spain, famous for iron and Surrey's Poems. Swed. binge,
Icel. bingr, "

steel. a heap.+ M. H. G. bige,a heap ot corn ;

Bile vi),secretion from the liver. (F. whence Ital. bica. 9\ l)istinct from bin,
"
L.'i F. bile. " l..bilis. L. bJlis is for thoughperhapsconfused wiih it.
*bislis,Ijrugm.i. " 877 cf. W. ; btisil. Binnacle, a box for
ship's a
compass.
ed. 4. ii.i 75 ;.
Bret, besti,bile (Fick, Der. I(Port. "
L.) A singular
corruption ot the
bili-ous. bittacle,
older word by confusion with bin,
Bile ,2),a boil. (E.) See Boil (2). a chest. Port, bitacola, "a bitlacle (i.e.
Bilge. (F." C.) A variant of biilge,binnacle)
; Vieyra. Cf. Span, bitacora,
which orig.meant the bottom of a the same.
ship'sF. habitacle, The Port, bitacola
hull ; whence (N. E. D.)-
bilge-water See stands for '^habitacola,
the first syllable
Bulge. beinglost. L. habitdculuin, a littledwell-
" ing,
Bill (i), sword.
a chopper, (E.) M. E. i.e. the ' frame of timber in the steer-
age
'

bil,sword, axe. A.S. sword, axe.

bill., of a shipwhere the compass stands
+ O. Sax. bil,O. H. G. bilL n. ; (cf.G. (Bailey).L. "
habitdre,
to dwell; frequent,
axe, f.). Teut. type '^biljom,
bille, n. of habere,to have.
bill (0, a bird's beak. ^E.) M. E. Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
bile. A S. bile (Teut.type ""biliz?).Allied From Lat. bin-i,two each ; ocul-us,
eye ;
to Bill;I). with suffix -dris.
Bill (.3),a writing,
account. (F. L.)
"
Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
A. F. bille. Late L. billa,a writing
"
; the From Late L. binomi-2is,equiv.to L.
dimin. is billeta, shewingthat billa
biillela, adj.having
binoviinis, two names ; with
is a corruptionof L. bulla,a papal bull, suffix -dlis. From L. bi-,two ; noinin-,
"c. ; see Bull (2). for nonien, a name.

billet (0, a note. (F.-L.) A. F. bil- Biography. (Gk.) A written ac- count

/(?//^. Late"
billetta,billeta,dimin. of
L. lite; from ^/o-,for /3/os,
of a life;
billa,
a writing; see Bill (3 above. and ypdipfiu,to write. The sb. /3to? is
Billet (2^, a log of wood. (F.) F. allied to Quick.
billetle,
billot,
a billet of wood. Dimin. biology. (Gk.) Science of life; from
of bille,
a log,stump. Originunknown. Gk. jSto-, life ; and
lor (3ios, -Koyia, a dis-
coursing,
billiards .
(L ) F
. .
billard ,
billard,a '
from A070J, a discourse.
or the stick wherewitli touch the ball
we Biped. (L.) L. biped-, stem of bipes,
at billyards
;
'
Cot. Formed with suffi.K two-looted ; from bi-,two ; pes, foot.
-ard from
(G. -hai't) bille,a log,stick, as Birch, a tree. tE.) M. E. birche.
above. A.S. birce,f.+G. birke,f."Teut. *birk.
Billion ; see Million. jon-. p. Also A.S. berc,beorc. '\-Dv..
c
49
 BIRD BIZARRE

Swed.
berk ; Icel. hjork, hjork, Dan. birk M. E. bite (2syll.). A. S. bita,a morsel.
(cf.North E. birk)."\"\\V.""berkd, f. Cf. From A. S. bit-,
weak grade of bitan, to
also O. Slav, hreza, Russ. bereza ; Lith.
bite.+Du. beef; Icel. hiti; Swed. bit;
berias. Also Skt. bhilrja,a kind of birch.
Dan. "^z^."Teut.type '^biton-, m.

Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being "bit (2),a curb for a horse. (E.) M. E.
; A. S. bridd, a. bird, esp. the
shifted) bitt. A. S. bite,m. a bite, " Teut.
a biting.

young of birds. type *bitiz, a bite; cf. bitol,a curb.-f-Du.

Biretta, a clerical cap. (Ital.L. " "

gebit; Icel. bitill (dimin.)
; Swed. bett ;
Gk.) Ital. beretta ; cf. Late
(Torriano) Dan. ^/^; G.gebiss.
orig.a scarlet cap. Late L.
L. birretiijH, " Bitch. (E.) yi.Y..biche,bicche.A. S.
birrus, burrus,reddish. See Bureau. ^/a".?.-|-Icel.
bikkja; ^%o gt-ey-baka.
Birth. (Scand.) M..Y.. burthe,birthe. Bite. (E.) yi.Y..biten. K.^. bltan.
Cf. Icel. burdr, m, ; Swed. bord, Dan. + Du. bijten ; Icel. bita ; Swed, bita ;
byrd, f. ( O. = Icel. byrd, "). + A. S. Dan. bide ; G. beissen. Teut. type *bitan-.
gebyrd,f. ; O. H. G. giburt ( G. ; Allied
gebiirt) to h.jfindere
(pt. to cleave
X.ftdi's, ;
Goth, gabanrths^f."Teut. *bHrdiz-^Idg.Skt. bhid,to cleave. (yBHEID.)
^bhrtis (Skt.bhrtis, f. nourishment).All bitter. (E.) W.Y.. biter. K.^. biter,
from the weak grade of V'BHER, to bitor,lit. ' biting.'A. S. bit-, weak grade "

bear. See Bear (i). of bitan, to bite.-f-Du.

bitter;Icel. bitr ;
Biscuit, a kind of cake. (F. L.) F. Swed., Dan., G. bitter. "

biscuit, lit.twice cooked. F. bis {L. bis), Bittern, a bird. (F.-Late

" L.) The
twice ; and ctcii, cooked, from L. coctum, n is added. M. E. botor, bitoure. F. "

ace. of coctus,pp. of coqiiere, to cook. butor, 'a bittor [bittern];' Cot. Prob.
Bisect. (L.) From L. bi-,short for named from its cry; cf. L. butire,btibere,
bis,twice; and sect-iini, supineof secdre, to cry like a bittern ; whence also L. butio,
to cut. said to mean '
bittern,' though the same
Bishop. (L. Gk.) A. S. biscop.
- L. word as biiteo,i.e. buzzard. -

episcopus.Gk. kviaKoTro^,
" a bishop; lit. Bitts, naval term. (Scand.?) The
'
overseer.' Gk. "vi,upon;
"
OKoitus, one bitts are two strong posts on deck to
that watches, from okott-, ^-gradeof OKtrr-, which cables are fastened. Prob. from
as in oKfiT-TOfjiai, I Icel. biti,
spy, a overlook.
bit,mouthful (see Bit (i)); See
Species. also,a cross-beam in a house ; a thwart
Bisimith, a metal. (G.) G. bismuth; (L. transtruin) in a ship. [F.bites, bitts
also spelttvismut, -wissmut,-wissi/iiiih. (see Cot.), Span, bitas,may have been
Originunknown. borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. kiting,
Bison, a quadruped. (L. Teut.) L. a cable for holdinga ship,from biltan,
"

bison (Plinyi ; Late Gk. ^lacuv. Not a L. to restrain, curb, equivalent (in form) to
word, but borrowed from Teutonic ; Icel. beita ; see Bait. Also Swed, beting,
O. H. G. wisunt, G. wisent, a bison ; a bitt,whence betingbult, a bitt-bolt,bitt-
A. S. weosend, a wild pin; Dan. beding: used also on land for
ox ; Icel. ziTstindr.
See O. H. G. -tvisunt in Schade. tethering horses,as in .Swed. betingbult^a

Bissextile, a name forleap-year.peg for tethering,from beta,to pasture,bait.

(L.) Late L. bissextllis annus, bissextile Bitumen. (L.) L. bitumen, mineral
year. L. bissextus,
" a n intercalaryday; so pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. " 663.
merly Bivalve.
called because the intercalated day (for- (P\ L.) From Bi- and "

Feb. 24) was called the sixth of Valve.

the calends of March; there being thus Bivouac. (F. G.) F. bivouac,orig. "

two days with the same name. L. bis, bivac Swis?, G. beiivacht,
an additional
" "

twice ; sextus,sixth,
from sex, six. watch at night (Stalder); cf. bei-geben,
Bissou, purblind.(E.) In Sh. M. E. to add. " G. bei, in addition ; ivacht,a
bisen. O. Northumb. bisen, blind (Matt, watch, from wachen, to wake. See "Wake
ix. 28). Originunknown. (I'l.Cf. G. beiw ache.
Bistre, a dark brown. (F.-G.?) F. Span.) Y. bi-
Bizarre, zarre, odd. (F. "

' valiant.'
a dark
bistre, brown. Perhapsfrom prov. strange,capricious; orig.
G. bicster,dark, gloomy, also bistre (Flii- valiant,gallant.Perhaps
Span."5'/3"7-r"", "

gel). of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra,a

Bit (i),a mouthful, i-mall piece. (E.) beard. Cf. Span,hombre de bigote, a man

50
 BLAB BLAZON
*
of spirit
; where bigot
e means tache.'
mous- blanch, white. Nasalised form from
O. H. G.
blah,shining;cf. Gk. (pXoy-eos,
to telltales. (E.)
Blab, M. E. blahhe, flaming,
shining,from "p\(y-(iv,
to shine.
a tell-tale; blaberen,to babble. Cf. Dan. blanket. \f.-O.H.G.) Orig.ofa
blabbre,to babble ; Dan. dial, blaffre, G. jwhite colour. M. E. blanket. A. F. blan-
ket "

plappern, to babble, prate. Of imitative ,

dimin. from blanc,white;
(F.blanchet),
origin a soft noise
; cf.Gael. /"/ab, ; plabair,
I see above.
a babbler ; blabara/i,
a stammerer, blabli- j Blare, to make a loud noise. (E.)
dach, babbling,
garrulous. M. E. blarett. Cf. Du. blaren,Low G.
Black. (E.) Vi."..blak. K.^.blac, blarren,to bleat; M. H.G. bleren,bler-
bl(2c [which editors have often confused 7-en {(^.pldrren^,to bleat,blubber. Prob.
with blceCybright,shining].Cf. Icel. imitative,like bleat;but cf Blaze (2).
blakkr. dark ; also A. S. bIcBC,
Low G. blak,\ Blason ; see Blazon.
O.H. G. blach, Icel. blek,Swed. bleck, Dan. ! Blaspheme, to speakinjuriously.(L.
blczk,all meaning ' ink.' Connexion with Gk.) L. blasphemdre.Gk. P\a"T(pT]- '
"
"

Du. blaken, to scorch, is doubtful. fxeiv, to speakill of Gk. /BKdacpijfxos,

adj., "

blackguard, a term of
reproach.(E. speakingevil. Gk. /3AaCT-, for *l3\afi"s-, "

afid F.) Jh'rom black and

gitard.A name i.e. hurtful (cf ^\d/3-i].hurt); and (prjfxi,
I
given to scullions,turnspits, and kitchen say : see Fame. Bnigm. i. " 744.
menials, from the dirtywork done by Blast, a blowing. (E.) M.E. blast.
them. See Trench,Select Glossary. A.S. bli^st, a. blowing; cf. Icel. bldstr, a

Bladder. (E.) M. E. bladdre. A. S. breath, blast of a trumpet ; O. H. G. blast.

bladdre^ blMre^ a blister,bladder (lit.Formed with Idg.suffix to- from the old
blowing out).+Du. blaaj- [Icel. bla6raX\ ; base of Blaze (2).
O. H. G. bldiara (G. blatter). Teut. type Blatant, noisy, roaring.(E.) Spenser
*bl^drdn-,wk. fern. From Teut. stem has '"blatant beast'; F. Q. vi. 12 (head-
ing)
*bla-,to blow (seeBlow (i)); with suffix ; also blattant, id. vi. i. 7. Prob.
-d}-dn similar to Gk. -Tpd ^cf.
x^'^P^"
^ pot). imitative. Cf Lowl. Sc. blad, to abuse ;
Blade, a leaf,flat of a sword. (E.) blatter,a rattling noise ; G. platz,a crash.

M.E. blade. A. S. bleed,a leaf.+Icel. Blay, a bleak (fish '. (E.) A.S. blage.
blad,Swed., Dan., Du. blad,a leaf,blade; + I)u. blei; G. hleihe.
G. blatt. Teut. type *bla-doni,
neut., with Blaze (i),a flame. (E.) M. E, blase.
sense of 'blown,' i.e. 'flourishing;'
pp. A. S. blcEse,
a flame, in comp. bdl blcese,
form (with suffix Idg. -to-)from a brightlight;blcese,
-do- =-" f. a torch ;" Teut.
V-BHLO. See Blow (2). type * blason. Cf M. H. G. bias, a torch ;
'
Blaeberry, Bleaberry, a bilberry.also G. bldsse,Icel. blest,a blaze or '

(Scand.and E.) From North E. blae, white mark on a horse, Swed. bids, the
livid,dark ; and berry. The form blae is same.
from Icel. bld-r,livid ; see under Blue. Blaze (2),to proclaim,noise abroad.
Blain, a pustule.(E.) M. E. blein. (Scand.) Mark i. 45. M. E. blasen. "

A. S. blegcn, a boil. + Du. blein ; Dan. Icel. bldsa, to blow, blow a trumpet, sound

bles,n. an alarm ; Swed. blasa, to sound ; Dan.

Blame, (F.-L. vb. -Gk.) M.E. blcBse,Du. blazett,to blow a trumpet ; G.
blamen. blasmer, to blame.
" O. F. L. " blasen. Also Goth, nf-blesan, puffup. to
also to blame.
to speak ill,
blasphevidre, ""Teut. type *bl"s-an-,to blow; whence
Gk. ^\ao(pi]fi"iv
"
; see Blaspheme. A.S. bl"st,E. blast. Much confused with
Blanch i).to whiten. (F.-O. H.G.) blazon.
From F. blanchir, to whiten. F. blanc, Blazon (i),Blason, " a proclamation.
white ; see Blank below. Hamlet, i. 5.Son. 106.
21 ; Shak.
A cor-
ruption
Blanch (2),the
same as Blencli. from Blaze (2), M.E. blasen,to
Bland. L. blandus, mild.
vL.^ proclaim; due to confusion w ith Blazon
blandish, to flatter. (F.-L.) M. E. (2)below.
blandisen. O. F. blafidis-,
" stem of pres. Blazon (2),to j^ourtrayarmorial bear-
ings.
part of blandir,to flatter. L. blandlri,to " (F.) M. E. blason,blasoun, a shield;
caress. " L. blafidtis,bland. whence blazon,verb, to describe a shield.
Blank, white. (F. O. H. G.) In
- F. blason,a. coat of arms, orig.
" a shield
Milton,P. L. X. 656.-F. blanc.~0. H. G. (Brachet). Cf. Span, blason, heraldry,
51
 BLEABERRY BLISS

blazonry,glory,hacer blason,to blazon, A. S. and Goth, blandan, str. redupl. vb.,

blasonar,to blazon, brag,boast; suggest-
ing O. H. G. blantan, to mix.
a (very doubtful)connexion with G. Bless, to consecrate, "c. (E.) The
blasen,to blow the trumpet, as done by orig.sense may have been to consecrate *

heralds,to proclaima victor's fame ; see by blood,'i.e. either by sacrifice or by the

Blaze (2)above. (SeeScheler.)Or if the sprinklingof blood, as the word can be
orig.sense was a brightmark on a shield, clearlytraced back to blood. M. E. blessen,
it is allied to Blaze (i). A. S. bletsian,O. Northumb. bledsia,bloed-
Bleaberry ; see Blaeberry. sia 34, xxvi. 26), which
(Matt. xxv. can
'
Bleach. (E.) Orig. to whiten ; M. E. '
be from
explained blod,b]ood,withthe usual
blechen,Ancren Riwle, p. 324, 1. i. A. S. vowel-changefrom 0 to oe or e. Teut. type
bWecan. A. S, bide,shinmg, bright,pale. *blddisdn. Cf. bleed. (Suggested
"
by Sweet ;
See bleak below. + Icel. bleikja
; Du. Anglia,iii.156.)
bleeken ; G. hleicheti; "Teut. *blaikjan-. Blight. (E.) XVII cent. Of unknown
bleak (1)5o^ig.pale.(Scand.) M. E. origin; perhapsfrom A. S. ^blihf,O. Merc.
bleik. Icel. bleikr,pale; Swed.
" blek ; ^bleht,exactlyanswering to Icel. blettr,a

Dan. bleg.-^K. S. bide ; Du. bleek ; (i. spot, stain.

bleieh. Teut. type ^blaikoz. From *blaik-, Blind. (E.) A. S. blind.-\-V"\\.
blind;
strong grade of Teut. *bleikati- (A. S. Icel. bluidr ; Svv.,Dan., G. blind \",TtXii.
blican),to shine. type '^blindoz 'Jdg.base *bhlendh-). Cf.
bleak (2),a fish. (Scand.) From its Lith. blesii-s (3 pr. s. to become
blendzia-s),
palecolour. dim of the sun).
(

Blear-eyed, having watery, inflamed, blindfold, vb. (E.) M. E. blind-

or dim eyes. (E.) M. E. bleer-eyed.
folden, verb (Tyndale); corruptionof
Cognate with Low G. blear-
blarr-oged, blindfelden (Palsgrave), where the d is
eyed ; cf. blarr-oge,
an eye wet with tears, excrescent. The true word is blindfellen^
'
from blarren,to howl, weep ; which seems to '
fell or strike
blind,Ancren Riwle, p.
to be allied to E. blare. 106. " A.S. blind,blind; 3.n6.fellan,to
Bleat. (E.) M. E. blete7t. A. S. bh%- stvike ; see Fell.
tan, bletan, to bleat as a sheep.
buff; see Buff.
+ Du. Blindman's
blaten ; O. H. G. pldzan. Cf. Russ. ble-
Blink, to wink, to glance.(E.) M. E.
jate,to bleat ; 'L.Jlere,to weep. blenken,to shine,to glance; whence mod.
Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister. E. blink,by change of en to in, as in
(E.) Cf. M. E. blober,a bubble on water ; many words. Allied to A. S. blane,white
blubber,a bubble. By comparingblabber,(as in blanc-a, cognate with
a white horse"),

blubber, havingmuch the same

with bubble^ O. H. G. blaneh, M. H. G. blanc ; see

meaning,we see the that they Blank.

probability Cf. Du., G. blinken, Swed.
are imitative,from of forming blinka. Dan. blinke,all late forms; and
the action
a bubble with the lips. to shine.
A. S. blican,
Bleed. (E.) U.Y.. bkden. A.S.b/e- Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
dan, formed (by mutation of o to e) from Blister. (F.-Teut.) "^l.Y..blester,
A. S. bldd,blood. " Teut. type '^blodjan-, to blister. (Not found before 1300.) O. F. "

lose blood "Icel. blc2)a. blestre, tumeur,' Godefroy. Of Teut. '"

Blemish, to stain. (F.) M. E. ble- origin; cf. Icel. bldstr (dat. bliestri), a

misshen. O. F. bleinis-,
" stem of pres. part. blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
of blemir, blesmir,to wound, stain,make F'rom the notion of blowing out.
pale. O. F. bleme, blesme,wan, pale. Of
" Blithe. (E.) M. E. blithe. A. S.
unknown origin. blide,sweet, happy.+ O. Sax. blidi,bright,
Blench, to shrink from. (E.) M. E. glad; Du. blij'de, blij; lce\. blTdr; Swed.,
blenchen, to avoid, elude. A.S. blencan, Dan. blid; O. H. G. blTdi,glad; Goth.
to deceive ; as if from a Teut. type *blank- bleit/is,merciful,kind.
jan-,causal of '^blinkan-,to blink. But bliss. (E.) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
proofis wanting. bliss ; contr. from A. S. blFds,happiness,
Blend, to mix together. (Scand.)lit. blitheness. A. S. blide (above).+
"

M. E. blenden. Due to blend-, base of the O. Sax. blJzza,blidsea,happiness.Teut.

pres. indie, of Icel. blanda ^Swed. blanda, stem '^blTdsid, with 5-"/, the suffix being
Dan. blande),to blend ; cognate with -tidf as in L. laeti-tia.

52
 BLUNT BOHEA

i. e.'a gun on a rest.' Apparentlyfrom short for aborde,used by Palsgrave.F. "

L. plantdre,to plant(seePlant); and aborder, ' to approach,accost, abboord,

'
Du. bus, a gun, orig.a box, barrel;see or lay aboord ; Cot. F. a, to (L. ad) ; -

Box (i}. But the corresponding

Du. word bord^ edge, brim, side of a ship,from
is donderhtts,i.e. thunder-gun. Icel. borQ,Du. boord,side of a ship. See
Blunt, dull. (Scand.?) ^l.Y.. blunt, Board (i).
blont,dull, dulled. Origin unknown; Boast. (F.) M. E. bost. [W. bost,
perhaps allied to Icel. hhinda, Dan. Corn, bost,Irish and Gael, bosd, are all
blimde, to sleep,doze ; see Blunder. borrowed from E.] From A. F. bost^a
Slur, to stain : a stain. (Scand.?) boast, Prob. from Norw. bausta, to act
'
Properly to dim ; metaphorically,to
* *
with violence,
baust,boastfully (Ross). Cf.
deceive.' We find: 'A (^/zrr^, deceptio; E. Fries, busen,to be boisterous.
to fallere ;
blh-7'e,
'
Levins (1570). Of Boat. (E.) M, E, boot. A, S, bat.
uncertain origin. Cf Cf. Icel.i^^/r ; Swed. ^a/; Du. boot; Russ.
Swed. dial, blura,
to blink,partiallyclose the eyes ; Swed. bot' ; W. bad; Gael, bdta,a boat. p.The
plira,Swed. dial, blira,to blink ; blirra Icel. word is borrowed from A. S. ; and
fojraugtt, to quiver(be dim) before the the other forms either from E. or Icel.
eyes, said of a haze caused by heat ; Teut. type *baztoz, m,
Bavarian plerr,a mist before the eyes. boat-swain. (E.) Lit. 'boat-lad;'
Blurt, to utter impulsively. (E.) Icel. sveinn, a lad (
szvdn). = A. S.
Lowl. Sc. to make
blirt, a noise in weep-
ing; Bob,
Perhapsimitative.
to jerk. (E.)
cf. M. E. bleren,to Bobbin, a wooden pin on which thread
make a loud
noise,to blare. Of imitative origin. is wound ; round tape. (F,) Formerly
Blush. (E.) W.IL bhischen,blusshen, bobin. Y. bobine,*a quilfor a spinning "

'
to glow. A. S. blyscau, used to translate wheele, a skane ; Cot. Orig.unknown.
L. rtifildre, to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355) ; Bode, to foreshew. (E.) M, E. boden,
cf. dblysiaii, dblisian, to blush ; from A. S. bodian. A. S. bodian, to announce." A. S. "

blys in bcel-blys, lit. 'a fire-blaze.'-J- Du. boda,a messenger ; bod, a message. From
blozen,to blush,from bios,a blush ; Dan. bod-,weak grade of beodan, to command,
blusse, to flame,glow, from bins,a torch ; announce. See Bid (2 '1.
Swed. blossa,to blaze,from bloss, a torch. Bodice, stays. (E.) A corruption of
From Teut. root *bleus, to glow. bodies (pi.of body),which was the old
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt- less spelling.(Cf.F. corset, from corps^
associated in idea with blast (Icel. Bodkin, orig. a small dagger. (?)
bldstr,Swed. blast).Cf. E. Fries, blils- M. E. boydekin,Ch. Originunknown.
iern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind) ; Body, the frame of an animal. (E.)
bluster,bliiser, a breeze; bliisen^ to blow M. E, bodi; A. S. bodtg.-{-0. H, G. potach.
strongly ; bliise, wind. Boer ; the same as Boor,
Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa Bogf. (C.) Irish bogach,a bog,from
(Pliny) ; perhapsallied to bos,an ox ; from bog,soft;cf. Irish bogai?n,I shake; a bog
its size. being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
Boar, an (E.)animal. Isl.lL.boi'e,
boor. bogan,a quagmire;bog,soft,moist; bog^
A. S. bdr.-\-Dn. beer; M. H. G. ber. to soften,also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
Teut. tvpe *bairoz,
m. bocc,soft.
Board (I). (E.) m.-E. bord. A.S. Boggard, Boggart, a spectre, (C, ;
bord, board, side of a ship,shield. 4- Du. with ". stiffix.)l*'rom bog, variant of
boord ; Icel. bo?-d,
plank,side of a ship; G. Bug (i);with suffix -ard, -art {".-ard
bord; Goth, -baurd \n fotubaurd,a foot-stool. as in bast-ard). See below.
Cf. Irish,Gael., W., and Corn. Boggle, to start aside,swerve for fear.
bord, a board (from E.). Teut. type (C?) I'rob. coined from prov. E. boggle,
'
*bordom,n. % The sense side of a ship '
bogle,a spectre. Cf. \V. bwg, a goblin;
explainsstar-board,lai'-board, on board,^yg^l-, a scarecrow ; bwgwl, a threat,
over-boa7'd. board, to have meals as bygylu,to threaten; bwgwth, to scare.
Der.
a lodger ; from board, a table. See Bug (0.
Iboard (2),to go on board a ship,to Bohea, a kind of tea. (Chinese,) So
accost. (F. Teut.) The sb. board x?, E., named from the Bohea hills;the moun-
" tain

but the speltborde,bord,is

verb,formerly called Boti-y(orWti-i)is situated in

54
 BOIL BOOBY

the provinceof Fokien or Fukiati,on the L. boltts (not L. bohis),

a Latinised form
S. E. coast of China. of Gk. /SoiAoj,a clod,lump.

Boil (i),to bubble up. (F.-L.) O. F. Bomb, a shell for cannon. (F.or Span.
boillir, '^'L. btilltre,
to boil (F. bouillir). to L. Gk.) F. bombe ; Span.boi?iba. L. " " "

bubble up, boil. L. bulla,a bubble; see

" bombus, a humming noise. Gk. PofifioSf "

Bull (2). Cf. Norman F. boillir, to the same. See Boom (1).
boil. bombard. (F. L. Gk .) Th e verb - -

Boil (2),a small tumour. (E.) Prov. is from E. bovibaid,a great gun ; Sh. F. "

E. bile ; proh. nffected by boil{i). M. E. botubarde, a cannon ; extended from F.

byle. A. S. byl,a boil, swelling. -|-Dn. bombe ; see Bomb. Der. bonibard-ier,F.
bull',G. beule Cf. Goth, ufhauljan, to bombardier (Cot.).
puffup ; Icel. beyla,a hump (withtion).
muta- Bombast, orig.cotton wadding; hence
See Bowl (2). padding, aflectcd language. (F. L.- "

Boisterous. (F.") Lengthened from Gk.) From O. F. bombace (with added t),
M. K. boistoiis,Ch. ; lit.'noisy.' Boistous cotton wadding. Late L. bonibdcem,ace.
"

is formed, with O. F. suffix -ous^ from of bombax, cotton ; for L. bombyx. " Gk.
Norw. baicst-a,to act with violence ; like silk,cotton
Bofifiv^, ; orig.a silkworm.
cloister from Norw.
L. claiistrum. Cf. Cf '
to talk fzistian.*
; baiiSjblustering.
bmtst,boastfully See bombazine, bombasine, a fabric
Boast. of silk and worsted. (P\ L. Gk.) F. " "

Bold. bold, bald; AS.

(E.) M.E. " bom-
boffibasin. l.^ie L. boiiibdcimim. 'L,. "

ballr; Du. boud ;

beald,bald,balJ".-\-\ct\. byciniis, adj. silken; from bombyx^ silk;
O. H.G. bald', cf. Goth, balthaba,adv., see above.
boldly. Teut. type *balJ)oz. Bond. (E.) See Band (i).
Bole, stem of a tree. (Scand.) M.E. Bondage, servitude. Scand.) {V .
"

bole."Icel. bolr. bulr,the trunk of a tree, M. E. and A. F. bondage,servitude ; the

stem; Swed. bal \ Dan. bul. Cf. Gk. sense beingdue to confusion with the verb
ipd\-ay^, log,trunk. a Cf. Balk
(i\ to bind. But it orig.meant the condition
Boiled, swollen. (Scand.) Earlier of a bondman, called in A. S. bonda, a
forms are M. E. bolleu, pp., and bolned, word borrowed from Icel. bondi, a hus-
bandman.
pp. The latter is the pp. of M.E. bolnen, And bondi^bilandi, a tiller;
to swell. " Dan. bulne, Swed.
from bulna, Icel. Icel. biia,to till, prepare, cognate
bclgna,to swell, inchoative forms from with A. S. bfian,to dwell,and G. bauen.
wk. grade of belg-(cf.Icel. belgja,to in-
flate).
Thus A. S. bonda is allied in sense and
Cf. A. S. originto E. boor,q. v.
bclgan (pp. bolgeti),
to
swell with anger. Billow. Bone.
See Bellows, (E.) M.E. boon; A.S. ban.
Bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster,with suffix + Du. been ; Icel, bein ; Swed. ben; Dan.
"ster as in holster. From its round shape. been ; O. PI. G. bein. T(ut, type ^bainom,
-^Tiw. bolster, bulstcr \ Icel. bolstr \ O. bonfire. (E.) Orig. a bone-fire.
'
H. bolstar (G. polster). Teut.
G. type
'
Bane-Jire,ignis ossium ; Catholicon
*bul-stroz;from Teut. *lml,weak grade Anglicanum, A. d. 1483; where bane is
of *beul,to puffup. See Boil (2). (See the Northern form oi bone. Cf Picard/w
Franck.) d'os,a bonfire.
Bolt (1)5^stout pin of iron,an arrow. Bonito, a kind of tunny. (Span."
(E.) A. S. bout,formerly
bolt.-^Dxx. boll ; Arab.) Span, bonito. Arab.
baytiJth, "

E)an. bolt;G. bolz,bolzen. Root unknown. a bonito.

Bolt ' 2),Bonlt, to sift meal. (F. Bonnet. (F.) Y. bonnet; O. F. bonet
-

L. Gk.)
"

Spelt boiilte \\\ Palsgrave." (a. D. 1047),the name of a stuff of which

O. F. btilier;mod. F. blnter; oldest form bonnets or caps were made. Origin
buleter,a corruptionof ^biireter.to sift unknown.
through coarse cloth; cf M. Ital. btirat- Bonny, fair. (F. L.) From F. bonne^ "

tare, to boult (Florio). O. F. and F. fair,fem. of bon, good. L. bonus, good;

" "

bare,coarse woollen cloth. " Late Lat. O. L. duonus.

bura, burra, coarse red cloth. " Lat. Bonze, priest. (Fort. Japanese.)
a "

burrus, reddish. " Gk.

irvppos, reddish." Port, bonzo. bonzo, a religic)us
lzip. " man.

Gk. TTvp, fire. See Bureau and Fire. Booby. (Span. L.) Span, bobo^ a "

Bolus, a largepill.(L.-Gk.) Late blockhead, booby (relatedto F. baube^

65
 BOOK BOTANY

stammering). " L. balbiis,stammering ;

Du. bate, Du. buit; cf. Icel. byti, - M.
hence, stupid. bytte,Swed. byte,exchange,barter, Dan.
Book. (E.) M. E. book; A. .S.boc,a booty,spoil; G. bente,spoil. also
book ; also, a beech-tree. The orig. Borage. (F^- Span.-Arab.) merly
For-
'
'
books were piecesof writingscratched bourage. F. bourrache. Span. " "

on a beechen board. -f-Du.boek ; Icel. bok; borraja. Kxzh. abu rashh, lit.'father of "

'
Swed. bok; Dan. bog; G. buck ; all in the sweat ; because it is a sudorific.
'
sense of * book ; Goth, boka,a letter, pi. Borax. (Low L. Arab. Pers.) Low " "

bokos, writings,p.With A.S. boc,beech,cf. L. borax ; also boracutn. Arab, burdq. " "

L. fdgns,a beech,Gk. (prjyos,a tree with Pers. bilrah, borax (Vullers).

edible fruit. Border, an edge. (F. -Low L. "

Boom, (i),to hum, (E.) M. E. bom- Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordetire. O.Y. "

vieii; not found in A. S.-f-Du.bo??ime}t, bordeure (Span,bordadiird), an edging. "

to boom, to give out a hollow sound like Low L. borddtura,edging. Low L. bor- "

an empty barrel. An imitative word ; dd?'e (Ital.bordare, Span, bordar, F".

like L. bojnbiis, Gk. Pu/xPos,a humming. border),to edge. Low L. bordus (F. "

Boom (2\ a pole. (,Du.) Du. boom ; /'^rc/j. Teut. (O. Low G.) bord,side; see "

the Du. of Beam. form

(i\ Board.
a wooden
Boom.erail^, missile weapon. Bore (i),to perforate.
(E.) M. E.
(Australian.)
l^rom the native Australian Icel. borien,A.S. borian.'\-T)w..
boren;
name. (^^rr^:; Dan. ^^r^; G. bohren. bora; Swed.
Boon (i),a petition.(Scand.) M. E. Also l^./ordre, to bore ; Gk. "f)apd"iv,to

bone,Ch. Icel. bou ; Dan. and Svved./w;, plough. Brugm. i. " 510.
"
(y'BHER,
a + A. S. boen, ben (whence bene
petition. to cut.)
in Wordsworth). The sense of 'favour' bore(2),to worry. (E.) Possibly a

arose from coniusion with Boon (2;. metaph.use of the verb above ; Hen. VIII,
Boon (2),good. (F. L.) In the phr. " i. I. 128.
*
boon companion.' F. bon, good. L. " " Bore (3),a tidal surge in a river.
bomts. See Bonny. (Scand.?) Perhaps from Icel. bdra, a

Boor, a peasant. (Du.) Du. boei;a billow caused by wind ; Norw. baara, a

peasant, lit. 'tiller of the soil.' " Du. billow,swell in the sea.
botrcuen,to till.+ A. S. bfian,to dwell in, Boreas, the north wind. (L. Gk.) "

whence gebfir, s., peasant (onlypreserved

a L. Boreas. "^Gk. Bopias,Boppds,the N.
in neigh-bour).So also G. bauen, to till,wind.
whence bauer,a peasant; Icel. biia,Goth. Borough. (E.) M. E. burgh,borgh.;
bauan, to dwell. Teut. stem '^bii-, related also boriue. A. S. burh, burg (gen. and
to Be. (Streitberg, " 90.) dat. byrig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
Boot (i),advantage, (E.) M. E. burg-,weak grade of '^bergan-,
profit. to tect
pro-
bote,boot. A.S. bot, profit.
-f-Du. boetc ; ; whence Goth, bah'gan, hide,keep ;
t o
Icel. bot (cf. bati),advantage,cure; Dan. see Barrow. + l^u. bu7'g; Icel. borg;
bod,Swed. bot,remedy ; G. busse, atone-ment Swed. and Dan. borg; G. burg; Goth.
; Goth. bota. Teut. type *bdta,f. baurgs. See below. Brugm. i. " 566 ; ii.
From bot-,strong grade of bat-; see " 160.
Better. Der. boot-less,profitless. borrow. (E.) M. E. borwen ; A. S.
Boot (2), a coveringfor the foot. (F.) borgian, l it.to give a pledge. A. S. borg, "

M. E. bote. O. F. bote{Y. botte)

- : cf. Span., bo7'h, a pledge. A.S. /^^;'^-, weak grade "

Port.,Late L. bota. Origin unknown. of beorgan,to keep, protect ; see row

Bar-
Booth. (Scand.) M. E. bothe. - M. and Borough.
Dan. both (Kalkar),Dan. bod \ Swed. bod Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom. A. S.
{cL Icel. bHd,2i dwelling,booth). " Dan. boezem; G. biisen.
bdst"i.'^\X\.
boe, Swed. bo, Icel. bua, to dwell ; see Boss, a knob. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E.
Boor. -|-G. bude, a stall. Teut. type boce,bos. O. F. boce (F. bosse)
"
; cf. Ital.
*buj)d,f. Cf. also Irish both, a hut, bozza, a swelling ; M. Ital. bozzare, to
W. bdd, a residence ; Lith. btita,
bnttas. rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. from O. H.
a house. See Build. G bozan, to beat ; a bump being the
Booty. (F. "
LowG.) Formerlyspelt effect of a blow. Cf. botch,beat.
butin. " Y. butm, 'a booty, prey;' Cot. Botany. (F. "
Gk.) F. botam'que,
56
 BOTARGO BOURD

orig.an adj. Gk. PoraviKos, belonging 6o/i ; of which the orig.sense was
"

, . ^ . ,- r, , , ^
'an
to plants. Gk. /Sotclvt],
"
grass. Gk. arm.' + Icel. bogr,Swed. bog, Dan.
" bov,
l36aK"Lv,to pasture; cf. /Soto;/,
a grazing the shoulder of an animal,hence the bow
animal. of
(shoulder) a ship; G. bttg;Gk. Tr^x^'^r
SotargO, a of the roe of the the fore-arm ; Skt. bdhns,the arm.
cake made Teut.
(Ital.Arab.
sea-mullet. M.Ital. botargo,type *bdgi"z;
"
'
Idg. type *bhdghus. See
pi.botarghe
; see Florio and Torriano. Bow (4). Bnigm. i. " 184. "

Arab, butarkha, botargo; givenby Devic. Bought, a bend, turn, fold. (Low G.)
Supposed to be composed of bzi,Coptic In Spenser. F. Q. i. I. 15. Low G. bj4gt,
def. article,and Gk. rapixos, dried fish a bend; Du. ^^^/,bocht', Dan. btfg/. Cf.
(Journ. des Savants,Jan.1848, p. 45). G. btic/i/. The E. form is Bight. And
Botch (i), to patch. (E.) Origin see Bout.
unknown. Similar is M. Du. butsen, to Boulder, a largestone. (E.?) Etym.
strike,beat, also to patchup ; cf. Du. obscure; cf. Swed. dial. bul/ersUen,a
botsen,to beat. large rollingstone; so calltd from its
Botch (2), a G.) rolling down
swelling. (F. stream with a crash.
" Swed. "

M. \i. boche. O. North F. boche ; Picard

" bu//ra, to thunder, roar ; and s^een, a
a swelling;
boche ; O. F. boce (Y .bosse), see stone. Danish has bnldre,to roar, bulder,
Boss. a crash.
Both. (Scand.) M.E. bdpe, Scot. Boult, to sift meal ; see Bolt (2).
/'azM. " Icel. bddir, both, dual adj.; Dan. Bounce, to jump up quickly. (E )
baade\ Swed. bada.'\-G.beide. And cf. M. E. bunsen, to beat. Cf. Low G. btin-
A. S. bd,boih ; Lat. -bo in affibo; Gk. -(/w \ sen, to beat,knock at a door; Du. bonzeti,
; Skt. -b/ia in u-b/ia,
in dfx-(pa; both. Iccl. to bounce, throw, from Du. bons,a bounce,
-Ozr is for Set'r, they, the; so that bo-f/i thump; G. bumps, bounce; Icel. bops.
'
was orig. two words ; cf. Goth, ba^oskipa, bump ! Prob. imitative.
both the ships(Luke v. 7). Bound
(i), to leap. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Bother, vb. and sb. (E.) In Swift. Cf. F.
bondir,\.Qbound; but orig.to resound.
pother;prov. E./z^^^/^r,confusion ; M.E. L. bombitdre,to resound. "L.
" bombns,
piitheren,to bestir oneself. Originun-
known. a humming sound. Gk. {So/jPos,
the same. "

Der. re-bound (F. rebondir).

BotS, small worms. (E.) Lowl. Sc. Bound (2), a boundary. (F. C?) "

bats. Of unknown origin. M. E. botmde, Ch. ; with excrescent d, as

Bottle (0. hollow^ vessel. (F." in soun-d. A. F. bounde, bunde; O. F.
Late L. -
Gk.) M. E. botel. F. bouteille. -
bonne,a boundary; also speltbodne (Bur-
Late Lat. biiticula, double dimin. of guy); Late Lat. bodina cuntr. form ,

Late L. btitis,
biittis,
a cask,a butt; |bon^id),
seea bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
Butt (2). origin ; Thurneysen, 91. Der. bonnd-ary.
Bottle (2),a bundle of hav.
^
(F." Bound (3),readyto go. (Scand.) In
O. H. G. ) M. E. botel. O. - Y. botel,bot- the ship is bound '
for Spain,'"c.
elle,a small bundle, dimin. of botte, a Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E.
bundle, as of hay. O. H. G. bozo,a bundle
"
boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. ^'^^\. ~

of straw or flax ; allied to O. H. G. bozan, buinn, prepared ; pp. of bila,

to till,
pre-
pare.
to beat (see Beat); perhaps from the A. S. buan ; ?ee Boor.
-f-
beatingof flax. Bounden, th^^ old pp. of Bind. (E.)
Bottom. M. E. botiiDi,
(E.) bothovi. As in ' bounden duty.'
A. S. botvi.-^-ijxx.
bodem ; Icel.botn ; Swed. Bounty, orig. goodness. (F. L."^ "

botten;Dan. bund; G.boden; 'Lal.ftaidtis; M. E. bountee. O. F. bontet. L. ace. " "

Gk. Trv6fj,T)v
; Vedic Skt. Inidhna,depth, bonitdtem, from bonitds, goodness. L. "

ground. Allied to Irish bonn, sole of the bonus, good. See Bonny.
foot; Gael, bonn, sole,bottom; \^ bon, Bouquet. (F. LateL.) Y. bouquet;
.
"

base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm. O. F. bosquet, orig.' a littlewood,' dimin.

i. "" 103, 704. of O. F. bos (F. bois , a wood. Late L. "

Boudoir. (F.) F. botidoir,a privateboscum, busciun, ace. of boscus, buscus,a

room for a lady; lit.a placeto sulk in. wood ; of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
"

F. bonder., to sulk. Cf. E. pout. Eourd, a jest; to jest. (F.) M. E.

Bough. (E.) M. E. botigh.A. S. bog, bourdc, sb. ; bourden, v. " F. bourde, a
57
 BOURN BRACELET

game ; boiirder,to play. Of unknown M. E. boHe. A.S. bolla; from its round
origin. (Not as in
Diez.) form. + Du. bol,ball ; Icel. bolli,O. H. G.
Bourn (0? ^ boundary. (F.) In Sh. bolla,bowl (G. belle). From Teut. *bul-,
F. borne, a bound ; for O. F. bodne, weak
"
grade of * be ill-,
to swell ; cf. Goth.
variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary ; see uf-baulj'an,
to puffup. See Boil (2).
Bound (2). Bow-line. (Scand.) N'ot so called
Bourn (2),Burn, a stream. (E.) because it keeps a sail bowed (forit rather
M. L. bourne.
burna, a fountain, keeps it straight),
A.S. but because fastened to
brunnr; Swed. brunn ; the ship's
stream, well.+Icel. bow. Norw. and " Swed. bog-
Dan. brand; G. brunnen ; Goth, brunna, Una, bow-line, from bog,bow of a ship;
a well.
spring, Du. from
boeglijn, boeg,bow. For the
Bouse, Bouze, Boose, to drink pronunciation, cf. bow-sprit.See Bow (4)
deeply. (Du.) h,i.Y..bousen {lih.
I'^oo).and Line.
" M. Du.
^bfisen,later buyzett,
to drink Bow-window; see Bow (i).
deeply. Du. biise
" M.
(Latinisedas biisa Box (i),the name of a tree. (L. "
Gk.)
by Erasmus),buyse, large cup, also a
a M. E. box; A.S. box.
\.2X. btixus, the "

tap, a conduit (Kilian) ; Du. bids,a duit,

con- box-tree. Gk. ttv^os,
" the box-tree.
pipe. Cf O. F. buse, a conduit ; box (2),a chest or case to put things
G. bausen, to bouse. in.(L. -

Gk.) M. E. box ; A. S. box. - L.

Bout, a turn, a (Low round, occasion.
anything made of box-wood; buxum,
G.) The same as Bought (above); prob. hence, a box. Lat. buxus, the box-tree. "

influenced by about. (Hence a box at a theatre ; a shooting-Zicx;

Bow (i),to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen, a Christmas box or present; "c.) Cf.
bogen,biigen.A. S. 3/7^a". + Du. buigen; Pyx.
O. H. G. biogan; Goth, bitigan; Teut. Box (3),to fightwith fists; a blow.
type *beugajt- *biigan-.
or Cf. Skt. bhuj, (E.) The verb is from M. E. box, sb.,
to bend ; Lat. fiigere, to take to flight,a blow. Cf. N. Fries, bakke, Silt bokke,
give way ; Gk. ipiv-^divto flee. Brugm. i. a blow (Outsen); M. H. G. biic,a blow;
,

"" 658,701. Du. beuketi, G, pochen,to beat.

bow (2), a bend. (E.) From the Box (4),in phr. to box the compass.' *

verb. Apparentlyone of the numerous uses of

bow (3),a weapon to shoot with. (E.) the vb. formed from box 1^2). See
M. E. bowe. A, S. boga,a bow ; because N. E. D.
it is bent or bowed. JlfXyxx. boog;Icel. hogi; Boy. (E.) M. E. boi,boy. Preserved
Swed. bage; Dan. bite ; O. H. G. bogo; in E. Friesic boi,boy,a boy (Koolman) ;
G. bogen. From A. S. bog-; cf. bog-en,pp. allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boef,
of biigan to bend. a knave, -f-Icel. boH, a knave ; G. bube.
bow-window. (E.^ A window of Bavarian but, a boy.
bueb,biia, Cf. A. S.
semi-circular form ; not the same as bay- Bofa,personalname.
7vindow. Boycott, to combine with others in fusing
re-

Bow
(4), the 'shoulder' of a ship. to have dealingswith any (E.)
one.

(Scand.) From Icel. bogr,shoulder; see From the treatment accorded to Capt.Boy-
Bough. +Du. boeg, bow of a ship. eott, of Lough Mask House, co. Mayo, Ire-
land,
Bowel. (F.-L.) M. E. ^^"^/.-0. F. in Dec. 1880.
boel; (mod.F. boyau). Lat. ace. botellum, Brabble, to quarrel.(E.)
" Cf. Du.
a sausage ; in Late L., an intestine ; brabbelen,to stammer, confound ; whence
dimin. of botnlus,a sausage. brabbeltaal,foolish talk. See Blab,
Bower, an abode, chamber, arbour. Babble.
(E.) M. E. bour. A. S. bur, a chamber. Brace, orig.a firm hold. (F. "
L.)
" A.S. bfian, to dwell. + Icel. biir, a From the notion of embracing. " O. F.
chamber: Dan. buur, Swed. bur; O. Sax. brace, the two arms (Bartsch); hence a
bilr; O. H. G. bilr. Teut. types *burom, measure of 5 feet,formed with extended
n., *buroz,m. ; see Boor. Cf. Booth. arms (Cot.^; and hence, a grasp. Lat. "

Bowl (i^ a round wooden ball. (F. "

brdchia, pi.of brdchiiim,the arm. + Irish
L.) iM. E. boule.^F. boiile. l^. bulla,a " brae, W. braich,the arm ; Gk. Ppaxiojv.
bubble ; hence, a round thing,a ball. bracelet. (F. L.)
" F. bracelet;
Bowl (2), a drinking-vessel.(E.) dimin. of O. F. bracel,
an armlet (Bartsch).

58
 BRACH BRAND

" L. brdchidle,an brdchiuin, bracat,malt liquor. W. brag,malt ; Irish

armlet. " L. "

an arm, and Gael, braich,malt, fermented grain.

Brach, a kind of hunting-dog. (F." Cf. Gael, brach. to ferment.
G.) M. E. brache, pi. braches. K.Y Brahman, Brahmin. -
(Skt.) Skt. .

brachez, pi. of bracket, dimin. of O. K. brdh77ia\\a, brahman, holy man.

a Skt. "

0.li.G. bracco (G. brahmayi, also devotion,lit. 'a

brae (F. braque). "
prayer;
'

brack),a dog that hunts by the greatness of the soul ; cf. brhant, great.
scent. "

Bracken, fern. (E.) M. E. braken. rVBHERGH, to be great.)

A. S. braccan, pi.; Kemble, C. I), v. 277. Braid ( i ) to weave. (E.) M.E. breiden. ,

Cf. Swed. braken, Dan. bregne^fern ; cf. A. S. bj-egdan,bredan,to brandish,weave,

Icel. biirkni,fern. braid. + Icel. bregiia,to brandish, turn
Bracket, corbel, "c. (F. C?)
a "
about, change, start, braid,"c. ; whence
bragget,
Formerlyspelt a s in Minsheu, ed. bragd.a sudden movement.

1627. So named from the resemblance deceit. (E.) In

to braid (2\ full of
the front part of a pair of breeches,as All's Well, iv. 2. 73, braid is short for
formerlymade. piece,'braided,
F. braguette,' a cod-
" i.e. full of braids or tricks. M.E.
Cot. (the front part of a pair of braid,trick,deceit. A. S. brcegd, deceit; "

breeches) ; the allied Span,bragueta also from A. S. brcpgd, 2nd grade oibregdan, to
meant a projecting mould in architecture, draw out, weave, knit,braid.
a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F. Brail, a kind of ligature
or fastening.
*a kind
bragtce, of mortaise,'Cot. ; from (F. C. ?) O. F. braid,a cincture ; orig.for "

bragiies,breeches; so also Span, bragueta fasteningup breeches. F. braie,breeches. "

is the dimin. of Span bragas,breeches." L. brdccE,breeches. "

L. brdc(2, breeches; said to be of Celtic Brain. (E.) Vi.'E.brayve. K.^.h'CEgn,

(or Teutonic V)origin. See Breeches. the brain. + Du. brei^i.
brcegen, C" Gk.
Brackish. (Du.) Du. brak, briny, iipiXP^^s,
the top of the head.
nauseous ; older form wrack, brackish Brake (i),a machine for breaking
(Hexham) ; allied to hemp ; M. for various mechanical
Du. ivracke, a a name

wreck, Du. ivraken,to blame,

reject, dis- contrivances.
approve. (O. Low G.) yi.lL. brake.
"Du. wrak^ orig.2nd grade of Low G. brake.,a flax-brake; M. Du. "

'
7vrekeit,to wreak ; orig.to drive. See braecke, '
a brake to beat flax ; Hexham ;
Wreck. [So also wrong, sour, is allied Du. braak. Du. brak,2nd gradeoi bj-eken, "

to wringen, to wring. See Franck.] to break ; see Break.

Bract. (L.) Lat. bractea,a thin plate Brake (2), bush. (E.) M.E. bi-ake.
or leaf of metal. + Low G. brake, willow-bush (Bremen);
Brad. (Scand.) M. E. brod. Icel. also stumps of broken trees, roughgrowth.
"

broddr,a spike; Swed. brodd,Dan. brodde, From A. S. brecan,(pt.t. brcec), to break.

'
a frost-nail.+A.
vS.brord, a spike. Teut. % In the sense of fein,'modified from
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish b'Ot,Ir. bjvd, Bracken.
W, braih,a sting. Bramble. lE.) U.^E^.h-embiL A.S.
Brae, brow of a hill,steep bank, slope. bremel,brenibel. Allied to Du. braatn,a
(Scand.) M. -Icel.
E. bra, ^r"? (North). ; Swed.
blackberry brom-bdr,Dan. brom-
brd, brow ; hence, brow of a hill ; see bcer,G. broinbeere,
a blackberry. Here Du.
Brow. braam, G. broni i^O.H.G. brdina answer

Brag*, to boast. (Scand.) M. E. brag- to A. S. brom see Broom) ; of which A.S.

geUy to sound loudly, to vaunt. Prob. bre7Ji-el[ioxTtw.t*br^jmloZjis the diminu-
tive).
from M. Dan. brage,to crack, to brag.
Cf. A. S. gebrcec,a breaking,crash, Bran.
(F.) M.E. bran. -^O.Y. bran,
noise ; Icel. brak, a creaking,braka, to bren. Cf. W. bran, Irish bran,^ husks,
creak ; cognate with L. fragor, noise. chaff(from
E.); Bret, brenn,bran.
Also (late)M. F. bragner,' to flaunt, Branch. (F. L.) F. branche. Late " "

brag,'Cot. ; M. F. bragard,' gay, gallant,L. branca, the paw of an animal.

braggard,' whence E. braggart. We find Brand, a burning pieceof wood, scar
also W. bragal,to vociferate (from E.) ; of fire, a sword. (E.) ]\L E. brand,A. S.
Bret, braga,to brag (fromF.). Cf. Bray. brand, a burning,a sword : from brann,
Bragget. (W.) Vi.Y..bragot.-'\". 2nd stem of Teui. *brennan-, to burn ; see
bragot, a kind of mead ; allied to Irish Burn. + Icel. brandr,a fire-brand,sword-

59
 BRANDISH BREACH

blade ; Swed.
(fromits flashing) and Dan. (F.-Teut.?) M.E. bretasche,bretasce,
fire; M. H. G.
brand, fire-brand, brant, brictaske, a parapet, battlement. " O. F.
a brand, sword. a small
bretesche, wooden outwork, battle-
ment;
brandish. (F. Scand.)M.'E.braun-
" cf. Prov. bertresca. Ital. bertesca,
dzsen. F. brandtss-anf,
"
pres. pt.oidrandir, the same. A difficultword ; prob.formed
to brandish a sword. A. F. bra fid, a from G. "
brett, plank. a

sword. " Icel. brandr ; see Brand, above. Bravado. (Span.) See Brave.
brandy.(Du.) Formerly brajid- Brave. (F. Ital.) F. ^mz^^, brave, "
'

luine, ; whence
brafidy-tvine brandy. Du. "
gay, fine,proud,braggard,valiant;'Cot.
M. Du. brandivijn,
brande-wijn, brandy; " Ital. b) avo ; the same as Span, and
lit. 'burnt' (i.e.distilled)
wine (or, ace. Vox\..bra7)o\
Vrov.brau. Etym. unknown;
toKilian,because it easilyburns). Du. " none of the explanations are satisfactory
;
branden, to burn ; and wijn, wine ; see the Bret, brav, O. Swed. bj-af,appear to
Burn. be borrowed from F.
Sranks, a punishmentfor scolds. (F.'j bravado. (Span.) Altered from Span.
'
See Jamieson. Hence were borrowed bravada, '
a bravado ; Minsheu's Span.
Gael, brangas (O. Gael, bj-ancas),a sort Diet. Span, bravo,brave.
"

of ; Gael, brang, Irish brancas, a

pillory bravo, a daringvillain. (Ital.) Ital.
halter. " North F. branques,pi. of bran- bravo, brave ; as a villain.
sb.,a cut-throat,
que, Norman form of F. branche,branch, bravo!well done! liA.bravo,
(Ital.)
'
also, the cheeke of a bit,'Cot. See brave ; used in the voc. case masc.

Branch. Brawl (i), to quarrel.(E.?) M.E.

Bran-new. (E.) Short for brand-new .
brawlen. Perhaps E. Cf. Du. brallen,
i.e. new from the fire. See Brand. to brag, boast; Dan. bralle,to prate,
Brant-fox, Brant-goose orbrent- chatter; G. prahlen,to brag.
gOOSe. The prefix is Scand.,as in Swed. Brawl (2),a sort of dance. (F. Scand. "

brandriif,
a brant-fox, hrandgas,a brent-
goose. or O. H. G.) A French hraivl,' L. L.L. iii.
'

The orig.sense is burnt,'with '

9. F. bi'ansle,a totter,
"
swing, braiul '
. . .

'
the notion of redness or blackness. ordance ; Cot. F. bransler,to reel ; mod. "

Brasier a pan to hold coals.

,
Brazier, F. bj-anler. Allied to O. F. brandeler
(F. Scand.)
" F. brasier. ". braise, live "
(Littre),brandiller,to shake (Cot.),
coals. Swed. brasa,fire (below).
" forms of F. braridir,
frequent, to brandish.
Brass. (E.) M.E. bras. A. S. brces. See Brandish.
Perhaps allied to the verb seen in Icel. Brawn, muscle. (F. O. H. G.) M. E. -

brasa, to harden fire; Dan.

brase,to braun, muscle, boars flesh. O. F. braon,
by "

fry; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. Der. braz-en, a slice of flesh ; cf. Prov. bradon, the same.
A. S. brcescn. O. H. G. brdton, ace. of brato, a slice "

braze (i\ to harden. (E.) K. Lear, of flesh for roasting. O. H. G. brdtau "

i. I. II. It means to harden like brass; '^G.braten), A. S. br"dan.

to roast. -f-

see below. Bray to bruise,pound. (F.

(,1), "
G.)
braze (2), to ornament with brass. M. E. brayen. O. F. bi-eier (F. broyer)." "

(E.) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv. O. Sax. brekan (G. brechcn),to break;
'
113; from brass,sb. '
Aero, ic brasige
; see Break.
Gram.
.(^Ifric, p. 215. Bray (2),to make a roaringnoise.
Brassart, the pieceof A. F. braier; F. braif-e (Med.
armour -which (F. "
C.)
the
protected upper part of the arm. (F. Lat. bragtre).Of Celtic origin;cf. Gael. "

L.) F. brassart (Cot.),brassa^'d (^\\Xx")\

bragh,a burst,explosion,bi'aigh,to crackle
also brassal. Formed with suffix -ard ; and
(Thurneysen) cf. \^.frag-or, noise.
from F. bras, arm. Braze
L. brachitwi,arm.
"
; see Brass.
Brat (1),a cloak, rough mantle.
(C.) Brazier ; see Brasier.
It also meant a rag, clout,or pinafore." Breach. (E.) M. E. breche,a fracture
Gael, and Irish brai,a cloak,rag ; O. Irish A. S. brcce,as in hlaf-gebrece,a pieceof "

brat, rough
a cloak ; W. brethyn,woollen bread (more commonly brice,
a breaking);
cloth. (W. brat is from E.) O. Fries, breke.'" K.S. brecan,to break.
Brat (2), a child ; esp. a beggar'sbrat.' ^ M. E. breche is also partlyfrom O. F.
'

Perhaps a rag,'the same Brat (i). breche a fiacture.

(F.bj'cche^^, G. brechen.
'
as "

Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine. to break.

60
 BRIDGE BROCADE

Dan. brudgom ; G. braufiga?n, O. H. G. clif).M. E. brenn-en, to burn, and stoon, "

brtitigomo. stone. So also Icel. brennisteinn, stone.

brim-

Bridge. (E.) M. E. brigge,briigge. vSee Burn.

A. S. bryeg.-^-Icehbryggja; Swed. brygga; Brindled, Brinded, streaked.
Dan. biygge,a pier; Du. brzcg ; G. bj-Ucke. (Scand.) Icel. brvnd-, as in bi'ondottr,
Teut. type '^brugjd, f. Allied to Icel. brii, brinded, said of a cow. Icel. brandr, a "

Dan. bro, a bridge,pavement; O. Swed. brand, flame, sword. Thus brijtded =

b7'o,a paved way. branded.

Bridle. (E.) M. E. bridel. A. S. Brine. (E.) M. E. brine. A. S. bryne
brldel. + Du. breidel\ O. H. G. bridel, (for brine), brine,salt liquor.-^M. Du.
brittil (v^^hence F. bride". A. S. bridel brijne; Du. brij'n, pickle.
representsan earlier *brigdel(cf. brigdils,Bring. (E.) A. S. bringan, also
a bridle,O. E. Texts, p. 44, 1. 127).- A. S. brengan, pt. t. brengen; G.
b7'dhte.-\-V)-\x.
bregd-an,to pull,twitch (with change of bringen; Goth, briggan (writtenfor
e to i). See Braid. bringan),pt. t. brdhta.
Brief (i ) short. (F. L.) M. E. bref. Brink. -
(Scand. :" M.E. (^rz"^. Dan. "
,

" breuis,short. +Gk. )3/)axv?,brink, verge ; Swed. brink, descent or

F. bref.'"\^.
short. slopeof a hill ; Icel. brekka (for bj'inka),a

brief (2% a writ,"c. (F.-L.) F.^slope, crest of a hill ; allied to Icel. bringa,
brief,a brief; Cot. The same as F. bref a grassy slope,orig.the breast.
above ; from its beingin a short form. Brisk. (F.-Ital.) ^Y^tMbruisk in

Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand. Lowl. brusque, 'brisk,

Sc. (1560). F. "

(F.-ltal.) brigand,0. quicke,rash,

lively, harsh;' Cot. Ital.
Brigand. ". "

robber. " Ital.

briganle, brusco,tart,harsh ; see Brusque.
an ber
rob-
intriguer,
; to strive
orig.pres. part, of brigare, Brisket. (F.) O. F. brischet (Brachet),
after. Ital. "
briga,strife, trouble.
quarrel, s. brechet),also bruschet (Ducange);
V.

Orig.uncertain. brichet, the brisket, or breast-piece,'

'

brig brnchet,' the craw-bone of bird ; ' Cot.

; short for brigantine. a

brigade. Y.bngade,3.
(F.-I_tal.) Guernsey briequet(for '^brHskct).'"T)zn.
crew, troop. " Ital. brigata,
a troop ; ; cf. Norw.
orig.b?iisk, Icel. hrjosk,gristle
fem. of pp. of to strive,
brigai'e, fight,
as bijoskutt,gristly.
above. Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle,
berstle,
brigandine, a kind of armour. (F. birstle ; dimin. of A. S. byrst,
a bristle.+
Ital.)F. brigandine,
" a kind of armour, Du. borstel: Icel. burst; Swed. borst;
worn by brigands. F. brigand,a robber "
; G. borste. From weak grade
Teut. *burs-,
see above. of *bers ^ld.g.'^bhers, cf. Skt.
to bristle;

brigantine, brig, ship. (F.- sahasra-bhrshti, havinga thousand points.

a

Ital.)Brig is brigantine.See
merely short Burr. for
" F. hriganfin, a kind of ship. Ital. Brittle. (E.) M. E. h-itel,brotel,
"

bj'igantino, a pirate-ship.Ital. brigante,brutel. For A. S. *b7ytel=

" Teut. *brutiloz,
a robber. See Brigand. from brut-,weak grade of A. S. breotan,
Bright. (E.) M. E. bright. A. S. to break. It means fragile.' Cf. Icel. '

beorht, berht. + Icel. bjartr; M. H. G. brjota, Swed. Dan.

bryta, bryde, to break.
bairhts,shining. Teut. type Broach.
berht ; Goth, (F. L.) M.E. setten on "

shining.Cf. Gk. (popKos,white.

'^berhtoz, broche^Xo a-broach,tap liquor.F. set "

Brill, a fish. (E.) Originunknown. niettre en broche, to tap, by piercing a

Brilliant, shining. (F.-L.-Gk.- iiarrel. F. bi'ocher, to pierce; broche, "

Skt.) F. brillant, pres. part, of briller, a broach,spit,' Cot. ; see Brooch. '

to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare,to sparkle. Broad. (E.) M. E, brood. A. S. brad.

The orig.sense was to sparkleas a beryl. -I-Du. breed; Icel. breidr; Swed. and
" L. beryllus,
a beryl
; see Beryl. Dan. bred ; Goth, braids ; G. breit.
Brim. (E.) M. E. brim. (Not in Brocade. (Span. L.) Spa.n. broeado,
"

A. S.) Icel. barmr, brim ; Swed.

Cf. brocade; orig.embroidered, the pp. of a
brain, border, edge; Dan. bramme\ M. verb *brocar (not used) answering to F.
Du. breme\ G. gebrdme,border. brocher, 'to broach, also,to stitch with . . .

Brimstone, sulphur. (E.) M. E. great stitches ;

'
Cot. " F. broche. " Late L.
bremstoon, also
briiiiston, brenstoon (Wy- brocca,L. broccus;see Broocb.
62
 BROCCOLI BROTHEL

broccoli. Ital. broccoli,Named

(Ital. L.) from its ill odour.
" Formed, with
sprouts; pi.of /5r"?f^"?/(7,
a sprout. Dimiii. suffix -ine,from Gk. l3p(Vfj.-os,
a stink.
of brocco,a skewer, a shoot,stalk. L. Bronchial. (Gk.) Gk. i^^ut. " hphx^^y
like teeth.
projecting,
brocctis, pi.,the ramifications of the windpipe."
brocliure, a pamphlet.(F. L.) F. Gk. ^pofx'^^^the windpipe;cf. ^poYxos,a "

brochure, few leaves stitched together.

a "
gill.Der. bronch-itis ; from ;3po7xo9.
F. hrocher,to stitch ; see Brocade. Bronze. Y. bronze.
(F.-Ital.-L.)
Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S broc " " llal. bronzo ; bj'onzino, made of bronze
W., Corn., and Bret, broch; Irish,Gael., (z ds).^ L. ("S BriindusTnufn.
"
L. Brun- "

and Manx broc, a badger. Named from Brindisi (inItaly)

(iusiiivi, ; where bronze
his white-streaked face; cf. Gael, brocach, mirrors were (Iliny,xxxiii.9).
made
speckled, grayish, badger;
as a Gk. "^op"os, Brooch. (F. L.) Named from the"

white,gray. (Cf.E.
gray, a badger.) pin which fastens it. M. E. broche, a pin,

Brocket, a red
deer two years old. ]ieg, brooch. F. broche, a spit,
"
point."
(F. L.)
" F. brocart,the same ; so called Late L. brocca,a. pointedstick ; broca,a
because he has but ore tine to his horn." spike; L, broccus,projecting, like teeth.
F. broche,a spit,also, a tine of a stag's Brood. (E.) M. E. brod. A. S. brod
horn ; see Brooch. (rare)
; 'hi bredaS heora brod' they =

Brogues, shoes, leggings. (C. nourish their brood ; Allfric'sHom. ii. 10.
coarse

"
shoe ; M.Irish
E.) Gael, and Irish ZtJj-, + Du. broed; (Jx.bruL Teut. stem *brd-d-.
shoe.
/^r^rr, A. S. broc,breeches;or Iccl. 1 from a verbal base '^bro-,
"
preservedin G,
brok. See Breeches. brii-hen,to scald (orig.to heat), Du.
Broided, braided. (E.) The wk. pp. to brood, hatch ; from the idea of
broe-ien,
'
broided took the place of pp. the str.
'
heat or
'
warmth.' Der. breed.
broide7i,
woven, itself due to confusion of Brook (i),to endure, put up with.
browden with broider (below). Brozvden (E.) M. E. broken,brouken. A. S. bru-
representsA. S. brogden,pp. of bregdan, can, to use, enjoy; which was the orig.
to braid. See Braid. + L)u. gebruiken,Icel. brfika,G. sense.

Broider, to adorn with needlework. brauchen, Goth, brtikjan, to use; cf. L.

(F.) [In I Tim. ii. 9, broidered (as in yrz^z, to enjoy.See Fruit (Vl^HREUG.)
some edd.") is an error for broided; see Hrugm. i. " iii. ~ '

above.] Used as the equivalentof F. Brook (2),a small stream. (E.) M. E.

*
broder, to imbroyder,' C ot. Tiie oi is brook. A.S. Z-zw. + Du. broek,G. bruch,
due to confusion with broided. " O. " .
a marsh.
brouder,also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) : brook-lime, a plant. (E.) M. E.
cf. Late L.
brusdus,brosdtis,embroidered brok-lemke,brok-leviok. From A. S. broc,
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin; a brook, and hleomoc, brook-lime.
perhaps from Teut. *brozd-, whence A. S. Broom. (E.) M. E. brome, broom.
brord, Icel. broddr,a spike; see Brad. A. S. brom, the plant broom ; hence, a
Broil (I), to fry,grill. (F.) M. E. liesom made bretn ;
from twigs of it.-f-Du.
broilen. " A. F. broiller (Bozon), O. F. Low G. braam, broom. Teut. type *bi'a:-
to boil,roast (T-loquefort).
bruiller, Origin moz. Allied to Bramble, q. v.
unknown; cf. O.F. briiir, to roast; per-
haps BrOSe, a later form oi bf'owis oxbrewis;
from M. H.G. briiejen,
to scald ; see see Brewis.
Brood. Broth. (E.) A.S broQ;
/^r^/.+Icel.
Broil
(2), (F.) a tumult. F. brouiller,O. H. G. brod. Teut. type *broJ)om,
n. ;

to jumble, confuse,confound. Cf. Ital. from bru-,weak grade of breu-,as

b)-o-, in
brogliare,
to disturb, broglio,confusion A. S. breoivan,to brew. Lit. ' brewed.'
(whence E. ir/i-broglio). Origin un-
known. Brothel. (E.; confusedwith F."
Teut.) 1. M. E.person,brothel, a lewd
Broker. (F. "
L.) M. E. brocour, base wretch. " of
A. S. bro^-en, pp.
an agent, witness of a transaction. A. F. " breoQan, to perish, become vile ; whence
'
brocour,an agent ; orig.a
'
broacher or also dhroQen, degenerate,base. Hence
seller of wine. " Late L. broccdtor,one was made brothel house, a house for vile
who broaches. " Late L. brocca,
i.e. spike; people(Much Ado, i. i. 256),afterwards
see Brooch. contracted brothel.
to 2. Orig. distinct

Broxninei a chemical element. (Gk.) from M. E. bordel,which was used,how-

63
 BROTHER BUCKRAM

ever, in much the same sense. " O.F. bor- jtwigs " O. F. Y brosse,
b7-oce, brushwood . ;
del, a Imt, o:ig. of boards. "Du. bord^ a I also, later,a brush.
L. brttscm,3. " Low
board;
}"lank, see Board. thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.
Brother. (E.) M, E. brother. A. S. bursta, G. borste,a bristle ; but perhaps
\^\x.breeder ; \c^\. brdbir\ Goth.
bra )or. -if Celtic (Thurneysen).
hroihar; Swed. and Dan. broder; G. Brusque, rough in manner. (F. Ital.)
"

bruder\ Gael, and Ir. bratJiair \ W. F.brtisque.\\.a\.brusco,sharp,tart, sour,

"

braivd; Russ. bj-at' \ Lat. fraler; Gk. appliedto fruits and wine. Origin un- certain.

Hkt. b/irdtr. Teut.

(l"pdri]p; stem ''/'/(^M^r-;
Idg. stem '^blirdter-. Brute. (F.-L.) Y. brut,itm.brjite.
Brougham, a kind of carriage.(Per-
sonal " L. brietus,
stupid.
name.) Dale 1839. Named after Bryony. (L.-Gk.) L. brydnia."
the firstLordBrougham. Gk. tipvojvia, bryony.
PpvcjVTj, " Gk. (iphdv,
Brow. (E.) M..Y.. b7'oive. K.S. bnl. to teem, grow luxuriantly.
+ lcel. bri'in,eyebrow; Lith. bruwis \ Bubble. (E.) Cf. Swed. bubbla, Dan.
Russ. brove; Gk. bcppvs
\ Ters.abnJ; Skt. boble,a bubble ; also Du. bobbel,a bubble,
b/inl. Brugm. i. " 554. bobbelen,to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Brown. (E.) 'M.E. brozm. A. S. Buccanier. (F. West Indian.) F. "

/w?;z.+ Du. bruin; Icel, bnlnn; Swed. boucanier,a pirate. F. boucaner, to broil"

hrun\ Yioxi.brumi;G.bratin;hith.brunas. on a sort of wooden frame. F. bouca?t, "

Cf. Gk. (ppvvos, a toad; Skt. ba-bhrii{s),a wooden frame, used by hunters for
tawny. smoking and drying flesh. The word
Browse. (F.-M. H. G.) For broiist\boucan is said to be a F. spelling of a
lit. 'to feed on young shoots.' M. F. Tupi (Brazilian)
word, and to mean
" a
'

broiister (F. brotiler),nibble off young

to frame on which meat is smoke-dried.'
shoots. " a sprig, Buck
M. F. brotist (F. bjviit), (0" ^ r\^2^Q deer, goat. (E.)
shoot,bud. M. fL G. broz,a bud ; Bavar.
" M. E. btikke. A. S. buc,male deer,biicca,
brossf, brass,a bud. From the weak grade a he-goat. +Du. bok, Icel. bukkr, Swed.
of O. H. G. briozan,to break, also, to bock,a he-goat ; Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram,
break into bud ; which is cognate with buck ; G. bock ; also W. bwch, Gael, boc,
A. S. breotan. See Brittle. Irish boc. Brugm. i. " 800.
Bruin. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox, Buck (2),to steep clothes in lye. (E.)
the bear is called bruin, i.e. brown. Du. M. E. bouken. As if from A. S. *bucian,
"

bruin, brown. See Brown. not found. Prob. from A. S. bile, a pitcher

Bruise. (E.; partly F.) A. S. {to)- (prov. E. bouk, a pail,tub) ; but M. E.

brysan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F. bouken has the specific sense of ' steep in
bruiser, briser,to break, perhapsof Celtic lye,' like M. H. G. buchen, Swed. byka,
origin;cf. Gael, bris,to break, Irish bris- Dan. byge.Low G. biiken, biiken (whence
ivi,I break. (The spelling ui, from A. S. Ital. bticare, F. buer).
y, occurs in S. Eng. Legendary,295. 58.) bucket. (E.) A. F. boket (Bozon).
Bruit, a rumour. {V L. ?) V. bruit, Formed
" v^-ithA. F. dimin. suffix -et from
a noise. F. bruire, to make
"
a noise. A. S. biic,a pitcher. Cf. Gael, bucaid,
Scheler derives F. bruire from L. rugire, Irish buicead, a bucket (from E. ^
to roar, with prefixed b. F. bniit Late Buckle. (F. L.) M.-
E. bokel. O. F. - -

L. brugitus,a clamour (Ducange); cf. L. bucle (F. boiicle),

the boss of a shield, a

rugitus, a roaring.Partlyimitative ; cf. ring,a buckle. Late L. bucula, the boss

"

G. briillen,
to roar. of a shield ; buccula,beaver of a helm, boss
Brunette. (F. G.) - F. brunette, fem. of a shield, buckle. Lat. buccula, the "

of bi-unet,brownish. " M. IL G. brun, cheek, dimin. o'ibucca, the cheek.

brown ; see Brown. buckler. (l^'.-L.) M.E. bokeler.-
Brunt. (E ) Prob. imitative; zi. dint O.F. bucler (F. bouclier), a shield; so
{dunt), a blow; influenced by North E. named from the boss on it; see above.
'
bi~unt,i.e. '
burnt,'as if the '
hot part of Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F."
the fight. Ital.) M.E. boke7-am.^0.
Y. boquerant
Brush. (F.-Teut. ?) W.Y.brusche, {Y. bougran^, a coarse kind of cloth ; Low
a brush ; also brush-wood, which is the L. boquerannusor (in Italy)bfichij'dnus
older sense, the orig.brush being made of (forItal. buchirano),late Ital. bucherame.
64
 BUCKWHEAT BULGE

Originuncertain ; perhapsfrom Bokhara buffen,

to strike, orig.to buffet on the
(Tartary). cheek; see Buffet (1).
Buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beech-wheat; buffoon. (F.) F. bouffon,
a buffoon,
from the resemblance of its seeds to the jester, one whomakesgrimaces. \'.bouffer, "

mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is to puff.

from A. S. hoc, as in buck-mast^ beech- Buffet (2). a side-board. (F.) F. buffet,

mast. So also Du. boekweit,buckwheat ; a side-board. Origin unknown.

G. buchweizen. See Beech. Bug (0, a spectre.(C.) In Sh.-W.
Bucolic, pastoral. (L. Gk.) L. bf/co- b7ig,a hobgoblin,
"

spectre; Gael, and Ir.

/zcus. Gk.
" ^cvKoKiKos. pastoral.Gk. bocan,a spectre. +Lithuan. batigti
" s^tcrri^c,
IBovKoKos,a cowherd. Gk. /SoC-s, an ox; from bugtt,
" to terrify,allied to Skt. bhuj,
and KfWeiv, to drive. to turn aside; see Bow (i). Brugm. i.
Bud. (E.?) M.E.boc/de,budde,a.hud; " 701-
budden, to bud. Not found in A. S. Cf. Bug (2),an insect. (C?) Said to be so
Du. bot,a bud ; boiten^
to bud, sprout. named of terror,exciting
because an object
Budge (0? to stir.(F. L.) V bouger, disgust;see "
Bug (1). But cf. A. S.
.

to stir ; answering to Ital. biilicare,

to (Voc), prov. E.
scearn-budda,dung-beetle
bubble up (DiezV L. bullTre; see Boil
" s horn-bug (Kent).

(i)above. Cf. Span, bullb',(i)to boil, Bug-bear. (C. aud E.) A supposed
(2)to stir. s]i(ctre in the shape of a bear; see
Budge (2), a kind of fur. (F.?) Bug (i).
Perhapsrelated to O. F. bochet,bouchet,a Bugle (0" a wild ox; a horn. (F. L.) "

young kid. Bugle, a horn, is short for bugle-horn:

Budget, a leathern bag. (F. C.) "
a bugleis a wild ox. " O. F. bugle a wild
^

1'. dimin.
boiigette, of bouge, a bag. L. " ox. " L. ace. buculuni,a young ox ; double
biilga, ".
a leathern bag (Gaulish). " Irish dimin. oi bos,an ox.

bole,a sack.
bolg, a kind of Bugle
ornament. (2),
Buff (i),the colour of dressed buffalo- ^F. L.) Little black pipes, likened
"
to

skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. buffle,a buflalo. horns. ^

Bugle, a little black home;'
" L. biifahis ; see Buffalo, Cockeram. See above.
Buff (2), in Blindman's buff. (F.) Bugle (3)" a plant.(F.) F. bugle;
Formerlyblindinaii-buff, a game ; in which Cot. ; cf. Span,and Late L. bugula. Cf. L.
game boys used to buffet one (who was bugillo, (perhaps) bugle.
blinded) on the back, without being Bugloss, aplant.(F, L.-Gk.) Lit. "

if
caught, possible. From O. F. biife, F. ox-tongue.' F. bu'^losse.^-L,. hfiglossa;
'
"

buffe, a buffet,blow ; cf. Low G. buff,also btlglossus. Gk. (iov-yhojaaa,ox- tongue "

puf, a blow (Liibben. See Buffet (i). ; from the shape of the leaves."
Buffalo. (Port, or Ital. L. -Gk.) Gk. jiov-s, -
ox ; 'yXcuaa-a, tongue.
Port, bufalo, Ital. buffalo, orig.a kind of Build. (E.) M.E. buldeft. Late
wild ox. L. bilfalus,
" a.ho bilbalus. Gk. A. S. byldan,to build. " A. S. bold,a house, "

fiov^aKos,a buffalo ; a kind of deer or variant of botl, a dwelling,n,==']'eut.

antelope.(Not a true Gk. word.) *-btc-J)lom,from bu-, related to bu-an, to
Buffer (i),and (2); see Buffet (i). dwell ; see Bower. Cf. A, S. bytlian, to

Buffet (i),a blow; to strike. (F.) build, from botl (above).[Cf.O. Swed.
M. E. boffet, buffet, a blow, esp. on the bylja,to build (Ihre).O. Swed. bol, "

cheek. O. F. bufet,
" a blow, dimin. of btife, a house, dwelling; Icel. bol, a house,
a blow,esp. on the cheek ; cf. bufer, buffer, Dan. bol,a small larm.l
to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet;mod. Bulb. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. bulbe.~\..
F. bouffer. Prob. of imitative origin, allied btilbus,a bulb. Gk. ^oAjSoy,a bulbous "

io fouffer, to puff;see Buff (2),Puff. root, onion.

buffer (i), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig, Bulbul, a nightingale. (Pers.) Pers.
a stammerer; hence, a foolish fellow. M.E. bulbul, a bird with melodious voice,
a

buffen, to stammer. " O. F. bufer, puff to the

resembling nightingale.Of imitative
out the cheeks (hence,
to puffor blow in origin.
talking). Bulge, to swell out. (F. C.) - Formed
buffer (2),a cushion, to deaden cussion.
con- from M.E. bulge,a wallet, pouch."
(F,) Lit. 'a from
striker;' M.E. O, F. boulge [botige a bag. L. bulga. ,
"

65
 BULK BUNDLE

a bag (Gaulish).See Budget. Doublet, Bole. Or bidl may mean

'
large,'
witti
bilge. ref. to a bull. Cf. bull-daisy,
"c. (Britten).
Bulk (i),size. (Scand.) M. E. bolke, Bulwark. (Scand.) Dan. bulvcBvk,
a heap. Icel. bfdki, a heap; O. Swed.
" Swed. bolverk (Ihre)
; cf. Du. bolwerk,G.
bolk ; Dan. bulk, a lump. Cf. Swed. boll-werk (whence F. boulevard). Com-
pounded
bulna, to swell. of Dan. bul, Swed. bol,trunk of
Bulk (2),the tree, log,Icel. bulr, bolr, the stem
trunk of the body. (Du.)
of a a

In Sh. M. Du. bidcke, thorax (Kilian).

"
tree; and Dan. vcerk,Swed. verk,a work.
(Prob.confused with Du. buik. Icel. bukr, Lit. 'log-work,' or 'bole-work'; see
the trunk ; Swed. biik,
Dan. btig, G. bauch, Bole.
the belly.) Bum-bailiff, under-bailiff. (E. and
Bulk
(3), a stall of a shop. (Scand.) F.) A slang term. Todd quotes passages
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial. to shew that it arose from the pursuer
bulk,a half-wall ; Icel. bdlkr, a beam, also, catchingat a man by the hinder part of
a ; Line, bulker,
partition a beam, a wooden his garment.
hutch workshop.in a Der. bulk-head, a Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or

partition. (i). hums. See Boora

Bull (i),male of the cow. (E.) M. E. Bumboat. (E.) From btim and boat.
bole,bule. Not found in A. S., but the Orig. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
dimin. bulliu,a bullock, occurs. Prob. (a.D. 16S5); afterwards used to supply
'
the bcllower;' cf. M. H. G. bullen, to vei^etables to ships.
roar ; and see Bellow, -f-D"- bul; Icel. Bump (i),to thump; a blow. (E.)
boli',G. bulk; Lithuan. bullus. Der. Of imitative origin ; cf. M. Dan. bumpe,
bull-ock, A. S. bulluc, as above. to strike with the fist; W. pwrnpio,to
Bull (2),a papal edict. (L.) M. E. thump ; pwmp, a lump ; Corn. bo7n,bu/n,
bulk. Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss, knob, a blow.
" The senses are : (i) to strike,
leaden seal on an edict ; a bull (in late (2)a blow, (3)its effect. See Bunch..
Latin). Bump (2),to boom. (E.) Imitative;
bullet. (F. L.) M. F. boulet,dimin. of. Boom
-
(i),and Bumble-bee.
of F. no2ile,a ball. L. btUla, a boss, Bumper, " a full glass. (E.) From
knob, "c. bump ; with the notion of a butnpingor
bulletin. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. bulle- tin, full glass; cf. thumping,i.e. great.
a ticket. Ital. bullettino, a "safe- Bumpkin, a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
conduct, pas^. ticket. Dimin. of bulletta,M. Du. boo??iken, a little tree (Hexham);

a passport, lottery d
ticket, imin. of bulla, dimin. of boom, a tree, a beam, bar ; see
a seal,bull. L. bulla,a boss, "c. " Beam (i). The E. bumkin also meant
Bullace, wild plum. (F.-L.) M. E. a luff-block,a thick piece of wood (Cot-
bolas. " a bullace ; '^'i.Y
O.F. beloce, grave, s. v. Chicambault, and see bumkin
.pelosse.
Cot. " L. type *piloftea,pellet-like. Late in the E. index); hence, readilyapplied
"

L. piloia,
a pellet. L. pila,a " baU. to a block-head,thick-skulled fellow.
Bullet, Bulletin; (F.) Cf. prov. F. bugne,a kind
see Bull (2). Bun.
Bullion. (F.-L.) The A. K. Imllion of fritters; perhaps the same as O. F.
meant a mint, and Late L. bulliona, bullio bugne,a swelling or bump due to a blow
meant a mass of metal, apparently, from (Burguy),also spelt bigne,'a bump,
its being melted ; cf. F. bouillou,a boiling.knob;' Cot. O. F. bugnete, a fritter(Gode-

Late L. bitllionem,
" ace. of Imllio,a boil-
ing." froy); also bugnet (id.,Supp. p. 393).
L. bulllre,to bubble up, boil. " L. '"
round
Bignets,\\\\.\Q. loaves, buns,'"c.;
bulla, a bubble. Cot. Minsheu has Span, bunuelos, pan-
cakes,
'

Bully, a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low cobloaves, buns.' See Bunion.
G.) in Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is (Doubtful.)
one, lover.'
'dear M. Du. boel,a lover " Bunch. (E.?) M. E. bunche. Cf.
(of either sex); borrowed from M. H. G. M. E. bunchen, to beat. Prob. imitative,
buole (G. bnhle),lover. like bump, bounce. And see Bunk.
Bulrush. (E.)M.E./^w/r^/j-r//^,Prompt. Bundle. (E.) M.V.. bundel. Dimin.
Parv., p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps'stem- rush '; of O. Northumb. bund, a bundle (Matt.
from its stout stem ; cf. Shetl. bulwand, xiii. 30). A. S. bund-, weak grade of "

a bulrush. Dan. bul, stem, trunk; see

"
bindan, to bind.-f-Du.hondel; G. biindel.
66
 BUNG BURKE

Bung, a stopple.(Du. L.) " M. Du. bordw, Dan. byrdc, Goth. baurthei\G.
honge (Du. bom), a bung; dialectal form biirde ; from the same root, with varying
of *bo)ide,
as preservedin F. bonde,a bung. suffixes. For the form burden,see below.
Cognate with Swiss ///"/ (Weigand, s. v. Burden
(2), the refrain of a song.
Spund). L. puncta, an orifice ; orig.fern,
" (F. LateL.) F. bourdon, a drone-bee,
"

pp. of pungere, to prick. Cf. W. bwng, humming of bees, drone of a bagpij)e ;

an orifice,
also,a bung. see Cot. " Late L. burddne77i,
ace 01 burdo,
Bungalow, l^engalthatched house. a drone. Prob. of imitative origin; cf.
^

(Hind.) Hind, bangalah,of or belonging Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing

to Bengal,a bungalow; Rich. Diet. p. noise, E. buzz. 9\ Confused with Bur- den
293. From the name Bengal. (i).
Bungle. (Scand.?) Of imitative Bureau. (F. L.) F. bureau,a desk, "

origin. Cf. Swed. dial, bangla,to work writing-table; so called because covered
ineffectually; O. Swed. bzinga,to strike with brown baize. F. bureau, O. F. buret, "

(Rietz,Ihre.) And cf. Bang. coarse woollen stuff,russet-coloured. "

Bunion. (F.-G.) O.Y .buignon,o'n\Y O. F. btiire, M .F\ bure, dark brown; F.

in the sense of a fritter (Godcfroy) ; but bure, coarse cloth. L. burrus, reddish. " "

really an augmentative of O. F. hiiigne Gk. TTvppus, reddish. Gk. Trip, fire. "

(F. bigne,'a bump, swelling/Cot.)." Burgeon, a bud. (F.-Teut.) F.

O, H. G. bungo, a lump (Graff, in bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthenedfrom
Schmeller) ; cf. Icel. bunga, convexity.Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot
So also Ital. bugnone,augment, of btigno,(Diez).-M. H. G. buren,O. H. G. pur-
a boil,a swelling.See Bun. jan,to raise,push up, push out. M. H. G. "

Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth. bor,por, an elevation ; whence G. empor

(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. buJike,the plank-
ing ( in por),upwards.
=

of a ship forming shelter for mer- a

chandise, Burgess. (F.-M. H. G.) M. E. bur-
"c. (Ihre)
; the usual sense of geys. O. F. "
burgeis.Low Lat. burgensis,
"

Swed. bunke is a heap,pile,something belonging to a fort or city. " Low Lat.

prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for burgiis,
a fort. " M. H. G. bure (G. burg);
cargo. cognate with A. S. burg; see Borough.
Bunt, the bellyof a sail. (Scand.) It burgher. (Du.) Formerlyburger. "

answers in form to Dan. bundt, Swed. Du. btirger,

a citizen. " Du. burg,a city;
a bundle, a
bicnt, bunch ; from cognate with E. Borough the weak
stem of the verb to Bind. ^ But the right burglar. (A. F. E.) A. F. bmgler, -

words for ' bunt ' are Dan. bug, Swed. bnrglour; Law L. buigtihUor.'LdiV/L. "

buk, Du. btiik, G. bauch ; see Bulk (2). burguldre,to break into a house. A. S. "

Bunting (i),a bird. (E.?) M. E. burh, bii?-g ; see Borough.

hunting', also buntyle (^=^bunlel), Lowl. burgomaster. (Du. and F.) Du.
Sc. binitlin. Origin unknown. burge-nieester,
a town-master. " Du. burg,
Bunting (2), a thin woollen stuff for co;^natewith E. Borough ; and j?ieester,
a
'
master, from O. F. 7neistre;
'
; from
(E.) Perhaps sifting-cloth
flags. see Master.
M. E. boniefi,prov. E. bunt, to sift. Cf. Burgonet, a helmet. (F.) F. bour-
F. etanmie, in the same senses. guignote.'a burganet,'Cot. So called
Buoy. (Du. F. L.) Du. "^^^z', a buoy ;
" "
because first used by the Burgundians. "

also a shackle, a fetter. O. ". buie, a " F. Bourgogne,Burgimdy.

fetter,F. boit^e,a buoy. Late L. boia,a " Burial. (E.) biriel,2i
yi..\L.buriel,
fetter,
clog. L. boia, pi.a
" collar for the tomb; speltberiels,biriels." h..^.
also
neck, orio'.of leather. by7'gels,a tomb. A. S. byrga7i, to bury;
"

Bur, Burdock ; see Burr. see Bury. The spelling with -al is due to
Burbot, F. botirbotte
a fish. (F.) association with fu7ie7--a
I,Sec
'to wallow
(alsobarbote).'"Ybottrbetter, .
Burin, an engraver'stool. (F. G.) "

in mud,' Cot. F. bourbe,mud. Late L. F. buri7i ; Ital. bori7io.

" Prob. from "

borba,mud. Gk. ^vp^opos,mud.

" M. H. G. bore7i (G. bohren),to bore; see
Blirden i ) Burthen, a load carried Bore (i). .
,

(E.) A. S. byrden,a load. From Teut. Burke, to murder by suffocation; to

*bur-,weak grade of *beran-,to bear ; see murder, stifle. (Personal name.) From
Bear (i).+ Icel. byrdr, byrdi; Swed. thename of Burke, an Irishman who com-

67
 BURL BUSS

mitted murders by suffocation;executed Burrow, a shelter for rabbits. (E.)

at Edinburgh,Jan. 28, 1829. M.E. borwgh, a cave, shelter;merely a
Surl, t J pick knots and loose threads varied of borough. Der. burrow,
spelling
from cloth. burl is to pick verb.
(F. L.)"
To
off hurls. M. E. Inirle, a knot in cloth. Bursar. (Med. L.-Gk.) Med. L. "

O. F. bojirle ; dimin. of F. bourre, a flock bursdrius,a purse-bearer.Med. L. bursa, "

or lock of wool or hair. Late L. burra, a purse. Gk. jSypcra,

" a hide, wine-skin. "

a woollen pad ; allied to L, burrce,trifles,Burst. (E.) M. E. bersten, bresten,pt.

trash,Late L. reburrus, rough. t. brast. A. S. berstan,to burst asunder,
burlesque, comic. (F.-Ital. -L.) break; str. vb.+Du. bersten; G. bersten;
F. burlesque.'" ii'dX.burlesco, ludicrous." Icel. bresta; Swed. brista; Dan. briste ;
Ital. burla. waggery, a trick. A dimin. also O. Irish briss-im (for*brest-v)i),I
from L. burra, trifles,
nonsense (Ausonius).break.
See BurL Bury (i),vb. (E.) M. E. burien.
Burly. (E.) M. E. bnrli, hurliche,A. S. byrigan, byrgan, to hide in the
borli\prov, 'E..bonferly ; Shetland boorly.ground, bury. From burg-, weak grade
Formed by adding the suffix -ly (A. S. of beoi'g-ati, to hide ; see Borough.
-lie)to A. S. bur, a bower, a lady's Bury (2),a town. (E.) As in Canter-
bury.
'
chamber ; hence, the old senses of fitfor A. S. byrig, dat. oiburh, borough.
a "

a bower,' stately,excellent, large,great; See Borough.

and, finally, stout,big. E. g. 'a burly bed.' Bus, a shortened form oi omnibus. (L.)
Burn (I ) ,
verb. (E.) M.E. bernen ; also See Omnibus.
hrennen. There are two forms, a. intrans.
(I), a thicket. (Scand.-L.) Bush
A.S. bcornan,byrnan, strong verb, pt. busch, busk. Dan. busk, Swed. t. M. E. "

beam, brau, pp. bornen.'\-0. Icel. bj'inna ; biiske,7[.

bush, shrub. + Du. bosch;O. H. G.
Goth, brinnan ; Teut. type *brennan- ; cf. buse ; G. busch. All from Late L. boscus,
A. S. bryiie,flame. |3.
trans. A. S. bceriian, a bush ; a word of unknown origin.
wk. brenna, Dan. brcende,Swed.
vb.-{-Icel. Bush (2),the metal box in which an
brdnna ; G. brennen ; Goth, brannjan ; axle works. (Du. L. Gk.) M. E. busse.
"
"

Teut. type *brannjan-,causal to the former. " Du. bus,a box, barrel (ofa gun) ; G.
Burn (2),a brook ; see Bourn (2). biichse. " Late L. buxis^a box. Gk. ttv^js, "

Burnet, a plant. (F.-O. H. G.) a box. " Gk. TTu^os,box-wood, box-tree.

Low L. burneta. O. F. brunete,the name
" See Pyx.
of a flower : burnette,brunette, a kind of bushel, a measure. (F. " L. "

Gk.)
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See M. E. bushel. " A.F. bousselle,
O. F. boissel;
Brunette. Named from the dark brown Late L. bustellus,a small box ; for
colour of the flowers. *boistel,
dimin. of O. F. boiste,a box."
burnish, to polish.(F. - O. H. G.) Late L. buxida, ace. of huxis, a box
M. E. burnishen ; also burnen. " O. F. (above\
burnir, brunir (pres.part, burnis-ant),to Busk (i\ to get oneself ready.(Scand.)
embrown, to polish. O. H. G, brimeu " Icel.bfiask,to get oneself ready. Icel. "

{"i*brunjan). "^O.H.G. brun, brown; see bfia,to prepare ; and -sk,for sik,oneself.
Brown. See Bound (3); and cf. Bask.
Burnouse, Busk
Burnoose, (2),a support for a woman's
an upper
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. Arab.) stays. (F.) M. F. biisque, 'a buske, or
"

'
F. burnous, bournous. Arab, buj'nus, a buste ; Cot. Mod. F. buse. Of uncertain
"

kind of high-crownedcap, worn formerly origin. Cf. M. F. buc, a busque ;'Cot. '

in Barbary and Spain ; whence Span, al- Buskin. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) O. F.

bornoz, a kind of cloak with a hood. bousequiii(1483) ; also brouseqtnn."
Burr, Bur. (E ) M. E. btirre,knob M. Ital. borzachino,buskin, fine boot. "

on a burdock ; bor^-e,roughnessin the L. borsa. Gk. ^vpaa, a hide. The M. Du. "

throat. Not in A.S. N. Fries, burre, broseken was borrowed from F.

borf'e,
a burr,burdock. /;^rr"?,
a ?ea- Buss, to kiss. (E.) [The old word was
+ Swed.
urchin; ^ar^'/^^?/';'*?,
a burdock; T"Ti.x\.
borre, bass." V. baiser, to kiss. Lat. basitim,z. "

burdock. From Teut. base *bnrz-":i*burs-,kiss.] The modern buss, of imitative

weak grade of Teut. root *bers,to bristle. origin,may have been partlysuggested
See Bi'istle. Der, bur-dock. by it. Cf. prov. G. (Bavarian)bussen,
68
 BUZZARD CADDY

Lowl. bizz,to hiss ; Ital.btizzicare,

Sc. to a cook's cabin ; also the chimney in 9 *

hum, whisper. ship,'Sewel. (Hence also Dan. kabys,

Blizzard. (F. L.) M. E. bosard, Swed. kabysa,caboose.) "

busard, an inferior kindof falcon. F. Cabriolet. (F.-Jtal.-L.) Cab is

"

busard. Y. biise,a " buzzard; with suffix short for cabriolet. Y cabriolet,a cab; "
.

"a)'d (from O.H.G. /iar/)."Late L. biisio from its supposed lightness. F. ra/rw/^, "

^ L. buteo,a sparrow-hawk. a caper, leapof a goat ; formerlycapriole.

By, prep. (F.) M. E. bi. A. S. bl, " Ital. capriola,

a caper, a kid. ItaL "

bij G.bei;
big.-\-lK\. ',
Goih. bi. Cf.Skt. caprio,wild goat ; cap7'a,a she-goat. "

a-bhz, Gk. dfi-(pi. L. caper,goat ; fem. capra.

By-law, a law affectinij; a townshi}).Cacao, atree. (Span. Mexican.) Span. "

(Scand.) Formerly also birlaw. Icel. cacao ; from the Mexican name {cacatiatt) "

3"?-;-,by-r^a village(gen.bcejar, whence of the tree whence chocolate is made.

bir-^'y log,a law. So also Dan. by-lov,a % Not the same as cocoa.
town-law. Icel. beer is allied to bua, to Cachinnation. (L ) L. ace. cachin-
dwell. See Boor. ndtionem, loud laughter. L. cachinndre, "

Byre, a cow-house. (E.) A Northern to laugh. Cf. Cackle.

E. deriv. of boTver. A. S. lyre, a shed, Cachucha, a dance. (Span.) Span.
hut. A. S. bn7% a bower; cf. Icel. bftr,a c acinicha.
"

pantry. See Bower. Cacique, a W. Indian chief. (Span."

W. Indian.) Span, cacique,an Indian
prince. From the old languageof Hayti.
go to stool. (L.) M. E. Cack, to
Cab (i);
Cabriolet. see cakken.'"'L. cacdre.
Cab
(2),a Heb. measure. (Heb.) Heb. Cackle. (E.) M.E. kakeleii,a fre-
quentativ
qab, the i8th part of an ephah. The literal form. Not in A. S. + Du.
sense is ' hollow ' ; cf. Heb qdbab,to form kakelen ; Swed. kackla ; Dan. kagle; G.
in the shape of a vault ; see Alcove. gackeln. The sense is ' to keep on saying
'
Cabal. (F.- Heb.) Orig. a secret.' F. kak ; cf.gabb-le,
'
gobb-le, gagg-le.
'
a hidden (Gk.)
*
cabale,the JewesCaball, science ; Cacophony, a harsh sound.
Cot. " Heb. (7(7^M/(7//, mysteriousGk.
reception, KaKoipoji'ia,
harsh sound. a Gk. " kuko-

doctrine. " Heb. gdbal, to receive ; qibbel,(pojvos,harsh. " Gk. kuko-s, bad ; and
to adopt a doctrine. -77,sound.
0a;i/ Der. (Gk./coko-
cacophonous
Cabbage (0^ a vegetable.(F.-L.) (/xwros).
M. E. cabache, cabocJie. (Picard)ca- Cad, a low fellow. (F.-L.) Short
"

'
F.
boche,lit. great '
head ; cf. Picard
cabtis,for Lowl. Sc. cadie,an errand-boy;see
F. choux cabiis, cabbage. L. Jamieson. F. fixr/g/; see Cadet.
large-headed " "

cap-ui, head ; with augmentativesuffix ; Cadaverous, (L.)

corpse-like. L.
cf. Ital. head
capocchia, of a nail. c ad alter Y.. cadauer, a corpse.
osus. " Lat. "

Cabbage (2), to steal. (F.) From fall dead.

cad-e?'e,to fall,
Y cobasser,to put into a basket ; Norman
. Caddis, a kind of worsted lace or tape.
cabasser,to cabbage (and see Supp. to (F.) In Wint. Tale, iv. 4. 208. M. E.
Godefroy). F. cabas, a basket; Norman "
cadas, explained by bombiciniiun in
cabas,tailor's cabbage; of unknown origin. Prompt. Parv. ; (henceIrish cadas, cad-
dis).
Caber, a pole.(C" L.) Gael, cabar, Though also used to denote 'wor-
sted,'
a rafter. L. type *caprio, " a rafter;see it was orig.coarse silk. F. cadarce, "

Chevron. 'the courstst part of silke, whereof sleave

Cabin. (F.) M.E cabam."Y. cabane. is made ; ' Cot. Cf. Span,cadarzo,coarse,
" Prov. cabana. " Late L. capanna, a entangledsilk,that cannot be spun on a
hut (Isidore). reel ; Port, cadarco,a coarse silk. Origin
cabinet. (F.) F. cabinet,dimin. of unknow n ; probably Eastern. Der. caddis -

F. cabane,a cabin (above). 7vorm, from the caddis-like shape of the

Cable. (F. L.) - M. E. cable. - O. F. case of the larva.
c"7/V"?. Late L. "
captiluni.
caplum, a strong Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.)
(holding)
rope. L. capere,to hold. " Better spi It catty. A small package of
Caboose, the cook's cabin on board ship. tea, less than a half-chest,is called in the
(Du.) Formerly camboose.'^Xyw. ko?Hbuts, tea-trade a caddy or catty. Malay kati,a "

70
 CADE CALENTURE

weightequal to i| lb. avoirdupois.This Calabash, the shell of a gourd. (F.

weight is also used in China and Japan, Span. "Arab. I'ers.) F, calebasse." -
"

and tea is often made taining Span,calahaza (Port,

np in packagescon- calaba^a).Arab. " "

one catty. Pers. kharhuz, a melon lit. ass-gourd,' .

'

Cade, a cask,
barrel, (F,-L. " Gk." i.e. largegourd. Pers. khar, ass (hence, "

Heb,) F. cade."!., cask.

ccuius,a barrel, coarse);/^Msa//,odoriferous fruit. Cf. Skt.
" Gk. /m5o?,a cask,jar. Heb, kad, a pail.kkara, an ass.
"

Cadence, a fall of the voice. (F." I Calamint, a herb, (V. L. Gk,) - -

Ital. L.) M. E. cadence.

" F. cadence, a I M. F. calamcnl, Cot.
" Late L. calaniintha.'
"

cadence, just fallingof words;' Cot. I Gk. KaXafx'ivQv, " "

Ital. cadenza. "l^^Xjt h. cadentia,a falling. I Calamity. (F,-L.) Y. calainitL^

" L. cadent-.,stem of pres. pt.of cadere,to L. ace. calaniiidteni,
a misfortune.

fall.+ Skt. (ad,to fall. Calash, a sort of carriage. (F. G." "

Cadet, orig.a 5'ounger son. (F. L.) Slavonic) F, caleche. G. kalesche. Vo\.
" " "

younger brother ; Prov. capdel. kolaska,a small carriage,

F, cadet, a dimin. of kolasa,
Capdet is
a Gascon form Late L. capit-a carriage;Russ, koliaska. a carriage,"
=

elltim (thesubstitution of / for // being Pol koto, a wheel ; O. Slav. koto. (VQEL.) .

regularin Gascon ; P. Meyer); lit. a little Calcareous. (L.) Should be cal-

(younger)head, dimin. from L. caput, a carious. L. cakdrius, pertaining to lime. "

head. L. calc-,stem oicalx, lime, "

Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab. qddJ, calcine. (F. L.) Y. calcmer. "
-

qdzl,a cadi orcazi,a judge. Hence Span. Mod. L. calcindre, to reduce to a calx."
alcalde,the judge (E. alcayde) ; where al L. calc-,stem of calx,lime.
is the Arab. def. article. calculate. (L.) L. calculdt-us, pp.
Caducous, falling. (L.) L. cadnc-tis,of calculdre,to reckon by help of small
falling; with suffix -otts. l^. cadere, to pebbles. L. calculus, pebble* dimin. of
" "

fall. See Cadence. calx,a stone.

Caesura. L. ccisura, a cutting;
(L.) Caldron, Cauldron. (F.-L,) M.E.
a pause in L. cces-us, pp. of caiideron, A. F. caudrun.'-O.
a verse. " North F".
ccedere,
to cut. (Picard)catideron, for O. F, chauderon,
Caftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.) mod. F. chaudron (Ital. calderone.Span.
Turk, qaftan, a dress. a vessel for hot water.
calderon), Extended
Cage. (F. L.) F. cage. Late L. from L. calddr-ia,
" a hot bath.
" L. caldus, "

cavea, L. caiiea, a cave, den, cage. L. contr, form of calidzis,hot. L. calere,

to " "

caujis, hollow. See Cave. be hot.

Caique, a boat. (F. Turk.) Y. caique. Calendar. "
(L.) L. calcnddrium,an
" Turk, kaik,a boat. account-book kept by money-changers;so
Cairn, a pileof stones. (C.) Gael., called because interest was due on the
Irish,\\'.,Bret. car7i, a crag, rock ; also a calends (lit day) of each month; also, a

pileof stones. calendar. L. calenda, calends. "

Caitiff. (F.-L.) M. E. caitif.- Calender (0" ^ machine for pressing

A.F. aa wretch
caitif.captive, (F.chetif).cloth. (F. Gk.) F. ealandre." " L. "

" L. captmum, ace. of captiuus; see Med. 'L.^calendra,celendra,a calender;an

Captive, adaptationof L. cylindrus.a cylinder ; see
Cajole. (F,) F. to cajole;Cylinder.
cajoler, Der. calender, a smoother of
formerly,
to chatter like a jay. Perhaps linen,a mistaken form for calendrer.
of imitative origin; cf. cackle. Calender (2), a kind of wandering
Cajuput, Cajeput (withJ as jj/),
a monk. (F. Pers.) F. ca lender. ^Vers. "

tree oil, (Malay.)

yieldingan Malay qalandar,a kind of wandering Miiham-
kayu patih, lit. 'white wood.' Malay madan monk, who abandons"
everything
kdyti,wood white.
; pfctih, and retires from the world.
Cake. (E. or Scand.) M. E. cake. Calends. (L.) L. calender,s. pi.,
N. Fries, kdk, kdg, late Icel. and Swed, |the firstday of the (Roman) month. Orig.
kaka ; Dan. kage. Tent, stem *kakdn-, I obscure ; but certainly from the base cal-,
fem. ; fromTeut. root *kak-,of which the !as in O.
Lat. calare, to proclaim, -f-Gk.
strong grade is *-kdk- (whence prov. E. IKaK(iv, tosummon. Allied to Hale (2).
cookie^Du. koek,G. kuchen, a cake). i Calenture, a feverous madness. (F.
7
 CALF CAMEL

"
Span. L.) " F. calen/u re." calen-
Spa.n. thick-skinned.
L. callosus, L. callus,
cal- "

tm-a. V,. calent-, stem

" of pres. pt. ot liun. hardskin.
calere, to be hot. Callow, unfledged,bald. (L.) M. E.
Calf^i). (E.) y^.Y..kalf. O.Merc. calu, calewe. A. S. calu, bald +Du. kaal,
calf;A.S. cealf.JfViVi.kalf\ Icel. kdlfr; bald; Swed. ^^/ ; G.kahl. Teut *kakuoz,
Swed. kalf\ Dan. kalv; Goth, kalbd ; earlyborrowed from L. cahms, bald.
G. kalb. Dar. calve,vb., A. S. cealjian.Calm. (F. L. Gk.) F. caUiie, adj. " "

Perhaps allied to Skt. garbha, womb, a Allied to Prov. chaiime,the time when the
foetus. Brugm. i. " 656. c/iaumer),
flocks rest ; F. chd??ier (Jormeily
Calf (2), the thick hind part of the to rest from work ; Ital. calma, rest. Late "

shank. (E.) Perhapsthe same as the above; L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence,
cf. Gaulish L. galba,great-ballied ; Icel. time for rest); Job xxx. 30. [It is sug-
gested
kdlji,calf of the leg. See Cave in. that the change from au to al was
Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun. due to association with L. cal-ere,to be
(F.) F. calibre,size of a bore ; Span. hot.] Gk. KavfJ-a, heat. Gk. naUiv, to " "

calibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps burn. Der. be-calm.

from Arab, qdlib, a form, mould, model, Calomel, a preparationof mercury.
Rich. Diet. p. II 1 1 (Diez). Mahn gests
sug- (Gk.) Coined to express a white product
L. qua libra, with what measure. from a black substance. Gk. Ka\6-s,fair ; "

Calico, cotton (E. Indian.)and /LieA-as,

-cloth. black.
Nanidd from Calicut, on the Malabar Caloric. (F. L.) F. calorique.L. " "

coast, whence it was firstimported. calor,heat. L. calere, to be hot. "

Calif,Caliph. (F.-Arab.) Y.calife, calorific,making hot. (L.)l^.calori-

a successor ot the prophet. Arab, kha- fcus,makinghot. L. calori-,
" stem oi calor, "

lifah,successor. Aral), khalafa,to suc-

" ceed. heat; and -fie-, ior facere,io make.
Doublet, khalifa. Calthrop, Caltrap, a star-thistle, a

Caligraphy, Calligraphy, good ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.

writing.(Gk.) Gk. /":aAAi7/)a./"ia. Gk. (L. and Teut.) M. E. kalketrappe,
" A.S.
KaWt; prefix(fork"xK\os, beaut}', from calcetreppe,a star-thistle. Coined from
Ka\6s,good, fair); and jpaipeiv,to write. L. calci-,stem of calx, the heel ; and the
calisthenics, callisthenics, Teutonic word /ra/. Lit. 'heel-trap'; see

gracefulexercises. (GIc.) From Gk. Trap. So also F. chatissetrappe,the same.

adorned
Ka\ki(T9"v-r]^, with strength. "
Calumet, a kind of pipe for tobacco.
Gk. KaXKi- (for /fdAXo?, beauty, from (F. L. Gk.) Norman
" "
F, calu?net,a
KaXos, fair)
; and aOiv-os,
strength. pipe; parallel f orm to O. F. F.
chalejuel,
Calipers,compasses. (F.) Vox caliber- chalujneau, a pipe. L. calamus, reed. "
"x
"

compasses, i.e. compasses for measuring Gk. fcaXapios,a reed. See Shawm.
diameters; see Caliber. Calumny. (F. "

L.) Y .calonmie. " l^.

Calisthenics ; see Caligraphy. calumnia, false accusation. L. calul, "

Caliver, a sort of musket. (F.) Named caluere,to deceive.

from its caliber or bore ; see Kersey'sDiet. Calve ; see Calf.
See Caliber. Calx. (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem
Calk ; usually Caulk, q. v. calc- ) ; in Late L., a calx.
Call. (Scand.) Late A.S. ceaUian; Calyx. (L. Gk.) L. calyx. Gk. " "

cf. hildecalla,a herald. E. Fries, kallen. KoXv^, a covering,calyx (or cup) of a

"

Icel. and Swed. kalla\ Dan. ka/de.-^Dn. flower. Allied to Helm (2).
kallen ; O. H. G. challon. Teut, type Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
"^-kallon-or '^kallojan-, weak verb ; cf. W. Du. kamfn, a comb (see Kilian"! ; Low G.
gahv. to call,Russ. golos\voice, sound. kamvi ; cf. Dan. kam, comb, also a ridge
Callet, Callat, a worthless woman. on a wheel, cam, or cog. See Comb.
(F. Low L. Low G.) In Oth. iv.
" " 2. Cambric. (Flanders.)Named from
121." F.caillette,a gossip, chatterer; Kamerijk, also called Cambray, a town
lit.a a quail,in Flanders,
littlequail; dimin. of caille, where it was firstmade.
also a woman. Littre givescaille coiffee,Camel. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M. E.
femme galante. See Quail. ful.)
(Doubt- camel,camail,chamel. O. North F. camel, "

O. F. chatfiel. L. cajnelus. Gk. icajxTjXos.

" "

Callous, hard. (F. L.)

" Y .
calleux." Heb. gdmdl. Cf. Arab, jamal.
"

72
 CAMELOPARD CANISTER

Camelopard, a giraffe. (L. Heb. ''^cunde) has lost an n. "

y. The pp. couth,

and Gk.) canielopardalis.
t-ormerly L. ca- A.S. cu6, known, only survives in un-
" couth,

meloparddlis.Gk. KanT]\oTrdp8a\is,
"
girr.fle; which see. Allied to Ken and
j^aitly like a camel, partly like a paid." Know. (-v^GEN)
Gk. KafiTjXo-s, a camel (Heb. gdmdl) ; and Can (2),a drinking-vessel. TE.) A.S.
ndpSaXis, a i)ard; see Pard. canne, a can. -4- Du. kan\ Ictl. kanna;
Caxnelliai. (Personal name.) A plant Swed. katina ; Dan. kande ; G. kanjie, a
named (by Linneeus) after Geo. Jos.Kamel, tankard, mug. (Apparentlya true Teut.
a Moravian Jesuit(17th cent.),who de- scribed
word.)
the plants in the island of Luzon. Canal. (F. L.) F. canal Cwhence also "

Camelopard ; see Camel. Dw.kanaal). '-'L,.candlis,Si channel,trench.

Cameo. (Ital.) Ital. cammeo, a camieo, Canary, a bird, a winu. a dance.
preciousstone carved in relief. Origin (Canary Islands.)All named from the
unknown. Canary Islands.
Cam.era. (L.) L. camera, a chamber ; Cancel. (F. L.) " Y. canceller. '-l.z.w
hence camera obscura, a dark chamber, L. cancelldre,
to a deed by drawing cancel
box photography
for ; see Chamber. lines L. cancellus,
across it.
a grating,
pi.
"

Camlet, a stuff. (F. "

Arab.) Formerly lattice-work,
cayicellT, crossed lines;dimin.
camelot. ^\.". canielot,Cot.; supposed
" of pi.cancri, lattice-work.
to be named from containingcavieVs hair. Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab ; also
Really fiom Arab. khaj?ilat,kha??ialat,
an eating'
tumour. Cf. G\"..KnpKivos, '
Skt.
camlet ; Rich. Diet. p. 628. karkaia, crab ; cf. Skt. a kaikara, hard.
Camomile ; see Chamomile. Named from itshard shell. Brugm. i. " 464.
Camp. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.camp{Qoi.). Candelabrum. (L.^ \..caudeldbritm,
"
field,
Iial. cafnpo,acaiiip. L. raw/?/;;/,a candle-holder; from candela. a candle.
"

ace. field,
of campus, ground held by an Candid.
a (F.-L.) Y. candide,\f}i\it,
army. Brugm. i. " 563. fair, sincere. L. candidus,white,shining. "

campaign, orig. large

a field. (F. L. candere, to shine. L. *candere,to - " "

Ital. L.) F. campaigne,campagne, an

" set on fire (in comp. in-cende?-e).-\-9"V
open field. " Ital. campagtia, a held ; also chand{iox ^chand)to shine. , ; y'SC^END.)
a campaign. " L. campdnia, open field."
Brugm. i. "" 456,818 (2).
L. campus, a field. (Alsospelt champaign, candidate. (L.) L. candiddtus,
and even champion in old authors.) white- robed ; because candidates for office
campestral, growing in fields. (L.) wore white. L. ca?ididus, white. "

F'rom L. campestr-is, growing in fields; candle. (L.) A.S. candel.-'L. dela,

can-

with suffix -a/. L. campus, a field. " a candle. L. candere,to glow. "

'

Cam.panula. (L.) Lit. *a littlebell ; candour. (F.-L.) Y. candeur.'^l..

dimin. of L. ca?npdna,a bell.
ca mpan i-forj?i
Camiphor. (F. Arab.
Hence also ace. candorern, brightness (hence,sincerity).
. Candy, crystallised sugar. (F.- Ital."
Malay.) For-
merly Skt.) Y sticre candi,sugar-candy;
" " whence .

speltcamphire .with an inserted i). F. se candir, 'to candie;' Cot "Ital.

" F. camphre, 'camphire;'Cot. Low candire,to candy; cajidi, candy; zucchero
"

L. camphora (whence the form camphor). candi, sugar-candy.Arab, qand, sugar; "

" Arab, kdfur, camphor ; cf.Skt. karpiira,whence Arab, qandt, made of sugar.
camphor. Malay kdpilr^
" lit.chalk ; kdpur The word is Ar}an; cf. Skt. khdr.^ava,
Bdriis, chalk of Barous, a name for cam-
phor. sweetmeats, khawdia,a broken piece, from
Barous is in Sumatra. khavuS.,to break. Der. sugar- candy,Ital.
Can (0, I am able. (E.) A. S. can, zticchero candi.
cann, 1st and 3rd persons sing.pres. of Candytuft, a plant.(Hyb.) From
cmtnan^ to know. The pres. t. can is Candy, i.e. Candia (Crete); and tuft.
really an old perf. t. ; the same peculiarityCane. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. cam,
occurs in Du. kunnen, Icel. and Swed. canjie. " F. canne. " L. canna. " Gk. Kawa,
kunna, Dan. kunde, to know, to be able ; a reed. Cf. Heb. qdneh, reed ; Arab.
G. konnen, to know. p. The pt. t. is qandh,cane.
could,with intmsive /; M. E. coude,A. S. canister. (L. Gk.) L. canistrnm, "

cii^e ; cf. Goth, kuntha, Du. konde, G. a liLjhtbasket. the same.

Gk. Kdvaarpov, "

konnte ; shewing that A. S. ciiQe (for " Gk. KavT] =

Kawa, a reed.

73
 CANNON CANZONET

cannon. (F. " Ital. " L. "

Gk.) F. Canorous, tuneful. (L.) L. canor-us ;
Ital. cannone,
canon. " a cannon, orig.a with suffix-*?/^. L. fa":"?r"?,
tosing.Brugm.
"

great tube,a gun- barrel. " L. canna, a reed : i. " 181.

see Cane. % The Span,canon, a tube, a cant (i),to singin a whining way,
deep gorge, is cognate. whine. (L.) L. cantdre (whence Picard
canon (0, a rule. (L. Gk.) " A. S. a .d Walloon canter, to sing); frequent,
canon. " \^ canon, a. rule. " of
Gk./fat'a;"',arod, canere, to sing. Cant was at first a

rule. " Gk. Kavrj = Kdvva,a (straight)

cane. beggar'swhine ; hence, hypocrisy
; see

(2),a dignitary
canon of the church. Kecant.
(F. -Gk.) "M. E L.
canun, canoun." canticle. (L.) L. canticulum,a little
O. F. canogne,no\vchanoine. 'L?iX..canom' "
song ; dimin. of canticnm, a song ; dimin.
cum, of canonicus, adj.,one
ace. on the of cantus, a song ; cf. catttus,pp. of
church-roll or list. L. canofi, the church- "
canere, sing.
to
roll ; also,a rule. See canon (i). canto. (Ital.L.) "
Ital. r(2"/"7,
a ing,
sing-
Canine. (L-) L. canlnus, belonging section of a poem. " L. ace. cantujn,
to a dog. " L. cams, a dog ; see Hound. a singing, song (abovel.
Canister ; see Cane. canzonet. (Ital." L.) Ital. canzo-
(F. L.) North
Canker. "
F. cancre. netta, dimin. of canzone, a hymn, song. "

(F.chancre). L.. cancriun, ace. " oi cancer, L. cantionem, ace. of cantio, a song. " L.
a crab, a canker. See Cancer. ^ i he G. cantus, pp. of canere, to sing.
kanker may be Teutonic (Kluge); so Cant (2),
an edge ; as verb, to tilt. (Du.
perhapsE, canker in the sense of '
disease "
L.) Du. kant, an edge, corner.+Dan.
of trees';cf. Gk. 7077^0?, an excrescence and Swed. kant, edge ; G. kante, a corner.
on trees. |3. All from Late L. cantus, a corner; which
Cannel-coal. is prob.from L. canthus Gk. KavQo-i,
(L. theand E.) Lit. a -

candle-coal,'
*
because it burns brightly.corner of the eye, felloe of a wheel.
Prov. E. cannel, a candle. See Candle. Canteen. (F. Ital.) F. cantine. -
"

Cannibal. (Span. W. Indian.) for- merly Ital. cantina, a cellar, cool cave (hence
"

canibal. Span, canibal ; for Caribal, the" sense of vessel for liquids).Origin
a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands. doubtful. Perhapsfrom Late L. cantus,a
The W. Indian (Hayti)word carib means corner.
'
brave.' Hence also Caliban. Canter, an easy gallop.(Propername.)
Cannon Cane. Short for Canterbury gallop,
(1); see the pace at
Cannon
(2), billiards. (F. Span.) which pilgrims rode
at thither. "

A corruption of carrom, shortened form of Canticle, Canto; see Cant (i),

F. caramboler, v., to make a cannon at Cantle, a small piece. (F. L. ?) O.F. -

to touch
billiards, two other balls with cantel,a small piece(F.chanteau),dimin.
one's own ; see Hoyle's Games. Orig. of Picard cant (F.chant),a corner ; Late

sense, to touch the red ball ; whence L. cantus. Prob. from L. canthus,corner
caramboler, to cannon (as above) and of the eye ;
see Cant (2).
carambolage, sb.,a cannon. Span,caram- "
Canton, aregion.(F. Ital.)". canton. "

bola,a manner of playingat billiards, a "Ital. cantone, a nook, angle: also,a

device,trick, cheat. Originunknown. corporation, ; Late L.
township (Torriano)
Canoe. (Span. " W. Ind.) Span,canoa ; cantd7tum, canto, a region, province.
orig.a Haytian word for boat.' '
Origindoubtful, ff Canton (inheraldry),
Canon (i)and (2); see Cane. a corner of a shield, is from F. canton,
Canopy. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Should a corner, Ital. cantone, from Ital.canto, an
be conopy; but we find F. canopi,borrowed edge; see Cant (2),
from Ital. canope. (Also F. conopce.)!^. Canvas. (F. L. Gk.) yi.Y.,canevas. " " "

conopeum, ]\x(\\ih.
yiui. 9. Gk. Koji'ojiTeiov, North F. canevas. Late L, canabdcius, " "

an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains hempen cloth. L. cannabis, hemp. Gk. " "

(hence,any sort of hangings). Gk. kqjpwtt-, Kavva^is, hemp. Cf. Skt. fana, hemp ; "

stem of Kwvojip,a mosquito, gnat ; lit. see Hemp.

'
*
cone-faced or cone-headed,'from the '
canvass. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. to
shape of its head. " Gk. Kujvo-t, a cone; toss in a canvas sheet, to criticize or

and face,appearance, from

a)\fi, Gk. base discuss thoroughly.From canvas, sb.
on, to see (seeOptics). Canzonet; see Cant (i).
74
 CAOUTCHOUC CAPTIOUS

Caontchonc. North F. capitcl

(F. Carib.)
"
(F.chapiteau) ; from L.
Y.caotit-
choitc; orig.a Caribbean capitellum (above). word, cahnchii.
Cap, a head-covering. (LateL.) A. S. capitation, poll-tax.(F.-L.) F.
cceppe-'-'l^^ieL. cappa, a cap (Isidore). capitation. L-vlXc L. ace. capitdtionem, "

Capable. (F. L.) F. ra/a*^/^. Late "

L.
poll-tax. capit-, stem of caput, poll, " "

L. capdbilis, comprehensible; afterwards, head.

able to hold. L. capere,to hold below).
" Capitol. (L.) The templeof Jupiter,
capacious, able to contain. (L.) at Rome, called Capitolium.'^'L. capit-,
Coined from L. capdci-, stem of capax, stem of caput, a head ; but the reason for
able to hold. L. capere,to hold,"contain ; the name is obscure ; see Smith, Class.
see Heave. Brugm. i. " 635. (y'QAP.) Diet.
Caparison, trappings of a horse. (F. capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
"
Span. Late L.) O. F. caparasson." Med. L. capituldris,
"
adj.of capitulum,
Span,caparazon, cover for a saddle ; aui:;- a chapter of a cathedral,or a chapterof
mentative from Med. L. caparo, a cowl ; a book ; see Chapter.
from Span,capa, a cloak,cover. " Late L. capitulate. (L.) \.2X^\^.capituldtus
capa, a cape ; as below. pp. of capituldre,
to divide into chapters,
Cape (i),a coveringfor the propose (forsurrender). shoulders. also to terms "

(F. Late L.) O. North F. cape. Late L. Late L. capitulum,

- z. chapter
; see Chapter. -

cdpa,a cape (Isidore of Seville!;whence Der. re- capitulate.

also Prov., Span.,Port, capa, Icel. kdpa, Capon. (L. Gk.) A, S. capun.-^l^. "

"c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope. ace. from

cdpone77i, nom. capo. " Gk. navo^v,
Cape (F.
(2), a headland.
capon. " Ital." L.) a

F. m/. Ital. capo, head, headland.

" L. Caprice. (F. Ital." L.?) Y. caprice. " "

caput, head. a whim.

Ital. capriccio, Perhaps from "

Caper (i),to dance about. (Ital.L.) Ital. capro, a he-goat;so that capj'iccio "

Abbreviated from capreole(SirP. Sidney).might mean a frisk like a goat's; see

" Ital.capriolare,
to skipas a goat. " Ital. Caper (i).
capriola, '
a
caper Capricorn. (L.) L. capricomus,
in dancing,'Florio ;
also, a kid ; dimin. of cafra, a
she-goat.horned like a goat. L. cap7'i-, for capro-, "

" L, capra, a she-goat ; cf. caper,he-goat.stem of caper,goat ; and corn-u, horn,

4-Gk. Kairpos, a boar; A. S. hcefer, Icel. capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.
kafr. (F. Ital. L.) Y. capriole {steCot.). " " ^

Caper (2),the flower-bud of a certain Ital. capriola, the leap of a kid ; see
plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. capre {". Caper (i).
cdpre). L. capparis.Gk. Ka-n-napis, caper-
"
Capsize, to upset. (Span.? L.) Per-
" haps "

plant; its fruit ; cf. Pers. kabar, capers. from Span, capuzar, to sink (a ship)
Capercailzie. (Gael.) Here z repre- sents by the head ; apparently a derivative of L.

M. E. y, pron. as j)/. Gael, capull- caput, the head. (A guess.)

"

coille,greatcock of the wood ; lit.horse Capstan. (F. Span. L. ?) F. cabe- " "

of the wood. Gael, capull, a horse (see stan ; Prov. cabestaii. Span, cabestrajite,
" "

Cavalier); coille, gen. of coill, a wood, cabrestante, a capstan. Of these forms,

cognate with PI Holt. cabestrante is the better,and is allied to
Capillary, like hair. (L.) L. capil-Span,cabestrage,
a halter,
or a haltering,
Idris,adj.; from hair.
Perhaps and to cabestrar,to halter. L. capistrant-,
capillns, "

allied to cap-ut,the head. stem of pres. pt. of capistrdre,to halter.

Capital (I ),chief. (F.-L.) Y. capital. L. capistrum(Span,cabestro), a halter. "

" L. capitdlis, belongingto the head. L. L. cap-ere,to hold; with double suffix " "

capit', stem oicap7it, the head.-|-Skt.kapd- -is-tro.

la{fn), skull ; A. S. hafela, head. Brugm. Capsule, seed-vessel. (F. L.) F. "

i. " 64 K capsule,a small case. dimin.

L. capsula, "

capital (2), stock of money. (F." oi capsa, a case ; see Case (2).
L.) F. capital "I.z.Xg L. capitdle,wealth ;
.
Captain. (F.-L.) y^.Y. capitain.'^
neut. oi capitdlis, chief;see Capital (i). O. F. capitain."Y.zte L. capitdneus,capit-
capital (3),head of a pillar. (L. ; or dtnis,a leader of soldiers. L. capit-, stem "

F. L.) L. capitellum,
" head of a pillar ; of cap7(t, head.
dimin. from L, caput, head. Or from O. Captious. (F. L.) F. captieux,cavil- -

75
 CAPTIVE CAREER

ling. L. captiostis.
" 'L. capita,a taking,karawTyd-a, caraway- seeds or plant. Cf.
"

a sophistical argument. L. captus,pp. of Gk. Kapos, Kapov, cumin. "

capere,to hold. See Capacious. Carbine. (F. Gk.) Formerly cara- bine, "

captive. (F.-L.) F. captif(fern. a musket, the weapon of a carabin,

captive)."^'L. captiuus, a captive. L. or musketeer. F. carabin, 'an arque- " "

captus,pp. of capere, to take. + W. caeth, buzier;' Cot. Perhapsfrom O.F. calabrin,

a captive; O. Irish cacht^ a female captive.a light-armed soldier ; of uncertain origin.
captor. (L.) L. r^//""r, a taker. L. Carbon. (F.-L.) F. carbone. l.. " "

cap-,as in capere,to take; with sufhx -tor. ace. carbonem, a coal.

capture. (F. L.) F. capture. !., carbonado, broiled meat. (Span."
" "

captilra, taking.
a L. cap-,as in capere,to L.) Span, carbonada, meat broiled over
"

take ; with fem. suffix -tura. coals. "

Span,carbon,coal; see above.
Capuchin, hooded friar, hood. (F. -
carbuncle. L. carbunculus, (1) a
Ital. Late"

L.) M. F. capuchin; V. small coal, (2)a carbuncle,gem, from its

capucin. "Ital. cappucino, a small hood, glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
hence a hooded friar ; dimin. of cappuccio, dimin. of L. carbo, coal.
a cowl. Ital.cappa,a cape ; see Cap and
"
Carboy, a largeglassbottle, protected
Cape (i). by wicker-work. (Pers.) Pers. qardbah,
Car. (F. C.) M. E. carre. - O. North F. a largeflagon ; which is prob. of Arab, -

carre,di car (Ducange,s. v. Marcellum). origin.Cf. Arab, qirbah,a. water-skin,

" Late L. carra, f.; allied to L. carrus, water-bottle.
a car; of Gaulish origin. Bret, karr, Carcanet. "
(F. Teut.) Dimin. of F.
"

a chaiiot ; W. car, O. Gael, car, Irish car can, a collar of jewels,or of gold."
carr. Allied to L. cur r us, a chariot ; O. H. G. querca, the throat ; cf. Icel.
Brugm. i. " 516. kverkr,pi.the throat ; Yk'C^.gerkle throat, ,

Caracole. (F. Span.) F. cat-acol, gei'ti, to drink.

"
Brugm. i. " 653.
caracole,a snail ; wfYitnce/airele caracole, Carcase, Carcass. (F.- Ital.)From
applied a manoeuvre
to by soldiers,a nd to M. F. carquasse, a dead body. Ital. "

turns made by a horse. Span, caracol, carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell,

" a shell ;
a snail,winding staircase, turning about also,a skeleton,frame ; cf.Port, carcassa,
(fromthe snail-shell'sspiral form). Per-
haps a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknown
of Celtic origin ; cf. Gael, carach, origin.
circling, winding ; car, a turn, twist. Card (Oj piece of pasteboard.(F."
Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. Ital. Gk.) Corruptionof F. carte, *a " "

Span. Arab.) F, carafe. Span,garrafa.,card,'Cot. Ital. carta', L. charta. Q\^.

"
" " "

a cooler,vessel
cool wines in. Arab. to "
"yapTT], xapT-qs, leaf of papyrus. a Der.
ghirdf,draughts of water ; Arab, root cardboard. Doublet, chart.
gharafa,to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.) Card (2),an instrument for combing
^ Or from Pers. qardbah,a largeflagon; wool. (F. L.) Y .carde.'~^'it^.L,.cardus,
"

but see Carboy. L. cardials,

a thistle ; for wool-combing.

Carat. (F. Ital.-Arab.

-
Gk.) F. -
Cardinal. (L.) L. cardi?tdlis, cipal,
prin-
carat, a very light
weight. Ital. carato." " chief ; to the hingeof
orig.relating
Arab, qirrdt,a pod, husk, carat, 24th a door. " L. cardin-,stem of cardo, a

part of an ounce. " Gk. Kepdriou,

fruit of hinge.
the locust-tree ; also,a carat ; lit.' a small Cardoon, a plant. (F.-Prov.-L.)
horn.' Gk. Kepar-, stem of Kipas, a horn ;
" F. cardon, Cot. Prov. cardon; with aug-
ment,
"

see Horn. suffix from Med. L. card-us, a

Caravan. (F. Pers.)F. caravane. "
See Card (2). " thistle.
Pers. kdjivdn, a caravan, convoy. (L.) M. E. care. A. S. caru, Care.
caravansary. (Pers.) Pers. kdr- ceartc, anxiety.+ 0. Sax. kara, sorrow;
wdnsaray, an inn for caravans. Pers. O. H. G. chara, a lament; Goth, kara; "

kdrwdn, caravan ; sardy, publicbuilding,Teut. type *kard, f. Hence, care, vb. ; A. S.

inn. carian. 9\ Not allied toL. cilra.
Caraway, Carraway. (Span." Careen. (F.-L.) Lit. 'to clean the
'

Arab.) Span, al-carahueya,

a caraway ; keel ; hence to laya shipon its side. F. "

where al is merely the Arab. def. art. ; carine,carhie,keel. " L. carina, keel.
also written carvi. hxdh. "
karwiyd-a. Career. (F. C.) " F. carriere,a race-

76
 CARPENTER CASINO

Carpenter. (F. C.) K.Y. carpenter; register. Late L. chart nla, a document ;
" "

O. North F. carpcnticr{". charpe7itier)."dimin. ol chart a, a paper ; see Card (i).

Late L. carpentarius ,
sb. ; carpentdre, to Carve. (F.) M. E. keruen. A.S. ceorfan;
work in timber. L. ca^'pentum,a carriage ; pt. t. cearf,
"
pi.curfon,pp. corfen.[The
a word of Celtic origin. O. Irish carpat^ A. S. ceorfanwould have given *cka?-ve ;
"

Gael, and Irish carhad,W. cerbyd, a riage,

car- c was retained from the pt. pi.and pp.]
chariot,
litter. -|-Du. kerven ; G. kerben, to notch,cut ;
Carpet. (F. L.) O. F. mr/zV^. Late " " also Dan, ka^-ve,Swed. karfva,to notch,
L. carpita, carpeta,a kind of thick cloth ; from the 2nd stem. Gk. ypdcpdv. Brugm.
also carpia (F. charpie), lint. L, car- " i. ^ 791-
pere, to pluck, pull to pieces(lintbeing Cascade. (F. Ital. " "
L.) F. cascade."
made of rags pulledto and
pieces, carpet, Ital. cascata, waterfall
a ; orig. fem. pp. of
probably, from shreds). cascare, to fall. For '^casica7-e. 'L.cdsdre, "

Carrack. (F.) O. F. carraque, a ship to totter. L. cdsum, sup. oicadere,to fall.

"

of burden ; Latesame. Case Lat. carraca, the

(i), an event. (F. L.) M. E. "

Of unknown origin. cas. F. cas. L. ace. cdsum, a fall,a " "

Carriage. (F. C.) M.E.caria^e,tha.t case. L. casus, "

pp. oicadere,to fall. "

which is carried about (asin Bible,A. V.). Case (2).a receptacle. (F.-L.) O. F.
" O. F.
cariage ; from carter, to carry ; see casse. F.. capsa, a box, cover. " " L. capere,
Carry. ^ Its modern use is due to con-fusion to hold.
with caroch,a vehicle (Massinger, Casemate. (F. Ital.) F. "

casemate,
Renegado,i. 2); see Caroche. a loop-holein a fortified wall. " Ital.casa-
Carrion. (F. L.) M. E. caroigne, a matta, a chamber
" built under a wall or
carcase. " O. North
F. caroigne; Late L. bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
caronia, a carcase. L. caro, flesh. ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
"

Carronade, a sort of cannon. land.) to mean

(Scot- 'dark chamber.'- Ital. and L.
So named because made at Canvn, casa, house, cottage,room; and lizX.matta,
in Stirlingshire. fem. of maito, orig.mad, but the Sicilian
Carrot. (F. L. Gk.) F. carote, ca- 7nattii means
"
'
dim.' "

rotte. " L. carota."Gk. KapcoTov, a carrot. Casement, frame of a window. (F."

Carry. (F. C.)
" O. F .
carier. " Lzte L.) Coined with the sense of encasement,
L. carricdre. L. carrus, a car ; see Car.
" that encases or which encloses. From
Cart. A.S. cr(s(,crat; cf. Du.
(E.) case, verb ; with suffix -ment.
krat. Or from Icel. kartr,a cart ; whence, Cash, coin. (F. L.) Orig.a tillor box "

Picard
probably, carti,a cart. to keep money in. " F. casse, a case ; see

Carte, a bill of fare.

(F.-Gk.) Chiefly Case (2) above. Der. cash-ier, sb.,one
in the F. phr. carte blanche,lit. white who keepsa money-box or cash.
paper. Late L. carta; see Card
"
(i). Cashew-nut, the nut of a W. and E.
cartel. (F. Ital. Gk.) F. cartel. - Indian tree. (F. Brazilian.)
- Cashew is - "

Ital. cartello,lit.a small paper ; dimin. of a corruption of F. acajou. ^xdizW. acaiu, "

carta, paper, bill;see Card (i). the fruit of the tree named acajabaor
Cartilage. (_F--L) F. cartilage,cuajaiba.(Mahn, Littr6.)
gristle.L. cartlldginem,
" ace. oi cartildgo. Cashier, to dismiss from service.
Der. cartilagin-ous. (Du. F. L.) Du. casseren, to cashier; "
"

*
Cartoon. i,F. Ital. Gk.) F. carton. merely borrowed
" from F. casser,
"
to "

Itafl.cartone, lit.a largepaper ; from carta, breake, burst, also to casseere, charge
dis- . .

[Du. words, borrowed

'
a card ; see Card (i). ; Cot.
cartouche, cartridge. (F. Ital. from F., end in -eren?\\.. qiiassdre, to -
"

" Gk. ] Cartridge (withintrusive r) is for shatter, frequent, of quatere, to shake ;

cartidge,
corrupt form of cartouche. F. which annexed the senses of L. cassdre, to "

cartouche, a roll of paper. annul, discharge,

Ital. cartoccio, from L. cassus, void,null.
"

a roll of paper, cartridge.Ital. carta, Cashmere, a soft wool. (India.) So "

paper; Late L. carta ; see Card (i).% The called from the vale of Cashmere, in India.
cartridge
took its name from the paper in Also speltcassimere,kerseymet-e.
which it was rolled up. Casino, a room for dancing. (Ital.L.) "

cartulary, a (LateL.
register. "
Gk.) Ital. casino,dimin. of casa, a cottage,
Late L. carttildritim,chartuldriuju, a house. " L, casa, a cottage.
78
 CASK CATAPLASM

Cask. (Span."L.) Span,casco, a. skxiW, tellum, dimin. of castrtim, a fortified

sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of [)lace.Der. casteil-an,O. North F. caste-
wine, a casque or helmet. The orig.sense lain, O. F. chastelain,the keeper of a
is husk
' '
; cf. Span, cascara, peel,rind, chastel,
or castle ; also chdielaine (fem.of
shell,Port, casca, nnd. "
Span,cascar, to F. chdtelain O. F. chastelain)
= now applied
,
'
burst open ; formed (asif from Lat. *qiias-to a lady'schain or
'
keeper of keys,
sicdre)from an extension of L. quassdre, "c.
to break,burst ; see Quash. Castor. (L. "
Gk.) L. castor. ^G^.
a helmet. (K.-Span. -L.) a beaver. But of Eastern origin;
casque, KaoTcop,
F. casque. '"Span,casco, a helmet, head-
piece cf. Skt.
Malay kasttlri, musk
kastiiri, ;
; see above. Pers. khaz, bepiVer.
Casket, a small box. (Span. L.) parently
Ap- castor-oil. Named from some fusion
con- "

a small with castoreuni, ' a medicine made

'
confused with Y. cassette.,
casket ; ' Cot. Formally,it is a dimin. of of the liquorcontained in the little bags
Cask. that are next the beaver's groin; ' Kersey.
Casque ; see Cask. P)Ut it is really
a vegetable
production.
Cassava, a plant. (Span. "
Hayti.') Castrate. fL.) L. casttdtus, pp. of
Span,cazahe ; also cazavi, the bread made
'
castrdre, to cut.
in the W. Indies of the fruit called the Casual. (F. L.") Y. casuel. l..cdsu-
" "

'
yuca ; Pineda. the It properlymeans dlis, happening by chance. L. cdsu-, "

plant, which is also called manioc ; said to stem oi casus,

chance. See Case (i).
be from the Hayti casahbi,with the same Cat. (E.) A.S. cat. -^Du., Dan. kat,
sense. See R. Eden's works, ed. Arber, Icel. hottr,Sw. halt,G. kater,katze ; L.
p. 175. See Tapioca. cdtus. W. cath, Ir. Gael. cat. Russ. kot\
Cassia, a species of laurel. (L. Gk. koshka, Arab, qitt., Turk. kcdt. (Prob. " "

Heb.) L. casia,cassia. Gk. Kaoia,a spice Eastern.) "

like cinnamon. Heb. qetst'dt/i,in Ps. xlv. Cata-, prefix.(Gk.) Gk. Kara, down,
"

8, a pi.form from qetsi'dh,cassia-bark. "

thoroughly.
Heb. root qdtsa', to cut away ; because the Cataclysm, deluge.(Gk.) Gk. /cara-

bark is cut off. Kkva/jios, over, flood,

a dashing " Gk. Kara,
Cassimere ; see Cashmere. down nXv^eiv,
; to dash,wash, as waves.

Cassock, a vestment. (F. Ital.)

" F. Catacomb. (Ital. L.) Ital. cata- "

casaque. " Ital. casacca, an outer coat. Of coviba, a sepulchral vault. Late L. cata- "

uncertain origin. cu7nbas ; of which the sense and origin are

Cassowary, a bird. (Malay.) First unknown.

broughtfrom Java. Malay kasuwari. Catafalque, a stage or platform,
Cast. to throw
(Scand.) Icel. kasta., ; chieflyused at funerals. (F. Ital.) F. "

Swed. ; Yian. kaste.

/^tzi'/'a
Tiev. re-cast. catafalque.Ital. catafalco
"
; of unknown
Castanets, instruments used for origin. See Scaffold.
making a snapping noise. (F. Span. " "
Catalepsy, a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
L. "
Gk.)
F. castagnettes,'finger-knack-
ers, Formerly cataiepsis. Gk. KaraKT]\pi^, a "

wherewith players make a pretty grasping, s eizing. Gk. Kara, down; Xayi,' "

noise in some dances;' Cot. Span, cas- ^a.v"Lv,to seize. "

tanetas, castanets ; pi. of castaneta, a Catalogue. (F.-Gk.) F. catalogue. "-

snapping noise resemblingthe crackingof Late Lat. ace. catalogum. " Gk. KaraXoyos,
roasted chestnuts. "
Span,castana,a nut."
chest- a countingup,enrolment. " Gk. Kara, fully
;
Lat. castanea. the chestnut-tree." Xey"iv, to say, tell ; see Logic.
Gk. Kaaravov ; see Chestnut. Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.)
Caste, a breed, race. (Port. L.) "
Port. In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859,
pure'breed ; a name have katmaran. a raft ; the
'
casta, a race, orig.a p. 289,we
'
. .

given by the Port, to classes of men in I word is orig.Tamil, and means tied logs' "

India. Port, casta, fern, of casta.,

"
pure." j Tamil kalUi, binding; maram, wood
L. castus, pure, chaste. | (Yule).
castigate. (L.) L. castlgdtus, pp. of Cataplasm, a poultice. (F.-L.- j
to chasten
castigdre. ;lit. to keeppure.' t Gk.^i
'
F. cataplas"ie. \^. cataplasma."" "

L. casttis,chaste. Doublet, chastise. \ Gk. Karai^haa ixa, a plaster, -Gk.

poultice.
Castle. (L.) A. S. castel. l.. KaravXaaanv, to spread
" over.cas-\
Gk. Kaia, "

79
 CATAPULT CATTLE

fully; and nkdacrdv, to mould ; see to receive, also

accipere, to buy ; see
Plaster. Accept and Gates.
Catapult. (Late L. " Gk.) Late L. Cateran,
a Highland robber. (Gael.)
catapult
a, an enginefor throwingstones. " Low L.
caterajius,answering to Gael.
Gk. the
Kara-ireKTTjs, same. " Gk. Kara, ceathairne, lit. common people ; cf.
' '

down ; 77-aA\6tf,
to swing,hurl. ceathainie-choille,
s. pi.,freebooters,laws.
out-
Cataract. (L. "

Gk.) L. cataracta, From Irish cethei-n, ceithem, a

Gen. vii. ii. " Gk. KaTappaKT-qs, as sb., a troop, band ; cf. L. cateriia, a band of
waterfall ; as adj.,broken,rushingdown. men. See Kern.
Prob. allied to Karapp-qywixi, i break Catercousin. (F.-L.) Nares (ed.
down ; the used '
2
KaT^ppa-y-qv was aor. 1S76) has : Cater-cotisms, friends so

of the rushing down of waterfalls and familiar that they eat together.'If so,
storms. " Gk. Kara, down ; prjjuvfii, I the word is from cater, vb., and
break. cousin.
Catarrh. (F. - Late L. -

Gk.) F. Caterpillar. (F.-L.) Adaptedfrom

catarrhe. " Late L. caiarj-hus. " Gk. O. F. chatepelose,
a caterpillar
(Godefroy);
Karappoos, a flowing down (of rheum), the latter half of the word was assimilated
a cold in the head. " Gk. Kara., down ; and
piller, pi//s,\.o or spoils. one who or robs
p"(iv, to flow. chatepelose O. F.
is lit. 'hairyshe-cat.' "

Catastrophe. (Gk.) Gk. KaraaTpofr], O. F. chate, fem. of chat, cat ; pelose,

an sudden
overturning, turn. " Gk. Kara, hairy. L. cdtus,cat; pilosus, hairy,from
"

down ; to
(TTpitpen/, turn. pihis, a hair.
Catch. (F. " L.^ O. Picard cachier, Caterwaul. (E.) yi-Y.. caterzvawen;
variant of O. F. chacier,to hunt, cliase ; coined from cat, and waweu, to make a

hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cac- wailingnoise.

ciare,Late L. *captidre,
extended form of Cates, provisions.
(F. L.) " So called
L. captdre, to catch. " L. captus, pp. of becau"e provided by the catour, mod. E.
capere,to seize. ^ We even find M. Du. cater-er ; see Cater. '
Cater, a steward, a
'
kaetsen,to catch,borrowed from Picard of
provider ra/^j- ; Baret (1580).
cachier. The
M. E. pt. t. cau^te imitated Cathartic, purging.(Gk.) Gk.KaBap-
lau^te,pt. t. of M. E. lacchen,to catch. TLKos, purgative.Gk. Ka6aipc-iu,{o
cleanse, "

Doublet, chase (i\ purge. " Gk, Ka$apu9,pure.

Catechise. (L.-Gk.) Late L. ^^^^- Cathedral. (L. -
Gk.) L. cathe-
chizdre. " Gk. Karrixiif^iv,
to catechise,drdlis ecclesia^'-?icathedral church,or one
instruct ; lengthenedform of KaT-qx^^i-v, to which has a bishop'sthrone. " Late L.
din into one's ears, lit.'to din down.' "
cathedra,a throne. " Gk. KaOeSpa, a seat.
Gk. /car-a, down ; "qx^^v,to sound ; cf. " Gk. Ka6-, for Kara, down ; and k'Spa,
a

rixos, a ringingin the ears ; see Echo. seat, chair,from e(op.ai I sit;
( c5-^o;xat\ =

Category, a class. (Gk.) Gk. Karq- see Sit.

yopia,an accusation ; but in logic, dicamentCatholic.
a pre- (L. Gk.) L. catholicus "

or class. Gk. KarqyopHv, to"

(Tertullian.) Gk. KaOoKiKu^, universal. "

accuse. " Gk. Kar-a, down, against;*d7u- Gk. KaOoK-ov, adv., on the whole, in "

/"""/,with the "Gk.

to declaim, general.
oia'yopeveiv,
sense Ka9-, for Kard, according
address an assembly,from a-yopd,an to ; and o\ov, gen. of oAoj, whole.
assembly. Catkin. (Du.) A loose spike of
Catenary, belonging to a chain ; used flowers,named downy ap-
pearance. from its soft
of the curve in which a chain hangs. (.L.) "M,
Du. kattekeii,'a kitling,*
From L. catena, a chain ; see Chain. Hexham. (It also meant 'catkin'; cf.
Cater, to buy provisions.(F. "
L.) F, chattons in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kat,a
Formed as a verb from M. E. cat our, a cat (M. Du. kaite).
buyer of provisions
(whom we should now Catoptric, relatingto opticalreflec-
tion.
call a cater-er). Catour is short for (Gk.) Gk. reflexive.
/faToiTT/"i/foj, "

formed
acatoiir^i from chase, Gk.
buying,pur- acat, a
KaroiTTpoy, a mirror. Gk. Kar-a, "

Ch. prol.571. O. F. acat (mod. down, inward

"
; oTT-To/xai, see, with suffix
I
F. achat),a buyinii;Folk-L. acaptum, a -rpoi', of the instrument.
"

purchase; for accapttim. YoXk-'L. accap- Cattle. (F. L,) M.E.r^/^/. property; " "

tdre, to purchase(a.d. 1060),frequent,of hence, live stock, cattle, O. North F. "

80
 CAUCUS CEIL, CIEL

ra/^/. Late L. " le,capital,

capita property ; cauere, to beware. Cf. Skt. wise.
kavi{s),
see Capital (2)and Hex. pre-catitiott.
Chattels. Brugm. i. " 635.
Caucus, a name applied to certain Cavalier. (F. Ital. L.) F. cava-
lier, " "

political meetings. (American Indian?) a horseman. Jtal. cavaliere, the "

Said to be from an Algonkin word mean-

ing same. L. caballdi'iuvi,
ace. of caballdrius, "

to speak,to counsel,whence kaw-kaw- the same. L. caballus,a horse. See "

asti, a counsellor. '

Their elders, called Chevalier.
Capt.Smith's Works,
cazvcazuwassotighes)^ cavalcade. (F, -
Ital. -
L.) F.
ed. Arber, p. 347. Ital. cavahata, a troop of
*
Caucorouse, which is cavalcade. "

'
captaine ; id. p. 377. % 'i'his is more horsemen; orig.fem. of pp. of cavalcare,
likelythan the u
entirely nsupported story to ride. Ital. cavallo, a horse. L. ca- " "

about caulkers' meetings. balhim,ace. of caballus, a horse.

Caudal, belongingto the tail. (L.) L. cavalry. (F. Ital. L.^ O. F. - -

(and a, the tail. cavallerie. Ital. cavalteria,

"
cavalry. "

Caudle, a warm drink. (F. L.) " O. ital. cavaliere,a knight; see Cavalier.
North O. F. chaiidel,
F. caiidcl, a sort of Cave. (F.-L.) Vi.Y..caue.-O.Y.
warm drink. O. F. c/iaitd,
chald,hot.
" "
"ave, a cave. " Folk-L. raz/a, a cave. " L.
L. for calidits,
caldiis, hot. cauus, hollow. (y'KEU.) Der. cav-ity;
Caul, a net, covering,esp. for the head. cav-ern {". caverne, L. cauerna).
'

(F.) O. F. cale,'a kind of little cap ; Cave

in. (M. Du.) Properly to
Cot. Originunknown. calve in, a phrase introduced by Du.
Cauldron ; see Caldron. liavvies. Cf. W. Flanders inkalven, to
Cauliflower. (F. "
L.) Formerly cave in ; E. Friesic kalfen, to calve as a

colyfory.From M. E. col (O. F. col),a cow, whence kalfenin,to cave in. The
cabbage ; and flory,from O. F. Jlori,falling portionof earth is compared to a
Jicuri,pp. of Jleurir, to flourish. The calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
O. F. col is from L. ace. caitlem, from cave, a hollow.
a cabbage ; z.ndjleicrir
laiilis, is from L. Caveat, a caution. (L.) L. caueat,
to flourish.See Cole and Flourish.
//t^riFrc?, lit.let him beware. L. c'a?/^;-^,
to beware. "

Caulk, Calk.
M. E. Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F."
(F. -
L.)
cauken,to ti ead ; hence,to squeeze in (as Ital.) F. caviar. "XX-dX. caviaro; whence
oakum into a ship'sseams). O. F. cati- also Turk, khavydr,caviare. "

qtier, to tread ; to tent a wound with lint. Cavil. (F.-L.) O. F. caviller.-1.

" L. calcdre,to tread,force down by cauilldri,to banter ; hence, to wrangle,
l^ressure. " L. calc-,stem oi calx, the heel. object to. " L. cauilla, a jeering, ling.
cavil-
Cause. (F. L.) ". cause.
" 1^. causa, "

cazissa, a cause. Der. cause, vb. Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of
Causeway, a paved way, raised way. the crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
(F. L. ; and K.) Formerly caus-ey-way ; kaa, a jackdaw : which are imitative.
"

by adding way to M. E. causi, causic. Cayman, an American alligator. ribbean.

(Ca-
O. North F. caucie (mod. F caij?ian.
Also The spelling
causey. "

(hauss^e,Prov. causada.Span,calzadd).^ cay man is Spanish. Caribbean acayilman

"

Late L. calcidta, for calcidta uia, a paved iLittre).

L. cessdre,
Late L. calcidtus, pp. of calcidre, Cease. (F. L.) F. cesser. "
way. " "

to make a roadway by treading it down ; to loiter,go slowly, cease ; frequent,of

from L. calcdre, to tread. L. calc-,stem cedere (pp. cesstis to yield,go away, "
,

oi calx, heel ; see Caulk.

Caustic. (L.-Gk.) lu. caustictis. "Cedar, a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. ^

Gk. KavaTiKos, burning. Gk. Kavaros. cedre. L. cedrus. Gk. Kedpos. " " "

burnt. Gk. Kaiuv (fut.

"
Kavacu), to burn. Cede. (L.) A late word (A. D. 1633).
cauterise. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F. L. cedere,to go, to come, to yield. "

cautcriser. Late L. cauterizdre, to sear.

"
Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
" Gk. KavTr]pia((iv, to sear. Gk. KavTi)- walls of a room. (F." L.) Hence "the
piov, a branding-iron. Gk. Kaieiv,tu sb. ceil-ing ciel-ing.
o r " M. E. ceelen, to
burn (above). ceil ; from the sb. syleor cyll, a canopy. "

Caution. (F, L.) " F. caution." !.. F. ciel,

a. canopy : the same word as ciel,

ace. cautionem, heed. " L. cautus, pp. oi heaven. [Cf.Ital.cielo, heaven,a canopy,
I D
 CELANDINE CENTAUR

a cieling.]L. ccelmn,heaven. ^ Not to pass., to fall asleep. Allied to Keifiai, I

"

be confused with E. sill, nor with seal ; nor lie down ; Skt. fi,to lie down.
with seel (F, siller); nor with L. celdre, Cenobite. (L. Gk.) L. ccenobtta, "

to hide. The L. cceldre, to emboss, seems a member of a (social) fraternity(Jerome).

to have had some influence on the word, L. cocnobiu77i,
a convent. Gk. noivo^iov^ " "

but did not it ;

originate cf. M. E. celure, a convent. " Gk. kolvo^ios, livingsocially.
a canopy Late L. ccelutiira. " Gk. Koivo-s, common ; life.
jiios,
Celandine, a plant.(F.-Gk.) O. F. Cenotaph. (F. L. Gk.) O. F.
- -

celidoine. " Late L. celidonia. " L. cheli- cenotaphe. " L. ceiiotaphiu77i.-^Gk.

k(vo-

donia. '"Gk. x^^^^'^^'-'^^^

swallow-wort "
raipiov, an empty tomb. " Gk. Kevo-Sy
Gk. xf^'Soi'-,stem of x^'^'So'i',
a swallow. empty ; rdcp-os,
a tomb.

(The " is intrusive.) Censer. (F. L.) M. E. censer. " "

Celebrate. (L.) L. celebrdtus,pp. O. F. ce/isier, se?tser (Godefroy); short-

ened
of celcbrdre, to frequent,to solemnise, from O. F. e;ice7isier. L,a.te L. in- "

honour. L. celeber,frequented,
"
populous. ce7tsdriu7H,also i7icensdriii77i (whence
Celerity. ;"'--L0 F- i-///r///. L. mod. F. ence7isoi)').L. incenszi77i, cense
in- " "

ace. celeritdtcm,speed. L. celer,quick. "

; from pp. to kindle.
of i7ice7idcre,
Cf. Gk. ic(\r]s,
a runner; Brugm, i. " 6^3- See Incense.
Celery. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ^//^r/,in-
troduced
Censor. (L.) L. censor, a taxer, valuer,
from the Piedmontese Ital. sel- assessor, critic. " L. cetisere, to give an

leri ; for Ital. selini,

pi.of selino,
parsley.opinion,appraise.
-j-Skt.
^ams, to praise.
" L. selinon,parsley. Gk. " a kind
criKivov, censure. (F.-L.) Y. censure. "^\..
of oarsley. censHra, orig. opinion. " L. censert

Celestial. (F.-L.) O. F. cehstiel. (above).

" L. heavenly.
ccelesti-s, " L. aelum, census. (L.) L. ce7isus, a ing.
register-
heaven. "L. ce7isere (above).
Celibate. (L.) The orig.sense was Cent, a hundred, as in per cent. (L.)
'

singlelife afterwards hundredth part of

'
a ; it was an adj., Li America, the a
and again a sb., meaning '
one who is dollar. " L. cejttttm, a hundred ; see

single.'L. cielibdtus,
" sb. celibacy,single Hundred.
life. L. ccelib-,
" stem oi ccelebs.single, married.
un- centenary. (L.) L. cente7idrius,
Der. celibacy (for *ccelibdtia^. relatingto a hundred. L. ce?ite7ius, a "

Cell. (L.) M. E. celle. L. cella, hundred (usu. L. ce}itui7i.

distributivel}'). - "

small room, hut. Cf. celdre,to hide. centennial. (L.) Coined to mean

See Helm (2). (yKEL.) relatingto a century. L. cenl-u7n, hun-

dred "

cellar. (F.-L.) yV.Y.cekr. A.F. ; a7in-us, a year.

celer; O. F.t^//"r. L. celldrium,a cellar. " centesimal. (L.) L. centesi77i-us,
" L. cella (above). hundredth. hundred,
L. ce7it-ti//i, "

Celt (1),a name givento the

originally j centigrade. (L.) Divided into a

Gauls. (C.) From'L. pi. CelUt, the Ihundred degrees. L. centi-,for centiun, "

Celts ; the word probablymeant riors

war-
'
j imndred ; grad-tis,
a degree ; see Grade.
'
; of.A. S. hild, Icel. hildr, war ; I centipede, centiped. (F.-L.) F.
Lith. kalti,to strike ; L. per-cellere, to centipede. centipeda.
" a many-footed
L.
strikethrough,beat down (Rhys). hundred-footed) insect. L. "re"//-,
(lit. for "

Celt (2), a primitivechisel or axe. hundred;

certiui7i, and ped-, stem o^ pes,
(Late L.) Late L. celtis,assumed nom. foot.
of the abl. celte (= with a in
chisel), the centuple. (L.) L. centuplex(stem
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 24. But this centuplic-),a hundredfold. L. centu-m, "

readingis due to some error, and there hundred ; plic-dre,to fold.

seems to be no such word in Latin. centurion. (L.) L. ace. centurio-

Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. ciment.- Jie7/i,a captainof a hundred. " L. ce7ttiiria
L. ccE77tentum, rubble,chippingsof stone ; (below).
hence, cement. century. (F. L.)
Perhaps for ^ccedmentuju, " Y. ce7iturie."
from L. centuria, a body of a hundred
(Brugm. i. " 587).
ccedere,
to cut men ;
of one hundred. L. iefitn-771,
Cemetery. (L. Gk.) Y.zXo.l^.cceme- number "
"

terium. Gk. KoifxijTTjpiov,a sleeping-place,

"
Ihundred.
cemetery. Gk. Koifxdcu, I lull to sleep; in I Centaur.
" (L. Gk.) " L. Centaurus.
 CENTAURY CHAIR

" Gk. Kivravpos, a centaur, a creature half I Hen. IV. ii. i. 8. Orig.a tax, rate,
man and half horse; which some have com-
pared rating, assessment ; see Spenser,State of
with Skt. gandha7-vas, a demi-god. Ireland, Globe ed.,p. 643, col. 2. For
centaury, a plant. (L. Gk.) " L. sess; from sess, verb, to rate; which is
centaurea.'^^j^. Kcvravpeiou, centaury; a short for Assess.
plantnamed from the Ceiitaiir Chiron. Cessation. (F.-L.) F. cessation."
Centenary, Centennial, Centn- L. ace. cessdtionem, a ceasing. L. cessd- "

ple, Centurion, "c. : see Cent. tus, pp. of cessdre, to cease. L. cessus "

Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. (below).

centre. " L. centrum. " Gk. Kcvrpov, a cession.(F. L.) F. cession. L. " "

spike,goad, prick,centre. " Gk. k"vt(qj, ace. cessioneyn,a yielding. L, cessus, pp. "

I goad on. Of. W. cetAr,a spike. oi cedere,to yield,to cede.

centrifugal, flyingfrom a centre Cess-pool. (Hybrid.)Most probably

(L.) L. for centra-,stem
centri-, of trum
cen- equiv.to {se)cess-pool; see N. E. D. Cf.
2Sidifug-ere,
; to fly. Ital. cesso, a privy(Torriano) ; which is
centripetal, tending towards a a shortened form of secesso, a retreat."
centre. (L.i L. centri- (above);pet-ere, L. secessus, 'the draught;'Matt. xv. 17
to seek. (Vulgate).
Ceramic, relatingto pottery. (Gk.) Cetaceous, of the whale kind. (L. "

Gk. KipafXLK'OS, adj, Gk. nepafx-os, potter'sGk.) L. (:"?/z/j-.Gk. ktjtos, a sea-monster.

" "

earth. Cf. Kcpawvpii K^paaoj),

(fut. I mix.
Cere, to coat M'ith wax. (L.) L. Ch.
cerd7'e,
to wax. " L. cera, wax. + Gk. KTjpos,
wax. Chablis,
a white wine. (F.) From
cerecloth. (L.and E.) Lit. a waxed C/iad/is, mi. E. of Auxerre, in the de-
1 2 partment
cloth. of Yonne, France.
cerement. (L.) by friction,From
vex. (F. cere; with Chafe, to warm "

suffix -ment c/ian/e?i, to warm. O. F. L.) M. E.

(L. -metitum'). "

O. F. chaufer (F.chauffe?-). to warm cf. Prov.

ceruse, white lead. (F." L.) ;

cert4se. \^. cerussa, white lead. L. r/ra, calfar,

"
to warm. Late L. ^cakfdre,to "
"

wax. warm; for L. calefacere,to warm, make

Cereal, relatingto corn. (L.) L. to glow. L. cale-re,to glow ; facei'e, to "

cerealis. " l.. ceres, corn. make.

Cerebral, relating
to (L.) Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A.S.
the brain.
From L. cerebr-um. the brain. Cf. Gk. cefer{slsoceafior) a kind of beetle.+Du. ,

the head. i. kever ; G. kdfer.

/fctpa, Brugm. " 619.
Chaff. (E.) A. S. ceaf, later chcef, husk
Cerecloth, Cerement ; see Cere.
Ceremony. (F. L.) M. E. cere- of grain. +Du.
- kaf\ Low G. kaff. % The
monie.-'Y c"emonie. l^. ccerimonia, a verb to chaff to chafe,
"
i.e. vex. So also =
.

rite. chaff-wax., for chafe-wax.

ceremony,
Certain. (F. L.) O. F. certein, Chaf"nch, a bird. (E.) I.e. chaff-
"

certain. 'L. cert-us, sure;

" with suffix finch; it frequents barn-doors.
-anus. Allied to L. cernere, to discrimi-
nate Chaffer. (E.) The verb is from the
M. E. sb. chapfare, also chaffare, a bargain-
ing.
; Gk. Kpivfii', to separate,decide.
A. S. ceap, bargain, and faru, a
certify. (F. L.) M. E. certifien." "
a "

F. certifier. Late L. certificdre,

" to make journey,also business ; see Cheap and
sure. L. r^r//-,for certo-,stem
" of certiis Fare.
(above); and -fie-,iox fac-ere. to make. Chaf5.nch ; see Chaff.
Cerulean, azure. (L.) L. ccerukus, Chagrin. chagrin,melan-
choly. (F.) F.
from
*a?lHhis,
ccErulus. blue; for ^cceluleus, chagrin,
[Diezidentifiesit with F.
ccelum,sky. Brugm. i. " 483, shagreen; but wrongly.]
Ceruse, white-lead ; see Cere. Chain. (F. L.) O. F. chaine,chaene."

Cervical, belongingto the neck. (L.) " L. catena, a chain.

From ceruix,neck.
L. ceriilc-,
stem of Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. chaire,
L. chaere. OF. L. dra,
cathe- chaiere,chaere.
Cervine, relating
to a hart. (L.) " "

ceru;n-j4S.'-\.. certi-us, a hart ; see Hart. a throne, raised seat, chair. Gk. "

Cess, limit, measure. (F. "

L.) In KadiSpa,a seat. Gk. Ka6-, for Kara, down; "

83
 CHAISE CHAP

"dpa, a seat, from e^onai (= named

k8-yofiai), from Champagne in France, which
' '
I sit; see Cathedral, Sit. means a plain ; see below.
chaise, a lightcarriage.(F. L. champaign, open country. (P\" L.) "
-

Gk.) F. chaise,a chair, also,a chaise ; a In Sh. F. champaigne,of which thePicard

Parisian modification of F. chaire,a pulpit,form was campaigne; see Campaign.
orii5[.
a seat. Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. chaju-
Chalcedony, of quartz.a kind (L, "

paka,the champak.
Gk.) L. chakedoniiis, Rev. xxi. 19. " Gk. Champion. (F.-L.) O.Y. pion."
cham-
,
Rev. xxi. 19.
Xo.Kurjbojv campionem, ace. of campio,a Y,.
Chaldron, a coal-measure. (F. L.) combatant (Isidore).L. campus, a place " "

O. F. chaldron, orig. a caldron ; see for militaryexercise;a peculiaruse of

Caldron. campns, a field. See Camp.
Chalice, cup. (F.-L.) A.Y.chalke;
a Chance, hap.(F. L.) M. " E. cheaimce.
O. F. calice.'^\a. caliceni,
ace. of callx,a " O. F. cheance,chaance. " 'LaiQ L. caden-
cup. Allied to calyx, but not the same a chance.
iia,a falling, " L. cadere,to fall,
word. happen ; see Cadence.
Chalk. (L.)
M. E. chalk. A. S. cealc Chancel. (F.-L.) So called because
-

(Southern). L, calc-,stem
" oi calx, lime. orig. fenced off by a latticed screen."
Challenge, i^.- L.) M. E. chaknge, O. F. chancel, an enclosure fenced off with
calenge, olten in the sense *
a claim.' an open screen. Late L. cancel Ius, a " "

A. F. chalenge, O. F. chalonge, calenge,a chancel,screen ; L. cancelli, pi.,a grating;

dispute,claim ; an accusation. L. caliim- see Cancel. "

nia, false accusation ; see Calumny. chancellor. (F.-L.) O.Y.ckance-

Chalybeate. (L. Gk.) Used of /zVr. - " Late L. ace. cancelldrinm, a chan-
cellor
water containingiron. Coined from L. ; orig.an officerwho stood near the
chalyb-s, steel. Gk. xaXvp (stemxa-^v^S-),
" screen before the judgment-seat.L. " celli,
can-

steel ; named from the Chalybes,

a people a grating; see Chancel, Cancel.
of Poiitus,who made it. chancery. (F.-L.) Yovchancelry.
Chamber. (F.-L. -Gk.) Y.cham- M. E. chancelerie. " O. F. chancellerie. "

bre\ Prov. camhra. L,. car?iera, cafnara,

" Late L. cancelldria. the record-room of a
a vault,vaulted room, room. " Gk. KUfxapa, cancelldrius ; see Chancellor.
a vaulted place. Chandelier. (F.-L.) 0.". lier,
chande-
chamberlain. (F.-O.H.G.-L.- a candle-holder. Late L. cande- "

Gk.) F. chamberlain,O. F. chambrelenc. Idrius,m. ; cf. cajideldria,a candle-stick. "

O. H. G. chamerlinc M. 11. G. kamerlinc, ,

L. candela ; see Candle. "

one who has the care of rooms; formed chandler. (F. L.) O.Y.cha^idelier, "

with suffix -l-inc (the same as E. -l-ing),

a chandler. Late L. candeldrius a "
,

from L. camera (above). candle-seller. L. candela; see Candle.

"

Chameleon. \.. chamce-

(L.-Gk.) Der. where chandler merely
corn-chandler,
leon. Gk. x"/""'-'^*"^^'.
" lit. a ground-lion, means dealer.
seller,
dwarf-lion ; a kind of lizard. Gk. x"/^"'' Change, vb. (F. L. ) O. F. changer,
" "

on the ground(alsodwarf, in comp.); and changier. l.^tQ L. cambidre, to change "

\eojv, lion. Cf. L. humi, on the ground. (Lex Salica). L. cambTre, to exchange. "

chamomile. (Late L.-Gk.) Late Cf. Late L. cambium, exchange; whence

L. camotnilla {chamomilla).Gk. xoA^a'- " F. change,E. change,sb.
lit. ground-apple,
firjKov, from the apple-
like Channel. (F. L.) M. E. chattel, "

smell of the flower. Gk. x"/^"'-5 on " canel. O.Y. chanel,canel,a canal. L.
" "

the ground (seeabove) ; fxrjAov,

apple. ace. canalem Canal. ; see
Chamois. (F. -
G.) F. chamois; Chant. ( F. L.) F. chanter,vb. L. " "

borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form ; cantdre, to sing; frequent, of canere, to
cf. Piedmontese camossa. " M. H. G. gamz sing. Der. chant- ry, M. E. chatinterie.
(for*"amtiz), a chamois (G.gemse). Late L. cant aria ; chanti-cleer, ^L E.
Champ, to eat noisily.(E.) Formerly chaunte-cleer,clear-singing.
cham or chamm ; of imitative origin, like Chaos. (Gk.) L. chaos,Lat. spelling
jam, to crush. Cf. Swed. dial, kdmsa^ to of Gk. x"os. chaos, abyss,lit.a cleft. Cf.
chew with difficulty. Gk. xaauf^iv, to gape. See Chasm.
Champagne. (F- L.) A wme Chap (i),to cleave,crack. (E.) M. E.
-

84
 CHASE CHEEK

O. F. chacier,chacer, to pursue ; see L. ; in that

particular, O. H. G. choufo,
a
Catch. huckster,is from L. caupo, a huckster.
Chase (2),to enchase; short for But this is now
chase,
en- held to be unlikely(Kluge,
wliich see. Franck).
Chase (3),a printer's
frame. (F. L.) Cheat, to defraud. (F.-L.) Cheat is
"

F. chdsse,a shrine. " L. capsa, a box ; see merely short for escheat ; cf. M. E. chete,
Case (2). an escheat (Prompt.Parv.). The eschea-
Chasm. (L, "
Gk.) L. chasma, a terswere often cheaters ; hence the verb.
gulf. " Gk. xao'/'ta, a yawning cleft. Allied See Escheat.
to x""'''"^f'"to gape ; see Chaos. Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. "

Chaste. (F.-L.) 0.". chaste. ~l.. Pers.) M. E. chek, a stop ; also check !
castus, chaste ; see in playingchess. The word
Caste. is due to the
chasten. (F. L.) Used
game, which is very old. The orig.sense
- in placeof
'
M. E. chastyor chastien ; see below. of check was king! i.e. mind the king, '

chastise. (F. L.) yi.Y.. ckastisen; the king"is in danger. O. F. eschec, ' a "

shorter form chastien. O. F. chastier. L. check at chess-play,'

" Cot. Pers. shah, 3. " "

casiJgdre,lit.' to make pure.'L. casttis, king,king at chess ;

"
shdh-mdt, whence
chaste ; see Castigate. check-mate,lit. ' the king is dead,' from
Chasuble, a vestment. (F.-L.) F. Arab, mat, he is dead. Similarly we have
chasuble. " l^?itQL. casubula,with the same F. echec,a check,repulse,defeat,pi.tehees,
sense as Late L. casula, a little house ; chess ; Ital. scacco, a square of a board,
chess-
hence, a mantle. cottage. " L. casa, a also a check, defeat. See chess
Chat, Chatter. E. chateren, below. ^ Devic (E.) M. shewsthat O. F. eschec
also chiteren,
to chatter,twitter; frequent-
ative represents Arab, esh-shdg;where esh is
form of chat. An imitative word ; for al,the def. art.,and shdg is the Arab,
cf. Du. kwetteren,to warble, chatter,Swed. pron. of Pers. shah.
kvittra,to cuirp. checker, chequer, to mark with
Chateau. (F.-L.) F. chateau,O. F. squares. (P". Pers.)
" To mark with
chastel L. castellum,dimin. of castrtim,
"
squares like those on a chess-board. M. E.
a fortified place. Der. castellan ; also chekker,chekere,a chess-board. (Hence
chatelaine ; for which see Castle. The Checkers,s.n inn-sign.) O. F. esche- "

Chattels. (F.-L.) PL of M. E. quier,a chess-board,also, an exchequer.

chatel,property, also cattle. O. F. chatel, Low L. scaccdrium, a chess-board.
" " "

0. North F. catel, property; see Cattle. Low L. scaccl,chess,pi.of scacciis, from

Chatter ; see Chat. the Arab, form of Pers. shdh, king.
Chaudron, entrails. (F.) Macb. iv. checkers, chequers, an old name

1. 33. The r is inserted by confusion with for the game at draughts; from the checker
F. chatidron,a caldron. " O. F. chaudun, or chess-board ; see above.
older forms caudun, caldtm, entrails check-mate. (F. Pers. and
"
Arab.)
(Godefroy).[Cf.G. kaldaunen, entrails ; From Arab, ^shdg-jndt,for shdh-mdt,the
from Mid. Low G. kaldune, the same] king is dead ; see Check.
Thought to be from Late L. calduna, cheque. Pers.) A pedantic
(F. "

a dish containingentrails (Ducange).Per-

haps spellingof check, from confusion with
from L. calidus,warm (F. chaud). exchequer; it is reallya name given to a
Chaw ; see Chew. draft for money, of which one keeps a
Chaws, by-form of Jaws memorandum counter-check.
; see Jaw. or

Cheap, at a low price; orig.a sb. (E.) chess, the game of the kings. (F."
M.E. cheep,barter,price; always a Pers.) Equivalentto checks,i.e. kings;
chep.,
sb. Hence, good cheap., in a good market see Check above. "O.F. esches,chess;
(F. bon tnarche); whence E. cheap, used really pi.of eschec,
t he check,orig. king.' '

as an adj. A. S. ceap.price; whence the % From Pers. shdh, a king, were formed
verb ceapiati, to cheapen, buy. So also O. F. eschec,F. ^chec., E. check,Ital. scacco,
Du. koop,a bargain, koopen,to buy ; G. Span.xaque,jaque, Port, xaque, G. schach,
katif, purchase,kaufen,to buy; \z"\.kaup, Du. schaak, Dan. skak, Swed. schack,
Swed. k'op, Dan. kiob, a purchase; Goth. Low Lat. Indus scaccorum game of =

kaupon (weak vb.), to traffic. ^ Some checks, or of kings.

say that these words are borrowed from Cheek. (E.) M. E. cheke,cheoke. O.
86
 CHEER CHICORY

Merc, cece, A. S. cedce, cheek. + Dn. in M. E. chestein.'^O.Y chastaigne(F. .

kaak, jaw,cheek ; Swed. kdk, jaw. chdtaigne).L. castanea, chestnut-tree. " "

Cheer. (F. L.) M. E. chere, orig. Gk. Kaaravov,

" a chestnut. Chestnuts are
the mien ; hence, ' to be of good cheer.' said to have been called /faarara, ox Kapva

" O. F. chere, the face. Late L. cai-a, Kaaravaia, from Kaarava, Castana, the
"

face. (Relationship to Cik. Kapa, the head, name of a city in Pontus where they
is doubtful.)Der. chter-ful. abounded ; but more probablyfrom Armen.
Cheese. (L.) M. E. chese. O. Merc. kaskeni,a chestnut-tree,from kask,a chest-
cese (A. S. cyse, for earlier *ciese",*ceasi), nvit (Kluge).
with 7-mutation ; preliistoric A. S. "^ciesi Cheval-de-frise, an obstruction with
*cdsioz. L. cheese ; whence spikes. (F.) Lit. horse of Friesland,' *
" cdsetis,
" a
other forms (G. kdsc, Du. kaas) are rowed. jitcular
bor- name; the pi.chevaux-de-Frise is
Sievers,2nd ed. " 75. 2. commoner. See below.
Cheeta, Cheetah, the hunting leo-
pard, chevalier. (F. L.) Y. chevalier,
"
?i

a leopardused for the chase. (Hind. horseman. " F. cheval, a horse. L. ca- "

"
Skt.) Hind. chitd.-^'SkX. chitraka, a balhuji. ace. of caballus,a horse.

cheeta ; from chitra,spotted,also visi-

ble, Cheveril, kid leather. (F.-L.^ O. F.
clear. Skt. chit,to perceive. See
" chevrele,fern.,a little kid. Dimin. of
Chintz. chevre, F. chevre,a goat, kid.
O.F. " L.
Chemise. (F. L.)
" F. chemise.^ capram, ace. oi capra, a she-goat.
Late L. cat?iisia, a shirt, thin dress ; chevron, an in heraldry,
ordinary, sembling
re-

whence O. Irish caimmse, shirt ;Stokes). two rafters of a house. (F. L.) "

Chemist, Chymist; short for al- (Most

chemist likelymeant the saddle-
to represent
*
; see Alchemy. peak.)"F. chevron, a kid, a chevron in
Cheque, Chequer ; see Check. building,a rafter;'Cot. Augmentative
Cherish. L.) O. F. cheris-,form of chevre,a she-goat.L. capra, a
(F. - "

stem of pres. pt. of cherir^to hold dear. she-goat ; see Caper (i). Cf. L. capre- "

F. cher,dear. L. cdrus, dear. " ohis,which likewise means a prop.

Cheroot, a cigar. (Tamil.) Tamil Chew, Chaw. (E.) M.E. chewen.

shuruttu,a roll ; hence,a roll of tobacco A. S. ceowan, to chew. eat.+Du. kaauwen;
(Yule)*. G. kaiien ; O. H. G.kiuiuan ; Russ. Jevate.
Cherry. (F.-L. -
Gk.) M. E. chert,a Cf. also Icel. tyggja,tyggva, to chew
mistake for cheris,the final s being mis-
taken (Streitberg).
for the pi.inflexion. " O, North F. Chibouk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk.)
cherise,O. F. cerise', Folk-
representing Turk, chibiik,
chybiik,
a stick,tube, pipe
L. *ceresia, ''^ceresea. L. cerastts, a cherry-(Zenker,p. 349).
"

tree. "Gk. Kepaaos, a cherry-tree; usually Chicanery. (F.-Pers.1) F. chica-

said to come from Cerasos,in Pontus ; nerie, wrangling,pettifogging ; Cot. F. "

a story which Curtius doubts. chicaner,to wrangle; orig.to disputein

Chert, a kind of quartz. (?)Unknown. the game of the mall or chicane (Brachet\
Cf. Irish ceart, a pebble. Perhapsfrom the medieval Gk. t^vkolviov,
Cherub. (Heb.)Thetruepl.isr/^^n/3- a word of Byzantineorigin(id.) ; from
""". Heb.
" k'rilv i,pl.
/^V?7z//"z),
a mystic Pers. chaugdn, club,
a bat.
figure. Chicken. (E.) Sometimes shortened
Chervil, plant.(L. Gk.) A.S. cer- to chick ; but the M. E. word is chiken.
a -

yf//(?.L. charephylla,
"
pi.oichcerephyllum. A.S. clcen,earlier *ciucin. + D"- kieken,
" Gk. xaipkfpvKKovchervil, lit. pleasantkuiken, a chicken,Low
,
G. kuken; cf. G.
leaf. Gk. x"'V""''"
" ^o rejoice;(pvWov, kiichlein, a chicken, Icel. kjukling,Swed.
leaf. kyckling; related to Cock, which shews the
Chess; see weak
Check.grade *cuc- ; see Cock (i). Sievers,
Chest. (L. Gk.) M. E. cheste, chiste. 2nd ed. " 165.
-

A.S. cist.-mLi.cista.^Gk. Kiayq, a chest, Chicory, a plant, succory. (F. L, " "

box (whence G. kiste, Sec). Gk.) F. chicor^e. Y.. cichorium. Gk.. " "

Chestnut, Chesnut. (F.-L.-Gk.) Kixopia, neut. pi.; also Kixiipiov, Kix^pVy

Chesnut is short
chestnut,which is succory, for
p. Succory is a corrupter form
short for chesten-ntct,
nut of the chcsten, of the word, apparentlyfor siccory or
which is the old name of the tree, called cichory,
from L. cichoriiim.

87
 CHIDE CHIRURGEON

Chide. (E.) M.IL. c/iiden. A.S. c/dajz, pi.; hence Chinee in the singular, by a
to chide, brawl ; pt. t. cidde. second droppingof se.
Chief. (F. L.) M. E. chef,chief. -

Chinchilla, a small rodent animal. -

O. K. chef, chief,the head. L. type (Span. L.) Span,chinchilla, lit.'a little " "

*capunj (Ital.capo). L. caput, head. bug,'as iffrom itssmell ; but undeservedly

"

Der. ker-chief q. v. so named. Span,chinche,a bug. L. ci- " "

Chieftain. (F. L.) O.Y.chevetaine. inicem, ace. oiciniex,a bug.

"

Late L. capitchteus,
"
capitdnus,a captain. Chinchona; the same as Cinchona.
L. capit-,
" from caput, a head. ChinCOUgh, whooping-cough. \ E.)
Chiffonier, a cupboard.(F.) Lit. a For chink-cough; cf. Scotch kink-cough,
placeto put rags in. F. chiffotiier, picker,kink-host \hostmeans
a rag- "
cough'. A kink is a
also a cupboard. F. chiffon, ment,
aug- catch in the breath, nasalised form of a
"

oi chiffe,a rag. Orig.unknown. base *kik, to gasp. -fDu. kinkhoest;M.

Chignon. (F. L.) Hair twisted; V)\x.kieckhoest\
" Swed. kikhosta, chincough,
anotlier spelling of F. chainon, a link." kikna, to gasp ; G. keichen, to gasp.
F, chatne, 0.1^. chaine, a chain." L. ca- tena, Chine. (F. O. H. G.) O. F. eschine (F. -

a chain. ichine),the back-bone. "O.H.G..r/^/"a,a

Chilblain. (E.) A Main caused by needle,prickle(G. schiene,a splint).For
a chill. the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine,
Child. (E.) M. E. child. A. S. cild. backbone.
Teut. type */cilJ"om, neut. ; cf. Goth. ^'?7- Chink (1)5a cleft. (E.) Formed with
//i^/,the womb. suffixed k, from the base of M. E. chine, a
Chill, cold. (E.) Orig.a sb. A. S. cleft, rift. A. S. cinu, a chink. A.S. cin-, " "

cele,ciele,chilliness. Teut. type *kaliz, weak grade oi clnan, to split (strongvb.).

sb. ; from *kal-an, to be cold,as in A. S. + Du keen, a chink,also a germ, kenen,
calan. to be cold,Icel. kala, to freeze. + to bud ; cf. G. keimen, Goth, keinan, to
Du. kil,a chill ; cf. L. gelu,frost. bud. (Germinatingseeds make a crack in
Chime, sb. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. the ground.)
of
chinibe, which the orig.sense was bal
cym- Chink (E.)An
(2),to jingle. imitative
; hencj the chime or ringingof a cym-
bal. Chin- word ; cf. clink,clank ; and see

Shortened
O. F. chimbale, dia- from
lectal cough. E. Fries, kinken (a strong vb.);
form of O. F. cimbale,a cymbal." M. Dan. kinke.
L. cy7nbalum. Gk. Kvix"aXov ; see bal.
Cym-
" Chintz. (Hindustani Skt.)Yoxchints, "

N. B. We find M. E. chy?ne-belle, pi.of chint. Hind, chhint,spottedcotton

which looks like a popularform for cloth,named
cyiyibal. from the variegated
patterns
Der. chime, verb. on it; chhit, chintz,also a spot "Skt.
Chimera, Chimaera.
(L.-Gk.) L. chitra,variegated,
spotted.See Cheeta.
chimcera. Gk. x'Va'pct,
" a she-goat; also, Chip, vb. (E.) Related (witha lighter
a fabulous monster, with a goat'sbody. "
vowel) to chap (i) or chop; as if to cut
Gk. x'V"/'"?) he-goat. a little at a time, Cf. A. S. for-cyppod,
Chimney. (F. L. Gk.) F. cheminee, " -
; E.
(,Lye)
glossto praecisus Fries. kippe7i,
'a chimney;' Cot. Late L. camindta, " to cut.

providedwith a chimney; hence,a chimney. Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)

" L. caminus, an oven, a fire-place. Gk. " From to write with the
Gk. ")(^iipo'^pa(pi1v
,

KCLixivos, oven, furnace. hand. " Gk. \(ipo-, from x**V"the hand;
Chimpanzee, ape. (African.)I am ypdcpeiv,
anto write. Cf. chiro-mancy,for-
tune-tell
informed that the name is tsitnpanzeein by the hand ; chiro-pod-ist,
the neighbourhoodof the gulfof Guinea. one who handles (and cures)the feet.
Chin. (E.) M. E. chin. A.S. "".-f Chirp. (E.) A\%o chi7-rup.M.Echir-
Du. kin, Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Swed. pen. Also M. E. chirken, chirmeft, to
kind ; Goth, kinmis, the cheek ; G. kimi, chirp. The forms chir-p, chir-k,chir-vi
chin ; L. gena, cheek ; Gk. 7"i/us, chin ; are from an imitative base ; cf. Du. kirren,
cf. Skt. hanus, jaw. to coo.
China. (China.) ^\ioti{ox chi7ia'Ware. Chirurgeon, the old of
spelling geon.
sur-

or ware from China. The name of the (F. L. Gk.) " " F. chi7-urgien,
people was formerly Chineses ; we have 'a surgeon;' Cot. F. " chirui-giesur-
gery.

dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a "L. chtru7gia.-^Gk.

x^'pou/)7ta, a

88
 CHISEL CHRIST

working with the hands, skill with the lengthening. Cf. Icel. koka, to

quent
hands, art, surgery. " Gk. x^ipo-, from gulp ; kok, the gullet.
Xf//",
the hand ; and tpyuv,to work. Choler, the bile,anger. (F. L.-Gk.) "

Chisel. (F.-L.) M. E. chisel. A. F. -

Anger was supposedto be due to excess of
chisel, O. F. cisel{". ciseau). Cf. Late L. bile. M.E. coler. O.F. colere. L. cholera, " "

cisellus, s cissors (a.d. 1352). O. F. cisel bile ; also cholera,bilious complaint. Gk. "

answers to Late L. *ctselhim, with the Xo\(pa, cholera ; X''^^*^i^^ ; x^^os,bile,

sense of L. cTsorium, a cuttinginstrument wrath. See GalL
(Vegetius)
; see Soheler's note to Diez. " cholera. (L. -
Gk.) L. cholera, as
I". *dsu?n, for cces-um, supine of cccdere. above. And see Melancholy.
to cut ; wlience also Late L. incisor, a Choose. (E.) M.E. chesen, chusen.
carver, Caesura.
cutter ; see A. S. ceosan (also ceosan), to choose
Chit (i). a pert child. (E.) M. E. chil,
(pt.t. c^as, ceds).
"{"T)\\.
and G. kiesen,
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kit-ling Icel. kjosa, Goth, kiiisafi;Teul. type
(Icel. and
ketliftgr), to cf. G. kitze, *ketisatt-.
kit-ten-, Allied to L. gus-tare,to taste,
a female cat. ycuofiai, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.
Gk.
Chit (2),a shoot,sprout. (E.) In land's
Hol- (VGEUS.) See Gust. Brugm. i. " 602.
Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to (1), to cut; a later form of Chop
M.E. chi the, 2i SY"xo\\t(N.E.D.).-A. S. (i). Chap
clQ, a germ, sprout. Cf. Goth, keinan, to Chop (2),to barter. (E.) Probablya
producea shoot ; G. keivi,a germ. variant of chop, a verb which s^eems to

Chivalry. (F. L.) M. E. chivalrie. have been

"
evolved from the sb. chapman. "

O.F.^-^^z^a/^r/i?,horsemanship, knighthood. Chopine, a high-heeledshoe. (F."

" F. cheval, a horse. Late 'L.cabal Iujh, Span.) In Hamlet, ii.2. 447 ; iox chapine.
"

ace of cabalhis,a horse. O.F. chapin; later chappin(Cotgrave). "

Chlorine, a pale green gas. (Gk.) Span, chapiji, a clog with a cork sole,
^
"

Named from itscolour. Gk. xKoip-o'i,pale woman's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
"

from Span,chapa, a thin plate(ofmetal),

green.
chloroform. (Gk. and\..') The latter used to strengthen the work it covers.
element relates to foj-myland formic acid, Chops ; see Chaps.
an acid formerly obtained from red ants. Chord. (L. Gk.) L. chorda. Gk. " - -

\^.formica,an ant. X0/J677,the string of a musical instrument,

Chocolate, a paste made from cacao. orig.a stringof gut. Brugm. i. " 605.
(vSpan. Mex.) Span,
" chocolate. Mex. % The same word as Cord. "

chocolatl,chocolate ; Clavigero, Hist. Chorus. (L. Gk.) 1..chorus,a hand "

Mex. i. 433. ^ Not allied to cacao. of singers. Gk. x*^'P^'^^ ^ dance, a band of "

Choice. (F. Teut.) Not E. M. E. dancers or singers.See Choir.

- Der.
chois. " O. F. chois (F. choix). O. " F. chor-i-ster.
chor-al,
O. North
choisir, F. coisir,
to choose. Of Chough, a bird. (E.) M. E. cho^e,
Teut. origin. " Goth, kansjayi, to try, chough. Not found in A S., which has
test; causal of kiusa7t,to choose. See (however)the forms ceo, cio,and the early
Choose. chyae.Somewhat similar forms
forms ciae,
Choir. (F. -
L. -
Gk.) The choir of a are seen in Du. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Swed.
church is the part where the choir sit. kaja,a jackdaw.
Also speltquire; M.E. queir,quer.-- Chouse, to cheat. (Turk.? \ To act as a
O. F. cuer, later choeiir,'the quire of a chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson has chiaus in
'
church, a ti oop of singers; Cot. L. " the sense of '
a Turk,' with the implied
chorum, ace. of chorus, a choir. Gk. " sense of 'cheat'; Alchemist, i. i. The
Xopoj, a dance, a band of dancers or allusion is allegedto be to a Turkish
singers.See Chorus. chiaus or who
interpreter, committed a

Choke. (F.) M. E. choken,cheken, notorious fiaud in 1609."Turk, chd'ush,

cheoken. A. S. ceocian ; only in the deri-
vative a sergeant, mace- bearer. Palmers Pers.
dceocung, to translate L. ruminatio, Diet. ; chdivush,a sergeant, herald, mes-
senger,
which the glossator
hardlyseems to have Rich. Diet. p. 534. Or ately)
(medi-
understood, and in the pp. dceocod. ^Ifric, from M. Ital. ciaus.
Horn. i. 216 : with change from eo to eo, Chrism ; see below.
shortening
of J to 0 in M. E., and subse- Christ, the anointed one. (L. Gk.)
"
 CHRISM CID

A. S. Crist.'"1^. Chrtstus.'^GV. Chuck

xP'"'"'"^s, (0" to strike gently,toss. (F."
anointed. Gk. XP''"? I rub,anoint.
" Der. Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber-
Christ-ian, Christ-en-dom, "c. ; Christ-
mas ville).F. choquer, to givea shock,jolt. " "

(seeMass) ; opponent of
anti-christ, Du. schokken. to jolt,shake ; allied to E.
Christ ,from Gk. avri, against; see shock and shake.
I John ii. 1 8). Chuck (2),to chuck as a hen. (E.)
chrism, holy unction. (L. Gk.)" An imitative word ; Ch. has chuk to ex-
press

Also s[)elt chrisome,whence chrisorne-child, the noise made by a cock ; C. T.

a child W'-aringa chrisoine-cloth, or cloth 15180(6.3464^ Qi. cluck. "Dqx. chuck' le,
which a child wore after holy unction ; cf. in the sense 'to cluck.'
'
O. F. cresme, ' the crisome, or oyle ; Cot. Chuck (3),a chicken. A varietyof
" Late L. c/irisma,holyoil. Gk. xp'O'Atci,chick,for chicken. See above.
"

an unguent. "Gk. x/"'^(^s above). Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to laugh

Chromatic, relating t o colours. (Gk.) in a suppressedway; cf. Chuck (2).
Gk. x/o"^A*''''"^^y" "Gk.
3-"^j- stem
x/"^ /"'"'''-" Chump, a log. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial.
of xP'^/^ot,colour; allied to xP^^y skin. kumpa, to chop into logs; kumping, a
chrome, chromium. (Gk.) A log, round stick ; also Icel. kumbr, tre-
metal its compounds exhibit beautiful
; kumbr, a log of wood, from Icel. kumbr,
colours. Gk. xpcb^-a, "colour. nasalised form of kubbr, a chopping;
Chronicle. (F.-Late L. Gk.) M. E. -
Icel. kubba, to chop. Der. chump-end^
cronicle,with inserted /; also crojiike,i. e. thick end.
cronique.^K. F. cronicle ; O. F. crontque, Church. (Gk.) lA.^.chirche^chireche.
pi.croniques, chronicles, annals. Late L. A. S. cirice,later circe ; (cf.Icel. kirkja
"
;
chronica, fern. sing. ; for neut. pi. G. kirche, Du. /^^r/^).-Gk. KvpLa/iou, a "

Gk. xpoviKa, pi.,annals. "Gk. church, neut. of Hvpiafcos, belongingto

XP^'^''^-^^^
adj. from xP^^"^^itime. Der. chron-ic the Lord ; or (possibly) from Gk. KvpiaKa,
( XP^'^^'^^'^^'
= pi.,treated as a fem. sing. Gk. Kvpios, "

chronology, science of dates. lord, orig.

(Gk.) mighty. Gk. Kvpos, strength.
a "

Cf. Skt. filra,a hero.

From xp^J^o-J, time ; -A.o7ia,from A07-0S,
discourse ; see Logic. Churl. (E.) M. E. cherl,cheorl. A. S.
chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk.) ceorl,a man. + Du. kerel^G. kerl \ Dan.
From Sw. Icel. karl. Teut. types, "^kerloz^
xpoi^o-?, time ; fxerpov, measure ; see
Metre. *karloz.

Chrysalis, the
by some Churn, sb. (E.) A. S. cynn ; older
form taken
insects. (Gk.) XP"'''"^^'?, theGk.
gold- form cirin (printedcirm), Corp. gloss.
coloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis. 1866. + Icel. kirna, Swed. kdma, Dan. "

Gk. xP""^"0?, gold. kierne, a churn; cf. O. Swed. kerna,

chrysanthemum, a flower. (L. Swed. kdma, Dan. kierne,to churn,Du. -

Gk.) L. chrysanthemum. -'Gk. XP^'^^^'kernen, to churn.

OepLov, marigold.
a Gk. xP^^'^'^i S^W ;
" Chutney, Chutny, a kind of hot
avOijjiov, a bloom, from avO^iv, to bloom, relish. (Hind.) Hind, chatnt (Yule).
related to av9o^,a flower,a bud. Chyle, milky fluid. (F.-^L.-Gk.)
F.
(F. L. chyle. L.
chrysolite, a yellow stone. "
"
chylus. " Gk. x^^^y, juice. "

"

Gk.) O. F. crisoliie."1^. Gk. x^^ {

chrysolithus, (-y^GHEU.) =
X^F'^)^
I pour.
Rev. xxi. 20. Gk. XP^'^^^'-^^'^'
"Gk. chyme, liquidpulp. (L.-Gk.) For-
merly
"

XpvfTo-s, gold; X.i9os,

stone. chytnus.'^'L. chymus.^'Gk. x^l^os,
chrysoprase. (L. Gk.) L. chryso-juice. Gk. x^'*'*'; - as above. "

prasiis,Rev. xxi. 20. ^ Chymist ;

Gk. xP'^'^^'^P'^^^^i " see Alchemist.
yellow-green stone. Gk. xp^'^^'^"
gold; "

TtpcKTov, a (green)leek. Ci" Cz.

Chub, a fish. (F.) Etym. unknown.
Cf. Dan.kobhe,a seal,prov. 'Swed.iM(5'"^2/^o-,
Cicatrice, scar. (F. L.) V. cicatrice, "

chubby, fat ; Norw. kubbeii.,stumpy ; L. cicdtriccf)i,

ace. oi cicatrix,
a scar. "

Swed. kiihb,a block,log. This does not Cicerone, i Ital. L.) Ital.cicerone,a "

explainthe ch ; but see Chump. guide; orig.a Cicero. L. ace. Ciceronem, "

fat. (E.) Lit. 'like a

chubby, chub;' proper name.

cf. prov. Swed. ktibbug (above). Cid, lit.a chief or commander. (Span.
90
 CIDER CITE

"
Arab.) Usuallya title of Riiy Diaz, (also circuire^,to go round. " L. circiivi,
the national hero of Spain. Arab, sayyid, round ; Ire, lo go. "

a lord ; Richardson's Diet. p. 864. Circum-, prefix, round. (L.) L.

Cider. (F. Heb.) -
circmn, L. - Gk. orig.
- It around, round; ace of
merely means strong drink. M. E. sicer, circus^a circle ; see Circle. Der circtim-
cyder.'^Y.cidj-c,O. F. cisdre (for*cisre).amdien/ (see Ambient ; cira/m-am/"u/aie
" h. szcera. Gk. (xUepa, strong drink."
"
i^seeAmble) ; and see below.
Ileb. shekdr^strong drink. Heb. shdkar, circumcise. (L.) L. circiuncls-us
"
,

to be intoxicated. pp. uf circtinicidere,

to cut round. " L.
Cieling ; see Ceil. circum, round ; and ccedere,
to cut.

Cigar, Segar. (Span.)Span,cigarro

; circumference. (L.) L. circum^
whence also I' . cigare. Jereiitia,
boundary of a circle. " L circum-
Cinchona, (Span."ferent-,
Peruvian of pres. pt.oicircuni-ferre,
bark. to stem
Named after the Countess of Chinchon, carry round ; {\o\i\
fcrre, to bear.
wife of the governor of Peru, cured by it circumflex. (L.) L. syllahacir-
A.D. 1638. Chinchon is S.E. of Madrid. cunijicxa, a syllable marked with a cir-
cumflex
(Shoiddbe chinchona.) (a) or 'bent' mark. L. rzVrKW- "

Cincture. (L.) L. cinctura,

a girdle.flextis, pp. of circujfifiecteie,to bend
" L. dficius,pp. oicingere,
to gird. round ; iiom flectere,to bend.
Cinder. (E.) Misspeltfor sinder (by circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
confusion F, cetidre
with L. cinerem : From stem of pres. part,of circwn-iacere,
"

seeCinerary). A.S. sinder^ "scoria,'slag. to lie around : from iacere,to lie.

+Icel. sindr ; Swed. suidej- \ G. sinter^ circumlocution. (L.) L. circum-
dross,whence Du. sintcls, cinders. % The lociitio, a periphrasis.L. circuinloctitus, "

A. S, sinder occurs in the 8th century. pp. of circnni-loqul, to speak in a round-

about
Cinerary, relating
to the ashes of the way ; from loqui,to speak.
dead. (^L.) L. cinerarius. L. ciner-,
" circumscribe. (L.) L. circ2im-
stem of dust, ashes
citiis, dead.-f-scribere^to write or draw around, to limit:
of the
Gk. KovL%, dust. Der. a flower ;
cineraj'ia, from sc7'ibere,
to write,
named from the ash-coloured down on the circumspect, prudent.(L.) L. cir-
leaves. Brugm. i. " 84. ciimspectus,prudent; orig.pp. of circuvi-
Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L.-Gk.- }picere.
to look around ; from specere,to
Pers.) L. cinnabaris. " Gk. look.
Kiuvdliapi,
vermilion. From Pers. zinjarf, circumstance.
zinjifrah, (F. L.) Adapted
-

red lead, vermilion,cinnabar. from OF. L. circnmstatt/ia,

cirConstance. "

Cinnamon, a spice.(L. " Gk. " Heb.) lit.a standing around, also an attribute,
L. ci)ina??idmum. Gk. Kivva/xwfxov. " " Heb. circumstance (influenced by F. circon-
qiiindnwn; said to be of Malay origin stance). !., circumstant-^ stem ofpres.pt. "

vGesenius).Cf. W-A'^sykdyu-7nd,nis, mon

cinna- oicircuvi-stdre,to stand round ; from stare,

; from kdyu, wood, manis, sweet. to stand.

Cipher. (F. Span. Arab.) O. F. "Circus ; see Circle. "

cifre(t chiffreSy a cipher,zero.

. Span. Cirrus, a fleecycloud, tendril. (L.) "

fZ/ra. Arab, sifr^a cipher;lit. 'empty L. cirj'iis,

" a curl, curled hair.
thing; from sifr,
'

adj.empty ; Rich. Diet, Cist, a sort of tomb. (L.-Gk.) L.

p. 937. (A translation of Skt. cfinya.(i) cista,a chest. Gk. kiott], a box, chest
"

empty; (2) a cipher.) Der. de-dpher, cistern. (F.-L. Gk.) ". cisteme. "

from L. de, in the verbal sense of un-, and L. cisterna,a reservoir for water.
" L. "

'

cipher; cf.M. F. dechiffrer, to decvpher ;

'
cista,as above.
Cot. Cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
Circle. butM.E.
(F.-L.) K.'^.circul-, and W.) W. cistfaen,
a stone chest,
cercle. " dimin.
Y.cercle.'''L. circnhis, of monument made with four upright stones,
cirais,a ring,circle; see Ring (i). Der. and fifth on the top. W. r/j-/,
a a chest "

encircle^sevii-ci?'cle; and see circiitn-. (fromL. cista) ; and i7iaen, a stone.

circus, a ring.(L.) L. circus (above). Cit, Citadel ; see civil (below).

Circuit. (F. L.') F. circjiit. L. Cite, to summon,
"
quote. (F. L.) F. " "

ace. circiiilum,a going round. L. cir- citer. L. citdre,frequent, of cie7r,to " "

cuittts, also circumitus,pp. of circumire rouse, excite, call. + Gk. "/cu,I go.
I
 CITHERN, CITTERN CLARION

(-^KI.) See Hie. Der. hi-cite,outcry.

ex-cite, " L. clam dre {above)."Der. clamor-
ous.
re-cite.
Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar. Clamber, to climb by graspmg tightly.
(L. Gk.)
"

[AlsoM. E. ^zV^rw^; from O. (E.; perhapsScand.) XV. cent. M. E.

F, gtnterne. a guitar.]Tlie n is excres-
cent, clameren, clafnbren. Cf. Icel. klambra.,
as in in
biiier-n, imitation of M. E. to pinch closely together ; Dan. klamre,
giterne, " V,. cithara. " Gk. KiOapa,a kind to gripfirmly; see Clamp. Affected by
of lyreor lute. Climb, of which the M. E. pt. t. was

Citizen; see Civil (below). clamb, clam.

Citron. (F. - L. -
Gk.) F. citron. -
Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
Late citrdnem.
L. 'L..citrus,orange-
ace. "
clay
my, from
perhaps- A. S. clam,clay(see
tree; orig.a tree with fragrant wood." Clay) but
; confused with an adj.clam,
Gk. Kedpos,a cedar. Brugin.i. " 764. ; with
sticky which cf. E. F ries. and Du.
City; see Civil(below;. kla7n, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
Civet. " civet
(F. Arab.) F. "r/z;^//^, ; Clamp.
also the civet-cat;Ital. zibetto\borrowed Clamour ;Claim. see
from medieval Gk. ^airknov(Brachet)." Clamp. (Du.)XV. cent. Dvi.klampe,
Arab, zabdd, civet ; Rich. Diet. p. 767. a holdfast ; whence klainpcn,
to clamp,
Civil. (F.-L.) F. civil.'"l.. cnulis, grapple,also to board a ship.+ Dan.
belonging to citizens. L. ciiiis,
a citizen.
"
klamtne, a cramp-iron ; Swed. klamp, the
Allied to A" S. hnvan, members of a same ; Icel. kldmbr,a smith's vice ; Teut.
household. Dar. civil-ise, civil-i-an. base '^klamp, answeringto the 2nd grade
cit ; short for citizen (below). of M. H. G. kli?npfen, to press tightly
citadel. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.citadelle. together. Cf. Clump.
Ital. cittadella,
" a small town, fort ; Clan. ^Gael.) Gael, clann, offsprmg,
dimin. of cittade cittate Uittd,), a city. children
^
; Irish eland, clann,descendants, "

L. ciuitdtem, ace. of cluitas,a city. L. " a tribe ; \S. plant,pi.offspring,

children.
ciuis, a citizen (above). Cf. Skt. kula{vi), a herd,family. Krugm.

citizen. (F. L.) " M. E. citesein,i. " 669.

from A. F. in
citisein, which s was an Clandestine. (L.) L, dandestlnus,
insertion. O. F. citeain (F. citoyen)
"
; secret, close. Allied to cla^n,secretly.
formed from O. F. cite {citi)city,by hel]j Clang, to resound. (L.) L. clangere,
of the suffix -az" L. -anus ; see below. to resound
"
; whence clangor,a loud noise.
city. (F. L.) M. E. cite, citee. "
+ Gk. KXay^-q,a clang; allied to K\d("iv, "

O.F. cite (F.citi)."Late L. iyY"^*civtdtem. to clash (fut.K\dy^aj). Der. clang-or.

for ciuitdtem,ace. oi cluitds \ see citadel. See below.
Cla"cliail, a small villagewith a church. Clank, a heavy rmging sound. (Du.)
* '

(Gael.) Gael. clachan,(i)

a circle of stones, XVII cent. Du. klank, a ringing ; "

(2)a small rude church,(3)a small villageHexham. Cf Du. klonk, pt. t. oiklinken,
with a church. " Gael, clack,a stone. So to clink. See Clink. Der. clank,vb.
also Irish clachan,a hamlet ; clack,O. Ir. clappen. [We only
Clap. (E.) M. E.
clock, a stone. find A. S. clcBppetan, to palpitate; Voc.
Clack. (F:.) M..Y.. dacken. Imitative; 473.] E. Furies, klappen, clap
to hands.
allied toE. F"ies. Crack. klakken.-\-The orig.sense is to make a noise by
Icel. klaka, to chatter ; Du. klakken, to striking. + I^^^l- klappa, Swed. klappa,
clack, crack ; Irish clag,the clapperof Dan. klappe, Du. klappen, M. H. G. klciffen,
a mill. to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. Allied
Claim, to demand, call out for. (F. to Clack, Clatter. "

L.) OF. claimer, clafuer. l^. cldjndre, Claret. (F. L.) Orig.alight red wine.
" "

to call out ; cf. O. L. caldre,to pro- claim M. E. claret. O. F. clairet

claret, (F. -

; Gk. Kak^LV, to summon. Der. clairet),adj.;dimin. of clair,clear. L. "

ac-claim,de-claim, ex-claim, pro-claim,cldrus, clear. See Clear

re-claifn ; also (from pp. clamdtus) ac- clarify. (F.-L.) O.Y. darijier.-
to make
clamat-ion,de-clamat-ion, ex-clamat-ion, L. cldrijicdre, clear. L. cldri-, "

tro-clamat-ion, re- c la mat -ion. from cldrus, clear ; and -Jic-,for facere,
clamour. (F. L.) M. E. clamour. to make. "

" O. F\ clamour. " h. ace. cldmdrem. an clarion. (F. -

L.) M. E. darioun. "

92
 CLEW, CLUE CLOG

the placeof M. E. deliver,quick,nimble, Cf. Du. klink,a latch,

rivet ; also,
a blow ;
84."O. F, delivre, free,prompt,
Ch. pi-ol. and O. H. G. klenkan, to knot or bind
alert ; compounded of L. de, prefix, and together.
liber, free ; see Deliver. Cling. (E.) M. E, clingen,to become
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (E.) stiff,be matted together.A.S. clingan
M. E. clewe. A. S. cllwen, a clew ; also (pt. t. clang, pp. clungen),to dry up,
cleowe kluiven.
(Epinalgl.cleouuae^.-\-\yvi. shrivel up. -f- to cluster. Allied
Dan. klynge,
whence kluwenen, to wind on clews (E. to Swed. kldnga, to climb; O. H. G.
clew up a sail) ; M. Low G. kluwen ; and clunga,a clew.
of. G. kndiiel (for'^kldnel), a clew. haps
Per- Clinical (F. L. Gk.) F. clinique, .
" "

' '
allied to L. gluere,to draw together. one that is bedrid ; Cot. L. clinicus, "

Cf. Claw. the same. Gk. kKivikos, belongingto a "

Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex- pressing bed, a physician his art.
; 77 kXiulkt), Gk. "

lighter and thinner sound than

a fcXivT],
a bed. Gk. KXiveiv, to lean; see "

Clack. E. Fries, klikken. Cf. Du. klik- Lean (i).

klakken, to clash. Clink. (E.) E. Fries, klitiken. Nasa-
lised
Client. (F." L.) F. client, a suitor." form of Click. -j-Du. klinken, to
L. clientem,ace. of clietis cliiens, orig.a sound, pt. t. klonk, pp. geklonken; Swed.
=

hearer,one who listens to advice ; pres. pt. klinka,to jingle.Cf. Clank.

of cluere,to hear. (VKLEU.) clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
Cliff, a steep rock, headland. (E.) klinker,a clinker,named from the tinkling
A. S. clif, a rock, cliff.+Du. and Icel. sound which they make when they strike
klif; O. H. G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan. each other. "Du. klinken ,
to clink ; cog-
nate
klippe.Swed. klippa,a crag ; and Icel. with E. clink.
khif, ridge cliffs.
a of (F.-Du.)
clinquant, glittering. In
Climate. (F.-L.-Gk.) yi.'^.climat. Shak. Lit. ' tinkling.'
F. clinquant,
pres. "

" F. cliniat.-^\-.2X^
L. climat-, stem of pt. of O. F. clinquer, to clink. Du. "

cliina. Gk. /fAi/xar-,stem

" of KXi/xa, a klinken (above).
slope,zone, regionof the earth,climate. "
Clip, to cut. (Scand.)M. E. klippen. "

Gk. K\ij/eiv,
to lean,slope ; see Lean. Icel.
klippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe,
to

clixuacter,a criticaltime of life. (F. clip,shear hair. Cf. Snip.

-Gk.) M.F. climaclere,adj.;whence I'an Clip 2),to embrace. (E.) A. S. ch'ppan.
climactere,'the climatericall {sio year; Clique, a gang. (F. Du.) F. clique, a "

gang, noisyset. "O. F. cliquer, to click,

every 7th, or Qlh,or the 63 yeare of a
man's life,
all very dangerous,but the last, make a noise. Du. klikken, to click, "

most;' Cot. Gk. KKLfxaKTrfp," a step of a clash ; also to inform, tell ; cf.Du. klikker,
ladder, a life. Gk.
dangerousperiodof a tell-tale. See Click.
"

K\ifiaK-,stem of Kkifia^,a ladder,climax, Cloak, Cloke. (F.-C.) M.E.rM^.-

with suffix -TTjp of the agent; see below. O. North F. cloque, O. F. cloche. 'L?ittl.. "

climax, the highestdegree. (Gk.) cloca,a bell ; also a horseman's cape, which
Gk. KAifxa^,a ladder, staircase,highest resembled a bell in shape: see below.
of (in rhetoric). Gk. clock. (C.) The orig.
'
bell * ;
pitch expression " sense was

Kkiveiv,
to slope. Der. anti- climax. bells precededclocks for times.
notifying
Clim.e. (L. -Gk.) L. a climate.
"://wrz, M. Du. clocke (Du. klok), a
Either from
Gk. KXifxa bell from O. North F. cloque, a bell.
; see Climate.
"
" ; or
Climb. (E.) M. E. cllmben, pt. t. clo7nb. Late L. cloc{c)a, a bell ; of Celtic origin. "

A. S. climban,pt. t. clamb, pi.clumbon.-\- Irish clog, a bell,clock ; clogaim,I ring

Du. klimmen, M. H.G. klimnun. Teut. or sound as a bell ; O. Irish cloc,a bell.
Cf. W. clock,2L bell,"c. The G. glocke is
type *klimban-. The m was orig. in-
serted
in the present stem, and did not a borrowed word ; so also Du. klok, "c.

belong to the root as is shewn : Icel. Clod. (E.) M.E. clod,clodde. A. S.

by
climb. Hence it is allied to clod (in compounds),a lump of earth.
klifa,
to
Cleave (2). Teut. type *klu-dO',from the weak grade
Clim.e ; climate. of Teut. root *kleu-,to stick together.See
see
rivet. (E.) M.E. Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
Clinch, Clench, to
hindrance; a wooden sole of
clenchen, klenken, to strike smartly,to Clog, a

make to clink ; causal of klinken,to clink. a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M.E. clog.
94
 CLOISTER CLUMSY

a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late de girojle,a '

clove,' Cot. ; from the
word ; cf. Norvv. klugu,a hard log. semblance to a nail. Cf Span, clavo,a
Cloister. F. L.) M. E. cloister.
.
"
nail,also a clove. L. clduiim. ace. of " "

O.F. cloistre ( F. cloiire). !^. claustrutn. clduiis,a nail.+O. Irish do, a nail.
"

lit. enclosure. "L. c/ausits, pp. oi clati- Clove (2),a bulb, or spherical shell of
dere, to shut. See Clause. a bulb of garlic, "c. (E.) A.S. cluju,f. ;
close (i\ to shut in. (F. L.) M. E cf. cluf-tvyrt,a buttercup
"
(litclove-wort).
closen.'~O.Y pr. s. of O. F. clore, Named
. clos,i from its cleavage into si ells. "

to shut in. L. claiidere (above). Der.

" A. S. chif-, weak gradeot cltofan, to split;
close,a field ; dis-close,en-close,in-close. see Cleave (i). Cf. Icel. klofi,a cleft.

close (2),shut up. (F. L.) M. E. Clove (3),a weight. (F.-L.) A. F.

"

clos,does. " O. F. clos,pp. of clore (above).clou ; the same word as Clove (1). Late "

closet. (F.-L.) O.F. closet,dimin. L. cldvus,a weight (forwool).

of cios, an enclosed space. "O.F. clos, Clover. (E.) M. Y.. claver. A. S.
pp. ; see close (2). cLlfre,trefoil.-4-
cldfre. Du. klaver,whence
Clot. M. E. clot,clotte,a ball, Swed.
(E.) klofver,Dan. klbver; Low G.
esp. of earth. A. S. dolt,clot,a lump.-J-klever ; cf. G. klee. % The supposed
G. klotz,a lump. Teut. type *klzit-to-, connexion with cleave (1) is impossible.
from the weak gradeof Teut. base ^kleut ; Clown. (Scand.) \ct\.khin?ii,
a clumsy,

see Cleat, Clout, Cluster. boorish fellow Swed. dial, klunn. a log,
:

Cloth. (E.) M. E. cloth,clath. A. S. kluns,a clownish fellow ; Dan. klunt, a

cldd.'\-T)\.\.
kleed,G. kleid,a dress. Der. log; cf. Dan. khmtet, clumsy. Allied to
'
clothes,A. S. clddas,pi.of clJQ. Clump. Orig.sense ' log or ' clod.'
clothe, cloth.
to cover with
(E.) Cloy. (F. L.) Orig.to stop up, hence,
a "

M. E. cloihen,clathen, pt. t. clothede (or tosate. M.F.^Ay'"fr,'tocloy,stopup,' Cot.;

cladde), pp. clothed (or clad). Formed a by-form of F. clouer (O.F. doer),to nail,
from A. S. cldd.-\-Y"-a.
kleeden,from klecd ; fasten up. [A horse prickedwith a nail,
so also G. kleiden,from kleid. % But the in shoeing, was said to be cloyed.]O. F. "

pt. t. and pp. clad are of Scand. origin : do, F. clou,a nail;see Clove (i). % Cloy
cf. Icel. klcedd-r,pp. of klce"a,
to clothe ; (inE.)is usually short for ac-cloy
or a-doy,
Swed klddd, pp. of kldda. where the prefixa- representsF. en- ; see

Cloud. (E.) M. E. cloud,orig.a mass F. endouer, endoyer in Cotgrave,

of vapours; the word as M. E. clnd, Club
same (i),a heavy stick. (Scand.)M.E.
a mass of rock. A. S. cliid.a round mass, dubbe. Icel. klubba, kluniba, a club ; "

mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root '^kleu, Swed. klubb,a club,log, lump ; Dan. khib,
to stick together : see Clew, Clod. club, klump, lump. A mere variant ot
Clough, a hollow in a hill-side. (E.) Clump below. See Golf.
M. E. dough, clo^e. Answering to A. S. club (2), an association. (Scand.)
*cldh,not found; connate with O. Lit. 'a clump of people.' H. G. XVII cent.
kldh. The A. S. *cldh (-O.H.G. klah, Cf. Swed. dial, klubb, a clump,lump, also
as in Klah-uelde, Forstemann) represents a knot of people(Rietz).See above.
a Teut. type *klanxo-,from *klanx, 2nd Cluck. (E.) M. E. clokken, to cluck
grade of *klinx; cf. G. klinge,O. H. G. as a hen ; a mere variant of Clack. +
chlinga,a clough (Acad.,Aug. and Sept. Du. klokkeji,Dan. klukke, G. glucken;
1SS9J. L. gloctre.An imitative word.
Clout, patch.(E.)
a Vi.Y.. clout. A.S. Clue ; see Clew.
dut, a patch; whence W. chvt,Corn, clut, Clump, a mass, block. (E.) XVI
a patch,clout ; Ir. and Gael, cltid,the cent. Not in A.S.,except as indymp-re,
same. Orig.sense '
mass, pieceof stuff' ; a clump. Cf. Dan. klump, Swed. klump;
orig.Teut.type *klut-oz,from Teut. root Du. klomp, Low G. klump. a clump,
*kl2ci-,
*kleut-,as seen in Clot. klumba, a club, with b
Closely lump, log ; (Icel.
allied to Cleat (which is
/). From klump-, weak grade of
from the 2nd for
gradeof the same root).
*klemp-,as in M.ll. G. klimpfen,
to Teut.
Clove i), a kind of spice.(F, L.) press tightly
together. Cf. Clamp. "

M. E. clow ; the change to clove,

in the Clumsy. (Scand.)Cf. M. E. clumsed,
XVIth cent., was due to the influence domsed, benumbed ; benumbed fingersare
of Ital. chiovo. " F. clou, a nail ; cloti clumsy. This is the pp. of clomsen, to

95
 CLUSTER COCHINEAL

benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed. Coarse, rough. (F. L.) "
Formerly
dial, khimnisen, benumbed ; Icel.
(Rietz) course, an adj.which arose from thephrase
klumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Du. k!cini7ien, to in course to denote anything of an ordinary
pinch;klaimen, to be benumbed, kleiimsch, character; cf. mod. E. of course. See
numb with cold; also A. S. clom, clam, a Course.
bond, clasp. See Clammy, Coast. (F. L.) M. E. coste. O. F. -
-

Cluster, a bunch. (E.) A, S. cluster, coste (F. cBte), a rib,slopeof a hill, shore.
clyster, a bunch. + Low G. khister. Suggests L. casta, a rib. "

a Teut. type *klut-tro-, a cluster ; formed Coat. (F. G.) M. E. cote. O. F. - -

with suffix -tro from *klut-,weak gradeof cote kV cotte); Low L. cota, cotta,a coat. .

Teut. root '^kleut-, to mass together; for M. H. G. kotte,kutte,a coarse " mantle;
which see Clot, CI sat, Clout. O. Sax. cot,the same.
Clutch, to seize. (E.) M. E. clucchen, Coax. (E.?) Formerlyr"?^^J, vb., from
clicchen. A. S. clycca?t(whence pp. ge- cokes, sb. a simpleton,dupe. Perhaps ,

cliht,Somner), We find also M. E. cloke, allied to Cocker or to Cockney.

a claw; which was supersededby the Cob (i), a round lump, knob. (E.) As
verbal form. applied to a pony, it means short and
Clutter, a ; also
clotted
clutter, stout.
mass M. E. cob, a great person
vb.,to clot. (E.) Clutter, vb.,is a variant (Hoccleve).In some senses, it seems to

of clotter,
to run into clots ; see Clot, and be allied to A. S. copp,a top, summit.
cf. E. Fries, klutern,to become clotted. cobble (0) ^ small round lump. (E.)
Clutter also meant confusion, a confused M. E. cobylstone, a cobble-stone. Dimin.
heap, turmoil, din by association with
; of cob (above).
Clatter. Cf. E. Fries, a rattle.
kl'dter, Cob (2),to beat. (E.) Cf. W. cobio,to
Clyster. (L. Gk.) L. clyster,an
"

thump ; cob, a bunch ; prov. E. cop, to

the bowels.
into
injection Gk. icKvaT-qp,
a strike,
esp. " on the cop or head. See Cob

syringe.Gk. kXv^uv, to wash.-f- (0.

clyster, "

L. clnere,to wash. (VKLEU.) (G.) G. kobalt, Cobalt, a mineial.

Co-, prefix.(L.) co-, together ; L. a given by the miners,
cobalt ; nickname
used for con- ( cuvi), together, I jefore
- a considered poisonous ; better
becaus;i
vowel. Hence, co-efficient, co-equal, spelt
c
operate,
o- kobold,meaning (i) a demon, (2)
co-ordinate. See others below ; cobalt. UfG. origin(Kluge).
and see Con-. Cobble (i); see Cob (i).
Coach. (F. Hung.) F. coche, a
" Cobble (2),to patchup. (E.) Origin
'

Etym. disputed.Said, as unknown; cf. Cob (2),of which it seems

'
coach ; Cot.
earlyas A. D. 1553, to be a Hungarian to be the frequentative.
word ; from Hung, kocsi, a coach, so called Cobra, a hooded snake. (Port. L.) "

because firstmade at a Hung, village called Port, cobj-a, also cobra de capcllo,
i.e. snake
A'ocsior A'ocs,near Raab ; see Littre,and with a hood. L. colubra, snake ; de, of;
"

Beckmann, Hist, of Inventions. capelhirn,

ace. of capellus, hat, hood,
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A.F. dimin. of capa, a cape. See Notes and
coadjntour.L "
co-, (or con- =
rz^w, together;Queries,7 S. ii. 205.
and adiutor, an assistant,from vb. adiu- Cobweb. (E.') copiveb,
M.coppe- E.
udre, to assist. L. ad-, to ; iuud7-e,to
" web ; from M. E. coppe,a
spider,and zueb.
help. Cf. M. Du. kop,koppe,'a spider,
or a cob,*

Coagulate, to curdle. (L.) L. coagu- Hexham. From A. S coppa, as in attor-

Idtus,pp. of codguldre, to curdle. L. coppa, a spider ; lit. poison-bunch; from
"

codgulum, rennet, which causes milk to A. S. dttor, dtor, poison,and cop,a head.
run together. L. co- {cutn),together; Coca, a Peruvian plant.(Span. Peruv.)
" -

ag-ere, to drive. Span. coca. Peruv. cuca ; Garcilasso,Peru,

"

Coal. (E.) M. E. r^/. A. S. f^/.+ bk. 8. c. 15. Distinct both from cocoa (or
Du. kool, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. kul, G. coco') and cacao. Der. cocaine.
kohle. Cf.
Skt.y^a/, to blaze. Cochineal. (F. Span. L. Gk.) - - -

Coalesce, to grow together.(L.) L. F. cochenille.'^S^a.w. cochinilla,cochineal

coalescere. L. co-,iox
" con- cu?n, together ; vmade from"
insects which look like berries).
and alescere,to grow, inceptive oi alere,to L. coccimis. of a scarlet colour ; see "

nourish. Isaiah i.18 (Vulgate).L. coccum, a berry; "

96
 COCK COD

also kermes, supposedto be a berry. " Gk. tread ; with fem. suffix -trix, of the
cochineal.
KuKKos, a berry, agent.
Cock (i),a male bird. (E.) "SLE. cok to pamper. (E. ?) M. E. Cocker,
A. S. cocc ; from the bird's cry. *
(w:;ence \V. cocri,to fondle,in-
Crydc cokcren
dulge).
anon co/^! cok '.' Ch. C. T. Nvm's Priest's
Cf. AL Du. kokelen,ketikelen,
Tale, 457. Cf. Skt. kiikknia. a cock : to cocker, to foster,' Hexham ; M. F.
"

Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. And ioqtieliner, to dandle, cocker, pamper

'

cf. Cuckoo. (a child);' Cot. Norw. kokra, to call as

cock, the stop-cock is tlie a cock ; also,to cocker.
of a barrel,
same word. So also G. hahn, (i)a cock, Cockerel; see Cock (i\
(2)a stopcock. (F. L. Cockle (1),a sort of bivalve. "

cock, part of the lock of

gun. a [Cf.cock,
From a cockle"
Gk.) M E, cokel.
its originalshape; cf. G. den Hahn span- (P.Plowman, C. x. 95) ; A. S. sie-cocca;
nett, to cock a s^un. (where sie -sea)] F. coqiiille, a shell
cockle- "

cockade, a knot of ribbon on a liat. ; cf.Ital. cochiglia. Lat. type *cochy- "

(F.) F. coquarde,fern, oi coquard,saucy; liiitti, for conchy liuvi,a cockle,shell-fish.

also coquarde, bonnet a la coquarde, any Gk. /f07xv^ioi', a cockle, dimin. of "07-
'
"

'
bonnetorcapworn proudly; Cot. Formed KvKi], from ku'^kt],a cockle or mussel.
with suffix -ard from F. coq, a cock (from Cockle (2),a weed among corn. (E.)
the bird's cry). A. S. coccel,tares; whence Gael, cogall,
cockerel, a young cock. (E.) Double tares, husks, cockle ; cogtill, corn-cockle ;
dimin. of Cock (i). Qi. pik-erel. Irish cogall, corn-cockle.
cockloft, upper loft. (E.and Scand.) Cockle (.'.)"to be uneven, pucker up.
From cock and loft.So also G. hahnbalken^ (Scand.) Of Scand. origin; cf. Norw.
'
a roost, cockloft ; Dan. loftkatnvier,a loft- koklutt,lumpy, uneven, cockled up ;
'

chamber, room up in the rafters. from Norw. kokle,a littlelump, dimin. of

Cock (2),a pileof hay. (Scand.)Dan. kok, a lump; see Ccck (2). Cf. Swed.
kok. aheap; prov. Dan. kok, a hay-cock, kokkeU dimin. of koka, a clod.
at kokke hoet,to cock hay ; Icel. kiikkr, Cockloft; see Cock (i).
lump, ball ; Swed. koka, clod of earth. Cockney, orig.an effeminate person.
'
Cock to stick up
(.^), abruptly. (E.) (E.) Flono has: Caccherelli, cacklings
Apparentlywith reference to the posture of liens ; also egs, as we say cockanegs.'
of a cock's head when crowing; or to that From M. E. cokenay,a foolish person, Ch,
'
of his crest or tail. Cf. Gael, coc, to cock ; C. T. 4208. Lit. cocks' egg ; i.e. yolk- '

as in coc do bhomeid, cock your bonnet ; less egg. From M. E, cokett, gen. pi. of
cock-nosed.
coc-shronach, And see ade.
Cock- cok, a cock ; and ay, ey, A. S. ceg, egg.
See C. S. Burne, ShropshireFolk-lore,
Cock (4, Cockboat, a small boat. p. 220.
(F. "
Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of Cockroacll.
L. "
(Span.) From Span.
boat, orig.a shell. Cf. Span, coca, Ital. cncaracha,a wood-louse, cockroach ; from
cocca, a small ship. Derived (by Diez) cuca (also cued),a kind of caterpillar.
from L. concha, a shell ; from Gk. ko-^kt], Originuncertain.
a cockle : see Cockle (i). Cocoa (i),Coco, the cocoa-nut palm.
Cockade; see Cock (I). (Port.) Port, and Span, coco, a bugbear,
Cockatoo, a kind of parrot. (Malay.) an ugb mask to frightenchildren ; hence
Malay kakatua ; from the bird's cry. Cf. applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
Malay ktckuk, crowing of cocks. Skt. the monkey-like face at the base of the
kiikkuta,a cock. See Cock i^i). nut. Cf. Span, cocar, to make grimaces.
Cockatrice. (F. Late L. L.) By - Cocoa (2),a corrupt form of Cacao.
-

confusion with cock,it was said to be a Cocoon, case of a chrysalis. (F. L." "

monster hatched from a cock's egg. " O.F. Gk.) F. cocon, a cocoon ; from coque, a

cocatrice. " Late L. cocdtricem, ace. of shell. See Cock

(4).
cocdtrjx, caucdt7-ix,
answeringto a Latin Cod (i),a fish. (E.?) Spelt codde in
type *caicdtrix,
i.e. '
the treader or tracker,'Palsgrave.Perhapsnamed from its round-
ed
used to render the Gk. and
Ixv^vixojv, shape; cf. M. Du. kodde. a club (Hex-
ham)
afterwards transferred to mean 'crocodile' ; and see below. Der. cod-ling,
a

(seeaccount in N. E. D.). " L. cakd-re, to young cod ; M. E. codlyng.

 COD COISTREL

Cod (2), a (E.) Cognisance, knowledge,a badge. (F.

husk, bag, bolster.
Hence. peas-cod,
husk L.) of
Formerlyconisaiince.-'O. F. coji-
a pea. A. S. codd. "

a ^odri,scrotum
bag.+Icel.koddi,pillow, ; noissance,knowledge; M. F. cognoissance.
Swed. kudde, a cushion. " O. F. conoissant,pres, pt. of O. Y.
Coddle, to pamper, render effeminate. conoistre, to know. " L. cognoscere, to

(F. - L. ?) Perhaps for caudle,vb. (in know. " L. CO- {cuvi),together,fully;

Shak.),to treat with caudle ; see Caudle. gnoscerc, to know ; see Know.
Cf. prov. E. coddle,to parboil, stew. cognition, perception.(L.) From
Code, a digestof laws. (F. L.) F. "
ace. of L. 'L, cogtiitns,
cogfiiiio. pp.
" of
code. " 'L, codicem, ace. of codex, a tablet, cognoscere (above).
book ; older form caudex, a trunk of a cognomen, a surname. (L.) L. co-
gnomen,

tree. a surname. L. co- {ctini),

" with;
codicil. (L.) L. codicillus,a codicil nomen, a name, altered to gnomen liycon-
fusion

to a will ; diinin. of codex (stem codic-). with gnoscere, noscere, to know.

Codling (0, Codlin, a kind of apple. See Noun, Name.
(C.?) Earlier spellings querdling,quad- Cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitdre,to
ling,qtiodliiig.Apparentlyformed, with dwell togetherwith. " L. co- {cum-),to-
gether
E. suffix
-ling,from Irish cueirt,
an apple- ; habitdrc,to dwell. See tation.
Habi-
tree.

Codling (2 ; see Cod (i). Cohere. (L.) L. co-harere,to stick

Coerce. (L.) L. coercere, to compel. together(pp. r"?//"^.f"i-).
L. r^?-,together ; "

" L. together;arcere, to en-

co-ictini), close, hat-ere,to stick. Der. cohes-ion, cohes-
confine,allied to area, a chest ; see
jive,from the pp.
Ark. I Cohort, a band of soldiers. (F. L.) "

Coffee. (Turk."Arab.) qah- ^.cc.coho?'iefn,from cohors, Turk, ; F. cohorte.-^l^.

'
veh. Arab, qahwah, coffee.
" a court, also a band of soldiers. See
Coifer. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. cofre. \ Court, of which
" it is a doublet.
"

" O. F. cofre,also cojin,

a chest. L. ace. Coif, Quoif, a cap. (F.-G.-L.) "

cophinnm. " Gk. Kocpivos,a basket. O, F. Low

coi/e,coiffe; L. cofea,
a cap. "

coffin. (F. " L.

Gk.) Orig. case, " a M. H. G. kuffe, kupfe,a cap worn under
chest. O. " F, cojiji,
as above. (Doublet the helmet ; O. H. G. chuppha ; stem
of coffer.) H.
*kupp-Jdn-.'-0. G. chuph (G. kopf),a
Cog (i), a tooth on a wheel-rim. cup ; also,the head. " L. cuppa ; see Cup.
(Scand.) M. E. cogge [whence Gael, Coign ; see Coin.
and Irish cog, a mill-cog; W. cocos, cocs, Coil (i),to gathertogether.(F." L.)
cogs of a wheel]. Not in A. S. M. Dan. "
'
Coiled up in cable ; ' Beaumont
a and
kogge, cog, kogge-hjul^a cog-wheel Fletcher.
a L. " O. F. coillir, to collect. "

(Kalkar); Swed. kugge,a cog ; M. Swed. colligere ; see Collect.

kugg (Ihre). Coil (2),a noise, bustle. (F. L.?) -

Cog (2), to trick. (Scand.) Prob. Grig, a colloquial or slang expression ;

to catch as with a cog; to cog a die,to prob. from Coil(i). We find 'a coil of
check it so as to make it fall as desired. hay,'a heap ; nnd coil,to twist.
Cf. Swed. dial, kugg, Norw. kogga, to Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin.~-0. F.
'

dupe ; Swed. kiigga, to cheat, to cog ; coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a coin
'

Oman. (stamped by means of a wedge"). L. "

Cogent. (L.) L. cogent-, stem of cuneum, ace. of cuneus, a wedge. ^ Not

pres. part, of
cdgere, compel ; to for allied to Cone.
co-agere con-agere)lit. to drive to-
{ = gether. coign. (F. L.) F. coing, coin, a
,
"

Brugm. i. " 968. corner ; lit.a wedge (asabove).

Cogitate. (L.) L. cogitdtus, pp. of Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L. co-
cogitdre, to think ; for co-agitdre,from (forcon- cum, with); and incidere,to ="

CO-, con-, together, and agitdre, agitate,

to fall upon, from in^ upon, and cadere,to
of
frequent, agere, to drive. fall.
Cognate. (L.) L. co-gndtus, allied Coistrel, a mean fellow. (F. L.) "

by birth. " L. co- (for cum), together

; For coustrel,the older form (Palsgrave).
gndlus, born, old form of tidtus^pp. of An E. adaptationof M. F. coustillier,
'
nasci,to be born; see Natal. an armour-bearer, lackey; lit. one who

98
 COIT COLLOP

carries a poinard.' M. " F. coiistille,

a conference. (F. L.)
"
O. F. collation,
a

poniard; variant of O. F. cojistel,

better ing
bring- conference. " L. ace. colldtionem,a
couielja knife. L. cultellum,ace oi cul-
"
together, a conferring.L. colldtum, "

telius,a knife ; dimin. of culler. See supinein use with the verb conferi-e, to

Coulter. bringtogether(but from a different root).

Coit ; see Quoit. L.c^/- {{oxcon- cum),together ; latum, " =^

Coke, charred coal. (E. ?) Coke, supine of tollere,to take, bear. See '

pit-coal o r sea -coal charred;' Ray, 1674. Tolerate.

Etym. unknown; cf. M. E. colk,the core Colleague (0. a partner. (F.-L.)
(ofan apple). M. F. collegue.^L. collega, a partner in
Colander, Cullender, a strainer. office. F. col- (for con-, cutn),with; "

(Prov. L.) M.
" E. Pro
cfllyrtdore.'-O. legere,
v. t o choose : see Legend.
"^colador,
orig.form of Prov. couladou^ a Colleague (2), to join in an alliance.
strainer. Late L. '^coldtdrem,ace. ; for L.
"
F. L.) O. F. colliguer,
colleguer,to "

a strainer.
cdldtorhijii, L. coldre,to strain. colleague with.
"
L. colligdre,to bind "

" a sieve.
L. coliiDi, Cf. Span, colador,a together. col- (for con-, cum), gether
" L. to-

strainer from L. coldre'). ; ligdre, t o bind. See League (i).

^

Cold. (E.) M. E. cold, kald, adj.; Collect, vb. (F.-L.) O.Y.collecter,

O. Merc, cald, A. S. ceald,adj.+ Icel. to collect money (Roquefort).Late L. "

kaldr, Swed. kail, Dan. kold, Du. kot(d. collectdre (thesame), from collecta, a lection,
col-
Goth, kalds, G. kalt. Teut. "^kal-doz. orig.fern, of pp. of colligere, to
cold ; from Teut. *kal,to be cold (as in collect. L. col- ( for con-, cum) with ; "
,

Icel. kala, to freeze),with suffix -doz=-QfV. to gather; see Legend.

legere,
-Toy. Cf Lat. gel-idtis, cold ; see geal,
Con- collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta, a

Chill, CooL collection in money, an assembly for

Cole, Colewort, cabbage.(L.) For prayer, hence a short prayer; see above.
-ivort,seeWort. M. E, coi,caul. A, S. Colleen, a girl.(Irish.)Irish cailin,
cdwel (or Icel. kdl). L. caulis,
cdtil, a " a of caile,
girl; dimin. a country-woman.

stalk,cabbage.+ Gk. KavXos, stalk.a Gael,cailin,dimin. of caile.

Coleoptera, sheath -
winged insects. College, an assembly,seminary. (F."
L.) O. F. college.L. collegitim,societyof
(Gk. Gk. KoXeo-s,a sheath; -uTep-uv, a "

wing. colleagues or companions. L. collega,a "

Colic. (F.-L.-Gk.) colleague; Short for colic '\i). see Colleague

pain.^Y. colique, adj. L. colicics.'-GV. "Collet; see Collar.
kooXlkos,for koMkos, suffering in the colon. Collide. (L.) L. collidere, to dash to- gether.
" Gk. KuKov. See Colon (2). "L. col- (forcon-, cum), together;
Coliseum. Icedere,to strike,hurt. Der. collis-ion
(Med.L. Gk.) The same "

as Colosseum, a largeamphitheatre Rome, a t (frompp. CO IIis -us).

so named from its magnitude (Gibbon). Collie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's
The Ital. word is coliseo. See Colossus. dog. (E.) Formerly,coally, coley; prob.
coal-y,coal-coloured, black.
Collapse, to shrink together, fall in. the same as

collied in
(L.) First used in the pp. collapsedCf. obs. colly,adj.,coal-black;
Englished from L. collapsus, pp. of colldln, Shak. M. N. D. i. i. 145.

to falltogether.L. col- (for " con- .i.e.cum) Collier. (E.) \\.Y..colier\fromM.E. ,

together ; Idbi, to slip. See Lapse. col,coal. Cf. bozv-yer, saw-yer.

Collar. (F. L.) M. E.
-
and A. F. Collocate, to place together.(L.)
coler. O. F. colter,
" a collar. L. colldre, a From pp. of L. col-locdre,
" to place together.
band for the neck. L. collum,the neck.-f- L. col- (ioTcon-, cztm) together
" ; locdre, "
,

A. S. heals,G. hals, the neck. to place,from locus,a place.

collet, the part of the ringin which Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.

the stone is set. (F. L.) F. .collet, " a (Gk.) From Gk. ko\\wS-t]s, glue-like."
collar. F. col,neck.
" L. collwn, neck. " Gk. KoW-a, glue; -ildTjs, like, eJdos,
Collateral. (L.) Late L. collaterdUs, appearance.
side by side. L. col- (forcom-
"
cuvi\ Collop, a slice of meat. (E.?) M. E.
"

with; lateralis, lateral, from later-, for coloppe, col-hoppe ; pi.col-hoppes (P.Plow-
man
^lates-,
stem oi la/us,side. \ whence M. Swed. kollops,Swed.
Collation, a comparison:formerly,
a kalops. Here col- ^ coal (see Coal) ; ct.
99
 COLLOQUY COMBUSTION

Swe.l. A\a\. gld{d)hoppa,

a cake baked over Colt. (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel,
gledesor hot coals.
(E.Bjorkman). young ass, "c.-fSwed. dial, kullt,a boy ;
Colloquy. (L.) From L. colloquitun, Swed. kull, Dan. kuld, a brood ; cf. Dan.
conversation. L. col-Ioqni,to converse
" dial, koltring-j a lad.

with, lit.to speak together.L. col- (for Columbine, a plant.(F.-L.) M. F. "

con-, cum), together;/oqut,to speak. colombin. \u3.te L. columlnna, a colum-

bine "

Collude, to act with others in a fraud. ; L. columlnnus, dove-like ; from a

(L.) L. collude re (pp.collnstcs), to play supposed resemblance. L. coluf?il"a, a "

with, act in collusion with. " L. col- dove. See Culver.

(forcon-, cum), with; ludere, to play. Column, troops.
a pillar,body of
Der. colhis-ion,from the pp. (F. " cohunna,
L.) L.
pillar; cf. a

Colocynth, Coloquintida, pith of columen, culmen, a summit, collis,a hill,

the fruit of a kind of cucumber. (Gk.) Gk. a hill. See Hill.
"oAcui/o?, (V'QEL.)
From the nom, and ace. cases of Gk. Colure, one of two great circles on the
KoXoKvvOis (ace.KoXoKwOida),a kind of celestial sphere,at rightangles to the
round gourd or pumpkin. equator. (L. Gk.) So called because "

Colon (i),a mark in

(:) writing and a part of them is always beneath the
printing.(Gk.) Gk. kojKov, a limb, horizon. The word means docked, ped."
clip-
clause ; hence, a stop marking off a clause. L. colunis, curtailed; a colure.
Colon (2),part of the intestines. (Gk.) Gk. KuXovpos, dock-tailed,truncated ; a "

Gk. Kokov, the same. colure. Gk. /C0A.-0J, docked, clipped;and "

Colonel. (F. Ital. L.) Sometimes ovpa, a tail.

- -

coronel, which is the Span, spelling ; Colza oil, a lamp-oilmade from the
whence the pronunciationas kurnel.^Y. seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. L. and "

colonel, colonnel. Ital.colonello,a.

colonel; Du.) F. colza,better colzat. Du. koohaad,
" "

lit.a littlecolumn, as being the upholder rape-seed, cabbage-seed. "Du. kool (bor-
rowed
'

'
of the Torriano.
regiment; The colonel from L. caulis), cole,cabbage; and
was he who
led the company at the head Du. zaad=Y.. seed.
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. colonna, Com-, prefix.(L.) For L. cum, with,
a column. L. cohtmna, a column.
" See together ; when followed by b, f, m,
Column. p. See Con-.
colonnade. Coma.
(F. Ital.
(Gk.) Gk. /ccD/za,
-
a deep sleep.
-

L.) F.
colonnade. " Ital. colonnata,a range of Comb. (E.) A. S. camb.^a comb, crest,

columns. " Ital. colonna,a column +Du. kam, 1cg\. kambr, Dan. vSwed.
(above).ridge.
Colony. (F. -
L.) F. colonie. - L. kam ; G. kamm. Teut. type *kamboz ;
CO Ionia,a colony,band of husbandmen. Idg. type *gomb/ios; cf. Gk. yofjupos,a
" L. colonus, a husbandman. L. colere, pin,peg;
" Skt. jamb/ia-s,
a tooth.

to till. Colere is for Coomb, a dry measure. (E.) ; cf. L.

*qiielere Comb,
inquilmus,a sojourner.Brugm. i. " 121. A. S. cumb, a cup.-f-Du.kom, a bowl ; G.
Colophon, an inscription at the end of kumpf, kumme, a bowl.
a book, with title, (sometimes)name
and Combat. (F.-L.) Grig,a verb. F. -

and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. Gk. combattre, O. F. combatre, to fight

with. " "

KoXofpbjv,a summit ; hence, a finishing- F. com- (forL. cum), with ; and F. battre,
stroke. Allied to Column. O. F. batre,to fight,from *battere, for
Coloquintida ; see Colo cy nth. L. battuere,to beat. Der. combat-ant,
Colossus. (L. Gk.) - L. colossus. " from the F. ptes. pt.
Gk. Ko\oa a OS, a largestatue. Der. al,
coloss- Combe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.)
i.e.
large; coliseum,q. v. W. cwm. Corn, ctim, a hollow, dale ;
Coloxir. (F.-L.) U.E. colour. ^0.". Celtic type *kumbd, a valley; cf. Irish
colour (F.couleur).-~'L.
ace. colorem,from ciimar, a valley.
color,a tint. Combine. (L.' L. comblndre,to unite,
Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. join two thingstogether.L. com- {ctifn), " "

L.) Lit one who carries wares

*
on his together; and binus, twofold. See Binary.
'
neck ; F. colporteur. F. colporter, to Combustion. (F.-L.) F. combus-
"

carry on the neck. F. col,neck; porter, tion. L. ace. combustionem, a burning up.
" "

to carry. L. collwn, neck; portdre, to

" L. combust-us,pp. oicom-burere, to bum "

carry. up. L. com- (for cum), together; and "

 COMMIT COMPENSATE

missus,pp. of comniiitere,to commit ; see a companion, O. F. co77ipa7tio/t

(F. C07n-
below. pagnon), a companion.] Med. L. cot7i- "

commit, to entrust to. (L.) L. cof/i- pd7iiem, ace. of co7!ipd7iies, a taking of

viittere,to send out, begin, entrust, meals together. L. co7n- {cu77i),together; "

consign; pp. r"?w?//zVj-zw. L. coin- {ciini),and pd7iis,bread ; see Pantry. " Der.
with; 7nitiere, to send, put forth. Der. co7npanion,from O. F. compa77ion.Also
commiss-ion, ". commission, from L. ace. accompany O. F. acco77ipaig7tie7',
from F. a ,

com m issiouem perpetrat ion. ,

(forL. ad) and O. F. cot7ipaig7iier,
to asso-
ciate

Com.m.odioiis. (F. L.) O.Y.com- with, from compaig)iie,company.

"

modieux \ Med. L. commodiostis, useful." Compare, to set together,so as to

L. commodtis, fit, suitable. L. com- examine likeness or difference. (F. L.) " "

\cuj}i), with; modus, measure. F. co7nparer. l^. co77ipa7-d}-e,

to adjust, set "

Commodore, the commander of a together.L. C077ipa7;co-equal. L. com-

" "

squadron. i^Du. F. L.) Formerly " "

together; par, equal.
{ctc/7i),
spelt coinmandore (1695); also comman- Compartment. (F.-Iial.-L.) F.
deur, as in Dutch ; Hexham has : den '
'a partition;'
C077iparti77ie7it, Cot. Ital. "

Commandenr van Stadt, The Com-

een co77ipa7'timento.Ital. co7npartire
; Late L. "

mandeur of a Towne.'"
compartire, to share.
F. commandenr, L. com- {cu77i)f "

a commander. " L. ace. ty[)e '^comman-

together; pa7'tii'e, share,to part, from
to

ddtorem, from Late L. commanddre ; parti-, decl. stem oi pars, a part.

see Command. Compass. (F. L.) F. co7npas, a "

Gomm.on. (F. L.) M. E. commun. circuit,circle,limit ; also, a pair of com-

" passes.

comoun. O. F. comun.
" L. commfniis, Late L. compassus, a circuit. L.
" " "

common, general. L. C(?/;z- (rz/w),togethercom- " (cum), with; passus, a pace, step,
with ; and munis, readyto serve (Plautus); passage, track ; so that co7?ipassus a track =

cf. munus, service. (As if ' helpingeach that joins together, circuit. See Pace.
other.')Cf. Lith. mainas, Russ. mic7ia, Der. co77ipass,
verb ; compasses, s. pi.,an
barter. Brugm. i. " 20S. Der. comt?iun- instrument for drawing circles.
ion, commu7i-ity . Compassion. (F^ - L.) F. cofn-

com,mune, verb. (F. "

L.) M. E.
compassione7n,
passio7i. com- " L. ace. of
comutien. " O. F. communer, to passio,sympathy. L. c^w-
commune {cuT7t),with ; "

with ; Late L. commiindre. " L. from patt, to endure.

communis, passio,suffering,
common (above). compatible. (F.-L.) F. compati-
ble,
'
C0m.miiuicate. (L.) L. commUni- compatible,coneurrable ; Cot.
'
"

cdUis, pp. of co7nf?iunicdre. L. " communis, Late L. co7npatibilis,

adj.,used of a bene-
fice
common. Der. excominunicate. which could be held together with
Com.m.otion. (F." L.) Y. commotion. another. L. co7npati,to endure together "

" L. commotiojiem, ace. of commotio. 1^. with. L. coin- with; paii, to

{cu77i), " "

cotnmot-us, pp. of commouere, to disturb. endure.

" L. com- {cMfn),intensive;and mouere, Compeer, an associate. (F. L.) "

to move. See Move. M. E. comper. " F. co7}i-, ; O. F.

together
Com.m.1lte, to exchange.(L.) L. com- per, a peer, equal. " L. C077i- (ctmi),to-
gether;
fmltdre, to exchange with. " L. co?)i- (cum), pare7n, ace. oi par, equal; see

with ; change.
mntdre, to Peer.
Com.pact (i),adj., fastened together, Compel. (L.) L. co77i-pellere, to com-
pel,

fitted, close,firm. (F. L.) M. F. co?n- lit.to drive together. L. cotfi- {c7im^^
"
"

pacte. 'L. compactus, fitted

"
together,pp. together; pellere,io drive. Der. ion,
compuls-
of co!?!pingere. l^. com- (cum),together;
" from pp. compuls-us.
pange7-e,to fasten. See Pact. Compendious, brief. (F. L.) F. "

Compact (2), sb., a bargain, agree-

ment. compendieux. L. cofupe/idiosus, adj., from "

(L.) L. co7npactutn,slS. L. co?n- compe7idiu7Han abridgment, lit.a saving, "

,

pactus, pp. of cojnpaciscT, to agree with. sparing of expense. L. C077ipendere, to " "

L. C0771- {cu7)i),with ; pacisci, to make a weigh together. L. co77i- {cu7n),with ; "

bargain,inceptiveform of O. Lat. pacere, pendere,to weigh.

to agree. See Pact. compensate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Com.pany. (F. L.) yi.Y.. C077ipa7iye.compe7isdre, to weigh one thing against
"

" O. F. compa7iie.[Cf,also O. F. conipai7t, another. L. com- (cum), together;pen- "

 COMPETE COMPREHEND

sdre, of pendere,
to weigh, frequent, to Compliance, Compliant; formed
weigh {\)Y.
penstis). with F. suffixes -ance, -ant, from the verb
Compete. (L-) L- competere. " L. to comply^which, however, is not of Y .

com- {cum\ together;petere, to strive origin; see Comply.

after. Compliment. (F. Ital. L.) F. -
"

competent. (F. " L.^i M. F. com- compliment. complimento,

"
ment,
compli-Ital.
fetent; orig.pres. part, of competer, to be civility.Ital. cofnplire,to fill up,
"

sufficientfor. L. competere.to be sufficient to suit. L. complere,

" to fillup ; see Com-
plete. "

for. L. com-
"
(cum), with ; petere,to seek. Doublet, complement.
COm.petitor.(L.) L. competitor, a compline. (F. L. M. E. complin., "

rival candidate. L. com- {cum), with ; the last church-service of the day ; it was
"

petJtofja seeker,from petittis,pp. oi petere orig.an adj.{y\}^t.gold-enfrom gold),and ^

to seek. stands for complin song; the sh. is compile

Com.pile. (F^ 1..) - O. F. compiler. " fAncren Riwle). O. F. compile(mod. F.
"

L. lit.
comptldre, to complies,
press which together.L.
is pi.),com] Jine. Late " "

com- (for cu??i^,together;and /i"/"ir^, to L. completa(sc.hord), fern, of completus,

press down, from piluni, pestle. Cf. L. complete;because it completedthe 'hours'
a

pinsere, to pound. See Pile (3). of the day'sservice ; see Complete.

Com.placeut. (L.) From stem of comply, to yield,accord with, (Ital.
pres. pt. of co?uplacere, please.
to L. L.) It has no doubt been supposedto " "

com- ycum^, intensive ; placere, to please. be allied to ply (whence compliant,by

complaisant. (F. L.) plaisant, analogy yf'ith.
F. com- -

pliant), but is quitedistinct,

obsequious, pres. part, of co??i- and of Ital. origin. Ital. complire, to fill "

plaire, to please. L. complacere,

" to please up, fulfil, to suit,'also to use ments,
compli-
(above). ceremonies,or kind offices and
Complain. (F. L.) O. F. plaint-,
com-
-
offers;' Torriano. Cf. Span, complir,to
a stem of complaindre.'"\.2i\" L. satisfy.L. complere,to fillup; see
fulfil, "

coviplangere,
to bewail. " L. com- i^ctcm),Complete. Cf. supply.
with ; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike, Complot, a conspiracy;see Plot (i).
beat the breast. composing. (L.) L. Component,
Complement. 'L.
(L.) complementum. componcjit-, stem of pres. \A.o{componere,
that which completes. L. complere to compose. L. com-
"
[cum], together; "

(below). Doublet, complimejtt. ponere, to put. See Compound.

complete, perfect. (L.) \j.completus,Comport, to behave,suit. (F. L.) F. "

pp. of complere, to fulfil. L. com- {czi"i),

se comporter, to behave.
" L. comportdre, "

together ; plere,
t o fill. Allied to ple-mis, to carry together. L. com- {cuTti},
to-
gether "

full. See Plenary. ; portdre, to carry.

Complex, (L.) L. complexus,en- twined Compose. (F. L. and Gk.) F. -

round ; hence, intricate ; pp. of composer, to compound, make; Cot. "

cojfiplectt,
to embrace. L. com- (cum), F. " com- (L.cum), together;and ". poser,
together
; and plectere, plait,
to allied to to put, of Gk. origin,as shewn under
plic-dre,
to twine. See Pleach. Pose, q.v. iffDistinct from compound.
complexion. (F. "
L.) F.
(F.-L.) Y. composi-
tion. plexion,
com- Composition.
appearance. L. complexionem, " "Ij. ace. compositioncm, ace. of com-
ace. of complexio, a comprehending,com-pass, positio,a putting together.L. compositus, "

habit of body, complexion. L. com- pp. of L. componere ; see compound.

"

plexus, pp. of complecti, t o surround, compost, a mixture. (F. L.) O. F. "

entwine. L. com-
"
(^cum), together; plec- compost, a mixture.
tere, L. compositum,neut. "

to plait. of compositus, pp. of componere (below).

complicate. (L-) From pp. of L. compound. (F.-L.) The d is ex- crescent

complicdre, t o fold together. L. com- ; M. E. compounen.

" O. F. com- "

{cum),together; plicdre, to fold. ponre (Bartsch).L. componere, to com- pound, "

complicity. (F. L.) F. compUdte, "

put together. L. com- (cum), "

'
; Cot. F. complice, ; ponere, to put. See Component.
'
a bafl confederacy a together "

confederate. L. complicem,ace. o{ coin-

"
Comprehend. (L.)L. co7)i-prehendere,
plex, interwoven, confederate with ; see to grasp. L. coj)i- {cum),together, and "

Complex. prehendere, t o seize ; see Prehensile.

03
 COMPRESS CONCLAVE

Compress. (L.) L. compressdre,to concevoir,to conceive,though the real

oppress. " L. com- (cujti),
together; /;rj'- pp. was conceu (F. confu); by analogy
oi pre mere,
sdre, frequent, to press. with deceit,q.v. See below.
Comprise. (F. L.) " From O. F. conceive. (F.-L.) yi.Y.. conceven,
comprised,comprehended; pp.
cotnpris, conceiven. " A. F. conceiv-,
a stem of O, F.
oi comprendre,to comprehend. L. com- "
concever, concevoir,to conceive. L. con- "

prehendere; see Compreliend, cipcre,

to conceive. " L. co7i- {cum), alto-
gether
Comprom.ise, a settlement by cessions.
con- ; capere,to take.
(F. L.) F. compromis, a "
'
conception. (F. L.) " Y . conception.
compromise,mutual promise;'Cot. Grig, " L.
conceptioneni."'Y..
concept-us,pp. of
pp. of F. comprotnettre, to put unto com-
'
promise concipere,
to conceive (above).
'
; Cot. L. compromittere^ Concentre, to draw to a centre. (F."
to "

make promise. L. ":cw- {cum), L. aJidGk.) F. concen/rer.

a mutual L. con- {cum), " "

mutually; promitlere,
to promise; see together; and ce}it?-ii?n,Si centre, from Gk.
Promise. K^vrpov; see Centre. Der. concetitr-ic,
Comptroller, another of
spelling con- co?ice7itr-ate (modein).
troller ; see Control. Concern,vb. (F. L.) Y.comemer. "

Compulsion. (F.-L.) See Compel. L. C07icer7iere, to mix; in Late Lat.,to

"

Compunction, remorse. (F. "

L.) refer to, regard. L. coti- {cum), with; "

O. F.
compunction. Late L. ace. " cojji- and cernere, to separate,decree,observe.
punctionem. L. compuitcttis,pp. of " com- -|-Gk. Kpivdv, to separate,decide ; Lith.
pungT, to feel remorse, pass, oi compungere ,
skir-ti,
to separate, distinguish.
Brugm.
to prick. " L. com- {cum); pimgere, to li. "612. (VSKER.)
prick. concert. (F.-Ital.-L.) Often fused
con-

Compute. (L.) L. cojnputdie, to with consort in old writers. " F. con-

reckon. " L. cotii- {cum),together;put are, certer,
consort, or agree together;
'
to '

to clear up, reckon. Doublet, count (2). Cot. Ital. co7icertare,'to agree or tune
"

Comrade. (F. Span. L.) " " F. camar- together,singin consort,' Florio ; cf.con-
certo,
ade. Span, camarada, a company
"
; also sb., agreement. The Ital. forms
an comrade.
associate, Span, camara, a " shew that it was derived from L. concertdre,
chamber, cabin. "L. camera, a chamber. to contend, struggle
together
; indeed,we
Con (i),to study,peruse, scan. (E.) find alsoSpan,concertar,to settle or adjust,
M. E. cunnen ; A. S. cunniaji, to test. covenant, bargain; which also pointsto
Allied to A. S. cminan, to know ; see the same origin.[Itwould seem that the
Can (1). Der. ale-conner,i. e. ale-tester. L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
Con (2),short for contra, against.(L.) debate,and so, to agree.] L. con- {cum), "

In the phrase pro and con^ '

together; certdre, to contend, vie with ;
'
Con-, prefix.(L.) For com- {cum), orig. to decide by contest ; frequent, of '

with,when the followingletter is c, d,g. cerjiere, to decide. See Concern, Der.

J, n, q, s, t, or v. Before b, m, p, it is concert, sb. concert-ina. ,

com- ; before /,col- ; before r, cor- F. concession. ; before Concession. (F. L.)
"

f, com- or con-. L. concessus, pp. " L. ace. concessionem. "

Concatenate. (L.) L. comatendtus, oi cojtcedere, to concede ; see Concede.

pp. of concatendre, to link together.L. Conch, a marine shell. (L. Gk.) L. " "

con- (cum), together;catena, a chain. concha. Gk. nu^xv (also"o7Xos), a cockle-

shell. "

Concave. (F. L.) F. concave. Y.. +Skt. faiikha,

"
a conch. Der. con- "

coticauus, hollow. L. con- {cum), with, chology(from /f"i7Xo-s).

"

together; cauus, hollow. Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.

Conceal. (F. L.) " O. F. concekr. concilidre,to bringtogether,conciliate."
" L. conceldre,to hide. {cum), L. concilium,a council ; see Council.
" L. con-

to hide.
completely;rif/^ri?, (2). Concise. See Helm
(F.-L. ; or L.) F. concis.
Concede. (L.) L. concedere,
to retire, L. concisus, brief, cut short ; pp. of co7i' "

yield. " L. con- {cum), together

; cede7-e, cidere. L,. con- [cum),intensive;ccedere, "

to yield. Der. concess-ion (frompp. con- to cut. Der. concis-ion.

cessus). Conclave. (F.-L.) F. conclave,a
Conceit. CF. " Isl.Y..conceit,
L.) con- small room in). L. concldue,
(to meet "

ceite. Formed as if from the pp. of O. F. a room ; later,a place of assembly of

104
 CONCLUDE CONFEDERATE

cardinals,assembly. Orig. a locked up to be guilty. L. " con- \ciim),

nounce
place. " L. con- wholly; damndre, to condemn.
{cum),together;cldttis,
a key. Condense. (F.-L.) F. condenser.^
Conclude. (L-) L-
condensus, very ttiick.
cojiclildere,
to L. condensure."!^.
shut up, close, end. L. co7i- {ciini), L. con- {cum), \ery ; densus,thick,dense.
" "

together;and -chlde7-e claudcre,to shut. Condescend. (F. L.) = F. conde- "

Der. conclus-ion. Similarlyex-chide,iti- scendre. hale L. condcscendere,to grai.t "

clude,pre -chide,se-ch{de\whence to descend with). L. co7i-{cum),\i\\.\

in-chis- (lit. "

ive, pre-clus-ion, se-clus-ion (from pp. descendere to descend ; see Descend, ,

-clusus = clatisus) .
Der. from
condescens-iou, the pp.
Concoct. (L.) From L. concoctus,pp. Condign, well merited. (F.-L.) O. F.
of concoqtiere, to cook together, digest. condignus, very worthy. "
condigne. " L. "

L. con- {cuni) ; coqtiere, to cook. L. con- {cum),very ; dignus,wortliy.

Concomitant, accompanying. (L.) Condiment. (L.) L. condlmentum,
From L. co7i- {cum), together; and seasoning, sauce. "L, condh-e,to season,
comitajit-em, ace. of pres. pt. of comitdri, spice, preserve (as fruit).
to accompany, from coviit-, stem of comes, Condition. (F. L.) Y. condition. " ~.

a companion; see Count (i). L. co7iditidnem,ace. of conditio,a late

Concord. (F. L.) Y. concorde. \^. spellingof condicio,a covenant, condition.
" "

Concordia, agreement. L. concord-,stem L. condicere,to talk over together,

"
agree "

of con-cors, agreeing. L. " con- {cuni)

; cor upon. " L. con- {cum),together;dice^-e,
to
the heart.
(stemcord-), speak.
concordant. (F. L.) F. concord-
ant, Condole. "
(L.) L. cojtdolere,
to grieve

pres. pt. of concorder,to agree. L. with. L. " " coji- {cum),with ; dolere,to
concorddre,
to agree. " L. concord- (above).grieve.
concordat. (F. L.) " F. concordat, Condone. (L.) L. condotidre,to remit,
an agreement. concorddtum,
" Late L. a pardon. " L. con- {cum),wholly; dondre,
convention,thingagreed on, esp. between to give; see Donation.
the pope and F. kings; pp. of concorddre, Condor, a largebird. (Span. vian.)
"Peru-
to (above).
agree Span, condor. Peruv. citntur,a "

Concourse. (F. L.) Y.concours." condor. "

L. ace conciij'sum, a runningtogether.- Conduce. (L.) L. coudficere, to draw

L. concursus, pp. of con-currere, to run together t owards, lead to. L. con- {cum), "

together,L. con- {cum),together;and together;diicere,to lead.

"

currere, to run. See Concur. conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. conductus,

Concrete, formed into one mass. (L.) defence,protection, guard, escort.- L. ri7"-
L. concrct-us, pp. of concrescere, to grow ducttis,pp. of con-ducere (above).
together.L. con- {cu?n),
"
together; cres- conduit. (F.-L.) M..Y. conduit."
cere, to grow. O. F. conduit,a conduit. Late L, con-
ductus, "

Concubine. (F. L.) O.Y .concubine. " a defence,escort ; also,a canal,

" L. coficublna.^'L. con- {cum),
together; tube ; see above.
r.ubdre,
to lie. Cone. (F.-L.-Gk.) Ul.Y.cone.-h.
Concupiscence. (F-L.) Y. piscence.
concu- cojtus. " Gk. kSjvos,a cone, peak, peg. +
concupiscentia,
" desire.
L. " L. Skt. cdna-s, a whetstone ; cf. L. cos, the
concupiscere,
to desire ; inceptiveform of same. See Hone. Brugm. i. " 401.
concupey-e. lu. coji' "
(r"w),intensive ; and Coney; see Cony.
cupere,to long for. (L.) From pp. of L. Confabulate.
Concur. (L.) L. confdbtddri, to talk together. L. con-
concurrere, to run "

together, agree. L. con- {cum),together;{cum), w'wh.;fdbtihh-i,

" to converse, from
currere, to run. Der. concourse. fdbjila,a discourse ; see Fable.
Concussion. (F." L.) F. concussion. Confect, to make up into sweetmeats.
" L. concussiotiem,ace. of concussio, a (L.) L. confectus, pp. of conficere, to put
violent shaking. L. concussus, pp. of together,make up.
" L. con- {cum), to-
gether "

concutere, to shake together. L. co7i- ; facere, to put. Der confect-ion,

"

{cum),together; quatere,to shake. confectio7i-er. See Comfit.

Condemn. (F. L.) O.Y .condemner. Confederate.
"
(L.) L. confaderdtus.
" L. condemndre, to condemn wholly,pro- united by a covenant, pp. of confcederdre.
105
 CONFER CONGLOMERATE

" L. con- {cum)^together

; fader-,for L. confundere,
to pour confound.
together,
*fcedes-,
stem of faedus,a treaty. See " L. con- {cum), together
; fundere,to
Federal. |)our. See Fuse (i).
Confer. (L.) From L. conferre,to Confraternity. (F.-L.) FromL.
collect,
bring logt-ther, bestow. L. con- " con- {cufn),with; and Fraternity, q v.
(cum together;fcji'e,
,
to bring, bear. Confront. (F.-L.) Y.confronter,Xo
% Not from F. bring face to face. Med. L. confrontdri, "

Confess. (F.-L.) O.Y. confesser.^to be near to. L. con- {cufn), together; "

Late L. cortfessdre.^Y.. coufcssus, pp. of front-, stem oifrons, forehead,front.

conjiteri, to confess. L. r{?"- (cum), fully; Confuse.
"
(L.) M. E. confus, used as
fateri, to acknowledge,allied to fdri, to a pp. in Chaucer. L. confusus,pp. of "

speak. Cf. Gk, (^aris,a speech. Brugm. confundere,to confound ; see Confound.
i- " I9.S- Confute. (F.-L.) F. confuter. L. -

Confide. (L.) L. confidere, to trust confiitdre, to repress, also to confute.

fully. L.
" con- {cum), iwWy \ ftdere, to L. con- {cu7n\ together;*fiitdre, to"

trust,allied iofdcs,faith ; see Faith. repress, beat back ; probably from the
Configuration. (F. L.) F. con- figuration same "root as A. S. beatan, to beat
L. configuratianem,
" a formation."(Walde). If so, it is not
con- allied to L.
L. configiirdtus pp. of con- fatilis. ,

t o L.
fgiirdre, put togelher. r^;^?- (f"^") ; Congeal. (F.-L.) F. congeler.^l..
"

figurdre, to fashion, ixovafigura, a figure. congeldre, to cause to freeze together. L. "

See Figure. con-, together ; geldre, to freeze,from gelu,

Confine, to limit. (F. L.) F. con- frost. See Gelid.
"

finer, to keep within limits. M. F. Congee, Cong^, leave to depart.(F.

"

'
confiti, near; Cot. L. confinis, bordering L.) F. conge, leave, dismission ; Cot.
" "
'

on. "L. con- {cum), with ; finis, b oundary. O. F. congie,cunge, congiet(Burguy); the
See Final. % Mod. F. has onlyconfins,same as Prov. comjat. Late L. comidtus, "

sb. pi.,confines; representing O. F. con- leave, permission(VIII cent.) ; the same

fines, L. conftnia, pi.; whence E. confines, as L. commedtus, a travelling together,
pi. also leave of absence. L. com- {ctim), "

Confirm. (F. L.) M. E. confermen.together;medtus, a course^ from pp. of

"

" O. F. confermer. L. confirmdre, to medre, to go.

"

make firm, strengthen. " L. con- {cum), Congenial, kindred. (L.) Coined
iiomfirmus,from
to strengthen,
{"a\\y,firmdre, L. con- {cum), with; and genial,
firm. adj .
from L. genius ; see G-enial.
Confiscate, to adjudge to be forfeit. Congenital. (L.) Coined by adding
pp. of confiscdre,
(L.) L. confiscdtus, to -al to the obs. word congenite(XVII
lay by in a to confiscate,
coffer, transfer to cent.).L. "congenitusbom with. L. con- ,
"

the treasury. " L. con- {cum) ; fiscus,a [cum),with ; genitus, born,pp. oi gignere,
purse. to produce. See Genital.

Conflagration. (F.-L.) Conger, a sea-eel. (F. L.

F. con- Gk.) " "

fiagration. " L. ace. conflagrdtionem, a M. E. congre. O. F. congre. L. congrum, " "

great burning. L, " "r(7"- {cum), together; ace. of congrtcs, by-form of conger, a sea-
fldgrdre, to burn. See Flagrant. eel." Gk. 7^^77/505, the same.
Conflict, an encounter. (L.) L. con- Congeries, a mass of particles. (L.)
flictus, striking
a together ; from the pp. L. congeries, a heap. L. congerere, to "

of confitgere, to strike together.L. con- bringtogether.L. r^;z- (^"/;z), together;

" "

together
[ctim'^., ; fllgere,to strike. gerere, to carry.
Confluent. (L.) From stem, of pres. congestion, accumulation. (L.)From
pt. of confiuere, to flow together; see L. ace. conges tionem."!^. congestus,pp. of
Fluent. So also confiux, sb., from the congerere (above).
pp. confluxus. Conglobe, to form into a globe. (L.)
Conform. (F. L.) F. conformer." L. con-globdre.^'L.
" con- {cum), together;
L. conformdre, to fashion like. L. con-, globus,a globe. "

together ; formdre, to form, from forma, Conglomerate. (L.) From pp. of

form. conglomerdre,to wind into a ball,heap
Confound. (F. L.) "
Y.confondre.^ together.L. " con^ {cum), together;and
io6
 CONGLUTINATE CONSIDER

glomer-^for ^glomes-,stem of glomus, Connive. (F. L.) " Y. conniver.'-\..

a ball,clew of yarn. conniuere, close the eyes at, overlook.
to

Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. of " L. con- {cum), together;and *niguere,

L. coriglulindre,to glue together. L. " to wink ; cf. nic-tdre,to wink. + Goth.
con- {cum), together;glutindre, to glue, hneiwan, to bow ; Brugm. i. " 664.
from gh'iiin-,stem oi gluten,glue. Connoisseur, a critical judge. (F."

Congou, a kind
of tea. (Chinese.) In L.) F. connaisseur , formerly connoisseur,
the Anioy dialect, called kang-hu te,where a knowing one. O. F. connoiss-ant, pres. "

'

kang-hu is lit.' work, labour ; i.e. tea on pt. of O. F. conoistre ; see Cognisance.
which labour has been expended(Douglas). Connubial. (L.) L. connubidlls,re- lating
The true Chinese is kung-fu ch'a,with to marriage."L. co{n)nubium.,
riage.
mar-

the same sense. "L. con- \cuni),with; nUbere,to

Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of L. marry. See Nuptial.
congraiulari,to wish much joy. L. f"3"- "
Conquer. (F." L.) yi."..conqu":ren.
ictwi),fully to wish joy,from
; grdttildrty " O. ". conquJrere,to seek
conquerre.~'\j.
pleasing.See Grace.
adj.^rd^///5', after,go in quest of; in Late L.,to con-
quer.

Congregate. (L.) From pp. of L. "L. {cum), with; qucererg, to

con-

congregare, to collect into a flock. " L. seek. conquest, M. E. conqtieste,

Der.
con- {cum), together;gregdre, to ble
assem- from Late L. conquesta, L. conquisita,
a flock,from greg-, stem of grex, a fem. of conquTsttus,pp. of conquirere.
flock. Consanguineous. (L.) From L.
Congress, a meeting together.(L.) cons anguine -us
,
related by blood, with
L. congressus. " L. congressus, pp. of cojt- suffix -ous. " J .
con- {cum), together;
gredl,to meet together.L. "
con-^ together;sanguin-,stem of blood.
sanguis,
gradi, to advance, walk. Conscience. (F. L.) Y conscience.
"

Congrue, (L.)
to agree, suit.
L.c"?;?5""Vw//a,consciousness. l^.cojtscient-,
L. con- "

gruere, to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. stem of pres. pt.of conscire, to know along
congru-ous, from L. congruus, suitable ; with. L. con- {cum), with; scire, to "

congru-ity. know. See Science. Der. conscionable,

Conjecture. (F. L.) conjecture. an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac-
" F. tion
" L.
coniectura, a castingtogether,a oi conscien{ce)-able.
guess. L. coniectus,pp. of conicere,
" to conscious. (L.) From l^.consci-us,
throw or put together.L. con- {cum"', gether;
to- aware, with" suffix -ous.^h. conscire, to be
iacere,to throw. aware of (above).
Conjoin. (F. L.) O.Y. conjoindre.Conscript. (L.) L. conscriptus,
"
rolled,
en-
L. conhingere(pp. conhinctus),to join\ pp. of conscrtbere, to write down

together.L. con- {cum),together;tun-

"
together.L. con- {cum),together ; scri- "

gere, to join. See Join. Der. ion,

conjunct- bere, to write.
from the
conjunct-ive, pp. Consecrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
conjugal,relating
to marriage. (F." consecrdre, to render sacred. L. con- "

L.) F. conjugal. L. coniugdlis, adj. " " {cum),with, wholly; sacrdre, to conse-
crate
l^. coniugem,ace. of coniux, a spouse." ; see Sacred.
L. con-, together; iug-,allied to iungere, Consecutive. (F. L.) yi.Y.consecu- "

to join,iugum, a yoke ; see Join. Cot.

tif, Formed with suffix -?/(L.
-tuus)
conjugation. (L.) From L. coniu- from L. consecut-us,pp. of consequi,to
gdtio, a conjugation(Priscian) ; lit. a follow together.L. con- {cum), together ; "

yoking together.L. coniugdtus,pp. of sequi, to follow. See Sequence.

"

coniugdre,to yoke together. L. con- consequent. (L.) L. consequent-,

"

(cum),together ; iug-um, yoke.

a stem of pres. pt. oi consequi (above;.
Conjure. (F. L.) M.E. conhtren.m. "
Consent, vb. (F. L.) F. consent ir. "

F. conjurer. ^L,. coniurdre,to swear to- L. consent ire, to agree to. L. con- " "

getlier,combine by oath. gether {cum),with ; sentjre, to feel. See Sense.

L. con-, to- "

; iurdre, to swear ; see Jury. Conserve, vb. (F. L.) F. conserver. "

Connect. (L.) L. connectere, to tie L. conserudre, to preserve. L. con- " "

together. L. con- (cum), together; and \cu7n),

"
fully; serudre, to keep. Der. con-
serve,

nectere, to bind (pp. nexus). Der. con- vb. : conserv-atory. See Serve.
nex-ion [notconnectio7i\, from the pp. Consider. (F. L.) O.Y considerer. "
.

107
 CONSIGN CONTAIN

" L. constderdre , consider, template ste; nation.

orig.to con-
to L. ace. consterndticnefn, "

the stars (Festus). L. con- {cum), friglit.L. consferndtus, pp. of const er-
" "

together;sider-,for * sides-, stem oistdtis,ndre, to frighten.L. con- (forcujn),to- gether; "

a star. and *sterndre,proh. ailied to

Consign. (F. L.) F. consigner." Gk. TTTvpeiv, to frighten(Walde). See
"

L. consigndre,to attest, register, record. Brugmann, i. " 499.

" L. con- (cum) together ; signdre, to
, Constipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
mark ; see Sign, constipdre,to join closely, press together.
Consist. (F. L.) F. consisfer, to "
L. con- (cum), together;stipdre, to "

consist, rest, abide,"c. L. consistere, to press, cram. "

stand together^consist. L. cott- {cum), Constitute. " (L.) I". constitntus, pp.
together ; sistere, causal form from stare, of constituere, to cause to stand together,

to stand ; see State. Der. consistory. establish. L. con- {cum), together;sta- "

Console. (F. L.) F. consoler."

'L. tuere, to set up, denom. vb. from status, "

consoldrt, t o comfort. L. cofi- [cum), with ; a position

"
; see Statute.
soldri,to comfort ; see Solace. Constrain, to compel.(F.-L.) O. F.
Consolidate. (L.) From pp. of L. constraign-a stem of constraindre, later ,

consoliddre,to render solid. L. con- contraindre. L. constringere,

to bind " "

(cum),together;soliddre,to make solid, together,fetter. L. con- {cum), together; "

from solidus,solid. Der. consols, a stringere. to draw tight.

familiar abbreviation for consolidated an-
nuities. Construct. (L.) From L. construc-
tus, pp. oi construere (below).
Consonant, agreeingwith. (F.-L.) construe. (L.) L. construere, to
F. consonant, accordant; Cot. L. conso-
nant-, " build,construct
heap together, ; in Late
L.,
stem of pres. pt. of consondre, to to construe passage. a " L. con- {cum), to-
gether;
sound together. L. " ":"""- together
(":";"), ; struere, to pile, build. Der.
sondre, to sound; see Sound (3). mis-construe.
Consort, sb. (F. L.) " F. consort.'-' Consul. (L.) L. constil,
a consul.
L. consort-,stem of consors, one who shares Etym. doubtful ; but allied to constilere,
property with another, a partner. L. " con- to consult ; see below.
\cum),together;sort-, stem oi sors, a lot, consult. (F. L.) F. consulter.'"'L. "

share. See Sort. to consult ; frequent,

constiltdre, form of
Conspicuous. con-sulere, to consult.
(L.) L. conspicu-us, Root uncertain ;
visible,with suffix -ous. " Y,. conspicere,
to prob.allied to sedere,to sit ; of. solium,
see thoroughly.L. "
con-, fully; specere,to a seat.
see. See Species. Consume. (L.) L. consumere, lit.to
Conspire. (F. L.) up wholly.
"
F. conspirer."take " L. con- {cum), together,
L. conspirdre,to together, com-
bine, wholly; sumere, to take
breathe up, from *sups-,
plot. L. con- {cum), together;allied to sub,under,up, and emere, to take,
"

spJrdre,to breathe. buy. Brugm. i. " 240. Der. consumption,

Constable, a peace-officer. (F. L.) from the pp. -

O. F. conestable (F. conn^table). L. comes Consummate. (L.) From pp. of L. "

stabuli,lit.*count of the stable,'

the titleof consum7ndre, to bring into one sum, to
a dignitary of the Roman empireand wards
after- perfect."L. con- {cum), together; sum-

in use among the Franks. See mdre, to sum, from summa, a sum ; see

Covmt (i) and Stable. Sum.

Constant, firm. (F. L.)

Consume." F. stant.
con- Consumption ; see

" L. constant-, L. contactus, a

stem of constans, Contact, sb. (L.)
firm ; orig.pres. pt. of constdre, to stand touching. L. contactus, -pp. oi contingere, "

together. L. con- {cum),

"
together ; stdre, to touch closely; see Contingent.
to stand ; see State. contagion. (F. L.) F. contagion. "

Constellation. (F.-L.) Y. constel-

lation. L. contdgionem, ace. of contdgio,a "

" L. ace. elldtionem,cluster of touching,

const hence contagion. L. con- {cum), "

stars. " L. con- (cww),together; s telldt-us,with; tag-, 2nd gradeoi tag-, as in *tag-
pp. of stelldre,
to set with stars, from tus {y-tac-tus), to touch.
pp, oitangere,
Stella,
a star. See Star. Contain. (F. L.) From a tonic stem "

Consternation. (F.-L.) F. con- of O. F. contenir. " L. continere,to hold

108
 CONTRITE CONY, CONEY

Contrite. (F. L.) F. contrit. L. orig.pres. pt. of conuenire, to come

- -
gether,
to-
iontritus,thoroughlybruised,hence, peni-
tent suit (above).
; pp. of L. conterere, to rub together, convent. (L.) L. conuentus, an sembly.
as-
bruise. " L. con- (cujn),together; terej-e, "L. conuentus, pp. oi con-tienire.

to rub. See Trite. convention. (F. L.) -

F. tion,
conven-

Contrive. (F. " L. and Gk.) An compact;'

'a L, ace. Cot. " con-
altered ; M.
spelling E. controuen, coti- tcentionem,a meeting,compact. L. " uentus,
con-

treuen (= controven, contrcveti). O. F. pp. of con-uenJre to meet. "

,

controver, to find,find out (Bartsch)." Converge. (L.) Late L. conuergere,

O. F. coil-
(L.con-^ for cum) ; O. F. irover, to incline together(Isidore).L. con- demn), "

to find ; see Trover. ^[ Conti'ive (of. together ; uergere, to bend, in-

cline.
retrievesis from M. E. cotiireve,answering
to O. F. conireuv-, stressed stem of con- Converse, vb. (F.-L.) Y.converser,
trover. associate with ; Cot. L. conuersdrT, to 10 "

Control, sb. (F. L.) Controli?, s\\oxi live with. L. con- {cum),with ; uersdrt,
" "

for contre-roll,
old form of counter-roll. to dwell (lit.turn oneself about), orig. "

O.F."r^"/r^-r"?/(/)^,
a duplicate used
register, pass, of the frequent,
oinertere,to turn.
to verifythe official or first-made roll. "
convert, vb. (F. L.) O.F. con- "

O. F. centre,over against; rol\l)e,a roll. " vertir. " Folk-L. for

*converttre, L. con-
L. contra, against ; roiulum, ace. of ro- ueriere, to turn wholly,change. " L. con-
tuhis, a roll ; see Roll. {cuffi),wholly; uertere, to turn.
Controversy. (F.-L.) K.Y. con- Convex. (L.) L. conuexus, arched,
troversie [^\-^o']).~'L.
cont7'duersia,
a quar-
rel. vaulted, L. con- {cutn),together;and
"

" L. contrduersus, opposed. " L. *naxus *tiac-sus,

=
bent,from ^tiac-{*uaq-),
contro-, masc. or neut. form corresponding to bend, as
uac-iiIdre,io reel,go crook-
in edly.
to fem. contra, against; tierstis, pp. of See Vacillate.
Cf. A. S.w*?,^,crooked.
uertere, to turn. See Contra-. Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. L.) -

Contumacy. (F. L.) A. F. contu-

" M. E. conueien,conuoien {conveien,con-
macie (1 303 ). L. "
voien), to convey, also to convoy.
contumdcia,obstinacy. A. F. " "

L. contut?idci- stem of contiiniax, stub-

born. cojiveier,
,
O. F. convoier,to convey, convoy,
L. con- {cum),very ; and *tui?i-ax, accompany
" on the way. Late L. conuidre, "

prob. from tum-ere, to swell with pride; to accompany. L. con- {cum),with; uia, "

see Tumid. way. % Cofiveyis the A. F. or Norman

Contumely. (F. L.) "
W.Y.contu- form ; convoy is Parisian.
vielie. L. conttimelia,insult,reproach;
" Convince. (L.) L. conuincere, to

prob. allied to contu?fidcia ; see Con-

tumacy. overcome by proof. " L. con- {cum),
wholly ; uincere,to conquer. Der. vict,
con-

Contuse, to bruise (L.)

severely. L. verb A. F. convict "X..
and sb., from
contusus, pp. cotitundere,to bruise of conuictus,pp. of conuincere.
severely.L. (cum),with, much ; and
" con- Convivial. (L.) Coined as adj.from
tundere, to strike.4-Skt. tud, to strike ; L. conutui-um, a feast. L. con- {cuni), "

Goth, stautan^ to strike. (ySTEUD.) together eat).

; tiiuere, to live (hence,
Brugm. i. " 8i8. Convoke. (F. L.) F. convoquer.^^ "

Conundrum. (Unknown.) Formerly L. conuocdre, to call together.L. con-, "

used in the sense of whim, crotchet,or together;uocdrc, to call.

hoax. Also quojtundrum; orig.in univ. Convolve. (L.) L. conuoluere,to roll
slang; prob. uf L. origin. writhe about.
together, L. con- {cum^y "

Convalesce. (L-) L. conualescere,to to roll. Der.

together;zioluere, ion,
convolut-
begin to grow well ;
inceptiveform. an from pp. comwldtus ; convolv-ul-us,
" L. con- to be
(^cum), fully; ttalere, L. comioluulus, a twiningplant.
strong. Convoy ; see Convey.
Convene, to assemble. (F. L.)
" F. Convulse, to agitateviolently.(L.)
convcnir,to assemble. " L. conuenire, L. commlsus, pp. of conuellere,to pluck
to
come together.L. " con- together;up, convulse.
(rz^w), L. co7i- (cum), with, "

uenJre, to come. ; uellere,to pluck.

severely
convenient, suitable. ( F. L. ) Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F. L.)
-
-

From stem of L. conuenietis, 3.\so conyji^. An^o-". conil,

suitable; yi."..coni',
10
 coo CORACLE

conin ; 0. F. cotinil. " L. cuntctihis, a Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth

rabbit ; a word of uncertain origin. less than^(^/.
; a hundredth part of a rouble.
Coo. (E.) A purelyimitative word ; (Russ.) Russ. y^(9//V//('a,
a copeck ; dimin.
Cf. cuckoo, cock. of Russ. kopee,a lance. wSo called from the
also speltcroo.
Cook. (L.) M. E. coken, to cook ; figure of Ivan IV, holdinga lance (1535).
A.S. coc, L. coqutis, a cook ; co-
a cook. " See Rouble.
to cook. + Gk. TrfCfreti/ ; Skt. pacJi^ Copious, ample. (F. L.) O. F. co- "

quere,
to cook ; Russ. pech{e), to bake. ; pieux.'"l^. copiosns, (V^^EQ
plentiful.L. copia, "

whence Lat. *pequere, becoming *queqticteplenty; for *co-opia.'-'L. co- (forcum),

by assimilation,and then coquere; Gk. together; op-y base of op-es,wealth. Cf.
whence
*iTiq-ULv, iricadiv^Erugm. i. " in-opia,want.
66 1 .
Late L. a7(;"j,for coqtiiis.
A..^. coc^ Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.)yi.Y..coper.
Cookie, a cake ; see Ca,ke. Late L. cuper, L. cuprum, a
A. S. ":"t"/^r. "

Cool. (E.~"A.S. c^/,cool. + Du. kocl: contraction for Ciipriuvi

cbs, Gyprianbrass.
Teut. type *kdl-uz;also,with mutaiion, Gk. Ki;7rpio?,
Cyprian; Kr;7rpo?, Cyprus, "

Dan. G.
/^t)/, ktihl ; from 2nd
^cJ/-, grade whence the Romans got copper.
of kal-,as in A. S. calan, Icel. kaia, to copperas, sulphateof iron. (F. L.) "

freeze (pt.t. kol) ; see Cold. M. E. coperose.'- O.Y coperose {couperose)

; .

Coolie, Cooly, an East Indian porter. cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez,
(Hind,or Tamil.) Hind. kfllT,a labourer, from L. ciiprirosa, rose of copper, a trans-
lation
from Koll of Gk. xaKK-av6os, brass flower,
porter,cooley(Forbes); prob. -

a tribal name (Yule;.Or from Tamil -^/7/?,

copperas. But this is prob.onlya popular
daily hire or wages; hence, a day- etymology; and the Late L. cuprosa seems
labourer (Wilson). to be merely an adj.form from cuprum.
Cooxnb Comb.
see See N.E.D.
;
Coop. (L.) M. E. cupe^ a basket : Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small
answeringto A.S. '^alpe, found,though
not wood. C^//_yis short for
1^1'.L." "

Gk.)
cype (with z-mutation)occurs as a gloss and
coppice, copse is contracted, "O. F.
to dolium. 'L. cilpa,a tub, whence
" also copeiz[Low L. copecid], underwood quently
fre-
Du. ktiip,Icel. kupa, a bowl ; also Late L. cut, brushwood, 0-F\
"
coper (F.
copa, whence G. kufe, tub, vat, coop ; couper'),
to cut. " O. F\ cop (F, coup),a
O. Sax. copa, a tub, Cf. Skt. kf/pa,
a colpus, L. colaphus, stroke, pit, stroke. " LowL.
hollow. Der. coop-er,tub-maker. KoKaipos, a blow. ^ O. F. blow. " Gk.
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L. copeizanswers to a Late L. type *colpdti-

co-operdri,to work with; from co- (cum), citim,from colpdre, to strike. Coppy arose

with; and operdrT, to work; see Operate. from coppice being taken as coppics, pi.;
Co-ordinate. (L.)From L. co- {cwn), and copse {cops)from reduciiig a supposed

with ; and the pp. of ordindre,to order. pi.*coppis to cops.

See Ordinate. Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit. '
dung-stone.'
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote, coote,a water-
fowl. Made from Gk. dung
fcoirpo-s, ; a.nd\i6-os,
4-Du. koet,a coot. Originunknown. a stone. For cf. Aerolite.
-lite,
Copal. (Span. Mexican.) Span,copal. Copulate. (L.)
- F"om pp. of L. copu-
" Mex. resin.
copalli., Idre, to join. " L. copula,a band; see

Co-parcener, a co-partner. (F. L.) Couple. "

Parcener is the true old spelling

oi partner ; Copy. (F. L.) " M. E. copy, abun-
dance
see Partner. ; the mod. sense is due to the mul-
tiplication
Cope (i),orig.a cape. (LateL.) M. E. copies. of an original
by means of
cope.,earlier cape ; A. S. *cdpa,not foimd ; copie, abundance; also a copy. " O. F. "

but Icel. kdpa occurs. "Late L. cdpa, a L. cdpia, plenty; see Copious.
cape; see Cape (i). [Cf. pope, from Coquette. (F.) F. r^^?/^//,?, 'apratling
A. S. pdpa.~\ Der. coping-stone. or proud gossip,' Cot.; fem. of coquet,2i
Cope (2),to vie with. (F. L. Gk.) little cock, dimin. oicoq,a cock. Cf. prov-
" "

Isl.E. copen, coiipen,to light. O. F\ coper, E. cocky, i.e. strutting

" as a cock.

couper, colper, to strike (F.coiiper, cut). Coracle, alight

to wicker boat. (W.) W,
" O. F. cop, coup, colp, a blow. Late L. corwgl,cwrwgl, coracle ; dimin. of coi'wg,
"

colpus, L. colaphus^ a blow. Gk. K6\a(pos, a carcase, civrwg, a boat, frame.

" So Gael.
a blow on the ear. See Coupon. ctirachan, coracle,from curach, boat of
 CORAL CORNET

wicker-work ; cf.Ir. corrach,

O. Ir. cia-ach, }-ant,cormaratt
(Littre).O. F. corp, a "

a boat. O. F. *7?tarenc, belongingto crow ; and

Coral. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. coral. the sea, deriv. of L. inaj-e, sea, with G. - M
L. coralhvn, cordluim.'"OV. Kopa.KXi.ov,suffix -m^; cf. Y.Jlamant^flamingo. L. " "
coral. See Schade, p. 1374. cortium, ace. of coruus, a crow ; "c.
Corban, a gift.(Helx) Heb. qorbdn, Cf. Port, corvoniarinho, a cormorant ; lit.
to God, in fulfilment of a vow
'
an offering ;
'
marine crow ; from L. coruus moriniis.

from qdrah, draw to near. Cf. Arab, qur- But probably-moran was due to, or con-

bdn, a sacrifice. fur^ed with, Bret, morvran, a cormorant

Corbel. (F. L.) O. F. r^r^t-/,
" a raven, Jrom 7nor, sea, and bran, a crow).
a corbel (inarchitecture),from the notion Corn (0, grain. (E.) A. S. r^r".+Du.
of a projectingbeak. Folk-L. corbellum, koren, Icel. Dan.
" Svved. G. kom, Goth.
for corvcllwn, ace. of co-ve/his, dimin. kaurn. Teut. type *ktir7io"?i,
Idg. type
of L. coruiis, a raven. ^ Distinct from *g9r7iom, corn ; whence O. Slav, zriino,
corbeil,a basket full of earth (F.corbeille,
ls.r.ss. zerno, corn. Cf. Lat. grdtitan,
L. corbicula,dimin. oi corbis^ a basket). grain; Skt.y/""a-, worn down, pp. oijrl.
Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. corde.- T) oyxhlet, grain. See Grain. Brugm. i.
F. r^r^^. " Late L.
cot'da,a thin rope ; the " 628. (Vgp:r.)
same as L. chorda.
Gk. x^P^f the string Corn (2),a hard excrescence
" on the
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-agefoot. (F. L.) O. F. corn (F.cor),a horn, "

(F. cordage) ; cord-on (F. cordon); cord- horny swelling.L. cornu, a horn; see "

-elier (F. cordelier, a twist of rope, also Horn.

a Gray Friar, who used such a twist ; from cornea, homy membrane in the eye.
cordeler,to twist ropes). See Chord. (L.) L. cornea, fem. oi cornens, horny."
Cordial. (F. L.) Y. cordial,YiQ^wty. " L. CO' nfi, a horn.
" L. cordi-,deck stem of cor, heart; with cornel, a shrub. (Du." L.) M. Da.
suffix -dlis ; see Heart. kornelle, the fruit of the cornel Ie-tree,'
'

Corduroy, a thick-ribbed or corded Hexham ; cf.AL H. G. comelbatim, cornel-

stuff. (F. "
L.) Y. corde du 7-oi,
a trade-
name, tree ; Weigand. [Cf.M. F.rtJm/V/^,a nel-berry
cor-

invented in England ; lit. * king's ; cornillier, Late

cornel-tree.] " L.
cord.' See Cord and Royal. cornolium, cornel-iree. L. "
co"nus, a nel-tree
cor-

Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F. Span.)

"

; from the hard, horny nature of

M. E, cordewaner,a worker in cordcwane, the wood. " L. cornu, a horn.
i.e. leather oi CordiON2i.^O.Y. cordottan, cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
Cordovan leather."Late L. Cordoa, Cor-
dova (F. L.)
"
Formerlycortialine. F. coi^na- "

in Spain(L. Cordubd). line, 'the cornix or cornaline,a flesh-

Core, hard centre in fruit, "c. (F. L. ?) coloured stone ; Cot. Cf. Port, corne-
"
'

Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F. cor, a lina; also Ital. corniola, (i)a cornel-tree,
horn, also,a corn on the foot,callosity. (2) a cornelian,prob. so named because "

L. cormi, a horn, a horny excrescence. its colour resembles that of the fruit of the
Coriander. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cori- cornel-tree (SchadeV Late L. corniola, "

atidre. L. coriandj-nm
"
(whence A. S. cel- cornel-berry; cornolium, cornel.- L. cor-
lendre).-^Gk. Kopiawof, Kopiov, coriander. of
jieus, adj. cornus, a cornel. ^ Altered
Cork. (Span. L.) Apparentlyfrom to carneolus in Late L. (Schade.p. 1379),
"

O. Span, alcoj'qne, a cork shoe, which carnelian in E., and carneol in G., from
seems to be an Arab, form allied to Span. a popularetymology which connected it
al-cornoque,the cork-tree, where al is the with L. earn-, stem of caro, flesh. Cf.
Arab. def. art.,and co7-n-oqne is formed OJiyx Gk. 6Vi;", finger-nail. ^

from L. qnern-us yioi*qiiercmis), oaken, corner. (F. L.) A. Y.comere ; O. F. "

adj.from L. quercns, an oak. ^ But the cortiiere. Med. L. corneria,corner, angle. "

bark of the tree was called, in Span.,corche, Med. L. coma, angle. L. cornua, pi.of " "

core ho. "l^. corticem, ace. of cortex, bark. cornii,horn, projection

; taken as a fem.
Hence cork is often derived from Span. sing.
corcho,though k for ch seems able.
improb- cornet. (F. L.) M, E. co7-net,a horn ; "

later,
a troop of horse (who carried a cor-
Cormorant, a bird. (F. L.)" The t nette or standard) ; also an officer of such
is excrescent. " F. cormoran\ O. F. conna- a troop. F. cornet, cornette, dimin. of F.
"

12
 CORNICE CORSE

come, a horn. " Med. L. coma, a (Span."L.) Span, coi'ral,a court, yard,
horn
(^above). enclosure.
Span, corro, a circle,a ringof "

Cornice. (F. Ital.)M.

" F. and Picard people met to see a show. From the
cornice ; F. corniche. Ital. " cornice,a phrasecorrer toros,to hold a bull-fight,
ledge for hanging tapestry ; lit.to
(Florio) run bulls. " L. currere, to run (Diez).
usually, a crow (from L. ace. cor7iTce?n, See Kraal. a

crow). Originuncertain ; by some idenli- Correct, adj. (L.) L. corrcctus, pp.

iied with coronix, a square frame. " Gk. of corrigere,to correct. " L. cor- (for
Kopojvis, curved ; as sb.,a wreath. con- =
together
ctivi), ; regere, to rule.
CoroUa. COrregidor,
dimin. of
(L.) L. corolla, Spanish magistrate. co- a
'
'lona, a crown. (Span. L.) Span. co7-regidor,
See Crown. lit. cor-
rector.' "

corollary. (L.) 'L.corolldriu7fi,iiY"Tt- "Span, corregir, t o correct. L. "

sent of a garland,a gratuity ; also,an (above

corrigere .

additional inference. L. corolla (above). Correlate, to relate or refer mutually.

"

coronal, a crown. (F. L.) Properly (L.) Coined from L. cor- (^^cuf/i), gether
to- "

an adj. F. coronal, adj.

" L. corondlis, ; and Relate, q. v. "

belonging to a crown. ^'L. coj'd7ia,

a crown. Correspond. (F. L.) Y.correspon- "

coronation. (L.) LateL. ace. cordnd- dre. L. cor- (forcon-, cum), together ; "

tionetn,from pp. of corondre, to crown." and Respond, q. v.

L. corona, a crown. Corridor. (F. Ital. L.) F. corridor. " "

coroner. (F. L.) " Also croivner; " Ital. corridore,a swift horse; also,a
both forms representA. F. coruner, coroner, "Ital.
long (runningalong)gallery. cor-

Latinised as cordfidrius, a crown- officer,a rere, to run. " L. currere, to run.

coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro- Corrie. (Gael.)Gael, coire,a circular
ndtor O. F. corone, a crown.
.
" L. corona, " hollow surrounded with hills,
a mountain
a crown. dell ; also,a cauldron. [Cf.G. kessel,
a

coronet. (F. L.) " Dimin. of O. F. kettle, a ravine.]

+ O. Irish coire,core, a
corone, a crown. " L. corona, a crown. kettle ; W. pair,A. S. hwer, a cauldron.
Coronach, dirge.(Gael.)Gael. ":^r- a Brugm. i. " 123.
lit.
ranach,a dirge, a howlingtogether.'
'
" Corroborate. (L.) From pp. ofL.
Gael, comh- ( L. cum) together ; riinaich, corrohordre,to strengthen.L. cor-
=
,
(for "

a howling,from the verb I'an, to howl con- cu/?i), wholly; robor-, stem oii'obur, "

cry, roar, which is from I'an, sb., an outcry. strength.

So also Irish coranach,a dirge. Corrode. (F. L.) F. corroder. L. " "

Corporal (0, a subordinate officer. corrodere, to gnaw to pieces. L. cor- (for "

(F. L.) O. F. corporal.

" '-'\jaXQ.L. cor- con- ctivi), wholly; rddere, to gnaw. =

pordlis, a captain; a leader of a body of Der. corrosive, from pp. corros-us.

troops. L. corpor-, for *corpos-,
" stem Corrody, Corody, allowance,pen- sion.
of corpus,body. ^ F. has now the form (Low Lat. Teut.) A.Y coi-odie.-- "
.

caporai,from Ital. caporale, a chief of a Low L. corrodium, earlier corredium, L.

bnnd ; as if from Ital. capo, head (L. form of A. F. cotirei, preparation, vision,
pro-
caput); but this does not explainthe -or-. allowance. See Curry (1).
corporal (2),belongingto the body. Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(F. L.)
" O. F. corporal,corporel.-^t^. corrugdre, to wrinkle. L. cor- (cum), "

corpordlis, bodily. L. corpor-, for *r"?r wholly; and

" rilgdre, to wrinkle, from
pos-, stem of corpus, the body. Der. nlga, a wrinkle.
(from L. corpor-) corpor-ate,corpor-e-alCorrupt, adj. (F.-L.) K.Y.corupt.
(L.corpore-us),"c. Brugm. i. " 555. L. corruptus,pp. oicorrtimpere, to break "

corps, corpse, corse, a body wholly,corrupt. L. cor- (forcon- cictn) " =^

,

(F. L. ) [Here corps is F. ; corse is from wholly; rumpere, to break.

"

the O. F. corsP\ M. E. cors, corps."-O. F. Corsair. (F. Ital. L.) F. coi-saire -

"

cors, M. " .corps,

the body. L. corpus,body. "
(Prov.corsari,one who makes the course,
corpulent. (F. L.) F. corptdent. - -
corsa). Ital. corsare, earlier corsaro,
" a

L. corpulentus, fat. L. corpus, body. " pirate. Med. L. ciirsdrius,a pirate.

" "

corpuscle. (L.) L. ciirsus,

L. corpus-cu-han, a course. See Course.
double dimin. of corpus,body. Corse, body. (F. L.) M.E.cWJ.
a "
"

Corral, an enclosure for animals,pen. O. F. cors.'^X^. corpus,a body.

3 E
 CORSET COUGH

corset. (F. L.) F. corset, a pairof Costive.

"
(F. L.) Yroxa.O.Y.costeve. "

stays; dimia. of O. F. cors^ body. L. constipdttis, constipated.See con- "

corslet. (F.-L.) F. corselet,a little stiperin Littre ; and Constipate. '

body,'Cot.; hence, body-armour. Double Costume. (F.-Ital.-L.) O. F. ^^^-

dimin. of O. F. cars, body (above). tufne, a costume. " Ital. costume ; Low L.
Cortege. (F. Ital. L.) F. cortege, a -
- costiima ; see Custom. Doublet of tom.
cus-

train,retinue. " Ital. corteggio,

a retinue.
" Ital. corte, a court, L. cortem, co-
"
Cosy, Cozy, comfortable, snugly shel-
tered.
hortern,
ace. of cohors,
a court ; see Court (Scand.) Lowl. Scotch cosie,cozie
(Bums). Etym. unknown ; perhaps cf.
COrtes, the Span, national assembly. Norw. kosa,to refresh ; kosa seg, to enjoy
(Span."L.) Span,cartes^pi. of corte,a oneself ; koseleg,
snug, cosy ; kosingyre-
creation.

court. L. cortem
"
(above;.
Cortex, bark. ;L.' L. cortex (gen. Cot, a small dwelling;Cote, an closure.
en-

bark.
corticis), Dsr. cortical. (E.) M.E. cote. A. S. cot, cote, a
Coruscate. (L.) From pp. of L. cot,den ; Northumbrian Icel.
cot.-\-l}i\.^ot,
glitter.
cornscdre, to kot, cot, hut ; prov. G. /:ot/i, cot. Der.

Corvette, a small frigate.(F. Port. " "

cott-age(with F. suffix); cott-ar or cott-er ;
L.) F. corvette. Vort. corveta ; Span. "
sheep-cote.
corbeia,a corvette.- L. corblta,a slow- coterie, a set of people. (F. Teut.) "

shipof burden.
sailing L. cordis, a basket. F. coterie,
" a set of people,company ;
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.")allied to O. F. coterie,servile tenure
from koctixos, order,also
Gk. Koaui/coi, adj., (Littre); Low L. coteria,a tenure by
the world, universe. Dsr. cosmo-gony, cottars who clubbed together.Low L. "

cosmo '
graphy ,
cos mo logy, cosjno- politecota, a cot.
-
(above) " Du. kot .

(citizenof the world, Gk. -nokiTrjs, a Cotillon,Cotillion,a dance for 4 or

citizen). 8 persons. (F. -

lit.
I^I.H.
G.) F. cotillon,
cosmetic, that which beautifies.(Gk.) a petticoat;see Cotgrave. Formed, with
Gk. Koayir]TiK6s,skilled in adorning; suffix -ill-on,from O. F. cote, a coat,
whence also F. cosmitique. Gk. Koayiko^,frock ; see Coat. "

I adorn.- Gk. kogixos, order,ornament. Cotton (i),a downy substance. (F." '"

Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian Span. "Arab.) M. E. and A. F. cotoun."

soldier. (Russ. Tatar.) Russ. "
kozak\ F. colon. S\)Z.n.colon, algodon,cotton "

kazak' ; of Tatar (Tartar)origin. Turk! (whereal is the Arab. art.).Arab, qittn,

" -

quzzdq. a vagabond ; a predatoryhorse-

man qutun, cotton.
(Vule). cotton (2),to agree. From a technical
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From i6th cent. use of cotton,to form a down upon ; from
cosset,a pet-lamb,a pet. Prob. the same as Cotton (i); see Nares.
A. F. coscet,cozet,a cottar ; A. S. cot-s"ta, Cotyledon, seed-lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
a dweller in a cot, * cot-sitter.' P"om icoTvXrjdujv,
a cup-shapedhollow. Gk. "

A. S. cot,cot ; s"ta, dweller,from sittan, kotvKt], a hollow vessel,

cup.
to sit. Cf. prov. G. kossat^ a cottager. Couch, to lay down, place,set. (F.--
[So Ital. casiccio,
pet lamb (Florio) ; from L.) M. E. couchen,to set,arrange. O.F. "

casa, a cottage.] coucher,colcher,to place. L. collocdre,

to "

Cost, vb. (F.-L.) M. E. costen. - O. F. put together.L. col- {cimi), together;

"

coster(F.coilter),
to cost. L. const are, to " and locdre,to place,from locus,a place.
stand together,
last ; also to cost. L. con- " Der. couch, sb.,a place on which one is
{cum),together;and stare, to stand. coziched or laid.
Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From Couch-grass, a grass which is trouble-
some
L. costa,a rib. See Coast. is a as a weed. (E.) Here couch
of form
quitch,palatalised
Costerm.Onger. (F. and of E.) merly
For- variant
of life ; see Quick.
costerd-monger,or costard-monger,quick,i.e. tenacious
a seller oi costards or apples. [The suffix Cough. (E.) M. E. coughen,cowhen.
-monger is E. ; see Monger.] M. E. A. S. ^cohhian, only found in the deriv.
costard,an where
apple, the suffix -ard is cohhetan, to make a noise. [The usual
F. ; prob. from O. F. coste,F. cote, a rib ; A. S. word is h7udstan.']Cf. Du. kuchen,
ribbed fruit (Hamilton).to cough ; M. H. G. kitchen,G. keuchen^
cf. Y. fruitcdteli,
114
 COULD COUPLE

From an imitative base *ketili,

poind is a of O. F. coutepointe,
corruption
:o gasp.
'^kuh^to see Chincough. a counterpane (seecourtepointein Littre).
gasp ;
Could see Can (i). L. culcita pimcta, a
"
counterpane, a
;
Coulter, part of aplough.(L.) M. stitched quilt(see Ducange). L. culcita,
E. "

"alter A. S. cutter. "^'L. culter,

.
a coulter, a quilt ; puncta, fern, of punctits, pp. of
cnife. Ct per-cellere,io stn^Q. ptiugere, prick.
lo See Quilt.
Council. (F. L.) Y .concile.-^Y..con- "
Counterpane (2% counterpart of a

:iliu7n, assemblycalled together.L.

an contrepan, contre- " deed. (F. L.) " M..Y .

"on- [cum), together; and caldre, to pant \ Cot. F. contre (L. contra), over "

jummon. pan, a piece,part ; see Pane.

^ Often confused with counsel. against;
Counsel. (F." L.) M.E. conseil." Counterpoint, the composing of
'y.", conseil. l-,.consilium,deliberation. music in parts. (F. L.) M.F.
"
contre- "

' '
" L. consulere,to consult; see Consult. poitict, ground plainsong,
a or in music ;

IfOften confused with council. Cot. The lit.sense vi, pointagainstpoint,

Count (i), a title of rank. (F. " L.' from the pointsor dots which represented
Ihe orig.sense was companion.' A. F.
'
musical notes, and were placed on staves
"Qiinte (not in M. E.). O. F. conte"also -,
over or against each other in compositions
"omte. L. comitem, ace. of comes,
" a com- in two or more parts. F. contre (L. con-
tra), "

Danion (stem corn-it-). L,.com- (forcum-), against ; point, point;

a " see Point.
.ogether; and it-um,supineof ire, to go. Counterpoise. (F."L.) Yxovacouti-
Der. count-ess ; also couni-y (below). ter and poise ; see Poise.
Count (2), to reckon. (F. L.) F. Counterscarp, exterior slope of a "

-onter,formerlyalso compter.-^Y^. compu- ditch. (F. Ital. L. aW Teut.j Y.con- " "

'dre,to compute ; see Compute. trescarpe; Cot. " Ital.

contrasca7pa. "

Countenance. F.-L) O. F. con- Ital. contra, over against; scarpa,a scarp.

'enance, gesture, demeanour ; also look, See Counter- and Scarp.
L.
.'isage. continentia, " continence,which Countersign, to attest by signingin
n Late L. meant '
gesture, demeanour.' " addition. .F.-L.) F. 'to
contresigner,
'
L. continent-,
stem of pres. pt. oicontin'ere; subsigne; Cot." F. contre, over against;
;ee Continent, Hev. dis-coutttenance, vb. signer,to sign; see Counter- and Sign.

Counter, a piece to count with, a Countertenor. (F.-ItaL-L.) M.F.

Dureau. (F. L.) " M-E. countour. " 0.". contreteneur; Cot. Ital. contratenore, a "

:0Hteour, countour. From O. F. confer ; countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
;ee (2).
Count ^\\.2X.contra, against,
over against;
tenure,
Counter-, /r^:/^.^. (F.-L.) ". centre, a tenor ; see Tenor.

igainst. L. contf-d,against.
" Countervail. (F.-L.) M. E., r^"-

Counteract. F .
" L. ) See Counter-, trevailcn. O. F. contrevail-,
a stem "
of
and
prefix, Act. to avail against.0..F.
contrevaloir, " tre,
con-

Counterfeit, against; valoir, to avail. L. contra,

imitated. (F. - L.) "

M.E. couftter/eit.'-O.Y. contrefait, pp. against; ualere,to be strong.

oi contrefaire, to imitate. F. contre, over C OUntry. (F. L.) M.E. contree. "
" "

against,like ; /aire,to make. L. contra, O. F. contree { Ital. contrada). Late L. " = "

against; facere, to make. contrdda, contrdta,a region,lit.that which

Countermand, opposite ; cf. G. gegend,country,, lit.
to revoke an order. lies
(F. L.) F. contremander, to recall a opposite,
"
from^^^^w,opposite.L. f^"MF, "

command. F. contre (l^.contrd),

"
; opposite
against ; see Contra-.
mander (L. vianddre), to command. Country-dance. (F.) Yxoxa country
Counterpane i ),a coverlet for a bed. and dance. (The F. contredanse was rowed
bor-
(F. L.) An altered form, in place of
" from this E. form.)
counterpoint,
as in Shak. M.F. contre- County, orig.a provincegoverned by a
"

poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch, count. (F. L.) M,E, cottntee.-'O.Y. "

also a quilt ; Cot. p. Thus named, by a cotmte (i.e.coun-te), Y. comte, a province.

popularetymology, from a fancied tion
connec- Late L, comitdtum, ace, of comitdttis, a "

with M. F. contrepoincter, to work the county (thoughthe old meaning was a com-
pany

back-stitch (fromcontre \u.contra). But or suite). L. comit-,stem of comes,

= "

really connected with M. F. coutrepointer, a count ; see Count (i).

to quilt (alsoin Cotgrave).In fact,contre- Couple. (F.-L.) O.F. cople,later
I 15
 COUPON KINE

^Y..
couple. bond, band, that a cousin. L. con- {cuni),together;
copula, a sohrT- "

which joins;
ior *co-ap-tila. short
L. co- nus, for *swesr-inus,b elongingt o a sister ; "

together;and O. L. apere, to join.,from L. soror

{cuin), (for'^szvesdr),
a sister;cf.
in the pp. apius ; see Apt.
preserved Skt. svasr, a sister. See Sister. (Cf.
Coupon, of
conjoinedBrugm. i. " 319.)
one a series of
tickets or certificates.
Gk.) F. Cove, a nook. (E.) A. S. cofa, (F. L.
a cham-
ber, " "

coupon,a piececut oft",

a coupon. Y.couper, a cave. + Icel. kofi,a hut ; Swed. "

to cut, slash. F. co7(p,a blow. Late L, kofva; G. koben, a cabin.

"
^ Distinct "

colpus,short for colaphus, a blow. Gk. from cave, coop,alcove. Brugm. i. " 658. "

KoKacpos,a blow on the ear. Covenant, agreement. (P\" L.) 6.F.

Courage. (F.-L.) ". courage, covenant, O.Y.
also convetiatit,agreement. "

corage ; formed with suffix -age O.

(L.-dticttni) F. co{7i)venant,
pres. pt. of co{n)venir,
from O. F. cor, heart. " L. cor, heart. to assemble, agree. " L. conuenire, to semble,
as-

Der. encouj'age. come together; see Ccnvene.

Courier. (,F. " Ital, "
L.) yi.Y .courier, Cover, to hide. (F, L.) O. F. covrir "

a runner ; F. courrier.'^\\z\..lit. icouvrir).!^. cooperire, to cover.

coi'7-iere, L. co- " "

*
runner.' Ital. correre, to run.
" L. cur- wholly; operjre,ioshut,
^(r?^w), hide. For "

rere, to run. *op-uerij-e

; cf. Lith. az-weriu, I shut,
course. (F. L.) F. course. L. cur-"
waj-tai,doors,Oscan ace. verzi, a door. "

SU771, ace. of cursus, a course ; from pp. of Brugm. i. " 350.

currere. Der. cours-er, a swift horse. coverlet. (F. L.) M. E. coverlite. "

Court
(i),a yard; royalretinue, judicial A. F. coverlet,coverlit (notin O. F.), "

assembly.(F. L.) M. E. cort, ciirt. " a bed-cover. O. F. covrir,to cover ; ///, -^ "

O.F. cort,C2irt (F. court),

b. court, a yard, a bed, from L. lecttim,ace. of lectus,a
also a tribunal. " L. ace. cohorton
cdrteni, bed.
(nom. cohors),a (F. L.) O.Y
pen, enclosure,cattle-
covert, ^'^. covert. "
.

yard,court, also a cohort, or (above). band of sol-

diers."
oi covrir,to cover

L.r^- (r"w), together; and hort-, Covet. (F. L.) yi.Y. coueiten {co- "

as in hort-us, a garden, yard,cognate with veiten). A. F. coveiter (F. convoiter). "

yard. (VGHER.) Cf. Ital. cubitare (forcupitare), to covet.

court (2),to seek favour. (F. L.) Formed, as if from L. *cupiditdre, from "

From the sb. court ; hence,to practise arts cupiditd-tem,ace, eager desire,which
in vogue at court. is from ciipidus, desirous of. L. cupere, "

courteous, of courtlymanners. (F. to desire. See Cupid.

"
L.) M. E. cartels, later corteous." Covey. (F. L.) O. F. covee (F.cou~ "

O. F. corteis,courteous. O. F. cort, a vee),a brood of partridges; fem. of pp. of

"

court ; with suffix -els (L. -ensis). cover (". ccuver), to hatch,sit. L. ciibdre, "

courtesan. (F. Ital. L.) Fem. to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. kv^Iws, bent.
" "

of F. courtisan,a courtier. Ital. corti- "

Covin, secret agreement, fraud ; a law-
giano(inFlorio cortegiano),
a courtier. For term. (F. L.) " M. E. covine. " O. F.
*cortesiano,an extension of cortese,cour-
teous covine,agreement. O. F. covcnir, to as- semble, "

; from Ital. corte, court. L. ace. agree. L. conuenire, to come " "

iortem; see Court (i). together. See Convene, Covenant. (The

courtesy. (F.-L.) M.E. cortesie. O. F. covifie answers to Late L. convenia,
O. F. cortesie,
"
courtesy. O. F. corteis,pi.oi convenium, an agreement.) "

courteous ; see courteous. Cow (i),female of the bull. (E.) A. S.

courtier. (F. L.) "
yi.Y..cotirteour. cu ; pi. cy, whence M. E. ky, and the
From A. F. *cortei-er (O. F. cortoi-er),
to pi.kine; see below. Teut. stem *kii-,
live at court ; with suffix -our (L.-atorem). whence also Icel. kyr.+ Du. koe, Swed.
O. F. cort,a court.
" Dan. ko. G. kuh : Teut. stem '^ko-. Also
Court cards ; a corruptionof coat Irish and Gael, bo, W. buw, L. bos (gen.
cards,pictured
cards,the old name. Gk. /3oCs,
boti-is), VQxs.gdw,Skt.^.^?-(nom.
Courteous, Court. gdus) ; cf. Russ. goviado, oxen.
"c. ; see Idg.
Cousin.
(F. L.) M. E. cosin. O. F. -
stems *g{w)du-,*g{w)ow-. See Beef. -

cosin (F. cousin ; Late L. coshius, Ital. kine, cows. (E.) A new pi.; due to
*
cugino,Romaunsch cusrin,cusdrin^." lu. A. S. cyna, gen. pi., of cows.' Cf.
consobrinus, the child of a mother's sister, M. E. ky, A. S. cy, cows. The A. S. cy^

I 16
 CRANIUM CREAK

Low G. kraanbere G.
(Berghaus), kran- worn by the Croatians,who were calle"i
beere,lit. craneberry; cf. Dan. tranebcer in F. Creates or Crovates or Cravates.
(from trane^krane, as above); Swed. Croat is a name of Slavonic origin; cf.
tranbdr. Russ. Kroaf ,
a Croatian.
Cranium. (L. Gk.) Med. L. cra-
"
Crave. (E.) A. S. crafian, to crave,
nm?fi. " G]^. skull; allied to "d/)a,ask. Cf.
Kpdvlov, Icel. krefja,
Swed. krdfva,Dan.
head. krcBve,to demand ; Icel. krafa, a de-mand.
Crank a bend.
(i), (E.) M. E. cranke.
Allied to E. Fries,
bent. Craven. (F.-L.?) The oldest form
krunken, pp.,
Cf. Du.
kroiikel,a wrinkle, kronkelen, is M. E. cravant, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle,turn, wind, Teut. base *k7'ejik-,
foiled,or overcome, i. Mr. Nicol sug-
gested
variant of *kreng-. Cf. Cringe, Crinkle. that it is a clippedform of O. F.
crank (2),easilyupset, as a boat. cravanti, pp. explainedby Cotgrave by
'
(E.) I. e. easilybent or twisted aside. '

oppressed,foiled ; this is the pp. of

Cf. Du. krank, ill,
poor ; also krengen,to O. F. cravanter, to break, oppress Late =

careen a boat ; Swed. krdnga, Dan. L. '^crepantdre,formed from crepant-,stem

krange,to heel over ; see Cringe. of pres. pt. of crepdre, to crack, break.
crank (3),lively.(E.) The same Cf. Span, quebrantar, to crack, break.
word, from the idea of turning quickly. 2. But it seems rather to be due simply
Cf. Norw. kring,active,brisk ; Dan. dial. to the O. F. cravant, pres. participle
krceng, dexterous. of the O. F. craver, crever, to burst,
Cranny. (F. L. ?) M. " E.
crany. break ; hence, to fail,to be overcome,
F. cran,
" a notch ; with E. suffix -y. to yield. L. crepantem, ace. of the pres.
"

Allied to Ital. ar/?", anotch (Florio).Cf. part, of crepdre, to burst. Cf. O. F.

Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt-
ful creve, dead ; Span, qiiebrar,to fail;
authority).See Crenellate. quebrants,want of strength,
great loss.
CrantS, a garland. (M. Du. G.j M. "
See Phil. Soc. Trans. 1902 ; p. 659.
Du. krants, Du. krans, a garland,wreath See Decrepit.
(whence Dan. krands, Sw. krans). All Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M.E.
from G. kratiz,a wreath. crawe. the neck ;
if from A. S. ^craga,
As
Crape. (F." L.) F. crepe,formerly not found; N. Fries, krage,neck, craw.
crespe, 'frizzled,crisped,crisp;' Cot. Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragen,neck,
From its wrinkled surface. crispus,collar (whence Late Icel. kragi,Swed.
" L.
curled. See Crisp. krage,Dan. krave, a collar).Note also
Crare, a small ship.(F.) In Cymb. Dan. kro,the craw of a bird ; Swed. krdfva.
iv. 2.
205. M.E. crayer. O.Y. crater, "
Crawfish, the same as Crayfish.
creer, a war-vessel. Of unknown origin. Crawl. (Scand.) Prov. E. craffie,
Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin; croffie, to crawl. paw, " Icel. krajia,to
closelyallied to crack. Cf. clash,dash ; crawl ; Swed. grope ; Dan. krajia,to
and see Craze. kravle, to crawl. Cf. N. Fries, krabli^
Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Kpaacs, a mixing; krawli, to crawl ; Low G. kratie/n. Fre-
quentative
Gk. from Teut. base *ki-ab-, to
hence, contraction. "
Kepavvvfxi, I
mix. scratch,claw ; Crab. see

Crass. thick,dense. Crayfish. O. H. iF. G.) Altered

(L.) L. crassus, -

Cratch, a crib,manger. (F. " O.H. G.) from M. E. crevise. O. F.

crevisse,es- "

M. E. O. F. creche (creche)
crecche. ; " crevisse {^crevisse). O. H. G. crebiz,G. "

Prov. crep"cha.0. H. G. crippea (whence

" krebs,a crab ; allied to G. krabbe,a crab ;
G krippe),a crib. See Crib. see Crab (i).
Crate. (L.) L. crates, a hurdle ; hence, Crayon, (F. L.) " F. rray^w; extended
a wicker- case, "c. from F. craie,chalk. " L. creta, chalk.
Crater. (L. Gk.) "
L. crater, a bowl, Craze. (Scand.) M.E. erased,i.e.
a crater. " Gk. Kpar-qp, a large bowl in cracked. Swed." krasa, Dan. krase, to
which thingswere mixed. " Gk. Kipnvvvixi, crackle ; whence also F. ^eraser,to break
I mix. in pieces. Cf. Swed. sia in kras, Dan,
Cravat. (F. Slavonic.) F. cravate, "
slaae i kras, to break in shivers.
(i) a Croatian, (2) a cravat. Cravats Creak. (E.) ^i.Y.. kreken. Allied to
were introduced into France in 1636, as trake, crack. Cf, Du. kriek, a cricket.
II
 CREAM CRIB

M. F. to creak,allied to craquer,
criqtier, of European blood. (F. Span. L.) F. " "

to crack. Of imitative origin. criollo,

Creole."~^\)z.n. a negro corruption
Cream. (F." L. Gk.) O.Y. cresvie " of *criadillo,dimin. of criado,one cated,
edu-
(F. crhjic) ; reallythe same word as O. F. instructed,or brought up ; hence, a
cresme (F. chreme), chrism (though con-
fused child of European blood. Criado is pp.
with L. cremor, thick juice). " Late of criare,to create, also,to educate. " L.
L. chrisma, consecrated oil. " Gk. xp'"7/^", creare, to create, make. ^ Cf. Span.
an unguent; see Chrism. dimin.
criadilla, of criada,a servant-maid.
Crease (i),a wrinkle, as folding Creosote, a liquiddistilled from tar.
in
paper, "c. (F," L.) Earliest spelling (Gk.) Lit. flesh-preserver.'Gk. Kp^o-^ '
"

c?-cast, a ridge(later,a furrow). Variant for Kpkas, flesh ; and acur-, short for owT-ijp,
of crest,ridge(asof a roof). Cf. Walloon preserver, from ow^dv, to preserve, (in-
formed.'
cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretle,
wrinkled (Remade) ; Prov. crest^creis,a Crescent. (L.) The 'increasing'
ridge;and prov, E. crease, a ridge-tile of moon. L. crescent-, stem of pres. pt. of "

a roof. {Atken.Sept.18, 1897.J crescere^ to grow, increase (pp. cre-tus),

Crease (2),Creese, a dagger. lay.^
(Ma- inchoative form allied to cre-dre, to
Malay kris, 'a dagger, kris, or make ; see Create.
'
creese ; Marsden. Cress. (E.) M. E. cres, also ket'se(by
Create. (L.) From pp. of L. credre, shiftUigof r). A. S. carse, cerse, cressce.
to kr, to
make.-f-Skt. make. Der. creat- + l)u. kers,M. Du. and Low G. kerse,G.
ttre, O.Y. creature, L. credtura. And see kresse,O. H. G. cressa.
Crescent. Brugm. i. " 641. Cresset. ^F. L.) M.E. cresset, "

Creed. IM. E. crede ; A. S. creda.

(L.) a lightin a cup at the top of a pole. "

" L. credo,I believe : the first word of O. F. cresset, craisset,a cresset (with
the creed. + O. Irish cretim, I believe ; grease in an iron cup O. F. craisse (F. .
"

Skt. pad-dadhdmi,I believe. Der. ence

cred- graisse),
grease; Littre. " Folk-L. '^crassia,
credence,L. credentid); cred-
(O. F. ible grease, from L. ciassus, thick,dense. So
; credit (L. pp. creditus); cred-ulous also Walloon cracks, a cresset, from
(L. credttlus),"c. Brugm. i. " 539. Icrache, grease.
Creek. (E.?) M. E. creke,a creek. + Crest. (F.-L.) O. F. creste (F.
Du. kreek,M. Du. kreke; cf. Icel. kriki, a
Crete. ^ L. crista,a comb or tuft on a "

crack, nook (whence F. crique^. The bird's head, crest.

orig.sense is *a bend,'as in Swtd. dial. Cretaceous, chalky. (L.) L. cre-

armkrik, bend of the arm ; krik,an angle, tdce-us,adj.from creta, chalk ; with suffix
nook. -Otis.

Creel, an angler's
(F." Crevice, Crevasse.
osier basket. iF.-L.) M.E.
L.) O. F. creil,wicker-work (Ducange, crevice, crevase, crevasse. O. Y crevasse, "
.

s.v. cleid). \^. type *crdticiihim

" for a rift (Late L. crepdtia).0. Y crever, to
,
"
.

wicker-work, double dimin. of burst asunder.

crdtictila, L. crepdre, to crackle, "

crates, a See Crate and Grill.

hurdle. burst.
Creep. (E.) M. E. crepen; A. S. Crew. (F. L.) Formerly ":rM^, short
"

kruipen,Icel. krjupa,Swed.
creopan.-^-ViVi. for accrue, a re-inforcement. O. F. " ac-

krypa, Dan. to crawl.

kr)'be, Teut. type crene, increase ; orig.fem. of pp. of ac-

^kreJipan-,
str. vb. croistre,to increase. L. accrescere, " to
Creese ; see Crease (2\ grow to. " L. ac- (forad , to; oescere, to

Cremation, burning. (L.) L. cremd- grow.

iionetn,ace. oi crematio; from pp. of cre- Crewel, a thin worsted yarn. Origin
?ndre, to bum. unknown.
Crenate, notched. (L.) From Late Crib, a manger. (E.^ A. S. crib.-\-
L. crena, AL Ital. crena, a notch. O. Sax. kribbia, Du. kHb, G. krippe;
crenellate. (LateL.-F.-L.) From allied to Icel. Swed. kriibba,Dan. krybbe.
pp. of Late L. crenelldre,
to furnish with Allied perhapsto M. H. G. krebe, a basket;
battlements. " O. F. rrd^"(?/,
a battlement; but not to Du. korf,G. koi-b, if these are
dimin. of O. F. cren, F. C7'an, a notch, from L. corbis. Der. crib,verb, to put by
from Late L. crena (above^. in a where
crib,purloin; cribb-age, crib is
Creole, one bom in the W. Indies,but the secret store of cards
 CRICK CROP

Crick, a spasm or twist in the neck, line. " F. C7'in (L. ace. crinem),hair;
(E.) M. E. crykke; also used in the sense and lin, flax,
hence thread,from L. llmim,
of wrench. Prob. allied to Crinkle. flax,also,a thread.
Cricket (i), an insect. (F. Tent) M, E. crepel, crupel;
"
Cripple. (E.)
M. E. criket. " O. Y . crequet, criquet,O.
crypel,Luke v. 24. Lit. Northumb.
cricket. O. F. criquer,
" to creak, rattle, 'a creeper.'A. S. crtip-,weak grade of "

chirp. Du. kriek,a cricket ; krikkrakkeii, creopan (pt.t.creap),to creep; with suffix
"

to rattle. From the imitative base krik ; -el (for -ilo-)of the agent. -f-Du. kreupel,
cf. prov. E. cracket,creaker, a cricket. Icel. kryppill, G. kriippel. Cf. Dan. krob-
Hexham has M. Du. kricken, to creake.'
'
ling (fromkrybe,to creep). See Creep.
Cricket (2),a game. (F. Du.) The
"
Crisis ; sve Critic.
game was once played with a hooked Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A.S.
stick (Cot.,s.crosse).-^O. F. criquet,crisp. L, crispus,
V. curled. Brugm. i. " 565. "

'
'
baton servant de but au jeu de boule ; Critic. (L. Gk.) L. criticus. Gk. " "

Godefroy. M. Du. krick,ki-icke,

" a crutch ; KpiTLKis, able to discern ; cf. Kpir-qs, a
Hexham. Cf. A. S. cricc,
crycc, a crutch, judge. Gk. Kpi-vdv, to judge. Der. crit- "

staff. erion, Gk, Kpir-qpiov, a test ; dia- critic,

Crime. (F. L.) Y. crime. 1^. crl- from Gk. diaKpcTiKus,
" fitfor distinguishing
"

??ien, an accusation,fault (stem crij?iin-); between.

allied to cernere, to decide. + Gk. Kpifxa, crisis. (Gk.) Gk. Kplais,a discerning,

a decision
Kpifia, ; Kpiveiv,
to judge. Der. a crisis. " Gk. Kpi-veiv,
to judge.
crimin-al,crimin-ate hence,recriminate Croak.
; (E.) Cf, A. S. cr"cetung, a
Crimp, to wrinkle. (E.) In late use : croaking. Of imitative origin.Allied to
answering to an A.S. '^crempan,E. Fries. crake,creak.
krempen, causal deriv, of Cramp. 'i"he Crochet. (F. LateL.) Y.c7-ochet,ix "

orig.str. vb. occurs as E. Fries, and Du. littlehook ; dimin. of croc, a. crook. Late "

kriffipen, O. H.G. krimfan; Teut. type L. crocciwi, ace. of croccus, a hook.

'^krempan-{krimpan-),to draw oneself Crock, a pitcher.(C.) A.S. crocca.
together, shrink up ; pt. t. ^ki-amp,pp. Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish crocan, Gael.
*-krumpano-.See Cramp and Crumple. crog, Irish crogan, W. crochan, a pitcher,
Crimson. (F.-Arab.-Skt.) M.E. pot.-j-Gk. Kpajaaos (forKpwKyos), a pitcher.

cremosin. O. F. cramoisin^ cramoisyiie

" So also Du. kriiik,Icel. krukka, Swed.
(see cramoisi in Littre) ; Low L. crauie- kruka, Dan. kriikke, G. h'tig.
sinus, also carmesTmis, crimson (Span. Crocodile. (F. L. Gk.) F. croco- dile." " "

carmesi, Ital. cherf?iisi).-' Avah. qirmizi, L. crocodilus." Gk. KpoKoddKos,a

crimson ; from qir7?tiz, the cochineal in- sect."
lizard, a crocodile.

Skt. kr/;u\s), a worm. Brugm. i. Crocus. (L. Gk.) L. crocus. Gk. " "

" 418. KpoKos, crocus, saffron. Perhaps Semitic ;

Cringe. (E.) M. E. ci-engen ; causal cf. Arab, kaj'kam,W^h.karkom, saffron.
derivative of A. S. cringan, crincan, to Croft. (E.) A. S. croft, a fleld.+Du.

sink in battle, fall beneath the foe. krocht,kroft, a fieldon the downs.
Crincan is a strong verb ; see Crank, Cromlech. (W.) W. cromlech,a flag- stone
Crinkle. laid across others. W. cro7n, fem. "

Cringle, an iron ring. (Low G.) oi crwm, crooked,bent; llech, flat stone.
Low G.
kringel, a ring (Lubben");E. Fries. Crone, an old woman. (F. L.) Tusser "

kringel; allied to Icel. kringla,a circle has crone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
(ci.kringar, the
pi., pullies of a drag-net).caj'one, carrion ; whence M. Du. karonie,
Dimin. of E. Fries, kring,a ring.Du. kronie,an old sheep. See Carrion.
kring,a circle ; allied to Crinkle, Crank Crony, an old chum. (Gk.?) Pepys
(i),and Cringe. has chrony (N. E. D."). Perhaps for Gk.
Crinkle. (E.) y\.Y.crittkled trended, XpovLos, a 'long-lasting' ; as itarose
friend
twisted. A frequent, form of the causal in collegeslang(Skinner).Butler rimes
deriv. oi crink,which occurs in the A.S. cronies with monies.
str. vb. crijtcan, to sink in a heap ; see Crook, a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. E.
Cringe. ci'ok (Ancren Riwle). Icel. "^r^/"r,^wed. "

Crinoline, a lady'sstiffskirt. (F." krok, Dan. krog,hook, bend, angle.

L.) Y. crinoline,(i)hair-cloth, (2) crino- Crop. (E.) A. S. cropp,the top of a
I 20
 CROUP CRUMPET

plant,the craw of a bird ; orig.a bunch. crow (2),a bird. (E.) A. S. crdwf
[Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the (seeabove).+0. S. krdia, Du. kraai,G.
and harvest. ]4-T^"- ki'dhe. Der.
hence crop, a croiv-bar,bar with a crow-
like
tops ;
krop,G. kropf,bird's crop ; Icel. kroppr, beak.
a hunch ; Swed. kropp,Dan. krop, trunk Crowd (i),to push,throng.(E.) A. S.
of the body. Cf. W. cropa, Gael, and Ir. *ctildan tpr. s. crydej),pt. t. cread),to
sgroban, bird's crop. [To crop otit is to push ; whence croda, gecrod, a crowd,
bunch out.] throng.+ M. Du. krxiydcn,kruyeji,Du.
croup (2),hinder part of a horse. (F. kruien, to push a Ion;:; E. Fries, kroden^
" Teut. ") Y . croupe, crupper; orig.pro- kriidett.
tuberance. str. vb.
Teut. type *kr2/dan-,
"Icel. kroppr,a hunch (above). Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W.) M. E.

crupper. (F. Teut.) F. cronpierecroude.^\N "

crwth, a trunk,belly, crowd, .

(O. F. cropiere).Y croupe (O. F. crope, " f

violin, iddle ; Gael,
. h
crtiit, arp ; O. Irish
above;. crot, harp.
Croq,uet,a (F." LateL.) From
game. Crown. (F. L. (}k.) M. E. corone,
" "

N. French croquet, a little hook, bent coroune (whence croui7e).'^O.Y. coroue

stick ; the same as Y. crocket. See (F.conronnc)."L. corona, a wreath. Gk. "

Crochet. Kopwvrj, end, tip; Kopu/vts, a wreath,land."

gar-
Crosier. (F. "
LateL.) M.Y. croce7', Gk. Kopwvus, bent, curved. Cf.
croscr, "c. Formed, with suffix -er, from Gk. Kvpros, L. curutis, bent.
M. E. croce, in the same sense of '
bishop's Crucial. (F. L. ) F. crucial,
"
'
like
cross-

crosier,'
staff.' O. F. croce, 'a
" Cot. ; mod. ;' Cot " L. cruci-, decl. stem oi crziXy
F. crosse ; Late L. crocia. O.Y. c?-oc, a " a cross ; with suffix -dlis.
hook ; see Crochet. ^ Not from cross, crucify. (F." L.) O.Y.crucifier.'-'
though earlyconfused with ]\L E. croisier,Late L. *crucificdre,
for L. ci-ucifigere
a coinagefrom O. F. crois,
a cross. to fix on
(pp. crticijixus), a cross. " L.
Cross. (L.) M. E. cros\ from dative of crux;
Icel. criici, figere,
to fix; see
kross, adopted from O. Irish cros.-^ L. Fix. Der. crucifix,
-ion.
cruc-eifi, ace. of crux, a cross. Der. Crucible. (L.) From Late L. cruci-
a-c7'oss. night-lamp, (2) a vessel for bolu77i,
(i)a
cross, adj. (L.) Orig. transverse, melting metals. The lamp may have
from the shape of a cross; hence,peevish.been so named from having four nozzles
Crotchet, in music. (F. Late L.) with wicks, forming a cross (still a mon
com-"

F. crochet, a small hook, a quaver

'
in Ital. pattern)
; as if from cruci-, decl.
'
music ; Cot. (The hooked mark now stem of crux, a. cross ; with suflix -boln77t
called a quaver was called crochet in = -btdtwi,as in turibuhuii,a censer.
French.) See Crochet. Crude. (L.) L. C7'2idus,
raw. Allied
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. KpWojv,a to Raw.
tick,which the reseml)les.
castor-berry cruel. (F. L.)" O. F. crziel. " L.
Crouch. (F. LateL.)
" yi.Y. crou- crudelis,cruel ; allied to criidus, raw

cken, to stoop, bend. " O. F. crochir, (above\

to grow crooked (Godefroy). " O. F. Cruet. (F.-Teut.) A. F. cruet, a

crocke,a crook ; also croc. " Late L. croc- small vessel (Godefroy)
; dimin. of O. F.
cu)u, ace. of croccus, a hook. cruie,crue, pot. " Low L. cruga, a pitcher.
disease. {Y.^ From
Croup (I ),a land
Low- " O. H. G. k7^uog,G. krug, a pitcher;
Sc. croupe, crape, to croak, make a allied to Crock.
harsh noise. Of imitative origin ; ciated
asso- Cruise. (Du. "
L.) Du. kruiseti,to
crow, croak,and with North
with cru.se, cross the sea. " Du. kruis, a cross.
E. roup, rope,to call,shout hoarsely,from " L. ace. from
cr7"{C-eni, crux, a cross ;
Icel. hropa,weak vb.,to cry out. Cf. A. S. with of
lengthening z?.
hropan ^pt.t. hreop), to cry out ; G. rufen Crumb. (E.) E. croor7i. A. S. Prov.
(pt. rief).
t. crii77ia. (The final b is excrescent.)+ Du.
Croup (2), of a horse; see Crop. kruim, Dan. kru77i7/ie, G. kru7?ie, a

Crow (i), vb. (E.) A. S. crdwan (pt.t. crumb. Cf. Ital. g7-u7tio, a clot. Der.
creozv), to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. krdhen, crumb-le, verb ; cf. Du. kruif/ielen, G.
weak verbs ; and cf. O. Slav, grajati, Lith. k7-iii7iel7t,
to crumble.

groti, to crow. Of imitative origin, Crumpet, a kind of cake. (E.) Wyclif

I
 CRUMPLE CUFF

has crofupidcake to render Lat. laga- Shetl. coob, to bringforth young, applied
nuin (Ex. xxix. 23); cf. prov. E. crumpy only to a seal ; Icel. kobbi,kopr,a young
cake, crisp cake. For crimip-ed, pp. of seal.
M. E. crtcmpen, curl up (whence E. Cube. to(F.- L.-Gk.) Y. cube.^Y..
crumple). kriimpen, Cf. G.
knimpen, to ace. cubum. Gk. kv^os, cube, die.
a "

crumple,curl up ; krumm, curved ; i)u. Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F." Span."

krommen, to crook,curve. See below. Arab.) F. cubebe,in Cotgrave. Span. "

Crumple, vb. (E.) of

Frequentative cubeba. " Arab. kabdba{f),pi. kabdbah,
obs. crump, to curl up. From crump-, cubeb, an aromatic.
weak grade of A. S. ^crimpan,str. vb. ; Cubit. (L.) L. cubitus,an elbow,
see Cramp and Crimp. bend ; thelengthfrom the elbow to the
Crunch. (E.) An imitative word. middle finger's
end. Allied to L. cubdre,
Cf. prov. E. crinch,crunch,to crunch. lie down, recline ; see Covey. to

Crupper ; see Crop. Cuckold. {".',with G. suffix.)M.E.

Crural. belonging kokewold,kokeweld,cokold. O. F. cucu-
(,L.) L. crurdlis, "

to the leg. " L. crilr-,stem of crils,the ault, coucual (Godefroy),a cuckold. "

leg. O. F. cucu (F. coucou^,a cuckoo ; with

Crusade. (F. ^w^Span." L.) The depreciatorysuffix -atilt,-al, from G.
form is due to confusion of F. croisade -wald (Diez, Gram. 346). Cf. O. F. ii.
with Span, crnzada. " Late L. crttcidta,cucu (F. coucou^,a ; secondly, a cuckoo
sb. fem., a marking with the cross, pp. f. man whose wife is unfaithfuL (There are
of crucidre,to cross." L. cruci-,decl. endless allusions to the comparison be-tween
stem of crux, a cross. a cuckoo and a cuckold ; see Shak.
Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. E. cruse. L. L. L. v. 2. 920, "c.)
W. Fries, kr'dss,E. Fries, kros. + Icel. Cuckoo. (F.) Y.coucow, from the
krus, a pot ; Swed. krus, Dan. kruiis, a bird's cry.
Cf. L. cuculus, a cuckoo ; Gk.
mug ; Du. kroes, cup, pot, crucible ; KQKKv^, a cuckoo ; kokkv, its cry ; Skt.
M. H. G. kruse, G. krause, mug. kokila-,a cuckoo ; Irish cuach, W. cog.
Criish. (F.-Teut.) O. F. crush; Cf. cock,cockatoo. And see Coo.
cruisir,croissir,to crack,break ; (Span. Cucumber. iL.^ The /^is excrescent ;
cj'uxir, Ital. crosciare). From a Teut. M.E. cucumer. " h. cucutnerem, ace. of
type ^kraustjan- (see Diez),causal form cuctimis,a cucumber.

from Goth, kriustan, to gnash with the Cud. (E.) M. E. cude, code,quide.
teeth. A. S. cwidu, cweodu.. cudu. Teut. type
Crust. (F. L.) O. - F. crouste (F. *k2vedwom, neut. Cf. Skt. jatu-, resin ;
croilte].'-\..
crusia, crust of bread. Cf. also Icel. kwdtsa, resin. Orig. sense,
Gk. Kpvos, frost ; 'glutinoussubstance.'
see Crystal. Der.
C7'ust-y,hard like a crust, stubborn, Cuddle. (E ) Perhapsfor '^cottthle, to

harshly curt (ofpeople). be familiar, to fondle; from couth, adj.

Crutch. (E.) M. E. crucche ; from familiar, well known; A. S. cU^, known,
A. S. crycc, a crutch,staff.+ Du. kruk, pp. oi ctinn an, to know. See Can(i). Cf.
Swed. krycka,Dan. krykke,G. krucke. prov. E. couth, loving ; cootie,to fondle.

Cry. (F. L.) M. E. crzen." F. crier. Cudgel. (E.) ^M.E. kuggel. A.S. "

(Fullerforms occur in Ital. gridare.

Span. cycgel ',
in Gregory'sPastoral Care, ed.
gritar. Port, gritar.)"!^.quiritdre,to Sweet, p. 297. Cf. Cog.
shriek,cry, lament (Brachet) ; lit. 'to Cudweed. (E.) From r^^/ and zc.?.?^;
'

implorethe aid of the Quirites or Roman '

the plant being administered to cattle
citizens (Varro). that had lost their cud.' So also cud-
Crypt. (L.-Gk.) \.. crypta.'-GV. wort.

KpvTTir], a vault,hidden cave ; orig,fem. Cue, for an actor. (L.?) Sometimes

of KpvTTTus, hidden. " Gk. Hpvmiiv, to hide. written qu in the i6th cent., and
q or

Crystal. (F. "

L. " Gk. ) Formerly supposed to be for L. quando,when.
cristal. O. F. cristal.
" L. crystallum, Cuff " (i),to strike. (Scand.?) Cf.
crystal. Gk. "
KpvoTaXXos, ice, crystal." Swed. kuffa,to thrust,push, M. Swed.
Gk. KpvoTaivHv,to freeze. " Gk. Kpvos, kuffa,to strike,to cuff (Ihre).
frost. Cuff (2), part of the sleeve. (L. ?)
Cub. (E.?) Etym. unknown. Cf. coffe.Cf. Late A. S. ctiffie^
M. E. cuffe, a

12
 CUIRASS CUPREOUS

kind cap (Leo); M.

of H. G. kupfe, Culver. (E.) A. S. culfre,
a dove.

kuppe, ktiffe,
a coif; see Coif. [Very Culverin. (F, L.) Corrupt form, "

doubtful.] for *culev)-ifi. F. coulevrine,a culverin ; "

Cuirass. (F. Ital. L.) Formerly a pieceof ordnance named from its long
" "

curace. O. F. cuirace (F. ctiirasse).Ital. shape, like a snake.

" O.F. couleuvrin, " "

corazza, a cuirass. Formed from L. adder-like; from couleuvre, an adder. L. "

coridceus,leathern." L. coriu??i,leather colubra,coluber,an adder.

(whenceF. cuir,leather). Culvert, an arched drain. (F. "
L.)
Cuisses, pi.(F. L.) O.Y.acissaux, "
Of doubtful origin; perhapsformed, with
armour for the thi^^hs.F. ctnsse, thigh. " " added t, from O. F. coulouere,a channel,
'

L. coxa, hip. Brugm. i. " 609. gutter,'

Cot. " F. couler, to trickle. " L.
Culdee. a Culdee, a
(C.) Irish":^z7^r/^, coldre,to strain,drain. Compare cullis
Port-
servant of God. Ir. ceile (O. Irish cele^,
" and Cullis.
servant; and de, gen. of dfa, God. Cumber. (F. LateL.) M.'E. com-
"

Culinary. (L.) L. cnlmdrms, be-

longing
bren.^O.Y. cofubrer, to hinder (rare);
to the kitchen. L. cu/wa, usual form
" en-cc/7ibrer.^Yatt L, cuwbrus,
kitchen. a heap, a barrier ; of doubtful origin.
select. (F.-L.)
Cull,to collect, M. E. [Cf. L. cuinuhis, a heap; but also G.
cnlUn.^0. F. coillir, to collect."
cuillir, kumvier, gritf,
oppression,prov. G. ku7?i-
L. to collect.
colligere, See Coil (i) and mer, rubbish. Thus cumber =^\-0 put a

Collect. heap in the way.] Der. en-cumber^from

Cullender; see Colander. C". F. encombrer,to encumber, load.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. L.) " A coarse Cumin, Cummin, a plant. (L."
word. F. conillon Gk.
(Ital.cogltone)."^'L. Heb.) V^.Y. comin. " A.^. cu77tin,
coleus. cu77Hnu77i, Matt,
cy77teit.^'L. xxiii. 23."
CuUis, a strong broth, boiled and Gk. Kv^ivov. " Weh. cumin.
ka77imd7i,
strained. (F. L.) YoxTatxXy
"
coleys. Cumulate.
colys. vL.) P^rom pp. of L.
couleis,later cotilis,a cu7tiuldre, L.
'
" O. F. cole'is, to heap up. "
cumulus, a

cullis,'
Cot. ; substantival use of cole'is,heap.
later coulis,'gliding,'
Cot. L. type ^cold- Cuneate, wedge-shaped. (L.)Formed,
"

ttcius ; from colare,

to strain. Cf. cullis.
Port- with suftix 'ate,from L. cu7ie-us, a wedge.
Allied to Coin. Der. cimei-for77i; i.e.
Culm, a stem. (L.) L. culmus, a wedge-sha])ed.
stalk ; allied to calamus, a stalk. See Cunning, adj.(E.) Orig.pres. pt. of
Haulm. M. E. cu7i7ien, to know; hence, 'knowing.'
Culminate. (L.) pp. of L.
From From A. S. cujman, to know ; see Can (i).
culmindre, to come to a top. L. ctdniin-, cunning, sb. (E.) M. E. cu7mi7ige.
"

stem of culmen ( =
columen),a top. See From A. S. cu7inan, to know. Perhaps
Column. suggestedby Icel. ku7i7ia7idi, knowledge;
Culpable. (F.-L.) coupahle.from Icel. ku7t7ia, to know\ M. E.
O. F. culpable^ colpable, coupahle(F".coup- Cup. (L.) A. S. cuppe,a cup. Late L. "

able). L.
"
culpdbilis, blameworthy. L. cuppa, variant of L. cupa, a tub, in Late "

culpdre, t o blame. L. culpa,a fault. L., a drinking-vessel

"
; whence also Du.
culprit. (F. L.) In Dryden. Not Dan. kop,F. coupe,"c. See Coop.
"

orig.a single word, but due to a fusion of cupboard. {Y. a7id E.) M. E. ciip-
A. F. cul- (forculpable, i.e. guilty)and bo7-de,orig.a side-board for holdingcups ;
prist or prest (i. e. ready to prove it); Allit. Poems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
signifying that the clerk of the crown was 206.
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.). Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupido,
Culter ; see Coulter. desire. L. cupere, to desire. + Skt. ki4p, "

Cultivate. (L.) Late L. cult'ivdtus, to become excited. Der. cupid-i-ty, F.

pp. of cultivd7'e.to till. Late L. culttvus, cupidite, from L. ace. cupiditdte7)i.
"

fitfor tilling.L. "

cultus,pp. of cole7-e,
to Cupola. (Ital. L. ^ Ital. cupola, a
"

till. Brugm. i. " 121, dome; from its shape. L. cupula,a small "

culture. (F. L.) - culture.F.

L. cask, a " little vault ; dimin. of L. cupa, a
culttlra;allied to cult-us,pp. of colere, cask.
to till. Cupreous, coppery. (L.) L. cupre-us,
123
 CUR CURTAIL

of copper; with suffix -ous. " L,. ciiprwii, forced spelling,

givinga wrong clue. In
copper. 1596, we find cormullion,with the same
Cur. (E.) M. E. kur-dogge(ab.1225% sense. The first syllable seems to be cur,
-f-M. Du, korre, a house-dog;cf. Swed. a whelp ; and we find Lowl. Sc. murgeon,
dial, kurre, a dog. Named from growling. to mock, to grumble ; miidgeon,a grimace.
Cf. prov. E, curr, to purr ; Low G. Currant. (F.-L.-Gk.) formerly
kiu'fen,to snarl (Lubben) ; Icel. kurra, raysyns ofcor aunt. Y .raisitisde Corinthe, "

to murmur, grumble ; Swed. kurra, to

'
currants ;" Cot. Flence,
currant is a ruption
cor-

rumble. of Corinth \L. Co7'inthus,Gk.

Curate ; see Cure.
Curb. (F. L.) - M. E. conrben, to Current, running,flowing. (F, L.) "

bend. " F. courber, to bend, l)OW. " L M. E. currant, O. P\ curant, pres. pt. of
curiidre,to bend ; from curuus, bent. curre, corre (F. courir),to run. L. cur- "

Curd. (E.) M. E. curd, crtid. Prob. rere, to run. Prob. for *curse7-e. Brugm.
from A. S. crtid-,related to crudan, 1. "" 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
to crowd, press together.Cf. Ir. gruth, curricle. (L.) L. curriculum, a
Gael. ^^rz/M, curds. (Fick, ii. 119.) runnn:ig; also, a lightcar. L. currere, "

Cure. (F. L.) 0.". cure."l.. alra, to run.

"

attention Tprim.Ttal. *koizd). Brugm. i. Curry {\),to dress leather. (F.-L.

" 874. ^ Xot allied to care. and Teut.) O. F. correier (Godefroy),
curate. (L.) Med. L. curat us, a earlier forms conreder,conreer, later con-

priest,curate ; cf. curdtum royer, courroier,to

beiiefichim, curry, dress leather,
a benefice with cure of souls, "L. alra^ orig.to prepare. " O.F. conrei,older form
cure. ttmreid, gear, preparation. A hybrid
curious. (F. L.) O. F. curios. L. word; made
-

by prefixing con- { L,. con,

" =

cnriosus,attentive. L. cura, attention. cuvi) to O. F. rei, order (Ital.-redo in

"

Curfew. (F. L) A. F. coeverfu,arredo, array). (3.This O. F. rei is of

"

covrefeu,curfeu; O.F. covrefeu (F. couvre- Scand. origin ; from Dan. j-ede, order (also
feti), fire-cover,
a covering of fires, time to set in order), Icel. reUji, tackle. cisely
Pre-
for putting out fires. O.F. covrir, to the same
" O. Y rei helpsto form E. .

coy^x ; feu, fire {",Vj. focum, ace. oifociis, ar-ray ; see Array. ^ To curry favour
hearth, fire) ; see Cover and Focus. is a corruptionof M. E. to curry favel,to
Curious ; see Cure. rub down a horse ; Favel was a common

Curl, sb. (E.) M. E. end (with shift-

ing old name for a horse.
of 7-); from M. E. crul, adj.,cuily Curry (2), a seasoned dish. Tamil.)
(^
(a.D. i.^oo\ Not in A. S. E. Fries. YxQVQ. 'i'amil kari, sauce, relish for rice
kruUa, krull,krul, a curl. + Du. krul, a (Yule).
curl, krullen, to curl ; Dan. krolle,a curl, (E.) K.'i. cursian,vtx\i; czirs, Curse.
Swed. krullig,curly; G. krolle, a curl, sb., imprecation.Cf. O. Ir. ciirsaigim, an
'
M. 11. G. kriille. Cf. Norw. krull, a curl, 'I reprehend (\\indisch).Der. ac- cursed,
somethingrolled together to curl, from
; krtilla, M. E. acorsien, to curse extremely,
bend or bow together. Allied to E. Fries. where the prefixa- A. S. d-, very ; see ^

krilkn, to bend, turn, wind ; Low G. A- (4).

krellen,to turn; N. Fries, krall, c'ose- Cursive. (L.^ Med. L. cwsivus, flow-
ing
twisted ; suggestingTeut. base *krellan-, ; said of L.
handwriting. curs-us, pp. "

to wind, str. vb. (Franck,Koolman). of currere, to run. See Current.

Curlew, a bird. (F.) M. F. cor lieu, cursory. (L.) Late L. cttrsorius,
'a. curluej' Cot. Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a cur-
lew, hasty. " L. cursori-, decl. stem of cursor,
chiurlare,to howl, Swed. kurla, to a runner. " L ctcrs-us {a.ho\e).
coo ; so that it is named from its cry. Curt. (L.) Y. curtus, short,cut short.
Curmudgeon. (E.?)Ongin unknown. curtail. (F. L.) It has nothingto "

In one instance speltcorn-niudgin(Phil. do with tail,but is an alteration of the

Holland), as if a hoarder of corn, hence, older form curtal,verb,to dock ; from the
a stingy fellow ; where mudgin is for adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
mudging, pres. pt. of miidge, to hoard, Well, ii. 3. 65). O.F. courtault, later "

'
also speltjnooch (M. E. f?iucheti),
to skulk ;
'
courtaut, curtail,being curtailed ; Cot.
from O. F. viucer, to hide. But this is a The same as Ital. cortaldo, a curtail,
a
'
 CYLINDER DAGGER

Cylinder. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. "7- Cf, M. Du. dabben, to pinch, fumble,

indre, later cyiindre. 'L. cylindi'us.^QV. dabble ; G. tappen, to grope, prov. G.
"

cylinder.Gk./c^uAtVSeti/,
a roller,
/cuAti/tS^oy, blow.
tappe, fist, See Dub, Tap. "

to roll. Cf. O.Slav.

to roll ; from /fuAtetj', dabble. (E.) To keep on dabbing;
kolo,a wheel. (-/QEL.) frequent, of dab. + M. Du. dabbelen,to
Cymbal. (F. L. Gk.) W^.ciinhale. fumble,
"
dabble ; frequent,
" of M, Du. dabben
" O. F. cimbale. " L. cymbahcfu. " Gk. (above).
a cymbal ; named
Kv/xl3akov, from its cup-
like Dab (2), expert. (E.?) Prob. from
shape. Gk. kvuPtj, " a cup. "{"Skt. dab (i); perhaps influenced by dapperox
kumbha-, a jar. Allied to Cup ; and see by adept.
Comb (2\ (VKEUBH.) (E.) M. E. dabbe. Dab (3),a fish.
Cynic, lit.dog-like.(L. Gk.) dab, lightblow, a soft
" L. cyjti-Prob. allied to a

cus." Gk. KvuLKos, dog-like, a Cynic. Gk. mass dabbed down. See Dab (1),dabble. "

KVV-, as in Kvv-6sy gen. of kvojv, a dog (E. Dabble; see Dab (i).
Aound). Dab-chick. E.) Formerly dap-chick,
cynosure. (L. Gk.) L. cynosura, dop-ch ick C i A S dop ^;z /(^,
" a m o o r hen . . . .
-

the stars in the tail of the constellation of lit. dippingduck ;'c/^//^//^", to dipoften, '

the Lesser Bear ; one of these is the Pole- immerse ; Du. dobber^ a float. See Dip.
star (hence, a centre of attraction).Gk. Dace. (F. O. Low G.) Formerly " "

Kvvoaovpa, the Cynosure,tail of the Lesser da7'ce. 0. F. dars,nom. case of the word "

Bear ; lit. dog'stail.' Gk. kvvos, gen. of also speltdart, meaning (i)a dart,(2)a
'
"

Kvcvu, a dog ; ovpa, a tail. dace. The fish is also called a dart or
Cypress (i ", a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) a dare, from its swift motion. See Dare (2),
M. E. cipres. O, F. cypres,later cypres.
" Dart. "

L. cttpressus,
cyparissiis. Dacoit, a robber. (Hind.)
Gk. Kvirdpiacros, " Hind,
cypress-tree. Cf. Heb. gopher. ddkdit, a robber belongingto an armed
Cypress (2"), a cloth of gold,a kind gang ; from ddkd, robbery by a gang
of satin, a kind
of crape. (F. "
L.) grave
Pals- Wilson").
(, Der, dacoit-y,
robbery.
explainsF. crespe by ' a cypres for Dactyl. (L, Gk.) L. dactylus,
" the
'
a womans neck ; Cotgrave Gk. ha.Krv\o%, has ' crespe, metrical foot marked -"". "

'
cipres,cobweb suggests a finger,
lawn a dactyl. ; which
'
some confusion of cypress with ci-ape. Dad. (E.) A child's word for father.'
The origin of cypress is doubtful ; but So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret, tat, tad,
it occurs as cipres,cypirsin Piers Plow-
man, father ; Gk. rara, Skt. tata, dad.
and as cypi-usin Sir Degrevant. It Dado. (Ital. L.) Formerly used of "

seems to have been importedfrom the isle the die, or square part in the middle of the
of Cyprus. of
pedestal a column ; afterwards applied
Cyst, pouch (in animals) containing to the part of an apartment between the
a

morbid matter. (L. Gk.) Formerly plinth and the impost moulding. Ital.
" "

written cystis. Late L. cystis. Gk. "i'o-Tis, dado, a die, cube, pedestal.(Cf. Prov.
" "

a bag, pouch. dat-z,a die.) Folk-L. datum, assumed to "

'

Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. mean a die ; lit. a thinggiven,a lot,'
' '

" "

Teut. L.) Russ. tsare (with e mute

" a L. datum, neut. of pp. of dare, to give. ,

king. O. Slav, cesari. Goth, kaisar. See Die (2), " "

L. Ccesar. ^ This has been disputed; Daffodil. (F,-L.-Gk.) The ^ is a

but see Matt, xiii. 24 Schleicher,later addition ; perhaps from M. F. Jieur in

IndogermanischeChrestomathie, p. 275, d'affrodille, translated 'daffodil-flower.'
where O.Slav, cesarstvo occurs for Russ. M. E. affodille; Prompt. Parv.-M. F. as-
tsarstvo, kingdom ; "c. Der. czarowitz, phodile,also affrodille, '
th'affodill,
or

from Russ. tsarevich\czar's son ; flower;' Cot.

czaritsa,asphodill " L. asphodelus."
from Russ. tsaritsa,empress; czar-ina, Gk. a kind
d(T"/)65"Aos, of lily.See As-
phodel.
with Ital. sufhx -ina, from G. fem. sufhx
-in. Daft, foolish ; the same as Deft.
Dagger. (F.) M. E. daggere; allied to
daggen, to pierce. F. dague, a dagger; "

Dab (i), to strike gently.(E.) M. E. of unknown origin(notCeltic). Cf. Ital.

dabben ; also dabbe,a blow. Not in A. S. Span, daga, Port, adaga, dagger. The
26
 DAGGLE DANDELION

Port, form suggests an Eastern ; matia.) F. dal mat ique.

origin L. dalmalica "

cf. Heb. ddkhdh, to strike. ; fern, of Dalmaticus,belonging

{iiestis) to

Daggle, to moisten, wet with dew or Dalmatia.

spray. i^Scand.)Frequentativeverb from Dam (i),a mound, bank againstwater.
Swed. dag!^, Icel.dogg(gen.daggar), dew. (E.) S. datum, only in the derived
A.
Cf. Icel. doggva,to bedew. See Dew. verb for-demman, to dam up ; O. Fries.
Daguerreotype. (F. and Gk.) dam ; North. Fries, dam. -f-D". dam,
Formed by adding-^-///^to F.Dagnerre, Icel. dafnmr, Dan. dam, Swed. da?nm,
a personal name, the inventor M. H. G. tarn, G.
(A.D. 1838). damtn, a dam, dike.
Dahlia. (Swed.) Named Cf. G oih. faiirda?nmjan,
after Dahl, to dam up.
a Swedish botanist (A.D, 1791). Dam. {2),a mother, appliedto animals.
Dainty, a delicacy.(F. L.) M. E. (F L.) The same word as Dame.
"
"

deintee,orig. a sb.,a pleasantthing; cf. Damage. (F." L.) ls\.Y,. damage.-^

A. F. dcyntee^greediness(Bozon). A. F. damage (F. dommagc') "
; cf. Prov.
O. F. daiiiiie \\..
e. daintU), agreeableness. da?nnatje, answering to Late L. '^'damndti-
" L. ace. digiiiidtcm ; see Dignity. cum, harm ; we find Late L. damndticus,
% The O. F. daintie is the true popular condemned to the mines. L. damndtus, "

O. F. form ; digniteit is a pedanticform ; pp. of damndre ; see Damn.

cf. O. F. dain, old spellingof digue, Dam.ask. ^Ital. Syria.) M.E. "/^?- "

worth)'. maske, cloth of Damascus. " Ital.damasco.

Dairy. (Scand.) M. E. dmeseq,damask, Dammeseq, Da-
deyerye,a " Heb.
mascus
room for a deye,i.e. a mi Ik-woman, farm- (Gen. xiv. 15), Der. dainask-
servant. " O. Norw. deigja,Swed. deja,a rose ; damask-ine, to inlaywith gold {".
maid, dairy-maid, who was also the bread- damasquiner,from damasqu-in,adj.).
maker; the orig. sense is kneader of dough.' Dame.
'
fF.-L.) "^l.Y..dame.-O.Y .

" Teut. type "^daig-Jon-, sb. f.,as if from damey a lady. L. domina; fem. of dofui- "

(Goth.)deigan (pt.t. daig),to mould ; nus, a lord. See Don (2).

whence also Goth, daigs, Icel. deig, Swed. Damn, to condemn. (F. L.) M. E. "

deg,dough ; see Dough. % The cognate damnen, dampnen. F. damner.-^l^. dam- "

or borrowed A. S. ddge occurs once only; nd}'e,to condemn, fine. L. damnum, loss, "

see Thorpe,D?pl. p. 64T. fine, penalty. Brug.i. " 762.

Dais, a raised floor in a hall. (F. L. Damp. (E.) Cf. M. E. da?npen,to
"

"
Gk.) Now used of the raised platform suffocate; E. Fries, damp, vapour.-|-Du.
on which the high table in a hall stands. damp, vapour, steam ; Dan. damp, G.
Properly, it was the table itself \ but was dampf, vapour ; Swed. damb, dust. From
also used of a canopy over a seat of state, the 2nd grade of Teut. '^dempan-, pt. t.
or of the seat of state. M. E. deis, deys. '^damp,pp. '^dumpano-yas in M. H. G.
"

A. F. deis,O. F. dois,a high table (Supp. ditnpfen, timpfen,str. vb., to reek ; of.
to Godefroy). L. discum, ace.
" of discus, Swed. dial, dimba, str. vb.,to reek. See
a quoit, platter; i n Late L. a table. Gk. Dumps. "

SiaKos, a quoit, disc. See Disc. Dam.sel. (F. L ) M. E. damosel. " "

Daisy. (E.) M. E. dayesye(4 sylla- bles).O.F". dameisele,a girl, fem. oi dameisel,a

A. S. dceges eage, eye of day, i.e. I young man, squire, page. Late L. domi- "

'
the sun, which it resembles. cdlus, a page, short for *dominicellus,
Dale, a valley.(E.) M. E. dale.- double dimin. of dominus, a lord. (Pages
A. S. dcel (pi. dal-ti). -f- Icel. dalr, Dan. were often of high birth.)
Swed. dal,a dale: Du. dal\ Goth, dal \ Dam.SOn. i,L. Syria.) yi.Y.. da?7ia' "

G. thal\ also O. Slav, dolic (Russ. doV); scene. 1.. Damascenum {prdnum), plum "

cf. Gk. QoKos,a vault. Der. dell. of Damascus. See Damask.

Dally, to trifle. (F.-Teut.) M. E. Dance. (F.-O. H. G.) V..E. daun-
dalien, to play,trifle. A. F. and " O. F. cen. " O. H. G. danson, to
O. F. danser. "

dalier,
to converse, chat,pass the time in drag along (as in a round dance)."
lightconverse (Bozon). Of Teut. origin; O. H. G. dans, 2nd grade of dinsen, to
cf Bavarian dalen,to spenk and act as pull,draw ; allied to L. Thin. Cf. Goth.
children 1
Schmeller)
; mod. G. (vulgar)at-thinsan,to draw towards one.

dahlen,to trifle. Dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) F.

Dalmatic, a vestment. (F. " Dal- dent de lion,tooth of a lion ; named from

127
 DANDLE DASTARD

the jagged leaves. " L. dent-em, ace. of dape, a pool,a wet splotch
; whence the
' '
deits, tooth; de, prep.; leonem, ace. of idea of '
splash or blot.'
leo,lion. Dare (I),to venture, (E.) W.Y.. dar,
Dandle. (E.) Prob. of imitative origin ; I dare ; pt.t. dorste,durste. A. S. ic dearr,
of. M. F. dodiner, dodeiine?','to rock, I dare ; he dearr, he dare ; pt. t. dorste ;
dandle, lull,'Cot. ; M. Ital. da7idola7-e,infin. *dnrra)i. + Goth, ga-dars,I dare,
dondolare, to dandle or play the baby,' -daursta,I durst,infin.-daursan ; O. H. G.
'

Florio; dandola, dondola,a toy. Gode- tar, I dare, infin. turran. Also Gk. Qap-
froy givesM. F. dandiner, to balance or aeiv, to be bold,Opaavs,bold ; Skt. drsk,
sway the body. Cf. E. Fries, dindannen, to dare. (yDHERS.) Brugm. i. " 502.
to walk unsteadily,sway from side to side. Dare (2), a dace. (F. O. Low G.) "

Dandrilf, scurf on the head. (E.) A new form, made by takingda7'ce (old
Formerly also dandruffe.Of unknown form of dace)as a pi.form ( dars),and =

origin dander,
; but cf. prov. K.dait, scurf, thence making a singulardar,now dare.
a slightscurf on the skin ; and prov. E. See Dace.
hurf,tijf,scurf,from Icel. hriifa, scab. a Dark. (E.) M.E. derk. A.S.deorc,
% The W. niarzu-dojt, dandnff,is from with a broken vowel ; for older *derc.
niaj'W, dead,and ton, skin. The to hide (answer-
O. H. G. tarc/ianjaft, ing
Dandy, a beau (E.?). Originunknown. toW. Germ. *darkn-jan)is from the
Prov. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Uan.
E. 2nd grade *dark of the same base. Cf.
dajtde,brave, excellent. Dandy is also a also O. Sax. der-ni,A. S. derne,O. H. G.
form of Andrew. [F. dajidin, a mea- tar-ni,secret,dark ; see Tarnish.
'

cock,noddy, ninny,' Cot., is unsuitable.] darkling, in the dark. (E.) Formed

M. E.
\njlat-ling,
Danger. (F." L.) M. E. daungere, with adv. suffix -ling, as

to harm. O. F. dan-
gler A.
hedling(headlong), S. wards.
back-
b"zc-ling,
power, esp. power "

(F.dajiger), also dongier(XIII cent.),

absolute irresponsible
power, authoiity.Darling. (E.) M. E. derling. A. S.
This answers Late L. type *domnid-
to a deorling,a favourite. A. S. deor-e (in "

rium, ^dominidrinm, not found, but regu-

larly comp. deor-),dear; with double dimin.
formed from Late L. dom{i)niiijn, suffix -l-ing. See Dear.
power, authority. Late " Darn. (E.) XVII
L. domnus,
cent. Prob. from
L.
do minus, a lord. E. dernett,to conceal,from derne,adj., M.
Dangle, to swing about. (Scand.)secret, hidden; cf. prov. E. dern, darn,
Dan. dangle,Swed. dial, dangla,to swing to hide, to stop up a hole. A. S. derne, "

about ; cf. Swed. and Icel. dmgla, Dan. dyrne, secret, hidden. + O. Sax. derni,
dingle, to swing about ; frequentative O. li. G. tarni,secret. See Dark.
forms from ding (pt.t. dang), to throw Darnel. (E.) M. E. darnel, dernel.
about. Sei Ding. From an O. F. word, only preserved
now

Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, in Walloon (Rouchi). darnelle, darnel

wet (esp.with ref. to dew). Swed. dial. " (Hecart\ Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
dank, marshy ground ; Icel. dijkk (stem Swed. dar-,ns in dar-repe.or darnel
repe.,
*dajikwd-),a pool. Cf. Swed. dial, ddnka, (Lowl. Sc. dornel); and O F. nielle,nelle
to moisten, dynke^Norw.
Dan. dii^X.ddnke, (Late L. nigella^, darnel (Godefroy).The
dynka, to
; wetdial, dtinkel,
also Swed. dara
Dan. means to stupefy(as with
moist, Swed. dial, dunkelhet, moisture ; lolinm temulentti77i\ ; cf. Dan. daare, a
North. PI danker,a dark cloud ; Swed. fool ; Walloon da7'nise, drunken
dau7-nise,
dial, and M. Dan. dunken, musty; G. (Grandgagnage).
diinkel, dark. Dart. (F. O. Low G.) M. E. dart. -
-

Dapper. ) (Dn valiant ; O. F. dart (F. dard). Of Teut. origin

Orig.good, ; cf.
hence brave, fine,spruce. XV cent. " Du. A. S. darc^. a dart,Swed. dai't,
a dagger,

dapper,brave.-J-O.
H.G. taphar,weighty, Icel. da7ra6r, a dart, O. H. G. tai't,a
valiant,
G. tapper, brave ; Russ. dobrui, dart.
E. ddsche7i. Cf. Low G. Dash. (E.) M.
good. Brugm. i. " 563.
(Scand.)daschen, thrash
animal. (Kerghaus) Dan.
Dapple, a spot on an ; to
Icel. depill,a spot, dot ; a dog with spots daske,to slap,Swed. daska, to beat ; we
over the eyes is also called depill.The speakof water dasliingagainstrocks.
'
orig.sense is a littlepool,' from Norweg. Dastard. ^Scand.; with F. siiffix.)
28
 DATE DEAF

M. E. dastard \ where -ard is a F. suffix, dimin. tdhele (now G. dohle),a. daw ;

as in duli-ard,sltigg-ard. Vast appears whence a daw
Ital. tacco/a, (Florio).
Der.
to be for dazed; cf. Icel. dastr,exhausted, jack-daiv
pp. of dcrsa,to be out of breath ; da sad r. Dawk, transportby relaysof men and
exhausted,weary, pp. of dasask^ to be horses. (Hindi.) Hindi ddk, post,trans-
port,
weary; see Daze. Cf. Icel. dasi^ a lazy "c. (Yule).
fellow,M. Du.
dasaert,
a fool (whence Dawn ; see Day.
M.E. das-art
(i.e.daz^e)ard), a dullard, Day. (E.) M.M. day,dai,dcei. A. S.
in N. E. D.) ; Low G. ddskopp,a block-
head dceg,pi.dagas.'^Y)\x. Dan. Swed. dag.Icel.
'
(Berghaus) The orig.
sense is G.
gard.'dagr, tag,
slug- .
Goth. dags. Allied to Lith.
dagaSj hot time, autumn ; degti^to burn.
Date (i\ a given pointof time. (F." Teut. type *dagoz; Idg. type *dhoghos;
T.) ^\.Y..date.
Y date, date. Late L. from -^'DHEGH, to bum;
"
.
Skt. dah, to "

data,a date ; L. data,neut. pi.of datiis,burn, ni-ddgha-,

not season. Day is the
given,dated. L. dai'e,to give.+Gk. St- hot, brighttime ; as opposed to night.
"

I give; 3otoj, given ; Skt. daddmi, % In no way allied to L. dies.

8co/it,
I give; Russ. date, to give. (-y^DO.) dawn, vb. (Scand.) M..Y.. dawnen;
Brugm. i. "" 167,168. from the older sb. daw7iing. ^wed. Dan. "

Date (2).fruit of
palm. (F. L." the
dagning,a dawning,dawn ; as if from a "

Gk. M.E. date. O. F. date (F. datte) verb *dag-?ia,

- to become day,from Swed. ,

also datete, a date. L. dactylum,ace. of Dan. dag, day.

" 2. We also find M. E.
dactylus.-'G^. bo.KTvXos, linger;
a also a daiven, to dawn ; from A. S. dagian,to
date (somewhat like a finger).But it is become day, dawn. A. S. dag-,base of "

probablethat baKTv\os,a date, was a word dceg, day. (Ci.fawn,vb.)

of Semitic origin, assimilated to the word Daywoman, dairy-woman. (Scand.
for finger.'
'
Cf. Aramaic diqld.a palm- and ".) In Shak. L. L. L. i. 2. 137.
tree (^seeGen. x. 27); Arab, daqal. The addition of W07}ian is needless. Day
Daub. (F. L.) M. E. dauben. - O. F. M. E. deye. O. Norw. deigja, a maid
-
; = =

danher. to plaster ; answering to an older esp. a dairymaid; see Dairy.

form "^dalber. L. dealbdre,to whiten, Daze.
"
(Scand.)M. E. ^aj-^;?, to stupefy.
plaster.L. de, down, very ; albdi-e,
" to Swed. dasa,to lie idle ; Icel. dasask, to "

whiten,from albus,white; see Alb. Cf. be wearied,lit. to daze oneself, where -sk
^\)a.v\.Jaibegar{^*dealbicdre), to plaster. is the reflexive suffix ; dasi,a lazyman ;
Der. be-daub. dasinn,lazy;Dan. dial, dase, to be idle ;
Daughter. (E.^ M. E. doghter, doh- Low G. ddsen,dosen,to be listless ; in ''n
'
ter. A. S. dohtor.-^Yiw. dochter,Dan. dat- das' sein,to be in a daze' (Berghaus).
ter,dotter, Svved. dotter,Icel. dottir, Goth. dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) From
daiihtar, G. tochier ; Russ. doche, Lith. daze; with frequent, suffix -le. Der. dazzle.
be-
dukte, Gk. Ov-yaTr^p, Pers. dukhtar, Skt.
dtihitr. Orig.sense doubtful. De- {,1'), prefix.(L.; orY. 'L^) L. de^ "

Daunt. (F. L.) M.E. daunten.""

down, away, trom, verv; hence sometimes
O. F. danter; also donter.^'L. doJ7iitdre, F. de-,de-,O. F. de-.
to tame, subdue ; frequent,
of donidre,
to He- {2),prefix.(F.-L.) F. ^^-,O. F.
tame ; see Tame. des- ; fiom L. dis- ; see Dis-.
Dauphin. dauphin, Deacon.
(F. - L.
'L. Gk.)
"

Gk.) F.
M. E. deken. -

a dolphin; see title of the A. S. diacon.

Dolphin. l^.didco/ius. ^Gk.
A diaKovos^ "

eldest son of the king of France,who took a servant,a deacon. Cf. ey-Kovioj, I am
it from the provinceof Daiiphiny (a.d. quick,(j-Kouis. a maid-servant.
'

1349','" ^^^ the provincehad formerlyhad Dead. (E.) M. E. deed A. S. dead,

several lords named Dauphin. dead.+ Du. dood, Dan. dbd, Swed. do'd,
Davit, a support for ship's boats. Icel. daudr, Goth, dauths. Teut. type
(Heb.V) Formerlyspelt
David, as if from "^dau-boz,orig.a pp. with Idg. suffix -to-
aproper name (a.d.1626). Also called (Teut. -do- from the vb. ^dau-jan-(Icel.
daviot in A. F., a dimin. of O. F. Davi, deyjd),to die. See Die (i).
David. "M.Y.deef. A.S. dea/.-^ Deaf. vE.)
Daw. (E.^ From the noise made by Du. dooj,Dan. dov, Swed. do/,Icel. datifr,
the bird H. G. tdha,a daw ; |Goth, daubs G. taiib. Orig. obfuscated ;
; cf. ca-M.-if-O.
' '
^

129
 DEAL DECAGON

allied to Gk. tik^j, smoke, darkness, small building,

c^c ; of Teut. origm ; see

sunx"r. blind.
rtv"-.\."s. Vl^HEUBH." Balk.
Deal ,i\ a share. ,li. M. E. flSrri. Debenture, acknowledgment of a

A. S. j'?/.a Du. cmJ, Dan. duS.

share. "4" debt. i^L.^ Formerly dehcftinr (Eacon\
Sw^. dfJ, Goth, liaus. G. f/sa'I. Cf. " L. dl'bf"iur, lit. '
they are due.' because
O. Slav. Ji-Ju,
a part.Brugm.i." 379 (^2^.such receiptsbegan with the w ords d^bcn-
deal ^i^, to divide, distribute. (E. iur fnjhi ^Webster'': pr. pi. pass, of
M. E. j"/^w, A.S. df/jK.-A.S. dJL a d?be^, I owe ; see Debt.
share t^above\+ Du. diden^ D.an. dM, Debilitate, v'^.) From pp. of L.
Swe^i. i^/j, Icel. dcita, Goth, dailjan, G. dtbih'tjff.to we.iken. L. debiirs,weak. " "

ih^iJm ; cf. the resj"ectivesbs. above'. '

L. uv, -iw ay, not ; -bi.'/s,
prob. allied to
Deal 3\ a thiu board. Du.^-"7. (Du.N Skt. baJa~,strength ; cf. dur-buSa- (Jot
a pl.ink.+G.dUlt\ see Thill. LiMS-baJa-^,feeble. Brugm. i. " 55,^
Dean. ^F.-L.) M. E. ^"a-0. F. Debonair. vF." M.E. d^bomre, de-
ificn ;F. tiyrw^. L. deianum, ace. " of bof:.:!'^: A. F.
dt'bonaire for dc bon
,.v.-J":/.c,
one set over ten soldiers or over aire. lit.of good stock.
a L. of;don-us,
^i", "

ten monks, a dean.

L. d^-em. ten. I good;" and O. F. tM/r. place,stock, race,
Dear. (E." M. E. dire. A. S. d?ore. a word of uncennin origin. Diez
dyre,dear, precious. +Dan. and Swed. dyr, suggests that it represents LaL aco-
dear, costly,Icel. i/Prr, dear, precious;a^rum. field.
O. Sax .
r; ; G. tht-tur.
i/Z-i i Debonch. (F." L.^ F. dcboucJur, to
dearth., scarcity.^E.) M. E. dfrthf^ uncork, to emerge from; hence, to march
deamess ; hence, dearth. Not in A. S. : ;
out of a narrow pass, " F. d^ \ O.Y dts- =
.

but formed as h^aJ-th,toarm-tk, "c-+ 1 "L. dis-^, away ; and bciuht, mouth,
Icel. jT'r5.value, from dy'rr(above'^.
; O. ; opening,from L. btucj. mouth.
Sax. diunxha value, from dsuri, dear, i Debris, broken pieces. ^F. " L. a"d
precious : O. H. G. fiurida, from iiuri I Teut.^ F. di-brL\ fragments. O. F. " di-
'

briJiVr,to break to pieces. O. F. " de-,

Death. E." lsi.^.d"eth. A.S.deaS. from L. dF, down ; and brisur '
\^.brisar)^
+Du. d.\"d, Dan. Swed.ii i/.Goth, dauihus, to break ; see Bruise.
G. tod; cf. Icel. dau^i. Teui. type *daii- Debt. ,F.-L.) A bad of
spelling
9u:^ formed \vith Idg. suffix -f"-. Tent. d"/f, M. E. dette. - O. F. dettg ^butin M. F.
-du-, from ihe base *dau- : see Dead. misspelto^-^'/^V L. d^bt'ta,a sum due; "

Debar ,F.^ F. debarrcr: O. F. ^r- fern, of d^bitus. owed, pp. of d^bc~re, to

barre^. From De- ^2' and Bar, owe. D^bh-c^de-hibere Plautus),i.e. to
Debase. ,L..and F. L.' Formed "

I have away, have on loan. L. dc-. do\Mi, "

from b:ise bv L. d^. down.

pretixing jaway ; habere, to have. Der. debi-or,
Debate.' ,F.-L. M.E. d^bafen.-. \ M. E. det-tur,from O. F. ddeiir, L. ace.
O. F. d-cbjJTf,to debare. ar^ue. " L. tf^,dibit ore m.
down ; bjxrc-n\ to beat. See Batr-er (i\ Debut ^F.-L. a"^fO.H.G." A first .

Debancb. ^F.-L. ^w^Teut.) O. F. appearance in a play. F. dSut. a first "

dcsbauchar, ^F. dJbaucher), to debosh, stroke,firstcast or throw at dice, firstplay

'

'
mar, seduce, mislead in the game of bowls : verbal sb. oidi-buter,
; Cot. Diez sup-
poses
that the
orig.sense was to M. F. d"sbuter, to put from the mark he
'
entice '

'

away from a workshop' ; it is certainly aimed at (atbowls),Cot. ; hence,to come

derived from the O. F. prefix d^s- ' L. dis-^ in first,be entitled to lead. From L, ,

away, and O. F. batuhi. explainedby dis-,from and F. but, mark. See Butt (i\ .

Roquefon as "

a little house.' and by Cot- Decade. cF. "

L. " Gk.^i F. decade, -a
*'
grave as a course of stones or bricks decade.' Cot. ; i.e. an aggregate of ten. "

m building.'Cf. M. F. embaucktr, to use L. de'sad-em,

ace of de^\is. " Gk. beaada,
in business, employ,esbaucher, to rough- ace. of SfKos, a company of ten. " Gk.
hew, frame. Godefroy gives desbaucfur Sexa, ten ; see Ten.
onlyin the sense of ' rough-hew.'but his decagon. Gk.'' Named from its ten
Supp. adds from one's service, angles. Gk. Se/ra. ten;
"
"
detach -)aT-ta, a comer, "

turn aside, distract.' The orig.se^se of ar.gie.allied to 7^11'. knee ; see Knee.
bauchi was prob. 'balk.' i.e. beam, hence Der. h^nJ^ca-gcn (ivb^Ka,eleven); dodeca-
frame of a building,course in buiidine. "vn \h(uh"Ko^
twelve).
30
 DECAHEDRON DECOLLATION

decahedron. Gk.; Xanaed from its decem. ten see Ten^ ; ar.d uir, a man

ten ii'i^i vr osjies " Gi-r.3""a. ten : !?-;", ::ee Virile .

a from "C'''Amu
bas^,lit. .="at,' '
for l^^ofuu ,
Decennial, h-e'.'.nihn::;
to ten year*.
I si' ; ;-ee Sit. Der, do-deca-hedron ^Gk. X L ro- d-i-iiKK-'-i:.fji *en years ;
cf. ii-enntzi .
" L- aic-crn, t.n; annuz, a

decalogue. 'F. " L. " Gk-" Y. deca-

logue, 1 ^2.r.
"l.. diialcgum,
zee. oi d^calogu:.^ Decent. F.-L. O. F. "fe^w/. " L.
Gk. OiKaXoy(/i,the ten commandment*." decentem. ace of pres. pt. of decere,to
Gk, 5"iea,ten ; A^oi, a speech,saying; oecome, befit; cf. decus. honour.
see Logic. deception. Deception. F. " L. O. f
decasyllabic, ha\Tng d"upturnem.^\.. deceptus, pp. ten syllables. " L a.,

^Gk. fjK. ce.-ci. frn ; "TvkXa07i, of decipere,

a syllable. to deceive ; see Deceive.
Der. hke'iUJUca.yllabic (Gk. cro""a, ele^'en Decide. Y. L., ". decider. L. de- .. " "

Decadence, "^^ecay. F. L.y Y.ddca- cidere. pp. decisus,to cut ofr'^ cecide.
" L. "

deny.e. " Me'^:. L. decadentia. " L, ^, down; "^, down; and ccBdere. to cut, Der. d^-
; see Cadence.
ccukntia,a failing cis-ion from pp. dectzus,.
Decamp, to depart. iF "
L.; L, "/if- Decidnons, falling off. fL.; L. /"3f-
campir: O. F. dtzcamper, orig.to remove ciiu-u:. t.'.a.: fails down: with siffix -"?"x.
a carr;p L. "/z';-,
"
away: and campus, a " L. deciden. to fall down.- L. d(I?,
down;
field, iater, a camp. See De- ,2^ and ana cadere,to fill. .See Decay.
Camp. DecimaL F L. O. t. decimal.'" "

Decanal. ^L,^ Belongingto dean.

a Late L. cUcimdli:, belong ng to tithes."
" L. dicdn-u:. a dean ; with siiffix-"z/ L. L. decima. a titne ; fern, of duimus. te::th-
-a/z-' : -Vr'; Dean. Cf. L. aV-^/":.ten.
Decant. L. a^"^ Gk.;F. Y. decan-
"
ter decimate. L, rrom pp. of L. d!?-
Span. c^/z"/ar;.Med. L. decanthaT-e cimare, to select ever^ terith man.
" for
(a word of the alchemists to pour ouc pcniihment. L. decern, .
ten. " "

L. de,from : canthu:, the lip of a cap, Decipher. F. a"^/ Arab.

"
Formed
a peculiar u =e of Gk. kcu^Oos,comer of the after F. dechinrer, to decipher. F. "^-, "

eye 'Hatzfe'd .
Der. decant-er. a \^Tne- O F. de:-. L. i/zh-, apait ; Cipher, q. v.
ve~s"ri. Deck, to cover. Du. Lm. dekketi,to
Decapitate. L. From pp. of Ls.:e cover ; aV.^.a carer, a ship's deJc. Cog-
L.dicapitdre.to behead. " L. ^. off; and na:e .vitn F Thatch, q.v.
capit-,
stem o:'caput, head. Declaim. L., Formerly diclame."
Decay, to fall into rain. (F. "
L., L. dicidmdre,to cry alcnd, L. "if down. "
,

O. Nor-fi F. dey:cur Span, decaer); ant

vari- fully: cturndre, to cry ; see Claim.
of O. F. (Uckair^ decheoir. O. F, i/^-; " Declare. Y. ll. O. F declarer. "
.
"

and cheoir F. r/^"7fr, to fall. L. "^. down : " L. decldrdre. to make clear,deciare-" L.
and Foik-L. ci-iire.cadere, to fall,
variants -r".ful y : cldrus,clear.
o: L. cad"re. to fialL Declension. F." L.', O.F. eUclinai-
Decea.se. F." L.) ^^. E. di:-.:. " ::k. u-e- :,r :ae declension* of a nocn- '

de-
decittvitic,
"

OF. ^^^(?j fF. dices., death. L. :., " "

-
deciindtidnem,,
zee o:

deces:um. departnre. d eath. L. cLi:-. " :.2.rion,deciension. " L. diclindius,pp.

pp. oi decedere. to deparu L. -' " dl'.y.n-dri heiow .

cedere. to go a.vra.Y. T." L.) O.F. dediner." decline.

Deceive. ^F,' L.) A-F. .:, " : L. ii:iinare. to lean or bend aside from," :

O. F. decevdr, decevair, pres. stid;.deietve. L. ii^-, from ; -ctinare (onlyin comp. ,

to
" L. decipere,to take away, deceive. L. lean : see Incline, Iteaii \\j. "

^, away ; and cap)ere.to take, Der. tz'^- Declivity. Y."'L. F. ddclivite."

ceit.from O. F. deceit, pp. of decevHr. L. d^:l:ui:licmy ace of dicituitdSy
a

December. L, O. F, ;^F.-L.) do";vnwaTd slope. " L. dectiuis,sloping

Deccm-Wi " L. December. 'm\_,.decern,ten : downward. " L. ^, down; cuutis, a sk^ie,
as it -.
. 3.S :Jir tenth minth of the Roman See Xjean (i). hilL
year. Decoct. L. L. decoctus,pp. of ^-
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates.
c.cuert. -.0 ""oil down. L. di^ down, "

(L.) L, decem-uir. one of the d.i^:emuiri . away: .".r.ir'-r. to cook.

or ten men joinedin a com mi ssJcai. L. "
Decollation, a beheading.^F."L.)
131
 DECOMPOSE DEFEASANCE

O. F. decollation. Y.^io. L. ace. "dec oild- down ; dicdre, from dic-^to proclaim;
tidnem. From pp. of decolldre,
to behead. weak grade of die-,as
dicere,
to say. in
" L. de, off ; colluni,the neck. Deduce. (L.) L. deducere,to biing
Decompose. ^F.-L. a"^ Gk.) F. down (hence, to infer). L. de, down; "

decomposer (XVI c.); from de-,prefix, and dficere, to bring. See Duke.

composer, to compose. See Compose. deduct. (L.) Grig, to derive from.

Decorate. (L-) From pp. oidecorare, L. deduct-tts, pp. of deducere, to bring "

to adorn. L. decor- (for*decos-),

" stem of down (above).
decus,honour, ornament ; cf. L. decere, to Deed. (E.) M. E. deed. O. Merc, did,
be fit. A.S. d,"d.-\'D\x. daad, Icel. dad, Swed.
decorum. (L.) L. decorum, scemli- dad, Dan. daad, Goth, deds, G. that,
ness; neut. of decorus, seemly. L. decor-, O. H. G. tdt. Teut. type *dcediz ; Idg.
"

stem of decor,seemliness,allied to decus type *dketis ; from -y'DtiE,to place, put,

(above). Der. in-decorum. do. See Do.
Decoy, a contrivance for wild-
catching Deem. (E.) M. E, demen. A. S. de-
ducks. (F.andViw.) Coined from prov. E. man, to judge,give a doom. " A. S. dom,
coy, a decoy, by prefixingthe E. de- (F. a doom ; see Doom. Cf. Du. doejfien,
de-, L. de). E. coy is from Du. kooi,a Icel. dcsma (fordcemd),Swed. doma, Dan.
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye,older form domme, Goth, domjan, O. H. G. tuo??iian,
kouwe (Hexham) ; from L. catiea, whence Teut. type "^domjan-,
from *ddmoz, doom.
also F. and E. cage ; see Cags. ^ The profound.(E.) M. E. deep. Deep,
prefixing of de- was probablydue to con-
fusion deop. -|.Du. diep,Dan. dyb, Swed. A. S.
with M. E. coy en, to quiet; so that djup, Icel. djupr,G. tief,Goth, diups.
de-coyseemed to mean a 'quieting down.' Teut. type *deupoz ; see Dip.
Decrease. (F. L.) A. F. descrees, depth, deepness.(E.) From
"
deep;
descreis,O. K. descrois, sb., a decrease ; cf. Icel. dypd,depth,from dj'tipr,
deep.+
from descroistre,
vb., to decrease. Late L. Du. diepte ; Goth, diupitha. "

discrescere,
used for
decrescere,to L. Deer. (E.) M. E. deer, an animal.
diminish (pp decrettis).'~'L.
de, down, A. S. deor,a wild animal. +Du. dier,Dan.
away ; crescere, to grow. dyr, Swed. djnr,Icel. dyr, Goth, dius,
decrement. (L.) decrementum, G. thier. Teut. type *deuzom ; Idg.type
L.
a decrease. " L. pp. of decres-
decre-ttis, cere. *dheusom, pxoh. a.n\TCi2iV;
from *dheus-, ^

to breathe (Kluge). Brugm. i. " 539 (2).

Decree. (F.-L.) M. E. decree. Der. wilder-ness,
q. v. -

O. F, decret.-'Y^. decretu7n. \^. decretus, Deface. " (F.-L.) M. E. defacen.-

pp. of decernere, to decree, lit.to separate. O. F. desfacier, deface,disfigure.
to "

" L. de, away ; cernere, to distinguish. O. F. des- apart; face,face;

("L. dis-),
decretal. (F.-L.) O. F. decretal. see Face.
" Late L. decretdle,a decree. L decrettis. Defalcate, to
" abate, deduct. (L.)
Decrepit. (L.) L. decrepitus, less,
noise- From pp. of Late L. diffalcdre or defal-
creeping about like an old man, aged. cdre, to abate,deduct, take away. L. dif- "

" L. de, away ; crepitus, noise, allied to ( =dis-), apart, or else de, away; Late L.
crepitus, pp. of crepdre, to crackle, make falcdre, t o cut with a sickle, f rom L. falx
a noise. {stemjalc-), a sickle.

Decry, to condemn. fF. " L.) O. F. Defam.e. (F.

L.) M.E. defamen,
"

descrier,to cry down, disparage.O. " P\ O.

diffa?7ien. " F.
diffamer,to take away a

des- (L.dis-),implyingthe reversal of an man's character. L. diffdmdre,

" to spread
'
act,and here opposed to cry up
'
; crier, a bad report. L. dif-(fordis-),
"
apart;
to cry. See Cry. fdma, a report. See Fame.
Decussate, to cross at an acute angle. Default. (F.-L.) M. E, defaute.-
(L.) From pp. of L. decussdre,to cross, O. F. defaute, a default, from defaillir, to
to put into the form of an y^. l^.decus sis, fail ; imitatingfaute from faillir.See
"

a coin worth ten asses (as-es),and there-

fore De-(i) and Fault.
marked with X, i.e. ten. L. decem, Defeasance, " a rendering null. (F.-
ten ; assi-, stem o^ as, an ace ; see Ace. L.) A.F. law-term defesance, a rendering

Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. dedicd- void. O. F. defesant, defeisant, pres. part, "

ius, pp. of dedicdre, to devote. L. de, of defaire, desfaire,to render void.

" O. F. "

132
 DEGREE DELVE

graddrc,the gradus^ Delf. (Du.) Earthenware firstmade at

same. " L. de^from ;
rank. See Grade. Delft, formerly Delf,a town in S. Holland,
degree (F L.) O F degi-e, . degret,about A. D. 1 310 (Haydn). The town was
"
"
. .

a step, rank ; orig.a step dozvn (used of named from its delfox canal ; cf. Delve.
stairs). de,L. " down ; gradiis, step.
a Deliberate, carefully weighed and
Dehiscent, gaping. (L.) L. scent-,
dehi- considered. (L.) L. dellberdtiis pp. oide- ,

stem of pres. pt. of dehiscere,to libei'dre, to consult. L. de, thoroughly; "

gape open. L. de, down ; kisce?'e,

" to llb?-dre, to weigh,from libra, a balance.

gape, inceptive of hidre, to yawn ; see Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L.

Hiatus. delicdtzis, luxurious ; probably allied to
Deify, Deist ; see Deity. delicia (or delicice, pi.), pleasure,delight,
Deign. (F. L.) M. E. deigjzen.^ "and to L. dc'licere,to amuse (below).
A. F. deign-,a stem of O. F. dig}t{i)ei', to delicious. (F. L.) M..Y. delicious. "

deign. L. digndre,
"
by-form oi digndri,to O. F. delicious. Late L. deliciosus, " "

deem worthy. L. dignus, worthy. Erugm. pleasant.

" L. delicia,pleasure.L. de- " "

ii. " 66. licere,to amuse, allure. L. de, away ; "

Deity. (F.-L.) M.E. deite.~O.Y. Iacere, to entice.

deite.'-L. deitdton, ace. of deitds,deity, delight. (F. L.) Misspeltfor delite. -

Godhead. " L. O. F. deliter,

dei-,for deits^God
cf. M. E. deliten,verb. delei- ; "

diuiis,godlike. Cf. W. duw, Gael, and ter. L. delectdre ; see Delectable. "

Ir. dia, Skt. deva-,a god ; Gk. hios,Skt. Delineate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dai7ja-,divine. See Tuesday. delinedre, to sketch in outline. L. de, "

deify. (F, L.) M. E. deifyen. "

" down ; llnedre,to mark out, from linea,
'
O. F. deifier,to deifie ; Cot. Late L. '
- a line See Line.
deificdre. accountingas gods.
L. deijicus,"
L.
in duty.JL.)
Delinquent, failing
" L. dei-,for deiis,a god; and for
-Jic-, delinquent-,
stem of pres. pt.oidelinquere,
facere,
t o make. Der. due to
deificat-ion, to fail,to omit one's duty. L. de, away, "

pp. of deijicdre. from ; linquere,

to leave.
deist. i,F."L.) F, deiste. From L. Deliq.liesce,tobecome liquid.(L.)
de-US ; with suffix -ist. L. become
deltquesce?-e,io liquid.L. oi'^, "

Deject, to cast down. (L.) From L. away ; liquescere,

inceptive form of liquere,
deiectiis. pp. of deicere {deiicere), to cast See Liquid. to be wet.
down. L. de, down
"
; iacere,to throw. (L.) A coined word (with Delirious.
Delay, vb. (F.-L.) O. F. delayer,suffix -ous),from L. dellri-um, madness,
dilaier]also^^/^^r (Godefroy).It answers which is also adopted into English. L. "

in sense to L. dildtdre,to defer,delay, delirus, mad ; lit. ' going out of the
which
put off"; would properlygive O. F. furrow.' L. de, from ; and lira,a furrow. "

dileer. deferred,Cf. O. H. G. leisa,

JDtldtdre is from dildttis, G. g-leise,a track.

put off; from L. dl- (dis-), apart ; /dtus, Deliver. (F.-L.) O.F. delivrer, to
borne, pp. of tollere, sustain,bear. set free. Late L. deliberdre,to set free."
to lift, "

^ The O.F. spellingwith ai causes a to free, from liber,

L. de,from ; llberd?-e,
difficulty.
Der. O. F. delai.
delay,sb. ; free.
Delectable. (F.-L.) Late M. E. Dell, a dale. (E.) M. E. delle. A. S.
delectable.-'Y. delectable."^Y,. delectdbilis , dell,neut. ; Cart. Sax. i. 547; ii. 71.
delightful. L. delectdre, to delight;fre-
" quent,Teut. type *daljof}i ; see Dale.
of delicej-e, to allure. licious. Delta.
See De- (Gk.) Gk. UXra, the letter A ;
answeringto Heb. daleth, the name of the
chosen deputy.(L.) L. 4th letter of the alphabet orig. door of '
Delegate, a ; a

delegatus,pp. of delegdre,to depute,ap- tent.' Orig. Phoenician.) D er. deltoid.

point.a ^

"L. de, away; legdre, to depute. Delude. (L.) l^.deladere {\)T^.delusus)

See Legate. to mock at, cajole.L. de, down; ludere, "

Delete, to erase. (L.) L. deletus, pp. to play. Der. delus-ion,from the pp.
of delere, to destroy.See below. Deluge. \F.-L.) O.F. deluge.--1..
Deleterious. Late '(Gk.)
L. dele- diluuizini,a washing away. L. diliiere, "

with
teri-ns, suffix -oits. For Gk. S77A.77-to wash away. L. dl- [dis-), apart ; "

TTjpios,noxious. Gk. brjXrjTrjp,

a destroyer.Itiere,to wash, allied to Lave.
"

Gk. drjKeof^ai,
" I harm, injure. Delve, to dig. (E.) M.E. deluen.

34
 DEMAGOGUE DENOMINATE

A. S. pp. do/fen.
delfan^pt. t. dealf, -^Du. Demise, transference,
decease. (F. L.) "

delven ; M. H, G. telben. Cf. Russ. dol- O. F.

demise, des?nise,fem. of pp. of
biie,to hollow out. Biugm. i. " 521 (2). destnettre, dismiss.
to displace, " L. dltnit-
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. d^jna- tei'e ; see Dismiss.
gogue. (jk. fj-ayaryus a popularleader.
8t]"
Democracy. K F. Gk.) Formerlyde-
,
"

" Gk. 5^fx-os, people; d7a;7os, leading,mocraty (Milton).M. P\ democratie ; Cot. "

from d-y-"iv,to lead. Gk. drffioKparia,

popular government, "

Demand. (F. L.) F. demander^ to rule by the people. Gk. S-rjfxo-,

"
for Stj/xos, "

demand, require.L. deniandare,to en- trust a " also the people; and
country-district,
; in L., to demand.
late L. de, "
Kponiv, to rule. Cf. O.Ir. ddtn, a retinue.
away ; majiddre,to commission, order. Demolish. (F." L.) 0.". demoHss-,
Demarcation. to demolish."
afew(?/?",
(Span. L. "
ajid inchoative stem of
M.H.G.) brom Span, dcmarcacion
to pulldown. L. {'i^^ L. detnoliri,dlmolire, "

N.E. D.); whence also F. dimarcation. de, from ; moles,heap,mass.

" L. de, down ; and Span, tnarcar, to Demon. (L. Gk.) Y o^vc^e.x\^j dcemon. "

mark, a word of German origin ; see L. ^(^w (?/;. Gk. daifioDv,

a god,genius, " "

Marque. spirit.CI. Saiofiai, I impart.

Demean (i),to conduct ; reflex., to Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behave. \Y L.) M. E. demenen.
.
"
O. F. dcmonstrd7-e,to show fully.L. de,down, " "

demener, conduct, guide, manage.

to " fully; 77io7istrd7'e,
to show, iioxxxi/wnsti'um,
O. Y .de { L.de),down, fully; mener, to
= a portent. See Monster.
conduct,from Late L. mindre, to drive Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
cattle, from L.tniudri,
conduct, io threaten. (F. "
L.) Mod. F. d^77io7'aIise7'.'-Y.
de-,
See Menace. O. F. des {L. dis-), moral;
apart; ?7ioral,
demeanour. (F."L.) M.E.demen- with suffix -ise ( = F. for
-iser, Gk. -i^uv).
ure {XV cent.)
; a coined word, from See Moral.
M. E. to demean, behave
demeneii^ ; see Demur, vb. (F. L.) O. "
F. de7nourer,
Demean (i .
demeu7'er,to tarry ; hence, to hesitate."
Demean (2),to debase, lower. brid to delay fully L. de,fully;
(Hy- L. de7Hord7-T, "

; L. and E.) Made, like debase, 77iordri,

to delay,from 77i07-a,delay.
from the prefixDe- (i), and the adj. Demure. (F.-L.) XIV cent. Coined
7nean. See Mean (2. de- (seeDe- (i)),to M. E.
by prefixing
Demented, mad. (L.) Pp. of the old t7iure, mature, calm, demure. O. F. w"f"?' "

verb demenL-^1-.. denientdre,

to to drive (F. niur), mature. L. indturtis ; see "

out of one's mind. L. de^from; 77ient-,Mature. "

stem of mens, mind. Demy ; a spelling oide77ii-.

Demerit, ill desert. (F. L.) Also Den. ^E.) M. E. den; A. S. denn, a
"

merit, in a good sense; Cor. i. i. 276." cave, allied to deft^i,

a valley.-f-M. Du.
O. F. demerite, desert; also a fault,de-merit."
denne,a cave (Kilian).
Late L. demeritum, a fault ; from Denary, relatingto tens. (L.) L.
pp. of L. demerere, deniereri,to deserve denarius, containingten. L. dmi ( *dec- " =

(in 2i good sense).L. " de. fully;nierere, pi. by

7zi), ten ten. L. dec-e77i,
ten. Hence "

mereri, to deserve. See Merit. denier, denarius,piece

L . of ten (as-es).
Demesne. (F. L.) K.Y.demeine,
" Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. Uvlpo-v,a tree ;
also
deniene, demesne (withsilent s) ; other like,from ejSoy,
-dibrj's, form, shape.
of Domain,
spellings q. v. Denizen, a naturalised citizen,inha-
bitant.
Demi-, half. (F. -
L.) O. F. demi, P. "

L.) Formerlyflfejwj-^zw."
half. L. ace.
"
dimidiu7n, half. L. "//"-A. F. and O. F. " = deinzein also de7izeiii),
dis~,apart ; medius,middle ; see Medium. used in the Liber Albus to denote a trader
Demijohn, a kmd of large bottle. zvithin the privilege of the cityfranchise,
(F.) From F. dame-Jeanne ; cf. Span. as opposed ioforeift. Formed by adding
damajuana. Much disputed,but not of the suffix -ei/t( L. -d7iens)to O. F. dei^iz, "

Eastern origin. The F. form is right as now speltda7ts,within. L. de i7itus.from "

it stands,though often much perverted. within. L. de, from ; inttis,within,allied "

From F. da/ne Sp. dama), lady; i and to Interior.

Jeanne (Sp.Jiiana),Jane, Joan. See Denominate. vL.) From pp. of L.

N. E. D. dmomindre, to name. " L. de,down, fully
;
35
 DENOTE DEPOSITION

nojnindre,to name, from

hang down or from. L. de,down, from ;
nomin'^stem of "

nonien^ a name ; see pendere,to hang. See Pendant.

Noun.
Denote. (F.-L.) Y.ddnoter.-\..de- Depict. (L.) Formerlyused as a pp. "

noiare, to mark out. L. ^c",down ; L. depicttts, "

pp. of depingere, to depict,
notdre,to mark, from iiota,a mark. See lit. paintfully.L. de, fully; pingere,to "

Note. paint. Cf. Picture.

Benouement, the undoing: of a Depilatory, removing hair. (L.)
knot. (F. L.) ".d^no2itment, ?,h.,ixom Formed, in imitation of M. F.
"

depilatoire
dt!nouer,to undo a knot. L. dis-,apart ; (Cot.), from a L. adj.'^depildtdrius,
"
not
iiddare, to knot, from nodus, a knot. See found. L. depild-re, to pluck out hair. "
"

Node. L, de, away; pildre,to pluck away hair,

Denounce. (F. L.) O.Y .deno77cer ixovcipilus,
" hair.
L. demmtidj-e, to declare. L. de,down, Depletion. (L.) Depletion, '
" "
?i.ntxa^iY-
fully; nuntidre,to tell,from nunthis, a ing;' Blount. Formed, in imitation of
See Nuncio. Der. denunciat-
ion, repletiofz, from L. depletus,
messenger. pp. of deplere,
from
L. pp. denuncidttts. to empty. L. "
de, away; plere, to fill.
Dense. (L.) L. densus, thick.+Cjk. See Plenary.
SacriSs,
thick. Brugm. i. " 85 1. Der. co7i- Deplore. (F.-L.;^rL.) O.F. de-
dense. plorer. 'L, deplordre,to
" lament over. "

Dent ; see Dint. L. de, fully; plordre, to cry out, wail,

Dental. CL.) Formed with suffix -al weep. i. " 154.
Brugm.
(F. -al, L. -dlis) from L. dent-, stem of Deploy, open out, extend. (F."L.)
to
dens, a tooth, cognate with E. Tooth.. F. ddployer, to unroll,unfold ; O. F. des-
dentated, furnished with teeth. (L ) ploier, to unfold. L. dis-,apart; plicdre,
"

L. dentdtus, toothed. L, dent-,stem " of to fold. A doublet of Display.

dens, a tooth. Deponent, one who testifies. (L.) L.
denticle, a little
tooth. (L.) L. den- deponent-,
stem of the pres. pt. oi deponere,
ticulus. double dimin. oi dens, a tooth. to laydown, also (inlate L.) to testify."

dentifrice, tooth-powder.(P\ L.) L. de, down ; ponere, to lay. See Position. "

F. L..dentifricinm
dentifrice. "
(Pliny)." Depopulate. (E.) From pp. of L. de-
L. denti-, deck stem of dens, a tooth ; populih-e,to laywaste ; in Late L. to de-
prive
to rub,
fric-dre. Orig.to of people or inhabitants.
dentist. (F. L.) Y.dentiste. Coined "
ravage by means of multitudes. L. de, "

from L. dent-,stem of dens, a tooth. fully ; populdre,to populate,fill with

dentition. (L.) L. dentTtionem, ace. people, ixova.popuhis people; see People. ,

of dentitio,cutting of teeth. L. dentitus, Deport. (F. L.) M. F. deporter, " to -

pp. oi dentire,to cut teeth.- L. denti-, bear, endure ; se deporter, to forbear,quiet

decl. stem of dens,a tooth. oneself. L. deportdre, to carry down, re-move "

Denude, to lay bare. (L.) L. denii- ; with extended senses in Late Latin.
ddre, to make fullybare. L. de, fully;Der. deportment, O. F. deportement,be-
" haviour.
nfiddre, to lay bare, from nudus, bare. % For the varying senses, see
See Nude. F. deporter.
Denunciation ; see Denounce. Depose. (F.-L. rtwoT Gk.) O. F. ^^-
Deny. (F.-

L.) M. E. denien. M. F. poser,to displace.O. F. de- (L.de),

- from ," "

denier,earlier form deneier. Y,.denegdre,and F. poser, to place,of Gk. origin,

"
as

to deny fully.L. "

de, fully;negdre, to shown under Pose, Much confused ^f
deny. See Negation. with derivatives from 'L.pdne7'e, lo place.
Deodand, lit. a thingto be givento See below.
God. (L.) From L. deo,^2L\..oideus,God ; Deposit, vb. (F.-L.) Obs. F. de-
datidum, neut. of dandus, to be given,positer, to entrust. Med. L. depositdre, to "

from dare, to give. lay down. L. deposituvi, a thing laid "

Depart. (F. L.) O. F. departir, des- down,

" neut. of pp. of depdnei-e
; see ponent.
De-
partir,to divide,to part from. L. dis-, "

away from ; partire, to part ; see Part. deposition. (F. L.) O. F. deposi- -

Cf. L. disper tire. tio}i.-''L.ace.depositioneni,

a depositing.
Depend.(F.-L.) O. F. ^^/^"^r^,
to L. "
pp. of depdnere,
depositus, to lay
depend, hang on ; Cot. " L. dependere,
to down (above).
136
 DEPOT DESIGN

depot, a store. (F.-L.) F. depot\ Derrick, a kind of crane. (Du.) Orig.

^V-.. depositum,
O. F. depost. a thing laid the gallows; and named from a Dutch
clown (hence, stored) ; neut. of depositus, hangman ; see T. Dekker, Seven Deadly
pp. of deponere; see Deponent. Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. Du. "

Deprave. (F. L.) M. E. deprauen. Dierryk,Dirk, Diederik ; answeringto G.

" "

O. F. "Y.. deprdudre,to
depraver. make Dietrich, A. S. peodric,ruler '
of the
crooked, distort, vitiate. L. " de, fully; people.'
p?'dutis,crooked, depraved. Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
Deprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. ascetic.(Pers.) Pers. darvish, poor ; a
deprecdri,
to pray against,
pray to remove. dervish,ho professed
w poverty. Cf. Zend
" L. de, away ; precdri^ to pray. See driyu-,poor (Horn).
Precarious. Descant. (F. L.) Orig.a variation "

Depreciate. (L.) pp. of L. in a song. From

O. North F. descant [O. F. des- "

to lower
depretidre, the priceof. L. de, chant\ a kind of song. -Late L. discantus,
"

down ; pretium,price. See Precious. a refrain,kind of singing.L. dis-,apart; "

Depredate. (L.) From pp. of L. and canius, a song. See Cant (i).
to plunder. L. de, fully
deprceddri, ; prie- Descend.
" (F. L.) M. F. descendre ; -

ddri, to rob, from prceda,

prey ; see Prey. Cot. " lit.to climb down."
L. descendere,
Depress. (F. L.) O. F. depresserL. "
de, down ; scandere,to climb ; see
(Godefroy)."L. type "^depressdre
; from Scan.
L. depressus,
pp. of deprimere, press
to Describe. (L.) \..describere,ioviT\i
down. " L. de, down ; premere, to press. down, describe fully; pp. descriptiis
Deprive. (F. L.) O. F. depriver (whence description).L. de, down;
"
"

(Godefroy).Late L. deprivdre,to de-

" prive scrlbere. to write. See Scribe.
of office,degrade. L. de, fully; descry. (F.-L.) M..Y.. descry
"
en, X.o
priudre,to deprive. See Private. form of discern. " O. F. descrire,short
Depth ; see Deep. O. F. descrivre, to describe. L. describere. "

Depute. (F.-L.) M. F. deptiter;Cot. % Sense affected by O. F. descrier, to pro-

claim,
" L. depiitdre, also to impute,
to cut off, publish; from O. F. des- (L.dis-\
destine. L, de, down ; ptitdre,to cut off, and crier,
"
to cry.
orig. to cleanse. Der. depnt-y,M. F. Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
depute, one deputed,pp. of deputer. secrdre or desacrdre, to consecrate ; (with
Derange. (F. L. and O. H. G.) F. change of sense due to O.F. dessacrer,to
-

deranger,to disarrange ; formerly des- profane, from L. dis-, apart). L. de,fully ; "

rangier, "lu. dis-, apart; O. F. rangier,sacrdre,to account as sacred ; see Sacred.

rengier, to range ; see Kange. Desert (I),a waste. (F.-L.) O.F.
Dereliction, completeabandonment. desert,a wilderness. L. desej-tum, neut. "

(L.) L. ace. derelictionem, lect. of desertus, waste

completeneg- ; pp. of deserere, to
L. derelictus,
"
pp. of derelinqiiere,
to desert, abandon. L. de, away (negative); "

forsake. L. de, from ; relinquere,

" to leave serere, to join.
behind, from re-, back, and linqtcere, to Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O.F.
leave. See Relinquish. desert,fern, deserte, lit. a thingdeserved,
Deride. (L.) L. derldere,to laugh pp. of desei-vir,
to deserve ; see below.
down, laugh at; from de, down, and deserve. (F.-L.) O.Y.desej-vir.-.
ridere,to laugh. Der. derisive, from L. desertiire,
to serve fully;in Late L., to
pp. derJsus. deserve. " L. de, fully;sertnre, to serve.
Derive. (F." L.) O. F. deriver,to See Serve.
derive, also to drain. L. deriudre, to Deshabille, careless dress. (F.-L.)
"

drain off water. L. de, from ; rums,

"
a Y deshabille., undress." F. d^shabiller, to .

stream. See Rivulet. undress. Y.des (L dis-),apart,away, un- ; "

Derm, skin. (Gk.) Gk. 8"p^a,skin." habiller, to dress ; see Habiliment.

to flay;cognate with
Qik.hkpdiv, ". Tear, Desiccate, to dry up. (Lj From pp.
vb., to rend. of L.desiccdre,to drain dry. L. de,away ; "

Derogate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. (^^r^- siccdre,to dry,from siccus, dry.

gdre, to repeala law, detract
from. L. "
Desiderate ; see Desire.
de, away ; rogch-e,to ask, propose a law. Design, vb. F.
,
L.) O. F. designer,
-

See Rogation. to denote, to design. L. designdre,to"

137
 DESIRE DETAIL

denote, mark down. L. de, down; sig- to despair). -L. dS, (i)fully,
"
(2) away;
ndre, mark, from sig'num,
to sign. Der. spondere, to promise.

design-ate. Despot, a tyrant.(F.- L.-Gk.) O.F.

Desire, to longfor. (F. L.) O. F. de- despot. Med. L. despotus.Gk. SecrTroTT/y, " "
"

sirer, desirrer. L. desiderdre, to longfor, a master

"
; lit. master
'
of the house.' The
'
regret, miss. Perhaps (like considerdre) syllableSec-^Idg. *dems, of a house ;
'

allied to sidus,a star, as ifto turn the eyes cf. Skt. dani'pati-, master of the house.
from the stars, to regret,miss. The syllable ttot- is allied to Gk. 1:601%,
desiderate. (L.) l^.desjderdtus,^^. husband, Skt. pati-, lord,and to Potent.
oi desiderdre (above). Brugm. i. " 408.
Desist. (F. L.) O. F. desister,
" to Desquamation, scalingoff. (L.)
a
cease. " L. desistere,
to put away, also to From pp. of L. desqiid77idre,
to remove
desist. " L. de,away; sistere,to put, also scales. " L. de,off;squdma, a scale.
to stand from stare, to stand.
still, Dessert. (F.-L.) O.Y. \}^q
dessert,
Desk, a sloping table. (L.-Gk.) last course at dinner. " O. F. desservir,
to
M. E. in Chaucer, C. T., F. do ill service to ; also,to take away the
deske,desk;
1 128. " Med.
desca, a desk; cf. Ital. courses L.
at dinner. O. F. des-,from L. dis-, "

desco, 'a desk;' Florio. L. discum, away ; servir, from sertiire,to serve. "

ace. of discus,
a disc,table. See Disc, Destine. (F.-L.) 0.". destiner,to
Dish. ordain. L. destindre, to destine, ordain ; "

(L.)
Desolate, solitary. L. desoldtiis,allied to L. destina, a prop, support. L. "

forsaken ; pp. of desoldre,to forsake. L. de, down ; and ^standre, to cause to stand, "

de, fully; soldre,to make lonely, from derivative of stdre, to stand. Cf. Cretic
solus,alone. aravvoj, I set. Brugm. ii. " 603.
Despair Destitute.
; see (L.) L. destitutus,
Desperate. left
Despatch ; see Dispatch. alone ; pp. of destituere,to placealone. "

Desperate, hopeless.(L.) L. dispe- L. de, away ; statuere,to place, causal of

rdtus, pp. of desperdre,to lose all hope. stdre, to stand. "

L. de,from ; sperdre,to hope ; from sper-, Destroy. (F."L.) U.. E. destroien,

as in sper-es,O. Lat. pi.of spes,hope. destruien.'mO.Y destruire (^ dctruire \ . .

despair, (F.-L.) M.E. des- Ital. distruggere).

vb. mm'h. type ^desti'ugere,
peiren, desperen. O. F. despeir-, tonic for L. destruere,
" to pull down, unbuild,
stem oi desperer, to despair.L. desperdreoverthrow (pp.destructus).'-'L.
"
de,down;
(above) . struere, to pileup.
desperado, a desperate man. (Span. destruction. (F.-L.) O.F. struction
de-
" L. ) M Span, desperado.L. desperdtus,
.
L. ace.
" dest7'uctidnem ; from "

pp. oi desperdre (above). destruct-tis, pp. oi destruere (above).

Despise, to contemn. (F. L.) M.E. Desuetude, disuse. (L.) "L.desuetado,
"

despisen.'-'O. F. despis-, stem of the pres. disuse. L. distietus, pp. of desuescere, to "

part.,"c., of despire, despise.

to L. de- grow out of use, opposedto con-suescere
"
;
spicere, to look down, look down on see Custom.
(below). Der. despic-able, from L. de- Desultory, jumping from one thing
spicdrT, to look down on, allied to de- to another. (L.) L. desultorius, orig.be-
longing
spicere. to a desultor ; hence, inconstant. "

despite, spite, hatred. (F. L.) M.E. L. desultor, one who leapsdown, or from
"

despit. O.V. despit,despight,spight

"
'
;' horse to horse. L. destiltus,pp. oidesilire, "

Cot. L. despectu7n,
" ace. of despectus, to leap down. L. de, down ; salire, to "

contempt. L. despectus, pp. of despicere,

"
leap.
to despise.L. i^i?, down ; specere,to look ;
" Detach. (F.-L.^woTG.) Y. detacher,
see Species. to unfasten. F. di-=^0. F. des- (L.dis-'), "

Despoil. (F.-L.) O.".despoiner{". apart ; F. tache,a nail,tack ; see Tack.

d^pouiller), to despoil.L. despoliare, to Der. detachment.
" Cf. Attach.
plunder. L. de, fully; spoliare,
" to strip Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O, F.
of clothing, from spolium, spoil; see detail,a peece-mealing, also retaJle, or a
'

'
Spoil. selling by parcels ; Cot. O. F. detailler, "

Despond. (L.) L. desponda-e, (i)to to cut into pieces. O. F. de- (L. de-^, "

promise fully, (2) giveup, yield(hence,down

to fully ; tailler, to cut ; see Tailor.

138
 DETAIN DEVOIR

Der. detail,verb (which is from the sb. O. F. deus (F. deux),also dous,two. " L.
in E., though in F. it is the other way). of duo, two. duds,ace.
Detain. (F. L.) From a tonic stem " deuce (2),the devil. (LowG. F.- "

of O. F. detenir. L. detinere,to hold " L.) Low G. de dims ! the deuce ! (Bre- men
back ; pp. detentus. L. de,down ; tenn-e, " Worterbuch) ; G. der daus ! Orig.
to hold. Der. deiejttion (from the pp."). an exclamation on throwing the deuce or
Detect. (L.) From L. delectus, pp. two at dice,as it was a losingthrow."
of detegere, to uncover, expose. L. de, O. F. dous,two (above). "

away ; teget-e, to cover. See Tegument. Deuteronomy. (L.-Gk.) Late L.

Detention ; see Detain. deuteroftomiujH. Gk. SevTfpovufiiov,
a "

Deter. (L.) L. to frightensecond

deterj-ere, giving of the law. Gk. devTepo-s, "

from. " L. de, from; terre7-e,

to second ; vufi-os, law.
frighten.
See Terror. Devastate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) L. deter- uastd?'e, to lay waste. L. de, down ; "

gere, towipe off. L. a-?, off ; tergere,to "

uastdre, to lay waste, from adj.ziastus,
wipe. Der. deterg-ent,from the pres. pt. waste.
Deteriorate. (L.) L. deterioratus, Develop, unfold,open out. (F." to

pp. deteriordre,
oi to make d^velopper,
worse. O. F. des-" L. L. and Teut.) F,
deterior,
worse. Formed from de, away, V eloper,desvohiper. O. F. des- (L. dis-), "

from ; with comp. suffixes -ter-io7\ (So apart ; and the base velop- or volup-,which
also in-ter-ior from m.) appears also in envelope. This base repre-
sents
Determine. (F.-L.) O. F. deter-
miner. Teut. zvlap-,as in M. E, wlappen,to
'"'L,.determinare,to bound, end." wrap up ; see Lap (3),"Wrap.
\a.de,down, fully;termindre,to bound, Devest, to unclothe, (F. L,) From "

from ter7?iinus, a boundary; see Term. M.F, desvestir,to devest, "L, dis-,off;
Der. pre-determine. and uestire,to clothe. Doublet, divest.
Detest. (F.-L.) M.F. detester,
to Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. ^1?-
loathe. " L. detestd^'i,
to execrate, impre-
cate tiidre,
go out
to of the way. " L. de, from ;
evil by callingd own the gods to ness.
wit- tiia,
way.
" L. de, down ; testdrJ,to witness, devious. (L.) L. deui-us,goingout
from a witness.
testis, of the way ; with suffix -ous. L. de, "

Dethrone. (F.-L. a"^Gk.) M.F. from ; iiia,

way.
desthroner,*to unthrone;' Cot. O. F. "
Device, a plan. (F. L.) " M. E.
des~ apart; L. thronus, from
(L. dis-')^ deuise {devys,
deiiys, ^O, F.
devise). devis.
Gk. Opovos,a throne. See Throne. devise,a device,also a division, " Late L.
Detonate, explode.(L.) L. deto- dmisum, diutsa,a division; also a judg-
to ment,
ndtus, pp. of detondre,to explode. L. de, device ; orig.neut. and "fem. of
fully; tondre,to thunder. pp oi diuidere, to divide ; see Divide,

Detour, a windingway. (F. L.) F. devise, to plan. (F, L,) M.E. ^"g-
" "

detour, a circuit ; verbal sb. from F. uisen {devisen). O. F. deviser. O.F. " "

ditourner,to turn aside. F. di- (L. dis-),devis or devise, sb. (above).

"

aside,apart ; tourner, to \.ViXn. See Turn. Devil. (,L.-Gk.) K.'6. deoful,

deofol.
Detraction. (F.-L.) O. F. tion. detrac- " L. diabohis. " GV.. Sid^okos,the slan-
derer,
^-Y^. detractiotiem,
ace. oi detractio, the devil. Gk. " to throw
SmjSdAAeiv,
a withdrawal ; hence a taking away of across, traduce, slander. Gk. Std,through, "

one's credit. L. detractiis,pp. of detra- across;

" iSdWai',to throw; see Belemnite.
here, to take away, also to disparage. " Devious ; see Deviate.
L. de, away ; trahere, to draw. See Devise ; Device.
see
Trace (i). Devoid, quitevoid. (F. "
L.) M. E.
Detriment. (F. L.) O. F. detriment. deuoid ; due to deuoided, pp. of deuoiden
"

" L. detrunenttim, loss ; lit. a rubbing {devoiden), to empty.'

O.F. desvuidier, "

away.' L. detri-tus,
"
pp. of deterere, to desvoidier, to empty out. O. F. des- "

rub down; with suffix -mentum.'^l^. de, (L. dis-) ; voidier,t o empty, from voide,
down to rub.
; tei'ere, See Trite. vuide,adj.empty; see Void.
Detrnde. (L.) L. detrudere, to thrust Devoir, duty. (F.-L.) M.E. deuoir.
down. L. de, down; t?'udere,
" to thrust. M.F. devoir, O. F. deveir,to owe ; "

Deuce (i),a two, at cards. (F. L.) used as a sb. L. debere, to owe ; see Debt.
" "

139
 DEVOLVE DIAPASON

Devolve. (L-) L. dnwluere, to roll Gk. SiaKpivdv,

to separate."-
down, bring or transfer to. L. de, down

tinctiv
"
; Gk. 5ia,apart; Kpiveiv, to judge.
uoluere,to roll. % A frequentold sense Diadem, a fillet,crown. (F. L. -
"
Gk.)
of devolve was
'
to transfer.' Der. ion,
devolut- M. E. and O. F, diademe. L. diadema. " "

the pp. devolutus.

from Gk. diddrjfxa,
a fillet. Gk. Sm, apart, "

Devote, vb. (L.) L. deuotus, pp. of across; Se-w,I bind,allied to Skt. da, io
deuoue7'e,to devote, vow "L.
fully. de, bind (whence^(7wa", a garland). (y'DE.)
fully
; uouere, to vow. See Vote. Brugm. ii. " 707.
Devour. (F. L.) O.F. devorer (ip. "
Diaeresis, a mark (') of separation.
s. pr. devoure). \-..deuordre,to consume,
" (L. Gk.) L. dicere sis.'^QV. dtaipeais,
"
a

eat up. L. de, fully

"
; uordre, to gulp dividing.Gk. 5i-d,
apart ; dlpeais,
a taking, "

down. See Voracity. from alpeiv, to take.

Devout. (F. L.) yi.Y.. deuot {devof) ,
"

Diagnosis, scientific determination of

also spelt
devoute. O.F. devot,devoted. a disease. (Gk.) Gk.
"
didyvojais, a tinguishin
dis- "

L. deuotus,pp. of denouere ; see Devote. "Gk. Sid,between; yvivais,

Dew. (E.) M. E. deu, dew. A. S. enquiry, from yvuuai, to know.
deaxv,dew.-f-Du. dauw, Icel. d'6^ (i^en. Diagonal.(F.-L.-Gk.) F, diagonal.
doggvar), Dan. dug, Swed. dagg,G. thau. L. diagondlis, running from corner to "

Teut. type *dauwo-. Perhapsallied to Skt. corner. Gk. Sia'^ojvios (the same). Gk. " "

dkdv, to run, flow ; Gk. OUlv,to run. 5ta,through,between ; yojvia, an angle,

Dexter. (L.) L. dexter, on the right bend, allied to yovv, knee; see Knee.
hand side, right. + Gk. 5f "toy,right,Skt. Diagram. (L. Gk.) L. diagramma, "

dakshina-,on the rightor south, Goth. a scale, gamut (hence,sketch, plan). Gk. "

taihswa, right hand, W. dehen, right, hid'ypap.p.a, a figure, plan, gamut. Gk. "

southern,Gael, and Irish deas (thesame). 5iaypd(p(iv, to mark out by lines, describe.
'
The Skt. dakshina- is orig. clever ; cf. Gk, did, '
through; ypAipnv, to write. "

Skt. daksha-, able,daksh, to be strong. Dial. (L.) M E. dial. Med L. didlis, .

-
.

Dey a governor of Algiers.(F. Turk .) relating

,
to a day ; hence a plate " for shew-
ing
F. ^^y. Turk, "
ddi, a maternal uncle; the time of day. L. dies, day. Brugm. "

afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain. i. "_223.

Dhow, a slave ship(?). Mod. Arab. Dialect, a variety of a language.(F.-
ddo, but not an Arab, word (Yule).Orig. L.-Gk.) F. dialecte. L. dialectus, f. " "

languageunknown. Gk. did\(KTOs, {., discourse,language,

Di- (i), prefix;apart. (L.) L. dJ-, dialect. Gk. diaXeyoixai, I discourse. " "

shorter form of dis- ; see Dis-. Gk. did,between ; \iyeiv, to speak.

Di- (2),prefix;twice, double. (Gk.) dialogue, a discourse. (F. L. Gk.) " "

Gk. hi- (for5is), twice. + L. bis,bi- ; Skt. F. dialogue.L. dialogum,ace. oidialogus. "

dvis,dvi-. Allied to Two. Gk. SiaA.070?, a conversation. Gk. bia- " "

Dia-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. 5m, through, Xiyofxai^I discourse (above).

between,apart ; allied to Di- (2, and to Diameter, the line measuring the
Two. % In nearly all words beginning breadth across or thickness through. [ F.
with dia-,except dial,diamond, diary. L. Gk.) Mid, F. dia?netre,'a dia- meter " "

'

Diaibetes,a disease accompaniedwith ; Cot. L. diatnetros. Gk. hid- " "

excessive dischargeof urine. (Gk.) Gk. ^"Tpos, f. Gk. Sid,through; fxirpov, a "

Sia^TjTTjs,a pair of compasses, a siphon, measure ; cf. f^erpuu^ to measure.

diabetes. Gk. dia^aiveiv,
" to stand with Diamond. (F,-L,-Gk.) M.Y^.dia-
the legsapart (likecompasses or a siphon).viant."0.". diaiiiant,altered form of
" Gk. Slo,,apart; liaivav,to go; see adamant ; so also Ital. Span, diamante,
Come. G. diamant, demant. See Adamant.
Diabolical. (L. Gk.)
"
\^.diabolic -us, Diapason, a whole octave, harmony.
devilish. " Gk. devilish.
dia^oXiicus, Gk. " (L. Gk.) L. diapason,an octave, con-
" cord

the devil ;
5ja/3oAo?, see Devil. of a note with its octave. " Gk. hia-
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon. Tidawv,concord of firstand last notes of an
'
(F.-L.-Gk.) F. diaconal. ^ Late L. octave, lit. 'through all the notes. Gk. "

didcondlis from L. didconiis,

a deacon ; bid,through; Ttdawv,gen. pi. fem. of Tray,
,

see Deacon. all (xopdcvv beingunderstood) ; see Pan-,

Diacritic. (Gk.) Gk. dis- prefix.
SiaKpiTiKos,
140
 DIFFER DIMITY
' '
find di(zta used to mean a day's
journey ; to From
ruin. pp. of L. dtla- (L.)

ings,
' ' '
and dieta for a day'swork and a daily piddre,to like stones. L. di- (for
scatter "

'
office or duty ; Ducange. dis-^,
apart ; lapid-,
stem oi lapis,a stone.
Differ. CF. L.) - M. F. L.
differer. - Dilate. (F.-L.) O. F. dilater,to
differre, carry apart,
to dif- widen. to differ
L. dildtare, to "widen. L. L. di- " "

(fordis-), apart ; ferre, to bear. Cf. Defei\ (fordis-), apart; ldtns,\)xo2,^. See tude.
Lati-
Difficulty.(F.-L.) W.^. difficult ee. Der. dilat-ory, A. F. dilatorie.
" O. F. dlfflcnIte.'-'L. difficultdtem, ace. Dilemma, a perplexity. (L. Gk.) L, "

of difficultas (.for '^difficiliias,VikQ /aai/tasdilemma.'^ G\i. dikTjfifia. a double tion,

proposi-
for_/a"7?Va/, difficulty. L. difficilis, hard. or argument in which one
" is caught
" L. dif-(fordis-)apart ; facilis, easy ; between
,
two difficulties.Gk. 5i-,twice, "

see Facile. double ; \Tj/j.fxa, an assumption,premiss.

Diffident. (L.) L. diffident'^ stem of See Lemma.
diffidenSy pres. pt. of difftdere, to distrust. Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts,
^ L. dif\ t//^-), =
apart ; fldere, to trust, (Ital."L.) Ital. dilettante, lit. 'delight-
ing
allied tojides, faith. See Faith. in.' Ital, dilettare, to delight.L, " "

Diffuse. ^L-) L- diffusus, pp. oidif- deleddre, to delight ; see Delectable.

fuiidere, to shed abroad. L. ^z/"- {=dis-)^ Diligent, industrious. (F.-L.) O.F.
"

apart ; fundere,to pour ; see Fuse (i). diligent. L. diligent-, stem of dJligens, "

Dig. (F. Du.) "

F. digtier, to make a lit.
careful,diligent, loving (fond); pres.
dike. F. digue,a dike.
" Flem. and Du. pt. of dlligere, to love, select,
" lit.choose
a dike; see
flfz/'^, Dike. between. L. di- ( dis-), apart legere,
; to " =

Digest, to assimilate food. (L.) M. E. choose. See Legend.

digest,used as a pp. = M. E. dille. A. S.
digested.L. dtges- Dill, a plant.(E.)
"

pp. of digerere,
tiis, to rate, dile.^Du. dille,
carry apart, sepa- Dan. dild,Swed. dill,G.
dissolve,digest. L. di- (fordis-), dille,O. H. G. tilli.
"
dill,^
apart ; gerere, to carry. Dilute. (L.) 'L.diliitns.-pp.oidTluer
Dight, adorned. away, also to mix with water.
(L.) Dight as L. a pp. is to wash "

short for the obs. xQxhdight,di- ffor dis-),

from
dighted, apart ; luere,to wash.
pare. Dim.
to arrange, prepare, M. E. dikten,to pre- (E.) M. E. dim. A. S. dim, dark.
A.S. dihtan,to set in order,arrange ; "4-Icel. dimmr, dim ; M. Dan. dim. Cf.
borrowed from L. dictdre,to dictate, pre-
scribe M. H. G. timmer, dim ; Swed. dimma, a

; see Dictate. fog,haze ; O. Irish deim, dark.

(L.)
figure.
Digit, a finger, L.,digitus^ Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.^
a finger; hence a from countingon
figure, L.) F. dime, O. F. disme^ tenth. L. "

the fingers. decinia,a tithe ; fern, of L. decimus, tenth,

Dignity. (F. L.) M. E. dignitee. allied to decem, ten. See Ten.
" "

O. F. digizetc.L. dignitatem,ace. of Dimension.

" (F. L.) O.Y. dimen-
sion." "

worthiness.
dignitds, " L. ^/^wwj,worthy. dimensionem, a measuring.
\^. ace.
Brugm. i. ^ 762 (3). " L. dimensus, pp. of dimetirl,
to measure

dignify. (F.-L.) O.Y.digniJier.^ off. " L. di' (fordis-^,

apart; metiri, to
Med. make
L. digniJicare,\.o worthy. " L. measure. See Measure.
digni; for digmis, worthy ; -Jicdre, for (F.-L.") Coined Diminish, to lessen.
facere,
to make. from L. dl- { dis-),a part,and E. minish', "

lit. aside. ^L.) L. in imitation of L. dlminnere,to diminish

Digress, to step
pp. of digredl,
dig}'essus, to go aside. L. (below). See Minish. "

di- (fordis-),apart ; gradi,to go. See diminution. fF. L.) F. diminu-

tion." "

Grade. diminutidne7n, diminution.

\^. ace.

a trench,
Dike, trench and embankment, "p-L. diminUtus, pp. of diminuere, to
bank. (E.) M. E. dik. A. S. die,masc. lessen. L. di- ( c/2,y-),
"
apart; minnere, =

-f-Du. dijk,Icel. diki, Dan. dige,Swed. to lessen. See Minute.

dike,G. teich,pond,tank. Der. dig,q. v. Dimissory, giving leave to depart.
See Ditch. (L.) L. dimissorius,giving leave to go
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of L. before another judge. L. dimisstiSypp. of "

dilacerdre,to tear apart. L. di- (fordis-),dimittere. to send away. " dis-)^

L. di- (for "

lacerdre, to tear. See Lacerate. away; miftere,to send.

apart ;
Dilapidate, to pulldown stoae build- Dimity, a white stuff.(Ital L." Gk.) "

142
 DIMPLE DIRGE

Ital.dimito a kind
i^X.dimiti), '
of course Icel. dyntr,a dint,dynta,to dint ; Swed.
cotton or flanell ; ' Florio. " Late L. di7ni- dial, dunt, a stroke,dunta,to strike.
tum (pL dimitd),silk woven witli two Diocese. (F'. L. Gk.) M. E. dio-
"
"

threads. " Gk. made

difxiro^, with a double cise.'-O.V diocise (F. dioche).^!^.
.
dioe-
thread, Gk. "
Si-,double ; jjlltos,a thread cesis. Gk.
" administration,
hiOLK-qcns, a

of the woof. province,diocese. Gk. dioixfou,I keep "

Dimple, a small hollow. (E. ?) M. E. house,govern. Gk. di- (forSid , through-

"
out
dympidl. Perhaps from a base *diimp-, I dwell,occupy, from oikos, a
; oiK"Q},
allied to dip. Cf. Dan. dial, diifup, a house ; see Wick, a town.
hollow in a field ; dybbel,
a pool, a hollow Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
in the upper lip(Moll)ech); Du. doinpelen, of light.(Gk.) Gk. ra SiOTTTpi/rci,
dioptrics.
to dive; G. diimpfel, M. H. G. tiimpfcl. Gk. SiOTiTpiK6s, relating to the Siovrpa, "

O. H. Cr. tiunphilo, a deep pool. Also an opticalinstrument for takingheights,

Lith. dubus, hollow ; dubti,to be holl jvv "c. Gk. Si-d,through; base *on- (fut. "

(pres.t. dumb-u). see; -rpa, fern, instrumentaloipofxai),

to
Din, M. E. dine, dune.
clamour. suffix. See Optics.
(E.)
A. S. dyne, dyn\ dynnan, to resound. -4- Diorama, a scene seen througha small
Icel. dynr, Swed. dan, Dan. don^ noise ; opening.(Gk.) Gk. Si- (forSid), through;
d Ava fii- a. din,dhvan, opafj-a, a sight,
Skt. dhzmi-,Toaiing, from updoj. I see.
,
to resound. Dip, to plunge,immerge. (E.) M. E.
Bine. (F.-L.) M. E. dinen.^O, F. dippen. A. S. dyppan, later dippan; for
disner,F. diner, to dine. Late " L. *dis- *diip-jan, causal form from the base dup-,
iundre, short for *disieifinare, to break weak gradeof deup-, as seen in A. S. deop,
one's fast. L. dis- ; ieiilndre,
" from
to fast, deep ; see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe,to dip.
ieivnus, fasting.(Romania, viii.95.) Diphtheria. (Gk.) From Gk. 5t"J)-
dinner. (F. L.) ^\.".. diner; from " leather
Bi:po., ; from the leathery
nature of
O. F. disner,to dine ; the infinitivemood the false membrane formed in the disease.
beingused as a sb. Cf. Gk, Se^pfiv, to make supple.
Ding*, to throw violently, beat. (E.?) Diphthong, a union of two vowel-
M. E, dingen, pt. t. dang, jjp. dungen ; as sounds in one syllable.(F. " L. "
Gk.)
a strong verbthough not found in A. S. Formerly dipthong(BenJonson). ]\L F.
; "

Cf. Icel. dengia,Dan. dcenge,'"^"A.ddnga, diptJwngue.L. ace. diphthongjim, i. G. " "

to bang; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan. wiih two

SiipOoyyos, sounds. Gk. 8t- (for "

dinge,to blunt an edge by beatingon it ; 5(5), sound,from (pOeyyo-

double; (pOuj-yos,
O. H. G. tangol, a hammer. From a Teut. p.ai, I cry out.
type *denga7t-. Diploma. (L. Gk.) L. diploma,a "

Bingle, a deep dell. (E. or Scand.) document conferringa privilege. Gk. "

JvL E. dingle. Cf. diinble, in a similar S'nrXojpia, a thingfolded double ; also,a

sense. Of uncertain origin.Cf. Dimple. licence, diploma (prob. orig. folded
Dingo, the native dog of Australia. double). Gk, SnrKuos,double. Gk. Si- " "

(New S. Wales.) Ne-v S. Wales dij2go,[Sis), double ; -ttXvos,folded. Der. plomat-

di-
written teingo in 1798 (Morris). ic,from Snr\ojfj.aT-, stem of SinXajfia.
Dingy, dirty.(E.) Orig.soiled with Diptera, two-winged insects. (Gk,)
dung. Cf. A. S. dingiung (for *dyng'i'zing, From Gk. 81- {Sis), double ; itripov, a wing,
with g as/),a dunging; from dung, dung ; from the weak grade of niTOfxai, 1 fly.
so also Swed. dyngig,dungy,from dyng, Diptych, a double-folding tablet. (L.
dung ; see Dung. For the pronunciation, Gk.) Late L. pi,diptycha. Gk. Si- " "

cf. stingy(allied to sting). trrvxa, a pair of tablets ; nent. pi.of Si-

Dingy (withhard^),Dingey, a small "UTvxos, folded in two. Gk. Si- (Sis), "

boat. (Bengali.)Beng. dingy, a small double ; tttvxv, a fold,-mvacriiv, to fold.

'
boat ; it has become legitimately porated Dire.
incor- (L.) L. dims, fearful.
in the vocabularyof the British Direct, adj.(L.) L. dlrcdus, pp. of
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship'sdlrigere, to direct. L. di- (for dis-), apart; "

'
boat (Yule\ regere, to rule.
Dinner ; Dine.
see dirge. (L.) Formerly dJrige; frona
'
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M. E. dint, the firstword of the anthem Do-
dirige.
dunt ; also dent. A.S. dynt,a blow.-f minus mens,' in the officefor the dead. L. "

A-h
 DIRK DISEMBARK

diHge,direct thou (cf.

Ps. v. 8); 2 p. imper, Disconsolate. (L.) Late L. discon-
sing,oi dirigere(above). comfortless.
j-JAf/wi", L. dis-,apart; con- "

Dirk,
dagger. (,Du.?) Spelt dork
a pp. of conscldrT,
soldtiis, to console ; from
(a,d. 1602) ; also diirk. Perhapsfrom Du. con- {cum), with,soldrl, to comfort. See
dolk^ a dagger;a word of Slavonic origin. Solace.
Cf. Polish tiilich,a dagger. % Irish i/z//;r,Discord, sb. (F.-L.) O.Y.descord,
a poniard, is borrowed from E. variance ; formed
discord, from O. F. des-
Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. drit (with corder,vb.,to be at variance. L..discorddre "

sliiftedr). Icel. di-it.dirt,excrement

" of (the same'). L. discord-, stem of discors, "

birds. Cf. Icel.(^//'v/a,

to void excrement. + adj. discordant. L. dis-,apart ; cord-, "

M. Du. drete,Du. dreet,sb.,drijten, vb. stem of cor, heart.

TAb-,^prefix. (^L.) L. dis-, apart: of. Discount, verb. (F. L.) Formerly "

Gk. Si-, apart ;

Di-. Hence O. F. discompt. U. F. descompter,to reckon
see "

des-,which sometimes becomes dis- in E., back or off. O. F. des- (L. dis-), away; "

and sometimes de-, as in de-feat.The compter, to count ; see Count (2).

prefixdis- commonly expresses the re- versal Discourse. F.-L.) O. F. di scours,
of act, somewhat
an like the E. sb. " L. discttrsum. ace. of discursus,
a

verbal prefix words For most

ginning
be- running about ; also, conversation..- L.
tin-.

with this prefix,

the simpler discursus,pp. of discurrere. to run
see about.
forms. For example, for dis-abuse,see L dis-,apart ; ctirrere, to run. "

abuse ; and so on. Discover. (F. L.) M.\L. discoueren "

Disaster. (F. L.) M. F. desastre, discovcren\. O. F. descotwrir,to un-

"
cover, '
"

'
'
a disaster,misfortune ; Cot. Lit. '
ill- disclose. " O. F. des- (L. dis-),
fortune.'" O. F. des-, for L. dis-, with a apart ; couvrir,to cover. See Cover.
sinister or bad sense ; and M. F. asfre, Discreet, prudent.(F. "
L.) O. F.
a star, also destiny,
planet, fortune,
from disc?-et. L,. "
discretns,
pp. of dis-cernere,
L. astrtwi, a star. to discern ; see Discern. Der. ion.
discret-
Disburse. (F.-L. and Gk.) O. F.
desbouj-ser,
to take out of a purse. " O. F. Discrepant, differing,
(F.-L.) M.F.
des-(L. dis-),away: F. bourse,
a purse, discrepant, "h. discrepant-, stem of pres.
from Late L. bursa, Gk. ^vpaa, a skin part, of discrepare, to differ (in sound)."

(hence,a hag). See Bursar. L. dis-, apart ; crepare.to crackle, sound.

Disc, Disk, a round plate.(L. Gk.) Discriminate. (,L.) L. discrlmind- "

L. discus,a quoit,a plate. Gk. Sictkos, a pp. of discrimindre,

ties, to separate. L.
" "

quoit. Gk. 5i/f"n', cast,

" to throw. Brugm. discrimin-, stem of discrimen,a separa-
tion.
i. " 744. See Dish, Desk, Dais. L. discernere (pt.t. discre-ui), to "

Discern. (F. L.) F. discemer.^'L. distinguish.L. dis-,apart ; cernere, to

" "

discernere, determine.
to separate, L. dis-. separate. "

apart ; cernere, to separate. Cf. Con-

cern. Discursive. (L.) From L. discurs-
us,
pp. of discwrere,to run about; with
Disciple. (F.-L.^i F. ^l..
disciple. suffix -ive. See Discourse.
discipulum, ace. of discipidus, a learner. Discuss. (L.) M. E. discussed,pp.
L. discere,to
" learn ; allied to docere,to
driven away. pp. of dis-
L. discussus, "

teach ; see Docile. Der. cutere,to shake asunder ; in Late L., to

discipl-ine,
O. F. discipline, L. disciplina, learning. discuss. L. dis-,apart ; quatere,to shake. "

Disclose. (F.-L.) M. E. disclosen. Disdain, sb. (F. L.) M. E. disdeyn. "

O. F. desclos-,
"
pres. stem of desclorre,
to O. F. desdein,sb. O. F. desdegnier, to " "

unclose,open. " L. disclaudere,

to unclose. disdain. " O. F. des- apart ; degn-
(L.dis-),
L. a??,y-,
"
apart ; claudere,to close. See ier (L.digndri),to think worthy, from
Clause. worthy. ^ O. F. desdegnier
digntcs, seems

Discomfit. L.^ M. E. discomfit(F.to have been substituted for L. dedigndri,

"

(Bruce). disconfit,
" discomfited,
O. F. pp. to disdain (with prefix de-,down).
of desconfire, to discomfit,
'
vanquish,' Cot. Disease. (F.) O. F. desaise, want of
O. F. des-;and confire,
" to preserve, make ease. O. F. des- (L.dis-); aise,ease. "

ready. L. dis-,apart; and conficere,

" to Disembark. (F.) M. F. desembar-
preserve, complete,from L. con- [ciini),quer. O. F. des- (L. dis-), away ; embar- "

together, facere,to put, make. See Pact. quer, to embark ; see Embark.
144
 DISEMBOGUE DISPOSITION

Disembogue, to flow into the sea, as O. H. G. magan (G. mogen), to have

a river. (Span. L.)"
Span. dese??ibocar,
power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
to disembogue. "
Span, des- (L. dis-),esmayer, at firstused in the intrans. sense,

apart; embocar^to enter the mouth, from

faint, be discouraged, but to lack power,
em- (L. m), into,and
(L. bticca), boca
afterwards,actively, discourage.Cf.
to
mouth. Ital. smagai-e (for*dis-magare^, orig.to
Disgorge. (F.-L.) O.F. desgorger. lose courage, also to dismay (Florio).
" O.K. des- (L. dis-)^ away; gorge, the See May (i).
throat ; see Gorge. Dismiss, to send away. (F.-L.) A
Disgrace. ^F. Ital. L.) M.F. "^zV- coined word ; suggestedby F. desmettre,
" "

' '

grace."\\sX. disgrazia.^'L.. dis-yapart; pp. desmis, to displace, dismiss ; Cot.

gratia,grace. See Grace. The true L. form is dimittere, to send

Disguise, vb. (F.-L. ajid O. H. G.^ away. L. di- (fordis-),apart, away; "

O. F. desguiser, to disguise.O. F. des- mitt ere, to send. "

(L. dh-)^ apart; and gttise, guise; see Disparage, to offer indignity, to lower
Guise. Lit. to changethe guiseof.'
'
ill rank or esteem. (F.-L.) M. E. des-
Disgust, vb. (F. L.) M. F, des- F.
parage?i.^O. despaj-ager.
" O. F. des-, "

gotister,'to distaste,loath;' Cot. O. F. "

apart ; parage, rank. " L. dis-, apart ;
apart ; gousler,to taste,from
des- (L.dis-'), Late L.
pardtictimsociety,rank, equality
,

L. gustare, to taste ; see Gust (2). of rank,from L. par, equal(Diez). See

Dish, platter.(L.
a -
Gk.) M. E. Par.
disch. disc^a dish.
A. S. " L. discus,
a disparity. (F. -
L.) F. disparite
quoit,platter see Disc.
: (Montaignej.From L. dis-,apart ; and
Dishabille ; see F./arzV/,
Deshabille. equality; see Parity. Suggested
Dishevil. (F. L.) " M. F. discheveler
by L. dispar, unequal.
(Cot.),to dischevell,'
'
i.e. to disorder the Dispatch, Despatch. (Span. L) "

hair. O F. des- (L. dis-),

"
apart; chevel Formerlyspeltdis-,not ^/^j--. Span, des- "

(F.cheveu), a hair,from L. capilliu7i, ace. pachar, to dispatch,expedite.L. dis-, "

of capillus, hair away; and L. type *pactdre, to fasten, fix,

Disinterested. (F. L.) From from pactus, pp. of pangere, to fasten.
-

Dis- (2) and interested; see Interest (2). (SeeN. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spaccia7'e, to dis-
patch
Disk; see Disc. (Florio), answeringto a L. type
Dislocate, to put out of joint. (L.) '^dispactidre.
From pp. of Late L. dislocnre, to put out Dispel. (L.) L. dispellere, to drive
of place. L. dis-. apart ; locdre,to place,asunder,
" L. dis-,apart ; pellere, to drive. "

fiom loctis, place. Dispense. (F.-L.) O.F. dispenser,

Dismal. (F. L.) Orig. A. F. dis to dispense
- with. L. dispensdre,\.o weigh "

mal, unlucky days (a.D. 1256). [The out, frequent, form of dispendere, to weigh

])hrase was misunderstood, and dismal was out. L. dis-, apart ; pendere, to weigh. "

treated as an adj., with the addition of Disperse, to scatter abroad. (F. L.) "

days; and later, of other sbs.] L. dies M. F disperser. From L."

pp. dispersus,
mail,evil day". Cf. F. Lnn-di" Mon-day. ])p. of dispergere, to scatter abroad. L. "

Dismantle. (F. L.) ^\.Y. desman- " di- for dis-), apart ; spargere,to scatter.
teller^'to take a mans cloake off his backe; Display. (F.-L.) A. F. desplayer,
'

also, raze
to walls ; Cot. O. F. des- (L O. F. desploier,
- to unfold,shew. L. dis-, "

dis-"), apart ; manteler, to cloak, from apart ; plicdre, to fold. Doublet, deploy.
mantel,sb. ; see Mantis. Disport. (F.-L.) W.Y.. disporten,
Dismay, to discourage.(F. L. a7id to amuse. "O.F. se desporter,
" to amuse

O. H. G. ) O F. *desmayer,not found oneself, orig. to cease from labour : later

(exceptdis7naye, pp., in Palsgrave, p. 519). deporter, and confused with Deport. L. "

but exactlythe same as Span, desmayar dis-, away, portd7-e, carry (hence,to
to
(Port,desmaier. Ital. s??iagare), to dismay, remove oneself from or cease from labour).
terrify. The O. F. *desmayerwas early Hence sport,q. v.
supplantedby esmayer in the same sense, Dispose. (F. L. and Gk.) O. F. dis- poser, "

which only differed in substituting the to arrange. O.F. dis- (L dis-), "

prefixes- (L. ex-) for des- {L.dis-).The apart ; F. poser,to place; see Pose.
latter part {-mayer) of these words is from Disposition. (F.-L.) F. disposi-
I 45 F
 DISPUTE DISTICH

tion.^J-,. ace. dispositionem,

a settingin apart; socidre, from socius^
to associate, a
order. L. dispositiis,
"
pp. of disponere,to companion. See Sociable.
set in various i"laces,
to arrange. L. dis-, Dissolute. (L.) L. dissohltus, tious
licen- "

apart ; ponere, to place,put. ; pp. of L. dissohiere (below).

Dispute. (F.-L.) F, disputer.-l.. dissolve. (L.) L. dissohiere,
to solve,
dis-
disputdre, to argue, " L. dis-, apart ; loosen, relax. " L. dis-,apart; sol-
putdre,to think. See Putative. ziere, to loosen. See Solve. Der. dis-
Disquisition,an investigation.(L.) sohit-ion (from pp. dissolutus).
From L.
disquTsitid,a search into. L. " Dissonant.
(F. L.) M. F. disso-
nant -

disquisiftis,
pp. of disquTrere, examine.
to dissonant-, stem ; Cot.
of pres. " L.
L. dis-,apart ; qitm-ere, to seek. pt. o{ dissond7-e,
to be unlike in sound."

Disruption. (L.) From L. L. dis-,apart; sondre, to sound, from

disruptio,
diritptio,a breaking asunder. L. disriip-sontis, sound. "

tus, di}-uptiis,pp. of disrunipere, diruni- Dissuade. (F. L.) F. dissuader; "

pere, to break apart. L. dis-^dl-, apart;

" Cot. L. to persuadefrom."
dissiiddere, "

rufupere,to burst. L. dis-,apart; suddere,\.o persuade;see

Dissect. (L.) From L. dissect-us, pp. Suasion.
oi dissecd}-e,
to cut apart. L. dis-,apart ; " DistaiF. (E.) A distaff is a staff
secdre, to cut. bedizened with J^ax,ready to be spun off.
'
Dissemble. (F. L.) O. -
dystaffe,I put the flaxe upon F. dis- I dysyn a
'
(L.dis-),
apart; sernbler,
to seem, appear; ; Palsgrave. M. E. distaf, it to spynne
cf.O. F. dissi/uule"\to dissemble. L. dis-, dysestaf.A. S. distcef. The A. S. distce) "

apart,away; sitmdare, to pretend;cf. L. stands for '^dise-stcef, where staf"'E.. staff,

dissimiildre to pretendthat a thingis not.
,
and '^dise^'Low G. diesse, the bunch of
See Simulate. flax on a distaff (Bremen); also spelt dise,
Disseminate. (L.) From pp. of L. disene (Liibben) ; E. Fries, dissen. See
dissemindre,to scatter seed. " L. dis-, Dizen.
apart ; semindre,to sow, from semin-,for Distain. (F. L.) " yi.Y.. disteinen.'^
semen, seed. O. F. desteign-,
a. stem of desteindre, to
Dissent, vb. (L.) L. dissentJre (pp. distain,take away colour. O. F. des-
"

dissensiis), to differ in opinion. L. ^/i--, (L. dis-),away; and teindre,from L. "

apart ; senttre, to feel,think. Der. dis- tinga-e, to dye.

sens-io}i,from the pp. dissensus. Distant. (F.-L.) O.Y distant. ^\.. .

Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From distantem,ace. of distans,pres. pt. of

L. dissertdtio, a debate. L. dissertdtiis,distdre, to stand apart. L. dl-, apart;
" "

pp. of dissertdre, to debate ; frequent,of stJre,to stand.

disserere, to disjoin, discuss. L. dis-, Distemper (i),to derange the tem-
" perament
apart ; serere, to join. of body or mind. (F. L.) M.E. "

Dis S ever. (F L. ) .
O F dessevrer. distcmpei-en.
"
.
O. F. destemprer,to mix ;
. .
"

" Late L. dissepardre. L. dis^,apart ; whence pp. destempr^,

" immoderate, exces-
sive.

separdre.to separate. "O.F. ^^i-- (L. dis-),apart; temprer

Dissident. (L.) (^mod.F. tremper),from L. tempe^-dre,
L. dissident-,
stem to
of pres. pt. of dissidere,
to sit apart, to regulate. See Temper.
disagree.L. dis-,apart ; sedere,to sit.
"
distemper (2), a kind of painting.
Dissimilar, unlike. (F.-L.) M. F. (F. L.) O. F. destemprer,later destrem- "

dissimilaii-e.'^O.Y dis- (L. dis-),apart; per, to soake,steepe,moisten,make fluid,

'
.

and similaire, like ; see Similar. liquid,or thin,'Cot. ; the same verb as
dissimilitude, dissimulation ; above.
from L. dis-,apart, and similitude, simu-
lation. Distend. (L.) L. distendere,to stretch
apart. L. dis-,apart ; tendere,to stretch;
"

Dissipate. (L.) From pp. of L. see Tend. Der. distent-ion (from the
dissipd7'e,
to disperse. L. dis-,apart ; "
pp. distent-tis).
and O. L. siipdre,
to throw ; we find also Distich, a couplet.(L. Gk.) " L.
insipdi-e,
to throw into. Cf. Skt. kship, to distichon.
dzstichiis, " Gk. hLanxov, a coup-
let
throw. Brugm. i. " 761. (inverse); neut. of having two
SjcrTtxos,
Dissociate. (L-) From the pp. of L, rows. " Gk. Si- double; aT[x"^s,
(5i'?), a row,

dissocidre,
to separate from. L. dis- , " allied to GTiiyiiv, to go. (y'STEIGH.)
146
 DISTIL DIVIDE

Distil. (F. L.) O F. distiller. L. -

Dittany, a plant.(F. L. Gk.) M.E.
.
- - -

distilldre,destilldre,
to drop or trickle dytane. O. F. ditan, dietarn. L. dic- " "

down. L. de, down;

"
stilldre,to drop, tammivi, ace. of dictamnus. Gk. b'lK- "

a drop. See
from stilla.^ Still (2). TOfiuoi, diKTafxvov,dittany; named from
Distingtlish,to mark off. (F.-L.) Mount Dicte in Crete,where it grew.
O. F. distifiguer, ; the suffix
to distinguish Ditto. (Ital.-L.) Ital. ditto,detto,
-ish has been added by analogy, and cannot that which has been said. L. dictum, "

be accounted for in the usual way. L. neut, of pp. of dicere,to say. "

distinguere, to mark tinguishDitty. (F.-L.)

with a prick,dis- M. E. ditee.^O. F.
{\)\). di- (fordis-),dit^,a kind of poem.
distinchis).^lj. L. dictdtttm,a.
thing "

(not
apart; *stingtiere in use), to prick, dictated ; neut. of dictdtus,pp. of dictdre,
allied to Gk. orl^fiy,
to prick,and E. of
frequent, dicere ; see Dictate.
slic^,vb. See Instigate. Brugm. i. " 666. Diuretic, provokingdischarge
of urine.
distinct. (F. L.) O.F. distinct. i F. L. Gk.) M.F. diuretique
"
; Cot. L. "" " " "

L. ; pp. of dis- diureticiis.-'QtV. SiuvprjTiKos.

distinguished
distinctus, Gk. diov- "

tinguere. pUiv, to pass urine. Gk. "

hi-a, through;
Distort.(L.) L. distoiiuSfpp. of ovpov, urine ; see Urine.
to twist aside.
distoj-quere, L. dis-,
apart ; (L.) 'L.dinmdUs, daily."
" Diurnal.
to twist
iorqjia-e, ; see daily. L. dies,a day.
Torture. L. diurmis, "

Distract, vb. (L.) Yxom'L.distracttis, Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)

pp. oi distrahere, to draw apart. L. dis-, Pers. divdn, a tribunal ; Arab, daywdn, a
"

apart ; trahere, to draw; see Trace (i). royalcourt, tribunal, council of state.
Distrain. (F.-L.) O. F. destreign-,Divaricate, to fork, diverge. (L.)
a stem of destraindre, to strain, press, vex From pp. of L. dmdricdre, to spreadapart.
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods L. dl- (fordis-), ling,
stradd-
apart ; z/rfrzVz^j-, "

for debt)."L. distrijigere, to pullasunder from udrus, crooked.

(seebelow) L. dt- {dis-)apart ; stringers,Dive.
.
"
(E.) M.E. ditien,
,
dunen (u v). =

to draw tight ; see Stringent. A. S. dyfan, to immerse, weak verb ; con-

fused

distress, calamity.(F.-L.) O.F. with dufan,strong verb (pt,t. deaf,

destresse, oldest form desirece ; from a pp. dofen),to dive. + Icel. dyfa,to dip.
Folk-L. *districtia (not used),regularly Allied to Dove, Deep, Dip.
formed from L. districtus,
pp. oi distrin- didapper, a bird. (E.) Short for flfiV^J-
gere, to pullasunder (inLate L. to punish, dapper. A. S. diifedoppa,
a Cf.
pelican.
afflict)
; see Distrain. Here dapper (" A.S. doppd) means a

Distraught. (L.) A modification of dipper or diver; and div e dapper^diwe- -

distract (
distracted)
=
; from L. disti'act-tis; dipper, a reduplicated word.
see Distract. Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for
Distribute, to allot,deal out. (L.) dis-),apart; and verge, vb. See Verge
From distribut-tis pp. of L. distribuere,(2).
,

to deal out, allot separately. L. dis-, Divers, Diverse, various. "

(F.-L.)
apart ; tribuere, to assign ; see Tribute. O. F. divers, masc, diverse,fern.,
'divers,
District, a region.(F.-L.) M. F. differing;Cot. L. dinersus, various ; '
"

district. Late" L. districtus,territory orig.pp. of diuertere,to turn asunder,

wherein a lord has power to enforce justice. separate,divert (below).
" L. disiricttis, pp. of distringere ; see divert. (F. L.) yi..Y. divertir, 'to "

'
Distrain. divert, alter ; Cot. L. dine}-tere,
" to
Disturb. (F.-L.) M.E. destorhen,turn aside. " L. dl- (dis-)apart ; uertere,
,

distotirben. O. F. destorber,
to vex.
" L. to turn. " Der. divers-ion,from pp.
disturbdre,to disturb. L. dis-,apart ; ditiersus. "

tnrbdre,to disorder,
from turba,a tumult, Divest. (L.) Late L. dmestire,in
crowd. See Turbid. place of L. dmestire,to strip off clothes.
Ditch. (E.) M.E. diche; cf. A. S. " L. dl- (fordis-),apart, substituted for
dice,dat. of die,fem. [alsomasc], a dike ; L. de-, down, away ; uestii-e,to clothe,
see Dike. from uestis,clothing.See Vest.
Dithyramb, a kind of hymn. (L. Gk.) "
Divide. (L.) L. dluidere,to divide,
L. dithyrambles. ^G\i. didvpafi^os,
a hymn separate (pp. diuTsus).-'!^.di- {dis-),
in honour of Bacchus. lost verb, prob.
apart ; and '^tiide7-e,
a

^47
 DIVINE DOGMA

' '
meaning ; see "Widow.
to burdock ; Irish meacan-dogha,
separate a great bur-
dock,
(VWIDH.) Brugm. i. " 5S9, ii. 528. where ineacan means a tap-rooted
Der. divis-ion (fromthe pp.)- plant,as a carrot. Der. bur-dock.
Bivine. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^z;/;z.-O.F. Dock (3),a basin for ships.(Du.?)
devin. L.
diiiTmis^divine, god-like
"
; M, Du. docke, a harbour (whence Dan.
allied to dtuns, godlike,detis,god; see dokke, Swed. docka, G. docke) \ Du. dok.
Deity. ^ History obscure.
Divorce, sb. (F, L.) O.F. divorce. Docket, a label,ticket. (E.?) Orig.an
- -

L. duwrtiicm, a separation. L. diiiortere,abstract ; apparentlyallied to Dock (1).

"

the same as diuertere^to turn aside,sepa-

rate ^ Historyobscure.
; see Divert. Doctor, Doctrine, Document;
'
Divulge. (F. L.) "
F. divulgiier,to see Docile.
'

divulge,reveal ; Cot. L. " dhndgdre, to Dodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its

publishabroad. L. di-^for dis-,apart; " 12 angles. Formed like decagon,with
uulgdre.,to publish,from tiulgus,the Gk. twelve, instead
SdSf/ca, of Se'tfo,
ten.
people,a crowd ; see Vulgar. See Decagon.
Dizen, to deck out. (E.) To dizeti was Dodecahedron. (Gk.) Forrnedwith
dig. to furnish a distaff with flax,hence Gk. twelve, in placeoi dena,ten
5(ju5"Ka, ;
to deck out. See Distafif. Der. be-dizen. see Decahedron.
Dizzy. (E.) M.E. dysy,diisi. A. S. Dodge, to go hither and thither,to
dysig,toolish,stupid, -f-E. dusig, quibble.(E.) XVI cent. Orig. to walk Fries,
dizzy, foolish ; O. H. G. ttisic. From unsteadily, hence to go from side to side
Teut. *dics-, as in Low G. diisen, to loiter as if to escape ; perhapsallied to prov. E.
(Lubben); allied to Teut. *dils-, as in Du. dade, to walk unsteadily, Scotch daddle,
duizelen,to be dizzy. Perhaps further doddle, to waddle, dod, to jog,dodge,to
allied to A. S. dzatss, Du. drvaas,foolish jog along,dodgel,to hobble, North E.
(Franck),from Teut. stem '^dw/es-. dodder, to shake, totter, dadge, dodge,to
Do, to perform. (E.) M. E. doo7t. A. S. walk clumsily.(Verydoubtful.)
don, pt. t. dyde,pp. gedon ; the orig. sense Dodo, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port.
is 'put' or place.'+Du.doen, O. H. G. dondo, silly,
'
foolish ; the bird being of a
tuon, G. thun. Teut. stem *do-. Allied clumsy make. Said to be borrowed from
to Gk. Ti-Orj-fxi,I put, Skt. d/id,to place. Devonsh. dold,stupid, t he same as E. doli
(VDHE.) Brugm. i. " 129. (Diez). See Dolt.
Docile. (F. L.) F. doci/e. L. docilis, Doe.
"
(E.) '^l.F.doo. A.S. o'a.+Dan.
"

teachable. L. docere, to teach.

" Allied to daa. Swed. do/-, in dofhjort, a buck, may

Disciple and Didactic. be allied to G. da^nhirsch,

a buck, wherein
doctor. (F. L.) " M.E. dodoiir.^ the dam-
syllable is thoi^ghtto be borrowed
O.F. doctotir.'^'L. dodo rem, ace. oi doctor, from L. ddma, a deer ; or Celtic ; cf.Corn.
a teacher. L. docere,to teach.
"
da, a deer,Gael, damh, ox, stag.
doctrine. (F." L.) F. doctrine. " 1.. Doff, to put off clothes. (E.) Short for
doc/rina, lore, learning. " L. doctor, a do off,
i. e. put off.
don, dup. Cf.
teacher. " L. docere,to teach. Dog. (E.) M. E.
dogge. A. S. docga.
document. (F.-L.) ". document. (Du. dog, Swed. dogg, a mastiff ; Dan.
^1-,. dociiuienc'tun,
a "L.
proof. docere,to dogge, a bull-dog; Low G. dogge, F. dogne ;
teach, shew. all borrowed from E.) Der. dog,verb, to
Dock (1), to curtail. (E.?) From track,follow as a dog ; dogg-ed,sullen ;
dock,sb.,the stump of a tail,stump, cut dog-cheap,very cheap (see N. E. D.) ;
end. Cf. E. Fries, dokke, dok, a bundle, dog-zvood.
bunch (as of straw) ; Du. dok, a little Doge, a duke of Venice. (Ilal.L.)
"

bunch (of straw); Dan. dukke, a skein, Ital.

doge,prov. form of '^doce,a duke. L. "

short column, baluster ; G. docke,a skein, diic-evi,

ace. of dt{x,a leader. See Duke.
rail,plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch, wretched
Doggerel, poetry. (E.?)
stump, peg (Berghaus). M.
dogerel,Ch. C. T. 13853. Origin
E.
Dock (2), a plant.(E.) A. S. docce.-^-uncertain ; but prob. formed from dog.
M. Du. docke (as in docken hladeren,dock- Cf. dog-rime,poor verses (N. E. D.).
leaves,Hexham) ; M. Dan. a-dokka. water- Dogma, a definite tenet.
(Gk.) Gk,
dock (Kalkar). So also Gael, dogha, a 5o7/ia, an opinion(stem So7/^aT-).Gk. "
 DONKEY DOUGH

Donkey. (C.a^id E.) Double dimin. Dory, a fish; see John Dory.
with suffix -k-ey( = Lowl. Sc. -ick-ie,
(F.-L.-Gk.) as Dose.
O. F. dose, a
in koi-s~ickie, a little-littlehorse,Banffsh.), quantityof medicine given at once. "

from dtin,familiar name for a horse,from Med. L. "/i7"^. Gk. hoois,a giving. Gk. " "

its colour (Romeo, i. 4. 41); see Dun (i). dH^ojUi(stemsSo}', do-), I give. Brugm. i.
"ffSo also M. E. don-ek,piov. E. dumzock, " 167.
a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey Dot. (E.) A. S. dott,onlyin the sense
(first found in 1785)was a prov. E. word, head of a boil.' Cf. Du. dot,a littlebundle
'

which seems to have rimed with monkey of spoilt wool,"c.,goodfornothing(Sewel

(whence the spelling). Cf. Somersets. Swed. dial. doU, a littleheap,small lump;
diiimg-kee, pron. oi donkey. M. Dan. dot,a bunch ; E. Fries, dot, dotte,
Donna, (Ital.-L.) Ital. dv7ina. l.. a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dotten,
"

doj?nna, mistress,fem. of domimis^ a pp. of detta,to fall,to fall to pieces.

master. Doublet, dnenna. Dote. (E.) M.E. dotien,doten,to be
Doom, a judgment, decision. (E.) foolish (Layamon).-I- M. Du. doten, to
M. E. dom. A. S. doni,lit.a thing set or dote, mope; Du. dutteji,to doze; Icel.
decided on; from don, to set,do; see Do. dotta,to nod with sleep, M. H. Q.getotzen,
4- Swed. Dan. do?n, Icel. domr, Goth. to doze, tuzeii,to mope.
doms, O. H. G. tMom. Teut. type *ddmoz, dotage. (E.; with F. M.
suffix.) E.
a statute. Cf. Gk. Oi^is,
law
(from TiOijfu, dotage; from M. E. dot-en ; with F. suffix
I set). Der. deein. -age (L. -dticum). Cf. F. radotage, from
doomsday, domesday. (E.)A.S. radoter,to dote.
domes dceg, day of doom or judgment. dotard. (E. with F. suffix.)From
Door, a gate. (E.) M. E. dore^dure. dote,with F. suffix -ard (O. H. G. hay-t).
A. S. dor,n. ; duru,f.-f-O. Sax. dor,Goth. dotterel, a kind of plover.(E.) A
datir,G. thor,n. ; and Joel. dy7-r, f. pi,; bird easilycaught ; from dote, vb.,with
Dan. dor, Swed. dorr, Du. deur, G. thiir, suffix as in cock-erel.
f. sing.Teut. types *dnroni,n. ; "^dnres, f. Double. (F.-L.) O. F. doble,later
pi. Cf 'L.fores,Lith. durys,f. pi.; O. dotible. L. diiplus, lit.two-fold. L. du-o, - "

Xxx'^doriis, n., W. drws, m.; Russ. dver{e), two; -plus,i.e. 'folded.'

Gk. Bvpa,Skt. dvdr, f. Brugm. 1. " 462. doublet. (F.-L.) M.E. dobbelet.^
Dormant, sleeping. ( F.-L.) Y. mant,
dor- O. F. doublet,
a n inner (double)garment.
pres. pt. of dorniir,to sleep. L. F. double,double; with suffix -et.
" "

dormire, to sleep. "+"Skt. drd, to sleep ; doubloon. (F.-Span.-L.) F. dou-

Gk. hapQav^iv. blo/i. Span, doblon,a coin,the double of "

dormer-window. (F. and Scand.) a pistole. Span, doblo,double. L. dti- " "

A dormer was a sleeping-room. " O. F. pius (above).

dormeor.-'l^. dorjnitorinm
(below). doubt. (F. L.) M. E. douien. - -

dormitory. (L.) L. dormUormm, a O. F. douter. L. dubitdre, to be of two "

sleeping-chamber; neut. of dormitorius, minds ; allied to dubius, doubtful ; see

adj.,belongingto sleeping. "L. ^(3r7;iz7(?;-,
Dubious.
a sleeper.L. dormire, to sleep.
" Douceur. (F. L.) F. doticeur, lit. "

Dormouse. (F. and E.) M. E. dor- sweetness (hence,pleasantgift).L. dul- "

moHS. The prefixis perhaps short for corem, ace. oidulcor,sweetness. " L. dulcis,
North E. dorm, to doze (whence dorm- sweet. See Dulcet.
Cf. Icel.,
nioiise). Norw., and Swed. dial. Douche, a shower-bath. (F." Ital."
dorma, to doze ; all apparentlyfrom F. L.) F. douche, a shower-bath. Ital. "

dormir, to sleep; see Dormant. We find doccia,a conduit,water-pipe. Ital. docci- "

also prov. E. dorrer,a sleeper,

as if from are, to pour ; equivalentto Late Lat.
dor,to sleep. *ductidre,derivative of L. ductus, a duct ;
Dornick, a kind of cloth ; obsolete. see Duct.
(Flemish.) Named Flem. Do7'nick, Dough. from (E.) M. E. dah, dogh. A. S.
better known of Tournay ddh
by the F. (stem dag-).-|-Du. deeg, Dan. deig,
name

(Lat.Tornaais). Swed. deg,Icel. deig,Goih.daigs,a kneaded

Dorsal. (F. L.) F. dorsal, belonging lump, G. teig. The Goth, daigs is from
"

to the back. sum, daig, and stem

Late L. do7'sdlis.'-'\..dor-
" of deigan,to knead; see
the back. Dike. (VDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. " 604.
150
 DOUGHTY DRAGOON

Doughty. (E.) M. E. dohti,duhti, Dowse (3),to extinguish.The same

valiant. earlier form dyhtig,as Dowse
dohtig, A. S. (i); sense perhapssuggested
valiant. dugan, to be worth, be by dout,q. v.
" A. S. "

strong.+ Dan. dygtig, Swed. dugiig,Icel. Doxology. (L. Gk.) L. doxologia. "

dygdtcgr,G. tuchtig;variously formed from Gk. So^oKoyia,an of praise.

ascription "

the Taut, verb *dugan-. Gk. 5o^o-,for bo^a, glory, orig. a "

Douse, to immerse. (E.?) Allied to notion ; -\oyia,from \(y"iv, to speak.

M. Du. doesen,'to smite with violence' Doxy. (M. Du.) A cant term. Cf.
(Hexham). See Dowse (i). E. Fries, dimin.
doktje, of dokke,a doll.
Dout, to extinguish.(E.) Short for do Prob. introduced from the Netherlands."
out, i. e. put out. M. Du. docke,a doll. Cf. O. H. G, iocchd,
Dove, a bird. (E.) A. S. dufe,only a doll,also a term of endearment (G.
in comp. lit. a diver.
diife-doppa, A. S. docke). "

dilfan,to plunge into, -f-O. Sax. diiva, Doze. (Scand.)Swed. dial, o'wi-a,
Dan.
Goth, diibo,G. taube, a dove, lit. diver. dose,to doze,mope ; Icel. diisa,
to doze ;

[So also L. columba, a dove, is allied to M. Dan. dase, to be torpid. Allied to

Gk. AToAu/i/Sij,
a diver, sea-bird. First Dizzy.
to sea-gulls,
applied "c.] Dozen, twelve. (F.-L.) O. F. do-
dovetail, to fasten boards together.saine i^.douzaine),z.^oztn. O.Y .doze (F. "

(E.) From dove and tail; from the shape douze), twelve; with suffix -aine (L. -ena,
of the fitted ends of the board (c3)" as in cent-end).
-m\^. duodeci7n,X.vie\\Q.'^\^
DO'Wager, a widow with a jointure.dno, two ; decern,ten. See Two and Ten.
(F. L.)
" O. F. doiiagere \ from dotiage, Drab (i),a slut. (E.) Cf. Irish o'ra.^^^,
an endowment. Again douage is coined Gael, drabag,a slut; Gael, drabach, dirty;
(withsuffix -age)from F. dou-er,to endow. Irish drab, a spot,stain (allfrom E.). E.
^\^. dot are, to endow. L. dot-,stem
" of Fries, drabbe, puddle-water.Also Du.
dowry. Allied
dos, a gift, to do-mun, a drabbe,f. dregs,draff; allied to Draff.
gift,dare, to give. Der. en-doru, from Drab (2),dull lightbrown. (F.-L.)
F. en and doner. Brugm. i. " 167. The colour of undyed cloth. " F. drap,
dower, an endowment. (F. L.) "
cloth. See Drape.
M. E. doTvere.'^O. F. doaire,later douaire. Drachm ; see Dram.
" Late L. dotdrium.^^'L.. dotdre,Xoendow Draff, dregs.(E.) M. E. draf (Laya-
(above) Der. dowr-y,short for dower-y. mon).+Du. draf,hogswash,drabbe,draff;
.

Dowdy ; see Duds. Icel. draf,Swed. draf,Dan. drav,dregs;

Dowlas, a coarse linen. (Bret.)From G. trdber, pi. [Cf.Gael, and Irish drabh,
Daoulas, E. S. of Brest, Brittany.
in draff,from E.]
Down (i), soft plumage. (Scand.) Draft ; see Draught.
M. E. down, Icel. dunn, Swed.
-m dun, Drag, vb. (Scand.) M.E.draggen; a
Dan. dunn, down ; whence Du. dons. Northern form allied to Icel. draga, to
Down (2),a hill. (C.^ A. S. dim, a draw. Cf. Swed. dragg,a drag,grapnel;
hill. Irish dun, a fortified hill,fort; dragga,to drag. See Draw.
"

Gael, dun, W. din, a hill-fort. + A. S. Dragoman, an interpreter. (Span."

tiin ; see Town. Arab.)Span, dragoman ; [Late Gk. hpa-
down (3),prep, and adv. (E. and C.) yoviiavo'i], an interpreter.Arab, tar- "

A corruption of adown A. S. ofdnne^^o'S.

=
jumdft, an interpreter, translator; see
the hill, downwards. A. S. of,off ; dune, Targum.
"

dat. of dun, a hill ; see Down (2). Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon.

dune, a low sand-hill. (C.) XVIII L. ace. draconetn,from nom. "draco. ^

'
cent. F. du7te.
" M. Du. dtine (Du. Gk. hpaK(uv,
" a dragon,lit. seeing; from '

duin) ; of Celt, origin.See Down (2). his supposed sharp sight. Gk. hpaK-, "

Dowse (')" to strike in the face. weak gradeof SepKOfiai, I see. ^ Such is
(E.?) Apparentlythe same as Douse the usual account.
(above). Cf. Norw. dtls,a push, blow; dragoon. ; F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon^
M. Du. doesen,to strike, E. Fries, ddssen, a dragoon; so called because the dragoons
to strike. orig.had a dragon on their standard ; or
Dowse (2),to immerse ; see Douse. rather,because they were armed with a
Prob. the same as Dowse (i). short carbine called (inF.)dragon.
151
 DRAIN DRESS

Drain. (E.) A. S. drehnigean,dreh- to draw. + E. Fries, draulen ; Low G.

nian, to drain
away, strain off, Matt, draueln.
xxiii. 24, also speltdreahnian '
dray. (E.) A.S. drcege,
; orig. to that which is
become dry.' A. S. *dreag- Taut. drawn ; as in drcege,
" = a draw-net.
drceg-net,
*draug-, second gradeof Teut. *di'et(g-an',
-fSwed. d7-dg,
a sledge,
dray.
to be dry, Cf. Icel. draugr, a dry log. Dread, vb. (E.) A. S. *di'^dan,in
See Dry. comp. on-drdda7i,
to dread,fear.+O. Sax.

Drake, male of the duck. (L.-Gk.?) ant-di-ddnn ; O. H. G. ht-trdtan. Teut.

M. E. drake. Not found in A. S. ; cf. type *drtzda7i-.
d}-ake,
a drake, in (Bremen); Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem.
Low G.
M. Swed. drake,(i) dragon,(2)a drake, A. S. *dream,a dream; not found. [Quite
a

(3) a boy's kite. Supposed to correspond distinctfrom A.S.^r/"2w,asweet sound, har-

mony,
to the latter part of Swed. and-drake, a also joy,glee,happiness.] 4"0. Sax.
drake (aform thoughtto be borrowed from dj'dm,dream ; Du. drooni,Icel. draumr,
Low G.). Cf. Swed. afid,duck,anddrake, Dan. Swed. "/r(?"/z, G.traum. Klugesuggests
drake ; Low G. anderik, drake (Liibben) ; comparison with G. trug-bild, a phantom ;

G. ente, duck; etiterich, drake; O. H. G. if correct,the Teut. sb. was ^draiigmoz,

antrakho,a drake, p.The Swed. and, A. S. m. ; from Teut. *drang,strong grade of
ened, a duck, is cognate with L. anas Teut. *dretigan-(O. H. G. triogan,G.
(stem anat-),a duck. The M. E. drake t7-iigeti), to deceive. From the Idg. root
was suggestedby A. S. draca, a dragon, *dhrengh,whence also Skt. dj'ogha{s), a

borrowed from L. draco ; see Dragon. craftywounding; O. Pers. draiiga(Pers.

Dram, Drachm. (F. L. Gk.) durugh), a deceit,lie ; Icel. draugr, a
- -

M. F. drame, dj-achme, a dram, eighth ghost. Brugm. i. "" 681, 689.

'

part of an ounce;' Cot." L. drach?7ia.-' Dreary, Drear. (E.) z"?rar is short

Gk. hpax\ii], a handful, a drachma, used iox dreamy. M.E. drery.A. S. dreorig, sad;
' '
both as weight and coin ; cf. ^pd'yua, as orig. gory ; formed with suffix -tg from
much as one can grasp. Gk. dpcKTcrofxai,
" I A.S. dreor, gore. "A. S. dreosan,to drip.
grasp. Brugm. i. " 509. -|-Icel. dreyrigr, gory, from dreyi'i, gore ;
Drama. (L. Gk.) L. drama.
" QV. G. traurig,
" sad, orig.gory, from O. H. G.
dpdfia(stem Spafxar-), an act, a drama." tror, gore. From Teut. *dreusan-, vb.
Gk. dpdoj, I perform; cf. Lith. darau, I Dredge (i),a drag-net. (E.) North E.
make. (-y^DAR.) Der. draviat-ic (from df-eg.Answering to A. S. *drecg, *drecge
Spafxar-) ; "c. (not found),for *d7'ag-jo- ; from A. S.
drastic, effective. (Gk.) Gk. dpaa- d7-aga7i ; see Draw. And see Dregs.
TiKos, effective ; allied to dpacrreos, verbal Dredge (2),to sprinkle flour on meat.
adj.of Spdw,I perform. (F. Late L. Gk.) To dredge is to
" "

Drape, to cover with cloth. (F. L.) sprinkle, as

" in sowingdredge(M. E. drage)
F. draper, to make cloth. F. drap,cloth ; or
" mixed corn. O. F. d7-agee, mixed
"

Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin. corn ; also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.

Der. drap-er, drap-er-y ; and see drab (2). [Prov. d7-agea\ Ital.t7-eggea, a sugar-plum.]

Drastic ; see Drama. Late L. dragdta, "

drageia, a sugar-plum ;
Draw. (K.) M. E. draiven. A. S. altered form of tragc/Jiata, pi.of t7-age7na.
dragan (A. S. -aga- becomingM.E. -azve-). Gk. Tpdyrjixa, "
somethingnice to eat. "

+ Du. dragen,Icel. Swed. draga, Dan. Gk. rpd/yfiv (2 aor. irpayov'), to gnaw.

drage,Goth, dragan,G. tragen, to pull Dregs, lees. (Scand.) PI. of M. E.

along,carry. Teut. type '^dragan-, pt. t. d7-eg, mire ; we also find M. E. dregges,
'^drog. dregs. Icel. d7-egg, pi. dreggjar,dregs;
"

draught, draft. (E.) Draft is a Swed. d7-dgg,pi. dregs, lees. Cf. Gk.
phoneticspelling.M. E. draught,draht. Qpdaauv, to disturb. Distinct from L.
From A. S. drag-a7i ; with suffixed /.+ f7aces, dregs of oil;Brugm. i. " 417.
Du. dragt,a load,from dragen,to carry ; Drench, vb. (E.) M. E. dre7ichen.
Dan. drc^t; Icel. drattr,a draught of A. S. d7-e7ica7i, causal of d7-inca7i ; hence
'
fishes ; G.tracht,a load,from t?-agen. to make drink. + Du. ^r^"/^^", Icel. d7-ek-
'

drawl. of
(Du.) Frequentative(^raw; kja, Swed. drd7ika, Goth. d7-agkja7i, G.
parallelto dragglefrom drag. Introduced trd7ike7i. See Drink.
to be slow ; from dragen, Dress.
from Du. drdleft, (F.-L.) O.F. d7-esser, d7-escer^
152
 DRIBBLE DROWN

to erect,set up, dress ; answeringto a Late Droll.(F.-Du.) M. F. d7-ole, 'a plea-

sant
'
L. form *dtrectidre. " 'L. dtrectus,pp. of wag; Cot. Du. d7-ollig,odd, strange;
"

'
dtrigere,
to direct ; see Direct. M. Du. drol,*a juglar ; Hexham. haps
Per-
Dribble.(E.) Frequentative of obs. from Du. d7-oll-,
pp. stem of d7'ille72,
E. drib, drip slightly
to ; which is a to turn, wheel, whirl about ; see Drill (i).
weakened form of drip. Cf. drib-let. See Dromedary. M. E.
(F.-L.-Gk.)
Drip. So also Dan. dial, drible. dro}neda7'ie."0. F. d7-077iedai7-e
(olderform
Drift ; see Drive. *d7-07neda7'ie) Late L. d7-omadd7ius.
.
" L. "

Drill (i),to pierce,

to train soldiers. d7'ot7iad-,
stem of d7-077ias,
a dromedary. "

(Du.) Borrowed from Du. to drill,Gk. Spofxad-,

drillen, stem of dpo/j-os,
fast running.
to bore, to turn round, shake,brandish, Gk. dpafjifiv,
to run.+Skt. dra77i,\.o
run."

drill soldiers, form Drone

to (i),to hum. (E.) M..Y..dronen
arms. Allied to
M. H. G. drellen,to (pp.ge- (alsod7-otmen).Not in A. S. Cf. Icel.
turn round
drollejt),Low G. drall, twisted tight.d7y7ija,Swed. d7V7ia, Dan. d7V72e,to drone,
Teut. type *threllan- (pt. t. ^thrall), to roar, rumble, "c. Cf. Goth. d7-unjus, a

twist; cf. A. ^. pearl,strict. ^Perhaps sound, Gk. Oprjvos, a dirge; Skt. dh7-a7i,
allied to Thrill. to sound.
Drill (2),to sow corn in rows. (E.) Drone (2),a non-workingbee. (Low
The same asdrill,to trickle,which seems G.) M. E. d7-a7i. A. S. d7-dn ; which (like
to be a variant of t7-ill,
to trickle. E. Fries, drdiie) was prob.borrowed from
Drilling, a coarse cloth used for O. Sax. drmi. Cf. M. H. G. t7e7io (G.
trousers. (G. L.) Corruptedfrom G. d7'o}ine being borrowed
" from Low G.).
d)-illick,
ticking,huckaback. L. trilJc-^Teut. stems *d7-an-,*d7-eit-; cf Gk. av-
"

stem of irilix,
having three threads. L. dpijvq,a wild-bee, Opwva^ (Hesychius). "

iri-,from t7-es,three ; Itcium, a thread. % With the parallel

stems Vr^;z-,*dren-,
See Three. cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Drink. (E.) A.S. drincan,pt. t. dranc, Droop ; below.
see

pp. drzmcen.-^X^Vi.
drinken, Icel. drekka, drope, sb. ; hence Drop, sb. (E.) M. E.
Swed. dricka,Dan. dHkke, dropie7i, Goth, drigkan
d7-oppe7i,vb. A. S. dropa,sb. ; "

( drinkan) G. trinken.
=
, d7'opia7t,Teut. ^dreiikaii-.
vb. These are from the weak
Drip. (Scand.) M. E. "^;7//.?w. Dan. grade *d7'tip' (A.S. d7-op-) of the Teut.
"

dryppe, to drip ( Teut. = vb.

*drttp-jan-). *d7-eiipan- S.
(A. d7-eopa7i), to drop,
From Teut. '^driip-,weak grade of *dreii- drip.+ Du. d7'op, sb., Icel. d7-opi, Swed.
pan-, as seen in Ice), drjnpa,to drip,A. S d7'oppe, Dan. draabe, G. t7'opfe7i. See also
dreopan (obs.E. dreep),G. trie/en.Cf. Drip.
O. Ir. trticht, a dew-drop. See Drop. droop, to sink,fail. (Scand.) M. E.
Drive. (E.)M. E. driuen. A.S. dri/aji d7'otipe7i. Icel. drupa, to droop; weak "

(pt. drdf,pp d7'ifen).-\-'D\\.

t. drijven vb., allied to d7-jilpa,strong vb., to drip .
=

Icel. drifa, Swed. di-ifva,Dan. drive,Goth. Teut. '^d7'eupa7i- (whence also G. t7'iefeti) ;
dreiban,G. treiben. Teut. *d7-eiban-. see above. Cf. * I am ready to d7-op^i. e.
drift. (E.) M. E. d7-ift. Formed from I dj-oop.
weak gradeof d7-Jfait
d?-if-, ; with suffix -/. ; see Hydropsy. Dropsy
+ Du. drift, Icel. d7-ift,
Swed. Dan. d7-ift, Droshky, Drosky, a kind of carriage.
G. t7'ift.
Der. a-d7-ifton the drift; see (Russ.) Russ. d7-ozhki,
=
drojki,a low four-

A- (2). wheeled carriage(the j sounded as in

drove. (E.) M. E. d7-of.A. S. d7-d/,French). Dimin. of d/-ogi, a waggon ;
a drove. From d7-a/,2nd gradeof (/r//a".which was orig.pi. of d7-oga, a perch (of

Drivel, vb. (E.) M. E. d7'evelen. A. S. a carriage).

d7-ejlia)i, to dribble or nm at the nose. Dross. (E.) M.E. dros. A.S. d7-ds,
Cf. M. E. d7'avele7t, to drivel. From the dross,dregs; cf. also obs. E. drosen,A. S.
base draf-,as in M. E. draf,draff. See drosna, pi.,lees,dregs. + ^1- E"u. droeSy
Draff. lees (Kilian) ; Du. dregs,lees,
di'oese7?i,
Drizzle, to rain slightly. (E.) For-
merly G. d7-use7i, pi. dregs; O. H. G. trusatia,
drisel or d7-isle,
to keep on dripping.t7-tiosa7ia, husks of pressed grapes.
Frequent, form of M. E. di-esen, A. S. Drought, Drouth ; see Dry.
d7-eosa7i, to drip; see Dreary. Cf. Dan. Drove; see Drive.
d7ysse, to fall in drops; Swed. dial.d7-bsla. Drown. (Scand.)AL E. droujieii, d7-u-

153
 DROWSE, DROWZE DUCK

nen.^M. Dan. drukne, drougne,drovne, (F. L. Gk.) " " F. drupe.^1^. drupa,tan
drone, to sink,be drowned olive.
(Kalkar); Icel. over-ripe the same.
dpvTrnd, " Gk.
drukna. The -nkn- was preservedin Swed. Dry. (E.) M. E. druje. A. S. dryge,
drunkna, A. S. druncnian, to be drunk, Cf Du. droog,dry ; G. trochen,dry;
also to sink,to be drowned. See ken.
Drun-
dry log. Icel. draugr, a
(E.Bjorkman.) drought. (E.) M E. dro)te, di'ou^te;
Drowse, Dro-wze, to be sluggish.also drouthe (P.Plowman). A. S. drugaQ,
(E.) Formerly^r^z^j-^. A. S. driistan, to drought. "A. S. dritgian, to be dry ; dryge,
be sluggish ; allied to A. S, dreosan, to dry.-l-Du. droogte,drought; ixoxrx droog,
fail ; also to drip, to fall. See Dreary. dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton).
Der. drowz-y. Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L. "

Drub, to beat. (Arab.?) 'Drub, to Gk.) L. Z'^ja^-, stem oi Dryas, a wood-

beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a nymph. "Gk. hpvah-,stem of ^pvas, the
punishmentused in Turkey;' (Phillips). same. Gk. Zpv-s,a tree ; see Tree. "

Apparentlya travellers' word. Perhaps Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L. dudlis,

from Arab, darb {zarb), a beatingwith a dual. L. duo,two ; see Tvtro. "

stick ; from Arab, root daraba {zarabd) Dub, to confer knighthoodby a stroke.
,

he beat Rich. Diet. p. 952.

; (N. E. D.) (F.) M. E. dubben. A. S. dubban ; A. S.
Drudge, vb. (E.) M. E. druggen. Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba.']
A. S. *drycgean,not found ; but regularly Usuallyderived from O F. aduber,adou-
formed from drug--, weak gradeof dreogan, ber,adober, to dub a knight; a Romanic
to work, perform, endure ( Teut. "^drett- word of unknown
=
origin(Ital. addobbare,
gan-, Goth, driugan, Lowl. Sc. dree). Cf O.Span.and Vxov.adobar,O. Port, adubar),
Icel. drjug-virkr,one who works slowly ^ Diez derives adouber,conversely, from
but surely. The Gael, drtcgair, a drudge, dubban from the cognate E. Fries.
; rather,
is from E. (Low G.) dubben.
Drug. (F.) M. E. drogge,drugge. Dubious. (L.) From " L. dubiosus,
O. ". drogue,a drug. Also Ital. and Span. doubtful. L. dubiiwi, doubt; neuter of "

droga. Origin unknown ental.L. dubiiis,

; perhaps Ori- doubtful,moving in two direc-
tions.
Der. drugg-ist. "L, du-o,two. See Two.
Drugget. (F.) Vi.Y dj-oguet/^Vmdi .
Ducal. (F.-L.) F. adj.; from
^2^"ra/,
'
of stuft that's half silk,half wool ; Cot. due, a duke ; seeDuke
Dimin. of drogue, used in the sense of ducat, a coin. (F. - Ital.
L.) O. F. -

rubbish,poor stuff ; from the coarseness ducat. " Ital.ducato,a ducat,also a duchy ;
'
of the material ; cf. E. a drug in the named from L. ducdttis (duchyof Apulia)
market.' % Probably not the same word alluded to in the legend upon it ; see
as F. drogue,a drug. duchy below.
Druid, a priestof the ancient Britons. duchess. (F. L.) O. F. duchesse "

(F. L.
-
C.) - F. Druide. L. (Gauhsh) (Late - L. fem. of due, duke ; see
dticissa),
pi.Druides, Druidae (Lewis and Short). Duke.
Cf O. Irish druid. dat. and ace. of driii, duchy. (F." L.) F. "///r/z/.Late L. "

a magician, sorcerer ; Ir. draoi,druidh, ducdtuni,ace. oi duedtus, a dukedom."

Gael, druidh (whence also A. S. dry^ a L. due-, stem of dux, a duke, Also
^ff
magicia 1). O. F. duch4e, fem., as if from Late L.
Drum. (Du.") XVI cent. Imperfectly^ducifdte/n.
adaptedfrom M. Du. tromme, trommel, a Duck (i),to dive,bob the head. (E.)
drum; Low G. irujume \ Du. trom.-^ '^l."..duken,douken. Not in A. S.-fDu.
O. H. G. trumbd, trnmpd, M. H. G. duiken,to stoop, dive ; G. tauchen, to
trumme, a pipe, trumpet ; Icel. trumba, plunge,dive. Teut. type ^deukan-,pt. t.
a pipe, trumpet. [So also Ital. tromba, "^'dauk (whenceG. tauch-en) pp. *dtik-aJio-, ,

Span,iroinpa.^Of imitative origin. we have Dan.

From the weak grade duk-
Drunkard. with F.
(E. ; dukke, Swed. dyka\ to which the shorten-
suffix.) ing
From A. S. drunc-, base of pp. oi drincan, of the vowel in mod. E. duck may have
to drink ; with F. suffix -a7'd [Q. hart). been partly due.
drunken, drunk. (E.) A. S dmn duck (2), bird. (E.) M. E. doke^
'

cen, pp. of drincan, to drink. duke. Lit. diver ; the suffix -e repre-
sents
'

Drupe, a fleshyfruit containinga stone. the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.

154
 DUCK DUMPS

duce^ a duck. From the verb above. dux.^\j. dux, a leader. " L. ducere,to
'
Cf. Dan dukand, lit. diving duck ; *
lead. (VDEUK.) f The L. ace. ducem
Swed. dykfagel, diving fowl.' Der. '
would have given O F. dots, F. doix;
with
duck-l-ing, double dimin. suffix. like F. noix from nucem, croix from
Duck (3),a pet, darling.(E.) Appa-
rently crucem. (N. E. D.) Brugm. i. " 592.
the same as Duck (2). Dulcet, sweet. (F.-L.) M. F^ doticet
Duck (4),lightcanvas. (Du.) A nauti-
cal (Cot.),refashioned after L. dulcis (cf.
word. " Du.
doek, linen cloth, canvas. Ital. O.Y.
dolcetto).-- dols (F. doux),
+Dan. dug, Swed. dtik,Icel. dukr, G. sweet. L. dulcis,sweet.
"

O. H.G.
tttch, iuoh. dulcimer. (F.-Span. "
L.) Roque-
fort
Ducty (L.)
conduit-pipe.
a L. ductus, has
F. dotilcemer (undated)
; cf.
(hence,a duct). L, ductus,pp.
a leading " O. F. dotdcemele (Godefroy).Span,dulce- "

of dficere,
to lead. See Duke. tfiele,
a dulcimer ; named from its sweet
ductile. (F. " malle-
able.
L.) F. ductile, "o\\nd. "1^. dulce melos, sweet sound; see
led.
"I., ductilis. easily " L. duct-us, Melody.
pp. oi ducere (above). Dull, stupid.(E.^ M. E. dul ; cognate
Dude, an exquisite, dandy. a (G.) with Low G. dull; answeringto Teut.
From G. dude ; see Supplement. ^dul-Joz.Closely allied to AS. dol,
Dudgeon (i),resentment. Of unknown foolish,cognate with Du. dol. mad, G. toll,
origin. mad, answeringto Teut. *dul-oz. Both
Dudgeon (2),haft
dagger. (Un-
known.;
are from of
Teut. a"dul- {".^divul). weak
INI.E. dogeon,a kind of wood grade of '^dwel-an, as seen in A. S. divelan,
used for the handles of daggers. Etym. to err, to be stupid ; see Dwell. Cf. A.S.
unknown. gedzvol-god,a false god, idol ; Irish and W.

Duds, clothes. (Scand.) Jamiesonhas dall,blind. Brugm. i. " 375 (6).

dudis as well as duds; the 11 was prob. !Lulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
once long. Icel. dfidi,
swaddlingclothes ; duileasg,
" Gael, duileasg, dulse. According
duda, to wrap up. Cf. E. dowd, a woman's to Macleod, it means
'
from
water- leaf,'
cap, a slut ; dozvd-y,
ill-dressed. Ir. and Gael, duille,leaf,and uisg{e),
Due. (F.-L.) M. E. dezv, dewe.- water.
O. F. deu, voir, Dumb.
deice,fern. ; pp. of de-
ma."=c., (E.) M.E. dovib. A.S. dimib,
to owe. L, dcbere. See Devoir.
"
mule. + Du. dom, Icel. duinbr, vSwed.
Duel. (Ital.-L.) Ital. duello,a duel. dtimb,Dan. dum, Goth, dumbs, G. duvim,
" L. duelluni. a fightbetween two men O. H. G. tumb, tump, stupid. The orig,
(archaicform of L. ^^//2"w,
war). " L. du-o. sense seems to have been '
and
stupid,'
two. perhaps Goth, dumbs is allied to Goth.
duet. (Ital.-L.) Ital. duetto, music daubs, deaf; see Deaf. Der. dumm-y
for two. " Ital. due, two. {^dicmb-y).
" L. duo, two
Dueuua. (Span. L.)
Span. dueJia, "um.p (i),an ill-shapen
"
piece. (E.?)
a married lady,duenna. L. domina, lem. Frov. E. dtitnp,
" a clumsy lump, a bit ;
oi dominus, TiXox^. See Donna. dufjipy, short and thick. Probably a thing '

Duet ; see Duel. thrown down in a mass' ; see Dump (2).

Duffel, coarse woollen cloth. (Du.) dumpling, a kind of pudding. (E.?)
Du. duffel; so called from Duffel, a place A small solid ball of pudding; diimp-l-itig

near Antv\ erp. IS a double dimin. oi dump ;i).

DufEer, a stupid person. (Scand.) Dump (2), to strike, fling down.
Lowl Sc. dozvfart, formed with sufh.x -art vScand.?) Cf. Lowl. Sc. dump, to beat.
from the adj.dowf,stupid, dull ; lit.'dea .' Dan. du7npe,to plump, plunge; Norw.
" Icel. dauf-r, deaf; see Deaf, dumf"a; Swed. dial, domfa. ^wtd. dial. "

Dug, a teat. (^Scand.)Perhaps allied dump-, as in dump-id, supineof str. vb.

to Swed. ddgga. Pan dagge,to suckle dimpa, to fall down plump.
Cf. Gotli. daddjan, O. H. G. tdan, to i^umps, melancholy.(Scand.) Swed.
suckle ^ But Lt. Skt. duh, to milk. dial, dumpin, melancholy,orig. pp. of
DugOUg, a sea-cow. (Malay.) Malay di?nba, to steam, reek ; I3an. du7np,dull,
dfcyoizg, diiyong, a sea-cow. low.-f-Du. do77ip, damp, hazy, G. dump/,
Duke, a leader. (F." L.) M.E. duk." lamp, dull. Allied to Damp; cf. 'to
O. F. due, ace. formed from O. F. nom. damp one's spirits.'
155
 DUN DUTY

Dnn brown.
(i), (C.) A. S. "/";/?/,
dark. Duplicate, two-fold. (L.) L. dupH-
" Gael. ^"7"", brown; W.dwn,
Irish and catus, pp. of duplicare,
to double. " L.
dun, dusky. Celtic type '^donnos. duplic-,stem of duplex, two-fold (below).
Dun (2),to urge for payment. (Scand.) duplicity. (F.-L.) Lit. doubleness.
Said (in 1 708) to be derived from the F. dupliciti. L. ace. duplicitdtem. L. " " "

name of Joe Dun, a famous bailiffin the dtcplici-,

decl. stem oi duplex,two-fold."
time of Henry VII. But perhaps from L. dtc-o,two ; plic-are, to fold.
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. E. dunning, Durance, Duration
; see Dure.
a loud noise. " Icel. duna, to thunder ; Durbar, a hall of audience, levee.
koma einuin dytifyrir
dyr7\to make a din (Pers.) Pers. daJ-bdr,a prince'scourt,
before one's door ; Swed. dana, to make a levee; lit. 'door of admittance.' " Pers.
noise. Allied to Din. dar, door ( E. door)=
; and bar, tance,
admit-
Dunce, a stupidperson. (Scotland.) court.
From the '
phr. a Duns man,'i.e. a native Dure, to last. (F.-L.) Y. durer.-
of Dicnse, m Berwickshire. In ridicule of L.diirare,
to last. L. dilrtis,
hard,lasting.
"

the disciples Scotus,school-

of John Z)^^;^J" man, +Irish and Gael, dur, firm ; W. dur,
died A.D. 1308. ^Not to be confused steel. Cf Gk. hvvayns,force. Der. dtir-
with John Scotus Erigena,died A. D. 875. ing,orig.pres. pt. o{ dure; dur-able, "c.
Dune, a low sand-hill. (F. Du. C.) durance, captivity. -

(F.-L.) The
-

F. dune. 'M..Du. dune (Du. dtmi) ; cog-

"
nate orig.sense was longendurance of hardship.
with A. S. dtln, a down ; see O. F. durance, duration. F. durer, to "

Down (2). Brugm. i. " 112. last ; with suffix -ance ; see above.
Dung. (E.)A. S. "//^;z^.+Swed. dynga, duration. (F.-L.) 0.". duration.
dung ; Dan. dynge, a heap, mass ; G. LateL. durdtionem,ace. oidfirdtio. A "

dung. Root uncertain; it answers, in coined word ; from the pp. of L. durdre,
form, to the pp. of Ding ; as if it were to last.
'
what is thrown down or away.' Cf duress, hardship.(F.-L.) M. E.
Swed. dial. dong.(i)heap,(2) dung. duresse. " O. F. duresce. " ness.
harsh-
l^.dilrtlia,
Dungeon, Donjon. (F.-L.) M. E. "L. durus, hard, severe.
dongeon. " O.Y. donjon,the chief tower Durian, a fruit.
(Malay.) Malay du-
of a castle "Late L. doninionem, ace of rian, a fruit with
pricklyrind. Malay
a "

domnio, a dungeon-tower,chief-tower ; diiri,a thorn, prickle.

shortened from dominio, properlydomi-
nion, Dusk, dim. (Scand.)Properlyan adj.
feudal power; see Dominion. M. E. dosk, dark, dim ; deosc,the same.

Duniwassal, a Highland gentleman, Prob. a Northern form (as the sk did not
yeoman. (C.) In Sir W. Scott's Bonny become sh). Cf. A. S. dox (for*dosc),
Dundee. " Gael, duine nasal,gentleman. " Y.. flduus
translating Vocab. 239. 36."
',

Gael, duine, a (W. dyri); nasal,

man Swed. dial, duska, to drizzle ; duskug,
noble, gently (W. tichel),orig.
born misty, dim ; Norw. dusk, mist, duskregn,
'
*
exalted ; see Brugm. i. " 219 (4). fine rain. Der. dusk,sb. ; whence dusk-y,
Duodecimo. (L.) Induodeci/no^wiih. adj.
12 leaves to the sheet. L. duodecimo, abl. " Dust. (E.) A. S. dust. + Du. dtiist,
of duodecimos, twelfth; cf L. duodecim, Icel. dust, dust, Dan. dyst, meal ; G.
twelve ; see Dozen. dunst, vapour, fine dust. All from a

Duodenum, the first of the small Teut. base *dunst- (for"^dwuns-t-), the n
intestines. (L.) Late L. duodenum, so being lost except in G. Cf Skt. dhvams,
called because about T2 breadths
finger- to fall to pieces
(pp.dhvas-ta-).
long. L. diiodenl,
" twelve apiece, tive
distribu- Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G.)
form of duodecim, twelve ; see Dozen. Formerly applied to the Germans. G. "

Dup. (E.) Short for do up, i.e. liftup Deutsch, German ; lit. belongingto the
(a latch); to open a door. people; M. H. G. diut-isk, where the
Dupe,person a (F.) easily deceived. suffix -isk=^Y^. -ish, and diut is cognate
F. dupe,a dupe. The M. F. dupe meant with A.S. J)eod, Goth, thiuda,a people,
a hoopoe ; whence dupe, a dupe, because nation; Ir. tttath,a people; cf. Oscan
the bird was easilycaught. (So also Bret. touto,a city. Brugm. i. " 218.
houperik,a hoopoe,a dupe.) Perhapsof Duty. (A. F. -L.) M. E. duete[e). -

imitative origin. A. F. diiet^,

duty (O.F. has onlydevoir).
156
 EARNEST ECLECTIC

cf. O. H. G. arati^ Goth, asaits, a harvest. one who stands under droppingsfrom the
(VAS.) % Others connect it with Gk. eaves, a secret listener.
I earn.
dpvvfxaiy Ebb. (E.) M. E. ebbe. A. S. ebba,ebb
Earnest seriousness. (E.)Properly of
(i), the tide. +
Du. eb, ebbe,sb. [whence
*
a sb.,as in in earnest.' M.E. entes^, sb. Dan. ebbe,sb. and vb.,Swed. ebb,sb.].
A. S. eornosf, sb.+Du, enist^ ; G. ernst,
sb. Perhapsthe Teut. type is ^afjon-,with the
O. H. G. ermist. Teut. type *ermistiz. sense of going off ; see Off,
Earnest Ebony, a hard wood. (F. L. Gk."
(2),a pledge.(F.-L.-Gk. " "

"
Heb.) The
is added. tM.E. ernes; Heb.) Formerly^(5^;z^. M.F. ebene,
ebony. "

also spelterles^ arles. Dimin. of O. F. ~L. hebeniis,ebcnus. Gk. '4P(vos,

k^ivrj. "

arres
e)'7-es, (F. arrhes),f. pi. L. a)'rha, Heb. hovnini,pi.ebony wood; prob.a
" "

arrhabo. " G\i. appa^duu,

a pledge. Heb. non-Semitic word.
"

; from
^drdbon, security 'drab, to give Ebriety, drunkenness. (F. L.) " F.
security. ebri^t^. " 'L. ace. ebrietdtetH.'"Y,.ebrius,
Earth. (E.) M.E. ^r//^^. K.^.eoriie. drunken. IDev to makedrunken.
.inebriate,
4-Du. aarde, lce\.Jd7'S, Dan. ^Vf^d.jord, Ebullition, a boilingover. (F.-L.)
Goth, airtha, G. erde. Teut. types *erthd, O. F. ebullition. L.. s.cc. ebzilIitionem-,a "

f. Cf. Gk. epa, earth.

'^erthon-, rare word, from ebullTtus, pp. of ebulltre,
Earwig; see Ear (i). to bubble up. L. e, out; bullire, to "

Ease. M. E.
i,i*'.) ese. " O. F. (i).
aise^
ease. bujDble
; see Boil
Cf. Ital. agio,ease, Port, azo, occasion. "Carte, a game at cards. (F. L. and "

Orig.unknown. Der. dis-ease. Gk.) In this game, cards may be discarded '?

Easel. (Du. L.) Du. ezel,an ass; and exchanged; hence the name.
"
.icai'ti, "

easel. [G. esel; discarded,

also a support, a painter's pp. of ecarter,to discard. L. "

Goth, asihis.'l'^i^. dimin. of L. ex, out,away ; F. carte,from Late L. carta,

asellus,
asinus, ass. from Gk. x^P'''n,
^ leaf of paper, hence a
East, the quarter of sun-rise. (E.) M.E. card.
est. A. S. east,adv.,in the east ; eastan, Eccentric, departingfrom a centre,
from the east. + Du. oost,G. ost,Dan.c^j-/;odd. (F. L. Gk.) F. excentriqzte." " "

Svved. ostan, G. osten ; Du. ooster-,G. Late L. eccefitricus. Gk. eKKevrp-os, out "

oster-,Dan. Svved. Icel. austr

t'ls-/^;-, (gen. of the centre; with suffix -icus. " Gk. Ik,
'^aiis-to-no-
austr-s).Teut. types ^aiis-lo-, ; out ; K"VTpov^ centre. See Centre.
also *^z/i'/-7'i7-, (seeeaster). Ecclesiastic. (L. Gk.) LateL. "?f"r/^-
for ldg.*a7/J"-;'t?- "

Cf. L. aur-ora^ dawn, Gk. tjo;?,ea;s, aucoj, siasticzis. Gk. (fiKKrjcriaaTifcos,belonging "

dawn, Skt. tishas,dawn. Brugm. i. " 218 to the kKKKrjaia, i, e. assembly, church. "

(4). Gk. (.KKX-qros,

summoned. Gk. kKfcaXioj, I "

easter. (E.) yi.".. ester. K.^.eastor-^ call forth. Gk, Itf, ; KaXkoj,
out I call. "

in comp. ; eastre, Lu. xxii. i, Easter." Echelon. (F.-L.) F. dchelon, an

A. S. eastre, a goddess whose festivitiesarrangement of troops in parallel sions

divi-
were at the vernal equinox; see Beda, De ; orig.a round of a ladder. F. "

Temporum Ratione,c. 15. Cf Lith. ichelle,a ladder (O. F. eschiele).'-\..

ansz7-a, f. dawn ; Skt. usra-, m. a ray. scdla,a ladder; see Scale (3).
Eat. (E.) M. E. eten. etan.-^ Echo.
A.S. (L. Gk.) M. E. ecco.- L. echo. -

Du. eten, Icel. eta, Swed.

dta, Dan. cede, Gk. iix^i sound,
^ echo; cf. r^xos, ijxVt
"

Goth, itan,G. essen. Teut. type '^etan-. a ringingnoise. Der. cat-ech-ise,

q. v.
Cf. L. edere,Gk. eSeti/,
Skt. ad, to eat. Eclat. (F.-Teut.) F. Mat, splen- dour
(VED.) ; lit.' a burstingforth.' " F. klater,
Eaves, the to burst.
clippededge of a thatched to burst forth ; O. F. s'esclater.,
roof. (E.) Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis. Origin doubtful ; perhaps from L. type
M. E. euese \ pi. eueses i^"eaveses); *exclappita)-e,formed from Low G. klap-
also ouese, A. S. ^j-, a (clipped) edge pen, to clap,make a noise ; see Clap.
of thatch,whence efesian, to shear, also Eclectic, choosing out ; hence, a
*oe/es, whence oefsung,Corp. gl.474.+ philosopher who selected doctrines from
Icel. ups, Svved. dial, tiffs\ Goth, tibizwa, various sects. [Gk.) Gk. (kX"ktik6s,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ; selecting; a s sb. an Eclectic" Gk. !"-
O. H. G, opasa, Teut. type *obeswd. \4yeiv, t o select. Gk. Itf,o ut ; Xiyeiv,to "

Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper, choose.

f)8
 ECLIPSE EFFLUENCE

Eclipse. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.Y..ecl{p, coined word, from the sb. editor (L.
clips.O. F. eclipse.L. eclipsis.^
" Gk. editor^
"
.

esp. of light
a failure,
(K.Keiipi?, of the sun. Educate. (L.) From L. educdtus,
Gk. iKKdmiv, to leave out, fail,
" suffer pp. of educdre^ to educate; allied to L.
eclipse.Gk. e/c, out; Xeineiv,
" to leave. edilcere,to bring out. L. t",out ; dilcere, "

Eclogue, pastoral
a poem. (L. Gk.) to bring. "

L. ee/oga(theF. word was eg'/o^ue)." Gk. educe. (L.) L. edUcere,to bringout.

fKAoyq, a selection, esp. of poems. Gk. " Der. eduction (from pp. ediict-us).
(k\"j(lv, to choose out ; see Eclectic. (E.) M.E. "?-/.A.S.Eel. .2/.+ Du.
Economy. (F. " L. "
Gk.) Formerly ^"/,Icel. Dan.
all, Swed.
fi:^/, a/,G. ^a/.
aconouiy. M. F. ccconomie.
" L. occoiiomia. " Teut. type "^lidoz.
" Gk. oiKouofJ-ia,management of a house-
hold." Eery, timid,affected by melan-
choly,
fears,
Gk. oiKovofios,a steward. Gk. "
strange. (E.) Seejamieson. M.E.
otwo-, for of/cos,
a house ; and ve/xnv, to ar), ark,are^^ ar^e, er^e^ timid ; spelteri
deal out. in Cursor
Mundi, 1 7685. A. S. earg^ earh, "

Ecstasy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. r.v- timid,cowardly. Cf. Icel. argr, ragr;

/asie (H.I. " Late L. ecsiasis,
a trance." G. arg\ Du. erg, bad.
Gk. displacement;
"Karaais, also,a trance. Efface. (F.-L.) F. effacer.-Y. ef-
Gk. Ik,out ; aracis, a standing,
" allied (L.ef-^for ex^ out); TLudface, from Folk-
to iCTafiat, I stand. L. *facia(for'L. faciem, ace. oi fades) ^

Ecumenical, general. (L. Gk.) face. See Pace. "

Late L. artimenicus; with suffix -a/. Gk. Effect. (F.-L.) A. F. effect (F.effet).
"

ciKovixeviKos, imivcTsal. Gk. olKovfievrj L. effectipn^ ace. of effectus,

" an effect." "

(sc. 7^), the inhabited world, fern, of L. effectus^ pp. of efficerc, to work out. "

oiKovfxevos, pres. pt.pass. oioiKioo, I inhabit. L. "?/"-,

for ex^ thoroughly ; facere, to do.
Gk. oTkos,
" a house. Brugm. i. " 6ii. Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Eczema, a breaking-out of pustules o n effemindre, to make womanish. L. ef, "

the skin. (Gk.) Gk. e/cCf/^o- a pustule." lor ex, thoroughly;femina, a woman.
Gk. Ik^Ulv,to boil over. Gk. e", out; See Feminine. "

iiiiv, to boil. See Yeast. Effendi, sir,master. (Turkish Gk.) "

Eddy. (Scand.) M. E. ydy {=idy). Turk, efendi, sir. Mod. Gk. dcpevriji^ for "

Icel. ida, an eddy,whirlpool ; cf. ida, to G'k.avO(VTT]s,a.despotic m aster, ruler; see

whirl about ; Swed. dial, ida, ida, Dan. Authentic.

dial, ide,an eddy. Perhapsformed from Effervesce. (L.) 'L.efferz/esce^r.'^
Icel. id-, A. S. ed-, Goth, id- (prefix),ef-,for ex. out ; fernescere, to begin to
backwards. Cf. Brugm. i. " 574. boil,inceptive to boil.
oiferiiere,
Edge. (E.) M. E. egge. A. S. ecg, an Effete, exhausted. (L.) L. effet us,
edge, border. + Du. egge, Icel. Swed. egg^ weakened by having broughtforth young.
Dan. eg, G. ecke. Teut. type *agjd. Cf. " L. ef-,for ex, out ; fetus,that has
L. Skt. ap'i-,
Gk. d"is,a point,
ar/^j, edge, brought forth ; allied to L. ftii,I was

corner. (^AK.) (Brugm. i. " 361 ; ii. " 587).

Edible, eatable. (L.) Late L. edibilis. Efficacy, force, virtue. (L.) L. effi-
" L.
edere,to eat ; see Eat. cdcia,effective power. L. efficdc-, stem of "

Edict. (L.) L. ediduin, neut. of pp. effjcax, efficacious. L. efficere, to effect "

of edicere,to proclaim. L. "?,out ; dicere, (below). "

to speak. efficient. (L.) From stem of pres.

Edify. (F.-L.) O.Y. ^\..
edifier. pt. of effcere, to effect; see Effect.
(Bdificdre,to build ;hence, instruct).L, Effigy. l.F.-L.) F_. effgie.-h.effi- "

adi-, stem of cedes,a building,orig. a gicjii, ace. of effigies,an image. L. effig-, "

hearth ; -fie-, for facere, to make. Der. base of effingere, to form. L. ef, for ex, "

edifice, F. edifice, L. cedificium, a building;out fingere, to form. See Figure. :

^"fz7^, L. cedflis, a magistrate who had the Effiorescence. (F.-L.^ F. efi^ore-

care of publicbuildings.Brugm. i. ^ 202. scence, lit. a flowering.' F rom L. effio- '

Edition. ^F.-L.) O. F. edicion (H.). rescere, inceptiveform of effiorere, to -

L. ediiionem, ace. of editio,a publishing. blossom out. L. ef-^ex, out ; fiorere, to " "

l^.edittis, pp. of edere, to giveout, publish. blossom. See Floral.

" L. "?,out; ^ar^, to give. Der. edit^ a Effiuence, a flowing.(L.) From the
159
 EFFORT ELASTIC

pres, pt. of effluere,to flow out. L. "?/-,(eider-fowl), Swed. ejder; and cf. Swed.
"

to flow.
for ex, out ; fluere, See Fluent. dial. ad. Der. eider-down,Icel. cedardUn.
Effort. (F.-L.) F. effort, an effort; Eight. (E.) M. I-:, eighte. A. S.
verbal sb. from F. sefforcer,to endeavour. eahta. + Du. acht, Icel. atta, Dan. otte,
" Med. exfortidre,
L. to use force. L. " Swed. atta, Goth, ahtau, G. acht; Irish
ex, ; fort
out is, strong. See Force. ocht,Gael. "?(:/^^,
W. wyth, L. "?r/(?,Gk.
Effrontery. (F.-L.) XVIII cent.
'
o/fTw, Pers. hasht,Zend ashta,Skt. ashtau.
" F. effronterie, impudency ; Cot. '
"
Idg. type *okto[2i).Der. eigh-teen, A. S.
0. F. effrontd, shameless. O. F. ef-(L. " eahtatene, eahtatyne;eigh-ty,A. S. (Jiund)-
ef-^for ex')^out ; front,face,forehead (as eahtatig;eigh-th, A. S. eahtoda.
if puttingforward the forehead). Cf. F. Eisel, vinegar. (F. L.) In Shak. "

affronter,to oppose face to face. See M. E. (fzW,^zVz7, aisil.'"O. F. "a;/jz7,

^m7,
Front. also az", vinegar(Godefroy).Aisil pears
ap-
Effulgent, bright.(L.) From stem to be a dimin. form of am. " Late L.
to shine forth. acitus, bitter;closely
of pres. pt. of L. effulgere, related to L. acetuvi,
" L. ef, for ex, out ; fnlgej'e,
to shine. vinegar. The Goth, akeit,vinegar,A.S.
Effuse. (L.) L. effiisus,
pp. of effun-ecid, G. essig, is due to Late L. acJtum or

dere, to out.pourL. ef, for ex, out ; L. acetiun.

"

fundere,to pour. Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)

Egg (i),the oval body whence chickens,bards. (W.) W. a sitting,
gress."
con- m/^^6^"3?,
"c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. E. eg, pi. W. eistedd,to sit.

egges. "!(:."[. egg, Dan. ceg, Swed, dgg.-^ Either. (E.) M. E. either, aither.
A.S. ag (^ ME. ey) ; Du. ez, G. ei. A. S. cegPer^ contracted form of ^ghwceper.
Prob. allied to Irish ugk, Gael, ndk, W. Comp. of ; where
d-gi-hwceper a =
aye, gi
7vy, L. ouuni, Gk. wov^ egg. ge-)is a prefix,
Brugm. i. {\'or and hwczj)eryfhe\.h.er. =

" .^09 (2). +Du. teder, G.jeder,O. H. G. eohwedar.

Egg (2), instigate.
to (Scand.) M. E. Ejaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
eggen. \cG\. eggja, goad
" to on. Icel. egg, (L.) From "
pp. of L. eiaculdri, to cast
an edge (point).See Edge. out. L. ^, out; iaculum, a missile, from"

Eglantine. (F.-L.) F. eglantine,iacere, to cast.

M.E. aiglantine, aiglantier, sweet-briar. eject. (L.) L. eiedare,frequentative
" O. F. aiglajit, the same. L. type of L. eicere, " to cast out. L. e, out ; iacere "
^

'^aculent-us, prickly (notfound). L. acii-s, to cast. -

a needle; -lentiis (asin tiiru-lenttis"). Cf. Eke (i),to augment. (E.) M.Y.. ekett.
L. aculeus,a prickle, dimin. of acns. See O. Merc, ecan, A. S. tecan, weak vb.
Aglet. (VAK.) Teut. type ^aukj'an-, weak vb. ; allied to
Egotist, Egoist, a self-opinionated Icel. auka, Goth, atikan (neuter), str. vb. ;

person. (L.) Coined from L. ego, I ; see zi.\..augere. (-y^AUGw.) Brugm. i."635.
1. Cf. F. igdiste (a. 1755).
d. eke (2), also. (E.) M. E. eek, eke.
Egregious, excellent. (L.) L. egre- A. S. mr.-f-Du. ook, Icel. auk, Swed. och
chosen
gi-iis, out of a flock,excellent ; (and),Dan. og (and),G. auch. All from
with suffix -oiis.^V., /, out; greg-^ stem of the Teut. base attk- above.
g?'ex,a flock. Elaborate. (L.) L. elaboratus, pp.
Egress, a goingout. (L.) L. egj-essus. oi elabordre,
to labour greatly.L. e, out, "

" L. egressus, pp. of egredi,

to go out. " ; labordre,to work,
greatly from labor-,
L. e, out ; gradi,to
go. stem of labor,labour.
the lesser white heron. (F." Eland, a S. African antelope.(Du. G.
Egret, "

O. H. G.) M. F. egrette,aigf-ette,
dimin. "

Lith.) Du. eland, an elk. -G. elend.-'

of a form Prov. aig?--Lithuan. ^Inis,an
*aigre(whence also elk. Cf. W. elain,a
on, O. F. hair-on, E. /z^r-^"). O. H. G. hind, Russ. olene, a stag.
"
See Elk.

heigir, heiger.a heron. See Heron. Elapse, to glideaway. (L.) From L.

Eh ! interj.'(E.) M. E. ey. Ct. A. S. elapsi'is, pp. of eldbi,to glideaway. L. e, "

ea ; Du. he ! G. ei ! F. eh ! away ; Idbi,to glide.

Eider-duck. (Swed. """/ E.) TheE. Elastic. (Gk.) Formerly elastick.

dttck is here added to the Swed. spellingGk. *eAa(TTi/foy,propulsive,coined from
of Icel. ceSr,an eider-duck (^ pronounced Gk. \\aoi I drive (fut.eXdcr-a;).
\\avv(xi, "

like i in time); whence Dan. ederfuglCf. Gk. lXa(JTT]s, a driver.

also kkarr^p,
160
 ELATE ELL

Elate, Hfted up, proud. (L.) 'L.eldtiis,eKeyfiov, a distich (of lament). Gk "

lifted up." L. e, out ; idtus,used as pp. of (Aeyos,a lament. Der. elegi-ac.

ferre,but allied to tollere,
to lift. Element. (F. L.) O. F. ele7nent.~. "

Elbo-W, the bend of the arm. (E.) L. elenienturn,a firstprinciple.

M.E. elbotue. A. S. elboga,also eht-boga. Elephant. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. - -

' '
" eln,signifyingell,'
A. S. orig. arm ; elyphaiDit, olifaiint.O. F. olifant,
*
ele- "

and boga,a bow, a bending (seeBow). fant. L. elephantem, ace. of ehphas. " "

A. S. eln is allied to Goth, aleina,a cubit, Gk. "\i(pas,an elephant.Originunknown;

W. elin,Irish tale, L. tibia,Gk. uXivrj, some compare Heb. eleph, an ox.

Skt. aratni-,the elbow. See Ell. + Du. Elevate. (L.) P"om pp. of L. (f/^//(7;r,
Icel. ohi-bogi,
elle-boog, Dan. al-biie^
G. to lilt up. " L. c, out; leudre,to lighten,
ellen-bogen. from leuis,
lift, light. See Levity.
Eld,old age. (E.) M.E. ^/^^, old A. S. Eleven. (E.) M. E. enlezun.
age ; O. Merc, aldo, old age ; from aid, en[d)leofan,endhifow, O. Northumb.
old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, old. (sllefne.-\-T)Vi.
yldu ; from (?a/a', Icel. ellifti,
elf, Dan. elleve,
+Icel. elli ; Dan. celde. See Old. Swed. elfva,
Goth, ainllf,G. elf, O. H. G.
elder (i),older. (E.) Both as adj. einlif.p. A
compound of Teut. *ain-,
and sb. O. Merc, ccldra (A. wS.yldra), one; and Lithuan.
-/z/"- = -lika (inveno-
elder, adj.; comparativeof aid (A. S. lika,eleven). Lith. -lika
perhapsmeans
'
eald\. old. *
remaining ; cf. L. to leave.
linqtiere,
eldest. (E.) O. Merc. (Bldesta (A. S. Brugm. ii. " 175.
yldesta), superl. of aid (A. S. eald),old. Eif. (E.) M. E. elf. O. Merc. alJ.-\-
Elder (2),a tree. (E.) The d is scent.
excre- Icel. dlfr,Dan. alf;also G. alp,a night- mare.
M, E. eller. A. S. ellen, ellcern.'if Der. elf-in, adj.,for *elf-en', but
Low G. elloorn. ^ Distinct from alder. prob. suggested by the M. E. gen. pi.
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S. elvene, of elves (inthe Southern dialect).
eolone, elene, perverted from L, itiula ; and Elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp.
'M..Y.enule-campane (Cot.) L. inula cam- of L. elicere,
.
" to draw out by coaxing."
pdna, elecampane. Here cainpdna prob. L. e, out ; lacere,to entice. And see

means wild, growing in the fields;from Lace.

L. campus, a field. Elide. (L.) L. elldere, to strike out. "

Elect, chosen. (L.) L. eledus^pp. of L. e, out ; Icedere, to dash. Der. elis-ion

eligere, to choose out. L. ^, out ; legere,(from pp. elis-tis).
"

to choose. Eligible.(F.-L.) Y. Eligible. ^lA^A.

Electric. (L. Gk.) Coined from L. L. eligibilis,
"
fit to be chosen. L. elige7-e, "

electruDi,
amber, which has pro- to choose out ;
electric perties." see Elect.
Gk. TjXiKTpov, amber, also ing
shin- Eliminate. pp. of L. (L.) From
metal; gleaming. eltmind?-e,to thrust out of. L. e, forth;
allied to "QXeKTcop^ "

Electuary, a kind of confection. (F. limiji-, stem of Ivnen,a threshold. See

-L.-Gk.) M E. letuarie. O. F. lec- Limit. -

tiiaire, M.F. electuaire.'^ Late L. electud- Elision ; see Elide.

7-ium, electdrium, a medicine that dissolves Elixir. (Ar.-Gk.) Med. L. elixir-,
in the mouth. Perhapsfor *e{c)lid-dri2im, for Arab, el iksir,the philosopher'sstone,
from Gk. IkX^iktov,an from
electuary, esp. a sort of powder (Devic); where el is
l/f\"tXejj/,
to lick out." Gk. tK, out; the definite article. Gk. ^rjpiov,
dry pow
"

Aei'xff",
to lick. dry (residuum).
der, or ^rjpou,
Eleemosynary, relatingto alms. Elk, a kind of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted
(LateL. Gk.) Late L. eleeinosyndriiis
" from M. H. G. elc/i, an elk ; O.H. G. ela/io.
,

an almoner; from eleemosyna, alms. Gk. Cf. Icel. elgr,Swed. elg,an " elk ; Russ.
kXerjfioavi'Tj^
pity,alms. See Alms. olene,a stag; L. alces,Gk. olKkt]. (His-tory
Elegant, choice, neat. (P\ L.) M.F. obscure.)F'ound in A. S. as elch,elh.
"

elegant. L. elegant-,stem of elegans, Ell. (E.) yi.Y.elle,ehie.

"
A.S.el{i)n,
tasteful,neat. L. e, out; leg-,base of a cubit. +Du. elle,
" el; Icel. alin, the arm
legere,to choose. from the elbow to the tip of the middle
Elegy, a funeral ode. (F.- L.-Gk.) finger; Swed. ahi, D^LU.olen,Goth, aleina,
M. F. elegie. L. elegia. Gk. kXeyeta. G. elle^
" ell ; L. iibia,ell:ow, cubit ; Gk.
"

fem. sing.,an elegy; orig.neut. pi. of elbow.

uj\(VT], Ell =^ el- in el-how.
161
 ELLIPSE EMBERS

miipse. (L. Gk.) FovmQTlyel/zj^szs. maci-,base

" of leanness
macies, ; cf.macer^
" L. ellipsis.
Gk. eWdipis, a defect,an
" lean.
of
ellipse a word ; also,an oval figure, Em.anate. (L.) From L. emdnatusy
because its plane forms with the base of pp. of emdndre, to flow out. "
L.^, out;
the cone a less angle than that of a para-
bola. mdndre, to flow.
" Gk. lAAeirreiv, Em.a2icipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
to leave in, leave
behind. eA-,"for ev,Gk.
in; Xeiirtiv,
to emancipdre, to set free. L. e, out; man- "

leave, cognate with L. linquere. Der. cipdre, to transfer property. L. mancip-, "

adj.,
elliptic.^ Gk. kW^iimKos. stem of man-ceps, lit.one who takes pro-
perty
Elm, a tree. (E.) A. S. elm.-^O. H. G. in hand or receives it." L. man-tis,
e/m ; cf. Icel. dlmr, Dan. ahn^ Swed. aim ; Land ; capcre,to take.
also L. ulmtis (whence G. 2ilme^ Du. obn). Em.asculate, to deprive of virility.
Zilocution. (L.^) From L. elociitio- (L.) From pp. of L. e/?iasculdre.-''L. e,
nef?i^ace. of clear utterance.
elocuiio, L. away from ; viasciilus,male. See Mas-
culine.
"

elocutus,
pp. of
to speak out.
eloqtu, " L.
e, out ; to speak. Cf. Eloquent.
loqtii^ Embargo. (Span.) Span,ejnbargo,
Iiloign,Eloin, to remove and keep an arrest, stoppage of ships; lit.a put-
a ting
at a distance, to withdraw. (F. L.)
" a bar in the way. " Late L. type
O. F. keep away
esioigner,to
remove, "^imbarj-icdre,
to bar in. Formed with
(Law L. exlongdre). O. F. es^ away; " prefixem- ( Lat. in) from
=
Span, barra^
loing (F. loin),far off. L. ex, away; " a bar. See Bar, Barricade.
bnge, adv. far off. See Long. Embark. (F. Late L.) "
F. embar-

Elope. (A.F. "

Scand.) A. F. aloper,que?'. " Late L. irnbarcdre, to put in a
*o run away (from a husband ; see N. E. D.). bark. " bark ;
L. im- (forin),in ; barca,z.
" A. F. a- prefix(perhapsfor O. F. es-, see Bark (i).
as a-bash); and
in E. M. E. lopen, Embarrass. (F. Span.) F. embar-
away, "

to run (Cath,Anglicum) from 7'asser, to perplex;

Icel. hlaiipa, lit. tohinder,put a
,

cognate with E. Leap. p. Or from bar in one's way. "

Span, embarazar, the
M. E. alop-en,pp. of alcpen,to escape; same. "
Span, em- (L. im-, for z"z\in;
from A. S. a-, away, and hlcapan,to ruu, barra,a bar. Cf. Embargo ; and Bar.
to leap. Em.bassy, a mission. (F. " Late L."
Eloq,uent. (F." L.) eloquent.C.) A modification of O. F. ambassee;
M. E.
" O. F. eloquent."^'L,.eloquent-, stem of cf. M. F. embassade, Ital. imbasciata, ened
weak-
of eloquJ,to speak out clearly. form of ambasciata. All from Late
pres. pt. or

" L. e, out ; loqui,to speak. L. ambascidta,sb.,orig.fem. of pp. of

Else, otherwise, (E.) A. S. elles, adv. ; ambascidre, to send on a mission,from
'
stem *^^'^-,signifyingother,' as in Goth. ambascia.1 a mission. See Ambassador.
aljis,other.-f-Svved. ; allied to
eljest L. Embattle, to furnish with ments.
battle-
alias,and to Alien. The suffix -es marks (F.) M. E. embattelen. - O. F.
the gen. case, neuter. em- (L. im-, for in-,prefix);and O. F.
Elucidate. (L.) From pp. of Late L. to fortify.See Battlement.
bastiller,
elicciddre to make clear. L. "?,out, very ; " Embellish. (F.-L.) M. E. embe-
,

lucid-iis, lucid, clear. See Lucid. lissett.'-0.". embeliss-,

stem of pres. pt.
Elude, to avoid slily.(L.) L. elUdere oi embellir,
to beautify.O. F. etn- (L.
"

to mock, deceive.
(pp.elilstis), L. "?,out ; " iri); and bel,fair. See Belle.
to play.
lUdere, Der. from the
ehis-ory, Ember-days. (E.) M. E. ymber,
pp. in ymber-weke. A. S. ymbren-, prob. as

Elysium, a heaven. (L. Gk.) L. from ymbryne, a circuit, or period; the

"

elysiu77i. Gk. rjXvaiov,-short for rjXvaiov ember- days are days that reczir at each of
the
"nedlov, Elysian field (Od. 4. 563). the four seasons of the year. The A. S.
"Em-fpre/ix.(F. L.) F.em-"'L.im- ymb-ryne is lit.'a running round.' A. S.
"
"

(for in),in,before 3 and p. Hence em- ymb, round ( G. imi, Gk. d/i^t) ; and =

to anoint with balm ; em-bank, Bun. Prob.

dalm, to ryne, a run, course; see

enclose with bank confused with L. qnattiortempora, four

a bank,cast up a ; body,
em-

to invest with a body,"c. seasons G. quate^nber.

; whence
Emaciate. (L.) From pp. of L. Em.bers, ashes. (E.) M. E. emeres.
emacidre,to make thin. " L. e, very; A. S. cemyrgean, embers ; A. S. Leech-

I 62
 EMBEZZLE EMIT

doms, iii. 30 (rare). + Icel. eimyrja, Embrasure. (F.) F. embraiuT~e, an

Dan. emmer, Swed. mojy'a,O. H. G. aperture witli slant sides. ^i F. embraser, "
.

eimwja^ sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r^vapour ; to slopethe sides of a window. "O.F. ^;;i-
prov. E. ome ( A. S. *'at?i),vapour. iL. /;z),in; M. F. braser,'to skue, or
Embezzle, to filch. (F.) A. F. ejt- chamfret;' Cot. '.Ofunknown origin.)
besiler,to make away with (a. d. 1404)." Embrocation, a fomenting.(F."
O. F. en- (forL. ?"-, prefix)
; and O.F. Late L. Gk.) O. F. embrocation, Med. " "

hesillier^to maltreat, destroy,apparentlyL. embrocdtus, pp. of embrocdre,to foment.

from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-,used as a Gk. (fi^poxv,a fomentation. Gk. fft-
" "

prefix). Cf.
pejorative O. F\ besil,ill- PpiX^i^yio soak in. Gk. "^-=zlv,in; "

treatment,torture ; and see Bezzle in the to wet, soak.

lipiX^i-v,
N. E. D. ^ Certainly influenced, in the Embroider. (F.) From Em- and
1 6th cent.,by a supposed etymologyfrom Broider. Cf. O. F. embroder,to em-
broider.

inib^cill^ to weaken, an obsolete verb

formed from the adj.imbecile, q.v. Embroil. (F.) From F. embrouiller^
Emblem. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^M.F. ^;//- to confuse. F. em- (L. im-, for m) ; "

bleme." L. emblenia. Gk. ffi^Krjixa, a brouiller,to confuse.

" See Broil (2);
thing put on, an ornament. Gk. (fi-, for and cf. Imbroglio. "

"v^ in,on ; pdWav^ to throw,to put. See Embryo. (F. Gk.) Formerly em- "

Belemnite. bryon, M. F. embryon. Gk. ip^pvov, " "

Em.blemeilts, the produce of sown the embryo, foetus. Gk. cp- Iv,within ; " =

lands,
crops which Ppvov, neut. of pres. pt. of fipveiv,
a tenant may to be
cut after
the determination of his tenancy. (F. L.) full of, swell out. "

O. F. cjuhlaeinent,harvest. O. F. em- Emendation. (L.) Coined from the

"

blae'r,emblader (F. emblavcr),to sow pp. of L. emenddre, to free from fault."

with Late Lat. imbldddre,to sow.
corn. " L. e, free from ; viejidum menda, a fault.
" L. im-
(forz;z), in; Late L. bladuin Emerald, a green gem. (F. L. Gk.) " -

= L. abldtum,a crop, corn, lit. 'what is M. E. efueraude.-^O. F. esmeraude (Span.

carried away' (F.bU). esmej-alda) ; also esmeragde. L. st7ia- "

Embolism. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ragdum, ace. of smaragdns. Gk. "ypa~ "

enibolismc'- \^. embolismns.'^ Gk. kfxjSo-pa-^hus, an emerald. Ct. Skt. marakata-,

Xifffios,
an intercalation
insertion of or an emerald.
days,to complete period. Gk. e^, for "v,
a "
Emerge, to rise from the sea, appear.
in ; ySdAAetF,
to cast ; cf. iixfioXr]^
an tion.
inser- (L.) L. emejgere, to rise out of water. "

" L. e, out ; mergere, to dip; see Merge.

Embonpoint, plumpness of person. Emerods ; see Hemorrhoids.
(F. L.) " F. ei/ibojipoint, plumpness. Emery, a hard niineraL (F. Ital." "

For en bon point, in good case. L. m, Gk.) Formerly emeril \ XVII " cent."
in ; bonum, neut. of bomis,good ; punc- F ^meri; M. F. emeril, esmeriL Ital. "

tum, point. smeriglio.Gk. apfjpis, afxvpiSy emery. "

Emboss (i),to adorn with bosses or Emetic. (L. Gk.) L. emelicus.'^ "

raised work. (F. L. and G.) "From Gk. kpiTiKos, causingsickness. Gk. kpioi, "

Em-, prefix; and Boss. I vomit ; see Vomit.

Emboss (2),to take shelter, or drive Emigrate. (L.) From pp. of L. e-
to shelter in a wood, "c. (F. LateL) migrdre, to wander forth.
" L. e, out ; "

O F. einbosquer^ to shroud in a wood." migrdre^to wander ; see Migrate.

O. Y cm- fL. ?""),
.
in ; O. F. bosc,a wood ; Eminent, excellent. (L.) L. eminent-^
see Bouquet. stem of pres. pt. of eminere, to project,
Embouchure. (F. L.) F. embou-
chure, excel. L..f,out ; ^minere,to project
"
; for "

the mouth or opening(ofa river). which cf. im-minent, pro-mineni.

" F. emboucher, to put in or to the mouth. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.
" L. iti,in ,
F. bouche,from bitcca, the
r, a nobleman, prince. Arab, root am "

month. amara, he commanded. Der. admir-al.

Embrace. (F. L.) O.F. embi-acer, Emit, to send forth. (L.) L. emitlere,
"

to grasp in the arms. O.F. em-,{ox en to send forth; pp. efuissus. l^. e, out;
" "

(L. in) ; and brace, the grasp of the mittere, to send. Der. emiss-ion,e/niss-
arms; see Brace. ary^ from the pp.

163
 EMMET ENCHANT

Smmet, an ant. (E.) M. E. emete, void. (E.) M.E. ^w//2. A.S. _Empty,
amote. A. S. iemetle^or cemette,an ant.-f- cejntig,ilmetig, lit. full of leisure. A. S. "

G. ajneise,O. H. G. dmeiza,or ameiza, an (emta, fcmetta,leisure, older form emota

ant. Doublet, ant. (Epin.Glos, 680). Perhapsceinetta is for
Emuiew; seeEnew. from ie-,prefix,
*i"vidtjon-, privative, and
Emollient, softening.(F. L.) M.F. 7?idt,
a meeting for business. "

emollient."'L,. emollient-,
stem of pres. pt. Empyrean, Empyreal, pertaining
of emollire, to soften. L. "f,out, very ; "
Adjectives to elemental fire. (L. Gk.)
"

piollire,to soften,from mollis,soft. coined from L. empyroi-ns, Gk. ^kpLirvp-

Emolument, gain. (F.-L.) O. F. aios, extended from 'ip-vvpos, exposed to
emolument. "l^. emolumentiim, what is fire. Gk. e;ii- "v, in ; TrGp,
fire ; see Fire. " =

gainedby labo'ir. L.t'w^//"'/',towork out, Emu, Emeu, a bird. (Port.) Port.

"

accomplish. L. e, out,greatly; molTri,

" to e?na, an ostrich.
work, from moles,heap,also effort. ^ So Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
usually explained ; but the short vowels cEmuldri,to try to equal."L. csmulus,
in -mdia- suggest a derivation from emo- striving
to equal.

lere,
to grindthoroughly. Emulsion, a milk-like mixture. (F. "

Emotion. (L.) Coined

L. e?nolics,L.) from
M. F. emulsion ; formed from L.
pp. of emoiiere, to move away or much. emuls-us, pp. of emulgere,to milk out. " "

L. e, out, much ; ffiouere, to move. L. e, out ; mtilgere,to milk ; see Milk.

(F.-L.) O.F, 'Bn-,prefix.(F.-L.) Y.en-.-l.. in-,
Emperor, a
ruler._
empercor.^\-,. imperatorem,ace. of im- in ; sometimes used with a causal force,as
perdtor,a ruler. L. impe7'are,Xo wAq.-^
"
en-case, en-chain, "c. See Em-.
L. im- i^for?';;-),
upon, over ; pa?'dre to ,
Enact. (F.-L.) In Shak.-F. en,
make ready,order. Der. empr-ess. in (L.ifi ; and Act. Lit. '
to put in act.'
Emphasis, stress of voice. (L. Gk.) Enamel, vb. (F.-O. H. G.)
" M. E.
L.emphasis. " Gk. efx(paais,declaration,
enamaile, sb., ettamelen,
a vb. A. " F. ena-

emphasis; orig.appearance. " Gk. (jxpai-meller,enamailler,vb. F. en (L. iti),

on ; "

vofiai^ I appear. " Gk. en- (li'),in ; amaile, for O. F. esmail,enamel ( Ital. =

I appear,
(paivofiai, whence (pncri'i,
an from O. Low
s7nalto), G. sjualt (Liibben).
appearance ; see Phase. Der. emphatic, See Smalt.
from Gk. kiJcpariKOi,significant. Enamour. (F. L.) O.Y.enamorer, "

Empire. empire. L. im- to inflame with love. F. en amotir, in

(F. L.)
" F. " "

perinm, command." L. im- {in-), upon, love; where F, en is from L. in,in,and

over ; pardre, to make ready,order. amour from L. ace. amorem, love.
Empiric, a quack doctor. (F. L. Encamp. (F.-L.) Coined from en- " "

Gk.) M. F. etnpirique.L. empiricus." (F. en, L. iti)and camp ; hence

'
" to

experienced
Gk. (iJ.rr(ipiK6s, ; also one of form into a camp.' See Camp.
a certain set of physicians. Gk. k^i-^kv, Encase. (F. L.) Cf. F. encaisser,
" "

' '
in; Trefpa { *TT"pia), =a trial,experience, to put into a case ; Cot. F. en, in (L. "

allied to Tropos, a way, and to E. Fare. in); and M.F. caisse,

casse, a case; see

Brugm. i, " 293. Case (2).

Employ. (F. L.)
employer,io
" "^[.Y.
Encaustic, relating to designsburnt
employ. " L.
implicdre, to implicate(in in. (F.-L. Gk.) F. encaristique.^Y,. "

Late L.,to use for,employ). L. vn- (for encausticus. Gk. fjKavoTiKos, relating
" to "

in
in-), ; plicdre, to fold ; see Implicate, burning in. Gk. h, in ; Kaico,I burn,, "

Imply. See Calm.

Emporium, a (L.-Gk.)
mart. L. Enceinte, pregnant. (F.-L.) F. ceinte.
en-

emp07'iu?n.Gk. "
hixiropiov,
a mart ; neut. of " Late L. incincta,ungirt,said of a
commercial.
(IJLTTupios. "Gk. hpiropia,
merce,
com- pregnant woman, fem. of pp. of cingere,
epL-Topo^, a merchant."
traveller, to gird,with
neg. prefix ifi-. ^ Isidore
Gk. "a-" ev, in ; Tropos, a way ; see Fare. explainsLate L. incincta as meaning
'

Emprise, enterprise.(F. L.) M. E. "

'
ungirt ; so also Ital. incinta (Florio).
emprise. O. F. emprise; orig. fem. of
" Enchant. (F. L.) Y enchanter, \o "
.

empris,pp. of O. F. emprendre,to take in charm. L. incantdre,to repeata chant.

" "

hand." L im- {in-), in; prehendere, to L. in-, upon ; and cantdre, to sing; soe
take. See Comprehend. Cant (I'.
64
 ENFEOFF ENSIGN

from L. aqua. Cf. O. F. enetver, to soak- enhancer,enhaucier,to lift (Ital.imial-

in water (GodefroyV zare).^l.. in; and Late L. altiare,to
Enfeoff, to endue with a fief. (F. L. " from alHis,high.
lift,
and O. H. G.) Thie spelling is Nornaan Enigma. (L. Gk.) L. anigma.-^ "

F. ; formed from F. e7t (L. in),in; and Gk. (stem aii'iyfiar-),

aiviyfu-a a riddle,
a fief.
fief, See Fief. dark saying. Gk. aiviaaofj.at,
I speakin"

JGnfilade,a straightline or passage. riddles. " Gk. divos,

a tale,story. Der.
(F." L.) F. enfilade, a long string (of enigmat-ic(from the stem).
things). F. eiifiler,to
" thread. F. en- Enjoin, to bid. (F.-L.) O.F. en- "

(L. in),in;fil,a thread,from 'L.filiim, joindre(i p. pres. enjoin-s).L. iniun- "

a thread. See File (i). to join into.

gere, to bid, ordain,orig. "

Engage. (F.-L.) O, F. engage^-, to L. in,in ;

itingere,join. See to Join.
bind by a pledge. F. en (L. in), in; "
Enjoy, to joy in. (F. L.) " M. E. en-

gage, a pledge; { enjoyen); A. F. enioier. Y. en

see Gage. Der. engage.
dis- ioien = "

(L. iti);O. F. ioie, Y.joie;see Joy.

Engender, to breed. (F.-L.) M.E. Enlighten, vb. (E. ; ivith F. pre- fix.)
engendren.'~O.Y engendrer.^1^.ingen- Coined
.
with F. prefixen- (L. in),
enlre, to produce. L. in, in ; generdi'e, from lighten, vb. ; see Lighten.
"

to breed, from gener- (for ^genes-),

stem Enlist, to enter on a list. (F." G. ;
oi genus, a race, See prefix) Coined by prefixing
Genus. with ". "
h.
Engine. (F. L.)
engin, a
" en (L. in) to List (2).
O. F. F.
tool. L. ingenium,natural capacity,
" also, Enmity. (F. L.) M.E. emnite.'" "

an invention. L. in, in; geni-,as

" in A. F. enemite ; O. F. e}za7?iistie{t). 0. F. "

genius; see Genius. e?t- (L. in-),neg. prefix;and aiuistieit),

English, belongingto the Angles.(E.) amity; see Amity.
A. S. Englisc,Ainglisc. A. S. Engl-e, Ennui. (F. L.) Mod. F. eitnni,
" an-
noyance "

ALngl-e,pi., the Angles; with suffix -isc, ; O. F. anoi. See Annoy.

-ish. Cf. A. S. Angel-cynn,Angle kin Enormous, great beyond measure.
{gensAnglorum). (F. L.) Formed from enorni (obsolete) ; "

Engrailed, indented with curved lines ; with suffix -ous. M. F. enorme, huge. L. " "

in heraldry. (F. L. ""t^ Teut.) O. F. enormis,out of rule,huge. L. e^ out of;

- "

engresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indentnorma, rule. See Normal.

as with hailstones). O, F. en, in; gresle Enough. "
(E.) M. E. inoh,ejwgh;
(F.grele), hail. L. in,in ; and (perhaps)Yi\.
" inohe,enoghe. K.^. genoh,genog, pi.
G.gries,grit. See Grail (3). genoge, sufiicient; allied to A.^. geneah,
Engrain, Ingrain, to dye of a fast it suffices.-J-1eel. gnogr, Dan. ttok,Swed.
colour. (F. L.) M.E, "
engreynen, to nog, Du. genoeg, G. genug, Goth, ganohs.
dye in grain, i.e. of a fast colour. Coined The ge- is a prefix. Cf. L. nancisct, to
from F. en (L. z;z); and O. F. graine, obtain (pp.nac-tus); Skt. 7ia^, to attain.
'
the seed of herbs,also grain, wherewith Enquire. (F.-L.) M.E. enqueren;
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die,scarlet altered from enquere to enquire, and later to
in graine; ' Cot. From Late L. grdna, inquire, under the influence of the L. form.
the cochineal ' berry' or insect ; a fern. sb. O. F. enquerre ,enquerir. L. inquirere^ " "

formed from the pi.{grdna)oi grdnum, a to search into. L. in, in ; qucerere, to "

grain. seek. Der. enquir-y,often turned into

Engrave. (F. and E.) inquiry; enquest (now inquest),from
From En-
and Grave F. engraver
(i); imitatingO. O. F. enquest e, L. inquisita {res),
a thing
(from L. in and O. H. G. graban,Low G. enquiredinto.
graven, cognate with 'Engrave). Ensample. (F. L.) 'W.Y.. ensampk. "

Engross, to write in largeletters, to A. Y .ensample,corruptform oiessample, "

occupy wholly. (F. L.) The former exe7Jiple.^'L. exemplum,a sample,pattern.

"

(legal) sense is the older. A. F. engrosser. L. eximere, to select a sample. "L, ex, "

From F. en grosse,\. e. in largecharacters. out ; emere, to take. Der. sample.

L. in, in ; Late L. grossa, largewriting, Ensign.
"
(F. L.) O. F. ensigne, -

from L. grossus, thick. more correctly enseigne,'a sign, en- signe,

Enhance, to raise, exalt, increase. standard;' Cot. "Late L. insignia,

(F. I ..,)A. F. enhanneer, a form of O. F. pi.of L. insigne,^
"
standard. "L. insignis^

I 66
 ENSILAGE ENVOY

remarkable. " L. in^ Gk. ev0"os, full of the god,havinga god

upon; sigtium,a "

'
mark ; i. e. with within, inspired.Gk. kv, in; Otos, a
a mark on it.' See "

Sign. god.
Xcnsilag'e,the storingof grain,"c., Entice. (F.-L.) M. E. entieen.-
underground. (F. Span. L. and Gk.) O. F. enticicr,enticher,
"
" to excite. Lat. "

F. ensilage. "''^Tp^n. ensilar, to store up type '^intitidre, to kindle, set on fire. L. "

underground. Span. ej2, in; silo,a pit in; and *-titius,

" for titio,a firebrand. Cf.
for storinggrain. "L. in; siriis,
z';/, rowed F. attiser,
bor- Ital. attizzare, to set on fire.
from Gk. oipos, a pit for storing Entire. (F." L.) O.Y.entier,\\\io\t,
grain. L. integrum, ace. of integer, whole. "

Ensue. (F." L.) O. F. enstt-, a See Integer.

stem of ensivre, to follow after. Late L. Entity, being.(L.) A coined word,"

inseqiiere, for L. inseqiil, to follow upon. with suffix -ty,from L. enti-, decl. stem of
" L. in, on ; sequl,to follow. '^ens, a thing, a being; see Essence.
Ensure, to make sure, (F. L.) A. F. Entomology. (F." C;k.) V.entomo-
"

enscurer.-'Y en (L. z'"\in;

.
and O. F. logie(A, D. 1764). From Gk. ipro/xo-v,
seiir, sure ; see Sure. an insect ; neut. of evrofAo-s, cut into,so
Entablature. (F. L.) Obs. F. called from the very thin middle part (see
-

' '

entablature, an intablature; Cot. [Cf. Insect). Gk. ku, in; Ti/xveiu, to cut; "

Ital. intavolattira, 'a planking,' Torriano; with suffix -Xoyia, discourse, from \eyuv,
from intavolare, to board,' Florio.]Pro-
perly to speak.
'

'
something laid flat,' and, though Entrails, the inward parts. (F." L.)
now appliedto the part of a building sur-
mounting O. F. entraille, intestines. Lnte L. intrd- "

the columns,orig. applied to a lia,also (more correctly)intrdnea, en- trails.

panel or flooring. "L. in, upon; *iabn- "L. interdnea, entrails,

neut. pi.of
Idre,a verb formed from the sb. tabuld- interdneiis,inward, adj., from inter,
ium, boardwork,a flooring, from tabula,within. ^ The O. F. entraille was a fem.
a plank; see Table. sing, made from a neut. pi.
Entail, to bestow as a heritage.(F." Entreat. (F.-L.) Orig. to treat;
L.) Orig. to convert an estate intoj"^^^- then to treat with,beseech. O. F. entraiter^
tail (^feodumtallidtum, where tallidtmii to treat of. F. en ("L. in),in,concern- ing "

' '

means limited
in a certain way). From ; F. traiter"J.. tract dre, to handle,
F. en- (L. iji)and tailler {tallidre). In treat ; see Treat.
another sense we find AI. E. entailen,
to cut, Enumerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
carve. O. F. entailler,
" to carve, grave." emunerdre, to reckon up. L. e, out,fully; "

F. (L.itt),
en- in ; and tailler,
to cut ; see nnmerdre, vb.,from numerus, number.
Tailor, Tail (2),Tally. Enunciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Entangle; from En- and Tangle, emincidre,better speltemintidre,
to utter,
q.v. declarefully, L. e, fully; nuntidre,to
"

Enter. (F.-L.) M.E.^"/rg;/. -O.F. from nuntiiis,

tell, a messenger.

entrer. " to go into.

intrdre,L. L. in, in ; "
Envelop. (F. Teut.) M. "
E. envolupen.
and *trdre, go through
to (cf.pene-trdre O. P\ envoiuper,
later enveloper,to wrap
and trans); allied to Skt. tara-, a passage. in,wrap round,enfold. 1* en (L.z;z),
" in ; .

See Brugm. ii. " 579. Der. entr-ance. and O. F. voluper,voloper,vloper,

to wrap,

Enterprise. (F. L.) O. F\ entre- " from base vlop-,to wrap.

a This base re-
sembles

prise,enterprinse, enterprise. O. F, an " M. E. wlappen,to wrap ; which,

enterpris.
pp. of enterprendre,
to take.
under- however,is not known outside English.
"Late L. "L,.
interprendere. inter,See Lap (3). Note Walloon ervalpe',
to

among short for prehendere,

; pi'CJidere, to envelop(Remade); M. lia\.goluppare,
to
lay hold of. See Prehensile. wrap (Florio), Cf. Develop.
Entertain. L.) O. F. entre- Environ, to surround. (F. L.) O.F.
_(F. - -

tefiir."Late to entertain, environner,to

intertenere, L. surround. F. environ, "

lit. 'to hold or keep among.'" L. inter,round about, F. en (L. in),in; O. F. "

among; tenere, to hold. from virer,

viron,a circuit, to turn, veer ;
Enthusiasm, (L. Gk.) see Veer.
inspiration. "

Late L. enthusiasmns."^^, kv6ovcnaa/j.6s,Envoy. (F.-L.) O. F. envoy, a send- ing.

inspiration. Gk. kvOovaid^oj,
I am inspired.
" O. F. envoier, to send. F. en voie. " "

:67
 ENVY EPITHALAMIUM

on the way. L. in uiam^ " on the way. " Gk. l-n'i,

upon ; kvkKos, sl circle; see
Cf. Ital. inviare,
to send. Cycle.
Envy, sb. (F." L.) M. E. eitide {eit- Epidemic, affecting a people. (L."
vie^. " O. F. envie.^'L. imiidia,
envy; see Gk.) from Formed
L. epidermis, epi-
demic.
Invidious. "Gk. Imhr]pi0s,among the people,
Epact. (F. Gk.) O. F.
- Late L. -

general. Gk. km, among; people.

8rjfjios,
"

(and F.) epacte,an addition,the epact See Endemic.

(a term in astronomy)."Late L. epada.-' Epidermis, cuticle. (L.-Gk.) L.
Gk. (forknaKTos
kiraKTri late
rj^iepa)^ fern, epidermis. Gk. "
kmd(pij,is,
upper skin. "

of fTTatfTo?,added. Gk. h-nayuv^to "

bring Gk. skin.
ZkpjJL-a, See Derm.
km, upon ;
in,add. Gk. Itt-, for Im, to; and
"
dyav^ Epiglottis, the cartilageforming a
to lead,bring. (-y/AG.) lid over the glottis.
(Gk.) Gk. kmyXcoTTis.
Epaulet, a shoulder-knot. (F. L." " Gk. kni, upon; yKwrris, glottis;see
"

Gk.! F. ipauktte\ dimin. from dpauh Glottis.

(O. F. espaule), a shoulder. Late L. "
Epigram, a short and pithypoem or
shoulder-blade
spatzila, ; L. spatula,a saying. (F. L. Gk.) F. /pigrampie. " "

broad blade ; see Spatula. L.

"
epigramma. QiV. kmypa]xp.a, an "

Epergne, an ornamental stand for the inscription,epigram. Gk. kmypdcpeiv,

to "

centre of a table. (F.-O. H. G.) F. inscribe. Gk. kni, upon ; ypd(p(iv,

"to
dpergne, commonly spelt ep^argne, lit. A\rite. See Grammar.
sparingness.So called from
thriftiness, Epilepsy. (F.-L.-Gk.)M. F.epi-
the method of ornamentation ; the F. iaille Cot.
sickness;'
*the tailing
lepsie, L. epi-
lepsia. "

d'^pargneis appliedto a sort of tation

ornamen- Gk. km\T]ipia,
kmKrjipis,
" a seizure.
in which certain parts are cut away " Gk. kmXapL^dviiv,
to seize upon. " Gk.
and filledin with enamel,leaving the design k-ni,
on ; Xafx^dveiy,
to seize. Der. leptic
epi-
in relief,i. e. sparedor left uncut. See (Gk. kniXrjTTTiKos).
Littre,and Cotgrave(s.v. espargne). Y "
. Epilogue. (F. - L. -
Gk.) F. epilogue.
dpa7gner; O. F. espargner, espergner, to " L. Gk. kmXoyo^,
epilogtis. " a concluding
spare. " O. H. G. sparon, G. sparen^ to speech. Gk. kni,upon; "
Xoyos, a speech.
spare ; see Spare. Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F.-L.-
Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (Heb. "
Gk.) O. F. epiphanie."'L. epiphania."
Egypt-) Heb. ephah, a measure ; of Gk. km"pdvia,manifestation ; orig.neut.
Egyptian origin; cf. Copticdpi,measure. pi. of km(pdvi.os,manifest,but used as
Ephemera, sing.; orig.pi.,flies that equivalentto kmcpdveia, sb. Gk. km"pai~ "

live for a day. (Gk.) XVHcent.-Gk. v"iv, to shew forth. " Gk. km, to, forth;
neut.
((])TjfjL(pa^ lastingfor
pi.of ((prjfifpos, "paii'"iv,
to shew. See Phantora.
a day. Gk. k(p- km, for; fifxipa,
" a day. =
Episcopal. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. - -

Der. ephemer-al adj.; ephemer-is(Gk. ,

episcopal.L. episcopdlis, belongingto a"

((pTjfXfpis,
a diary). bishop. L. episcopiis,a bishop. Gk.
" kiri- "

Ephod, part of the habit.

priest's GKotros, an over-seer, bishop. Gk. km, "

(Heb.) Heb. ephod,a vestment. " Heb. upon ; CKonos, one that watches. See
dphad^to put on. Scope.
Epi-,/r^x. (Gk.) Gk. em, upon, to, Episode, a story introduced into other.
an-

besides ;
spelteph- in eph-emeral, ep- in (Gk.) Gk. kireiadhiov, orig.neut.
ep-isode,
ep-och,ep-ode. oi knaaodios, coming in besides. Gk. kir- "

Epic, narrative. (L. Gk.) L. epictis. {km),besides ; daobios, coming in, from
"

" Gk. k-aiKos,

narrative. Gk. fTros, word, (is.in, 6^6s,a way. "

narrative,
song ; see Voice. Epistle, a letter. (F. L. Gk.) - -

Epicene, of common gender. (L. " O. F. epistle,also epistre.L. epistola. " "

Gk.) L. Gk.
epicoeniis. "
emKoivos, mon.
com- Gk. kuLOToXr}, message, letter. Gk. km- "

"Gk. em, Koivos, common.

among; areXXeiv, to send to. Gk. kni,to; arkX' "

Epicure, a of Epicurus.(L. Xdv, to equip,send.

follower
"
Gk.) L. "Gk.
"pi(~f?rus. 'ETTiKovpos,
a Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ipitaphe.
'
proper name ; lit. assistant.' " L. epitaphintn."QV.kmrdipios,
upon a

Epicycle, a small circle,with its tomb. Gk. kni,on; a tomb.

rdipos, "

centre the circumference of a larger

on one. Epithalamium, a marriage song. -

(L. "
Gk.) L. epicyclus. GV. WikvkKos. (L. (ik.) L. epilhalamizwi.Gk. km-
" " "

I 68
 EPITHET ERMINE

OaXdfuov,bridal song. Gk. "

":rt, upon, Equerxy, an officerwho has chargeof
bride-chamber.
for ; OaXa^ios, horses and stables. (F.-O. H, G.) perly
Pro-
Epithet. (L.-Gk.) L. ^/zV//^/^". equerry means
- a stable,and mod. E.
Gk. iTTi'^f
Tov, epithet;neut.
an sqtiireofthe equerry. equerry stands for
oi k-niOiTos, "

attributed. Gk. "

kiri,besides; F.
Oi-ros, dcurie, O. F. escurie, a stable ; Low L.
placed, from ^e-, weak grade of tiOtjui,I scUria, a stable. O. H. G. skura, skiura "

place. (G. scheuer),a shelter, stable ; allied to

Hpitonie. (L. Gk.) L. epitome.^ O. H. G. sknr, a shelter. Brugm. i. " 109.
"

Gk. eniTOfiT], a surface-incision, also an (VSQEU.) % Altered to equerry by

abridgment. Gk. kni,upon ; rffiudv,
" to confusion with equtis, a horse.
cut. Equestrian ; see Equine.
Epoch. (L. Gk.) " Lsite L,. epoc/i
a. "
Equilibrium ; see Equal.
Gk. (TTOxn, a stop,pause, fixed date. " Gk. Equine. (L.) L. eqtnnus, relating to
"Tr-((-rri),
upon; "X^"'j to hold, check. orscs. L. eqiius, a horse. + Gk. 'i-n-nos,
"

(VSEGH.) Brugm. i. " 602. (i'""os); Skt. a(^a ; Pers. asp ; O. Irish ech ;
Epode. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. epode. - - - A. S. eoh. Brugm. i. " 116.
L. epodos.^Gli. k-ncvZoSj
an epode,some-
thing equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
sung after."Gk. kir-i,upon, after; equestri-,
stem of equester, belonging
dftSeti/,
to sing. to horsemen. "L. eques, a horseman. "L.
Equal. (L.) L. equal.
csqudlis, " L. equtis, a horse.
a:qutis,just,
exact. Equinox ; see Equal.
equanimity, (L.) Equip, to furnish,
evenness of mind.
fitout. (F." Scand.)
From L. cEquanimitasthe same. L. M. Y. equiper, O. North
,
F. esquiper, to "

cequanimis,of even temper, kind. L. fit out ; A. F. eskipper.Icel. skipa, to set " "

equal; animus, mind.

cBqzi-iis, in order,perhaps allied to skip,a ship.
equation, a statement of equality. Der. equip-age, -ment.

(L.) L. ace. cequdtionem, an equalising ; Equipollent, Equity ; see Equal.

from pp. of cequdre, to make equal. L. Equivalent, Equivocal ; see "

aquus, equal. So also equatorKX-. cequd- Equal.

tor. Era. (L.) L. cera, an era, fixed date.
equilibrium, even balancing.(L.) From a particular sense of cera, counters
L. cBqtnlibritwi. L. cequilibris, evenly (for
" calculation), of
pi. ces, brass,money.
balanced. L, cequi-,
" for czqtms, even ; Eradicate. (L.^ From pp. of L.
libra,a balance ; see Librate. erddicdre,to root out. " L. e, out; rddi-
equinox. L.) Y.iqtnnoxe.^Y^.cdre, to root, from rddic-,
(F. " stem of radix,
cequinoctium, time of equalday and night. root. See Kadix.
" L. cequi-,for cequtts ; nocti-, decl. stem Erase. (L-) L- erdsus,pp. of erddere,
of nox, a night; see Night. to scratch out. L. e, out; rddere, to "

eqtlipoUent, equally p otent. (F. L.) scrape. -

O. F. eqttipolent. 'L.cequipollent-,stem "of Ere, before. (E.^ M. E. er. A. S.

(eqiiipollens,of equalpower. L. cequi-,for ier,soon, before ; adv. prep, and conj.+
"

cBqutis : pollens,pres. pt. of pollere, to be Du. eer, O. H. G. er, G, eker ; Goth.

strong. airis,sooner, comp. of air,Icel. dr, adv.,
equity. (F.-L.) O.F. early,
equite.-^l.. soon. % The two last are positive,
crqtiitdtem,
ace. equity. L. not comparative,forms.
of cBqtiitas, Cf. Gk. "qpi, "

ceqtius, equal. early.

equivalent. (F,-L.) early, soon. (E.) M. E. erly. A. S.
M.F. equi-
valenl.-^'L.aqiiiualent-, of pres. pt. SrlTce,adv. ; from *xrlic, not used.
adj.,
stem "

of ceqniualere, to be of equalforce." L. A. S. cer, soon like.

; lie,
for cequus ; ualere,
ieqni-, to be worth ; see erst, soonest. (E.) M. E. erst. A. S.
Value. superlative of ^r, soon. cerest,
equivocal. (L.) Erect, adj.(L.) L. eredus, upright;
Formed from L.
(zquiuoc-us, of doubtful sense. L. cequi-, pp. of erigere, to set up straight.
" "L. e,
cequus ; uoc-, stem of uocd7-e, to call ; out, up ; regei-e,to make rule.
straight,
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate,to speak Ermine, a beast. (F. O. H, G.) "

doubtfully. % So also equi-angular, equi- M. E. ermine.

multiple, O. F. ermiite (F. her- "

"c. mtne).^0. H. G. harmin, ermine-fur (G.

169
 ERODE ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON

hej-meliii). O. H. G. harmo, " an ermine. (L. Gk.) " L. ejysip"las. Gk. epvaineXas^"

; lAX^ayx-asi.
'^h^.'SJiearma szarmUy weasel. a redness on the skin. "allied to
Gk. kpvcri-^
^But Hatzleld ipv9-p6s,
supportsthe derivation irom
red ; ttcAAo,skin. Cf. ipvai^ri,
Armenius mus, an Armenian mouse ; cf. red blighton corn.
Pontictis mus, supposedto be an ermine. Escalade, a scalingof walls. (F."
Erode. (F. L.) F. ^roder. \^. ero- "
Span. L.) F. escalade. Span,escalado, " " "

dej-e,to eat away. L. e, out ; roJere,to escalada,

" a scaling ; from escalar,to scale.
gnaw. Der. eros-ion (from pp. eros-us). Span, escala,a ladder. L. scala, a " "

Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. epojTiKos, relatingladder Scale (3). Cf. Ital. scalata^
; see
to love. Gk. kpojTi-,
" crude form of epcos^ an escalade ; Florio also has * Scaladuy
love ; allied to epa/xat, I love. an escalado,' from Spanish.
Err, to stray. (F. L.) " M..E. erren.-^ Escape. (F. L.) M. E. escapen,^
"

O. F. errer.'^h. errdre, to wander (for O .'NonhY .escaper(F.^^/ia//^;'),toesca

'^ers-dre).-^Qf.
irren^to stray,Goth, airz- lit.to slipout of one's cape; ^\c2ad Reaper.
jan, to make to stray. Brugm. i. " 878. " L. ex cappd, out of one's cape; see

erratum, an error. (L.) L. tum,

erra- Cape (i).
neut. of pp. of errdre,to make a Escarpment. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) F.
mistake. escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe,a
erroneous, faulty.(L.) Put for L. scarp ; with suffix -ment (L, -mentum) ;
e7'rdne-us, wandering; with suffix -qus. " see Scarp.
L. errdre (above). Escheat.(F. L.) M. E. eschete "

error. (F. "

L.) M. E. erroiir. " a forfeit to the
(alsockete), lord of the fee.
O. F. ^rr"3;/r. " L. erroj-em, ace. of error, O. F. eschete,
"
rent, that which falls to
a mistake " L. errdre (above). one, orig.fem. pp. of escheoir (F.^c/ioir).
Errand. (E.) M. E. erende. A. S. Late L. excadere,
" to fall to one's share.
"rende, a. message, business. +0. Sax. L. ex,
" out ; and to fall. Hence
cadere,
drundi, O. H. G. drunti, a message ; cf. cheat.
Icel. orendi,Swed.
eyreruli, drende, Dan. Eschew, to shun. (F. - O. H. G.)
(Erende. Usuallyconnected with A. S. dr, M. E. esckewen.''0. F. esckiver,eschever,
Icel. drr, Goth, airus,a messenger; which to shun. O. H. G. sciiihan,
" to frighten,
is hardlypossible. also tofear.-O. H. G. ''scioh,
M. H. G.
Errant, wandering.(F. L.) " F. er- shy,
schiech, timid. See Shy.
7'ant, pres. pt. of
O. F. etyer, eirer,to Escort, a guide,guard.(F. Ital." L.) "

wander. Late L,
iterdre,to travel. L.
" " M. F. ^i"r^^/^. Ital. scoria, a guide; fem.
"

iter,a journey. % It sometimes sents

repre- of pp. of scorgere, to see, perceive,guide
the pres. pt. of errdre, to wander. (orig.to set right). - L. eXy entirely
;
Doublet, arrant. corrigere,
to correct ; see Correct.
Erratum, Erroneous, deed Error ; Escrow, a delivered on condition.
see Err. A. F. escrouwe, M. E. scroue^ (F. Teut.)
"

Erst ; see Ere. sci-owe ; the orig. word of which scro-ll is

Erubescent. (L.) L. erubescent-,the diminutive. O. F. escroe, a slip of "

stem to grow red. parchment. M. Du. schroode,

of pres. pt. of erubescere, a shred,
slip "

" L. e, out, much; rubcscere, to grow red, of paper (Kilian) ; cf O. H. G. scrot,a

form
inceptive of rubere,
to be red. See shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Bed. Escuage, a pecuniarysatisfaction in
Eructate. (L.) From pp. of L. eruc- lieu of feudal service. (F. L.) " O. F.
tdre, to belch out. L. e, out; ructdre, escuage " Late " Formed L. scutdgium.
to belch ; allied to e-rugere, to belch ; cf. with suffix -age from O. F. escu, a shield ;
Gk. epevyeaOai. Brugm. i. " 221, because escuage was first paid in lieu of
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. erudttus, service in the field. L. scutum, a shield. "

pp. of erudlre, to free from rudeness,to Esculent, eatable. (L.) 'L.esculentus,

teach. L. e, from ; rudis,rude.
" fitfor eating. " L. esca,iood. For *ed-sca.
Eruption. L. edere,to eat.
(L.) From L. emptidnem, "
Brugm. i. " 753.
ace. of L. eruptus,
eruptio,breakingout. a Escutcheon, Scu-teheon, a painted"

pp. of erumpere, to break out. L. i, out; shield. (F. L.) Formerly escochon\
" "

rumpere, to break. See Rupture. XV cent.; A. F. escuchon.''0. North F.

Erysipelas, a redness on the skin. escuchon,O. F. escusson, the same; answer-
170
 ESOPHAGUS ETHNIC

a Late L. ace.
ing to extended
*scutionei7i^ O. F es- (L. ex),away ; and Low L.
from L. scuttwi, a shield. sunnia, O. H G. sunne (for *sund/d,
Esophagus, K" II (L.-Gk.) Late iiraune,xiv. 9),lawful excuse. *;t- Cf. Goth.
(Esophagus.
"L.. "^"j\.. olao(pdyoi, gullet,sunjon sik^
the to excuse oneself,
ga-sunjon^
lit.conveyer of iood Gk. olcro-(ofdoubt-
ful from sunja,truth ; Skt. satja-,
tu justify, "

orifjin)
; "fay-, tuie. lirugm.i. " 285-.
liaseof (payuv, to eat.
ZiSOteric. (Gk.) Gk. kacvTepiKus,Establish. (F.-L.) M. E. establis-
inner; hence, secret. Gk. knurepos,inner, sen. O. F. establiss-,
" base of pres. pt. of "

comp. of eVcu,
adv., within; from "j="ts, establir, to establish. L. siabilire,to "

into,prep. Opposed to exoteric. establish." L. stabilis,firm; see Stable

IiSpalier,
Irame-work for trainingtrees. (2).
(F. Ital. - L. Gk.) M.F. espallier
-
; Estate.
-
(F.-L.) O.F. estaL~-U
Cot. Ital. spalliera,
" back of a chair,sup-
port, statuvi, ace. of status, state ; see State.
espalier.Ital. spalla, shoulder. "L."
Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
spatula; see Epaulet. estif?ier.^'L. cestimare,O. L. cestumare, to
Especial. (F." L.) O. F. especial.^value. Allied to Goth, aistan,to regard.
L.specialis, kind.
belongto a special " L. Brugm. ii." 692.
a kind.
species, Doublet, special. estimate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. ^j/z'-
Espionage ; see Espy. mdre, to value (above).
Esplanade, a level space. (F, " Ital. Estop, to bar. (F. L.) The same as "

"
L.) AL F esplanade, 'a planing, level- Stop.
ling,
'
evenningof ways ; Cot. Formed Estovers, supplies of various neces-
saries.
from O. F. esplaner, to level ; the suffix (F. L.) A. F. estovers, M. E. "

beingdue to an imitation of Ital.spianata,stovers,\\.oi stover \ see Stover.

an esplanade,a levelled way ; from spia- Estrange, to make strange. (F. L.) "

nare, to level."L. expldndre, to level." to make

O. F. estra7iger, strange. O. F. "

L. ex, out; pldndre,to level,iiom planus, estrange,strange."L. extrdneu7n, ace. of

flat. See Plain. ext7'd7teus,foreign,on the outside. " L.
Espouse. (F. L.) " O. F. espouser,to extra, without; see Extra.
espouse, wed. "L. Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F. L.)
sponsdre, to betroth." "

'
L. sponsus, pp. of sponde9'e, to promise. Lit. extract.' A. F. est7-ete, fem, of pp.
See Spouse, Sponsor. of est7-ai7-e,
to extract. L. ext7-acta,fem. "

Espy, to spy, see. (F. O.H. G.) M. E. of pp. oi extrahere;see Extract.

"

cspyen.'-O.F. espier.^0.H. G. spehon Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)

(G.spahen), to spy ; see Species. Der. L. (Zstndriu7n,Xh.e same. L. cestudre,to "

espi-on-agc, F. espiomiage, from ISI,F. surge, toam as the tide. L. cestzis, heat, "

espion, a spy, borrowed from Ital. spione,surge, tide. Allied to Ether.

a spy, from O. H. G. spehon, to spy. Etch, to engrave with acids. (Du. G.) "

Esquire, a shield-bearer. (F. L.) Du. etse7i,to etch, G. dtze7i,to corrode, " "

M. E.
squycr. O. F. escziyer, escuier,a etch ; orig.' to make
" to eat ;
'
causal of
"Late
squire. a shield-bearer.
'L.sciitdrius, G. esse7t, to eat. See Eat.
" L. scUt-um, a shield, cover (F. ^czi). Eternal. (F.-L.) ME. eternel.^
(VSQEU.) Brugm. i. " 109. Doublet, O.F ete7'7ul.''\^. ceterndlis,
eternal. L. "

squire. lit. lastingfor

cete7-mis, an age ; for aui-
Essay, Assay, an attempt, trial. te7-nus. L. csui-,
for ceuui7i^ an age. See
"

(F. " L. ; O. F. essai,a trial. L. "

exagiuni, Age.
a trial of weight; cf. exdmen, a weighing, Ether, pure upper air. (L.-Gk.)
a swarm. " L. ex, out ; ag-ere, to drive, L. cether. Gk. aWrjp,upper air ; from "

impel,move. (y'AG.) its brightness.Gk. aWeiv, to glow. "

Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.) (VAIDH.) i.

Brugm. " 202.
F. essence " L. essentia,
a being. L. *es- Ethic, relating
" to morals. (L. Gk.) "

sent~,fictitiousstem, of pres. pt. of esse, L. ethicus,moral. " Gk. moral."

rjOiKos,
to be. Der. esse7iti-al; and see entity. Gk. custom, moral
TfOos, nature ; cf. I^os,
Essoin, an excuse for not appearingin manner, custom. -f-Skt. svadhd-,self-will,
court. (^F.-L.awt/ Teut.) 0.". essoifie, from sva, self,
strength, dhd, to place
; cf.
M. F. exoine, an essoine,or
'
excuse ;
'
Cot. Goth, sidus,G. sitte,custom.
" O. F. essonier,
to excuse (Godefroy)." Ethnic, relating
to a nation. (L. Gk.)
"

17
 ETIOLATE EVENT

L. ethnicus.'^Gk. national.
kOviKos^ " Gk, cheer
to delight,
"v"ppatv"iv, ; cf. (vcppwv,
a nation.
llOvos, cheerful. Allied to Gk. cS,well; "ppfv-,
Etiolate, to blanch plants.(F. L.) " stem of (ppqv, midriff, mind.
heart,
F. itioler ; with suffix -ate. From a Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
dialectal form answeringto s'iteuler, to (Gk.) So named from a book Etiphues,
grow into haulm or stalk,like etiolated by J. Lyly (1579). Gk. "
cu^vi??,well-
plants. F.
"
iteule, O. F. esteule,a stalk. grown, excellent. " Gk. tS, well ; "pvri^
" Late L. stupula,for L. stipiila,
straw. I grow.
growth,from (pvoixai^ (^BHEU.)
See Stubble. EurOClydon, a tempestuous wind.
Etiquette, ceremony. (F.-G.) F. (Gk.) Gk. supposedto
fvpoKXvSwv^ mean

itiquette^ a label,ticket, also a form of a storm from the east.' Gk. evpo-s, S.E.
'
"

introduction ; cf. M. F. etiqtiet(O. F, wind; k\v8ojv,surge, from k\v^(iv,to

'
estiquef)^a little note, such as is stuck surge, dash as waves. % Only in Acts
up on the gate of a court,' "c.; Cot. xxvii. 14; where some read (vpatevXcov,
"

G. stecken, to stick, put, set,fix ; causal i.e. Eur-aquilo; from L. Eur-us, E. wind,
of G. stechen, to stick, pierce. See Stick and Aquilo,N. wind.
(i). Doublet, ticket. Euthanasia, easy death. (Gk.) Gk.
Etymon, the true source of a word. evOavaaia, easy death: cf. cvBai/aros,
dying
(L. Gk.) L. eiyjuon. Gk. ervfiov ; neut. well. Gk. tS,well ; 6av(iv,to die.
" " "

of cTVfios, real, true. Evacuate. (L.) From pp. of L.

etymology. (F.- L. -
Gk.) F. ety- euacuare, to empty. " L. e, out ; ztacuus,
mo/ogie.-'L. etymologia.i-Gk.kTVfJio\o'yia^
empty.
etymology. Gk. ervpio-s, true; -Ao7m,
" Evade, to shun. (F. L.) F. ivader. "

account, from \4y"iv^ to speak. L. euddere (pp.eudsus), to escape. "L. "

Eu-, prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk. eu, well ; #, away ; uddere^to go. Der. evas-ion
neut. of "1/?,good. Cf. Skt. vasu, wealth. (from the pp.).
EucailyptllS,a genus of trees,includ-
ing Evanescent. (L.) From stem of
the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) Latinised pres. pt. of L. to
etidnescere, vanish away.
from Gk. ev, well ; KaXwros, covered, L. "f,away ; iidnescere^to vanish, from "

surrounded. The reference is to the hood empty, vain.

liditus,
the
protecting stamens. Evangelist, writer of a gospel.(F. "

Encliarist, the Lord's Supper,lit. L. Gk.) " O. F.evangeliste. L. euangel- "

(L.
thanksgiving. "
Gk.) L, eucharistia, ista.^QV.. Gk.
"ua77"A."(rTi7S. 6ua77"At- "

" Gk. (vxaptfyrla,

a givingof thanks. " I bringgood
^o/xat, news. " Gk. eu, well ;
Gk. I show
ev, well ; x^/^'CoA'"', from
favour,d77"Ata,tidings, a77cA.os, a senger
mes-

from x"^P'^jfavour. Cf. Yearn. ; see Angel.

Eulogy, praise.(L. Gk.) From L.
"
Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of L.
eulogitim. Gk. " "i"Ao7ta, lit.
praise, good euapordre, to pass off in vapour. " L. "?,
speaking; with suffix
suggestedby L. out ; tiapor^vapour.
ilogium, an inscription. Gk. 6u, well ; " Evasion ; see Evade.
Kk'^div^ to speak. Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
Eunuch, one who is castrated. (L." (E.) Eve is short for even. (For evening^
Gk.) L. eunuchus. Gk. evi/oCxo?,
" a see below.) M. Y.-cue^euen.A. S. ^fen,
chamberlain ; one who had charge of efen.'\-0. Sax. diand^ Du. avond, G. abend.
sleepingapartments. Gk. eu?/?;,a couch ; Of doubtful origin.Der. even-tide,
" A. S.
"X"ti',to keep,have in charge. "fentid.Brugm. i. " 980.
Euphemism, a softened expression. evening, even. (E.) M-.Y.. euening.
(Gk.) Gk. the
ev(pT)ij.i(Tfi6s, same as A. S. "fnung\ formedeu- from "fnian, to
^T]iJ.iathe use of words of good omen. grow towards evening," with suffix -ting)
Gk. "u, well ; (prjui, I speak. (y'BHA.) from a/en,even (above).
Euphony. (Gk.) Gk. (ixpcovia, a Even, level. (E.) M. E. euen {even).
pleasing sound. Gk. cvcpcvvos,
" sweet- A. S. efen,e/n.-^Du.even,lce\.Ja/n, Dan.
voiced. _" Gk. fu, well ; (pojvr}^ voice. j'cevn,Swed.j'dmn, Goth, tdns, G. edefi.
(VBHA.) Event, result. (L.) L. euenttis,euen-
Euphrasy, the planteye-bright. (Gk.) tuvi, sb. L. eiienttts,pp. of euenire, to "

Supposed to be beneficialto the eyes ; lit. come out, result."L. e, out; uenire, to
*
delight.'Gk. (v(ppaaia^
" delight. Gk. come, allied to Come. "

172
 EXCISE EXHALE

Excise, a duty,tax. (Du.-F.-L.) excusdre, to release from charge. L. ex, a "

A misspelling of M. Du. aksiis or aksys^ out; and causa, acharge, cause. a

excise. [Qi. G. accise^ excise.) K. Execrate. " O. (L.) From pp. of L. exe-
acceis,a tax,given in the N. E. D. ; allied crdri, for exsec7-drT, to curse greatly.
to Low L. accTsia (Ducange) ; also spelt L. ex, greatly ; sacrdre, to consecrate, "

exsisa (id.).Late L. accensiis^ a payment, also to declare accursed.

" L. sacr-wn, "

rent; cf. accensdre, to tax. L. ac- (for neut. of sacer, sacred ; also,accursed.
"

ad,^ to; and census, a tax. ^ For the Execute. (F. L.) 0.". executer.-' "

sound-change,cf. Du. spij's,

food, from L. execiitus,exsecutus,pp. of exsequt, to
Late L. spensa (fordispensa),a follow out, pursue, perform.
larder, " L. ex, out;
a spence. sequi, to follow.
Excision. (F. L.) " F, 'a
excision, Exegesis, exposition.
(Gk.) Gk. 1^^-
Cot.
destroying;' " L. ace. a. Gk.
excisionefn,'y-qcns, interpretation. "
i^rj-yeiadai,
to
"L.
cuttingout, a destroying. explain. Gk. "",out; rj^iiaOai,
excisus, pp. to guide, "

of excidere,
to cut out. " L. ex, out
perhapsallied to Seek. and
Brugm. i. " 187.
;
cadere,to cut. Exemplar. (F.-L.) M.E. exe??i-
Exclaim. (F. L.) V. exclamer,~.l^. plai7'e."0.".exe77iplaire.^Y,.
"
exeinpld-
exc/dmdrc,to call out. L. ex, out; cld- riu7n,late form of exe77iplar,
"
a copy (to
mdre, to call. See Claim. which the mod. E. word isnow conformed).
Exclude. (L-) L' excliidere,
to shut " L.
exe77ipld7'is,
adj.,servingas a copy.
out. " L. ex, out ; claudere,
to shut. See "L. excmpliwi; see Example. Der. ex-
Clause. from L. exe77ipldris.
e/}iplar-y,
Excommunicate. (L.) From pp. exemplify, to
shew by example. (F.
of L. excojumfiiiicdre,
put to out of the " coined word; as if from F. '^ex-
L.) A
community. "L. ex, out of; comnnmis, e7nplifier.Late L. exe77iplificdre,
"
perly
pro-
common. See Communicate. 'to copy out.'" L. exc7)ipli-,
for ex-
Excoriate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- e77iplu77i,
a copy ioi facei'e,
; Jic-, to make.
coridre,to stripoff skin. L. ex, off; "
Exempt, (F.-L.) freed.
0,Y.ex-
coriiim,hide,skin. See Cuirass. ; whence
e/7ipt to exempt, free.
exe/7ipter,
Excrement (i).(L.) L. excremen- "L. exe7nptus,pp. of exii7ie7'e,
to take
turn, refuse,ordure. "L. excre/us,pp. of out, deliver,free. L. ex, out; e7nere, to "

excei-nere, separate, sift out.

to " L. ex, take. Cf. Lith. i77i-ti,
to take.
out ; cernere, to sift. Exequies. (F.-L.) O.F. exeques,
Excrement (2),
out-growth.(L.)
exequies, 'funerals;' Cot. L. exsequids, In "

Shak. From L. excrementtim.'-\j. excre ace. pi.of exseqtticE, lit.

funeral obsequies,
tus, pp. oi excrescere, to grow out (below). followings.' L. exsequl, to follow out '
"

excrescence. (F." L.) O. F. ^x- L. ex, out ; sequi,to follow. "

crescence.-^'L. excrescentia, an outgrowth. Exercise, sb. (F. L.) M.E. exe7'' "

" L. excrescent-,
stem of pres. pt. of ex- cise. O. F. exe7'cice. L. exe7'citiu77z,
crescere, cise.
exer- " "

to grow out. L. ex, out ; crescere, " "L. exe7'citus,pp. of exercere, to

to grow. See Crescent. drive out of an enclosure,drive on, set at
Excretion. (F. L.) M. F. excretion ; work.
" L. ex, out; arca'e, to enclose; "

formed (.with suffix -ion^,from L. excretiis, see Ark. Der. exercise,vb.

pp. oi excerne7-e\
see Excrement (i). Exergue, the small space left beneath
Excruciate, to torture. (L.) From the base-line of a subject engraved on a
pp. of L. excriicidre,
to torment greatly." coin. (F. Gk.) The final -ue is not "

L. ex, very ; crucidre,to torture on a pronounced; cLp7'ologue, "c. F. exe7'gue, "

gibbet,from cj-iici-, deal, stem of crux, so called because lying out of the work.' '

a cross. " Gk. 1^,out of; epyov, work.

Exculpate. (L.) From pp. (L.) 'put forth.' L.
of Late Exert. Lit, to
L. excuipdre, to clear of blame.
L. ex, exerttis,belter spelt exsertus, thrust forth ;
"

out of culpa,blame. pp. oi exse7-e7-e,to thrust out. L. ex, out; "

Excursion. (L.) L. excursionem , se7'ere, to join,to put.

ace. of excursio,a runningout. L. ex-
cursus, Exfoliate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
"

pp. of excii7'rere,to run out. L. folid7-e, stripoff leaves ; from ex, off,
to "

ex, out ; currere, to run. ^\\i\foIiu7n, a leaf.

Excuse. (F. L.) F. excuser.^'L.

" Exhale. (F.-L.) Y .exhaler.'^X^.ex-
^lA
 EXHAUST EXPERT

hdldre ^io breathe out. " L. ex^ out; hdldre, cfzdre. ^Gk. to drive away
f^opKi^dv, by
to breathe. adjuration.Gk. e^, away;
"
opKi^nv,to
Exhaust. (L.) From L. exhanstus, adjure,from opito^, an oath.
pp. of exhaurire, to draw out, drink up. Exordium. " L. exordium, a be-
(L.^ ginning.
L. ex, out ; haiu'ire,
to draw water. "L. exordlrl,to begin,to weave.
Exhibit, to show. (L.) From L. L. ex; and ordiri, to begin,weave. "

exhibit-US, pp. of exhibere, to hold forth. Exoteric, external. (^Gk.) Gk. f^cure-
" L. ex, out; habere^ to have. piKu'i,external. Gk. (^wTtpoj, more ward,
out- "

Exhilarate, to cheer. (L. Gk. ; with comp. of adv. e^o;,outward,from

-

L. prefix.) From pp. of L. exhilardre, to e",out.

gladden greatly. "1.. ex, very; hilaris, exotic, foreign. (L. Gk.) L. exdti- "

hilartis, glad,cheerful, from Gk. iXapus, ats.-^Gk. f^ojTiKus,outward, foreign."

cheerful. See Hilarity. Gk. e^cu,adv., outward, from e^, out.
Exhort. (F.-L.) O.F.
ex{h)orte}'.^Expand. (L.) L. expanders(pp.ex-
L. exhortdrf,to encourage greatly.L. pansus),to spreadout. L. ex, out; pand- " "

ex, out, very ; horidri,to encourage ; see ere, to spreadout ; causal from patere, to
Hortatory. lie open. Cf. Gk. ttItvtjijii,
I spread out.
Exhume, to disinter. (F.-L.) F. Der. expanse, from the pp.
exhiitner. Late L. exhumdre.
" " L. ^.^, Expatiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
out of ; htimiis,the ground. expatidrt, to wander."
better exspatidrl,
Exigent, exacting.(L.) From the L. ex, out ; spatidri,to roam, from
stem ot to exact. "L.
pres. pt. of exigere, spatium,space.
ex ; and agej-e, to drive. Expatriate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Exile, banishment. L.) O. F. _(F. -
expatridre,to banish. L.
L. ex, out of; "

essil;later exit,'an exile,banishment;' pairia,

native country, from pater, father.
Cot. L. exilium, better exsilium,banish-
" ment Expect. (L.) L. expectdre,better ex-
; cf. exsiil,
a banished
L. ex, man." spectdre,to look for anxiously.L. ex, "

out of; and sed-ire,

(perhaps) abide.
to sit, thoroughly; spectdre,to look, frequenta-
tive
Cf. Consul. Der. exile,verb; hence, of specere,to see.

sb. (
exile, = one who isexiled). Expectorate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Exist, to continue to be. (L.) L. ex- expectordre,to expelfrom the breast. " L.
istere, to stand forth,
better exsistere, arise, ex, out of; pector- (for*pectos),
stem of
be. L. ex, out ; sistere,
" to set,stand,from pectus,the breast.
stare,to stand. Expedite. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
'
Exit. (L.) L. exit, i. e. he goes out,'pedlre,to extricate the foot, release, get
used as a stage direction ; 3rdpers. s. pres. ready. L. ex, out ; ped-,stem oi pes, foot. "

oi exTre,to go out. L. ex, out; ire, to Der. expedient, from the stem of the pres.
"

go. % Exit, departure, is from L. exit- pt.

us, sb. Expel. (L.) L.
expellere,to drive out.
Exodus, departure.(L. Gk.) L. - " L. ex, out; pellere,
to drive. Der. pulsion,
ex-
exodus. " Gk. a going out.
e^oSos, Gk. 1^, " O. F. expulsion,L. ace. expul-
out ; oSo?,a way, a march. (-y'SED.) sionem, from pp. cxpuls-tis.
Exogen, a plant that increases wardly.
out- Expend, to spend. (L.) L. expendere^

(F. Gk.)
exogene (iSis").
" to weigh out, lay out.F. L. ex, out ; pen- "

From Gk. e^-cu,

outside, from l",out; and dere,to weigh. Der. expense^ from A.F.
7f v-, base of -yiyveaOai,
to be born. expense, L. expensa, money spent, fem. of
Exonerate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- pp. expensus ; expendit-twe, from Late L.
onerdre, to free from a burden. L. ex, expenditus,a mistaken form of the pp. ex-pensus. "

away ; onerdre, to burden, from otier-

(for*ones-),
stem oi onus, a burden. Experience, knowledge due to trial.
Exorbitant, extravagant. (F. "
L.) (F. L.) " O.Y.experience.L. experientia, "

F. exorbitant. -^l^. exorbitant-, stem of a proof,trial. of pres.

L. experient-,?XQTCi
"

pres. pt. of exorbitdre, to fly out of a pt. of expertri,to make a thorough trial
track. " L. ex, out; orbita,a track of a of (below). Der. experi-ment, M. F. ex-
periment,

wheel,from orbi-,stem of orbis,a wheel, L. expe7-lmentum, a trial.

with suffix -ta. expert, experienced.(F. L.) " O. F.
Exorcise. (L. Gk.)
" J^ateL. exor- expert."'l-,.expertus, pp. of experu'i, to
 EXPIATE EXTINGUISH

make full trial of. L. ex, thoroughly; but was by the form of the O. F.
suggested
"

and obs. vb. of which

*pertrT,
an the pp. infinitive. M. E. expounen. O. F. es- "

peritus is common. See Peril. pondre, to explain. L. exponere, to set "

Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- forth,explain. L. ex, out; ponere.,to "

pid7-e,to atone for fully.L. ex, fully ; put. See Exposition. -"

from
pidre, propitiate, pius,
to devout. Express, adj.,exactly stated. (F. L.) "

Expire. (F. L.) O.F. expirer.

"
\.. O.F. expres.'^L,.expressus,distinct; pp. "

expTrdre,exspTrdfe,to l)reathe out, die." of cxprimere, to press out. L. ex^ out; "

L. ex, out spirdre,to breathe.

; premere, to press ; see Press.
IiXplain. (F. L.) M. F. explaner, Expulsion ; see Expel.
"

Cot. L. expldndre,
" to make plain. L. ex, Expunge. (L.) L. expungere, to
"

thoroughlypldndre,
; to make plain,lit.to prickout, blot out. [InMSS., expunction
flatten,from planus, flat. See Plain of a word is denoted by dots under zV.]- L.
Expletive. (L.) L. expletluns, filling ex, out ; ptmgere, to prick. Der. ex-

np. L. expletus,pp. of explere,

" to fill punct-ion, from the pp. expunctus.
up. L. ex^ fully
" ; piere, to fill. See Expurgate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Plenary. expurgdj-e,to purifythoroughly.L. ex, "

Explicate, explain. (L.) From

to thoroughly ;purgdre, to purge, purify ; see
pp. of L. explicdre, to unfold,explain." Purge.
L. ex, out; plicdre, to fold. Exquisite, soughtout, excellent. (L.)
explicit. (L') L- old
explicitus, pp. L. exqutsittis, pp. of exquirere, to seek
of explicdre, to unfold,make plain(above) out. L. ex, out ; qticerere,to seek. .
"

Cf. F. explicite. ExsequieS ; see Exequies.

Explode, to drive away noisily, burst. Extant, existing.(L.) Late L. ex- tant-,

(F. L.) M. F. exploder,

" 'to explode, stem of extans, for exstans, pres. pt.
'

publicly to disgraceor drive out ; Cot. of exstdre, to stand forth,exist. L. ex, " "

L. exploder e (pp. explosus), to drive off out ; stdre, to stand,

the stage by noise (the old sense in E.l. Extasy ; see Ecstasy.
" L. ex, away; plodere,plandere, to Extempore. From L. ex tem-
(L.) pore,
clap hands. Der. -ion, from
explos-ive, L. ex, from, out of;
at the moment. "

the pp. tempore, abl. oitempus,time.

Exploit. (F." L.) M. E. esploit, %ViZ- Extend. (L.) M. E. extenden. 'L. "

cess, Gower, A. ii. 258. O. F. esploit,

C. extendere,to stretch out ; pp. extentus,
"

revenue, profit ; later,a n exploit,act. L. extensus. L. ex, out ; tendere,to stretch." "

explicitum, a thing settled, ended,or dis-

played;
Der, extens-ion,~ive (fromthe pp.).
neut. ol explicitus; see explicit. extent. (F,-L.) O. F. extente,
Cf. Late L. explicta, revenue. commonly estente, extent. Late L. ex- "

Explore. (F. L.) F. explorer.'"!.,

"
tenta, fem. of extentus,pp. of extendere
explordre, to search out, lit.tomake to flow (above^.
out. L. ex, out ; plordre,
" to make to flow. Extenuate. (L.^)From pp. of L. ex-

Cf. de-plore, implore. Brugm. i. " 154. tenudre, to thin,reduce,palliate.L. ^x, "

Exponent. (L.") L. exponent-, stem out, very ; tenu-is,thin. See Thin.

of pres. pt. of exponere,to expound,indi-
cate. Exterior, outward. (F. L.) merly
For- "

"L. ex, out; ponere, to put. exteriour. M. F. exterieur.

" L. ex- "

Export. (L.) L. expoiidre,to carry tcriorem,ace. of exterior,outward, com-

parative

away. L. ex, away ; portdre,to carry.

" of extents or exter, outward. L. "

Expose. (F. L. and Gk.) O. F. ex-

"
ex, out; with compar. suffix -tero-.
poser, to lay out. O. F. ex- (L.ex), out ; Exterminate.
" (L.) From pp. of L.
". poser,to place,lay. See Pose (i"). exterinindre, to put or drive beyond
Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition. bounds. "L. ex, out; /^rw/"// J, boundary.
External, outward. .L.) From L,
L. ace.
"
expositidnem.'L. expositus,pp. "

form from
of exponere, to set forth, expound. See extern-Its,outward, extended
Expound. extej'tis,outward. See Exterior.
Expostulate. (L.^i From pp. of L. Extinguish. (L,) C( ined,with suffix
expostuldre,to demand earnestly.L. ex, " hetier exstinguere
L. extinguere,
-ish,ivova
fully; postuldre,to ask. (pp. extinctus,exstinctus),to quench."

Expound. (L.) The d is excrescent, L. ex, out ; to prick,also

'^stinguere, to

76
 EXTIRPATE FABRIC

quench.Ti"r. extinct Exude.

(from^]).exti)!Clus). (L.) Yxova L. exuddre,better
Cf. Distinguish. exsuddre, to sweat out, distil. L. ex, out; "

Extirpate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- suddre, to sweat. See Sweat.

lirpdre,
to root out, better speltexstirp- Exult, to leap for joy. (F.-L.) F.
are, to the stem.
pluckup by " L. ex, out; exulter. L.
exnltdre,better speltexsul-
"

stirp-es, stem of
stirp-s, the a tree. tdre, to leap up, exult. L. exsjiltns, pp. "

Uxtol. (L ) L- extollere,to lift or of exsilTre,

to leapout. L. ex, out; satire, "

raise up. " L. ex, out, up ; to lift.

iollere, to leap. See Salient.
lEiXtort. (L.) L. extort-us, pp. of ex- Exuvise, cast skins of animals. (L.)
torquere,to twist out, wring out. L. ex^ L. eximicE,things off. L. exuere,
stripped " "

to twist.
out ; torqtieie, to stripoff. Cf. induiiice,
clothes.
Extra. (L.) L. extra, beyond,beyond Eyas, a nestling. (F.-L.) Yoxnias;
what is necessary ; O. L. extrdd,allied
by substituting an eyas for a nias.^Y. to
L. exter ; see Exterior. niais, a nestling ; Cot. He also gives
extraneous. (L.) L- extrCxne-tis,niard,whence /atilcon niard, a nias faul- '

external, with suffix -ous ; extended from con.' Cp. Ital. nidiace, or nidaso falcone,
extra (above). Cf. Strange. an eyase-hawk, young
a hawk taken out "

'
Extract, vb. (L.) L. extract-tis,pp. of her nest; Torriano. Formed as if from
of extrahere, to draw out. L. ex^ out; Late L. '^niddcem,
" ace. of *nidax,adj.
trahere, to draw. from L. nidus,a nest. See Nest.
Extraordinary. (L.) \..extra- ordi- Eye. (E.) M.E.
eye, eighe; pi.eyes,
vdrius, beyond what is ordinary,rare. L. "
eyen (whence tyiie). O. Merc, ege; A. S.
extra, beyond; ordindritis,
ordinary. See cage, pi. oog, Icel. auga, Dan.
eagan.-^-X^Vi.
Ordinary. 01 e, Swed. oga, Goth, augo, G. atige.
Extravagant. (F. L.) F. extra-
vagant. "
Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. oculus
"Y^t^X^ L.
extravagant-, stem of (dimin. of *ocus); Gk. oWe (dual) ; Lith.
extrdvagans extravagant, lit. wandering akis,Skt. akshi. Brugm. i. " 68 1. Der.
,

beyond." L. extra, beyond;ztagans, pies. dais-y,q. v. ; window, q. v.

pt. of uagdrf, to wander. Eyelet-hole. (F.-L.; and Y.,^
Extravasate, to force (blood)out of Eyelet is for M. E. oilet^from M. F.
its (proper) vessel. (L.) Coined from oeillet,
a
'
little eye, an oilet hole,'Cot. ;
extrd, beyond; Jicfs,
a vessel ; with suffix dimin. of O. F. from
oeil, L. oculum, ace.
-ate. oi oculus,eye.
Extreme. (F. L.) O. F. extreme.
" "
Eyot, a littleisland. (E ) Also spelt
L. extremus, of extents,outward
superl. ; ait,eyet,eyght. Late
A. S. yget (Kemble,
see Exterior. Cod. Dipl. V. 17, 1. 30); for A. S. igotS,
Extricate. (L-) From pp. of L. ex- igeoQ,a dimin. from Tg,leg,an island ; see
tricdre,to disentangle. L. ex, out of ; Island.
"

triccE,impediments, perplexities. Eyre, a circuit. (F.-L.) M.E. "fzVr,

Extrinsic, external.(F. L.) It should circuit,esp. of a judge. O. F. eire,
" "

rather be extrinsec.'-O. F. extrinseque, journey,Avay. O. F. eirer, to journey, "

outward. "Late L. ace. extrinsectim, adj.; wander about. Late L. iterdre,to journey "

allied toL. extrinsecus, adv.,from without. (forL. itincrdre); from L. iter,

a journey.

" L. extrin { '^exti'iiH),adverbial form

= See Errant.
from exter^ outward ; and sectis, beside; Eyry, a nest ; see Aery.
so that extrinsecus on the outside; cf.
"

interim. Secus is allied to secu7idum,

accordingto, from sequT,to follow ; see
Sequence.
Extrude. (L.) L. extrudere, to
tiirust out. L. ex, " out ; trudere, to Pable, a story. (F.-L.) Y.fable.^
thrust. Cf. Intrude. a narrative.
l^.fdbula, L./^-rz,
to speak, "

Exuberant. (L.) From stem of pres. tell. See Fate.

pt. of L. exicberdre,to be fruitful or Fabric. (F.-L.) F. fabrique.^l..
luxuriant. L. ex, very ; and uberdre,to be
"
fabrica,workshop,fabric. L. fabri-, for "

from uber,fertile,
fruitful, allied to uher, faber,a workman. From L. base fab-,
an udder, fertility
; see Udder. to be skilful; cf. Lith. dab-init,
1 adorn,

77 G
 FA9ADE FALCHION

clean ; Goth, it
ga-dab-ith, Russ. fuur, cleansing fire, purgatory. See
is fit;
dob-ruii,
good. See fabric- Fair.
ate,
Deft. Der.
from pp. oil^.fabricdrt, to construct; Faeces. (L.) L. fceces, dregs; pi. of
ixom fabrica(above). Brugm. i. " 563. fcBx,the same. Der. fec-ulent, L. fac-u-
Facade, face of a building.(F. Ital. letittis, adj.iromfcEX. "

-L.) M. ". facade(Cot.). It^X.facciata, -

Fag, to drudge.(E. ?) 'To fag, defi-
'
face of a building.Ital. _/^^t:/^,
" face. cere ; Levins (1570^ The orig." sense was

YoYk-L,. facia,for L,.fades (below). 'to droop.' Perhapsa corruption oiflag;

face. (F. L.) F. face. Folk-L. see Flag (i); and see below.
- -

facia, for Y,.fades,the face,appearance. Fag-end, remnant. (E.?) In Mas-

Facetious. (F.-L.) F. facetieuxsinger,Virg. Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
(Cot.). M.
"
Y.facetie, witty mirth,'id.
'
fag-end =\oose end; see above.
" Cf. 'the
'
L. facetia, wit ; common in pi. L. face- fagg or the faggfeder" is (feathers) ; Book
tus, witty,courteous ; orig. fine.'
'
of St. Albans, fol. B i a.

Facile, easy to do. (F\ L.) F. "

Faggot, Fagot. (F.-Ital.-L.?)
'

facile.lu.facilis,
" i.e. do-able. 'L.facere, " F. fagot, a fagot,a bundle of sticks ;
'

to do. Der. facility ; faculty. Cot. Of doubtful origin ; perhaps bor- rowed
fac-sixnile. (L-) ^ox fac simile, from Ita.\. fagotto, 'a faggot,' Florio;
make thou like. L./af,imp. s. oi facer
"
e, or (\\ke fagotto) from 'Norw. fagg,a bundle
to make ; simile,neut. of similis, like ; (Ross).
see Similar. ^ We also find factum Fail. (F.-L.) F. faillir ; cf. Ital.
simile,i. e. made like. /a///r^. Folk-L. fallire,
- ioxL.fallere, to

fact, a deed,reality. ( L.) L. factum, beguile, also, to be defective ; falli, to err.

a deed ; orig. neut. oifactus, pp. oifacere,Brugm. i. " 757.

to make, do. Fain. (E.) M.E.fayn. A.S.fcsgen,
faction. (F. L.) Y. faction, a sect. glad.+O. Sax. fagan, Icel. feginn,glad.
"

" L. f actionem, ace. of f actio, a doing, Cf. A. S. gefeon(pt. t. gefeah), to rejoice.

taking part, faction. L. "factics, pp. of Teut. root *feh-., as in A. S. ge-feon (for
facere, to do. *-feh-an); cf. Goih. fah-eths, ]0y.
factitious. (L.) 'L.factlti-us, cial
artifi- Faint. (F.-L.) M. E. "?"/.- O. F.

; with suffix -ous.^Ij. f actus, pp. of feint, weak, pretended; orig. pp. of
facere, t o make. feindre,to iti^.^-l.. fingere,to form,
factotum. (L.) A generalagent." feign. See Figure.
'L.fac{ere) totum, to do everything. Fair (i), pleasing,beautiful. (E.)
faculty, facilityto act. (F.-L.) M. E. fayr,A. S. fceger, fair.+ 1eel. fagr',
M. E. facultee.'-Y. faculte.'-'L. facultd- Dan. "SweCL. fager,Goi\\. fagrs,fit,O.H.G.
tern,ace. oi facultas{"facilitas), facility. fagar. Teut. type *fagroz.Cf. Gk. 7r^7-
" L. facilis, easy ; see Facile. vvpn.1 I fasten. Brugm. i. "" 200, 701.
parently
Ap- Fair (2), holiday.(F.-L.) M. E.
Pad, a folly.(F.-Prov.-L.) a

shortened from Y .fadaise, fiddle- feh-e. A. F. feire(F.foire). l^.feria,

" a "

faddle;cf.'y^"3'^j'(?j', follies, toyes,fooleries ;' holiday,later,a fair; commoner as pi.

Cot.-Prov. fadeza, folly(Hatzfeld).-ferice,for *fes-icB, feast-days; allied to
Frov.fat(Gasconyij:^), L,.fatuus,
foolish. " Feast. Brugm. ii. " 66.
foolish. Fairy. (F. L.) M-.Y. faerie, "
fayrye,
O.Y. fader; from enchantment. [The mod. of the word
Fade,vb. (F.-L.) use

F. fade,adj., tasteless, weak, faint. L. is new ; fairy

" enchantment, the old
=

uapidum, ace. of iiapidus, vapid. See word for 'elf hdug fay.'] O.Y. faerie ^
j

Vapid. % Vade, ioxfade, is from M. Du. enchantment. -O. Y.fae,a fay; see Fay.
vadden; irora.O. Y. fader. Faith. (F.-L.) M. E. feith; also
Fadge, to fit, suit, be content with, fey. Slightly altered from O. Y.feid,fei,
succeed. faith.-L.7fr/"?w, oi fides, allied
ia.\\.h.;
(E.) Formed, in some plained
unex- ace.
Cf. Gk. faith.
way, from the Teut. ha.se fag-,to to fidere, to trust. mans,
suit, whence also O. Sax. fogian,A. S. (VBHEIDH.) Allied to Bide. Brugm.
fegan,to join,suit,M. E. fe)en,to adapt, i. " 202.
fit,G. fiigen,Du. voegcn (see Kluge and Falchion, a sword. (F. Ital. L.) "
"

Franck). Cf. Goth, fulla-fahfan, to M. E. fauchon. O. F. fauchon. Ital. - -

satisfy, O. H. G. gifag, content, Du. vage- falcioneici pron. as t/^). Late Y..falcio- "

I 78
 FALCON FARCE

ncni, ace. oi falcio,a bent sword. L. "

"c.) from L. favi-es, hunger; cf.

guish,
decl.
falci-, stem oifalx,a sickle. Allied afai7ier, O. F.
to die of hunger.
io Jiectere, to Lend. Fan, an instrument for blowing.(L.)
falcon. (K.-L.) M.E. faucon.^ A. S. /aw;/. Late L. vannus, L. tianmis, "

O. F./aucon./atdcou.'-'La.te L. falconem, a fan (whence also F. van); see Van (2).

ace. oi faico, a falcon,so named from its Ih-ugm.i. " 357.
hooked claws." L. /a/;:-, stem oi falx,a Fanatic, religiously insane. (F. L.) "

sickle. Y fanatiqtie.'~\.. fdndticiis

. (1)belonging ,

Faldstool, a foldino^-stool. (Low L. to a temple,(2) inspiredby a divinity,

"

O. H. G.) Low l^.faldistolium. O. H. G.

- enthusiastic. L. yiz;/?^;//, a temple; see "

fald-an^to fold ; stuol kG. sitihl), a stool. Fane.

Cf. Y .fatiteuil. See Fold. Fancy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for M.E.
Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. Y..fallen.fantasie.O. F. J'antasie. Late L. phan-
" "

O. Merc, falian; A. S. fea/lan.'^Dn. val- tasia. GV. (pavraoia, making visible

a"

len,lce\.falla, T)ax\.falile (for/a//^),Swed. (hence,imagination).Gk. (\)avTa^(:iv, to "

falla,G. faliejt. Teut. */a//an-. Cf. Lith. display ; see Phantom.

piilti^ to fall; and perhapsL. fallere, to Fandango, a Spanishdance. (Span.) '

deceive,falll,to err. Brugm. i. " 757. Span,fandaiigo,a dance used in the W.
'
Der. bc-fall, from A. S. be-fealian^ to fall Indies ; Pineda (1740).
out, happen ; fell(l). Fane, a temple. (L.) L. fdmim, a
Fallacy, vl"- LO" Formed by adding temple ; shortened from an earlier form
-y to M. E. fallace, a fallacy, deceit. F. fasnom ; cf. Oscan fisnain,a temple;
"

fallace."Yj. falldcia, deceit. "L. fallac-,allied to 'L.festus,feria. Brugm. ii." 66.

stem oifallax^ deceitful."L. fallere^ to Fanfare, a tlourish of trumpets. (F."
deceive. See above. Span.?) F. fanfare. Prob. of imitative
fallible. (L.) L. fallibilis, liable origin, or borrowed from ^pan.fanfarrza,
to err. " L. falli,to err; fallere, ceive.bluster,
to de- vaunting, which is of similar for- mation.
JiQX.fanfarr-on-ade, bluster.
' '
Fallow (i),orig. harrowed ; of land, Fang, a talon, claw. (E.) A. 'S.fajig;
(E.) A. '^i.fcelging, f allow-land. "A. S. lit.a seizing. S. ^fohan,
A. to seize, only "

fealh,a harrow. Cf. E. Fries, falgen,to used in the contracted form fon, pt. t.
fallow land ; O. H. G.felgd, a harrow. feng, pp. gtfangen ; the pp. form having
Fallow (2\ used with reference to alone survived, evolvingan infin. mood
colour. (E.) O. Mere, fain ; A. S. feahi, in dialects.+Du.vangen, to catch; Icel.
fealo, palered. yellowish. -f-Du.vaal,Icel. fd (cf faiJgisb.,a catch of fish), Dan.
y^/r,pale, fahl,pnle,
G. also falb; Lith. faae, Swed. y'a, Go\h. fdhan, G, fangen ^

palvas; cf. also L. pallidns^ Gk. TroAtoy,to catch, fang, sb.,a catch,also a fang.
gray, ^kt. pallia-, gray. See Pale. Allied to h. pangere ; Erugm. i. " 421.
False. CF.-L.) M. E. fals. O.F. - Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk. cpavTaariKos,
fals {" . faux).^!^.falsus,false; j^p. of able to representor shew. Gk. (pavrd^dP, "

fallere, to deceive. to display. See Fancy.

Falter, to totter, stammer. (E.?) Fantasy, older form of Fancy, q. v.
M. E. faltren,
to Faquir, Fakir, an
totter ; frequentative religious Oriental
from a base fait-. Of obscure origin.mendicant. (F. Arab.) Y .faquir fakir. "

Perhaps connected with Icel. refl. vb. Ar^h.faqtr, one of a religious^ order of
faltra-sk,to be cumbered,to be puzzled. mendicants; lit.'poor,indigent;' son's
Richard-
Fame, report. (F. L.) F. fame. L.- Diet. p. 1096.
-

fdma, report. L. fari^ to speak; see

" Far. (E.) U.Y.fer. A.^.feor.-^-T^w,
Fate. ver, \cQ\.fjarri, S"-wtd.fjerra^t, adv.,Dan.
Family. (F.-L.) F. famille.^l.. fern, G. fern; G oih..fairra.a.(l\. Allied
familia,a household. L. fanmlus^ a "to Gk. vipav, beyond ; Skt. paras, beyond,

servant, Oscan famel ; cf. Oscan faamal, para-, far. (y'PER.") The conxp. farther
he dwells. Tiev.fainili-ari^.famiiidris'). [for M. E. ferrer (i.e. far-er)~\ is due to
Famine. (F. L.) F. fa7nme. Late confusion V{\i\\fti7-ther,
- -
comp. of Forth.
L. famina, unrecorded,but plainlyan Farce. (F. L.) The orig.sense is "

'
extension from L. fames, hunger. Der. stuffing ; hence, a jest inserted
'
into a

fam-ish^formed (by analogy with lan- comedy. F. farce,stuflBng, a farce. F. " "

179
 FARDEL FATIGUfe

farcif,
to stuff. L,./arcD'e, to stuff.-|-Gk.Fashion.
"
(F. L.) O. F. faceon, -

(ppaoodv (for*(ppaK-yHv), to shut in. fachon,make, shape. L. factionem, ace. "

Fardel, a pack, bundle. (F. Arab.) of factio, a making ; see"

Faction.
M. E. fardel. "O. F. fardel (F.fardeaii). Fast (I),firm. (E.) A.S. /^.y/. + Du.
Dimin. of O. F. farde,a burden. Prob. vast, Dan. Swed. /a j/, \c"\. fastr,G.fest;
from Arab, fardah, a package (Devic). Armen. hast. i)er.fast (2),fast (3).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; of. Brugm. ii. " 79.
S)Y)zn.fardel, fardo, a bundle. fast (2),to abstain from food. (E.)
Fare, to travel, speed. (E.) A. S. A.S. fcsstan,orig.to make fast,observe,
faran, to go, travel. 4*D"' varen, Icel. be strict ; from fcest (above). 4-Du. vasten,
Swed. fara, Dan. fare,G. fahrett, Goth. Dan. faste,Swed. and Icel. fasta, G.
faran, to go; Teut. farait-(pt.t. *fdr).fasten; Qo\h.. fastan,to observe,fast.
Cf. Gk. TTo^fuo/xat, I travel ; L. experior^ fast (3),quick. (Scand.) A peculiar
I pass through,Skt. pr, to bring over. use of fast (i)above ; this use is Scand.
(VPER.) Der. fare-well, i.e. may you Cf. Icel. drekka fast,to drink hard, sofa
speed well ; thoroughfare,a passage fast,to be fast asleep, fastr i verkum,
through; tvelfare, successful practice or hard at work,fylg/'a fast,to follow fast, "c.
journey. It means firm,close,urgent, quick.
Farina, ground corn. (L.) 1..farina, fasten. (E.) A.S.fcestjtian,\.om2ke
meal. " L. far, a kind of grain; allied to fast or firm. A. S.fsst, firm. "

Barley. Ttev. farinaceous, from l^.farmd- fastness. (E.) ^LE. festnes, ness,
fast-
ceus. Brugm. i. " i8o. orig. strength.'A. S. fastness, the '
"

farrago. (L.) L. fan-ago, mixed firmament, a fastness;orig, that which is

food for cattle, a medley. L. ^/izr (gen.
" firm. A. S.fcest,firm. "

farr-is), grain(above). Fastidious. (L.) L.fastrdiosus, dh-

Farm. (F. L.) -
[A. S. feorm\ dainfuh L./astrdittm, loathing;perhaps "

A. F. and O. F. fer?/ie, a farm. Late for *fastutidinm "

(Vanicek). L. fastu-s, "

1..fir ma, a feast, farm, tribute;fem. of L. arrogance ; tcBdinm,disgust ; so fh^tfasti-

firmiis,durable. (From the fixed rent ; diiim arrogant disgust. =

also food,from its support?)See Firm. Fastness ; see Fast.

Farrier. (F. L.) Formerly/^rr/Vr. Fat (I ),gross. (F.) M.E.fatt,fet,fat.
"

a worker in iron. O. F.ferrier

"
(thesame) A. S. fett,orig.a pp., contr. from *fated,
.

"la.ferrarius, a blacksmith. L./^rrz^w,fattened,enriched.+O. H. G. feizit(G.

"

iron. feist), pp. of a Teut. vb. *faitjan-, formed

Farrow, to litter pigs.(E.) From the from Teut. adj.*faitoz,which is represented
sb. farrow, a litterof pigs. A. S. fearh, by Icel. feitr(Swed. fet,Dan. feet),
" fat.
a pig ; pi.fearas. + M. H. G. vajxh, a Cf. Gk. 77 tW, Skt. pivan, fat.
pig; G.ferk-el:'L.porcus;see Pork. Fat (2),a vat ; see Vat.
Farther ; see Far. Fate, destiny. (F.-L.) M. E. fate. -

Farthing, fourth part of a penny. O. F. fat,fate (notcommon). L. fdtum, "

(E.) M. \L.ferthing. A. ^.ferring, f cor-

ding, what is spoken; neut. of pp. of far! to ,

older form feorpiing.-' A. S. feord-a,speak. + Gk. cp-qi-d,

I say. Perhapsallied_to
fourth;with dimin. suffix -ing or -l-ing.Boon (i). Brugm. i. " 187. (yBHA.)
Allied to A. S. feoiver. four. Father. (E.) M. E. fader. A. S. _

Farthingale, Fardingale, a fxder. The pron. with th is due to dialectal

hooped petticoat. (F. Span. L.) M.F.
" influences. + Icel. y^5zV,Du. vader, Dan.
"

'
verdugalle, 'a vardingall ; Cot. Span. Swed. fader, Goth, fadar, G. vater, L.
"

verdugado,a farthingale, lit. provided pater, Gk. var-qp, O. Irish athir, Pers.
'

with hoops.' Span, verdiigo,

"
young shoot pidar,^ki. pitr. Idg. type '^pater-.
of a tree,rod, hoop. Span,verde,green." Fathom. "(E.)"^l.E. fadme. A. S.
" L. tiiridis, green. See Verdant. fcE6?Ji, the space reached by the extended
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L. arms, a grasp, embrace. +Du. vadein,Icel.
fascindre,
to enchant. fascinu??i,
" aL.
faQmr, a fathom, Yi^n.favn, ^wed. fa?)in,
spell. an embrace, G. faden. Allied to Patent.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F. L.) Fatigue, sb. (F.-L.) O. Y. fatigue;
"

F. fascine. h.
"
fascina,a bundle of twigs. from fotiguer, to vfeo.xy. 'L.fatigdre,to "

" h.fascis,
a bundle. weary.
80
 FEED FERN

cf. Ital. fievole{"flevole)^feeble [sincefjdll,a fell. Allied to G. fels,a rock

Ital. fi",Jl].~\.. Jiebilis,
doleful; hence, (Kluge).
weak. L. flere,to weep.
" Brugm. ii. Fellah, a peasant. (Arab.)Vl.fellahm.
"59"- Arab, fellah,falldh,a farmer, peasant.
"

Feed, to take food, food. (E.)

give Arab, root falaha,to plough,till.
"

M.E. feden. A. S. fedan ; for ^fodian; Felloe ; see Felly.

with vowel-change from "? to ^. A. S.foda, Fellow,
" a partner. (Scand.) M. E.
*
food. + Du. voeden,Icel./^^a, Swed./^V/a, felawe. "'IceX. felagi, a partner in a felag.'
Dan./"'^/"?, O. H. G.fuotan,Goth, fodjan; \ce\.felag,
" companionship ; lit.a laying
Tent, type ^fodjan-.See Food. togetherof property. Icel. fe, property ; "

Feel. (E.) M. E./^/^".K.S.felan.-^- lag,a layingtogether, a law ; see Law.

Du. voelen, G. fiihlen. Teut. *foljan-; The Icel. fe is cognate with A. S. feoh,
from Teut. base fal- (2nd grade,fol-),cattle,property,L. pcctis,cattle.
whence also Icel. fahna, to grope, A. S. Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim.
folvi, palm of the hand (L.palma). Allied (E.) M. E. fekve. A. S. felg,felge^a
to Palm (i). felly.+Du.velg, Jy^n.fczlge, G. felge.
Feaze, Fheeze. (E.) perly
Pro- Felon, wicked (F. LateL.
Feeze, a person. "

to put to flight,
'
drive away, chase -L. ?) M.E. felun.^O.Y. felon,a
away, harass,worry
'

; often misexplained traitor. Late l^.felonem,

" ace. oifelo,fello,
by 'whip.' \!i.M. fesen; O.Merc, fesian, a traitor, rebel. See Fell (3).
A. S. fysian,to drive away quickly, Felt. (E.) M. E. "//. A.^. felt.-\-
chase. Cf. '^oxvf. foysa ( Icel. *feysa^,
= Du. vilt, Low G., Swed., Dan. filt,G.
n. ; allied to G.
Swed. fosa,to drive. From Teut. base filz. Teut. type '^feltoz,
yatis-(senseunknown). ^ Distinct from falzen,to groove, join together. Der.
A.S.fysan,to hurry,from//7i', prompt. filter,fenter.
Feign. (F.-L.) M. E./^m^".-O.F. Felucca, a ship.i,Ital.Arab.) Ital. "

feluca. Ax7\b.fnlk, a ship. (SeeDevic.)

feign-, a s va. feign- ant, pres. pt. oifeindre. "

^'L.fngere, to form, feign. See Figure. Female. (F. L.) For /^?"^//,
"
by con-
fusion

IDev. feint(fromF. -p^)- feint). with male. M.E. fefnelle.^O.Y.

Feldspar, a kind of mineral. (G.) femelle. L. femella, a young woman " ;
Corrupted from G. feldspath, lit. field- dimin. oifeinina, a woman (below).
spar. feminine. (F.-L.) O.Y. feminin.
Felicity.(F.-L.) q.F./^//aV/.-L. L. feminimis,
" womanly. L. femina,a "

ace. fellcitdtem. L. felici-,

" decl. stem of woman. Ci.felare, to suckle ; Gk. OrjXvs,

felix,happy, fruitful; allied to Feline. the breast; Skt. dhdtrl^a

female, OtjXt],
Feline. (L-) L. fellnus, belongingto nurse.

cats. " L. feles,

a cat ; perhapsallied to the thigh.(L.)
Femoral, belongingto
Gk. 0T]Kvs,female. femordlis; adj.from fenior-,
L. stem of
Fell (i),to cause to fall. (E.) O.Merc. femur, thigh.
fcBllan, A. S. fjd/an,causal of O. Merc. Fen, a bog. (E.) M. E. fen. A. S.
fa//an,A. '^i.feallan, to fall. So also Du. fenn.'\-V"\x. veen, Icel. fen, Goih. fani,
vellen, Swed.
D^iu.fcelde, fdt/a, Icel.felia, mud. Teut. type '^fanjon, n.

G. fallen ; all causal forms. Teut. type Fence ; short for defence; see Defend.

*fa//jan-,causal of fallan-, to fall. See Fend ; short for Defend, q. v.

Fall. Fender ; short for defender.

Fell (2),a skin. (E.) M. E./^/. A. S.
fel,/^//.+Dn. vel, Icel. fell, Goth,
M. H. G. vel\ L. pellis, Gk, -nkXka,
D oublet, pell; cf fil-m.
Fell (3),cruel,dire. (F.-Late L.-
Fennel, a plant. (L.) M. E. fenel.
A.
-fill, S.finol,flmigle. Y.faeniculwn, " fennel ;
skin. double dimin. oifaenum,hay.
Fenugreek, a plant.(F.-L.) F.
femcgrec. L. faennm GrcBCum, lit.Greek
"

L. ?) M. E./^/. O. F./^/, - cruel (cf. Ital. hay.

fello, cruel). Late 1^.fello,
"
felo,a male-
factor, Feoff; see Fief.
felon,traitor. Perhapsfrom L./^/, Ferment. (L.) L. fermentum (shotc
gall (N. D.) ;
E. cf. Du. dial, fel,sharp, for ferui-ment7i??i^, leaven. Y,.ferue7-e, to "

biting,acrid (Molema). See Felon. boil. See Fervent.

Fell (4),a hill. (Scand.) M. E./^/.- Fern. (E.) A.^. fear7^.^\'T)^x. varen-,
Icel.fjall, fell, a hill ; Dan. feld, Swed. G. farn{kraut) ; Skt. parna-, a v^^ing,
82
 FEROCITY FETTER

feather,leaf,plant,
the orig.sense beinq; (F. L.) O.Y. fesse(Roquefort); " mod.
'feather.' Brugm. i. " 973. Cf. also Y.fasce,a fess. L.yai-^m, a girth; allied
"

Lith. papartis,Russ. paporot{e),Irish to fascis^ a bundle ; see Fascine.

raith, W. rhedyji, fern; Gk. irrepis, fern, Festal. -F.-L.) O.Y. festal. Formed
vrepov, a wing, feather, (with F. suffix -a/"L. -alls from Y,.fest-
Perocity. (F.-L.) M.F. /eroa'U'.~twi, a feast, orig.neut. of festus,festive,
L. 2lZZ. ferocitdtem, fierceness. L. /^r(?"'-, "
joyful.Allied to Fair (2)and Fane.
decl. stem of ferox, fierce. L. ferus, " festival. (F.-Late L.-L.) perly
Pro-
fierce, wild. Brugm. i. " 319. an ?i(S].'-'O.Y festival, festive." .

Ferreons. (L.) L. ferreus,made of Late Y,.festTvdlis.'^'L. festnius(below).

iron ; with suffix -oiis.~"l^.ferrtim, iron. festive. (L.) 'L.festluus, belonging
ferruginous. (L.) L./erntgin-us, to a feast. L./^i-/^/;/, a feast. "

same as fcrrui^ineus, rusty; with suffix Fester, a sore. (F. L.) O.Y.festre^ "

-ous,"!^. ferrtlgiti-, stem oi ferriigo, rust also spelt fistle, an ulcer ; whence festrir,
of iron. "
V^.ferriim, iron. to fester (Godefroy'. L._/fj/"/tz, a running "

Ferret (i\ an animal. (F. LowL. "

sore. See Fistiila.
"

L. ?) O. ".fu7'et, a ferret. Late 'L.fure- Festival, Festive

-
; see FestaL
tus,fi7rectus, a ferret. A\?,ofurd\ said to Festoon. (F. Ital. L. ) Y.feston, a " "

be the same as Late L. fUrOya thief, from garland, festoon. Ital. festone, a garland. "

Y,. fi'ir, a thief. Cf. Gk. "^a;/", a thief; Usuallyderived from 'L.festuni, a feast.

from the strong5-gradeof (pfpeiv, to bear, Fetch. (E.) M. E. fecchen,pt. t.

carry off. fehte, fcehte.A. S. feccan,to fetch,Gen.
Ferret (2),a kind of silk tape. (Ital.xviii. 4; Luke xii. 20. Yxoh. fecc'f)an is
"
L.) From Ital. fioretti^ 'littleflowers,a later form oifetian, to fetch i^Anglia, vi.
flonrishings ; also foret or ferret silke,'177). Allied to K.^. feet, a pace, step,
Florio. PI. oi Jioretto, dimin. oi fiore, a. journey; Icel. fet,a step, foot-measure ;
flower. " L. florem,ace. oi Jios, a flower ; and to L. pes (gen.ped-is), a foot. ^ Cf
see Flower. Cf. F. Jleiiret, ferret; from A. S. gefeccan, O. E. T., p. 178. Der.
Jleicr, flower. fetch,sb.,a stratagem.
Ferruginous ; see Ferreous. Fdte. (F.-L.) Mod. F./^/^, the same
Ferrule, a metal ringat the end of a as O. F. feste; see Feast.
stick. (^F. L.) Corruptedspelling
"
(due Fetich, Fetish, an objectof super- stitious
to confusion with fcmim, iron) of the dread. (F. Port. L.) F. " "

older form virrol;XVI cent. O.F. vifol fetiche.Port.7^?/?f^,sorcery,

" " lit.artificial ;
(F. virole),
a ferrule ; Late L. virola,the also, a name given by the Port, to the
same. From
L. uiriola, a littlebracelet ; roughlymade idols of Africa. L._/^"r/z7/"i" "

dimin. of *utria,an armlet,onlyfound in artificial. L. fact-tis, pp. of facere,

to "

pi.ui7-iiE. (Diez.) Doubtful. make.

Ferry, vb. (E.) M.E.yi-rzVw.A. S. Fetid.
(F.-L.) O.Y. fefide.-l..
ferian,to convey across ; causal of A. S. fetidus, stinking.L. fetere,
fcetidus, to "

faran, to go. + Icel. ferja^to carry ; stink.

' '
causal of
fara, to go ; Goth, farjan, to Fetlock. (Scand.^ As if the lock
travel by ship. See Fare. (N. E. D.l or tuft of hair behind a horse's pas-
tern-joint.
Fertile. (F.-L.) Y.fertile,~\..fer- Cf. Low (Lubben);
G. fitlock
tills,fertile. " L. ferre,to M. H. G. vizzeloch (Kluge). The syllable
bear. See
Bear (i"). to a double suffix,but was
-l-ock is due
Ferule, a rod or bat for punishing thoughtto refer to Icel. lokkr,A. S. locc^
children. (L.) Formerly ferula. L. a lock of hair. Fet- is prob. allied to
"

pacer (used
'
ferula,a rod ; orig.the plant giant- \c"i. fet,a pace, step,/^/?',
a

fennel.' of horses);and to \ct\. fotr,a foot; cf.

Fervent, hot,zealous. (F.-L.) O.F. G.fessel, pastern ; and see Fetch., Foot,
fervent.
"L,. fenient-, stem of pres. pt. of (Kluge, v. Fjiss.')
s.

feruere,to boil. Allied to O. Irish berb- Fetter, a shackle. (E.) M. E. feter.

aim, I boil. Der. fervour,from O. F. A, S. a shackle
fetor, for the foot ; from
fervotir"X" 2icc. feruorem,heat; fetvid,*fet-, foot.+Du. veter,Icel.
oifot,
d'^grade
from l^.feruidus. fjbtiirr;cf. L. ped-icaand com-pes, Gk.
Fess, a horizontal band in iribri,
heraldry. a fetter. J^qx. fetter,
vb.
S3
 FETUS FIELDFARE

Tetus, offspring. (L.) L. fetus,a break down. See Flask. (Origin of

bringingforth,offspring.L. *fiiere,
an phraseunknown.) "

obsolete verb, to generate, produce ; Fiat, a decree.

(L.) L. flat,let it be
allied to fu-i, I was ; see Future, Be. done. " L.become fJo,I
; used as pass, of
Brugm. i. "
361, ii. " 587. facere,to do, but reallyallied to fiii,I
Feu, fief;a variant of Fee.
a was. Cf. A. S. beo, I am. Brugm. i.
Feud (t),hatred,perpetualhostility." 282.
(F.-O.H. G.) M.E. fede, feid. M od i Fib. (Low G.) Allied to fob,fnb off,
-

fied in spelling in some unexplainedway, to delude (Shak.); cf. G.foppeji, to banter

perhaps by the influence of/i?^. O. F. (formerly, to lie); Westphal.fip-ken,a

"

feide^ faide,fede, perpetualhostility. small lie,fib (WoesteV "

O. H. G. fehida (G. fehde), enmity ; Fibre. (F.-L.) F. fibre. ^"L. fibra,

cognate with A S. fiehS,enmity, from a thread.

A. S.fdh,hostile. See Foe. Fickle. (E.) Isl.Y..fikel.A.^.ficol;

Feud (2), a fief. (Low L. F. from *fician, to deceive,in comp.
-
-

be-fician,
O. H. G.) Low L. feudiim, a Latinised to deceive ; ci.fic, sb.,ixQ.\xA,facne, ful
deceit-
form allied to O. F. fin,also spelt fief ; fdcen, fraud. .

see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is un- explained.)Fiction. (F.-L.) Y. fiction. ^l..fic-
"D"v.fcud-al, adj. tidnan, ace. oifictio, a feigning.L.y?^/z/i^, "

Feuter, to lay spear in rest. (F. pp. oifingere, to feign. See Figure.
"

Teut.) From M. E. feuter, a rest for a Fiddle, a violin. (L.) M. E.fithel;

spear. O.
" F. /(??^/;r, older y^//r"?,piece
a A. ; cf.
S.fidele IcaX.fidla, D^n.fiddel, Du.
of felt, also a rest fprob.at firstfelted)for vedel, G.fiedel. Apparentlyborrowed from
the lance. Cp. \V2X.feltr0, felt. Of Teut. Late L. uitula,uidula,a viol ; see Viol.
origin; from LovV G. filt,felt. See Fidelity.(F. L.) M. Y.fideliteL. - -

Felt. fdelitdteni, ace. oifidelitds, faithfulness. "

Feuterer, a dog-keeper.(F. Low L. \^. fideli-,

" stem oi fidelis, faithful. L. "

"
C.) In Ben Jonson, Every Man out fides, faith. See Faith.
of his Humour, ii. i ; see Nares. Older Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of
spellingvewter, for vetitr-er. O. F. fidge, to be continually
"
moving up and
ventre^ mod. F. vantre, a mongrelbetween down, Y^^fike in North of England,M. E.
a hound and a mastiff. Low Lat. ace. "
fiken,to fidget, to hasten. Cf. Icel.yf/'a, to
vdtriim ; for L. vertagns, veriagra, ver- climb up nimbly,as a spider ; Swed.yf^a,
traga, a greyhound. Said to be Celtic. to hunt after, '^orw.fika, to take trouble,
Perhapsfrom Celtic ver-, intensive prefix, fikaetter,to hasten after, pursue.
and trag-,to run ; see Fick, ii. 136,283. Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
Fever, a kind of disease. (L.) M. E. Late Y..fiducidlis, adj. ^L,. fidiicia, trust.
feuer{fever). i^.fefer,fefor
A. ; see Matt. L. frdere, to trust. "

viii. 15 ; A. Y-fevre. L.. feh-is, "fever. Fie. (F.-L.) M.E.fy.-Y.fi.-L.ff.

feverfew, a plant.(L.) K.'".fefer-Cf. lce\.ff, D^n. fy, Swed. fy, G. pfui,
fuge ; A. F. fevcrpie. Late L. febrifiiga, " Lat. p/m, phy, Skt. phttt,expressions
for L. febrifigia,fever-dispelling.'
'
L. of disgust. "

febri-s, fever ; ftigdre, to put to flight. Fief, land held of a superior. (F."
Few. (E.) Vi.M.fewe.A. S. i^X.feaive. O. H. G.) O. F. fief formerlyspeltfin
-f-Icel. far, Dan. faa, Swed. fa ; Goth. (Roland). See Fee. TieT. feoff, vb., to
fawai, pi.; cf. L. patictis,Gk. iravpo's, put in legalpossession; from A. Y.feoffer,
small. to endow with z.feof
01 fief.A\so feoffee,

Fey, doomed to die.

(E.) K.S. fSge, A. Y.feoffe, pp. oifeoffer.
doomed to dit.'^lc"\.
feigr,Du. veeg; G. Field. (E.) 'b,YY. field.A. S. field. -^
feige,cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig, Du. veld. G. field(whence Dan. fielt,
cowardly. Swed. fidlt). Allied to A.S. fiolde, earth,
Fez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim. land. Teut. t}pe *felt/mz. Cf. Russ. pole,
(F. Morocco.) F. and Turk. 7^0,'
"
a cap ; a field ; Skt. prthivi,earth. Brugm. i.
so called because made at Fez, in " .S"^2.
Morocco. fieldfare, a bird. (E.) K.S. felde-
Fiasco,lit. 'a bottle.' (Ital.)Ital. fare [miswritten lit.
feldeware'\, '
field-
'
far fiasco,
to make a also, to fail,traveller:
bottle, see Fare.
84
 FIEND FIN

Piend. (E.) M.E./rm/. A.9".fwtid,Pile (3),to defile. (E.) A. S. fylan,

feond,lit. a
'
hatingone,'an enemy, the to make foul; for *fulian.^k.^. ful,
enemy ; orig, pres. pt. of feogie/an, to foul. See Defile ''i) and Foul.
hate. + Du. vijand,Dan. Swed. fiende ; Pilial. ''L.) From 1..fili-us, a son,
\ce\.fjdndt, pres. pt.oifjd, to hate ; Goth. /f/?fl,daughter ; orig. infant : cf \../eldre,
f.jands,{xov(\Jijan.\.o\\-M^\ Q.feind. Cf. to suck. Cf. Feminine. (^l)l{V..)
Skt. /fj/,to hate ^Fick). See Foe. Pilibnster, a freebooter. (Span. Du.) "

Pierce. (F.-L.) M. E, fers.^O.Y. Span,filibuster, a mere corruption of Du.

fers,Jiers,old nom. of O. F. fer,fier^ vrijbuiter, a freebooter, Du. vrijbuiten,
"

fierce {Y.fier, proud). L.y^r"i-, " wild. to rob, plunder. Du. "
vrij,free; buit,
Pife. rF.-O. H.G.-L.) F. fifre.^ booty,plunder. See Booty.
O. H. G.p/tfa, G. ffeife, a pipe. -OUT;. Piligree. (F. Ital. L.) Formerly" "

pft/e7i, blow,
to whistle. Late \.. pipdre, fidigratie
"
; XVII cent. Yfiligram. Ital.
" "

to pipe ; L. pipdre^to chirp(as a bird;, \filigrana, filigree-work, fine wroughtwork.

iiee Pipe. Ital. filo,a thread or
"
row, filare, to

Pig. fF.-Prov.-L.) Y.figite.^Vxow spin; grano, grain or texture ; so called

/??". Folk-L. 'yifra,
" used for Y..ftcus, a because the chief texture of it was wrought
fig. (Cf. O. F. Jie, a fig; immediately in silver wire. From L. filum,thread ;
from jFica.) grdnum, grain. ^ The ^'pz.n. filigrana is
Pight. ^E.) merely borrowed
U.Y..Jihien,fehte7t,\h. from Italian Monlau;.
O. 'hltrc.fehiaii, to fight ; fehte, v fight.+ Pill, vb. (E.; A. S. fyllan; formed
Du. vechteyi, G. fechten, to fight fwhence irom. ful,i. e. full, by vowel-changefrom u
Dan./"^/^,Swed./rt-^/"7j. Teut. *fehtan-. to y.-^-Dw.vullen,Icel. fylla, Dan. fylde,
Pigment. L.) 'L.^gmenttun,an in- Swed.fylla,
vention. Goth, full/a7z, G. fallen.
"L.y?^-,base oi finger e. to feign PiUet. (F.-L.) Vi.Y. filet. ~0.Y.
{^Y"\^.fic-tus,
for *fig-ttiS). filet, dimin. oi fil, a thread. " L. /f/z/w,a
figpire.(F. "
L.) F. figtire. L. thread. See File ''i).
-

figura,a thing made. L. ^"^"?r^

" Tbase Pillibeg,Philibeg, a kilt. ^Gaelic;
yf"'-)j to make, fashion,feign. + Goth. Gael, feilcadh-beag, the modern kilt. "

deigan, to knead, Skt. dih, to smear. Gael, feileadh, feile, kilt,prob.

a from L.
(yDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. " 589. Der. ueluin, a veil (Macbain) ; and beag, little,
dis-figtire, prefigure, trans-figure. small. Cf. W.^ bach, little.
Pilament. (F. L.) F. filament.
" -
Pillip,to strike with the finger-nail,
I-ate L. fildmentum, thin thread. " Late when jerked from the thumb. (E.) Another
L. fildre,to wind thread. L. /tlu??i,
" form oifiip ; see Flippant.
thread ; see File (i). Pills,used for thills. (E.) See Thill.
Pilbert, fruit of hazel. (F.-O. H. G. Pilly, a female foal. (Scand.) Icel.
Formerly philiberd'Gower; ; short for fylja,a filly, allied to foli,a foal cf.,

Philiberd or Philibert nut, from the Dan. Swed. /6"/, fallen.

G. See Foal.
proper name Philibert; (,S. Philibert's Pilm, a thin skin. (E.j A. S. filmen
day is Aug. 22); North F. noix de filbert{fybnen),neut., membrane (O. Fries, yf/-
(Moisy). O. H. G.filu-berht,
- \er\ bright; mene, f.,skin;. For W. Teut. *filmin-jo-,
horn filu (G. viel), greatly, ber/it, bright.from *felinen, -mon-, as in A. S. agerfelma,

% Called in Germany Lambertsjtuss, i.e. skin of an egg. Extended from the base
nut from Lombardy (Weigand;. fel-in A. S./k/,skin,Goth, fill, skin. See
Pilch. (E.) Etym. unknown ; possiblyFell (2).
related to M. Y../elen, to conceal. Cf. Icel. Pilter, to strain. (F.-O. Low G.) F.
fela,to hide,bury; Goth. fil/ia?i, to hide. filti-er, orig. to strain through felt. F. "

Pile (i),string,line,order. (F. L.j filtre, " a strainer, orig.felt (Littre).Low

"

Partlyfrom O, Y.file, a file, {rom filer, to G.filt, felt; see Felt.

thread; from Late L. fildre(see Fila- ment) Pilth, foul matter. (E.) A. S./F/J.-
; partly from F. fil,thread, from A. S. fill, foul (by vowel-change of u to
'L.ftlufii, a thread. y So also O. Sax. fulithd,
.
filth, from
Pile (2).a steel rasp. (E.) O.Merc. ffiLfoul. See Foul.
frl; A. S./^W.+ Du. vijl, O. H. G.fihala, Pin. ^E.) K.^.finn, a fin.+Du. -uin,
G. feile ; as if from a base *fenh-. The Swed. fena, Dan. finjze ; L. pinna. See
Icel.form is///, as if from a base *thenh-. Pin.
il
 FINAL FIST

L." O. F. L.
Final. (F. - p:;:aL -
jvt'ur,O. H. G. /"/". Tent, ty^^e *//7-";-.
fffiLis,tiiial. L. /?"/;",
end.
"
Cognate with Gk. in"p. Cf, Skt. /"ft'a^";-
FinaJlce, revenue. ;F. L^ O, " F. from /";/",
i^ purifying,.ilsofire. (y^PC^
/fw.j.'.w. Lv\te L. /:r:an/ia.payment."
"
Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)
Late L. /ynJra,to fine."Late pay a L. A. S. unicifi, to conduct, support. Prob.
/This, a settled payment, a. finis^: or end, | from A.S./i?r. a journey; allied to Fare,
i. e. final arrangement ; L./Twif, end. j Pirkin, the fourth part oi a barrel.
Pinch, a bird. ";r/i.I,M. Du."
(E.^ M. E.
M. E. /h-J^km. From Du.
A.S. /?/r\+Da. vinJ^. Dan. /f;t^^, fourth : with suftix -Jtifi,as in Xv7-
Swed. |Z'U'rdi',
and G. A";ic. Cf. \V. //""", a chaffinch;\M'r-kin^ answeringto the M. Pu. double
Gk. crriyyos, ffvi'^a, a finch ; prov. E. dimin. suffix -i-in ^G. -ch-en in f/::uichtn^.
spini. Der. chitf-jituhj q. v., bull-finch^ Vicrdc is from Du. vier,four ; see Four,
"

c^c, Pirm CO, adj. *^F. L.) M. E. /cvvav. "

Pind. 'E.^ A. S. /f//"/a".4-Du. T'lVwVw. "O. F. and F. /"rrwc\ L. y?V/;/",s-, stead- "

Dan, /fw-^*,Swed. and Icel. /r";;"z"finjki^^ fast. 'Der.farm. ,

Croih.n"s':i:n,G.fifui"n. Teut. */cfit

/:-a/i-: firm iv-;? ^ Partnership. (Span. L.") "

'
Idg. base *jVnf-,whence O. Lish Ft-ai'm. The older sense was signature of the '

I find. Perhaps allied to L. pctere, to house or (as we call it" the firm. Span, "

seek after ; see Petition. Brugm. 11. firma. a signature. Span. /xrma?\ to "

j 634. confirm, sign. L. firmare, to make

Pine (i^. exquisite,thin. ;F. L.)
O, F. ri", witty,perfect.Late E. finus,
" firm.
" " L. /frv.-.v.c.
firm ,above^.
firmament, celestialsphere.(F. L.)
" "

fine: used place of L. ftnu^us,well O. F. Jirmanwnt.'m'E.firmamefitum^a

in
rounded or ended, said of a sentence support ; also, expanse of the sky ^Vul-
vBrachet^, orig.pp. oi /Itiire,to end. L. gate^. L. finncire, to strengthen;from " "

ftnis, end. ^ Finus is a back-formation /ir'Wis. firm.

from /}"";"";. ! Pirman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
fine (2% a tax. (Law L.) Law L. \fermdn,a mandate, order; O. Pers. /ra-
frnis^a fine, a final arrangement; L. i/;z.fw"j ;Horn) ; cf. Skt. pfamatja-, a
ffnis.end. See Finance above\ decision, from pra, before i^Gk.irpo)and
Pinger. ;E." A. S. yfw^irr.+Du. rfia. to measure.
Icel.
z'i)i^(Cr. fiff^. Dan. Swed. G. fifigtr, First. (E.) A. S. fyrsi,the superl.
of
Goth, fig^'s{=/ini;rs^. Teut. tj'pe *jifi- fo?-e,with vowel-changeof u (A. S. o) to
^t"3 :orig.sense unknoAvn. ,y.+Icel./3''''-y''^: ; 'ii"yvt"l.fi:r
Dan./t?r.y/"?
Pinial. ^L. A coined word ; from L. Teut. type */unstos, superl.from the base
/Tm's.end. Ci.fi/! jJ. */"vr-; see Fore.
finical. iF. L" A coined word ; "Firth ; see Frith.
"

exter-devi from Fine j")above. Fiscal, pertainingto the revenue.

finish,vb. ;,F.-L.) 'Sl.E. fim'scA^f!. ,^F. L.) O. F. fiscal.Late L. fiscdlis. " " "

" O. F. fifiiss-.
base of pres. pt. oifinir^
to h.fisius, a basket of rushes, also a purse.
finish."L. ff/iTre,to end. E./THiJ,end. " Pish. (E.) A. S./i.-.+Du. vtsc/i,Icel.
finite,limited. (L.) L./fni/us, pp. Dan. and Swed. fisk,
fjsi'r. G.fisch; Goth.
oifimri (above .
/isks. Tent, type "^fiskoz. Cognate with
Fiord, a sea-loch,deep inlet of the sea. L. piscis, Irish and Gael, iasg,O. Ir. iasc
(Scand.^ Norw. fjord.Dan. fi^rd.fjord;\Avith loss oi initial/".
Icel./}""?''. See Frith. Fissure. (F. L.) O.F. "
L
_/f-"-.r"r"f. "

Fir, a tree. Scand. M. E.yfr;answer- fissurci. L. jissus.pp. of "

fituicre,
to

ing to a mutated form due to A.S. fiurh, |cleave. +Skt. f)/:id.

to cleave; A. S. /-/"/jw,
which occurs in furhwuJu, a pine-tree : to bite. .y^BHEID/i And see Vent
|
but prob. of Scand. origin. Cf. Icel. }(i"^.Brugm. i. " 567.
^rr'-.f,6t^,a fir-wood 'written ^/[rWj-"t"^' ; , Fist. {E^ ^\.E.fist, f est,fust. A.S.
from Icel./wra, a fir; cf. Dan./"r.Swed. j/J-f/.+Du. vidst, G. faust.O. H. G. fiist.
fura.'\'G.f6hre. W.pyr. Cognate with L. Teut. *flsth. ^ If the orig.Teut. form
quercus, an oak ; and O. Lombardic/irrcV/a, was *fu)ihstiz,
it may be identified with
"
aesculus.' Russ. piaste,fist, O. Slav, p^ti; from an
Pire. (E." A. S. ;5?r.+Du. r"7/r, Icel. Idg. base *p?nksti-, which is allied to
fyri,Dan. and Swtd.'fyr, G. finer, M.H.G. Five.

186
 FISTULA FLAMINGO

Fistula, a deep,narrow (L.^ Fla^ Vj Plagstone, a pavin^-Htone.

abscess.
.
rri the shape ; 1..fistula, -Scand.y Icei. y^-'^-i'.
a pipe. a tiag^cr slab of
Fit I', to suit; as adj.,apt. ''.Scand.) stone. This migritgave E, dial.yfcw (see
? '. ]-..
filten, to arrange. IceL and Norw. Flaw) but cf. Icel.Jiagna.to flake off,
"
,

ftja, to knit together; Swed, dial, fittja,Dan. dial, flag-torv, .S y?"z^, a cut turf. j.

to bind toffether ; cf. (j./itzen, to bind into A weaker. ea form of Fiaxe.

skeins,ixomfitze, a skein. From Icel.yf/,Flagellate. (L.^ From pp. of L.
'
a hem, also web of a bird's foot ; cf. \Jlagelldre,
*
to scourge. L. fiagellum, "

M. Dan.yf"f"5^, to knit ; Dan. fid, a skeLn riimi.n.rA fiagrum.a scourge. .See Flail.
Perhaps allied to Fit (2^. ^ Influenced Flageolet, a sort o; flute. F." Prov.^
as to sense by M. Y^.fete, well done ; from ^L \:.fia^eolit, dimin. ol flageol, with theI

O. Y .fait, \j3X.foetus; see Feat. jsame sens-r. Viov .fiaj'ol: .fiaujols, a flage-
olet "

Pit 2
5
a part of a poem, attack of ill-
ness. cannot repreient a Late L.
; which
(".; M.E.fit. A.S.fitt,
i^ song, I *fiautiolui.
a a little flute,as stiergested
bv
(2; a struggle;which perhaps are ttue I Diez.
word. Cf. Fit d]. L.
same
I Flagitious. L. fidgitids-us,
Pitch, the same as Vetch, q. v. I shamelul with suffix -cms.
; L. fidgitium, "

Fitchet, Pitckew, a pole-cat. ^F. -

I a disgraceful act ; cf. 'L.fidgitdre.
to act
M. fitche-LU is from Yxzzxd ficheux
Du.; with violence. Perhapsallied to Flagrant-
,

'Sl.F.fissau, a polecat;older form, /fi-j^Z.Plagon. ''F.-Late L. O.Y.fiacon,

"M. Jju.fisse. a polecat ; from the smell. another form of fiasco n.^La-te h. fiasco-
Cf. Icel. fisa,to make a smell. j fiem. ace of fiasco,a .tiask. Late L. "

Pitz, son. A. F. L.) Formerlyyfz fiasca, " a flask. See Flask.

(with 2 as ts), A.Y. fiz (withz 3lS ts ; L.) Flagrant, glaring,
as a fault. fF. "

also O.F.fi/z,fi/s.-''L.fT/zus, fiugrant,properly burning. L.

a son. O. r .
"

Pive. E.^ M. E. yf/"; sometimes yfz^^. fiaqrant-, stem of pres. pt. oi fiagrdre, to
as a plural.A. S. fif ''for*/?////" + Fju. bum.-f-Gk. "p\i'/"iv, .
to btim ; Sk. Mra/
Z7_)y",Dan. Swed. /^^, Icel. fimm, Goth. VE!HLEG. Brugm. i. " ^39 (2,.
yf;;//",G. ftinf;\V. pump, O. Ir. ^"7zV.L. FlaiL (L. ^L E. /zV. fiejl, fleil.
quinqzie, L ith. ptiiki. Gk. Wvre (^ol. l^Si^tT.fiayel (.fromO. Y fiael'"Yfiiau '_ . .
,

"jTffiirf),Skt. pancha. Idg. type *penqe. From 'L.fiagellum, a whip, in Late L.,
"

Tier, fifth,K.^.fifta; fifteen, X.6.frf a flail; dimin. oifiagrum,a scotirge. See

thie ; fifty, A,S.fftig. Flagellate.
Pix. (F.-L., O. F. ":, fixed. L. Flake, a thin slice. (Scani) Norw.
-

fixus, fi.xed ; pp. oifigere, to fix. flak, a slice,an ice-floe : cf. Icel.fiakna,
Fizz. (Scand.") Imitative; cf. Icel. fiagna,to flake off. Swed- fiaga,a flake.
/frc,Dan.yfj-^, with the sense of h. pedere.Perhapsallied to Flay. ,

Plabby ; weakened form oiflappy; see Plambeail. T.-L. Y. flambeau,2.

Flap. Cf. Low G fiabbe, a. hanging lip; torch; dimin. oiO.Y.fiambe below). '

fiahbsio, flabby Danneil). 1

I flame, sb. (F.-L., O.Y. fiame,
Placcid. '^F.-L.)Y. flaccide.~\. \fiamme; also fiamhe. L. fiamma *fiag- "

fiaccidus, limp.^Y.. fiatcusflabby. ! ma ? .

a flame : perhapsfrom the base .,

Flag 'i), to droop,grow wear}'. TE. \ficLg-, to bum. See Flagrant.

Weakened form oi fiack, to hang loosely ; j Plamen. L. 'L.fidmen. a priest of
M. E. fiakken,to flapabout. From the I Rome. Prob. for *fiag-men, he who
base^ff^-of A.^. fiac-or, flying, roving.! bums the sacrifice: c:. fiagrare. to bum.
4-IceL fiakka,to rove ; fiaka. to flap: Or ehe alliec to Goth, blotan. to sacrifice.
fibkra. fiogra,Dan.fiagre, to flutter; G. Flamingo. 'Span."Prov. "L.i Span.
to flutter. All from the imitative !y?^"w"M":^,
_/?a"r;^^r?z. a flamingo: but said to be a
base fiak-,allied to fiap,fiicker.And Provencal word ; the Prov. form is
partly from O. Y.fiaquir, to be limp ; from flamenc,where the suffix -enc is supposed
O. Y.fiaque, limp,l^.fiaccus. to be an adaptationof the Tent, suffix
flag 2\ an ensign.'Scand.?) IDan. -ing. The F. form is ;?flzi^a"/, lit.'flaming.'
.

fiag, Swed. fiagg,a flag; from base of but it seems to have been confused with F
\z^\.fiogra, to flutter (above). Flamand, a Fleming, whence the peculiar
flag 3 .
a reed ; the same word zsfiag form of the Prov. form may have arisen :

(2); irom its waving in the wind. Palsgrave has "

Flemmvng, fiammant.'
187
 FLANGE FLEDGE

the etymology is certainly

Still, from L. Flaunt, to display ostentatiously.
Jlamma, flame ;
a from the flame-like (Scand.) It seems to have been particu-
larly
colour of the bird. used of the displayof fluttering
Flange, projectinga rim. (F. Teut.) plumes, "c.
-
Norw. flanta, to gad
The same as prov. Y,.Jlanch, a projection ; about,; Dan. flane, to flirt. Somewhat
cf.Jlanchin heraldry, an ordinaryon each similar is Swed. dial, flatikt, flutteringly,
side {oxflank)of the shield. O. Y. flanche loosely,
" from flanka, to waver ; perhaps
(A.Y.Jianke^,fem. sb. allied to F.Jianc, allied to flakka,to waver, answering to
side. See below. M. E.flakken; see Flag (i).
flank, the side. (F.-Teut.) M. E. Flavour. (F.-L.) The form seems
flanc. F. Jia7ic,
" side. O. H. G. hlancha^ to have
" been influenced by that of the
lanka, hip, bend, loin ; cf. Mid. Du. de word *
savour. O. Lowl. Sc. fleivoure,
'
La?icke,the flancks ; Hexham. Allied flewer.-'O. F. fl'eur,fleitir,flatir,smell.
to A. S. hlanc,slender ; see Lank. puted Cf. Ital.flato7'e,
(Dis- a bad odour ; answering
; but probable; see Kluge, s. v. to Late L. ace. '^fldtorem. L. flatus, pp. "

Gelenk.^ oi flare to blow. (Korting," 3316.)

.^

Flannel. (W.) Prov. Y. flannen, a Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. flawe.

better form. W. gwlanett,flannel,
" from Swed. flaga,a crack,flaw,also a flake ;
"

gwlan^ wool. Allied to 'Wool. see Flake. Cf. prov. E. flaiv,a flake
Flap, to beat with the wings. (E.^ (as of snow) ; also,a gust of wind, like
M. E. Jlappen,to beat ; not in A. S. Du. vlaag.
Y. " Tie's,. Jlappen.
Imitative; like_/?a^/^,
to Flawn,akind of custard. (F.-O.H G.)
beat ; see Flag {\^.-\-T)\!l.Jlappen,to flap.M. E. flaun. Y .flan,
O. Y.flaon,
a flawn ;
"

Hbx. flabby(flappy)
; flap^sb. (cf.Span,flaon, Ital.fladone).'-0.
H. G.
Flare below.
; see flado, a broad flat cake ; G. fladen.
Flash, blaze, f E.)
to M. E. flaschen,Allied to Gr. vKarvs, broad.
to dash ; cf. Swed. dial, flasa,to burn Flax, a plant.(E.) A. S. fleax.-ifYiw.
violently; Icel.flasa, to vnzh,flas, a swift vlas,G. flachs. Perhaps allied to Goth.
rushing. flah-ta, a plaiting, Gk. TrXiK-iiv, to weave.
flare. (Scand.) Norvveg.flara. to Flay, to stripoff skin. (E.) M. E.
blaze ; apparently a variant of Swed. dial. flean. A. S. flean,to flay.+Icel. fld,pt.
flasa(above"1. t. fld, pp. fleginn. Teut. type 'flahan-
Flask. (LateL.?) A. S. flasce, flaxe; (p't. t. *fldh), to strike. Cognate with Lith.
we also find \c"i.flaska, Da.n.flaske, Swed. plaku, I strike ; cf. Lat. pldga,a stroke.
flaska,Q.flasche ; but it is hardly a Teut. See Plague. Brugm. i. " 569.
word. " Late L. flasca,a flask ; cf. also Flea. (E.) M. Y.flee, ^X.fleen.A. S.
W.fllasg, Gael. flaso- ( from E.). Remoter fleah, a flea.+Du. vloo, Icel. fld,G. floh.
originuncertain. See Flagon. Teut. base *flazih-, or perhaps *piauh-,
Flat. (Scand.) M. E. flat.-Icel.flair,allied to the verb to flee. See Flee.
Swed. flat,Dan.flad. Fleam, a kind of lancet. (F. L. Gk ) " "

Flatter. (F.-Teut.; ^r E.) M. E. O. Y. flierne, Y. flaninie, a fleam; Hamil-

ton."
flatcren.a frequentative form. Either, Late L. fletoina, a lancet (Vocab.
with suffix -(?;'-, from O. ". flal-er, mod. F. 400. 11); shortened from Late L,. flevo-
flatter, to flatter; or formed from an E. toniuni, phlebotomiim,a lancet. Gk.
"

base flat-, of imitative origin; cf. M. Du. (pXe^oToiJiov^ a lancet. Gk. (pXi^o-,
" decl.
flatt^ren, to flatter (Hexham) from O. F. stem of "pX"ip, a vein ; rofx-, o-gradeof
flater, which is from \ze\..flat-r,flat ; from Te/xveii', to cut. Hence also M. H. G.
the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base fliedeme, G.fliete, Du. vlijm^a fleam.
flak-.^ seen in AL Swed.fleckra, to flatter, Fleck, a spot. (Scand.) M. E. flek."
Swed. dial, fleka,to caress ; also M. E. \ce\.flekkr, a spot ; flekka^ to stain ; Swed.

flakken,to move to and fro,and G. flach,flack, a spot.+ Du. vlek,G. fleck.

flat; see Flag (i). The sb. flattery is Flection ; see Flexible.
plainlyadapted from O. F. flaterie, F. Fledge, to be furnished with feathers.
flatterie. (E.) The pp. fledgedis now used in the
Flatulent, windy. (F.-L.) M. Y. fla- placeof M. E. flegge,
tulent. adj.,ready to fly.
" Late L. fldtulentzis. 1^.flatus,Fleggeis a Kentish
" form of M. E. flygge,
breath. "L. yP^z^df,to blow; see Blow (i). ready to fly. From A. S. '^flycge ; found
188
 FLIRT FLOUNDER

the North. M.
flippaud, E. pres. pt. ; flif)- flordlis,belongingto Flora, goddess of
fand^ prattling,saucy. Or else,the suffix dowers. T^. flor-,as the stem "oi flos,
-ani imitates the French (heraldic) suffix a flower ; cf. florere,
to flourish, allied to
in ramp-ant J "c. Cf. prov. Y-Jiip,nimble, Blow^ (2)and Bloom.
flippant; from the base flip-,as in Icel. florid. (L.) \j.floridus, lit. abound-
ing
fleipa,
to prattle
; Swed.
dial, flepa,to with flowers; hence, rosy. L._/fw7'-, "

talk nonsense ; cf. Swed.

dxaX.flip, the lip. decl. stem oiflos, a flower (above).

Flirt. (E.) Often wxititnflurt ing

mean-
, florin,a coin. (F. Ital. L.) M. E. " "

to mock, gibe,scorn ; the oldest sense floreii (about A. D. I303\ O. Y. florin,

" a
of flirtwas to jerk lightlyaway. Of florin. Ital. _/z^r/Vz(7
" {"florino), a coin of
imitative origin;cL flip, flick. So also Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
E. Yrifi.flirr, flirt,a lightblow ; flirtje, the symbol of that town. Ital. flore, " a

a giddy girl. flower. L.y7(J;v;;z, " ace. oiflos, a flov/er.

Flit, to remove from place to place. floscule. (L.) \^.flosctihis, a little

(Scand.) M. Y..flitten.-\z(t\. flytja, t o flower ; double dimin. oiflos.
cause to flit; Swed.y?^///^, to flit,remove; Floss, rough silk ; as in floss-silk.
Dan. flytte ; causal of Icel. fljota, Swed. (F.-L.) From Isl.Y. flosche; Cot. has:
flyta,T"2j\.flyde, to float. See Fleet (i), soye flosche, '
sleave silke.' [So also Ital.
Float. floscio, Venetian Hosso,soft,weak ; floscia
Flitch, side of bacon. (E.) M. E. seta, floss-silk.] An adj.formation from
' '
flicche.A. S.y?zV^^.+Icel. flikki, a flitch; O. Y.flocher, to form into flocks or tufts.
flik,a flap,tatter. Perhaps allied to G. Y.floc;see Flock (2).
"

flick-, a patch; and to E. Fleck. Flotilla. (Span.-TeiTt.^ Span.yZ^-

Float, to swim on a liquidsurface. tilla, a littlefleet ; dimin. oiflota, a fleet,
(E.) M.'E. floien, flotien.K.S. flotian.cognate with O. F. flote, a fleet of ships,
-^Icel.flota, Du. viotten. Teut. '^flittojan-, a crowd of people.This O. Y. flote (fem.),
wk. vb.; from '^fliit-, weak gradeof *fleu-Y.flotte (whenceG.flotte) is from a Teut.
ian-, to float, wlience mod. E. fleet.See source ; cf. Du. vloot,Icel. floti, a fleet,
Fleet (i). % Confused with F. flatter A. S.flota, a ship. From the base */?z//- ;
(O. F. floter), to float, from the same see Float. Cf. M. Y. flote, a fleet. (Kdr-

Teut. base *////-. tini?. " 3349-)

Flock (i\ a company of sheep, "c. flotsam, goods lost in shipwreck, and
(E.) M. 'E..flok. A. S.flocc.-i-Icel.flokkr, floating on the waves. (Law F. E.) An "

1)^X1.flok, Swed. flock. A. F. law-term, ioxm.Qr\y flotson(Blount).

Flock (2), a lock of wool. (F." L.) A. F. floteson ; O. F. flotaison, a flooding
O. F.y?"7r. L. floccus,
" a lock of wool. of fields (Godefroy\ Low "L. type ^flot-
Floe, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan. tdtionem,from to float,
''^flottdre, to flood
flage; as in
iisflage, an ice-floe, '
lit. ice- {Y.flotter). From the Teut. base ""flut- (as
flake.' Cf. Norw. isflak, the
isflok, same. above). Cf Jetsam.
See Flake. Flounce (i), to plunge about. (E.)
Flog, to beat. (L.?) A late word ; and Cf. Swed. dial, and M. Swed. flunsa,to
(in1676)a cant term. Ci. flack;or pro-
bably plunge. Of imitative origin.
suggestedby flagellate, q. v. Cf. Flonnce (2), a plaited border on a
Low G.flogger, a flail, variant of G.flegcl,dress. (F. L. ?) Changed from M. E.
"

a flail,from Late \a.flagelhwi, a flail; see frounce, plait. Y .fronser

a O. "
.froncer, to
Flail. gather,plait, wrinkle ; fronserle front,to
Flood. (E.) A. S. flod,a flood ; from knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from
flozuan,to flow. + Du. vlocd, Icel. flod, Late L. '^frontidre, not found, but regu-
larly
Swed. Jyaxi.flod,Goth, flodus,a river,G. formed from fronti decl. stem of ,

fluth. Teut. act of

'^flo-duz, flowing, also frons, forehead ; see Front. (Korting,
a flood ; from Teut. base yio-; see Flow. " 3477-)
Floor. (E.) A. S. yfJr.+Du. vloer,G. Flounder (i),to flounce about. (E.
flur. Teut. ^floruz ; cognate with W. or Scand.)XVI cent. Imitative. Perhaps
llawr,Bret, leur, Irish Idr. Idg.*pldrus,from Norw. Jiiindra^to sprawl. Cf.
a floor ; from *pld-, spreadout,
t o whence Du. flodderen, to dangle, nap, splash
also L. pld-nns, plain. See Plain. through mire; Swedi.fladdj-a, to flutter.

Floral, pertainingto flowers. (L.) L. Flounder (2), a fish. (F.-Scand.)

190
 FLOUR FLY

h.Y. fionndre.^O.Y Jiondre (in Nor- meal boiled

mandy)." .
and Cf.
jellied. W. llymus,
Swed. fliindra,Uan. Jlynder,sharp,tart.
; E. ^x\Q%.flunder.
IceX.Jiydra Flunkey, a footman. (F. " O. FLO.)
Flour, finer part of meal. (F. L.) Modern. Lowl. Sc fliinkie,"
a servant in
Short tor 'flower of wheat.' F. Jleur,livery. ApparentlyIrom
" 1* flanqjteur, a .

%h.orX. flour;see Flower

{orJleurdefaj'ijie, scout (seeFiafiker in N. E. D.). F. flan- "

below (which is a doublet). quer, to flank,to be at one's elbow for '

'
flourish,vb. (F". L.) M.E.J^oris-a help at need ; Cot.
" F. flaiic^ side ; "

shen.^O. ". Jloriss-,stem of pres. pt. of see Flank.

Jlorir,t o flourish. Folk-L. Jidrh'e,for Fluor, Fluor-spar, a mineral. (L.)
"

L. Jlorere, to blossom ; cf. L. Jlorescere, The \..fluor(.lit. a tlowing)was foimerly

inceptive form oijidrere.See Floral. in use as a term in alchemyand chemistry.
Flout, to mock. (F.) Prob. from M. E. ^'L. fluere, to flow.
Jiouten^ to playthe flute. Similarly, M. Du. Flurry, hurry.(E.) Swift hasyfwrrj/,
fluyten(Du.fiiiiten), to play the flute, a gust of wind. From flurr,to whirr
also had once the meaning to mock, jeer '
'; (N. E. D.). Imitative ; cf. Swed. dial.
Oudemans. See Flute. flurig,disordered (as hair); flur, dis- ordered
Flow, to stream. (E.) M. E. Jlozven ; hair, whim ; Norweg. flurtiit,
A. ^.Jiowan,pt.t.Jieow;cf. Du. vloeijen shaggy,disordered. And cf. ". flutter. ,

to flow; \ct\. floa, to flood. Tent, base Flush, (i),to inundate. (E.) Appa- rently
*Jio- ; cognate with Gk. TrAclifti/, to float. of imitative origin ; ci.flush, to fly
See Flood. up quickly(N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced
Flower, sb. (F. L.^ M. E. flour. by " .flux,'a flowing,
- - a flux ; also, ^fltish
'
O. F. flour(F.fleiir). L. florem,ace. ol at cards; Cot.
" See Flux. Qi.flusck, a

flos, a flower. See Floral. pool of water (G.Douglas); M. T"\x.fluy-

Fluctuate, to waver. (L.) From pp. sen, to gush or break out violently ham)
(Hex-
oi fluctudre, to float about. L.yfz/":/".y,
" a ; Dan. ^\:i\. fluse, to gush out.
wave. " L. fluctus, old pp. oi fliiere, to Flush (2),to blush,to redden. (E.)
flow. XVIIIcent. PerhapsthesameasFlush(i),
Flue (i\ a chimney-pipe.(F. L. ?) but much influenced by Flash.
" Cf. Swed.
Of doubtful origin. \^Flue, in Phaer's d\a.\. flossa, to burn, flare; Norweg.yf^j^,

Virgil,X. 209, is prob. a misprintfor passion,vehemence. And see Fluster.

flute.~\ Prob. from M. E. fluen, flow,
to Flush (3), level. (E.?) This is a
as the pipeconducts the flow of the smoke; derived sense ; it meant in full flow,
*To ^\xfi,fluere; Cath. Ar\g\.^".fluer, abundantly full ; hence, level. From
*to flow,glide;'Cot. Y..fltiere,
" to flow. Flush (i).
Flue (2), light, floating down. (E.?) Fluster, to heat with drinking, con-
fuse.
Cf. prov. E. fli(ff, flue. Perhaps a deri- vative (Scand.) Icel.flaustra, to be flus-
tered
of the verb Fly (cf. A. S. pt. t. pi. ; flaustr, f luster, hurry; cf. E. Fries.
flug-oti). We find Low G.flog,E. Fries. fldstern,flustern, to rustle (^aswind). Cf.

flu;^.,flog, flue ; cf. G.fltig, flight. Flush (2)and Flash.

Flue2lt. (L.) From stem of pres. pt. Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M. E.
of L. fluere, to flow. flo-ivtc, floite.O. Y.flaute.fleute,flahti "

fluid. (F. -
L.) O. F. fluide. L. flehute,a flute (mod. F'. fliiie).Prov.
-

fluidtis, iiowing. L.flziere,

" to flow. flauta. Of uncertain origin.They? may
Fluke (i\ a fish. (E.) M. E. floke,have been suggestedby 1..flare to blow. ^

fluke. K.^. floe,a kind of plaice. -f-Icel. Flutter, to flapthe wings. (E.) M. E.
'
floki, a kind of halibut. Lit. flat fish. floteren,
'
to fluctuate. A. S. floiorian, to
The base *floc- is the strong gradeof Teut. float about; cf. K.S. flat,the sea; flota,
*flac-, as seen in G. flack, flat. a ship. A. S. flot-, stem o{flot-en,
"
pp. of
Fluke (2"), part of an anchor. (E.?) fleotan, to float. Cf. E. Fries. fli(tte7-/:.
'
Also spelty?^^?^. '
Perhaps the flat end ; Flux. (F.-L.) O.F.flzix,a flux.-
and the same word o.s fluke{\). Appa- rently L. flilxum, ace. of fluxtis,a flowing ;
distinct from G.flu7ike,ikQ hook of from the pp. oi fluere, to flow.
an anchor. Fly (ij,to float in air. (E.^ M. E.
Flummery, lightfood. (W.)
a W. fleien,fli^en.K. '^.fleogan \"i. fleah
X.. ',

llymru, llymruwd, flummery,sour oat- |pp.y?^^^". Icel.y^w^^,

+ Du. z'/zV^'-^w, Dan.

191
 FLY FOLLOW

flyve,S-^Q^. fyga, Q. Jliegen.Teut. type (F.-L.) M. F. feiiille,a leaf,'also the

yietigan-. Cf. L. plilma, a feather. foyle of precious stones,'C ot. ; Norman
(VPLEUGH.) Not allied to Flee. Der. foille, fem. ; cf. Ital. foglia,Span, hoja,
Jly,an insect, A. S. fleoge^flyge ; Q.Jiiege.a leaf. L. folia,pi. oi folium, a leaf;
"

Fly (2),a vehicle. (E.) A name given afterwards used as a fem. sing. See
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle drawn Foliage. A.\%o O.Y.fieil, foil,m.; from
by men at Brighton, in 18 16. Calledy?^- Y.. folium.
coach in 181 8 Heart
(Scott, Midi. ch. i). Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F. L.) "

Fiomy?"', vb. See above. Obsolete. Lit. * to thrust with an eel-

Foal. (E.) M. E."/^,A.S."/a.+Du. spear or Xxx^tTiX..^
^O.Y. foine,foisite,
an

veulen,Icel. foli,Dan. fole,Swed. fdle, eel-spear.L. fuscina, a trident, the "

Goth,fula, G. fohlen. Teut. *fulon-.

weapon used by a retidritis,
or gladiator
Cognate with L. pulhts,young of an with a net.
animal ; Gk.
vuKos. Poison, plenty.(F. L.) O.Y.foison^ "

Foam. (E.) M. E. fome. A. S. fdm. abundance. Folk-L. ficsidne7n, for L.

"

+Prov. G. faim ; O. H. G. feim. Teut. fusionem, ace. of fusio, pouring out,

a

*faimo-.Cognate with Russ. plena,foam ; hence profusion.\u.filsus, pp. oifundere, "

Skt, phena, foam ; and prob. with Lat. to pour. See Fuse.
spfima (Jot*spo/mj^, foam, and Lat. //?- Foist, to palm or put off,to intrude
mex, pumice. Allied to Spume. surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent. Du. "

Fob, watch-pocket.(O Low G.) An vuisten, to take in the fist or hand; see
O. Low G. word, only preservedin the N. E. D. (Low G. vusten, to take in the
'
'
cognate H. G. (Prussian)/////^, a pocket; hand) ; hence, to palm a die,to cheat.
for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437. " Du. vnist,fist; see Fist.
Focus, a pointwhere light-rays meet. Fold (I), to double together. (E.) M. E.
(L.) L. focus, a hearth ; hence, a centre f olden, O. iAtvc.faldan, A. ?".fealdan (pt.
of fire. t.feold), to fold.+ Dan. "/^^, Svftd. filla

Fodder, food for cattle. (E). M. E. {=fdlda), 1cq\.fa Ida, GoWi. faltha}i, G.
fodder. A. S. fodor,foddor; extended fallen.Teut. type '^falthan-. Allied to Gk.
form oifoda, food.+Du. voeder,1cq\. fodr, St-TrXdcTioj, doubled ; irXdaaeiv, to form,
Dan. Swed. foder,G. f utter. Teut. type mould. See Plaster. Der. fold, sb.,
*fodro}n, neut. Allied to Food, q. v. a plait ; -fold, suffix,as in twofold, "c.
Poe. (E.) M. E. foo. A. S. fdh, adj. Fold (2), pen
a for sheep.(E.) A. S.
hostile. Teut. type '^faihoz ; Idg.*poiqos fald, also falod, falud. Not connected
fwhence Irish oeck, a foe, with loss of wWhfold (i),but with Ti^n. fold, a sheep-

p). From the weak grade "^piq- we have pen ; Du. vaalt, a dung-pit ; Low Q.faal.
( ik. TTiKpos, bitter,Lith. piktas,unkind. Foliage,a cluster of leaves. (F. L.) "

Brugm. i. " 646. Modified from M. V.fueillage, from M. F.

Foetus ; see Fetus. fiieille, a leaf. L. /(?/za,pi. folium,a
o{
"

Pog. (E.) Tn several senses ; M. E. leaf; used as fem, sing. + Gk. (pvWov,
'

fogge is coarse grass ; hence foggy, leaf. Cf. Foil (2).

'

mossy, boggy, murky (whence perhaps folio. (L.) From the L. phr.in folio,
tne sb. fog, a mist). Cf. Norw. fogg, where foliois the abl. oi folium,a leaf,
long-strawed, weak, scattered grass in a sheet.
moist hollow (Ross). Perhaps allied to Polk, a crowd of people.(E.) A. S.
A. S.fuht,damp, moist. fole. +lce\. folk,Dan. Swed. folk; Du. G.
Poible, a weak point in character. z'olk. Teut. type */^//6^z", neut. ^Lithuan.
(F.-L) 0.". foible,". fubie, weak, pulkas,a crowd, Russ. polk\ an army,
feeble ; see Feeble. were probablyborrowed (at an earlydate)
Poll (I), to defeat. (F.-L.) M. E. from Teutonic.
foylen, to trample under foot, O. F. Follicle, seed-vessel. (F, L,) F.
" "

fouler^to trample on, also to oppress, follicule,\\i\\e double

folliculiis,
h2Lg.'-''L.
foil,over-charge extremely(Cot.). Late dimin. oifollis," a bag.

L. fulldre,
foldre, to full cloth ; see Full Follow. (E.) M. E. folwen. A. S.
(3). JieT.foil, a blunt sword, for practicefolgian,isX'sofylgan, weak verb, to follow.
m foiling,
i. e. parrying ; foil,
a defeat. +0. Fries, folgia,f tilia,O. Sax. folgon,
Foil (2),a set-off, as in settinga gem. Du. volgen; lce\.fylgja, Swed.
T"z.n.fdlge,
192
 FOLLY FORBEAR

folja; G. folgen.We also find A. ; Gk.

S./"/-ped-is) ttoi'j(/Eolic7ra;?\foot (gen.
with
gaiigaji, (pt. t. ful-eode), the same TTf^o?
7ro5-os), { =
TT(hyus\on foot; Skt.
sense, but derived from A. S.ful, full, and pad, a foot Cf. Fetter,(gen.pad-as).
gaiigan, to go; and, in like manner, Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. " 578.
O. H. G. follegdn.Hence the orig.sense Footy, paltry,mean. ["..) A variant
was, perhaps,
'
to go in full numbers,' to oifotighty,
musty (N. E. D.). Orig. damp ;' *

go in a crowd, to accompany ; and it is a from A. ^.fiiht,

damp, with suffix-j/.-f-Du.
derivative of Teut. *fulloz,
full. See Full. vochtig, damp; '^wtA. fHktig,\)QX\..fugti
Cf. A.S. Jjy/s^an, /zt/^nm,assis-
to assist, tance Cf. G.fcucht, O. H. G.fi4hti,flht. Yxova.
; also from A. S./z(//. a Teut. type *ffihtuz, damp; from Teut.
Folly. (F.-L.) M.P:. folye. -O.F. base *feuk,as in Icel. fjiika, to drift as
folic,folly.OY.fol, - foolish. SeeFool (i ). snow or dust, whence also Norw. fiik,
Foment. (F. L.) M.Y.fomcufer." vapour (Franck).
"

L. fomentdre.'^'L. fomentum, short for Pop, a coxcomb. (E.) M.E. fop, a

*fouimentum,a warm application, lotion. fool. Cf. Du. foppen,to prate, cheat ;
"
'L.foiiere, to warm. fopper,a wag; fopperij, cheating( E. "

Fond, foolish. (E.) M. E. /^;/^,more foppery).Cf.7^"^ ^ to delude (Johnson),

commonly fonn-ed,pp. oi fonnen, to be For (i\ prep, and conj. (E.) Orig.
weak, to act as a fool ; from the M. E. sb. a prep. A. S. for,fore,before,for ; see
fon,fonne, a fool. The sb. answers to Fore.+Du. voor, Icel. fyrir,Dan. for,
O. Fries, famne,fo??iiie, Fries, /one (see Swed. /"""-, G.fiir. Cf. L. pro, for; Gk.
Hettema), E. "v\Qs.fone,fon, a maid, girl,irpo, before,napa, near.

weakling, simpleton(seeKoolman). All For- {2),p7'efix. (E.) For- has usually

allied to K.^. fcei7ine, a virgin. Der. an intensive force, or preserves something
fo7id-le, vb. of the sense oif'om,to which it is related.
Font (i),basin of water. (L.) A. S. (Quite distinct from fore-,though ulti- mately
fo)it.'-''L. jfontemyace. oi fons,a fount. allied to it.) A. S.for- ; Icel.^r-,
See Fount. Dau. for-,Swed. /or-, Du. ver-, G. ver-^
Font (2),Fount,anassortment oftypes.Goth, fra-,fair-,Skt. pard-. The Skt.
(F. L.) Y.fonte,
" a casting of metals. para is an old instrumental sing,oi para-,
"

".fondre,to melt. See Found (2). far ; perhaps the orig.sense was away' '

Food. (E.) M.E. fode. A. S. foda, or forth.' Der. for-bcar,for bid,for-

*

what one eats. The A. S. fdd- is the fend,for-go (mis5pelt_/^;'^-^(5" for-get. give,
for- '

stronggradeof the base *fad, corresponding for-lorn, forsake,forswear; see

to Gk. Trar- in to feed.
-naT-UaOai, Bear, Bid, "c. From
the Idg. root pa-, to feed,whence For- (3),/r^a-.
L. pa-
(F. L.) Onlyin/?r-
nts, "

bread, pd-buliim,food, and pd-sce7'e,close (misspelt which

for-feit,
foreclose),
to feed. See Pasture. Hev. fodder;feed. see.
Fool(i),a jester. (F.-L.) M. E. fol, Forage, fodder,chiefly obtained by pil-lage.
sb. and adj. O .Y fol{Y foti)a fool. L.
. .
, (F. "Low L. Teut.) M. Y. forage, " "

folleni ace., oifoUis, a wind-bag; pi. folles, foni-age.O. F. fottrage.O. F. fon-er,to " "

puffedcheeks,whence the term was easilyforage. O. Y.forre[Y .feurre), fodder."

"

transferred to a vain or foolish person ; as Low L. fodrutn, fodder. Teut. type "

in Late l^.follis, a fool. Der. be-fool. *fddrom, fodder; see Fodder.

fool (2),a dish of crushed fruit, "c. Foraminated, perforated. (L.)From
(F. L.)
" From Fool (i); named like L. fordmin-, stem of foramen, a small
trifle. Florio has: Mantiglia, ^
a kind hole. \-..fordre. to bore ; see Bore.
"

of clouted creame, called afoole or a trifle Foray, Forray, a raid for foraging.
in English.' (F. Low L. Teut.) Foray, forray are
" "

fools-cap,paper so called from the old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
'
water-mark on it. of foraging expedition.'Apparently
Foot. (E.) M. E. fat, foot,y"\. fef feet coined from the M. E. forrier,
,
. forreyer,
A. S. fdt,pi.fet. + bu. voet, Icel. fotr, a forager. O. F. forrier,a forager ; "

Dan. fod, Swed. fot,Goth, fottis, G.ftiss.from O. Y.fo7-rer,to forage; see Forage.
Teut. type *fdt(consonant-stem), sponding
corre- Forbear (t~), vb. (E.) From For- (2)
to Idg. type *pdd,with the and Bear. A. S.forberatt.
variants */"?df, */"?"/. Of.L. pes, foot (gen. Forbear (0, sb.,an ancestor. (E.)
193
 FORBID FORJUDGE

M. E. forbear (Wallace). For fore-be-er,Forejudge (2); see Forjudge.

one who is before. See Fore and Be. Foremost, most in front. (E.) A
Forbid. (E.) From For- (3) and double superl., the old superl.form being
Bid verbieden, misunderstood.
(2). A. '".forbeodan.-\-Y)\x. For M."^.fo7'77iest,
through
Goih.. faurbuida7i,
G. verbieten. secondaryinfluence o{ most. " "
A.S.fo7y77est,
Force (F. L.)
(O- strenc^th. by-form of the regularfyr77iest
" M. E. {"J^fur-
force
y
fors. " " through the influence of A. S.
O. F. force. Late L. fortia,?/iistoz),
strength.L. y^r//-,decl. stem oi fortis,for77ia,which
" is cognate with Goth.
strong; O.'L.forctis. Allied to Borough. frtitna,first,Gk. 7rpd/xos, trpofxos, first.
Brugm. i. "" 566,756. Cf. Fort. Further allied to Gk. vp6,before. Brugm.
Force (21, to stuff fowls ; see Farce. i. " 518.
Force (as FOSS, waterf-xll. (Scnnd.) Forensic, belonging to law-courts.
Dan. fos, Swed. fors,Icel. fors,foss,a (L.) Coined from L. forejzs-is, belonging
waterfall. to the forum. L. font771, market-place,
"

Forceps, pincers.(L.) L. forceps,meeting-place ; orig.a vestibule or door- way.

orig. used for holding hot iron ; for *for- Allied to L. foi'es, doors, and E.
miceps (Vanicek). L. fortmis, hot ; door.
"

capere,to hold. forest. (F. L.) O. Y,fo7-est. -

Late -

Ford. (E.) M. E. ford; alio forth.\j.forestis, space free of hunting-ground ;

A. ^.ford, a ford, passage. + G./z"r/. Teut. foresta, a wood (medievalwriters oppose
type '^furdtiz. From Idg */^;-, weak grade the fo7'estis, open hunting-ground, to the
of -y^PER, to go ; see Fare. Allied to L. parens, enclosed park). L. /t^rfj-, out of "

portus, a harbour, O. Welsh {p)rit, Welsh doors ; adv. allied to L. fo7-es, doors.
rhyd, a ford, and io frith; see Frith, and Der. zX'io
fo7-est-er, forsterfoster. ,

Pore. Brugm. ii." 108. Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by

Fore, in front,coming first.(E.) A. S. misdeed. (F. L.) M. E.y^^^/i?; " whence
fore,for,before,prep. ; fore,foran, before, forfeten, vb. A. F. forfeit,
" O. F. foff ait,
adv. -f-Du. voor, G. vor, Goth, faura ; cf. a crime punishable by fine,a fine; also a
Icel. fyrir,Dan. for, Swed. for. Allied pp. of O. Y forf aire,forsfaire,io trespass.
.

to Gk. wapos, before; Skt. puras, before, Late

"
\j.forisfactu77i,ti.trespass, fine; orig.
in front, Skt. purd, formerly. Also to pp. (neut.) oi forisfacere, to trespass, lit.
For- (i), prefix, q. v. Der. fore-arm, to do beyond.' L. forlsfacere,to do or
'
"

-bode,-cast, -castle, -date,-father, -finger, act beyond or abroad; from foris,out

-foot, -front,-go (in the sense to *
go of doors ; and facere, to do. See Fore-
close.
'
before only), -ground, -hand, -head,
-judge,-knozv,-land,-lock,-man, -noon, Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hy- brid;
-ordain,-part, -rank, -run, -see, -ship, E. a"^/ F.) ^.^. fo7fe7tden. An
-shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fore- extraordinary compound of E.y^r-,prefix,
stealL sb. lit. a positionin front '),
'
-taste, vi'x'Cii. fend, a familiar abbreviation of de-
-tell,
-thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -xvarn ; fe7id. See For- (2) and Defend; also
all easilyunderstood. Fend, Fence.
Foreclose, preclude,
to exclude. (F." Forge. (F. L.') O. F. forge, a work-
shop. "

L.) Better spelt forclose.O. F, forclos, " Folk-L. '^faurga,

" for '^favrega
pp. of forclorre, to exclude,shut out. (Schwan); for L. fabrica,a workshop.
"

O. F. for-,from L. forts, outside ; and See Fabric. "Dbt. forge, vb.

clorre. to shut, from L. claudere. See Forget. (E.) From For- (2) and
Forfeit and Close. Get. A. )^.forgeta7i (E.E. T.),forgitan.
Forego, to relinquish ; see Forgo. -f-Du.ve7gete7i, G. verges sen.
Foreign. (F. L. ) The g is wrongly Forgive. (E.") From For (2) and
"

inserted. M. E. fo7'ai7ie, foreyne.'-O. F. Give. A. S. fo7'gefan.'^'D\i. vergeven, G.

fo7'ain, alien,strange. Folk-L. *ford7itis
"
; vergebe/i ; Goth, f-agib a 7Z,to grant.

for Late \^.ford7ieus, adj.,from Y,.fo7'ds, Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.)
out of doors, adv. with ace. pi.form, allied Better y^r^^?.A. S. fo7gdii, to pass over.
to h. fores, doors ; cf. l^.foriwi, a market-
place, From For- (2)and Go.
and E. door. Forjudge, to depriveof by a judge- ment.
Forejudge (1),to prejudge. From (F L.) O. V .fo7-jugier.
.
"
Low L. "

Fore and Judge. forisjudie d7'e."L./i7;7"j-,outside : and iildi-

194
 FORK POTHER

See and oi fortis,strong; -ficare,

care, to judg Forfeit {decl. stem for
Judge. facere,to make.
Fork. (L.) A. S. farea. \^.f
urea, a fortitude.
"
(F.-L.) Y. fortitude.^
fork. bi-furcated.
Der. E.fortitiido, strength. L. forti-s,
strong ; "

Forlorn, quitelost. (E.) M. E. for- lorn.with suffix -tudo.

A.'S. forloren,-pY*-oi for/eosan,io Forth, forward. (E.) M. E. forth.
lose utterly; from for-,prefix,and leosan, A. S. for),adv. ; related to fore, be-
fore
to lose ; see For- (2) and Lose. So also ; see Fore. + Du. voort, from voor ;
Dan. forlorcn,Du. and G. verloren,simi-
larly G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor; cf,
derived. Golh. fatirthis, further,from faiir-a, be-
fore.
Form. (F.-L.) O. F. forme, L. - Teut. type fur-J}o-
; Idg.type */pr-
Brugm.ii."72. (^^DHER.)
forma,shaipe. to-. See Further.
^ O. F. fo7-mealso means a bench,'
'
like Fortify,Fortitude ; see Fort.
'E.for/n.T)ev.form-2e/a. Fortnight, two weeks. (E.) M. E.
Former, more in front. (E.) Not fotirtenightdi\%o fotir ten "z^^/. M. E.
',
"

early; XII cent. ; a false formation,to foiirten, i.e. fouiteen ; night, old pi., i.e.
suit M. E. formest,i.e. foremost ; see nights. A. S. fcowertyneniht. So also
Foremost. Formed by adding -er to the sennight seven night. =

base form- of A. S. form-a, first, reallya Fortress. (F.-L.) VL.Y.. fortresse.

superl.form, where -///- is an Idg.superl. O. Y .fortercsce, "
fortelesce. Late L. for-
talitia, "

suffix. Cf 1..pri-mus, first. a small fort. Late L. fortis "

Form.ic, pertaining to ants. (L.) For {domits), a fort;"L.fortis,strong. See

formic-ic ; from V..formica, an ant. Fort, Fortalice.
Formidable, causingfear. (F. L.) Fortune. "
(F. L.) O. F. fortune. L. - -

F. formidable. L. fonniddbilis^
" terrible. fortuna,chance. E.fortu-, allied to forti-, "

^'L.for/nTddre, to dread ; formido,fear. decl. stem of fo7-s, chance ; orig. that '

Formula, a prescribed form. (L.) L. which is brought,'or 'an event'; from

fon?i2ila, dimin. of forma, a form. See fei're, bring; see Fertile,
to
Form. fortuitous. (L.) L. fortuit-iiSy
Fornicate. (L.) From pp. of L./i?r-casual ; with suffix -otis. L. fortu- (as "

nicdrJ,to commit lewdness,seek a brothel. above).

" E. fornic-, base oi fornix,a vault,arch, Forty; see Four.
brothel. Hardly allied to Furnace ; cf Forward. (E.) 'isl.Y..forward.A. S.
rather L. for-tis, strong, and Skt. dhr, to foreweard, adj. A.S._/^r^, before; -weard, "

bear, carry, support. suffix ; see Toward. Der. foi-ward-s,

Forsake. (E.) M.^. forsaken.A. S. M. E. forzva7des, where -es is the suffix of
forsacan, to neglect,orig. to contend gen. case, used adverbially.And see

against,or oppose ; iromfor-,prefix, and Further.

sacaii, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake. Fosse. (F.-L.) Y .fosse.^\u.fossa,2
See For- (2) and Sake. So also Swed. ditch. "L.
fossa,fern, oi fossus,pp. of
fdisaka,V":\.v\. forsage, Du. verzaken. fodere,to dig. Brugm. i, " 166.
Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothe,for fossil, petrified remains obtained by
a truth. A.S. y^r sdi)e \ where y^r^-for, digging, i,F. L.) M. Y fossile, 'that "
.

and soQe is dat. of s56, truth ; see Sooth. may be digged;' Cot. L. fossilis, dug "

Forswear. (E.) From For- (2)and up. L./ipj-j-z/j,pp. oifodere(above).

"

Svp-ear. A. ^.forsiverian. Fosset, a spigot; see Faucet.

Fort. (F.-L.) O. Y.fort,sb.,a fort ; Foster, to nourish, E. A. S.fdst}-ian, i
'

a peculiar use of F. fort,adj.,strong. L. \h.-' \.^.fostor, " nourishment; Teut. type

ace. fort-em,from nom. fortis,strong. fdstrom,for *fdd-trom, neut. ; allied to
See Force. fdda, food.-flcel. fdstr,nursing,whence
fortalice,small fort. (F.-L.) O. F. fdstra, to nurse ; Swtd.fostra, Dz.n.fostre,
fortelesce ; Late L. fortalitia ; see tress
For- to rear, bringup.
(below). Fother, a load,heav3''mass. (E.) A.S,
forte, loud. (Ital.-L.) Ital."r/^.-foder.-^M.Du. voeder,Du. voer; O. H. G.
L. 2izz. fort-em., strong (above). fnodar,G.fuder. Teut. XyY"Q'^fdJf-7-om
fortify.(F.-L.) O.Y. fortifier, io From *fdj)-, strong grade of *f(iP- ; see
make strong. L. fortificdre.^Yu.
"
forti-. Fathom.

195
 FOUL FRAME

Foul. (E.) Isl.YL.fotiL A.S./Z7/.+ Fox. (E.) A. S. fox.+ Du. vos, G.

Du. tniil, Dun. f Hill,Swed./w/,fuchs. Teut. type '^fuh-s-,
\cq\. fiill, masc. We also
Goth, fills,G. faul. Teut, type ^fu-loz ; find Icel. foa,Goth, fauho,fem. a vixen ;
cf. Icel. fii-inn,
rotten. Akin to Putrid. Teut. type
*fuhd. A connexion with Skt.
(VPU.i Brugm. i. " 113. is doubtful. Der. vix-en.
piichchha-ytail,' '

foumart, a (E.^i M-E./til-

polecat. q. V.

marl,fulmard; comp. of M.JL. foul

ftil, foxglove. (E.) A. S. foxesglofa,i.e.
(as above),and A. S. meard, a marten. fox's glove; a fanciful name. Cf. Norw.
See Marten. revbjoUa, a foxglove ; lit. fox-bell.'
'

Found (i),to lay the foundation

Foy, a partingentertainment, of.
by or to
(F. L.) M. E. founden. O. F. fonder, a wayfarer.(Du. F.) From Du. fooi
- - "

^h. fiinddre, to io\\n"\. 'L,.fundus, a (in Hexham, y%/,'a banquetgivenby one

"

bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der. at partingfrom his friends')." F./t"/,lit.

found-ation. faith,from L. ace. fidetn ; cf. Late L.
Found (2),to cast metals. (F. L.) fides,in the sense of 'payment.' (So
"

O.Y. fojidre.'L.fiindere,
" to pour, cast Franck.) But rather from F. voic,a way ;
metals. VGHEU.) See Fuse (i).L. Mia. Cf. Voyage.
D er. found-"y F fond-erie ,
.
Fracas.
. (F. Ital. L.) F. fracas,a -
-

Founder, to go to the bottom. (F." crash. F. fracasser, to shatter. Ital.

" "

L.) M. K.foundren, said of a horse ing.

fall- fracassare, to break in pieces. Ital.fra^ "

O. F. fondrer, chieflyin comp.

"
prep., among, and cassdre,to break: (imi- tated
afondrer(obsolete), effondrer, to fall in from L. interriunpere^Jtzl.fra is .

(still in use); orig.to sink vn.."'? fond, from L. infrd, .

below. Cassare L. quas- =

bottom.- 'L..fundus,bottom. See Found sd'e, to sliatter; see Quash..

(0. Fraction. (F. L. ) F. fraction.L. -
-

Foundling, a deserted child. (E.) ace. f?'actidneiH, a breaking. L. fractus, "

M. E. fundling; formed with suffix -l-ing pp. oi f ranger e, to break. Cognate with
from A. S. fund-,weak grade of findan, break ; see Break.
to find.+ Da. vondeling.See Find, fracture. (F.-L.) 0.". fracture.
Fount ( \ a spring.(F.
I L.) Formed, "
mm\j. fractHra,a breach. L. yr^tr/z/j-, pp. "

by analogy with mount, from F. font. l^. oi f ranger e, to break."

fontem, ace. of fojis,a fountain. Der. Fractious, peevish.(E.; and". l..) "

fount-ain, O. F. fontaine,Late L. fon- A prov. E. word, as iffrom North. JL.fratch,

tdna. to squabble,chide ; the same as M. E.
Fount (2),Font, an assortment of f race ken, to creak as a cart. But it also
types. (F. L.) O. F. /^;"/^,
" a castingof occurs Iin 1705) in the sense oi refractory,
metals. O.F"
fondre, to cast. L. fun- being formed from f)action,in the sense
"

dere,to pour, cast metals. See Found (2\ of dissension,' a sense now obsolete ; see'

Four. (E.) 'Sl.Y..feowur,fo7ver,four. N. E. D. See Fraction.

A. S. feower.+ Icel. fjorir,Dan. fire, Fragile. (F. L.) F. fragile. L. - -

Swed. fyra, Da. vier, Goth, fidwor,G. fragilis, easilybroken. L. /roo-,base of "

vicr; also W. pedwar, Gael, ceithir, O. frangere, to break. See Fraction.

Irish cethir,L. quatuor, Gk. Tirrapes, Doublet, /raz7.
T"crcrap(s, iriavp"s, Russ. chetvero,Lith. fragment. (F.-L.) Y.fragment "

keturi,Pers. chehar,Skt. chatvdras.

Idg. 'L.fragmentum, a broken piece. L.y^rt'^-, "

type,*qelwer-.J)ev.four-ih, A.^.feorpa; base oi franoere; with suffix -juentum.

four-teen, A. S. feoivertene ; for-ty,A. S. Fragrant. (F.-L.) Y. fragrant.^
feozvertig. 1^.frdgrajttcm, ace. oi fragrans,pres. pt.
Fowl (E.l M. E. foul,A. S. fugol,a oifrd^rdre, to emit an odour.
bird.+Du. vogel,Icel. fugl, Dan. fngl, Frail. (F.-L.) ^l.Y. freel,frcyl-
Swed. fogel, Goth, fugls,G. vo"-el. Teut. O. Y fraile, brittle. l..fragilem, ace. of
.
"

type *fugloz, masc. : prob. for *flug/oz, fragilis

by ; see Fragile,
dissimilation; the form fiuglas, pi.occurs Frame, to construct, (E.) M. E. fra-
in Matt. xiii. 32 (Rushworth gloss\ and mien ; also fre7nien. A. S. framian, to
cf. the adj.Jlugol,flying.From *flug-,be profitable, avail ; cf. also freniien,
weak grade of Teut. *fieug-on-, fly.frefuinan, promote, effect,do, lit. to
to t o
See Fugleman and Fly. Brugm. i." 491. further." A.S. fram, strong, good, lit.

196
 FREE FRIEND

Free. (E.) M. E./r^. A. S./r^^.+ entirely. + Goth, fra-itan, to devour

Du. vrij; Goth, freis ; G. frei. Teut. entirely, from/r^z-, entirely, and itan, to
type ^fnj'oz ; allied to '?ik.t.priya-beloved, eat; Du. vreten, Qs.jressen
, { ver-esseji). =

agreeable; also to E. Friend. Orig.sense See For- (2) and Eat.

'
'
dear, beloved ; hence appliedto those Fret (2), to ornament, variegate.
of the household who were children,not (F. L.; atid E.) M. E. fretten,
"
to adorn
slaves ; cf. L. liberi,free,also children.' with interlaced work.
'
O. F. freter,to "

Der. f7'eedom, A.S. freodom ; free-stone, strengthen (as with iron),also to adorn;
transl. of F. pierre fra7iche. also speltferter.'-'O.Y frete,a ferrule .

Pree-booter, a rover, pirate.(Du.) (Cot.),also Q.fret (inheraldry) ; see Fret

Borrowed from Du. vHjbuiter, a booter,
free- (3)- % Not influenced by M. Y.fretien,
robber. Du."
vrijbuiten,to rob; A. S. frcBtwan, to adorn ; from frcetwe,
'
vrijbuit, plunder,lit. free booty.' Du. ornament.
vrij=^Y..free.And see Booty, p. 56. Fret
'
(3),a kind of grating.(F. L.) "

Freeze. (E.) M. E. fresen. A. S. Common in heraldry.O. F. frete, a "

freosan ; pp. /r"?r^;2.+Icel. frjosa, Swed. ferrule ; frettes, pi., an iron grating(Diez) ;
frysa,Dan. fryse,Du. vriezen,O.frieren.fretter, to hoop ; frettd, fretty (inheraldry).
Teut. type "^freusan-. L. pnlrlre,to itch, [Cf. Span,fretes, frets (inheraldry) ; allied
originally to burn (cf. pruma, hoarfrost), to ItaL ferriata, an iron grating.] F.y^r, "

^Vt.plosha-, a burning. Brugm. i. " 562 ; iron. '^'L. ferrtim, iron.

ii. " 657. (VPREU.) fret (4),a stop on a musical instru- ment.
Freight, cargo.a (F.-O.H.G.) M.E. (F. L.) Frets are " bars across the
freyte; later freyght; an altered spellingneck of the instrument ; probablythe same
of F. fret,the freight of a ship,the gh word Oisfret (3). See N. E. D.
being inserted by (a true)connexion with Friable, easilycrumbled. (F. L.) "

*
fraught,q. v, F.
"
fret^ the fraught or M. ". friable.L. fridbilis. L. fridre^
" to "

freight of a ship,also,the hire that's paid rub, crumble.

for a ship;*Cot. O. H. G.frekt,
" 'earn-
ings,' Friar. (F.-L.) M.E. frere.-O.Y.
hire. This O. H. G.freht is thought frere, frsire^lit.a brother. L. frdtrem, "

to be the same as G.frackt^ a cargo; and ace. "Afrdter^ a brother. See Brother.
freht has been supposed represent
to a Fribble, to trifle. (W. Flem.-Du.)
Teut. type yra-aihtiz; iromfra-,prefixFrom W. Yltm.fribbclen, wribbelen, to rub

(see Fret), and ^aihtizy-A.S. aht, ac- (as a thread)between finger

quisition and thumb. "

(from dgan^ to own). See Own. Du. wrijven,to rub,rub away.

Frenzy. (F. L." Gk.) yi.Y..frenesye.
"

Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.

" O. F. fretzisie.'-la. phrenesis. Late (F.) ". fricassee,
" a fricassee; fem. ofpp.
Gk."/)/)ei'77crt?,forGk. (ppeviris, inflammation oifricasser, to fricassee, also, squander
to
of the brain. Gk. (ppev-,base of (pprjv,money.
" A fricassee is made of chickens,
midriff,
heart,senses. See Frantic. "c. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
Frequent. (,F. L.) yi.Y. frequent.origin.Some have suggestedL. frtgere,
"

"'L.frequentem, ace. oifreqitcns, crowded, to roast, or Y..fricdre, to rub (Korting).

frequent;pres. part, of alostvei-b ^rcquere, Friction. (F. L.) L.

Y-friciioji.-- -

to cram, allied to farclre,

to cram ; see ace. frictionem, rubbing. L. frictus,
a "

Farce, iirugm.ii. " 713. contr. to rub ; allied to

pp. of fricdre,
Fresco. (Ital.-O.H. G.) A painting to rub ; see Friable.
fj'idre,
oxi fresh plaster.Ital./;-"?.5-(r^,
cool, fresh. Friday. (E.) A.S. frlge-dag,trans-
" lating
" O. H. G. frisc{G.frisch).See below. L. dies Veneris ; where frigeis gen.
fresh. "(E.
; ajidY.-Tewt.) M.E. of Frig, the wife of Woden. Teut. type
fresh; s.\'s"o
fers?i, S.fersc.frij'd,
A.
representing fem. of frijoz,dear, beloved, also
'
The form fresh is from O. F. fres, freis 'free ; Skt. priyd,wife,loved one. See
{itm.fresche) : cf. mod. F.f'azs,fresh." Free, Friend.
O. H. G. fn'sc(G. frtsch), fresh. Teut. Friend. (E.) M.E. frend. A.S.
type friskoz. Allied to Lith. freskas,freond, orig. loving,'pres. pt. oifreogan,
'

sweet, unsoured, i.e. unleavened (applied to love.+Icel./r^^/^z, Dan. /r^"r/(?, Swed.

'
to bread) ; Russ. priesnuii, fresh. frdnde,only in the sense of kinsman ;
'

Fret (i), to eat away. (E.) A.S. also Du. vriend,Gfreund; Goth.fHJonds,
fretan,for Teut. *fra-etan,to devour a friend,pres. pt. of frijon, to love. Cf.

98
 FRIEZE FRIZ

Skt. pri, to love. Allied to Free. (F. L.) Stuff sold by a fripier.M.
- - F.
I Brugm. i. " 567. Der. friendshipsA S. fripicr,'a fripier,
or broker, trimmer up
freond-scipe. of old garments, and a seller of them so
'
Frieze
(i), a (F. mended ; Cot. O. F. frepe (alsoferpe,
coarse woollen cloth. "

'
" M. F. frize,frise, frise; Cot. felpe),frayed out
Du.?) '
fringe,old clothes.
i.e. cloth of Prob. from L,.fibra,
Perhaps due to drap de frise, fibre (Korting).
Friesland ; with which Cotj^raveidentifies Frisk, to skip about. (F.-Teut.)
it. Du. "Vrieslaiid, Friesland,Fries, a From the z.d].
frisk,brisk. M. ".frisque, "

Frieslander, belongingto Friesland. So

'
friske, briske;'Cot. ; O. V.frique.
blithe,
also cheval de Frise,a horse of Friesland ; "O.H. G. frise,G. friseh, fresh,brisk,
whence de Frise, spikesto resist lively
chevaiix ; see Fresh. Cf Norm. dial, fris-
cavalry, jesting aterm. % Hence O. F. quet, frisky.
friser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair, Frith (1),an enclosure, forest,wood.
to frizz. See Korting. (E.) Obsolescent ; M. ". frith,peace, also
Frieze (2),part of the entablature of a enclosure, park. Cf \N .ffridd,
park,forest,
column. (F.) M.". frize, '
the broad and which is borrowed from M. E. A. S.frid, "

flat band that's next below the cornish peace ; fridti,peace, security, asylum.
[cornice^,
or between itand the architrave ;' Cf, Icel. fridr, Dan. Swed. fred, Du.
Cot. Span,friso, a frieze ; allied to Ital. vrede, G. friede^ peace. Teut. type
fregio,a fringe, lace,border, ornament. *frithuz ; from *fri-, base of *jri-joz, free.
The Ital. fregiorepresentsL. Phrygium See Free. % The M. E. frith is also
{opus), Phrygianwork. wooded country.'^Ihis is prob.a different
'

Frigate. (F.-Ital.) M.Y. fregate, word ; A. S. gefyrhde(Birch,iii.120).

'
'
a frigate ; Cot. '^Ital.fre^a/a, a frigate. Frith (2), Firth, an estuary. (Scand.)
Originuncertain. M. E. frth.^lcQ\.fjorQr,a firth, bay;
Fright. (E.) M.E.fyg/t^. O. North- V)zx\.fiord, ^wQ^.fjara, the same. Allied
umb. fryhto,A. S. fyrhto,fyrhtu,fright, to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
allied to/^r/^/, timid. +O.Sax./o;'/^/fl!, Dan. Fritillary,a plant.(L.) So named
frygt,Swed. fruktan, G. ftircht, Goth. because the chequeredmarkings on the
faurhtei,fright ; allied to O. Sax. forht, corolla were in some way associated with
O. H. G.foracht, Goth, faiirhis, fearful. difritillus. \a.fritillus a dice-box. "
,

Frigid. (L.) L./r/:^zV/z^j-. cold,adj. Fritter (i\ a kind

- of pancake.(F."
'L.frigere, to be cold. "^\j frigus, cold,sb. L.) M. E. frytowre,fritotire. [Cf. F.
4-Gk. pl'ios, cold. Brugm. i. " 875. friteau,*a fritter,' Cot.^ 0. Y.friture, "

Frill, a ruffle on a skirt. (Low G.) a frying,dish of fried fish. O. F. frit, "

\_Frill,vb.,was a term in hawking ; a hawk (ned. "h.fricttts, pp. oifrlgere, to fry.

that shivered, from feeling chilly, was said Fritter (2), afragment;Shak. (F. L.) "

to frill. "O.Y. friller, to shiver with 0.". freture.'^\j. fractilra, a fracture.

cold. Hence some have deduced the See Fracture.
sense of a hawk his feathers
ruffling ; but fritter away, to diminish,waste.
for this there is authority.] The sb. (F.-L.) A derivative {rova.fritter
no {2),
answers to W. Flem. frtd, frulle,a a fragment; whence fritter, vb., to cut
wrinkled plait ; De Bo cites frullenas up into fragments. See above.
being round the bottom of a dress. Cf. Frivolous, trifling. (L.) From L.
also Swed. dial./"(?'//,curled friuol-us,
a wrinkled
or silly; with suffix -ous. The orig.
'
woman's to have been ' rubbed
strip,
as on
cap, whence fryllig,
a sense seems away ;
wrinkled. De Bo also gives W. Flem. hence friuola meant broken potsherds,
frullen, vb.,to hang in pleats;hullen eti ":c. L. fridre,fricd7-e, to rub ; see "

frullen,ribbons and trimmings. Hence Friable.

perhapsa verbal form *fryllan. Friz, Frizz, to curl, render rough.
Fringe, a border of loose threads. (F. (F. Du. ?) M. F.frizer,to frizle,
crispe, "
'

-
L.) M. E. fringe. O. F. fretige(Pals-grave),curie ; ' Cot.
-
[Cf.Span,frisar, to frizzle,
oldest form of F. f range, fringe; raise the nap on frieze, homfrisa,frieze.]
the Wallachian form is fritnbie, for *fim-Similarly the F. friseris {Tom frise, frize,
brie (bymetathesis)." H. frnbria,fringe ; frieze ; see Frieze (i\ Dev.frizz-le, quent,
fre-
allied to fbra, a fibre ; see Fibre. form, in commoner use ; cf.O. Fries.

Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. frisk,fresle,

a lock of hair.
I 99
 FRO FRUMP

Fro. (Scand.) frost. (E.) M. E. frost,

The Scand. form offorst; A. S.
fi-07u .
" IcgX. fro, forst (forfrost).-\'V)rx.
Dan, fj'a,from. See
vorst, Icel, Dan.
From. Swed. Q. frost. Teut. types *frustoz, m. ;
Frock. (F.-LovvL.) M. E. /r^/^.- frzistom, n. From frus-,weak grade of
O. Y.froc; Low a monk's
'L./rocctis, frock, *fracsa?t-, to freeze. See Freeze.
also speltJlocais(Ducange). Prob. so Froth. (Scand.) lA.Y. frothe. \ce\. "

called because woollen ; see Flock (2). f-oda,fraud 'Da.n.fraade [Swed.fradga'], ,

Cf. Port, froco, a snow-flake,from L. froth,foam on liquids.From the Teut.

Jlocais.^ So Diez ; but Brachet derives verb *freuthan-, to froth up ; as in A. S.
it from O. H. G. Ju-och (G. rocU), a coat, dfi'eoSan.
in which the initial h is unoriginal. Frounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.
Frog (i),an animal. (E.) Nl.'E.fro^ge. (F. L.) The older form oi flounce;see "

A. S. frogga,frocga. Also A. .S. fi'ox,Flounce (2).

a frog.4" It;t;l-froskr, Du. vorscli, G. Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E.)
frosch. M. E. froward, commonly fraward
Frog (2),a substance in a horse's foot. (Northern). From Icel. frd, fro ; and
(L. ?) It is shaped like a fork ; perhaps ward. Cf. K.S. fromwea)'d,only in the
'
a corruption oi fork,q. v. ; the F. name is sense about to depart ; but we still '

fourchette.In any case, it has been con- formed keep the orig. sense of from-ward, 1. e.
to Frog (i\ averse, perverse. (Cf. wayward, i. e.
Frolic, adj sportive.(Du.) XVI,
cent. away-ward.) And see Toward.
Orig.an adj. Du. vrolijk, frolic,
"
merry. Frown. (F. Teut.) '^I.Y.froiinen." "

"^O.frdhlich, merry. Formed with suffix O. F. frongnier, whence Y refrogner, .

-lijk(= E. like, -ly) from the O. Sax. to frown, look sullen. Cf, Ital. in-
J7-o- (as in fro-liko, adv.),O. Fries, fro frigno,frowning,Ital. dial. (Lombardic)
(= G. froh),merry. Der. frolic, sb. and frignai-e, to whimper, make a wry face.
verb. Of Teut. origin. From Teut. ^frtotjan-^
From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. from, as in Swed. dial, fryna, Norw. froyna,to
fravi. + Icel. f-d, from ; O. H. G. fram, make a wry face. (Korting, " 3324.)
forth ; Goth, fram, from. Cf. also Icel. Fructify. (F.-L.) Y.frnctifer.'-Y..
fram, adv. forward (Swed.fram, Dan. frUctificdre, to make fruitful."L. /r/?^/?-,
fre/n); Goih..framis adv., further. Allied for friictus, ; fruit ficdre^ for facere,to
,

to Frame. make. See fruit.

Frond, a branch. (L.) 1..frond-,
stem (F.-L.)
frugal, thrifty. Y . frugal.
o{ frons,a. leafybranch. " Y..f ruga lis,economical; lit. belonging
Front. (F.-L.) M.E. fronf, fore-
head." to fruits. friig-i,
"
frugal
L. ; orig.dat. of
O.F. front,forehead, brow. " L. frux (pi.fruges), fruit of the earth.
frontem, ace. oifrons,forehead,brow. Allied to fruit.
frontal, a band worn (F. L.) M.E. fruit. O F
on the forehead. fruit. - -
. .

(F. "
L.) O. F.
frojiteL L. frontdle, an fruit. Y. frilctum,ace. oi friictus,
" fruit. "

ornament for a horse's forehead. \^.front-, L. friictus, pp. of frui, to

"
enjoy;
"

stem oifrons,forehead, allied to Brook (i). (VBHREUG.)

frontier. (F. L.) O.Y frontiere, Brugm.
" i. " III ; ii. " 532.
.

fern. Late Y,.fronteria,frontdria,

" land.
border- fruition. (F. L.) O.F. fruition, -

L front-,stem
" of frons, front enjoyment. Late L. fruitiotiem, ace. of "

(hence,border"). fruitio, enjoyvaent.Y. fruit-US, the same "

frontispiece. (F.-L.) Y or frontis-sisfructus, pp. oifrui,to enjoy.

pice; through the influence of piece. F. frumenty, furmety, wheat boiled "

frontispice, the frontispiece '

or fore-front in milk. (F, L.) O.Y. fromentee,f ; "
.

'
of a house ; Cot. Late Y..frontispicitan,"
'furmenty, sodden wheat;' Cot. Lit.
a front view. "l^. fro7iti-, decl. stem of made with wheat ; the suffix -ee L. -dtUf =

frons ; specere,to see ; see Species. made with. O. Y foment wheat. Late "
.
,
"

frontlet. (F. L.) O. F. frontel-et, -Y. friifjietitum ; Y.frHmentum, corn; allied

dimin. of O. F. frontel; see frontal to Y.frilges, fruit.
(above). Frump, an ill-tempered person, (E.)
Frore, frozen. (E.) A. S. froren, pp. Of doubtful origin; but cf. fra?npold.A
oifreosan, to freeze. See Freeze. frump formerly meant a 'sneer,'or
 FRUSTRATE FUN

expressionof contempt. Cf. Low. Sc, sus, sooty.'"L,. f 7iFgin-, stem oi ffiligo,
frample,to disorder ; /rumple, to crease ; soot. Cf. Skt. dhii-li-, dust. Allied to
Jrjimp, an unseemlyfold : Dan. vrampct, Fume. Brugm. i. " 481.
warped. Full (I),complete. (E.) A. S. /"/.+
Frustrate, to render vain. (L.) From Du. vol, IctX.fullr, T)2ix\.fuld {ioxfull),
of L. frustrdrt, to render vain." Swed. full, Goth, ftdls, G. voll. Teut.
pp.
L.fruslrd, in vain ; orig. abl. fem. of obso-lete type *fulloz ; Idg.type *p9bios.Cf. Lith.
^i\]. frusiros[ */rtld-^ros), = deceittul. pilnas,full,filled; Russ. polnuii,full ;
Allied to Fraud. O. Irish Idn ("*pldn), full; W, llawn ',
Frustum, a of
piece a cone or cylinder. Skt. puma- Pers. ///r; cf. Gk.
, -nXrip-qs, L.
(L.) Y,.frustiun piecea cut
,
off. Cf, Gk. plenus.Idg. root */?/, * ple,\.o fill. Brugm.
$pav(r/j.a, a fragment, from 6pav"iv, to break i- "" .^93" 461. TieT.Jill, fulfil,fulsojne.
in pieces. Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. " 853. Pull (2),to full cloth,felt. (F.-L.)
Pry (i^,to dress food. (F.-L.) M. E. O. F. fuler,". fouler, to full,or thicken
'

frien. O. F. frire. L. frlgere,

" " to roast. cloath in a mill;' Cot. Also *to trample
Cf Gk. (ppvyeiv,to parch; Skt. bhrajj, to on.' Late L. fulldre,(1) to cleanse
"

fry. clothes,(2) to iv\\. \..fullo, a fuller. "

Pry (2), spawn of fishes. (F. L.) fuller, a bleacher of cloth. (L.)
"

A. F. fry ; M. E. fri, also used in the A. S. fullere,a bleacher. L. fullo,a "

sense of 'offspring.' O. P\ *fri, " variant fuller,bleacher. (Seeabove.)

oi froi (F. fray),spawn ; see Supp. to Fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning.
Godefroy; cf. O. ". frier, froier, to spawn. (L.) Fiom pp. of ",.fuli7iindre, to thun-
der.
^l^.fricdre, to rub. L. /^//wzVz-,
" iox fulmen, a thunder-
bolt
Fuchsia, a flower. (G.) Named after { *fulg-men).'^'L.f2tlgere,
= to shine.
L. Fuchs, German botanist, ab. 1542. Fulsome, cloying.(E.) M. Y.fulsum,
Pudge. (F.) Picard fttche! feuche! from M. Y..ful, full ; with suffix -su7n ( E. =

an interjection of contempt (Corblet). -some as in witisome). See Full (i).

Fuel. (F.-L.) M.E."a;^// (Barbour). Fulvous, Fulvid, tawny. ( L.) From
A. ". fewaile,O. F. fotiaille (Low L. \u.ftiluus, tawny ; Late L,.fuluidus, what
some-

foallia), f uel. Late " L. focdlia,pi. of tawny. Cf. Yellow ; Brugm. i.

focdle,fuel. L. focus,a hearth.
" See " 363-
Focus. Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
Fugitive. (F.-L.) O.Y.fugitf^ cent. Du. fommelen,to fumble. 4- Swed.
"

L. fugitiuus, fleeing away. L. fugit-ufn, fumla (alsofainla); Dan. famle. Ap-

"
parently
supineoi ftigere, to flee.+ Gk. (pevyeiv, jnl is for Im ; cf, Icel. fdlma, to
to flee; Skt. dAzij, to bend, turn aside. grope about, from the sb. appearingas
Allied to Bow (i). Der. centrifugal, A. S. fohn, the palm of the hand, allied
q. v. ; febrifuge, feverfew. to L, palma ; see Palm.
Fugleman, the leader of a file, (G.) Fume. (F, L.) O. F. fum. - L. -

YoT fugleman. G.fugelmann, the leader fiimiim, ace.

" of fUmus, smoke. -4-Skt.
of a wing or fileof men. G.fiiigel, a wing, dhilma-, smoke;
" Gk. Ov^os, spirit, anger.
iVom flug, flight,from fliegen,to fly; (VDHEU.) Allied to Fuliginous.
inann, a man. See Fly. fumigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Fugue, a musical
composition. (F. fumigdre, to fumigate. L. film-, for
" "

Ital. L.) Y .fugtie.\\.2\.fuga,

"
a fugue,fumus, vapour;
"
-igdre, for agere, to drive
lit.a flight.-L. fuga, flight.See Fugi- tive. about.
fumitory, a plant. (F. L.) Formerly "

Fulcrum., a point of support. (L.) fufniter. F. fumeterre, fumitory (for "

l^.fttlcriim, a support. 'L.foilcTre,to prop. fujue de terre). Late L. fiimus terr(2,

" "

Fulfil. (E.) M. E. fu Iflien. A. S. smoke of the earth ; so named from its

fulfyllan, t o fill fulfil.
full, A. S. "/, abundance (and perhaps its curlyappear-
-
ance).
full ; fyllan, to fill. See Full, Fill. Cf. G. erdrauch, fumitory, lit.
Fulgent, shining.(L.) From stem of earth-smoke ; W. cwd y mwg,
'
lit. bag ' '

pres. pt. of L, fulgere,to shine. + Gk. of smoke.'

"p\iyiiv,to burn ; Skt. bhrdj,to shine. Fun, merriment. (E.) XVIII cent. It
'
Der. ef-fulgent {ef- l^. ex) ; refulgent. orig.meant
= a trick ; from an obs, vb. '

Fuliginous, sooty. (L.) 'L.filligind- fun, to cheat, hoax ; prob. from M. E.

 FUNAMBULIST FURTHEST

fon,fonne^a foolish person. See Fond. in a bundle. From fardel,a bundle ; see
Cf. Irish yip"",delight,pleasure,song; FardeL Cf. F. fardeler,*to truss, to
Q^^. fomi ; prob. borrowed from E. make into fardles;' Cot. \Y ferler,to .

Funambulist, a rope-dancer. (Span. furl,is from E.]

"
L.) Formerlyftmambulo. Span,ftm- "
Furlong, ith of a mile. (E.) A. S.
ambido, a funambulist. h. fun-is,
" a rope ; furlang,orig.a furrow-long, or the length
ambul-dre, to walk ; see Amble. of a furrow. A. S. furh, a furrow ; lang,
"

Function, performance, office. (F." long.

L.) M. V function(Y.fonciion).L. ace.
. Furlough, leave of absence. (Du."
"

functionem,performance. L./""c/z"i-, "

pp. Scand.) Orig. vorloffe. Du. verlof, "

oi fungi, to perform,orig.to use. + Skt. leave,furlough; the same as Dan. forlov,

bhuhj, to enjoy. Brugm. ii. " 628. Swed. forlofleave. Cf. G. urlaub, fur- lough
Fund, a store. (F.-L.) Vl.Y. fond, ; Dan. orlov. p. As to the prefix,
'
a bottom, a merchant's stock ;' Cot. Du. ver-, Dan. for-,Swed. fd7'-,
" are the
L. fundus, bottom ; cognate with E. same as Y..for- ; whilst Dan. or-, G. tir- "

Bottom. Goth, us, out. The syllable lof leave,is

fundament, base. (F.-L.) M. E. shortened from -Idf-, the equivalent of G.
fundement.'^O.".fondement,foundation. -laub',as seen in G. er-laub-en,to permit,
"
lu.funddmentum,foundation. 'L.fund- and in A. S. leaf,
"
permission.See Leave
are ; see Found (i). (2); also Believe, Lief.
Funeral, relating to a burial. (F. L.) Furmety ; see Frumenty.
-

O. F. funeral. Late L. fUnerdlis,

" adj., Furnace, an oven. (F." L.) M. E.
from Y^.f liner- (for'filnes-), stem oifUnus,forneis. O. F. fornaise. L. forndcem, " "

2l burial. Dev-funere-al, {xoxaYu.funere'Us, ace. of fornax, an oven. L. fornus, an "

funereal. oven ; allied to formus, warm. Cf. Skt.

Fungus, a spongy plant. (L.) L. gkarma-, warmth, glow. See "Warm.
fungus.+ Gk. a-iToyyos, a sponge ; see Brugm. i. " 146.
Sponge. Furnish, to fitup, equip.(F. O.H.G.) -

Funnel. (Prov.-L.) M. E. fonel.O. " fourniss-, inceptive .

stem oi fournir,
Due to the Bourdeaux wine-trade. Prov. to furnish,of which
"
an older spelling is
founil,enfounilh. Late
" L. fundibulum fornir, the same word as Prov. formir,
(Lewis and Short) ; L. infundibuhim a fromir. O. H. G. f'umfati,to provide, ,
"

funnel. L. infuitdere,
" to pour in. L. itt, furnish; cf O. H. G.fruma, utility,
"
profit,
in ; fundere,to pour. Hence also Span. gain ; G.fromm, good. Allied to Former,
fonilfFoii.funil, and even BtqI. founil. Frame. And see Veneer.
Fur. (F.-O. LowG.) M. E./?rr^.- Furrow. (E.) M. E. fo^-we. A. S.
O. F. forre,fuerre, a sheath,case, whence furh, a furrow.+Du. voor, Icel. for,Dan.
the vb. fo?'rer, to line with fur ; Chaucer fu7-e,Swed. fare, G. furche,a furrow.
translates forree by furred,''
R. R. 408. Teut. type *furh-,f. Cf. W. rhych, a
[Cf.Span,forro,liningfor clothes,Ital. furrow ; L. porca, a ridge between two
fodero,lining, fur,scabbard.] Goth. _/i7f/;',
" furrows. "Dev. fur-long.
scabbard, orig. 'protection;' Icel. fodr, Further. (E.) Probably the comp.
lining; allied to G. fitter,a case, lining,of fore, but also explainedas comp. of
fur.-f Skt. /"7/m(w),a receptacle; cf. Gk. forth. M. E. furder. A. S. furdra,adj.
TTtti/xa,a cover. Brugm. i. " 174. m. ; furdor, further, adv.+Du. vorders,
Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F. adv., further ; O. Fries, fordera,adj. ;
farbala, a flounce, in the dialect of O. Sax. forthora,adj.; O. H. G. fordar,
Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F. G, vorder,adj. Teut. type *furthero- (i.e.
Span.Ital. Vovi. falbala, a flounce. Origin *fur-ther-o-^ answering to Gk. irpo-rep-os,
unknown. comp. of TT/jo. 9\ In this view the comp.
Furbish, to (F.-O.H.G.)
trim.
polish, suffix is -tker (Gk. -rep-).Der. further,
O. F. forbiss-,inceptive
stem of forbir, vb., A. S. fyrdran, formed from fiirdor
to furbish,
polish. ''^furhjan,
" O. H.
by vowel-changeof u to y.
G.
M. H. G. fUrban, to purify,clean,
rub furthest, a late form, made as the
bright. superl.of forth, and due to regarding
Furl, to roll up a sail. (F. Arab.) further as the comp. of the same.
"
The
Formerly speltfurdle,farthel,
t o roll up true oi i%
superl. fore first.
 FURTIVE GABARDINE

Furtive. (F.-L.) M. fern. fust,a cask; orig.a stock,trunk,log.

Y.furtif, "

furtive.!-, furtiuus,stolen, secret.

" " L. L.fustem,ace. oi fustis,a cudgel.
theft. L. filrdri, steal. L. fust (2),the shaft of a column. (F."
furtufti, to " "

filr,a thief.+Gk. ^wp, a thief,allied to L.) In Kersey (i7i5).-0.F. fust, a

to bear, carry (away).(y'BHER.)
"pkpii.v^ Xrwnk. lj.fustem.ace. oifustis,
" a cudgel,

Brngm. ii. " 160 (3). thick stick.

Pury. (F. L.) Y. furie. 'L. ftnia^ Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. (F.
" " "

ro.ge.''lj.furere,
to rage. llal."Low L. "Egypt.) M. E. fustane;
Furze. (E.) M.E./;-j^. k.S.fyrs; also fustian; A. F. fustiaiie, fustain;
older iormfyt-es. fustaiiie. Ital. fusiagno; Low
O. F. " L.
Fuscous, brown. (L.) fusc-tis,L. fustdneum. Arab, fustdt, a suburb
" of
brown ; with suffix -otts. Cairo,in Eg^'pt,whence the stuff first
Fuse (i);to melt by heat. (L.) A late came. ^ Introduced through Genoese
word. Due to fus-ible (in Chaucer), commerce.
fus-ion, in Sir T. Browne. L. fnsiis,
"
pp. Fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
oifundere, pour, to melt. Allied to Gk. pp. of L. fustigdre, to cudgel. L. fust-, "

Xeeti' (for*xf/^-^"')" Goth, giutan, pour.

to stem oifustis,cudgel; -igdre,
a for agere,
(VGHEU.) Der. ftis-ibie (from O. F. to drive,wield.
fusible) ; fus-ion. See Gush. Fusty; see Fust (1).
Fuse (2); see Fusee (i). Futile, vain. (F.-L.) Y. futile. -I.,
Fusee (i) Fuse. (F.-L.; "?rital.- fntilis, futtilis, that which easilypours
L.) Fuse, fusee,a pipefilled with wild-
' fire, forth,also vain, empty, futile. From L.
and put into the touch-hole of a y??-, allied Xo fundere, pour;to cf. Gk.
bomb;' Kersey (1715). i. T^r/J-^? is from Xe'fJi'. See Fuse (i).
Ital.y"/J^, a spindle, a shaft (ofa column) ; Futtocks, certain timbers in a ship.
a fuse. l^.fiisus, a spindle.2. Fusee (E.) Futtocks,the compassingtimbers '
also, "

'
is from F. fus^e,a fusee, i. e. a spindle-in a ship,that make the breadth of it ;
shapedpipe; see below. Kersey (1715). Called foot-stocks in
^see (2),a spindlein a watch. (F." Florio, s. V. staviine. The firstsyllable
L.) O. F. fusee,orig.a spindleful of is for foot; futtocks is thought to be for
thread. Late L. flsdta,the same
"
; fem. foot-hooks, and was so explainedin 1644 ;
of pp. of ftisdre, to use a spindle.L. hook referringto the bent shape of the
"

fiisus, a spindle. timbers. Baileygivesthe iorxn.foot-hooks.

Fusil (i), a light musket. (F.-L.) Future, about to be. (F.-L.) O. F.
Orig.not the musket itself, but the steel futur,i"nx. future. \..futurus,about to "

againstwhich the flint struck. From F. be ; fut. part, from fu-i,I was ; allied to
'
a fire-steelefor a tinder-box; Cot.
*
fusil, Be. (VBHEU.)
Also in mod. F.,a fusil. [Cf.Span,fusil, Fuzzball, a spongy fungus.(E.) Cf.
a fusil.] L.y^aV^,a steel for kindling
"
fire. prov. E. fuzzy,fozy,lightand spongy ;
^L.. focus,a hearth; see Focus. Der. Low G. fussig, loose,weak ; Du. voos,
fusil-ee?', pisillade. spongy.
Fusil ,2\ a spindle, in heraldry. (L.) Fylfot,a peculiarly formed cross. (E.)
A. F. fusel(seeO. F. fuisel in Godefroy).Modern; and due to a mistake. MS.Lansd.
Dimin. oil., fiisus, a spindle. 874, leaf 190, hiSLSfylfot, meaning a space
Fusil (3),easily molten. (L.) 'L.filsilis, in a paintedwindow at the bottom, that
easilymolten. L. //7j"j-,
"
pp. oi fundere,fllsthe foot. Erroneously connected with
to pour. See Fuse (i). the * gammadioa.'
Fuss, haste,flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
and puffing.Cf. fuff,i.e. to puff,and G.
hiss. ^ It cannot be connected with
M. E. /wj, adj.,eager; K.S. ftis,eager, Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.-
Teut.) Span,gabardina,a coarse frock.
prompt.
Fust (i),to become mouldy. (F. L.) We also "
find M. E. gawbardyne ; which is
In Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusty from O. F. galvardine, gualvardine,a
'

(a.D. 1398),answering to 0.". fusti. loose frock. Perhapsa pilgrim's frock ; '

*
fusty,tastingof the cask,'Cot. O. F. from M.H.G. " waifart (G. wallfahrt),
203
 GABBLE GALAXY

pilgrimage.M. H. G. wa//en,to wander ; Gage (I ) a pledge.(F. Teut.) M E.

"
,
-
.

farf,travel,{lom/aran,to go (E./are). gage. F.gage,a pledge(Low L. uaditini)."

Gabble, to prattle. (E.) Frequent, of Teut. *wadjom,n., a pledge;as in Goth.

"

gad, to prattle. Of imitative origin ; cf. 7vadi,A. S. wed, a pledge. See "Wed ;
jabber. % The M. E.gabben, mock,
to is and see "Wage. From the same source

from O. F. gabcr,to mock, which is also are Ital. gaggio,Span, and Port, gage,
perhapsof imitative origin, or is allied to a pledge.
gape. Gage (2),to gauge ; see Gauge.
Gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion, Gaggle, to cackle as geese. (E.) A
a gabion,largebasket iiUed with earth. frequent," form from the imitative base .^irz^.
Ital. gabbioiie, a gabion; augment, of Cf. cackle, gabble;also Icel. gagl,a wild
gabbia, a cage, also sY"^\t gaggia and allied goose ; gagg, the cry of a fox ; Lith.
,

to Span, gavia, a cage (for madmen). gag'eti, to gaggle.

" L. cauea, a hollow place,cage, den, Gaiety. (F.-Teut.) F. gaiete.^Y.
; see Cage. gai,gay. See Gay.
coop
Gable, peak
a of a (F.
house-top. " Gain (F.-Teut.)
(i), profit. O.F.
Scand.) M. E.
gable. -O. ". gable. ~lct\. gain, ". gagne, from the verb below. [It
gajl,Dan. gavl, Swed, gafvel,a gable. + partly displaced the M. E. gain, advantage,
A. S. geafel, a fork ; Du, gaffel, a fork ; which was of Scand. origin; from Icel.
G. gabel,a fork. Further allied to O. Irish gngti, gain,advantage; Swed.^a^w,profit,
gabul,a fork, gallows; W. gajl,the fork Dan. gavn.'\
of the thighs.With a different gradation, gain (3),to win. (F. Teut.) 'Yea, "

we find Goth, gibla,pinnacle, G. giebel,though he gaine and cram his purse with
'
Du. gevel,gable; O. H. G. gebal,head, crunes ; and again, To *
get a gauie by
'
Gk. ""^aAT7,head (root- form *ghebh-). See any trade or kinde ; Gascoigne, Fruits
Gaff. of War, St. 69 and st. 66. O. F. gaigner,
"

Gaby, a simpleton. (Scand.) M. Dan. F. gagner, to gain. This F. gagfier, O. F.

gabe,a fool ; Dan, dial, gahenar,a sim- pleton,gaagnier (Ital. guadagnare), is from
allied to Dan. gabe,to gape (Dan. O. H. G. weidenon " weidenen, to pas- ture,
nar means fool ').
'
Cf. Icel. gapi, a which was the orig.sense of the F.
heedless man ; gapamuQr (lit.gape- word; from O. H. G. weida (G. weide),
mouthed), the same ; Icel. gapa, to gape ; pasture-ground. Cognatewith G. weide are
Norw. gapa, stupid. A. S. ivaQ, Icel. veihr, hunting,the chase.
Gad (ij,a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand.)Cf. L. ue-ndri, to hunt. Der. regain.
M. E. gad, a goad. Icel."
gaddr,a goad, Gainly ; see Ungainly.
spike,sting;cognate with Goth, gazds, Gainsay, to speakagainst.(Scand. anti

a rod, Irish gath,L. hasta, a spear. E.) The prefixis Icel. ^(?^", against;cf.
gad (2),to ramble idly.(Scand.) In A. S. gegn, gean ; see Against.
Levins. The orig.sense was to run about. Gait, manner of walking.(Scand.) A
Icel. gadda, to goad.
"
Icel. " gaddr particular use of M. E. gate, a way ; see
Cf. the gad, the Gate (2). See also Gantlet (2).
(above). on on move.

Gaff, a lightfishing-spear, a sort of Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F.-

boom. (F. Teut.) A ship's
"
^"^is named Teut.) F. giietre, {oxTnerly guestre (Cot.).
from \^ forkedend againstthe mast ; the The spelling w.th gn shews the word to

fishing-spear is hooked. O. F. gaffe,

" a be Teutonic (^z/"G. 7a). Origin doubt- ful;
gaff,iron hook. Low " G. gaffel, a two- possiblyallied to M. H. G. %vester,
prongedhay-fork; E. Fries, gaffel, a fork, a child's chrisom-cloth, lit. a covering;
a ship'sgaff; Du. gaffel,a pitchfork,Goth, wasti, clothing ; see Vest.

ship's gaff.Allied to G. gabel,a fork. See Gala. (F.-Ital.-M.H. G.) F. gala,

Gable. borrowed from Ital. gala,festive attire ;
Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. "whence di gala,merrily ; cf.galante,gay,
L. ; atid E.) From gj-anifer, West E. lively. See Gallant.
form oi grand-father.See Gammer. Galaxy, the milkyway. (F." L. Gk.) "

Gag. (E.) yi-E. gaggen, to suffocate. M. E. galaxie.'^O.Y.galaxie. l.. ga- "

Apparentlyof imitative origin; ci.gaggle,laxiaJH, ace. of galaxias. Gk. yaXa^ias, "

guggle. Also, W. cegio, to choke; ccg, milky way. Gk."

yaXaKS-, for yakuKT-,
the mouth. stem of fdXa,milk. See Lacteal.

204
 GALLOWAY GANNET

Galloway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.) Gambol, caper. (F. Ital. L.)

a frisk, " -

Named iroin Scotland.

Galloioay. Formerly gambo/d, gavibaidd, gavibaud. "

Gallowglas, Galloglas, a heavy- M. F. gambade, *a gamboll;' Cot. Ital. "

armed fool-soldier. Irish gallo-gambata, a kick.

(^Irish.) Ital. gamba, the leg; "

glach,^ servant, galloglas.Irish gall. the same

a as F. jainbe, O. F. gambe. Late
"

a foreigner, Englishman; oglach,

an a L. gamba, joint
a of the leg. Cf. Gael,
youth, servant, soldier ^from og, yoiing, and W, cam, crooked, answering to O.
b. Ir. cac, cc, cognate with E. "Foung). Celt. *kambcs (fern.*kambd), crooked ;
It meant an Englishservitor,'
'

as explainedStokes-Fick, 78.

by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, Gam,e. (E.) M. E. game, also gamen.
Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x. A. S. gamen, sport. + Icel. gaman. Dan.
145' gaf?imen, M. Swed. gam man, O. H. G.
Gallows. (E.) M.E.^^/tiVj, pi. A.S. gaman, joy,mirth. See Garnmon (2).
galga,gealga,cross, gibbet; whence mod. Gam.mer, an old lady, grandmother.
E. gallow,the s V"eingthe pi. termina- tion. (F. L. ; and E.) For grammer, \Ve3t. "

+Icel. galgi, Dan. Swed. galge, Du. E. form oi grand-mother.

galg, Goth, galga, a cross, G. galgen. Gam.mou \J the preservedthighof a ,

Teut. type ^galgofi- ; cf Lith. ialga, a hog. (F. L.) M. E. gambon. A. F. "

pole \i=^zh''~. gatnbojii^F.Jafnboti), a gammon; from

Galoche, a kind of shoe. (F. Late L. O. F. gambe, leg. See Gambol. "

"

Gk.) F. galoche,answering to a Gam.m,On (2),nonsense ; orig.a jest.

Romance type *galoJ"2a, *caloJ;ia ; formed ^E.) M. E. gamen, a game ; see Game.
from '^calopus, sing,of Late L. calopodes, And see Backgammon.
wooden shoes ; we also find Late L. Gam.ut. vF. Gk,; and 1.) Comp. "

calopedia (see Brachet\ a clog,wooden of O. F. game, gamme, and ut. Here

shoe, and calopodiiini. Gk. KaXoirohiov gavime represents the Gk. 'ydfxij.a
"
, (7),
dimin. oi koKutiovs,KaXanovs,a shoemaker's because the musical scale was represented
last. Gk. kolXo-v,wood ; irovs, a foot.
" by a, b, c, d, e, f, g, the last beingg=y.
Galore, in plenty.(C.) Irish goleor,Ut is the old name for do, the 1st note in
Gael, gu leor, gu Icoir,sufficiently. Formed singing, because it began an old h}Tnnto
from Irisli and Gael, kor, sufficient, by St. John, L'i queant laxis,' "c., used in
'

prefixing go or gu, lit. to,' but used to learningsinging. Ga/Jiut is the scale,
'

turn an adj.into an adverb. from 7 '{g)to ut (a).

Gait U\ Gault, clay and marl. Gander. (E.) ;M. E. gandre. A. S.
(Scand.) Norweg. gald, hard ground, gandra,also speltganra i^thed being,in
a place where ground is trodden hard ; fact,excrescent). + Du. gander. Cf also
Icel. gald,hard-trodden snow. Low G. gante, a gander (seeganta in
Gait V2\ a boar-pig.(Scand.) M. E. Pliny). Teut. type *gajiron-, m. Allied
gait. Icel.
"
goJtr^galti; Swed. Dan. gait, to Gannet and Goose.
a hog. Cf O. H. G. galza,a sow. Gang (i), a crew of persons. (E.)
Galvanism. (Ital.) Named from A. S. gang, a going,progression ; but the
Galvani of Bologna,Italy ; about A. D. sense was affected by the related word
genge, a gang.
179J.
Gambado, an E. substitution for F. gang (2),to go. (Scand.)Icel. ganga,

ga??ibade ; see Gambol. to go ; cf. A. S. ga72g, a going, path,

Gam.bit, an opening at chess. vF." course (^whenceE. gang-way); see Go.
Ital. L.) F.
"
ga"ibit.lloX. gambetto,a
"
Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L.
trippingup. " Ital. gamba, the leg; see "
Gk.) L. ganglion. '^Q\^. 'ya.'yyXiov .

Gambol. Gangrene, a mortification of the flesh.

Gam.ble. (E.) A late word, put for (F. " L. "
Gk.) M. F. gangrene. L. gan-
"

ga?nm-lc gam-le, or a frequent,form which grcena. ^Gk. ydyypaiva,an eatingsore.

has taken the placeof ^L E. game7ien, to Allied to yip-ccv,an old man, from
playat games. A, S. gatfienian,
to playat
" y^7"/3,to grow old; cf Skt jaras, old
games gamen,; from
a. game. See Game. (seePrellwitz).
age, jar ay a, to consume
Gam.boge. (,Asiatic.)A corruption of Gannet, solan goose, a sea-fowl. (E.)
Cambodia, in the Annamese A. S. ganot.Jf-l^QwG. gante, Du. gent, a
territory,
whence it was broughtafter a. d. 1600. gander; M. H. G. gauze, O. H. G. ganazo,
ao6
 GANTLET GARNER

a gander. From a base gan- ; see beller (seeN. D.),the same ^'S,grabelhr
E. ,

Gander. to garbleor spices,

sort
out orig.to sift.
Gantlet (i); see Gauntlet. The same as Span, garbillar,Ital. garbeI-
Gantlet (2),Gantlope, a militarylare,to garbleor sift wares. Span, gar- "

punishment. (Swed.) Formerlygant/o/"e ; billo, a coarse sieve. Pers. _^/?ar3z7,Arab. "

corrupted by confusion \vith gauntlet.ghirbdl, a sieve ; Arab, gharbalat, sifting,

Again, gatitlopeis a corruptionof Swed. searching.Rich. Diet. p. 1046.
'
gatlopp, lit. a running down a lane ; to
'
Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
' '
'run the gantlope'is to run between tuo garbouil, a garboil,hurliburly ; Cot.
filesof soldiers, who strike the offender as Cf. Span, garbullo, a crowd ; Ital. gar-
he passes. Swed. gaia, a lane,street see
"
hvglio,a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
Gate (2));and lopp,a running,from I'opa^origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
to run, cognate with E. Leap. garabiillare, to rave.

Gaol, Jail, a cage, prison. (F.-L.) Garden. F. O. Frankish.) M.E. -

A. F. gaok, geiole (F. geoU), a prison,gardin. A.Y., O. Noith F. and Picard "

birdcage. Late L. gabiola,caveola, a gardui, F. jardi7i. O. Frank,

"
gardin "

cage, dimin, of L. cauea, a den, cave, O. H.G. gartin),gen. and dat. of gardo,
cage. L. cauus, hollow; see Cage.
" a yard,cognate with E. Yard, q. v. Cf.
Gap. (Scand.) M. E. ^"7//^. Icel. and O. H. G. gartin-dri,a gardener. "

Swed. abyss.
gap, a gap, " Icel. and Swed. Garfish; see Gar (i).
gapa, to gape (below). Gargle. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) Modified
'
gape. iScand.) yi. E. gapen. "Icel. from F. gargouiller,to gargle; '
Cot. "

and Swed. gapa, Dnn. Fries, and

gade.-^-E.. F. the
gargotdlle, weasand of the throat,
Du. gapen, G. gaffen. Cf. Skt. jabh^ also gargoyle,or mouth of a spout. So
a

Jambh, to gape. also Span,gargola,a gargoyle; Ital. gar-

Gar (I ),'
Garfish, a fish. (E.) A fish gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base
with slender body and pointed head. garg-, as seen in 'L.garg-arizdre, to gargle,
From A. S. gdr^ a spear ; cf. Garlic. So from Gk. yapy-api^av, to gargle ; cf. Gk.
also pike,ged. yapyapcojv, the uvula. Hence also Ital.
Gar
(2',to cause. (Scand.) Icel.^/r"agargag/iare, to murmur, gargatta, the
(Noreen), Swed. gbra, Dan. gjore, to throat. The parallel L. base is gu7'g- ;
make, cause; lit. to make "Icel.
ready. see Gorge, Gurgle.
readv ; see Yare.
g^rr^gbrr, gargoyle, a spout. (F.-L.) F.gar-
garb (i\ dress. (F.-O. H.G.) In gouiiU (abovej.
Shak. " O. F. garbe,a garb, good fashion. Garish, staring,showy. (E.) Also
" O. H. G. garawT, garwi, dress,prepara-
tion formerlyspeltgau?-ish.Allied to M. E.
; cf. O. H. G. garawen, M. H. G. gatiren, to stare iChaucer). Cf. M. E.
garwen, to get ready. " O. H. G. garo, gaiven, to stare ; Icel. gd. to heed, mark.
ready ; cognate with E. yare ; see Gear. Garland. (F.-Teut.?) '^l.Y. gerlo7td.
Garb (2), a wheatsheaf, in heraldn.'. "O-Y garlrnde. Cf. Span, guirnalda,
.

(F. "
G.) A. F. and Picard garbe. Ital. ghirlanda (whence Mod.
O. H. F. guir-
F. gerbe,a sheaf. O. H. G. garba ( G. la}ide), " a garland. Prob. formed, with
garbe, a sheaf. Lit. 'what is grabbed' suffix -aude, from M. H. G. ^ivierehn,
or caught up into a bundle by grasping.frequentative of wieren, to adorn, from
Cf. Y.. grab, Swed. grabba,to grasp; Skt. O. H. G. iviara. M. H. G. tviere,refined
grak, Vedic grabh, to seize. Brugra.i. gold,fine ornament, crown. Cf. Wire.
" 531- Garlic, a plant. (E.) A. S. gdrleac,
garbage, refuse. (F. O. H. G. lit. spear-leek.' A. S. gar., a
-
spear ; leac,
"

"

M. E. garbage, entrails of fowls. This a leek, plant. See Gore (3)and Leek.
agrees in form with O. F. garbage, gerbage, Garment. (F. O. Low G.) M.E. -

a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob. garnement. O. F. garnenient, garniment, "

similarly formed from O. F. garbe,in the a robe (defence).O. F. garnir, to pro- tect "

sense of small
'handful,' bundle, a sense : see Garnish.
which occurs for Low L. garba. Garner. ,F.-L.) M.E. garner.'^
Garble, to select for a purpose ; hence, O. V gernier.variant oigrenier,
a granary.

to corrupt an account. (F. Span." " Arab. " L. grdndriurn,a granary. " L. ^w/.v//;,
Orig. to pick out, sort, siftout. - O. Y .gar- corn ; see Grain.
 GARNET GAUGE

garnet. (F. L.) E. ^^;v/"?/,

also " M.
Gash, to hack,cut deeply.(F. Late L. "

spelt granat. gi-anate\ M. F.

" O. F.
Gk.) Formerly garsh, garse. O.Y. "
"

'
grenat, a preciousstone called a granat garser, to scarify, piercewith a lancet."
or garnet,'Cot.; Late L, grdndttis. So Late L. caraxdre, short for incaraxdre,
called from its resemblance to the seeds of incharaxdre, to pierce,incise. Cf. Late L.
the pomegranate, or via In in granat uni. garsa, scarification,by making incisions
lit. seeded apple. L. grdmtr?i, a grain,in the skin, called in Gk.
"
67xapa^(s;
seed. whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Garnish. (F. O.LowG.) "
Alsow^r- Character.
nish. O. F. garnis-, warnis-, stem
" of Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspen, gaispeti.
pres. pt. oi warnir,
garni)', to defend self,
one- geispa,Swed. The latter answers to Icel.
fortify, garnish. O. Frank. *want- "
gispe). The gdspa, to yawn i^cf.
Dan.
Jan ; cf. 'O. 11. G. -umrnon, M. H. G. former represents the cognate A.S. *gds-
zvarnen, to guard against, provide one-
self pan (not found). Icel. geispais for *geip-
with ; cf. O. H. G. warna, foresight,
sa ; cf. Du. gijpen,
to gasp ; A. S. gipung,
care. See "Warn. a gaping.

garniture. (F.-O. Low G.) F. Gastric, belongingto the belly.(Gk.)

garniture,garnishment. Low L. gai'nJ- Coined from Gk. yaarpo-, from yaarrjp,
"

tfira. " Low L.

garnJtus, orig. pp. of the belly.
garmre. to adorn, which is merely a Gate (0, a door, hole,opening.(E.)
Latinised form of O. F. garnir (above). \l.E. gate,yate. A.S. gtst,geat, a gate,
Garret. (F. G.) M.E. ^ar/V^.- opening (whence M. E. j'ate); pi.gatu
-

O. F. gaHte (^F. placeof refuge,(whence M. E. gate).+ F)u- ^^^, a hole,

gii^rite),
watch-tower. O. F. garir, warir, to
"
opening,gap ; O. Fries.,O. Sax., Icel.
preserve. O. H. G. ivarjan, to defend. gat, an opening.
"

Allied to "Weir. Gate (2), a street. (Scand.) Common

Garrison. (F." O.LowG.) Confused in the North; it also means 'a way.' "

with M. F. garisonn,xvarisonn, a reward ; Icel. gata, Swed. gata, a way, path,street,

but the true form is ISL E. garnison, xuar- lane ; Dan. gade ; cf. Goth, gatwo, G.
nison, defence, stores, supply. O. F. gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate (i),and "

garnisett,store,supply. O. ".garnis-ani, also to " the vb. Go. p. Gate (i)answers

pres. pt. of garnir,to supply,garnish ; to Teut. type *gatom,n., but gate (2)to
see Garnish.. And see "Warison, Teut. f. See Gait
type *gativdn', and
Garrote, Garrotte.
(Span. C.) Gantlet (2). -

S^^n.gan-ote,cudgel,
a tyinga rope tight, Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderen. A.S.
strangling by means of an iron collar. gaderian, g crdrian, to collect, get together.
Formed, with dimin. sufhx -ote,from Span. A.S. gader-, together;also gador-, "

garra, a claw, talon,clutch, grasp. geador."\-T)\x. gaderen, to collect, from "

Eret.,W., and Corn, gar, the shank of (Je^gader, together.Cf. A. S. g(sd,a com- pany,

the leg (Diezt. See Garter. society(whence also A. S. gcede-

Garrnlons. (L.) L. gamdus, idiWi- ling,a comrade ; ge-gada,a companion) ;
zX\\e. 'L.garrire, to chatter. Brugm. i. Du. gade,a spouse, G. gatte,a husband
"
;
" 638. GoXh.gadiliggs, a cousin. Perhapsallied
Garter. (F.-C.) A.". garter; O.F. to Good.
gartier North of France, Hecart), spelt Gaud, a show, ornament. (L.) M. E.
in
jartier Cotgrave(Y.Ja7-7-etiere).-'0. F. gaude. L. ^awa'/;/;;/,gladness, joy; hence, "

"^

and orm. garet (F /arret) the ham of an ornament..

L. gaudere, rejoice
to (base "
,

the leg; a dimin. form. Bret, gar, W. gdiiid-, as in gduTsns sum, used as pt. t.).
"

gar, shank of the leg; Celt, type *garris. "4-Gk.^T]Qkuv, to rejoice ; allied to yaUiv
Gas. (Du.) The Belgianchemist Van (^=yaf-ieiu), to rejoice;yavpos, proud.
Helmont ,died a. d. 1644) invented two Brugm. i. " 589 ; ii. " 694. Der. gaud-y,
terms, gas and d/as; the latter did not adj.
come into use. He tells us that gas was Gauge, Gage, to measure the content
suggestedby the Gk. xaoj. See N. E. D. of a vessel. (P\ " Low L.) Speltgage in
'
Gasconade, boasting.(Gascony.) F. Shak. F. ganger,
" O. North F. jauger, to

; said
gasconnade,boasting to be a vice of gage,' Cot. O. North F. gauge,- F.
Gascons ; at any rate named from them. '
jauge, a gage, instrument wherewith a

208
 GAUNT GENEALOGY

cask is measured,'Cot. ; Low L. gangia a magpie, dimin. of gazza, a magpie,

'

(a.d.1446). Of unknown origin. whence it may have meant tittle-tattle ; '

GaiUnt, thin,lean. (Scand.?j An East- or (2) a vejy small coin (perhapspaid for
Anglianword ; perhapsScand. Also spelt the privilege of readingthe news), from
gant (1691). Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin Ital. gazzeita, a coin less than a farthing,
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown probablyfrom Gk. 7aC"j^ treasury.
stripling (Aasen); Swed. dial.^(7"-^, a lean, Gear, dress, harness,tackle. (Scand.)
half-starved horse (Rietz).Doubtful. M. E. ge7-e. Icel. gervi, gorvi, gear, "

Gauntlet. (F." Scand.) O.Y gante- apjjarel. .

Cf. gd7-}-, geyrr, skilled, dressed,
let,a double dimin. of gatit,a glove. O. pp. of gora, to make. + A. S. gcarwe, fem.
"

Swed. wante, a glove; Dan. vante, a pi., preparation, dress, ornament; A. S.

mitten,Icel. w//r stem z;a"/M-),a glove.!^^ar^, ready; see Yare. And see Gar
Cf. Du. want, a mitten (prob.borrowed I(2),Garb (1
from Scand ). Prob. from "Wind, verb Geek, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
(Noreen); cf. G.gewajid,a garment ; Low 351. iXi. gek, formerlygeek,a fool,sot;
"

G. watif, cloth (Liibben). cf. G. geek,the same ; Dan. gjek,fool ;

Gauntlet; see Gantlet (2). Icel. gikkr, pert,
a rude person. % Not
Gauze, a tliin silken fabric. (F." to be confused with A. S. geac, cuckoo ;
Palestine.; '^l.Y. gaze ; Span.^axa. Cf. nor with gozvk; nor with gatvky.
Low L. gazzdtuni, gauze ; gazetwn, wine Gecko, a nocturnal lizard. (Malay.)
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in Also F. gecko. Malay gekoq,a gecko; "

Palestine,whence it was firstbrought. so named from an imitation of its cry.

Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. Ged, the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
(E.)
}s\.'E.gaiiclkynde; answering to an A.S. Icel. gedda,Swed. gddda, Dan. giedde,a
form ^gafol-cynd. "A.S. gafol, tribute, ged ; allied iogaddr,a goad ; see Gad (i).
payment ; and cynd, kind, sort, condition. Named from the sharp,thin head ; hence
The A. S. gaf-oi {whence. Low L. gabidurn) al-o called pike.
is from Teut. *gab,2nd gradeof Give, q. v, Gelatine. (F. Ital. L.) Y. gelatine, - -

Gavial, the crocodile of the Ganges. kind of jelly. \tdi\. gelatina.L. geldtiis, " "

(F. "
Hind.) ".gavml(a. corrupt form). pp. of geldre^i to freeze. L. gelu, frost ; "

^ Kind, g/iariy a/, a crocodile. see Gelid.

Gavotte, a dance. (F.) M. F. gavote, Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M.E.
orig.a (lance of the Gavots. Gavot is a geidt-n. Icel. gelda,Dan. gilde,Swed.
"

in
sobriquet, Provence, of the taineers
moun- gdlla (forgdlda); cf. Icel. geldr,Swed.
of the Alps (see Hatzfeld). gall,barren. Perhaps related to Goth.
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.- giltha,a sickle. Cf. Gait (2). Der.
Scand.) From E. dial, gawk-handed, geld-ing, from lce\. gelding, the same.
gaulick- handed, left-handed ;gawk, clumsy. Gelid, cool. (L.) L. gelidus. L. gehi, "

Here gawk is short for gaul-ick, where frost. Allied to Cool. Brugm. i. " 481.
-ick is a suffix. Of F. origin ; cf. Burgund. Gem. (F. L.) M. E. gem me. F. " "

gole,numb with cold,said of the fingers. gemme. L. gemjna, a bud ; also a gem,
"

" Swed. Dan. valen, benumbed; whence jewel.^Brugm. i. " 413 (4).
Swed. dial, val-hiindt,Norw. val-hendt. Gemini. (L.) L. geminl,twins ; pi.
havingnumbed hands. ^ Prob. not from oi geminns,double.
Y. gauche (N. E. D.). Gender (i\ kind. (F.-L.)^M.E.
Gay. (F. O. H. G.) O. F. gai. gendre (with excrescent a'). O. F, genre,
- - "

O. H. G. wdhi, fine,beautiful. h. gen ere, abl. case oi genus, kind,

kind. "

Gaze. (Scand.) M. E. ^rt-j-^;;.-

Swed. kin. ^ The unusual deriv. from the abl.
dial, giisa, to gaze, stare at. case is due to the common phrasesgenere
Gazelle, an animal. (F. Span. " "
ndtns, hoc genere, omni genere ; so also
Arab.) Formerly gazel. O. F. gazel,Ital.genere, kind.
"

gaze//e.Span, gacela.-'
" Arab, gliazdl, a gender (2), to produce. (F. L.) "

wild goat, gazelle. M. E. ge7tdi-en.O. F. gendrer (Gode- "

Gazette. (F. Ital.) O. F. gazette,an iio'^).'[_..

-
generdrc, to beget. L. ^^""fr-, " "

abstract of news, issued at Venice. Ital. for *gcnes,stem

" of genus (above). And
gazzetta, a gazette; the orig. sense is see Engender.
either (i) a magpie, from Ital. gazzeita. Genealogy. F. L. Gk.) M. E. - -

20Q
 GENERAL GERUND

genealogie. O. F. genealogie. L. gened-

" "
gentle. (F.-L.) O.Y. gentil{^ov").
logza. G\^. yeveakoyia,
" an account of a gentry. (F. L.) M. E. gentrie,high
"

family, pedigree (i Tim. i. 4). Gk. yevea, birth; shortened from M.E. gentrise, " the
birth (allied to yevos, see genus) ; and same. O. F. genterise, another form of "

Xoyia,an account, allied to \6yos (see gentilise, rank ( Late L. *gentilitid).' =

Logic). L. gentllis ; see GenteeL

General, relating to a genus, common. Genuflection, Genuflexion, a
(F. L.) O. F. general. L,. generdlis,bendingof the knee. (F.-L.) M.F.^^"?^-
" -^

belongingto a genus (stem gener-, for jftexion.^'LdiiQ L. ace. genfiJlexidne?n.^'L.

'^genes')
; see genus. Hence general, sb., genu, knee ; Jlex-us,pp. of flectere,to
a leader ; general-issimo, from \\.2\.
general' bend.
issimo,a supreme commander, with superl. Genuine. (L.) L. gemumis, of the
suffix -issimo. true genus or stock ; allied to L. genus
generate. (L.) From pp. of L. (below).
generdre, produce. L. to "
gener-, decl. genus, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
stem oigemts. generis, for ^geneses),kin, race. + Gk.
generic, pertaining
to a genus. (L.) yevos, race ; A. S. cyn, kin. See Kin.
Coined from L. gener-, decl.
Brugm. i. " 604. stem of rVGEN.)
gemis. Geography. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.
generous. (F.-L.) O.Y. generens, geographie. L. geographia. Gk. 7"a;- " "

later g^nereux."!^.gejierostis, (properly) ypa"pia, lit.earth-description. Gk. y"aj- " =

of noble birth. L.^^;/^r-, as above."

7770-, a combining form of yrj, earth;
Genesis, creation. (L. Gk.) L. -ypatpia, description, from
"
ypa(peiv, to
genesis. Gk. ykv^ais,origin,source;
" write.
related to ykvos, race ; see genus. geometry. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. - -

Genet, an animal. (F. Span. Arab.) geometrie. L. -

geometria. Gk. yea/nerpia,

"
" "

'
F. gcnette,'a kind of weesell ; Cot. land-measurement." Gk. yccu- (asabove); "

Span,gineta. Krah.Jarneit(Dozy). "

-fieTpia, measurement, from fxcTpea}, I
Genial. (F.-L.) O. F. ge^zial.^l.. measure, nirpov, a measure ; see Metre.
_

genidlis, pleasant ; adj.from genius ; see georgic. (L.-Gk.) L. georgicus^

genius. relatingto husbandry. Gk. y^oipyiKos, "

Geniculate, jointed.(L.) In botany. the same." Gk. yeojpyia, tillage.Gk. yecu- "

From L. geniculiim, a littleknee,jointin (asabove); *"pyeiv'p-epd"iv, to work. See

a plant; double dimin. oi genu, a knee. Work.
Allied to Knee. Geranium, a plant. (L.-Gk.) L.
Genie, a demon ; see Jinn. geranium,Latinised from Gk. yepdviov, a

Genital, l F. L.) O. F. genital. L. geranium or crane's bill (from the shape

- -

genitalis., generative. L. genit-iwi, supine of the seed-pod). Gk. yepavos, a crane;

" "

oi gignere, to beget. allied to Crane.

genitive. (F.-L.) O.Y. genitif.^ Gerfalcon ; see Gyrfalcon.
L. genetiuus, belongingto birth, applied Germ, a seed. (F. L.) Y.germe.^ "

in grammar to a certain case of nouns." L. germen (stemgermin-),a sprout,germ.

'L,.genitum (above). Der. germin-ate (from the stem).
genius, inborn faculty.(L.) L. german, germane, akin. (F." L.)
genius,the tutelar spirit of any one ; also CoHsins-german are cousins having the
wit, lit. inborn nature.' Allied to genus.
'
same grandfather. Formerlyspelt germain.
Gennet ; see Jennet. M. F. germain. L..germdmwi, ace. of " "

Genteel. (F. -
L.) XVI cent. ; F. germdmis, closelyakin. Allied to Germ.
gentil. L. gentllis,belongingto the same
" Germander. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ger-
clan,a gentile(afterwards appliedto mean mandree, germander; O. F. germandree,
well-bred,"c.). L. genti-,decl. stem of gemandree (Godefroy,
"
Supp.); cf. G. ga-
gens, a Allied to genus.
clan,tribe. viander. Late L. gamandria, a popular "

Gentian, a plant.(F, L."l O. F. gen- alteration of Late Gk. xaA'ci^Spi'a,

"
mander.-
ger-
tiane. L. gentidna; named
" after Gentius, Gk. x'^l^^'^^P^^}
germander; lit.
an lUvrian king, abt. B.C. 180. 'ground-tree,'i.e. low tree. " Gk. xcfA*"'.
(F.-L.) O.Y.
Gentile. ^\..
gentil. on the ground; 8pvs,tree.
gentllis, ; see Genteel.
gentile Gerund, a part of a Latin verb. (L.)
2 10
 GESTATION GIBLETS

iL. gerundhtm, a gerund. L. gerimdus, Pol. ogiirek,

" ogorek,ogorka,a cucumber ;
Ithat which is to be done or carried on ; Bohem, okurka. " M. Ital. angiiria,a
1a
verbal adj.from gerere (pp.ges-itis), to cucumber (Florio) ; Low L. angiirms, a
I carry on, perform,bring. (y'GES.) water-melon. Byzantine Gk. a-^'^ovpiov,
"

gestation, the carryingof the young a water-melon. Pers. aiigdrah,a melon,

"

in the womb. (F. L.) M. ". gestation.'-

-
a cucumber; Rich. Diet.,p. 194.
L. Z.ZQ.. gestdtionejfi, a carrying. L. gestd-
"
Ghost, a si)irit. (E.) yi.Y.. gost,goost.
tiis,pp. oigestdre, to carry, frequent, form K.'S. gdst.-^-Yiw. geest, G. geist. Teut.
oi gerere {\)'p. gest-zis), to bring. \.^'^^"*gaisioz. Of uncertain origin;perhaps
gesticulate, to make gestures. (L.) allied to Icel. geisa,to rage (.like fire),
From pp. of gesticiildi-J, to make mimic and to Goth, us-gais-jan, to terrify.
gestures.-L. gcstiadus,a gesture, double Brugm. i. " 816 (2).
dimin. oi gesttis, a gtsimt. ^'L. gestus, pp. Ghoul, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
oi gere}'e. ghol,an imaginarysylvandemon ; Arab.
gesture. (L.) Late L. gcstilra,a ghiiwal, a demon of the woods; from Arab.
mode of action. "
L.^t'j-^"J, pp. oi gerere. ghawl, attacking suddenly.
Get. (Scand.) M. E. geten, pt.i.gat, Giant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. giant y

pp. geten.~-Icq\. geta,pt. i.gat, Y"Y"'getinn. geant, geaunt.'^A.Y. and O. F. giant,

+A. S. -getan, pt. t. -gcet,pp. -geten, to geatit.-^'L. giga7itetn, ace. oi gigas.'-'Gk.
get, obtain ; Goth, -gitan; cognate with yiyas (stem 'yiyavr-), giant. Der. a

L. -hendcre (basehed), in prehendcre, to gigant-ic, from L. gigant-, stem oi gigas.

seize; Gk. xai'Sdi'eti' (base X"^)"to seize; Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaonr is
Russ. gadate, to conjecture. (y'GHwED.) an Ital. spelling usual among the Franks
Der. be-get,for-get. Brugm. i. " 632. of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawr, an
Gewgavr, a plaything, specioustrifle. infidel, a fire-worshipper ; variant of Pers.
(F.)Formerly^i^^azy, (perhaps) answering gabr, a Gueber ; see G-ueber.
to M.E. ginegoue, Ancren Riwle, p. 196. Gibberish, unmeaning talk. (E.)The
The pron. of M. Yj.ginegoue is uncertain. hard g separates it from the verb gibber,
Originunknown; prob.F. One sense of to gabble,which is the frequentative of
Y..gewgaw is a Jew'sharp ; cf. Burgundian jibe,and allied to jabber. Fuller has
gazve, a Jew'sharp (Mignard).Cf. Swed. Geberish,and Camden Gebrish', apparently
dial, giiva., to blow ; Norw. giiva, gyva in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
(pt.t. ganv). of the 8th century, and to the jargon of
Geysir. (IceL)\cQ\.ge}"sir,\\i.'- alchemy. But the word is imitative ; like
gn'^h.Qx.''
^lce\. geysa, to gush ; allied to gj'osa (pt.gibble-gabble. See N. E. D.
X.gatis), gush.
to See Gush. Gibbet. (F.) M.E. gibbet,gibet.^
Ghastly, terrible. (E.) 'M.'E. gastly. O. F. gibbet(F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
Formed from ISL E. gastcn, A. S. gUstan, allied to O. F. gibet, a large stick, perhajDS
to terrify; allied to Goth, usgaisjan, to a dimin. of O. F. gibe,gibbe,a sort of
terrify. See Aghast. Allied words are stick shod Mdth iron, an implement for
gasted,terrified, Lear, K. ii. i. 57; gast- stirring up earth. Or is gib-eta dimin.
ness, Oth. v. i. 106. See G-host. from RL Du. wippe, gibbet,'
a
'
in Hexham ?
Ghaut, a landing-place, quay, way Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F.) F. gibbon^
down to a river ; mountain-pass. (Hind.) in Buffon ; of unknown origin.
Hind, ghat,Bengali ghat. See Wilson. Gibbous, humped, swelling. (L.)
Ghee, boiled or clarifiedbutter. (Hind. From L. gibbdsiis, humped (whence also
-
Skt.) Hind. ghl. -Skt. ghrta, clarified gibbose).l^.gibbns, "
gibba,a hump, hunch ;
butler; orig. pp. oighr, to sprinkle. cf. gibbus, bent.
Gherkin, small cucumber. (Du. Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E.) Of imitative
"

Slav. Low
" L. " Gk. Pers.) Short for origin; cf. E. Fries, gibeln,
" to mock, Du.

'^agherkiJi. " Du. agurkje,a gherkin(of gijbelen, sneer. to Note also Icel. geipa,
which an older form was doubtless to talk nonsense, Icel. geip, idle talk;
*agn}'ken ( agurk-ken),
= because M. Du. Norw. geipa,to make grimaces.
used the dimin. suffix -ken where mod. Giblets, the internal eatable parts of
Du. uses -j'e ; in fact,the form atigurken fowl, removed
a before cooking.(F.)
is preservedin E. Friesic).Without the M.E. gibelet.'^O.Y. gibelet, which, ac-cording

final n, we have Du. agorke(Sewel)." to Littre,answers to mod. F.

21
 GIDDY GINGER

gibelotte,stewed rabbit. Of unknown Gillyflower, a flower. (F.-L.-Gk.)

origin; perhapsrelated to F.
gibier,
game. gerafottr.Formed
Formerly^z7(7/^r, (by
Giddy. (E.)_M. E. from M. F. giroflee,
gidi, gedy, adj.; confusion vf\i\\.Jlowe}'\
insane,answering to earlier
late A. S. gidig, '
a gilloflower
;
'
Cot. From F. clou de
'
^gydig,which would mean possessedby girofle,
the same. " Late L. caryophylhim^
'
a god ; cf. A. S. gydeii,
a goddess. From I^atinised from Gk. KapvocpvKXov, a clove
A. S. god. tree, lit. nut-leaf.' Gk. Kapvo-v, a nut;
'
"

Gier-eagle, a kind of eagle.(Du. and (pvKKov,leaf.

F.) The hrst syllable is from Du. gier, a contrivance Gimbals,
for suspending
a vulture ; cf. G. geier,M. H. G. gir, a ship'scompass, to keep it horizontal.
a

vulture. Allied to G. gier-ig, greedy,and (F. L.) YorvnexXy gifnmals; also called "

to E. Yearn. or genimoxv-ring, a double ring,

getmnozu
Gift. (E.) U.Y..gifi,yifi...\.S".gift, with two or more links. The forms gem-
a gift (rare) ; common in the pi.gtfla,mow and gimmal correspondto M. F.
nuptials ; E. Fries, gift. A. S. gifan,to gemeati, and O. F. gemel,a twin.
" L. gemel-
lus, "

give.+Icel.^z})/, Du. gift, G. -gift (in mit- a twin, a dimin. form of L. gemimis^
gift,a do wry j. % The hard g is due to double.
Scand. influence. See Give. "Dbt. gift-ed. Gimlet, Gimblet. (F.- Teut.) M.F.
'

Gig, a light carriage, lightboat. (Scand.)gimhelet, a gimlet or piercer ; Cot. ; '

In Shak., a gig is a boy'stop. M. E. gigge,guimbelet,Godefroy {Y.gibelet) ; Norman

apparentlya whirling thing, Ch. Ho. dial, giiinhlet. Of M. H. G. origin;
Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. zvhirligig). formed from a base wind-, to turn or
Prob. of Scand. origin ; cf. Icel. geiga,to wind ; cf. mod. G. wendel-bohrer^ a
take a wrong direction,to rove at random. wimble. Note also Icel. vindla, to wind
Cf. Jig. Prob. of imitative origin. up, vindill,a wisp. See "Wimble, of
Gigantic ; see Giant. which gimlet is the dimin.
Giggle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative Gim.m.al-rillg
; see Gimbals.
origin; gaggle. Cf. E. Fries, gic/ieln, Gim.p, a kind of trimming,made
cf of
Low G. giggeln(Danneil),G. kichern,to twisted silk,
cotton, or wool. (F. O.H.G.) "

giggle. Diet. vol. ii.,

See Bailey's ed. 1731. Named
Giglet, Giglot, a wanton woman. from a resemblance to some kind of
(E.?) Dimin. of gigle,a flirt,used by wimple. M. F.^/"'w/^,a nun's wimple; "

Cotgrave(s.v. gadrotiillette) ; from M.E, also gui7?iple (see index to Cotgrave, s. v.

gigge, the same, Plowm. Tale, 759. haps
Per- wimple). "O. H. G. wi^npal, a lightrobe,
allied to Gig or Giggle. a filletfor the head; G.wimpel,^ streamer ;
Gild, to overlaywith gold. (E.) M. E. see Wimple. ^ Prob. confused with F.
gilden. A, S. gyldan, to gild; cf. A. S. guipure,a thread or silk lace. See Gui- pure.
gylden, golden. P'ormed (with vowel-
mutation from Teut. ti ("A. S. d) to j/) Gin (i),to begin.(E.) Obsolete ; often
from gold,gold. See Gold. needlessly written 'gin, as though be- were
Gill (1)'organ of respiration in fishes. omitted. M. E. ginnen. A. S. ginnan,

(Scand.) M E. gille. l^a.n. gi^slle,

.
" Swed. to begin,commonly on-ginnan (pt. t.
gal,a gill; M. Dan. gtelle, M. Swed. gel. ongann, pp. otigunnen). "^GoX]\.ginnan^
Gill (2),a ravine,chasm. (Scand.) Also in the comp. du-ginnan,to begin.Brugm.
"'hyll.Icel. gil,ravine ; Norw. gil.
" i. " 376.
Gill (3\ with g soft,a quarter of a pint. Gin (2),a trap, snare. (F.-L.) M. E.
(F. Late L.) M.E. gille.O. F. gelle,
-
a gin, short for M. E. engin,a contrivance.
-

sort of wine-measure. Late h.gella; cf.Late See Engine.

L. gillo, a wine-vessel. Gin (?,), a kind of spirit. (F.-L.) Short
Gill (4),with ^ soft,a woman's name, for geneva, corruption M. F. genevre^
of
a pitcher,ground-ivy.(L.) Short for juniper. L. ace. iiiniperum', see per.
Juni- "

Gillian,from L. lu liana, a fem. name

due to L. Itiliiis; see July. Der. flirt- Ginger, root of a certain plant. the
gillor gill-flirt,
jilt. (F. Skt.) M. E. ginger,gin-
- L. - Gk. -

Gillie,a boy, page. (C.) Gael, gille,geuere {=gitigevere).^O.Y gengibre(F. .

giolla,Irish giolla,boy, lad ; O. Irish gingembre)." Late l^.gingiber\ L. zingiber.

gilla.a servant. - Skt. frfigavera,
Gk. ^t77t)86/)tj. ginger; "
 GLAIVE GLINT

Glaive, a sword. (F. L.) A.". glaive,M. E. glede. A. S. glida,a kite, lit.
"

a sword ; O. F. glaive,a sword,lance." 'glider,' from its smooth flight.A. S.

"

"L.gladium, ace. oi gladius, a sword. glid-, weak grade of glidan,to glide; see
Glamour ; see Gramarye. Glide. Cf. Icel. gleQa(thesame).
Glance, a swift dart of light,quick Glede (2),Gleed, a glowing coal.
look ; as a verb, to glideoff or from, to (E.) A. S. gled (where e is from 0, by
graze, to flash. (F. L.) The sb. is from
"
vowel-change).A. S. glowan, to glow;
"

the verb. A nasalised form (influenced see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. gldd,the same.
by M. E. glenten, to glance) of O. F. Glee, joy, singing.(E.) A. S. gleo,
glacer,glacier, to glide, slip,glance."F. earlier gliu,joy,mirth,music. + Icel. gly,
glace, ice; see Glacial. 2. M.Y^. glenten glee, gladness ; Swed. dial, gly, mockery.
answers to the causal form of the strong Cf. Gk. x^^^V,a jest.Brugm. i. " 633.
verb glinta, to shine, still found in Swed. Gleek (i),a scoff, jest. See Nares.
dialects (Rietz).See Glint. Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2).
Gland, a fleshyorgan in the body, Gleek (2),a game at cards ; in which
secretingfluid. (F. L.) M. F. and F. a gleekmeant
"
three cards alike (as three
glande, gland;
a O. F. glandre.~-l^. glan- kings).(F. Du.) See Nares.- O.F.
-

dula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem glic, a game at cards ; also spelt ghelicque
gland-), an acorn. +Gk. PdKavos, an acorn. (Godefroy). M. Du. gelijck,
" alike." M.
Brugm. i. " 665. Du. ge-, ghe-,Du. ge-, prefix = ( A. S. ge-,
glanders, glandularswellings. (F." Goth.^a-); M. Du. Du.
-lijck, -lijk, cognate
L.) M. F. glandres,pi. Lat. pi. ace. with E. like ; see Like.
" ^ Hexham has
glandulds, swollen glands; from L. glans gelijk ofteongelijk spelen, to play at even

(above) .
or odds.
Glare, to shine brightly.(E.) M. E. Glen, a narrow valley.(C.) Gael, and
glaren; cf. A. S. gl"r, amber. + Low Irish gleann,O. Irish glenn; W. glyn,a
G. glaren,to glow. Perhaps allied to valley, glen. Celtic type *glennos.
Glass. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gler,glass Glib (i),smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
(below). E. Fries. gltbbe?'ig, slippery ; glippen, to
Glass. (E.) A. S. glees. + Du. glas, '^v^.'\'T"\x. glibber ig^slippery, glibberen, to
G. glas; cf. Dan. glar,M. Swed. glczr,slide ; Du. and Low G. glippen,to slip
Icel. gler,glass.Orig.sense prob. shin-
ing.' away.
'

See above. Glib (2),a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and

Glaucous, grayish blue. (L. Gk.)
" Gael, glib,also Ir. clib, a lock of hair.

Y,.glaiic-ns ; with suffix -ous.'^GV.. y\av- Glib (3), to castrate. (E.) The same as

Kos, gleaming, bluish. lib,with prefixed ^- = A. S. ge-, a common

Glaze, to furnish with glass, (E.) prefix.Cognate with Du. hibben,to cas- trate,
M. E. glasen. " M. E. glas, glass \ see M. Du. lubben. See Left.
Glass. Glide. (E.) M. E. gliden,pt. t. glood.
Gleam, a beam of light.(E.) A. S. A. S. glidan. + Du. glijden,Dan. glide,
glce7?i ; Teut. type '^glaiDiiz. + O. Sax. Swed. glida,G. gleiten.Teut. type '^glei-
glimo, brightness ; O. H. G. glimo,gleiino, dan-, pt. t. '^glaid, pp. ^-glidanoz.
a glow-worm (from base '^gleitn-^. Allied Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. gli-
to Gk. -^Ki-apos, w^arm. See Glimmer. meren. + Low G. glimmern, frequent, of
Glean. (F.) M. E. glemn. - O. F. gli7mnen, to shine ; Dan. glirm-e, vb.,cf.
glener,glaner(F.glaner), to glean ; Low glhnmer,sb.,glitter ; Swed. dial,glimmer,
L. gletidre(a.d. 561) ; cf. Low L. glena, vb., glimtner, sb., glitter. Frequent, of
gelifta, geli7?ia, a handful. Of unknown Dan. glimme,Swed. glimma, to shine. Cf.
origin.The A. S.gil?n, a handful, whence Swed. dial, glim, a glance,A. S. gleomu
prov. E. yelm, provide
to handfuls of straw (for '^glifjiti), splendour ; from *glim-,
ready for a thatcher, will not account for weak gradeof *gleim- ; see Gleam.
the O. F. form. ^ We also find the form g^limpse,a slight gleam. (E.) For- merly
to gleame (Levins)also spelt gleme. glimse ; M. E. glimsen,to glimpse;
,

Glebe, soil. (F. L.) M. F. glebe,formed with suffix -s- from *glim(above).
-

* '
glebe,land belongingto a parsonage ; Glint, to shine,glance.(Scand.)M. E.
Cot. " L. gleba, soil, a clod of earth. glenten. Swed. dial, gldnta,glinta,to
"

Glede {^),a kite,a bird so called. (E.) shine ; nasalised from Icel. glita, to shine.

214
 GLISTEN GNARL

"{"yiM.G.glinzen, Swed. glmdra.

to glint, mouth of the windpipe. " Gk. ^Acurra,
See Glitter. Attic form of yKuaaa, the tongue. Der.
Glisten, Glister, to glitter.(E.) epi-glottis.
Extended from base g/z's- of M. E, glisien, Glove. (E.) A. S. ^/^,a glove; cf.
to shine. A. S. glisian ; whence also Icel. glofi, prob.borrowed from A. S. glof.
glisnian^to shine. We also find M. E. Possiblyfrom g- (for ge-),prefix;and
glisteren^ glistren, to glitter. Cf. Du. Icel. loji.,Goth. IdJ'a, the palm of the hand.
glinsteren, to glitter ; Swed. dial,glisa. Ji"x. fox-glove.
Glitter. l,E.) M. E. gUteren, to shine. Glow. (E.) M. E. glowen. A. S.
A. S. glitinian, to shine ; extended from gldwan, to be ardent, to shine brightly. +
A.S. gliiian,to shine. +Icel. glil?a,to Icel.glda,Dan. gloe,to glow,stare,Swed.
glitter, frequent, oi giita, to shine; Swed. glo, to stare, Du. gloeijen,G. glUheti,
glittra, to glitter ; glitter, sb., a sparkle.Brugm. i. " 156. Hqx. glede(2).
Cf. Goth, glit-munjan, to glitter. From Glower, to look frowningly.(E.) E.
*g/it-, weak grade of *g/eit-, as in O. Sax. Fries, gluren. Cf. Low G. gluren,M. Du.
glitan,G. gleissen, gloeien, to look awry, to leare,' ham
Hex-
'
to shine.

Gloaming, twilight.(E.) A Scot, ; Du. gluren. ^ M. E. gloren,to

word for even-glow, the time of becoming stare, is allied to glare.
(]usk ; A. S. afcn-glonummg,glow of eve, Gloze, to interpret, flatter. (F.- L.-
Hymn. Surtees, i6. i6. See Glow. Gk.) V^.Y.. glosen, to make glosses."
Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration. M. E. glose,a gloss; see Gloss (2).
(E.) Formerlyglote(XVI cent.). + Icel. Glue. (F. L.) O. F. glu. Late L.
- -

glotta, grin,
to smile scornfully; S wed. ghitem, acc. of gltcs,gen. glutis), glue;
dial, glotta, gliitta, peep ;
to G. gtotzen, t o allied to L. gluten,glue, glutus, tenacious.
stare. Cl. Russ. gliadiet{e), to look at. + Gk. yKoios,mud, gum. Allied to Clay.
Globe. (F.-L.) O. F. globe. L. Brugm. i. " 639. -

globicj/i, acc. oi globus, a ball ; cf. glomus, Glum, sullen. (E.) M. E. glommen,
a ball, clue. glotnben,glournen,to look gloomy. E.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. of glo- Fries, glumen, glfanen,to look sullen.+
nierdre,to collect into a ball. L. glomer-, Low
" G. gluiun, a sullen look,glummen,
for *glomes,stem of glomtis, a ball or to make turbid ; Norw. glyme, a sullen
clew of yarn. See Globe. look,glynia,gloma, to look sullen. See
Gloom. (E.) M. E. glotwieti, to lower, Gloom.
as if from A. S. *gluniian ; cf. room from Glume, a bracteal covering, in grasses.
A. S. rum; and prov. E. gluTfij overcast. (L.) L. gluma, a husk,hull. L. glubere,"

+Norw. glyma, an overcast sky ; Low G. to peel,take off the husk. See Cleave (1).
glufu,turbid. See Glum. Glut, to swallow greedily.(F. L.) "

Glory. (F. -
L.) M. E. glorie. - A. F. M.E. glotien.^0.F. glotir, gloutir.l^. "

and O. F. glorie(F. gloire). L. gloria.glutire, gluttire,

" to swallow; ci.gula, the
Gloss (I),lustre. (Scand.) \c"i, glossi,throat. Der. glutton.
a blaze,glys,finery ; Swed. dial, glossa, Glutinous, gluey.(L.) I.,glutinosus,
to glow ; ^ovw.glosa,to glow.+M. H. G. stickv.'mL. glutin-,(or gluten,glue.
glosen,to glow, glos,lustre ; Du. gloren Glutton. (F.-L.^ M.E. gloton.^
(Franck), E. Fries. glo7-en. O. F. gloton. L. gluttotiem,
"
gliltdnem^
Gloss (2),a commentary, explanation. acc, a glutton. L, glutire," to devour.
(F. L. Gk.) M. E. glose. O. F. glose, Glycerine, a viscid fluid,of sweet
_ - -

*a glosse;'Cot. " L. glossa,a difficult taste. (F. Gk.) Y glycerine "

.\ from Gk.
word requiring explanation. " Gk. yXaicraa, y\vK(p6s, s weet ; from Gk. yXvKvs, sweet.
the tongue, a language, word needingex- planation. Gl3rptic, relating to carvingin stone.
Der. gloss, vb.,gloze. (Gk.) Gk. yXvTTTiKos, carving, Gk, "

glossary. L.-Gk.) L.glossdf-izim,

yKvTTTos,carved. " Gk. y\v"p"Lv,to hollow
a glossary
; formed with suffix -drium out, engrave. See Cleave (i).
from L. gloss-a(above). Gnarl, to growl.(E.) Frequen-
snarl, tative
gloSSOgrapher. (Gk.) Coined from oi guar, to snarl,an imitative word.
from
glosso-, Gk. -yXuaaa, a hard word; Cf. A. S. g7iyrran, to creak ; E. Fries.
ypd(pfiv,
to write. gnarren, to creak, snarl.-f-Du. knorren^

glottis. (Gk.) Gk. yKuTTii, the Dan. kmirre, to growl, Dan. knarre^ to
5
 GNARLED GOD

arises that
creak ; Swed. knoTra, G. kma-reit,to Isupposition Teut. *gaiin,
^^gais,
growl,G, knarren, to creak. from I '^gaithare
the verbal contracted
Gnarled, knotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled ga- and the inherited Ini,iz, ith
jparticle =

is full of gnarls, where gnar-l is a dimin. Skt. end, eshi,eti\ cf. Gk. cT/xi.' Kluge. "

of gnar or knar, M. E. knarre, a knot in But this is mere conjecture.

wood. See Knurr. Goad. (E.) M. E. gode. A. S. gad.
Gnash. M. E. gnasten, to gnash Teut. type *gaidd,f.+Lombardic gaida,
(E.)
the teeth. E, Fries, gnastern, gndstern, a gore (Due.); from the base ^gai-, Idg.
to gnash. + Swed. knastra, to crash (be-
tween*ghai-,whence also A. S. gd-r, Icel. gei-rr,
the teeth); Dan. knaske, to gnash ; O. Irish ^a?, a spear; see Gore (2).
Icel. gnastan, sb.,a gnashing,
^"^j/a (pt.
t. Goal, the in
winning-post a race. (E.)
gnast),to crack ; G. knastern, to crackle. M, K.gol,Shoreham, p. 145. Answering
to crackle ;
'
Imitative ; so also Dan. kjtase, to A. S. *gdl,prob. ' an impediment;
Icel. gntsta, to gnash,E. Fries. gnJsen. whence A. S. gielan, to impede. Goal
Gnat. (E.) A.S. gncsU. Said to be may have meant '
stopping-place.'
named from the whirringof the wings; Goat.
U."..goot. A. S.^^/.-f (E.)
cf. Icel. gnafa, to clash,gnat, clash of Du. geit,Dan. ged, Swed. get, Icel. geit,
weapons. G. geiss, geisse;Go'"\. gaits. Teut. base
Gnaw. (E.) M. E. gnawen, pt.t.gneiv, *gait- ; allied to L. hcedus.
gnoiv. A. S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt.t.gnoh, Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.
pp.^"a^^". + Du. knagen, Low G. gnanen, (F. C.) M. E. gobet,a small piece." "

O. Icel. knaga, mod. Icel. naga, Dan. O. F. gobet, a morsel of food (seeLittrd) ;
gnave, Swed. gnaga. Without the g, we allied to M.F. gob,a gulp(inswallowing).
have G. nagen ; also Dan. nage, to gnaw, O. F. gober, to devour. Gael, gob,beak,
" "

Swed. nagga, whence prov. E. nag, to bill, mouth ; Irish gob,mouth, beak.

worry. gobble (0, to devour. (F.-C.) Fre- quentative

Gneiss, a rock. ^G.) G. gneiss; from with suffix -le, from O. F.
its sparkling. O. H. G. gneistan,to gob-er,
" to devour ; see Gobbet.

sparkle ; gneista, a spark.+ A. S. gndst, Gobble (2),to make a gabblingnoise.

Icel. gneisii, a spark. (E.) Imitative ; a variant oi gabble.
Gnome, a kind of sprite.(F. Gk.) Gobelin, a French "
tapestry. (F.)
F. gnome, a gnome ; a word due to Para-
celsus Named from Giles Gobelin, wool-dyerof
; from the notion that gnomes could Paris,in the i6th cent.
reveal secret treasures. gence."
intelli-
Gk. 'yuujfjLTj, " Goblet. (F. L.) F. gobelet,'
a -

'
Gk. yvcvvai, to know. (-^GEN.) goblet; Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel,a
gnomon, index of a dial. (L. Gk.) cup. Late L. alfellum,
"
ace. of cupelhis,"

L. gnomd/t.-^Gk. yvuixajv, an interpreter cup ;

a dimin. of L. cupa, a vat ; see
(one who knows) ; the index of a dial. Coop. Cf. Picard gobe,a great cup.
"

Gk. know.
-yvwi/ai, to Goblin. (F.-L.-G.) O.F. gobelin.
gnostic,one of a certain sect.(Gk.) " Low L.
gobellmis,a goblin; properly
' '
Gk. yi^caaTiKos, wise, good at knowing." a household-god; cf. A. S. cof-godas,
Gk. yvojaros, from yvooTos, known. " Gk. '
penates.'M. H. G. kobel,a hut ; dimin.
"

yvajvai,
to know. of M. H. kobe, a stall,cognate with
G.
Gnu, a kind of Icel.
antelope. (Hottentot.) koji, hut, A. S. cofa,a chamber
a

Found in S. Africa. wSaid to belongto the (Kluge). See Cove.

Hottentot language.See Supplement. Goby, a fish. (L. -
Gk.) For l^.gobms,
Go, to move about, proceed,advance. orig.appliedto the gudgeon. Gk. koj^ios, "

(E.) M. E. gon, goon. A. S. gdn.-^-Dw. a kind of fish,gudgeon,tench. Der.

gaan, Dan.
gaae, ; Swed. ga G. geheii; gudgeon.
O. H. G. gdn.gen. ^ ' The Teut. gai-( god.-^-Bn.
=
god, Icel. God. (E.) A. S.
A. S. gd-, O. H. G. ge-) supplantedthe giid, Swed. gad, Goth.
god, gud, Dan.
Idg. y'l, to go, in Lat. tre, Gk. Uvai, giftA, G. gott.
Teut. type *gut/iom ; Idg.
Skt. i. Since Teut. gai-has no old primi-
tive type *g/mtom,perhaps the being wor- shipped,'
'

noun-derivatives in Teut.,and takes a pp. form ; from Idg.root ^ghu,

the place of Idg. y'l (the Goth, aorist to worship,as in Skt. hu, to sacrifice
iddja K. S. eode still remains),
= and as it (to),whence huta-, one to whom fice
sacri-
is inflected after the -mi- conjugation,
the is offered. ^ ISfotallied to good,adj.
2 16
 GODDESS GOOSEBERRY

goddess. (E.; with Y .

M. E.
suffix.) banner. (F. " M. H. G.) '^l.Y.gonfanon.
goddesse{godesse).Made from god by " O. F. gon fail
oil. ^W.G. gundfano, H.
adding the O. F. suffix -esse ( = L. -issa = lit.
'Lattle-tlag.'M. H. G. gitiid,
"
guiit,
Gk. -laaa). battle;fano [G. fahne),a banner, flag.
godfather. (E.) M. E. godfader, Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gild(for
father inbaptism; from and
^"?(^ *gunth),battle, war ^^/?r.
; cf.Skt. haii,to kill,
godhead. (E.) M. E. godhed, also Fano is allied to Vane.
godhod \ the suffix answers to A. S. had, Gong. (Malay.) Malay ogong or gong,
state,dignity;
office, see -hood (suffix). the gong, a sonorous instrumtnt.
Godwit, (E.) Origin
a bird. Good. (E.) M.Y.good. A.S. god.-^known.
un-
' '
Can good it
creature
mean ? Du. goed, Icel. godr, Dan. Swed. god,
A. S. god wiht, a good wight,good crea-
ture Goth, gods,G. gul. Teut. tyj^e*godoz\
{wiht being often appliedto animals from "^god-, strong grade of *gad-,'fit:'
and birds).See ^*ight. see Gather. Allied to Russ. godnuii,
Goffer, Gauffer, to plaitor crimp suitable,O. Slav. godH, fit season. Der.
lace,"c. (F. O. Low G.) M. F, gattf-good-s,
" sb. pi.,i.e. good things, property ;
frer,to goffer ; orig.to mark like the good'tvill, "c. Also ^^ci^-wcz;/,i.e. master
edges oi^s2iiQ.x?,.'^M..Y
gauffre,goff7-e, a of the house, good-wife,
.
misuess of the
wafer ; see "Wafer. house.
Goggle-eyed, having rolling and Goodbye, farewell. (E.) A famdliar,
^

staringeyes. (,E.)yi.Y..gogil-eyid.'They but meaningless,contraction of God be

'
goglewith their eyes hither and thither ; with you, the old form of farewell ;
Holinshed, Descr. of Ireland,c. i. Cf. very common; often written God b'w'y.
Irish and Gael, gogshitileach, goggle-eyed,^ Not ior God be by you: the form God
havingwanderingeyes, from gog, to move buy you God be-with-you you
=
{ you peated).
re-

slightly, and stiil, eye. But gog seems to

be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf. Goodman ; see Good.
prov. E, coggle, Bavar. gageln, to be steady.
un- Goose, a bird. (E.) A. ^. gos, pi.ges
(lengthened 0 caused loss of n, and gds =

Goitre. (F. L.) F. ^^//r^, a swelled '^gons "^'^gans).'\'T)'a.. gans, Dan.

"

gaas,
throat ; from O. F. goitron, the same, esp. Swed. gas. Icel.gas, G. gans. Teut. type
in Savoy. Late L. ace. type '^gtitt7-idnem,
"
*gans ; Idg. type *ghans-; cf. L. anser,
from L. gnttur, throat. Gk. ")(j]v\ Skt. hainsa,a swan; O. Irish
Gold. (E.) A.S, gold.-^-TtVi. goiid{{or geis,a swan ; Lith. zqsis, goose.
a

gold),Icel. gtcll, Swed. Dzxx.gtild, G. gold, Gooseberry. (E. ; cf. F.- M. H. G.)
Goth, gulth. Teut. type '^gtil-thom, n. ; In Levins. From goose and berry, cf.
Idg.type '^ghsl-tom ; cf. Russ. zoloto, Skt. goose-grass, "c. a. We also find North.
hdtaka-,gold; also Pers. zar, gold,Zend E.grosers, gooseberries ; Burns ha-sgrozet,
zaranya-, Skt. hiranya-. Named from its a gooseberiy. Apparently from O. F.
colour. Allied to Yellow. (VGHEL.) *grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
Der. mart-gold, gild. but occurring not only in the O. F. dimin.

Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned A. D. form groisele, grosele,^. gooseberry, but also
1457 (Jam.). The name is from that of a in Xrvi^igrois-aid, Ga.e\.grois-eid,\\' .grzuys ,

Du. game playedwith club and ball. Du. a gooseberry, all borrowed
" from M.K. The
kolf,a club used to strike balls with.+ spellinggroiseleis as old as the 13th
Low G. kulf,hockey-stick ; Icel. kolfr,century (Bartsch) ; and answers to the
clapperof a bell,kylfa, a club ; Dan. kolbe, form crosela in the dialect of Como
butt-end of a weapon, kolv, bolt,shaft, (Monti). p. The orig.O. F. *groiseor
arrow, Swed. kolf, butt-end,G. kolbe,club, *grose was borrowed from M. H. G. krfis,
mace, knob. curling, crisped, w hence G. kransbeere, a

Golosh ; the same as Galoche. cranberry, a rough gooseberry. Cf. Swed.

Gondola. (Ital.-Gk.-Pers.?) Ital. krusbdr, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
gondola,dimin. of gonda, a boat. Gk. curled,frizzled. The name " was firstgiven
Kovhv, a drinking-vessel ; from the shape to the rougherkinds of the fruit, from the
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin;cf. curling hairs on it ; similarly, Levins
Pers. kandu, an earthen vessel. gives the Lat. name as uua crispa (frizzled
Gonfanon, Gonfalon, a kind of grape).
217
 GOPHER GOSSIP

Gopher, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb. " Gk. yopyos, fearful.+ O. Ir. garg,
gopher,a wood. fierce.
Gorbellied, having a fat belly. (E.) Gorilla, a kind of largeape. (O. Afri-
can.)
Compounded dirt (also
of E. gore, lit.filth, An old word revived. In the Peri-
the intestines)
; and belly. So also Swed. of
plus Hanno, near the end,some creatures
'
dial, garbdlg,
a fat paunch,from gar, dirt,are described which the interpreters
called
'
contents of the and bdlg,belly. Gorillas
intestines, in Greek, yopiWas. "

See Gore (i). Gormandise ; see Gourmand.

gorcrow, carrion-crow. (E.) I.e. Gorse. (E.) Formerly ^^r^-/. A. S. -

gore-o'ow ; see above. gors^,gorse. Cf. Skt. Ars/z, to bristle.

Gordian. (L.-Gk.) Only in the phr. Goshawk. (E.) Lit. 'goose-hawk.'
'
Gordian knot,'i.e. intricate knot. Named A. S. goshafuc. A. " S. gds, goose ; haftic,
from the Phrygianking Gordius hawk.
(rojoStos),
who tied it. An oracle declared that who-
ever gosling. '
E.) Formed from A. S.
undid it should reign over gds, goose Asia. gos),with
{^^.Y,. double dimin.
Alexander cut the knot, and appliedthe suffix -l-ing.
oracle to himself. Gospel, the life of Christ. (E.) M. E.
Gore 11),clotted It for-
merly gospel. A. S. godspell."
blood. (E.) K. S. god, God,
'
meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt.+ i. e. Christ ; spell, a story. Lit. narrative
Icel gor, gore ; Swed. gor, dirt ; M. Du. goor; of God,' i. e. life of Christ. Orig.god "^
O. H. G. gor, filth. Originuncertain. spell,i.e. good spell, a translation of Gk.
Gore v2),a triangular
piecelet altered to godspell;into a evayyeXiov ; but soon

garment, a slipof
triangular land.
earlyintroduced into (E.) for the E. word was

M. E, gore. A. S. gdra, a gore, project-

ing Iceland in the form guQspjall (wheregti^-
piece of land ; from gar, a dart,a from ^^df- good \
god, as distinguished = =

spear-point. Named from the shape. [So and into Germany as O. H. G. gotspell
also Icel. geiri, a triangularslipof land, (where ^^/ god, as distinguished from =

from geirr,a spear ; G, gehre,a wedge, giiot,good).

gusset, gore ; Du. geer, a gusset, gore.] Gossamer. (E.) M. E. gossomer,
p. The (Icel.geirr, O. H. G. gosesomer, lit.^goose-summer' The prov.
A. S. gar
ger')is from Teut. type '^gaizoz, ni. ; E. name (in Craven) is summer-goose.
allied to Gaulish L. gaesuvi, a javelin,Named from the time of year when it is
O. Irish gai, a spear. most seen, viz. duringSt. Martin's summer
Gore
(3), to pierce.(E.) From A. S. (earlyNovember) ; geese were eaten on

gar, spear-point
a (withthe usual change Nov. II formerly. Cf. Lowl. Sc. go-
from a to long 0). summer (popularvariant),Martinmas. %
Gorge, the throat,a narrow pass. (F. Also called stmimer-colt (Whitby); also
"
L.) O. F. gorge, throat. Late L. gorga, Slimmer-gauze. "Cf. G. somjnerfdden(lit.
variant of L. gurges, a whirlpool,hence summer -threads), gossamer ; Du. zomer-

(inLate L.) the gullet,from its voracity.draden,Swed. sommertrdd,the same. [But

Cf. L. gurgulio, gullet. +Skt. gargara-, a in G. it is also called mddchensovimer^
whirlpool. lit. Maiden-summer, der allweibersommer,
gorgeous, showy, splendid.(F. L.) the old women's summer ; which " also
O. F. and M. F. gorgias,'gorgeous;'Cot. means St. Martin's summer.] It would
The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget ; appear that summer is here used in the
'
the sense of '
gorgeous was orig.proud, sense of 'summer-film,'so that"^^j-j-a/;/^r =

from the
swellingof the throat in pride. goose-summer-film.
(Better
spelt
gossomer
CotgravegivesF. se rengorger,
'
to hold or gos summer.)
down the head, or thrust the chin into the Gossip. (E.) a crony ; formerly Now
neck, as some do in pride,or to make a sponsor in
baptism. M. E. gossib, also
their faces look the fuller ; we say, to godsib, lit. '
related in god.' M. E. god, "

bridle it.' Hence the derivation is from god sib, related,from

; O. Northumb.
". gorge, throat (above). allied
sibbo,pi. relatives, sibja,
to Goth,
gorget, armour for the throat. (F. "
relationship,
G. sippe,affinity,sippen,
L.) From gorge, i. e. throat. kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sabhya-, fit for an

Gorgon, a monster. (L. "

Gk.) L. assembly,trusty,from sabhd,an assembly,
Gorgon, Gorgo. " QV. Topyou,the Gorgon. Brugm. i. "" 124 (4),567.
 GOUGE GRAMERCY

Gouge, a hollow-bladed chisel. (F. "

gradudle,
a service-book of portionssung
Low L.) F. gouge. Low L. *gobia,in gradibt(s, i. e. on
" the steps (of the
^giibia, only recorded in the form guvia choir). L. gradu-s,a step. "

(Span, gtibia).Cf. Ital. sgorbia, gouge; graduate. (L.) Late L. gradudtus,

Ciascon goujo. one who has taken a degree; pp. of Late
Gourd. (F. L.^i F. gourde,formerly L. gradudre. L. gradti-s,
"
degree. "

and cougourde(Cot.). L.
gouhotirde Graft, Graff, to insert buds on a stem.
" cu-

curbtia, gourd.
a (F. L. Gk.) Graftis a later form of " "

Gourmand, a glutton.(F.) F. gour- graff,and due to confusion with graffed, '

'
ffiand, a glutton, gormand, belly-god ; pp. Shak. has pp. graft.Rich. Ill,iii.7.
Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. gorniandise127. M. E. graffen, to graff, from graffe,
(forgour??iand-ise) .
sb. O, F. graffe, a sort of pencil, " also a
Gout (i), a drop, disease. (F. L.) slipfor grafting, because it resembled
"
a

M. E. goiite, a disease supposedto be due pointedpencilin shape. L. graphium, a. "

to defluxion of humours. O. Y. gouie, styleto write with.

" Gk. ypa"piov, ypa " "

goiitie,drop.
a L. giitta, drop.
a
" the
(peioy, same. Gk. ypa.(pfii', to write. "

Gout (2), taste. (F.-L.) F. goiU, Grail (i),a gradual,a service-book.

taste. h. gnstns, taste; see Gust
"
(2). (F.-L.) M.E. graile,grayle. O. F. -

Govern. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. goiter- gra'e'l.

" " Late L. gradate,also called gra- "

nen. " O.F. governer."lu. guberndre,to dudle ; see gradual.

steer a ship, rule. Gk. Kv^fpvdv, "to steer. Grail (2),the Holy Dish at the Last
Cf. Lith. ktwibriti, to steer. Supper.(F. L. Gk.) The etymology " "

Gowan, a daisy. (Scand.) North. E. was very early falsified by an easy

gowlan, 'Scyellozo gozvan, corn marigold. change from San Great i^HolyDish) to
Named from the colour. Icel.^"/r, Swed. Sang J^eal (Royal Blood, strangely
" taken
gul, Dan. gtiul,Norw. gi{l, gaul, yellow. to mean Real Blood). O. F. graal^great, "

See Yellow. grasal,a flat dish; with numerous other

Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand.) Icel. forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
gazikr.^ a cuckoo, Svre^. gok.-^O.gattch, a would appear that the word was corrupted
cuckoo, simpleton. in various ways from Late L. type *cratdlis
Gown, a loose robe. (C.) M. E.goune. (cf.Late L. gradate,a bowl) ; from Late
" W. gzvn, a loose robe. [Lishgtmn, L. crdt-ns,a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
Gael, and Com. gun, Manx goo^z, are from a bowl ; see Crater. (Diez.)
E. O. F, goune is Gaulish.] Stokes- Grail (3), fine sand. (F.-L.) In
Fick, p. 281. Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6 ; Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
Grab, to seize. (E.) Cf. E. Fries. O. F. graisle, graile(F. gr^te),thin,
"

grabbig,greedy; grabbeleti, grab to at ; small. L. gradient, ace. of gracilis, "

Du. grabbed a scramble,grabbeleii, to slender.

scramble for ; Low G. grabbeln, to grab Grain. (F. L.) M. E. grein. O. F. - -

at; Swed. grabba,to grasp. +Skt. gmh^ grain. 1.. grdnum, a grain, com.-f-Irish "

O. Skt. grabh, O. Pers. and Zend grab, grdn^ W. gronyn. Cognatewith E. Corn.
to seize. See Garb (2). Cf. Grasp. Grallatory. (L.) A term appliedto
Grace. (F.-L.) O. F. grace. L. wading birds. L. gralldtor^ - a walker on "

dear,pleasing.stilts. L. ^ra//^ (for'^gradlce), stilts. L.

_

gratia, favour. L. grdtiis,

" " "

Brugm. i. "" 524, 632. gradus,a step ; gradi,to walk.

Grade, a degree.(F. L.) F. grade, Gramarye, -
magic. (F.-L.-Gk.)
a degree. L. gradum, ace. oi gradus, a M. E. gramery,
" skill in grammar, and
degree,step. L. gradi (pp.gressus),
" to hence skill in magic O. F. grajiiaire, "

step,walk, go. (VGHREDH.) Brugm. grammar ; see Grammar. Cf. O. F.

i. " 635 gramaire,(i) grammarian,(2) a ma-
;.ii-7"7-
" a gician.

gradient, a graduallyrisingslope. % The word glamour is a mere

(L.) L. gradient-, stem of pres. pt. of corruption of gramarye or grammar,
gradi,to walk, advance. meaning u) grainmar, (2)magic.
gradual, advancingby steps. (L.) Gramercy, thanks. (F.-L.) For- merly
Orig.gradual, sb.,a service-book called graund mercy, Chaucer, C. T.
in Lat. gradtidle, and in E. gradual or 8964. F. grand merci,great thanks ; see "

^rayl."La.te L. gradudlis,only in neut. Grand and Mercy.

219
 GRAMINEOUS GRATUITY

Gramineous. (L.) From 'L.^-rdmm-,fruit.-M. H. G. krapfe,O. H. G. krapfo,

for grdmcn, grass ; with suffix -e-ous. a hook. Allied to Cramp. The senses
' '
Grammar. (F. L. Gk.)
- M. E. of -
'"
hook and '
cluster result from that
grammere."O. F. gramaire (XIII cent.).of
clutching.' '

Late l^.grammatica,
"
grammar(Schwan). Graphic, descriptive, pertainingto
Gk. ypafx/j-aTLKij,
"
grammar. Gk. ypa/x- writing.(L. Gk.) L. gt-aphicus, ing
belong- " "

fiariKus, knowing one's letters ; see below. to paintingor drawing. Gk. ypacpiKos, "

grammatical. (F. L. Gk.) M. F. the same. Gk. ypacpeiv,to write. Allied

- - "

grammatical; from \^.granimaticus,

matical. to
gram- Carve.
"Gk. ypaiJiiaTLKus, versed in one's Grapnel, a grappling-iron.( F. "

letters. Gk. "

ypafx/xar-, stem of ypd/xfxa,
M. H. G.) M. E. grapenel. Dimin. of
a letter. " Gk. ypdcpeiv,
to write. See M. F. grappin, grapnel. a " O. F. grappe,
Graphic. a hook. O. 11. G. krapfo,a hook;
"
see

Grampus, a largefish. (F. L.) Spelt Grape. "

grampasse, a. D.; grapple, to clutch. (F. M. H. G.)

1655. " A. F. grampats "

BIk. Bk. Adm. i. i^2. " l^.grandem

pisccm, Properlyto seize with a grapnel. M. F. "

'
ace. oi grand is piscis,
great fish. sb., the grappleof a ship; Cot.
g7'appil, *

Granary, store-house for grain. (L.) O. Y. grappe, a hook (above). "

L. grdndria, pi. L. grdmim, corn. See Grasp. (E.) M. E. graspen, used in

"

'
Garner. the sense to grope.' Also grapsen, in
Grand, great. (F.-L.) O.Y. grand. Hoccleve. Prob. for *grab-sen,closely
" L. oi grandis,great.
grandem, allied toace.Grab, q. v. Cf. E. Fries.
grandee, Spanish nobleman. (Span. grapsen,
a to clutch ; Low G. grapsen ;
"
L.) Span, grajide,great ; also, a E. Fries, graps, a handful ; also Lith.
nobleman. L. grandem, ace. oi grandis, grop-ti,
" to grab (Kluge).
great. Grass. (E.) M. E. gras, gres, also
grandeur, greatness. (F.-L.) F. Icel. Goth.
ge7-s. A. S. gcers, grces.-^T"u.
grandeur; formed with suffix -eiir (L. G. gras ; Swed. gras, Dan. grces. Teut.
-or em), irom grand, great. type ^gra-som,n. ; from '^gra-,the sense
grandiloquent, pompous in speech. of which is doubtful ; cf. grow.
(L.) Coined from L. grandi-, decl. stem Grate (0' ^ framework of iron bars.
of grandis,great ; and loqtient-, stem of (Late L. L.) M. E. grate. Late L. -
-

pres. pt. of loqui, speak; see Loqua-

to cious. grdta, crdta,a grating. L. crates,hurdles. "

The true L. form is grandi- See Crate.

loqmis. Grate (2),to rub, scrape. (F.-Teut.)
Grange, a farm-house. (F. L.) O. F. O. F. grater (F.^rfl;//^r). Swed. kratta, - "

grange, a barn, a farm-house. " Late L. Dan. kratte,to scrape ; O. H. G. chrazzon

grdnea, a barn. (" ^krattoti),
" L. ^ra"?/w,
to scrape. corn.

granite, (Ital.L.) Grateful, pleasant.(Hybrid;F.-L.

a hard stone. "

Ital. graniio, granite,speckled stone. and E.) The first syllableis from O. F, "

Ital. granito,pp. of granire,to reduce to grat, pleasing, from L. grains ; with E.

grains (hence,to speckle). Ital. gra^io, suffix -////. "

a grain. L. grdnutn, a grain; see

" Grain. gratify. (F. L.) M.Y. gratijier.^ "

Grant. (F. L.) M. E. graunten.^ L.

"
grdtijicdre,
grdtificdrl, to please. L. "

O. F. graanter, graunter, later spelling of grdti-,for grdtus, pleasing ; and -ficdre,

crdanter, creanter, to caution, assure, iox facere,
to make. Der. gratific-at-ion.

guarantee ; whence the later senses, to gratis, freely.(L.) L. gratis, adv.,

promise,yield; Late L. cr'eatitdre, for freely;for grdtiis,abl. pi. of gratia,
*credentdre. " L. credent-,stem of pres. grace ; see Grace.
pt. of credere,
to trust. See Creed. gratitude. (F.-L.) F. gratitude.
Granule, (L.) a littlegrain. L. grd- " Late h. gratitudine7}t,
ace. oi grdtittido,
milum, dimin. oi grdniim, a grain. thankfulness. L. grdtus, pleasing. "

Grape. (F.-M. H. G.) A. F. grape, grattlitous, freelygiven. (L.) L.

M. F. grappe, ' bunch, or cluster of grapes; '
given ; with sufitix-ous.
grdtuit-us, freely
Cot. [In E., the sense has changed,from From grdtus.
cluster to singleberry.] The orig.sense gratuity, a present. (F.-L.) O. F. '
of g)-appe was 'a hook,' then clustered gratuite, *
a free gift; Cot. " Late L.
 GRIDE GRISLY

for L. crdtJcula,
a gridiron,dimin. of Grimalkin, a cat. (E.; partlyO.H.G.)
crdtis,a hurdle. Dor. Hence M. E. Prob. for g7'ay Malkin, the latter beinga
afterwards
gredire,a griddle, turned into cat's name. Malkin Maid-kin, dimin.
=

by
gridiron.) confusion with M. E. ire = of A. F. Mald= Matid, i.e. Matilda ; from
E. iron. See Grill and Creel. O.H.G. Mahthilt. Here ;"a//^ might; =

Gride, through.(E.)
to pierce,
cut See hilt means battle. Cf. Macb. i. i. 8.
Spenser,F. Q. ii.8. 36. A metathesis of Grime. (Scand.) Swed.
dial, gj-ima,a
gird,M. E. girden,to strike,pierce; see smut on the
face; Dan. grim, grii^n,
Gird (2). lamp-black,soot, grime. Cf. Low G.
Gridiron ; see Griddle. grimmeln, to become smutty; E. Fries.
Grief. (F.-L.) M.E. grief,gref.^ gremen, to begrime.
O. F. gj'ief, g^^f burdensome, sad,heavy. Grin, to snarl,grimace. (E.) M. E.
"
'L.g}'anis,\\ita.\y; see Grave (2). Der. grenncn. K.". grejznian,to grin. + Icel.
grieve,vb., O. F. grever, L. graudre, to grenja,to howl. Perhapscf.Du. gi'ijnen,
burden ; from grains. to weep, fret ; Dan. grine,to grin,simper,
Griffin, Griffon. (F. L. Gk.)- SwQ(\. grina, G.greinen (Noreen," 149).
-

Better ^rz^". M. E. griffon.F. griffon ; See Groan.

"

formed from Late L. griffiis, a griffon. Grind. (E.) A. S. grindan, pt. t.

"

L. gryphus, extended form of gryps, a grand, pp. grunden. Allied to L. fren-

griffon.Gk. '^pvip(stem ypvir-),
" a griffon, dere,to gnash.
a fabulous animal supposed to have a Grip, sb. (E.) M. E. gripe. A. S.
hooked beak. Gk. "ypv-rros,curved,hook-
"
gripe,a grip; from the weak grade of
beaked. "f]"Confused with Gk. 'yvip, grtpan (below).
a

vulture. gripe. (E.) A. S. gripan, pt. t. grdp,

Grig, a small eel, a cricket. (E.) pp. gripen, to seize. + Du. grijpen,Icel.
App. of imitative origin.Cf. crick,si ill gripa, Swed. gripa, Dan. gribe, Goth.
preservedin crick-et ; Lowl. Sc. crick, a greipan,G. greifen.Teut. type *greipan-,
tick,louse; Du. kriek,a cricket. ^ In pt. t. *graip,pp. '^gripanoz. Cf. Lith.
phr. 'as merry as ^ grig^' grig is for G7-eek gi-aibyti, to grasp at.

(Troil. i. 2. 118) ; Merygreekis a character Grise, Grize, a step. (F.-L.) Also

in Udall's Roister Doister ; from L. gi'ce- speltgreece, greese, "c. The proper
cdrT, to live like Greeks, i.e. luxuriously.spelling is grees, and the proper sense is
Grill, to broil on a gridiron.(F. L.) a flight steps,'
ot
"

though '
often used as
'
F. griller, to broil. F. gril, a gridiron,'
"
meaning a single step. Grees is the pi.of
Cot.; O. F. greil, ^;'ai7.Late L. ^crdti- M. E. gree, gre, a step. O.F. gre, a step
" "

cuhtm, for crdtlcula,a small gridiron(Roquefort) ; cf. F. de-gre, E. de-gree.'-'I^.

(whence F. grille, a grating).L. crdtis,gradus, a step. Der. Prov. E. (Norf.)
"

a hurdle. See Crate, Creel, and Griddle. g"'issens, steps=gree-s-en'S, a treble plural.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first Grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman
return from the sea to fresh water. (F. of the lower class.'(F.
" M. H. G.) F. -

Teut.)Ox\^.grills, pL O. Y.grisle, "

grille, grisette ; named from the cheap gray dress
grayish. O. F.^^'w, gray. See Grizzly. which they used to wear.
" F. gris^gray ; "

Grim, fierce. (E.) A. S. gj'im; allied see Grizzly.

to gram, fierce,angry, furious. + Icel. Griskin. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
'
grimmr, grim,gramr, angr}' ; Dan. grim, little pig,' now spine of a hog. Dimin.
grim,gra?n, angry ; G. grimm, fury, gram, from M.E. gris, a pig. Icel. griss, a "

hostile. From Teut. root *grevi-(2nd young pig ; Dan. griis,Swed. gris,pig. '%

grade, '^grat?i-). Allied to Gk. XP^I^^' Or is it for "^gris-skin, where skin

Ti'^etv, to neigh, XP^M, XP^H-^^^noise. represents Dan. skinne, a splint? Cf.
Brugm. i. " 572. Grizzly.
Grimace. (F.-Teut.) grimace,F.
; see Grizzly. Grisled
'
'
a crabd looke ; Cot. terrible. (E.) A. S. grisUc,
Of uncertain origin . Grisly,
Perhaps from Icel. grimvir,Dan. grim,
terrible. Formed with suffix -lie (like)
grim, angry (above) ; cf. E. Fries, and ixoxn gris-an (pt.'i.grds), to shudder. E.
Low G. grimlachen^to laugh mali-
ciously.Fries, griseltk,terrible, from grtsen, to
Derived by Diez from Icol.grima, shudder. + L)u. af-grijsselijk, horrible ;
a mask. horror.
af-grijzen,
22
 GRIST GROUNDS

Grist, a supplyof corn to be ground. upper part of the shoulder-blade.'and

(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of groin, snowt '
of hog.' The
a O. F.
Grind . groin also means headland.'
'extremity, "

gristle. (E.) A. S. gristel, ; Late

cartilage L. type *grunnii(m,from L. grtin-
allied to gHst, and A. S. gristbitian,
to nire, to grunt.] But groin is a variant of
gnash the teeth. From the base oi grind, grine {\n Cotg.,s. v. Aines) ; fuller form
with reference to the necessity
of crunch-
ing grinde {grynde in Palsgrave).A. S. "

it if eaten. So also Du. knarsbeen, grynde, abyss; hence,depression.Allied

gristle, from knarsen,to crunch. to Ground. Der. grain-ed, havingangular
Grit, coarse sand. (E.) Formerly^r^*?/,curves that fork off.
A. S. greot, grit. + O. Fries, gret, Icel. Grouiwell, a plant. (F.-L.) merly
For-
grjot, G. gries. Allied to Grout, Groat ,4^r^w"?//^,
grume lie, gromel,griimel.
O. 1'. greinil, grenil, 'the herb gromil, "

Grizzly, Grizzled, grayish.(F. M, or graymil;' Cot. Prob. from L. gramwi, "

H. G.) From M. E. griscl, a gray-haired a grain; from its hard seeds.

man. F."
gris, gray. M. H. G. grls,gray ; " Groom. (Low G. or F. Low G.) "

of. G.greis, a gray-haired man.-f-Du.^rz;^,M. E. grome. Either from M. Du. gram,

O. Sax. gris,gray. Icel. groinr, a boy, lad (Egilsson) ; or
Groan. (E.) M. E. gronen. A. S. from O. F. *gj'0fne, in the dimin. gromet,
grdniaii, to groan. Teut. type *graindja}t- a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F. ,

from *grain,2nd grade of *greinan-, as gour??iet), which is prob. from the same
in O. H. G. grJnan, G. greinen,to weep, M. Du. grain. And see Bridegrooiru
grin; Du. grijnen,to weep. Perhaps Der. grtiviinct.
allied to Grin. Groove. (Du.) Du. graef,groeve, a
Groat (i),a particle,atom. (E.) M. E. trench, a channel,a groove. Du. graven "

grot. A. S. grot. From *grtit-, weak (pt.t. graef),to dig; see Grave (i).+
grade of *greut-(as in A. S. greot\ See I\I.E. grofe,a cave.
Grit, Grout. Grope. (E.) A. S. grdpian, to seize,
Groat (2),a coin worth 4^. (Du. Low handle; hence, to feel one's way. " A.S. "

G.) M.E. grate."'Isl. Du. groote. O. grdp, 2nd grade of gripan, to seize. See "

Low G. grate,a coin of Bremen ; meaning Gripe.

'great,' because largein comparisonwith Gross. (F.-L.) O. F. gros (fem.
the copper coins {Schivaren) formerly in grosse),gross, great. L. grossus, fat, "

use there ; cf. Du. graot, great, cognate thick.

with E. great. Grot. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Y.graite,
Groats, grain of oats. (E.") M. E. a cave. Ital. grotta. 'L. crypta. Gk. " " "

grotes,lit.bits. A. S. grot,an atom.

" A. S. KpvTrTT], a vault ; see Crypt. "

*gri(t-
; see Groat (i)above. grotesque. (F. -
Ital. - L. -
Gk.)
Grocer. (F." L.') Formerly^r^j^^^r or F. grotesque, ludicrous. Ital. grotesca, "

engrosser, a wholesale dealer.

O. F. gras-
sier," curious paintedwork, such as was ployed
em-

a wholesale dealer. O. F. gros, great;

" on the walls of grottoes. Ital. "

see Gross. Der. grocer-y, formerly gros- grotta (above).

sery. grotto. (Ital. - L. -
Gk.) Better
grog, spiritsand water. (F. "
L.) grotta. Ital. grotta (above).
"

Short lor gragram it had its name from ; Du. Ground. (E.) A. S. gi-und.+
Admiral Vernon, nicknamed Old Grog, grand,G. grund ) Goth, grundu-. Teut.
from his gragram breeches whence
; also ^griinthuz,
(ab. a. d. type *grundtiz
1745); he ordered the sailors to dilute Icel. gJtinnr, Dan. Swed. griind.
their rum with water. groundling, a spectator in the pit
grogram, a stuff.(F. " L.^ Formerly of a theatre. (E.) From ground, with
grogran, so called from its coarse grain. " ;uffix
M. F. grosgraiii,
grogram. " O. F. gros, temptuous force.
coarse ; grain, grain. dregs. (E.) So called grounds,
Groin, the depressionof
being at the bottom. the human
Cf. Gael. from
body in front, at the junctionof the thigh grtinndas,lees,from grunnd, bottom,
with the trunk. (E.) [Confused with ground; Irish gruntas, dregs,from grunnty
F. Cot. gives'"groin de pore, the head or the bottom.

223
 GROUNDSEL GUANO

gfroundsei,a small plant.(E.) Also grobben. Cf. E. f"ies. griibbeln, to grope

groiindswell (Holland's tr. of Pliny).A. S. about. 4- Low G. grubbeln,the same;
gi'un.ieswelge, as if ground-swallower,'
'
G.griibeln, O. H. G. grzibilon, to rake,dig,
but really from the older ioxm gundeswelge,grub. Allied to Grave (i).
'
lit. swallower of pus,' from its supposed Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
healingqualities ; from A. S. giind,pus. grochen^ grticchen,to murmur. " O. F.
groundsill, threshold. (E.) From groiicier, groticher, to murmur; Low L.
ground and sill, q. v. Also speltgrunsel groussd?-e,A. D. 1358. Probably^r?/-^"?,
(Milton). grn-nt, grow-l are all from the same tative
imi-
Group. (F.-Ital.-G.) F. groups.^ base ; cf. Gk. 7/)G, a grunt.

Ital.groppo, a knot,heap,group. " O.H.G. Gruel. (F.-O. Low G.) O. F. gruel

kropf,a. crop, wen on the throat, orig. a (F. gniau)."^l^ovf L. *griitellum, dimin.
bunch ; Low G. kropp; see Crop. of grutum, meal. " O. Low G. griit,Du.
Grouse, a bird. (F." Celtic?) Grotise griiit, grout, coarse meal ; see Grout.
appears to be a false form, evolved from Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan.
an old pi.g7'ows (1531). In 1547, the pi. grusovi, cruel. "Dan. gru, horror; with
was grewes. Of unknown origin, though suffix -som, as in virk-som, active. Cf.
the form seems to be French. Giraldus Dan. grue, to dread, grtielig, horrid. +Du.
Cambrensis,TopographiaH ibernica (Rolls grtnvzaam ,G. grausaui ; M. H. G.grilsam,
Series,v. 47) has : gallinse *
campestres, gruwesam, from M. H. G. grfnve, horror.
quas vulgariter grutas vocant.' "[[ Cot- Allied to O. S3.\.gruri, A.S.gryre,horror,
grave, s. V. griesche,has '
the hen of A. S. be-greosan, to overwhelm with terror.
the grice or moorgame.' This must Gruff, rough,surly.(Du.) Du. grof,
be a mistake, as the word grice is big,coarse, loud, blunt. + G. grab,coarse
otherwise unknown. Perhaps gruta re- presents(whenceSwed.^r^, Dan. grov); O. H. G.
a Celtic word, allied to E. gerob; E. Fries, gru fig.
a-ow. Grumble, to murmur. "
(F. G.) F.
Grout, coarse msal; GroutS, dregs. grommcler (Cot.). Low
" and prov. G.
(E.) M. E. grut. A. S. gnit, coarse
"
grumtnelen, to grumble, frequent,ot
meal. Cf. Da.^"-/'"/; lce\.graulr, porridge,grujnmen, grotnmen, to grumble ; M. Du.
Dan. grod,Swed. griil, boiled groats ; G. gro7nmelen,frequent, of grommen. From
griitze, groats; allied to Lithuan. griidas,*gruinm-, weak grade of Teut. *gremman-,
corn ; L. rudus, rubble. Cf. Grit. to rage, as in M.H.G. and A. S. grimman^
Grove, a collection of trees. (E.) M. E. to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Grim.
groue (withu =e;). A. S. graf,
" a grove. Grum.e, a clot of blood. (F. L.)
"

Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. Rare. M Y .grume, a cluster. L. grumus, .

"

(Scand.) Due to M. E. groveling, pro-

perly a little heap.

an adv.,signifying flat on the ground; Grumm.et, Gromet, a ship-boy,a

also spelt grojiing, grqflinges, where the cabin-boy. "
(F. Teut.) O. F. gromet,
suffixes -ling, -linges are adverbial ; cf. a. serving-boy ; cf. Span, grumete, a ship-
head-long, dark- ling. "'\ct\. gnlfa, in phr. boy."M. Dn. grom, a boy; see Groom.
^^'^S'i^ ^ S^^'^f^^i to lie grovelling, syjujaa Grunsel ; see GroundsilL
griifu, to swim on the belly; cf. also Grunt. (E.) M.E. grunten. A. S.
gnlfa, grujia,to grovel; Swed. dial. grunnettan, extension of A. S. grunian,
gruva, flat on one's face, ligga gruve, to to grunt.+ Dan. ^;j;z/i?,
a Swed. gry^nla, G.
lie on one's face. grunzen ; so also L.grunmre, Gk. ypv^eiv.
Grow. (E.) A. S. gro-cvan, pt.t. greow, All imitative ; cf. Gk. ypv, the noise made
pp. growen.'^'Tiw. groeijen, Icel. groa, Dan. by a pig.
groe, Swed. gro. Esp. to produce shoots, Guaiacum, a kind of resin,from lig- num
as herbs: allied to Green. 'Dqx. grow-ih', vitae. (Span. Hayti.) Span,guay-
"

from Icel. groSr,growth. aco, guayacan, lignum vitae. From the

Growl, to grumble. (F. Low G.) languageof Hayti.
"

Picard gronler. E. Fries. grttUen; cf.

"
Guanaco, a kind of Peruvian sheep.
Du. grollen,to grumble; G. grollen, to (Span. Peruv.) Span,guanaco (Pineda).
"

rumble ; Norw. gryla, to growl. (See " Peruv. huanacu, a wild sheep.
in
grol Franck.) Guano. (Span. Peruv.) Span.^"a;w,
"

Grub, to grope in dirt. (E.) M. E. //"a?z^. Peruv. huanu, dung. "

224
 GUARANTEE GULF

Guarantee, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) merly

For- a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to
guaj-aniy or garanty, which are Hostile.
better O.
spellings. " F. garantie,garran- Guide. (F. Ital. Teut.) M. E. -
-

tiCya warranty ; fern, of pp. of garantir,gyden (alsogyen). F. guider,to guide. " "

to warrant. " O. F. garaftt, zvarant, a Ital.gutdare; cL O.F. gui'er,

Span.guz'ar.
warrant ; see "Warrant. Der. guarantee, The gu (foriv) shows the word to be of
vb. ; of. F. garaiitir. Teut. origin. O. Sax. wJtan (A. S. wJtan),
"

Guard, vb. (F.-O. LowG.) O. F. to pay heed to ; O. H. G. wTzan. Allied

gai-der,earliest form wardej-, to guard. " to "Wit. Cf. Guy-rope.
O. Sax. 7uardd}i, to watch ; cognate with Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
A. S. zveardiau,to watch, from
lueard, guild indicates the hard g. M. E. gilde.
sb. ; see "Ward. Der. giiard-ian
; see Icel. gildi,a payment, a guild; Dan.
"

"Warden. gilde."^\zt\. gjalda(pres. t. geld), to pay;

Guava. (Span. W. Ind.) Span,guay-
"
cognate with A. S. geldan,to pay, yield;
aba ; borrowed from the native name in see Yield. -f-Du.^z7"/; whence i^. gilde.
Guiana. Guilder, an old Dutch coin. (Du.)
Gudgeon. M. E. go-
(F. -L. - Gk.) Adajjtation of M. Du. gulden, a gilder,' '

ione. b'. goujoji.l^. gobioneniy

" ace. of Hexham.
" From Teut. adj.type '^gulthJ-
gobio,a by-formoi gobiiis.^QV. k(x}^i6s,
a noz, golden,from Teut. *gulth-ofii,
gold.
gudgeon,tench. See Gold.
Gueber, Gheber, a fire-worshipper. Guile^a wile. (F. O. Low G.) O. F. -

(F. Pers.) F. Cicebje.^Vevs. gabr, a guile. From a Low G. form ; see further
"

priestof fire- ; Rich., Diet., under "Wile.

worshippers Der. vb., with E.
beguile,
p. 1228. by). be- (
prefix =

Guelder-rose. guelder Guillotine.

(Du.) Here (F.) Named after a
stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the French physician, /. I. Gziillotin, died
province of Gelderland in Holland. A. D. 1814. First used, 1792.
Guerdon, recompense. (F. O. H. G. Guilt, crime. (E.) M. E. gilt. A. S.
"

and L.^i O. F. guerdon (Ital. guidar- gylt, a trespass; also,a fine for a tres- pass.

"("7"(?). Low " L. widerdojium, a singular Teut. type *gultiz, m. ; perhaps

compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again, related to A. S. geldan,to pay, yield; see
and L. domifn, a gift. The word is reallyYield.
a half-translation of the true form O. FI. G. Guinea. (African.) First coined of
widar/on, a recompense. Here zaidar African gold from the Guifiea coast, A. D.
=-

G. wieder,back again; and Ion (G.lolin) is 1663. Der. guinea-foxvl (from Guinea).
cognate with A. S. lean, Du. loon, a % The guinea-pigis from S. America ;
reward,allied to L. lucrum, gain; Brugm. so that it may mean Guiana pig.
i. " 490. So also A. S. wider-leati, a Guipure, a lace of cords,kind of gimp.
recompense. (F, Teut.) F. guipure. Teut. *ii"ip-ajt,
" "

Guerilla, Guerrilla, irregular fare.

war- to wind, weave ; as in Goth, weipaii, to

(Span. O. H.
"

G.) Span,guerrzlla, crown (whencewaz/j-,a wreath); G. iueife?t,

a skirmish, lit. 'little war;' dimin. of to reel, wind.
guerra, war. O. H. " G. tvei'ra, war; see Guise, way, wise. (F. O. H. G.) "

"War. M. E. gise, guise. O. F. guise,way, wise, "

Guess. (Scand.) M. E. ^^i-j-^;/.Dan. manner. "O. H. G. wtsa (G. weise),a

"

gisse, Swed.^ma, to guess.-fE.Fries, and wise; cognate with "Wise (2).

Du. gissen,Icel. giska; N. Fries, gezze, Guitar. (F. L.-Gk.) Y.guitare." "

gedse. Allied to Dan. gjette, to guess ; L. cithara. Gk. KiOapa, a lyre; see "

the Icel. giskamay be for *git-ska, a deno-

minativeCithern.
vb. from a base *git-isko-, genious,
in- Gules, red. (F.-L.) ISI.E. gouhs.^
acute, from geta, to get, also, F. giteules, gules, red ; answering to Late
to guess. See Get. L. gulce(pi.of gula),meaning (i)moulh,
Guest. (Scand.) M. E. gest. Icel. (2) reddened skin,(3) gules. (See Gula
"

gestr,Dan. giest, Swed. ^a'jA+A. S. ^i^j-/,in Ducange.) L. ^?^/", the throat. "

giest; Du. gast, Goth, gasts, G. gast. Gulf. (F. Ital. Gk.) Formerly - -

Teut. type *gastiz ; Idg. type *gkostis ; goulfe.F. golfe.Ital. golfo. Late " Gk. " "

cf. Russ. gostie), a guest, alien ; L. hostis, icuXcpos, a variant of Gk. koXttos, the bosom,

22
 GULL GUY-ROPE

also,a deep hollow, bay, creek. grongnard (F. grognard),grunt-ing, Der. M. F.

en-gulf. grunter, whence M. F. gouriiauld,
Gull (Oj ^ ^i'^^' (C-) Com. gullati^ a grougnaut, gurnard {Cot.).yi.". grogn- "

gull; W. gwylan ; Bret, gwelan ; O. Irish er, to grunt ; with suffix -ard ( G. hart), =

foilenn,alcedo.' '
L. grunmre, to grunt ; see Grunt. "

Gull (2), dupe. (C.)

a The same ; Gush. (E.) M. E. guschen. E. Fries.
from the notion that a gullwas a stupid gflsen, to gush out.+M. Du. guysen, to
bird. ^ ^"/, soft,good- gushout (Kilian)
But cf. Du, ; Icel.^?^j^, allied to gjosa
natured guile, a great wench
; M. Du. (pt.t.gatiss),Norw. gjosa,
'
to gush. Allied
without wit,'Hexham. to Icel. gjota, to pour, Goth, giutan,
Gullet, the throat. (F.-L.) M. E. L. fiindere. Cf. Du. gudsen, to gush.
golet. M.F. goulet(Cot.)
"
; dimin. of O. F. (VGHEU.) See Gut, Geysir.
gole,goule (,F.gueule),the throat. L. Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, a gusset,' "
'

^z//^,the throat. Brugm. i. " 499. Cot. Also the pieceof armour by which '

gully, a channel worn by water. (F. the arm-hole is covered,' id. Named from "

L.) Formerly gullet. M. F. goulet, 'a its supposed

" resemblance to a husk of a
'
a deep gutter of
gullet, Cot. The bean or pea ; dimin. of F. gousse, husk of
water ;
same word Gullet
as (above). bean or pea; cf. Ital.gusdo,a shell, husk ;
Gulp. (E.) M. E. gulpen, gloppen, of unknown origin.
gluhben. Cf E. Fries, and Du. gulpen, Gust (i),a sudden blast,gush of wind.
to swallow gidp, a great (Scand.) Icel. gustr, a gust. Icel. ^z/.y-,
eagerly;Du. "

billow, draught, gulp. of imita-

tive weak grade of gjosa,to gush ; see Gush.
Prob.
origin.Cf. Swed. glupa,to devour. So also Swed. dial, gust, stream of air
Gum (1)7flesh of the jaws. (E.) M. E. from an oven, Norw. gust, a gust.
gome. A. S. goina, jaws, palate. -4-Icel. Gust (2),relish,taste. (L.) L. gustus,

gomr, Swed. goni ; cf G. gaumen., Lith. a tasting; to taste. (y'GEUS.)

cf.^z/.r/'cfr^,
gomiwys, the palate.Brugm. i. " 196. Allied to Choose. Der. dis-gust.
Gum (2),resin of certain trees. (F. L. Gut, the intestinal canal. (E.) (The
"

"
Gk.) M. E. go?nme."Y. gommc l-,. word IS allied to M. E. gote,prov. E. gut,
"

gummi. Gk. kuixjxi, gum.

"
(Prob. of a channel.) M.E. gutte. A. S. gut', pi.
Eg}'ptian origin ; Coptickovie,gum.) guttas; orig. a channel.' Mone, Quellen, '

Gun. (Scand.) M. E. ^"?/z"^; from an p. 333" L 1 98--A. S. gut-, weak grade

of
engine war named Gtmilda in 1 330-1. of Teut. ^geutan-, S. geotan, to pour.
A.
From Icel. GunnhiUr, a female name. (VGPIEU.) + Dan. gyde,a lane,M. Du.
Gunny, a coarse kind of sacking.gote, a channel, G. gosse, a drain. See
(Hind.-Skt.) Hind, and Mahratti ^^", Gush.
goni, a sack, sacking. Skt. "
goni, a sack Gutta-percha. (Malay.) The ing
spell-
(Yule). gtitta is due to confusion with L.
Gunwale, upper edge of a side.
ship's giitta,a drop,with which it has nothing
(E.) See gunwale or to do. "M.alsiy
gunnel in
gatah,gtiiah, gum, balsam;
Kersey
(1715). A wale is an outer timber
percha,the name of the tree producingit.
on a

ship'sside ; and the gun-wale is a

7vale Gutter. (F.-L.) M.E. gotere.-
from which guns were pointed. A wale A. F. guttere ; O. F. gutiere,goutiere
'

is a beam
'
; see "Wale. (Littre, s. v. gouttiere,a gutter). Esp.
Gurgle, to purl. (Ital. L.) In Spen-
ser, used for catching
"
drops from the eaves of
Thestylis,3. Imitated from Ital. a roof F. goutte. L. gutta, a drop. " "

gorgogliare, to purl,bubble,boil ; gorgo- Guttural. (F.-L.) Y guttural.-!., .

glio,gurglingof a stream. Ital.gorgo, a guttur-alis, belongingto the throat. L.

" "

whirlpool. L. gu"ges, whirlpool

"
; cf gur- guttur, the throat.
gulio,gullet.See Gorge. So also Du. Guy, a hideous creature,fright.(F. "

gorgel,G. gurgel,throat ; from L. gur- Ital. Teut.) Orig.used of an effigy of "

gulio. Brugm. i. " 499. Guy Fawkes. " F. Guy. " Ital. Guido ; of
Gurnard, Gurnet, a fish. (F.-L. ; Teut. origin. Cf. Guide.
with Teut. Gurnard
sujffix.) is the better Guy-rope, Guy, a used
guide-rope,
and fuller form. The word means 'a to steadya weight in heaving.(F. Teut.) "

grunter,'from the sound which the fish O. F. guie,a guide. O. Y.guzer,to guide;
"

makes when taken out of the water." see Guide. Cf. Span,guia,a guy-rope.
226
 GUZZLE HACKNEY

Guzzle. (F.) Apparentlysuggested Habiliment, dress. (F.-L.) Y.hab-

by O. F.
goziller, gosillier, to vomit illcment, clothing.F. habiller,to clothe, "

(Godefroy), understood to mean to swal-

low orig.'to get ready.'-F. habile,ready,fit.
*

greedily.' The O. F. desgosiller had L. habilis, easy to handle,active. L. "

"

both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. Y .gosillier, habere, to have ; see Able.

the throat,allied to F. gosier, the throat. Habit, practice, custom, dress. (F.-L.)
Remoter source unknown. O. F. habit,a dress,a custom. " L. habituf/i,
Gymnasium. (L.-Gk.^) of habitus,a condition,dress.
\.. gymna- L. ace. "

sitim. Gk. yvfj-ydaiou,

-^ an athletic school,habitus,pp. of habere,to have, keep. See
where men practised naked. Gk. 'yv/xva- Brugm. i. " 63S.
"

^eiv,to train naked, exercise. Gk. -yvfxuos, habitable.

"
(F. L.) F. habitable. -
-

naked. Der. gyvuiast "

yv^vauTqs, a L. habitdbilis,
that can be dwelt in. " L.
trainer of athletes;gyninast-ic. habitdre, to dwell,frequent, of habere,to
Gypsum. (L.-Gk.-Arab.) L. gyp- have.
S7{?"i, chalk. Gk. yvipos,chalk.
" Prob. habitant. (F.-L.) F. habitant,
from Pers.y"2/w//, plaster,pres. pt.of habiter,
lime,Aiah.yil"s, to dwell. L. habitare, "

mortar ; Rich. Diet.,p. 494. frequent,oi habere (above).

Gypsy. (F.-L.-Gk.- Egypt.) Spelt habitat, the natural abode of a plant.
gipsen,Spenser,M. Hubbard, 86. Short (L.) L. habitat, it dwells (there) ; 3 pres.
for M. E. Egypden.-'O.Y. Egypiien." s. of habitare, to dwell (above).
Late L. ALgyptidnus ; from L. /Egyptius, habitation, abode. (F.-L.) F.
an Egyptian. Gk. AiYVTrrtoj. Gk. Ai'- habitation.
" L. ace.
" habitdtionem. L. "
"

fvTTTos, Egypt. ^ The suppositionthat habitdtus, pp. of habitare, to dwell,

they came from Egypt was false ; their frequent, of habere,to have.
original home was India. habitude. (F. L.) F. habitude, -

Gyre, circular course. (L. Gk.) L. custom. \..habitudo,Q,ovi^\\.\Q)n.

" L. habit-, "
"

gyrus. " Gk. yvpos, ring, circle. Der. as in habitus,pp. of to have.

habei-e,
gyr-ate.from pp. of L. gyrare. Hacienda, a farm,estate,farm-house.
Gyrfalcon, Gerfalcon, (Span."L.) Span, hacienda, an estate,
bird of
prey. (F. Teut. and L.) Eoimerly ger- orig.employment. [The c is pronounced
"

faulcon; also girefaucon(usedby Trevisa as th in thin^ O. Span.facienda. 'L. "

to translate 'L.gyrofalcd). O. Y.gerfattcon.

" facienda,thingsto be done; gerundive
-M. H. G. gTrvalke.--0. H. G. gir-, for neut. pi.oi facer e, to do.
giri, greedy (whence also G. geier, a Hack (i),to cut,mangle. (E.) M. E.
vulture); and L. falco,a falcon. % L. hakken. A. S. haccian, to cut. in the
gyrofalco i s a mistaken form. zoxi\T^,to-hacciait.'\-V)\x.hakken, Dan. hakke,
Gyron ; see Giron. Swed. hacka. G. hacken, to chop, hack.
Gyves, fetters. (F.) M. E. gities,Teut. types '^hakkon-, ^hakkojan-.
gyties.'-X. F. gives, fetters (Godefroy). Hack V2 ; see Hackney.
Cf. O. H. G. be-wifen, to fetter. Hackbut. (F.-LowG.) Also hagbut.
M. F. haqtiebute, a haquebut,
"
a caliver'
'

(i.e. a sort of musket) Cot.

; A corruption
of Low G. hakebusse (Du. haakbus),an
arquebus; due, apparently, to some fusion
con-
Ha, interj. (E.'jAn exclamatory sound. with O. F. buter,to thrust. Lit.
Cf. O. Fries, haha, to denote laughter; hook-gun ; so
'
called from the hook on
'

G. he ; O. F. ha ! the gun, by which it was hung on to a

Haberdasher, a sellerof small wares. support. Low G. hake, (Du. haak), -

(F.) So named from his selling a stuff hook ; busse (Du. bus), a gun. See
called hapertas in A.F. ; see Liber Albus, Arquebus ; and see Hook.
ed. Riley, pp. 225, 231. The name of Hackle (i), Hatchel, an instrument
this stuff is of unknown origin. flax ; see Heckle. for
dressing
Habergeon, armour for neck and Hackle (2), long shining feathers on
breast. (F. O. H. G.) M. E. habergeon,the neck of a cock. (E.)
-

Probablyallied
haubergeoun. O. F. hanbergeon,
" hauber- to Hackle (i).
jott,a hauberk; deriv. (treated as dimin.) Hackney, Hack, a horse let out for
of O. F. ha%iberc\see Hauberk. hire. (E.) M.E. hakeney. O .Y haquenee .
,

227
 HADDOCK HAKE

which was merelyborrowed from the A. F. (Scand.) Frequent,of North E. hag, to

hakeney (1340),hakenei (1307),Low L. cut ; as hackle is of hack, to cut. The
hakeneiiis (i292) ; all from M. E. Hakeney, form hag is from Icel. hoggva,to hew,
i.e. Hackney in Middlesex, spelt Hakeneia cognate with E. hew; see Hew. Cf.
in 1 199; from A. S. Haccanleg, Hacca's Norman dial, hagiier,
to hack.
island. % Hack is short for hackney,and Haggle (2),to be slow in making a
quite a late form ; hence hack,verb, i.e. to bargain. (E.) In Cotgrave,s. v. harceler.
use as a hack or hackney. Cf. hakkelen, to hackle, mangle,
Du. '

Haddock, a fish. (E.) M. E. haddok i.e. stammer

faulter,' (Sewel); hakketeren^
;XIV cent.).Orig.doubtful ; the Irish for to wrangle, cavil. It is probably the
'
*
haddock is codog. same word as Haggle (i), Cf. also
Hades, the abode of the dead. (Gk.) higgle, bargain.
to
Gk. abrfs, atdrjs(Homeric),
aidr]s(Attic), Hagiographa, holywritings.(Gk.)
the nether world ; in Homer, the god of Gk. dyioypacpa[^liixia,books written by
the nether world. Of unknown origin. inspiration.Gk. " dyio-s,
holy; ypdf-eiv,
Hadji, Hajji, one who has performed to write.
the pilgrimageto Mecca. (Arab.) Arab. Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence. (F.)
ka/7, a Christian who has
'
performed the From F. haha, an interjectionof laughter;
pilgrimageto Jerusalem, or a Muham- hence a surprisein the form of an expected
un-

medan [who has performed] that to obstacle (thatlaughs at one).

'
Mecca ; Rich. Diet., p. 549. Orig. the The F. word also means an old woman
latter. ofsurprisingugliness,a
'
caution.'
Haematite, Haemorrhage ; see Hail (1), Irozen rain. (E.) M. E.
Hematite, Hemorrhage, haghel,hayI. A.S. hcegl,hagol.-\'\z^\.
Haft, handle. (E.) A. S. hc^/f,a hagl, Du. Dan. Swed. G. hagel. Teut.
handle. " A. S. ha/-,base of hebban, to types */^^z^(^)/"'3, Cf Gk.
Ts\.,*hag(a)lo?fi,n.
lift; Heave. see heft,Icel. hepti Kax^^T]^,
+ Du. a round pebble.
(pron.hefti),G. heft, a handle. Lit. Hail (2), to salute,greet. (Scand.)
'
that which is caughtup.' M. PI heiUn; a verb coined from M.E.
Hag. (E.) M. E. hagge; with same heil,hail, sb. ; which is an adaptation of
sense as A.S. hcBgtis, a fury, a witch, Icel. heill,prosperity, good luck, a sb.
a hag.+G. hexe, M. H. G. hecse,a witch, formed from the adj. heill,hale, sound,
O. H. G. hazissa,also hagazussa, a fury. fortunate. Cf. A. S. heel,safety,luck.
Perhapsconnected with A.S. //"^(a!,ahedge, See Hale (i).
enclosure ; but this is uncertain. hail (3), an exclamation. (Scand.)
Haggard (i), wild, said of a hawk. Icel. heill,hale, sound ; used in greeting.
(F. G.) M. F. hagard,wild; esp. used This word is common
"
in greetingpersons,
of a wild falcon ; see Cotgrave. Perhaps dAfar heill" farewell, koni heill, welcome,
the orig.sense was hedge-falcon ; formed, hail ! The Scand. verb is Icel. heilsa,
with suffix -ard ("0. H. G. hart), from Swed. helsa,Dan. hilse,to greet. See
M. H. G. hag (G. hag)^a hedge; see Hale_(i).
Haw. Hair. (E. ; influenced by F.) The true
Haggard (2),lean,meagre. (F.-G.) E. form was IM. E. heer. From A.S. hcer,
Really the same as the word above (Cot.).her. + Du. liaar, Icel. har, Dan. haar,
We also find hagg-ed, i,e. hag-like, from Swed. har; G. haar, O.H. G. hdr. Teut.
hag. The ghostlyprudes with hagged type *hiei-o}n,
'
neut. Further related to
face,'Gray, A Long Story, near end. Icel. haddr, hair, Teut. type *hazdoz ; and
% Mod. G. hager may be from M. F. to Lith. kassa,plaited hair ; also to Russ.
hagard; for G. hagerfalk means a haggard chesat{e), to comb out, L. ca7'ere, to card
hawk. wool. p. But the mod. E. form is due
Haggis, a dish of sheep's entrails,to confusion with A. S. h"re, hair-cloth,
chopped up, seasoned,and boiled in the which was replaced by M. E. haire,
sheep's maw. (F.) M. E. hagas, hageis.borrowed from with the same
O. F. hai7-e,
A. F. hagiz,hageis from the verb hag, sense ; and
',
this O. F. haire was from
to cut up, chop up. Of Scand. origin; cf. O. H. G. hdrra (for *hdrjd),haircloth, a

Swed. dial, hagga, to hew, Icel. hoggva. derivative of O. H. G. hdr, hair.

Haggle (0" to hack awkwardly,mangle. Hake, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw.
 HALT HANDSEL

lame.
type ^haltoz. Cf. L. claudiis, Der. hafuaca. A West Indian (Caribbean)
halt, vb. A. S. healtian.
,
word.
Halt! (F.-G.) F. halte.-Q. halt, Hamper (i),to impede. (E.) M. E.
hold! SeeHold(i). ha??ipren ; from the same root as Icel.
Halter. (E.) M. E. /^^//^r (an/ has haffila, to stop, hinder,Norw. hamla, to
been lost).A. S. hcelftre^ a halter.+M. strive against;cf. Swed. dial, hamla, to
Du. and G. halfter, O. H. G. halftra\be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps
O. Low G. haliftra (Schade).Teut. types further alliedto Icel. hefnj'a, to restrain, G.
"^halftr-, ^haliftr- (Franck). F'rom the hemjnen, to check. See Hein (i). 2. Or
base '^haW-^ app. signifying 'to hold'; a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern,
'
see Helve. I. e. something to'
hold by ; E. Fries, haperen, stop
t o short ; cf. Swed.
cf. L. capistrum, a halter. dial, happla, to stammer, happa, to back
Halyard, Halliard, a rope for ing
hoist- a horse ; Dan. happe, to stutter. See
sails. (F.-O. H. G.) As if for hale- Hopple.
ox haul-yard,because it hales or hatils Hamiper (2),a kind of basket. (F."
the yards into their places ; but reallya G.) Formerly spelt haiiaper. O. F. "

perversion of M. E. halier, meaning simply hanapier,Low L. hanaperium, orig.a

'
that which /ia/"?j-.'See Hale (2). vessel to keep cups in. O. F. hanap "

Ham. (E.) W..Y.. hamme. A.S.ha"nm. (Low L. hanapiis),a drinking-cup. "

+Du. ham, M. Du. ha??ie, Icel. h'dni (gen. O. Frankish Du. nap, O. H. G.
""hnapp-,
hamar) ; prov. G. hanwie ; O. H. G. hnapf,M. H. G. napf,a cup.+A. S. hncep^
hamma. Brugmann (i." 421) connects a cup, bowl.

these with Gk. the

fcvrjfxt], lower part of hanaper, old form of Hamper
the leg. (above). Hence named
Hanaper office,
Hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L.- from the basket in which writs were
Gk.) hamadryad-,stem of hamadryas. deposited.
L.
" Gk. a\iahpva^,
a wood-nymph ; the life Hand. (E.) A. S. hand, hond.-^-
Dan. haand, Swed.
of each nymph depended on that of the Du. hand, Icel. hoitd,
tree to which she was attached. " Gk. hand, Goth, handtis,G. hand. Teut. type
OAia, togetherwith ; hpv-s,
tree. '^handuz,fem. Root unknown.
Hame; Hames, pi.,the bent sticks handcuff. (E.) A cufffor the hand.
round a horse-collar. (E.) M. E. hame. % XVIII cent. ; too late for connexion
+Du. haam. Cf. Mid. Du. hamme, ' a with A.S. handcops, a handcuff.
'
cratch of wood to tie beasts to,or a yoke ; handicap, a race for horses of all
Hexham. See Hem (i). ages. (E.) From hand { cap, hand in
Hamlet. (F.-Teut.) "^.Y.. havielet,the cap, a method of drawing lots ; hence,
dimin. of O. F. hamel (F. hameati), a a mode of settlement by arbitration, "c.
hamlet. Formed, with dimin. suihx -el, handicraft. (E.) A. S. handcrceft,
from O. Fries, ham, hem, O. Sax. hem, a a trade ; the i being inserted in imitation

home, dwelling; see Home. of handiwork (below).

Hammer. (E.) A. S. hamor. + Icel. handi"WOrk. (E.) W.Y.. handiwerc,
hamarr, Dan. hamjuer, Swed. hamf?iare,A.S. handgetaeorc.K.S. hand, hand; "

Du. hamer, G. ha?nmer. Thought to be geweorc, from weorc, O. Merc, were, work.
allied to Russ. kamen{e), a stone ; as if The / is due to A. S. ge.
'
orig.' a stone implement; Icel. hamarr handle, vb. (E.) A. S. handlian ;
also means a rock.' '
formed from handle, a handle (below).
Hammercloth. (jy\x.andY..'")
merly
For- Cf. Du. handelen, Icel. hondla, Dan.
hamer-cloth (1465). The cloth handle, Sw. handla,G. handeln,to handle,
which covers a coach-box. Origin un-
known. or to trade.
Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth ; handle, sb. (E.) A. S. ^a"^/"? ; Cp.
adapted from Du. hemel, heaven, also Glos. A. S. hand, hand.
1904. "

a cover, tester,canopy.
*
Den hemel van handsel, hansel, firstinstalment of
een koetse,the of
seeling a coach ; ' Hex-
ham. a bargain. (Scand.) Icel. handsal, the
Cf. M.Du. hemelen, '
to hide,cover, conclusion of a bargainby shaking hands ;
adorne ; ' Hexham. lit. '
handgiving,'expressedby hand-
sale *

'
Hammock, a slung net for a bed. ; so also Dan. handsel,Swed. handsol,
(W. Ind.) Formerly hamaca ; Span. a handsel. See Sale. % The late A. S.
230
 HANDSOME HARDOCK

kandsekn, glossed' mancipatio,'

occurs Hansel ; Handsel.
see

but once ; but cf. O. E. Texts,Charter 44, Hansom, kind of cab. (E.) From
a

1.8. the name of the inventor (no doubt the

handsome. M. E. handsum,
(E.) same word as handsofne). A. D. 1834.
orig.tractable,
or dexterous. A. S. hand, " (Scand.)^l.Y.. hap.^lce\. happ,
Hap.
hand ; -sum, suffix,as in 7vyn-suin, win- hap, chance, good luck ; cf. A. S. gehdp,
some.+Du. handzaam, E. Fries, haiidsdm, fit. [The W. hap must be borrowed from
tractable,serviceable. E.] Der. happ-y, i.e. lucky; hap-less,
handy (0, dexterous. (E.) From i.e. luckless ; hap-ly,by luck {happi/y is
hand, with suffix -y. % The M. E. form used in the same sense) ; mis-hap; per-
haps.
was hendi (never handi) ; A. S. hendig,
skilful ; formed from hand, hand, with happen. (Scand.) M. E. happenen,
suffix -z^andvowel-change. -j-Du.handig, Jiapnen, extended from happen, i.e. to hap.
Dan. hcBJidig, hehcEndig, Svved. handig, From the sb. above.
dexterous. Hara-kiri, suicide by disembowel-
handy (2),near. (E.) From hand, ment. (Japanese.)From Japan, hara,
with suffix -y. ^ The M. E. form was belly; kiri,to cut (Yule).
kende ; A. S. gehende,near, at hand. Harangue.
"
(F. O. H. G.) O. F. -

A.S. hand, hand. harangue,an oration ; Low L. harenga.

Hang, to suspend,to be suspended.The same as Span,arenga, Ital. aringa.
(E.) The history of this vb. involves that Orig. a speech made in the midst ot a
of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb. ; viz. ring of people; as shown by Ital. aringo,
(i)the A. S. hon (for*-hanhan-), pt. t. an arena, lists, also a pulpit. O. H. G. "

heng,pp. hangen ; (2) the A. S. weak vb., hrinc (G. ring),a ring,ringof people,an
hangian,pt. t. hangode;and (3)the Icel. arena, circus,lists. Cognate with A.S.
causal vb. hengja,from hanga (pt.t. hekk, hring,a ring. See Ring.
for *henk, pp. hangimi). Cf. G. hangen, Harass. (F.) F. harasser,to tire
weak vb,, from G. hangen (pt. t. hing,pp. out, vex, disquiet;Cot. Perhaps from
gehangen^. Allied to L. ainctdri, delay,
to O. F. harer, to set a dog at a beast."
Skt. (^ank, to hesitate. i.
Brugm. " 420. O. H. G. haren, to call out, cry out (hence
Hanger, a short sword. (E.) So cry to a dog).
called because htingfrom the belt. Harbinger, a forerunner. (F. "

Hangnail ; for ang-nail,a form of O. H. G.) M. E. herbergeour, one who

Agnail, q. v. providedlodgingsfor a man of rank. "

Hank, a parcel of skeins of yarn. O. F. herberg-er, to lodge,to harbour ;

(Scand.) Icel. honk, a hank, coil ; hanki, with suffix -our (L.-dtdrem). 0. F. her- "

a hasp,clasp ; Swed. hank, a string, Dan. berge,a lodging, harbour. O. H. G. "

hank,a handle,ear of a vessel. Cf. also heriberga(below\

Low G. hank, a handle (Liibben), G. harbour (I ),shelter. (Scand.")M. E.
henkel, a handle, ear of a vessel. Prob. hereberje, herberwe. Icel. herbergi,
" a.

allied to G. hakcn, a hook, A. S. haca, harbour,lit. ' army-shelter.' Icel, herr, "

fastening of a door. See Hatch, (i). an army ; barg, 2nd grade of bjarga,to
Hanker, to long after. (E.) Cf. prov. shelter. So likewise O. H, G. heriberga,
E. hank, to hanker after,of which it is a a camp, lodging,from O, H. G, heri {G.
frequent, form ; cf. the phr. to hang heer),
'
an army, bergan, to shelter (whence
about.' From the verb to hang. Verified F, auberge, Ital. albergo).Cf. Harry and
by M. Du. hengekn, to hanker after Borough. Der. harbour,vb.
(fromhangen^honkeren (Du hiinkeren)
, .
to ,
HarboTir (2), Arbour.
see

hanker after (Sevvel) ; also Dan. hang, bias, Hard. (E.) A.S. heard; O. Fries.
E.
inclination, Fries, hang, hank, bias. herd. + Du. hard; Icel. harQr, Dan.
Hanseatic, pertainingto the Hanse haard^ Swed, hard, Goth, hardus, G.
towns in Germany. (F. O.H.G.) "O. F. hart. Teut. type *harduz, Idg. type
of merchants ; *kartiis ; cf. Gk. nparvs, strong. Brugm.
hanse,the hanse,i.e. society
with L. suffix -dticiis. O. H. G.
" hansa i. " 792.
(G. hanse), an association;cf. Goth. Hardock, Hordock, the com-blue-
hansa,A. S. has, a band of men. (From bottle ; Centaurea cyanus. (E.) Plardokes,
about A. D. 1 140.) pi.,is the readingin K. Lear, iv. 4. 4, ed.

23 I
 HARDS HARPY

1623 ; the
quartos have hordocks. The Teut. type *herkan- can hardlybe related
same haudod^ used in Fitzherbert's to Hear.
as

Husbandry to mean the corn-bluebottle ; Harlequin. (F. Ital.) Y.arlequin, "

see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright harlequin, a harlequin.Ital. arlecchino, "

(note to K. Lear) shows that hardhakc a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to
meant the Centatirea nigra. Both plants correspond to the O. F. Hellequin, Herle-
were called,indifierently, knobweed, knot- kin, Hierlekin; the usual O. F, phrase
7veed^ and loggerheads.Named from the was la maisnie hierlekin (Low L. harle-
hardness of ttie head of the Centaiirea quTnl familias), a troop of demons that
nigra ; for which reason it was also called haunted lonely placesat night.A popular
iro}i weed, iron- heads.,"c. See Plant- etymologyconnected the word with Charles
names, by Britten and Holland. Qnijit\ Max Miiller, Lect. ii. 581. Prob.
Hards, fibres of flax. (E.) of Teut. origin ; cf. O. M.
H.G. E.
hella cunni,
her-des. A. S. heordan,pl.+M. Du. heerde, the kindred of hell ; which may have been
herde,hards (Kilian), later hede (Hex-
ham) confused with O. F. herle,hierle, tumult.
; E. Fries, hede. Teut. type "^hizdon- Harlot. (F.) Orig.used of either sex,
or *hezddn' ; cf. Meed. ^ Distinct from and not always in a very bad sense ; equiv.
hat'd. to mod. E. 'fellow;' Ch. C. T. 649."
Hardy, stout, brave. (F. "
Teut.) O. F. hcrlot,arlot, a vagabond; Prov.
M. E. hardi.'mO.Y. kardi, brave; orig. arlot,a vagabond;
Ital. arlotto (Baretti),
pp. of lit. to
hardir, harden. Teut. Low L. ar lotus,a glutton. Of disputed
"

*hartjan, as in O. H. G. hertan. to harden, origin.^ W. herlod is from E.

make strong. O. H. G. harli (G. hart), Harm,
" sb. (E.) M. E. harm. A.S.
hard ; see Hard. hearni, grief,also harm. 4- Icel. harjnr,
Hare. (E.) A. S. //am. + Dan. Swed. grief,Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. harjn^
hare,Icel.heri (formerly here); Du. haas, anger, grief,G. harm, grief;Teut. type
G. hase. Teut. types *hazon-,*hason-,Idg. *harf?ioz. Cf. Russ. srame, shame. Brug.
type *kason- ; cf. O. Pruss. sasins (for ii. " 72. Der. harm, vb.
W.
*kasins), cein-ach,fem. (Rhys),Skt. Harmony, concord. (F.-L. "
Gk.)
(a fa, for ^asa, a hare. The Skt. word M. E. harmonie.'^Y .
harmonie.'^Y^. har-
means from
'jumper,' ^ag (Idg.kas-), to monia.^QfV. dp/xovia,joint, proportion,
a

jump,leapalong. harmony. Gk. ap/jLos, a joining. Gk.

" "

harebell. (E.) From hare and bell. *dp"iv(dpaplcTKeiv),

to fit. (-^AR.)
HareiU, set of apartments for females. Harness. (F.) The old sense was
(Arab.) Also haj-am. Arab. "
hara??i, armour.'
O. F. harneis,
harnois,armour
'
;
'
women's apartments, lit.'sacred,'
or pro- whence
hibited.'" Bret, harnez, old iron, armour
Arab, root harama, he prohi-
bited (Thumeysen). Of unknown origin ; the
(because men were prohibited from G. harnisch is from F.
entering). The initial is the 6th letter of Harp. (E.) M. E. harpe. A. S.
the Arab, alphabet. Rich. Diet.,p. 563. heai'pe. -|-Du. harp, Icel. harpa, Swed.
Haricot (,i),a stew of mutton, (2) harpa,Dan, harpe,G. harfe. Teut. type
kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot,'mutton '^harpon-, fem. ; whence F. harpe.
sod with little turneps,' "c. ; Cot. The Harpoon. (F." L.-Gk.) Formerly
'
sense ol bean *
is late ; that of minced also harpon,which is the F. spelling.F.
'
"

mutton with herbs,'O. F. hericot, is old. harpon, a cramp-iron, a grappling-iron ;

Originimknown. whence also Du. harpoen.'-'O. F. harpe,a
Hark, Hearken. (E.) M. E. herken, dog'sclaw or paw, a clamp,cramp-iron;
also herknen. Herknen is from A. S. cf. se harper, to grapple. Late L. harpe, "

hercnian, heorcnian,to listen to. Herken a sickle-shaped sword. Gk. dp-nri,

a "

corresponds a to shorter type, A.S. '^heorcian sickle. Cf. also Span,arpon, a harpoon,
(not found), O. Fries, herkia ; also O. Fries. arpar, to claw,rend.
harkia (from the 2nd grade), E. Fries. Harpsichord. (F. " Teut. and Gk.)
harken. Teut. pt.t. *-hark, Also
type "^herkan-, with
harpsechord', intrusive s. "

'

pp. "^'htirkanoz. The O. H. G. horecheit,F.

'
Cot. harpechorde,a harpsichord ;
M. H. G. horche^t, with long o, must have From Teutonic and Greek ; see Harp
been associated with O. H. G. horjan, G. and Chord. Cf. Ital. arpicordo (Florio).
horen, to hear ; cf. G. horchen. But the Harpy. (F.-L.-Gk. ) O. F. harpie.
232
 HARQUEBUS HATCHET

" L. harpy'ta, in pi.harpyia. Gk.

usually "
Hashish, Hasheesh, an cating
intoxi-
' '
pi.apTTviai, lit. spoilersor snatchers.'
'
" drink. (Arab.) See Assassin.
Gk. apn-, base of dpTrd^dv, to seize ; allied Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,
to L. I'opere. See Rapacious. the inwards a of
pig, "c., for roasting.
Harquebus ; see Arquebus. (F. " L.") From O. F. hastelet, meat roasted
Harridan, a jade,a wom-out woman. on a spit. O."F, haste, a spit. L. hasta,
"

(F.) A variant of M. F. haridelle, a poor '

a spit; see Hastate.
tit,leane ill-favored jade,'Cot. ; i.e. a Hasp. (F.) A. S. hcEpse, a fastening,
wom-out horse ; also used in the sense of clasp, catch of a door.-|-lcel. hespa, a hasp,

a gaunt, uglywoman (Littre).The form a skein (ofwool),Dan. Swed. G. haspe,

remains unexplained. hasp ; cf. M. Du. hasp,haps,a skein of
Harrier (i),a hare-hound. (E.) For-merly wool. Cf. Low G. happen,hapsen,to
harier\ from hare. Cf. boiu-yersnatch,clutch ; F. happer,to layhold of.
from bow. Hassock. (E.) M. E. hassok, orig.
Harrier (2),a kind of buzzard. (E.) coarse grass or sedge; of which the old
I. e. harry-er, because it destroyssmall hassocks were made. A.S. hassuc,a tuft
birds ; see Harry. of coarse grass. % Not from W. hesg,
Harrow, sb. (E." M. E. hat-we. sb. pi.,sedges.
North Fries, harwe. Not found in A. S. Hastate, spear-shaped. (L.) L. hastd-
+Icel. her/i, Dan. ha!-v,a harrow; Swed. ttis,spear-like. L. hasta,a spear. Allied "

/larf, a harrow. Apparentlyallied to M. to Gad.

Dan. harge, Du. haj-k, Swed. harka, G. Haste, sb. (F.-Teut.) M. E. hast,
hatke, a rake. Base har-J. Cf. L. carrere^ haste. ~0.". haste, haste (F. hdte).-\\\
to card wool. Germanic *hai{/)sti-, violence ; as in O.
Harry, to ravage. (E.) '^l.Y..hai-wen, Fries, haest (Richtofen, s. v. hast),0. H. G.
herien, her^ien. A. S. hergian,to lay heisti, adj., violent ; A. S. hdst, violence.
waste, as is done by an army.+Icel. herja, Cf. Goth, hai'fsts, fem.,strife. % Du. haast,
to ravage, Dan. O. H. G. harjon. G. Dan. Swed. hast,haste,
hcBJ-ge, are all borrowed
Teut. type *harj5n-, to harry; from Viar- from F. Der. haste,vb. ; hast-en,XVI
;'oz,
an army (A.S. here,Icel. hej-r,Dan. cent.
hcEr,O. H. G. hart,G. heer,Goth, harj'is). Hat. (E.) A. S. hcEt.+ Icel. hott,a
Allied to O. Pruss. karj'is,
an army ; Lith. hood, hattr,Swed.
later hatt, Dan. hat.
karas,war. Teut. type '^hat'uz,m. If it is related
Harsh. (Scand.) M.E. /;(Zrj-"^.Dan. " to hood, it stands for an earlier form
harsk, rancid ; Swed. hdrsk,rank,rancid, *hadnuz. See Hood.
rusty. + G. harsch, harsh, rough. Cf. Hatch (I),a half-door. (E.) M. E.
Lithuan. kartiis, harsh, bitter (oftaste); hacche ; a hatch also corresponds
to North
see Hard. E. heck. A.S. hac (gen.hcBcce),a hurdle

Hart. (E.) M. E. hert. A. S. heor^, (?).+Du. hek, fence,rail, gate, Swed.

heorot,hertit.-^-Yiyx.
hert,Icel. hj'drtr,
Dan. hack, coop, rack. Teut. '^hakjd, f. Prob.
hiort,Swed. hjort, G. hirsch,O.H.G. hiruz ; so named as being lightlyf astened with
Teut. stem *herut-. Allied to L. ceriais, a hook. Cf. A.S. hac-a, a fastening of a
W. car7v, a hart, homed animal; Russ. door; see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch-es,
serna. a chamois ; cf. Gk. Kkpa%,a horn. pi. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an

See Horn. openingin a ship'sdeck ; hatch-way.

Harvest. (E.) A. S. hcerfest,
autumn ; Hatch (2),to produce a brood by in-
cubation
'
orig. crop.'+ Du. herfst,G. herbst,
(E.) M.E. hacchen.'\-'^v}t^.
autumn ; Icel.
haust, Dan. Swed.
to host hdcka,
hatch ; Dan. hakkebuur, a
(contracted forms).Allied to Gk. Kapnus, breeding-cage.Origin unknown.
fruit; L. carpere,to gather,Lith. kerpu, Hatch (3), to shade by minute lines,
I shear. Brugm. i. " 631. And cf. Gk. crossingeach other. (F. G.) ". hacher, "

Kfipfiv, to shear. to hack, also to hatch or engrave; see

Hash, dish of meat

a cut into slices. Hash.
"c. (F.-G.) [O. F. hachis, hash.] Hatches ; see Hatch (i).
-

F. hacher, to hack. F. hache, an ax.

"
Hatchet, a small ax. "
(F.-G.) F.
O. H. G. *happjd, whence O. H. G. heppa, hachette, dimin. of hache, an ax. See
M. H. G. hepe, a bill,a sickle. Hash.

233
 HATCHMENT HAWSER

Hatchment, escutcheon. (F. "

L.) Swed. hamn. -f*Du.
haven, G. hafen,a
Shortened from achievement, an cheon;
escut- harbour. Cf. also M. H. G. habe,haven ;
which was contracted to dtchea- which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hab,
ment (Feme, 1586), hachement (Hall, Icel. Swed. haf,Dan. hav, A. S. heaf,sea.
1548) ; "c. Haversack, soldier's provision-bag.
Hate, sb. A. S. hete, (F.
(E.) M. E. hate. G.) F. havresac. G. habersack, " "

hate ; the the vowel

mod. E. sb. takes lit.*
hafersack, oat-bag.' haber,hafer,
G. "

from the verb hatiajt,

to hate.+Du. haat, oats ; sack,a sack.
Icel. hair^ Swed. hat, Dan. had, Goth. Havoc, destruction. (F.) Cf. A. F.
hatis,G. hass, hate. Cf. Gk. /crjdeiv, to cf'ier havok ; where havok is for O. F.
vex ; W, cawdd, displeasure. Der. hate,vb. havot. O. F. havot,plunder ; whence crier "

hatred. (E.) M. E. hatred,hatreden. havot, E. 'cry havoc' (Godefroy).Cf.

The suffix is A. S. rccden,law, mode, con-
dition, O. F. haver, to grapple with a hook
state, as in hTw-neden, a house-
hold (Cot.); and G. haft, seizure. Prob.
; and see kindred. from G. heben, to lift. % The W. hafoc,
Hauberk, a coat of ringedmail. (F. destruction, is borrowed from E.
- O. H. G.) M. E. hauberk. O. F. Haw, a hedge; also,berryof hawthorn.
-

hauberc. O. H. G. halsberc^lit. neck-

"
(E.) M. E. hawe, a yard. A. S. haga,an
defence." O. H. G. hals,neck; bergan, to enclosure,yard.+Icel. hagi,Swed. hage,
protect. See Collar and Bury. enclosure; T"2in.have, garden; Du. haag,
Haughty. (F.-L.) For M. E. /z^z^- G. hag, hedge. Teut. base *hag-; Idg.
'
tein,arrogant; '
Hawty, haiiltain ; grave. base *kagh-,as in W. cae,
Pals- an enclosure;
Cf. booty, from butin. " O. F. see Quay. Der. haw-thorn. See Hedge.
'
hautain, '
hauty ; Cot. O. F.
(0, a bird of prey. (E.) M. E.
" haut ; Hawk
oldest form halt,high. L. altus,high; hauk, hauek ( havek). A. S. hafoc,
"
heafoc, =

see Altitude. a hawk.-f-Du. havik,Icel. haukr, Swed.

Haul; see Hale (2). hok,Dan. hog,G. habicht,O. H. G. hapuh.
'
Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E.) A. S. Prob. a seizer ; allied to E. heave, L. '

healm. + Du. halvi, Icel. halnir, Dan. capere; see Heave. So also Low L.
Swed. halm; Russ. soloma, straw; L. capus, a falcon,from capere; and L. ac-
reed ; W. calaf,
culmus,stalk,Gk. KaXa\io's, a hawk.
cipiter,
stalk. Brugm. ii. " 72. Hawk (2), to carry about for sale.
Haunch, hip,bend of the thigh. (F. (O.Low G.) A verb formed from the sb.
- O. H. G.) F. hanche; O. F. hanche, haivker ; see Hawker.
hanke; Low L. hancha (1275). Of Teut. Hawk (3),to clear the throat. (E.)
; from
origin Frankish
'^hatikd,representedImitative. Cf. Dan. harke,Swed. harska,
'

by M. Du. hancke, haunch or hip; to hawk; W. hochi,to hawk, hoch, the

'

Hexham. See Korting, " 3872. throwingup of phlegm.

Haunt, to frequent. (F.) M.Y.. hanten, Hawker, pedlar. (O.Low G.) Intro-
duced
haunten. O. F. hauler,to haunt,frequent.
" from abroad ; Du. heuker,a hawker,
Origindisputed. M. Du. hoecker,hucker ; cf. heukeren, to
Hautboy, a musical instrument. (F. hawk, sell by retail. So also Dan. hoker, "

L.) F. hatttbois. F. haut, high; bois, a chandler,huckster,hbkre,to hawk;

"

wood. L. alius, high ; Late L. boscus, Swed. h'okare,a chandler,

" huckster. See
btiscus,!^. huxus, box-tree; see Box (i). further under Huckster.
It is a wooden instrument with a high Hawse, Hawse-hole. (Scand.)
tone. Hence Ital. obo^,E. oboe,borrowed Hawse is a round hole throughwhich a

from F. hautbois. ship's cable passes, so called because made

Have. (E.) M. E. hauen, pt. t. hadde, in the ' neck ' of the ship. Icel. hdls,hals, "

pp. had. A. S. habban, pt. t. hcefde,pp. the neck; also,part of a ship's bows.-f-
gehcefd.Ar Du. hebben, Icel. hafa, Swed. O. Merc, hals,A. S. heals ; Du. G. hals ;
hafva,Dan. have, Goth, haban, G. haben. allied to L. collum, neck.
Teut. stem *habe-. If cognate, as usually Hawser, a tow-rope. (F. L.)
" Cf.
supposed,with L. habere, to have,the Idg. F. haussiere,a hawser. But hawse-r is
base must be *khabh-. from M. E. hawse, to lift. O. " F. halcier,
Haven, harbour. (Scand.) A. S. F. hausser,to lift, raise. Late " L. altidre,
hcefen, h afene. Icel. hbfn, Dan. "havn, to elevate. L. alius high. See " Altitude.
^

234
 HAWTHORN HEAT
'
Cf. M.Ital. alzaiiiere,a halsier [hawser]make whole ; formed from hdl,whole,with
in a ; from a/zare,
ship'(Flcrio) to raise. i- mutation of " to "? ; see "Whole. So also
"ffNot allied to Hoist. G. heilen,from heil; Goth, hailjan, from
Havrfchorn Haw. ; see hails.
Hay (i). {E.^ M. E. A^y. O. Merc. health. (E.) A. S. hrelQ,
health (Teut.
Icel./ley,
/ieg;A. S. Atg:+ Du. /looz, Dan. type *hailithd,f.),
from hdl,whole ; see
Swed. /lo,Goth, hawi^ grass; G. heu. Heal (above).
Teut. type *ha2i-jo??t,
n. Properly'cut sb. (E.) M.E.Heap, keep. A. S.
'
grass ; from the verb to hew ;heap,a heap, crowd, -f-Du. hoop (whence
see Hew.
Hay (2),a hedge. (E.) A. S. hege,m. Icel. hopr,Dan. hob, Swed. hop,O. H. G.
Teut. type *hagiz. Allied to Haw and houf); cf. also G. haufe,O. H. G, hufo.
Hedge. Der. hay-ward, i. e. hedge- + Lith. kaupas,O. Slav, kupii,a heap.
warden. Brugm. i. " 421 (7). Der. heap,vb.
Hazard. (F. Span. Arab.?) F.
- - Hear. (E.) M.E. heren,^'i.\.. herde,
/^^.Tttrof. Span, azar, a hazard; orig.an pp. herd. O. Merc, heran ; A. S. hyran,
"

unluckythrow (atdice); cf. M. Ital. zara, pt. t. hyrde, pp. gehyred. -|-Du. hooren,
a game at dice. Arab, al zahr, lit. the Icel. heyra,Dan. hare, Swed. hoi'a.Goth.
"

die (Devic) ; al being the Arab. def. art. hausjaii, G. horeii. Cf. Gk. a-Kovnv, to
But Arab, zahr is of doubtful authority. hear. (Not allied to Ear.)
Haze, a mist. (E.?) Ray has; it Hearken *
; see Harken.
hazes, it misles.' Etym. unknown. We Hearsay. (E.) From hear and say,
may perhaps compare the Lowl. Sc. kaar, the latter being in the infin. mood. Cf.
a sea-fog, a mist. A. S. ic secgan hyrde I heard say =

Hazel. (E.) M. E. hasel. A. S. h(2seL (BeowtUf,1346).

+ Du. hazelaar,Icel. hasl, hesli, Dan. Hearse. (F. L.) M. E. herse,hearse.
-

Swed. hassel, G. hasel;Teut. type ^haselo- ; The orig.sense was a triangular harrow,
from the Idg. type "^koselo-we have L. then a triangular frame for supporting
corulus (for*cosuhis\W, and O. Irish lights at a church service, esp. at a funeral,
coll (for*cosl), a hazel. then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.
He. (E.) A. S. he; gen. his,dat. ///;;/, All these senses are found. M. F. herce, "

ace. hine. Fem. sing.nom. heo,gen. dat. a harrow, a frame with pins it. (Mod.
on

hire,ace. hu, hi; neut. sing.nom. hit, F. herse,Ital. erpice, a harrow.) L. hir- "

gen. his,dat. him, ace. hit. PI. (allgen- ders), picem, ace. of hirpex,a harrow. Der.
nom. ace. hie,hi,gen. hira,heora, rehearse.
dat. him, heovi. + Du. hij,O. Sax. he,hi ; Heart. (E.) M. E. herte. A. S. heorte.
Goth. neut. hita. Allied to Lith. szis,Uiis, +Du. hart. Icel. hjarta,Swed. hjerta,
L. ci-trd,on this side, Gk. k-K"i,there, Dan. hierte,Goth, hairto,G. herz; Teut.
Kf:Lvos,that one. Brugm. i. "" 83, 604. type ^hcrion-. Further allied to Lith.
Der. hence,her,here,hither. szirdis,Irish cridhe,W. craidd, Russ.
Head. (E.) M. E. hed, heed, heued serdtse, Gk. Kaph'ia,
L. r^r (gen. cordis'), Krjp.
{= heved). A. S. heafod. "^'Dvi. hoofd, Hearth. (E.) M.E. hert/i,herthe.
Goth, haubith,G. haupt,O. H. G. houbit ; A. S. heor^.^^'D^x. haard; Swed. hard,
also O. Icel. haufod,later hofud,Dan. a hearth,a forge,G. herd; Teut. type
hoved,Swed. hufvud,M. Swed. havitd. haiirja,
m.pL, Icel.
'^hej-thoz, Cf. Goth,
Teut. types ^haiibud-,^haubid-,neut. ; hyrr,embers,burningcoals. Idg. base
answeringto Idg.types*koupot-, '^ker-; cf. L. crerndre, to burn.
'^koupet-,
which are not exactlyrepresented.The Heart's-ease, a pansy. lE.) Lit.
L. caput (withshort a) does not correspondease ofheai't, i.e. givingpleasure.
in the vowel-sound, but is allied to A. S. hearty. (E.) M. E. herty; also
hafela, heafola, head. (The difficultiesas hertly ; from M. E. herte ; see Heart.
to this word are not yet cleared up.) Heat. (E.) M.E. hete. A. S. hcetu^
headlong, rashly,rash. (E.) M. E. hceto,from ^haititi,for *haitjd-, f. ;
hedling,heuedlhig, hedlinges.Thus the formed from hat, hot, with the usual
suffix is adverbial, answeringto A. S. suffix vowel-change. -4-Du. hitte, Dan. hede,
-l-ing,really a double suffix. Cf. A. S. Swed. hetta, Icel. hiti,G. hitze ; all from
bcec-ling, backwards,7^2 r-?'w^tz,suddenly. the weak grade hit- ; see Hot. We also
Heal. (E.) yi.Y^.helen. K..'$".halan,\.o find A. S. hieta7i,verb,to heat.
235
 HEATH HEIFER

Heath. (E.) M. E. heth. A. S. hceQ. -{-Du.hekel, a heckle ; Dan. hegle; Swed.

"4-Du. G. heide,Icel. heiSr,Dan. hede, hdckla ; G. hechel,a heckle. Teut. type
Swed. hed, Goth, haithi,a waste ; Teut. *hakild; from a base hak-, to pierce,
bite,
type *haiihi,fem. Cf. W. coed,O. W. as in O. H. G. hecchen,M, H. G. hecken
coit,a wood. (for*hakjan), to pierce, bite as a snake ;
heathen, a
pagan. (E.) A. S. h^dejt, cf. A.S.
hacod, a pike (fish), from its
adj. So also Icel. heiSenii, G. heiden, a sharpteeth. Cf. Hack (1).
heathen ; Goth, haithno,a heathen woman. Hectic, continual,as a fever. (F."
'
Lit. a dweller on a heath, orig. wild ; Gk.) F. hectiqiie
'
(as if from Late L.
*
cf. Goth, haithiwisks, wild (Mk. i. 6) ; hectic us). '^QiV. (.ktikos, hectic, consump-
tive.
A. S. hceSen. a wild creature (Beow. 986). Gk. ""ir,a possession
"
; also, a
From A. S. hM, a heath (above). [Simi- larly habit of body. Gk. e"-a;,fut. of e'xcii', "

L. pagdnus meant (i) a villager, (2) to have,hold. (VSEGH.)

a pagan.] Hector, a bully.(L.-Gk.) From L.
Heather. (E.) Usually associated Hector.'" QfV. "EKTOJp, the celebrated hero
'
with heath ; but the Nhumb. form hadder of Troy. Lit. holdingfast ; from ex^iv, '

pointsto some different origin. to hold (above).

Heave. (E.) M. E. hnun ( heven). Hedge.
=
(E.) A.S. hecg, f. (dat.
From A. S. he/-,a pres. stem of A. S. hecge) ; Teut. type *hag-jd, allied to ha^a,
hebban, pt. t. hof, pp. hafen.+ Du. heffen,a haw.-f-Du. hegge,heg, allied to haag,
Icel. hefja, Swed. hdfva, Dan. hcBve, Goth. a haw ; G. hecke, f.,a hedge. See Haw.
hafjan, G. heben. Teut. type '^hafjan-,Heed, vb. (E.) M. E. heden. A. S.
pt. t. *hof',corresponding to L. capio, hedan, pt. t. hedde. Formed as if from
I seize ; cf. Gk. /fcOn-?;, handle. (Distinctsb. '^hod, care (not found);though we find
from have.) the corresponding O. Fries, sb. hode,hude^
Heaven. (E.) l^l.'E.heuen { heven). and the G. sb. hut, O. H. G. hiwta, care.
=

A.S. heofon, he/on. '\-O.Sa\.heban. [Icel.-|-Du.hoeden,from hoede,care; G. hiiten,

himinn, Goth, hiinins, G. himf?tel,0.}ri..G. from hut (O. H. G. huotd),care, guard.
himil,O. Sax. himil,Du. hemel, heaven, Brugm. i. " 754. Prob. allied to Hood.
may be from a different source.] Cf. Heel (I),part of the foot. (E.) A.S.
A. S. hus-heofon, a ceiling, so that the and O. Fries, hela,heel (whenceDu. hiel).
sense may have been canopy.'
'
-|-Icel. hccll, Dan. hcEl,Swed. hdl. The
Heavy. (E.) Hard to heave,weighty. A. S. hela is prob.contracted from *hdh-ilaj
M. E. heiii {"hevi). A.S. hejig, heavy, dimin. of A. S. hoh, heel. S^e Hough.
hard to heave. A. S. haf-,
" stem of hebban Heel (2),to lean over, incline. (E.)
(pt.t. hof),to heave ; with z-mutation Modified from M. E. heiden,hilden,to in- cline
of a. + Icel. hofugr, hbfigr,heavy, from on one side. A. S. hieldan, hyldan,
hefja, to heave ; Low G. hevig;O. H. G. to tilt, incline ; cf. niQer-heald,bent down- wards.
hebig. See Heave. -j-Du. hellen (for*heldan, O. Sax.
Hebdomadal, weekly.(L.-Gk.) L. af-heldian), to heel over; Icel. halla (for
hebdomaddlis. Gk.
"
k^^ojxdb-,stem of *halda), to heel over (as a ship),from
e^dofjias, a week. Gk. (nrd, seven;
" see hallr {",*halth-), sloping;Dan. helde,to
Seven. tilt, cf. held,a slope; Swed. hdlla,to tilt.
Hebrew. (F.- L.-Gk. -Heb.) F. The adj.is A.S. -heald,O. Fries, hald,
hebretc {h3rieu in Cotgr.). L. Hebj-aus. " Icel. hallr,O. H. G. hald, inclined, bent
Gk'. 'E^pafoj.Heb. 'ivri,
" a Hebrew (Gen. forward ; Teut. type "^halthoz. Allied to
xiv. 13), a name given to Israelites as A.S. hold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a

coming from E. of the Euphrates. Heb. master),Goth, hiilths, "

gracious.
'dvar,he crossed over. Heft, a heaving.(E.) In Wint. Tale,
Hecatomb. U.Y.he- ii.I. 45. Formed from heave,justas haft
catombe.
(F.-L.-Gk.l^ is from have.
" l-,.hecatojnbe.-'G\i. kKaro^^rj,
a

sacrificeof a hundred oxen. " Gk. exarou Hegira. (Arab.) Arab, hijrah, ration
sepa-
a hundred ; 0qvs, ox. See Hundred and ; esp. used of the flightof Moham-
med
Cow. from Mecca ; the era of the Hegira
Heckle, Hackle, Hatchel, an in- begins on
strument July 16, A. D. 622. Cf. Arab.
for dressingflax
hemp. (E.") hajr,separation.
or

M. E. heche/e, hekel.
E. Fries, hdkel,
hekele^ Heifer. (E.) M. E. hekfere,
hayfare,
,6
 HEMORRHAGE HERESY

the second syllableis perhapsan unstressed Hep, hip; see Hip (2).
form of A. S. Ik, like. Hepatic, relatingto the liver. (F. " L.
Hemorrhage, a great flow of blood. " Gk.) M. F. hepatiqiie.L. hepaticus." "

(F. -
ML. -
Gk.) .
F. L.
hemori'hagie. - Gk. "qirariKos, belongingto the liver. Gk. "

Gk.
hcEniorrhagia. aiixoppa-yia, a violent i]TTaT-,
" stem of rjirap,
the liver.-|-L.
iecta-,
bleeding. Gk. alfxo-, for alfxa,
" blood ; Skt. yakrt, the liver. See Liver. Der.
pay-, a stem of prjyvvpii, I burst,break ; the hcpatica, a flower.
liver-wort,
lit.sense being a burstingout of blood. Heptagon, a planeseven-sided figure.
Hemorrhoids, Emerods, painful(Gk.)
seven-angled.'Gk. kirra., Lit. '
"

bleedingtubercles (F. seven ; yojvla,

on the
an angle,allied to yow,
anus. " L. "

Gk.) M. F. heworrhoide,sing., flowing

a knee. See Seven and Knee.
of blood. L. hce?norrhoida,
"
pi. oi hcemor- heptahedron, a solid seven-sided
rhoida. Gk. atfioppotSes,
"
pi. of alixoppots, figure.(Gk.) From Gk. eTrrd, seven;
adj.,liable to a flow of blood. Gk. aip.o-, 'idpa,a base, seat (allied to E. Sit).
"

for alp-a,blood ; po- (asin po-os, a stream), heptarchy, a government by seven

allied to peeiv, to flow,cognate with Skt. persons. (Gk.) XVII cent.-Gk. Ittt-,
srtc, to flow ; see Stream. for eTTxa, seven ; and -apxia,
from apx-^iv,
Hemp, a plant. (L. -
Gk.) M. E. to rule.

kem^ (short for henep). A. S. kenep, Her. (E.) M. E. hire ; from A. S. hire,
hcEuep. Borrowed at a very earlyperiod gen. and dat. of heo,she, fem. of he,he ;
from some Eastern language, whence also see He. Der. hers, M. E. hirs, hires (XIV
L. cannabis,Gk. KavvaQis, Pers. kanab, cent.) ; her-sclf.
hemp, so that the word suffered consonantal Herald. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. heraud.
letter-change. Cf. Skt. "^ana, hemp (prob. O. F. heralt (Low L. heraldus) ; O.H.G. "

not an Idg.word). So also Du. hejinep,herolt (G. herold) a herald ; note also ,

Icel. hampr, Dan. hainp,Swed. hampa, G. O. H. G. Heriold, Hariold, as a proper

hanf; all of foreign origin. name, Harold. |3.The proper name is
Hen. (E.) A. S. henn, hen, keen ; a for "^hari-wald,i.e. army-rule.O. H. G. "

fern, form (Teut.type *ha7z-Jd) from A, S. hari, an army (G.heer^; wald,wait, rule,
hana, a cock, lit. a singer," from '
his power (G.gewalt). % The precise histoiy
crowing; cf. L. canere, to sing.+Du.hen, of the word is very uncertain.
fem. oihaan, a cock ; G. henne, f.oihahtz; Herb. (F. L.) M. E. herbe. F. - -

Icel. h(zna, f. of hani ; Dan. hone, f. of herhe. " L. herba, grass, fodder,,herb ;
hane ; Swed. hona,f.of hane. (-y/KAN.) prob. allied to O. L. forbea,Gk. (pop^rj,
See Chant. pasture.
Hence. (E.) M. E. Herd henne s, older form
(i), a flock. (E.) M. E. herde.
henne (whence henne-s
by adding adv. A. S. heard, hiord, a flock. -{-Icel. hj'ord,
suffix -s). A. S. heonan, for ^hinan, adv., Dan. hiord,Swed. hjord, G. heerde,Goth,
closelyallied to A. S. hine,masc. ace. of hairda. Teut. type herdd, i. Cf. Skt.
he,he. See He. cardha(s),a herd,troop. Brugm. i. " 797.
Henchman, a page, servant. (E.) herd (2), one who tends a herd. (E.)
Formerly hengestman,henseman, hensh- Usually in comp. shep-herd, cow-herd,"c.
vian ; cf Hinxman as a proper name. M. Fl herde. A. S. hierde,hirde, keeper
For hengest-vian,i.e. groom ; from M. E. of a herd ; from A. S. heard,a flock. +
hengest,A. S. hengest, a horse. Cf. Du. Icel. hirdir,Dan. hyrde, Swed. herde, G.
and G. hengst.Dan. hmgst,a horse,Icel. hirte,Goth, derived.
haij'deis ; all similarly
hestr,
a horse. Cf. Lith. kerdztis, shepherd.
Hendecagon, a plane figurehaving Here. (E.) M. E. her, heer. A. S.
eleven sides. (Gk.) Named from itseleven her,adv. ; related to he, he. -f-Du. hier,
angles. Gk. "
euSe/ca,eleven; yojvia,
an Icel. her, Dan. her, Swed. hdr, G. hier,
angle; see Decagon. Goth. her. Cf. L. cis,on this side.
Henna, for dyeing the
a paste used Hereditary, adj.(L.) 'L.hereditdrius.
nails,"c., orange hue. of
(Arab.) an " L. hereditdre,to inherit. L. heredi-, "

Arab, hinnd-a, hind, or hinna-at, the deck stem of hcres,an heir. See Heir.
dyeingor colouringshrub {Lawsonia in- Heresy. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.Y.. here-
ermis) \ Rich. Diet.,p. 582. sye. O. F. heresie. L. type ^hceresia ; " "

Hent, a seizure ; see Hint. for L. hceresis. Gk. dipiais,

a taking, "

238
 HERIOT HEW

choice,sect, heresy. Gk. alpeiv, to take. with suffixed -on (Ital.

"
-one).+ Svved.
Der. heretic^L. hcEreticus,Gk. alpcTLicos,hdger, Icel. hegri,Dan. heire, a heron.
able to choose,heretical (from the same ^ Distinct from G. hdher, a jackdaw.
verb). heronshaw, hernshaw, a young
Heriot, a tributeheron ; also (by confusion)a
paid to the lord of
heronry. a

manor on the decease of a tenant. (E.) (F. O. H. G.) 1. Spenserhas herneshaw, "

A. S. heregeatu, lit. militaryapparel ; a heron ; M. E. heronsewe,a young heron

hence,equipmentswhich, after the death (still called heronsew in the North). From
of a vassal,escheated to his lord; after-
wards O. F. heroiin^eau, later form of herouncel,
extended youngto heron include
(^Liber
Custumarum, p.horses,"c. " a

A. S.here, army ; geatic^ geaizue, 304),

an dim. of hairon (above"i; cf, lionceau,
a
apparel, dornment. See Harry. lioncel,a young lion. The usual form is
Heritage. (F.-L.) O.Y. heritage.F. heronneau, O. F. haironnean. 2. But
Formed, suffix -age ( L. -dticum), heronshazu,a heronry,
with is due to a (false)
=

from O. F. inherit. L. heredi- popularetymology from heron, a heron,

heriter,to "

tdre, to inherit. See Heir. and shaw, a wood ; Cotgravehas ' hairon
Hermaphrodite, an animal or plant niere, a heron's neast, a herneshaw, or
of both sexes. (L. Gk.) " 'L. hermaphro- shaw of wood wherein herons breed.'
diius. " Gk. kpfiUiPpoSiTos
; coined from Herring, fish.
(E.) M. E. heering.
a

'Epfxfjs, the male)

Mercury (representing A. S. hiring. [Sometimes said to be
and ^A(ppodiTT},
Venus the
(representing connected with A. S. he?-e,
a host,army;
female principle). which seems impossible.]
-f-Du. haring,
Hermenentic, explanatory.(Gk.) G. hdring\ O. H. G. hdring (Kluge).
Gk. skilled
epfj.T]ViVTiK6s, in interpreting. Hesitate. "
(L.) From pp. of L.
Gk. ipnT]vevTr]s,an ; also "piJ.r)- hasitdre,to stick
interpreter fast ; intensive form of
vevs, the same. Allied to L. sermo (stem harere, to stick. -{-Lithuan. gaiszti,to
sermon-^; see Sermon. tarry. {^GHAIS.) Erugm. i. " 627.
Hermetic. (Gk.) Low L. hennetiais, Hest, a command. (E ) M. E. hest.^
relating alchemy; coined
to from Hermes, the final t
being excrescent, as in 7ohils-t,
from the notion that the great secrets of amongs-t, "c. A, S. hies,a command ;
alchemy were discovered by Hermes Tris- f. ("*haissiz,
Teut. type *haittiz, with ss
megistus.^Gk.'EpfxTJs, Mercury. ^ Her- {oT tt).~-A.S.hdtan, to command; Teut.
7netically was a term in alchemy; a glass type *haitan-. Cf. Icel. heit,a vow, from
bottle was hermetically sealed when the heita, to call,promise; O. H. G. heiz (G.
orifice was fused and then closed againstgeheiss), a command, from heizan (G.
any admission of air. heissen"^,
to call, bid, command. Cf.
Hermit. (F. L. - -
Gk.) [M. E. here- Goth, haitan,to call,
name. Der. be-hest.
from
mite, directly L. heremita.']F. " See Hight.
hermite. l^aXQ L. heremita, more
" monly
com- Heteroclite, irregularly
inflected.(L.
erem'ita. Gk. kpr]ijurr]s,a"dweller "
Gk.) L. heteroditus. QiV. eTepoKXiroSj
"

in a desert. Gk. (p-qpiia,

" a desert. Gk. " otherwise (i.e. inflected. Gk.
irregularly) "

epijuos,
deserted,desolate. Der. age.
hermit- "T"po-s, another ; kXltos, formed from
KXiveiv, to lean (hence,
to vary as a case
Hern ; see Heron. does); see Lean (i).
Hernia. (L.) L. hernia, a kind of heterodox, of strange opinion, heret-
ical.
rupture. (Gk.) Gk. 'irfpo-s, another; 86^-a,
Hero. (F. L. Gk.) M. F. heroe.
-
opinion,
-
from doKfiv, to think. -

L. hero'em,ace. of herds, a hero. Gk. heterogeneous, dissimilar in kind. "

a
r\pQ3's, hero, demi-god. Der. hero-ic, (Gk.) Gk. erepo-s, another; 76V-o?,kind,
M. F. hero'iqzce,L. heroicus. kin, sort ; see Kin.
heroine. (F. L. Gk.) M.F. heroine. -
Hetman, a
-

captain. (Pol. G.) -

L. heroine. " Gk. -qpojivrj,fem. of rjpojs, a Polish hetman (Russ.ataman'), a tain

cap-
hero. ^of Cossacks).
G. hauptmnnn, a "

Heron, Hern, a bird. (F.-O.H.G.) captain. G. haiipt,

" head : mann, man.

M. E. heroitn,
heiron,hern. O. F. hairon " Hew. (E.) M. E. he-cven. A.S. hea-
(F.heron, Span,airon, Ital. aghirone)." rvan, to cut.+Du- honwen, Icel. hdggva,
; ISwed.
O. H. G. heigir,
M. H. G. heiger,a heron hngga, Dan. hugge, G. hauen\
= 39
 HEXAGON HIEROPHANT

Russ. kovate, to forge; Lith. sheu). Lit. ' son of something,'

hammer, a son to
kauti,to fight ; cf. Lith. kowa, battle. whom a father has left an estate. Span. "

Brugm. i. " 639. Allied to L. ciidere,

to hijo,son; de, of; algo, something. L. "

beat. Der. hay, q. v. f ilium, ace. oifilius,

son (whence O. Span.
Kexagfon, plane six-sided figure.
a Jigo,later hijo); de,of; aliq^io,something.
(L. Gk.) L.
"

hexagonuin. Gk. (So Korting. The explanation

1^(170)7/0?, " from fllius
six-cornered. Gk. e^, six; -ycavia^
" an Italicus is baseless.)
angle,from fovv, a knee ; see Knee. Hide (i),to cover. (E.) M. E. hldejt,
hexameter. (L.-Gk.) meter." huden.
L. hexa- A. S. hydan."4-Gk. KfvOeiu, to
G\i. (^d/j."Tpos, orig.an adj., i.e. hide ; cf. W. cuddio (base ^koud-),to
having six measures or feet. Gk, t^,six; hide. (VKEUDH.)
"

/xfTpov, a measure, metre. Hide (2), a_ skin. (E.) M.E. hide,

Hey, interj.(E.) M. E. Aei,hay\ a hude. A. S. hyd, the skin. + Du. huidy
natural exclamation. +G. and Du. hei. Icel. huS, Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. hut^
heyday (i),interj.
(G. 07- Du.) Also G. hajil ; L. cutis,Gk. kvtos, okvtos, skin,
heyda (Ben Jonson). Borrowed either hide. (VSi"^EU.) % The roots of hide
from G. heida,hey there ! hallo ! or from (i)and hide (2)are prob.connected.
Du. hei daar^ hey there ! The G. da and hide (3), to flog.(E.) Colloquial;
'
Du. daar both mean
'
there.' to
*
skin by flogging.So also Icel. hyda,
Heyday (2),frolicsome wildness. (E.) to flog, from had, skin.
'
The heyday of youth means
'
the high Hide (4),a measure of land.
'
(E.)
day of youth.' The spelling hey is a pre- Estimated
servation at 120 to 100 acres, and less.
of M. E. hey, the usual spelling (Low L. hida.) A. S. hid, a contracted
oi high in the I4lh century. form ; the full form is higid. Hlgid and
Hiatus, a gap. (L.) L. hidttis, a gap ; hiwisc were used in the same sense, to
from pp. of hidre, to gape. Allied to mean enough land for one familyor house-
hold.
Yawn and Chasm. They are probablycloselyallied
Hibernal, wintry.(F.-L.) Y. hiber- nal. words, and therefore allied to hind (2);
"1.. hiberndlis, wintry (Vulg.). L. for hiwisc is merelythe adj.formed from
"

hibenius,wintry; allied to hienis,winter. hiw-a, a domestic,one of a household;

Also to Gk, xf'/^fp"'Os, wintry,Gk. xi-ojv, see Hind (2). ^ Not connected with
snow, Skt. hi-nia-,frost. Der. hihern-ate. Hide (i).
Hiccough, Hiccup, Hicket, a Hideous, ugly. (F. L. ?) M. E. -

spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the hidotis. O. F. hidos, hidus,later hideux^ "

causinga slightsound. (E.) The

glottis, hideous ; the earliest form is hisdos. Sup-
posed
spellinghiccough seems to be due to a by some to be i'rom L. hispidosus^

popularetymology from cough,certainlyroughish; from hispidus, rough,shaggy.

wrong ; no one ever so pronounces the (SeeKorting," 3363.)
word. Properlyhiccup,or, in old books Hie, to hasten. (E.) M. E. hien,hyen,
hicket and hickock,which are still better hi-,en. A. S. higian{Jiigian'i), to strive
forms. Hick-et^hick-ock,are diminutives after, be intent on. Cf. Du. hijgen,to
of hick or hik,a catch in the voice,imita-
tive pant ; and (perhaps) S kt. pgh-ra-,quick.
of the sound. Cf. '
a hackingcough; Hierarchy. '
(F.-L. Gk.) M. F. -

and see Hitch. + M. Du. huck-tip,the hierarchic; Cot.

'
Late L. hierarchia." "

hick, or hock,' Hexham ; M. Du. hick, Gk. Upapxia, power of a Upapxrjs,a

'the hick-hock,' Hexham; Du. hik, the steward or president of sacred rites. Gk. "

hiccup,hikken, to hiccup; Dan. hikke, Up-, for hpos,sacred ; and dpx^^v, to rule.
sb. and vb. ; Swed. hicka, sb. and vb. ; *[[Milton has hiei-arch -
GV. hpdpxv^'
Bret, hik, hak, a hiccough; W. ig,a sob, hieroglyphic. (L. Gk.) -
L. hiero-
igio,to sob. And cf. Chincougli. glyphicus,symbolical.Gk. Upoy\v(piK6s, "

Hickory, a N. American tree. (Americ. relatingto sacred writings. Gk. lepo-s, "

Indian.) Formerly pohickery ; from the sacred ; yXixp-au,to hollow out, engrave,
American-Indian (Virginian) name. incise. See Glyptic.
Hidalgo, a Span, nobleman of the hierophant, a priest.(Gk.) Gk.
lowest class. (Span. L.) ^\iz.x\. hidalgo
"
; Upo(pduTT]s,
teachingthe rites of worship.
O. Span,fidalgo. Port, fidcilgo, a man;
noble- Gk. Upo-s,sacred ; (paiveiv,to shew, "

sometimes written hijodalgo (Min- explain. See Phase.

240
 HIGGLE HIP

Higgle, to bargain. (E.) Merely a | A. S. *hTna,a domestic, unauthenticated

weakened formof HaTgle. as a nominative,and really
a gen. pi.,so
I
High. (E.) M.E. heigh, hey, hy. jthat hfna stands for hFna man = a. man of
'
A. S. /teak,heh. -f-Du. hoog, Icel. hdr, ihe domestics; cf. hfna ealdor chiei oi =

Swed. hog,Dan. hoi,Goth, hanks,G. hoch the domestics, a master of a household.

Teut. type *haiihoz.How (2); and I/fna
See hTgna,gen. pi.of hhaaji,domestics ; -=

a bunch, knob, hillock ; also

cf. G. hiigel, cf. hnven, a family,hiwrieden, a house-
hold
Lith. kaukaras, a hill ; katikas,a boil, ; also G. heirath, marriage,Goth.
swelling; Skt. kucha-, the female breast. heizva-fratija,
master of a household. Cf.
(VKEUK.) L. chiis,a citizen. Brugm. i. " 609.
highland. (E.) From high and Hind (3),adj.,in
the rear. (E.) We
''
laud; ci. up-land,
low-land. now say feet ;hind
but the older form
Hight, was or is called. (E.) The is "' hinder feet.' We even find M. E. hyn-
vb.
only passive in E. ; he hight
found "
derere (as if hinder-er). A. S. hindan, "

he was named. }s\.)L.hight e\ also hatte, adv.,at the back of, hinder,adv.,back-
wards.
hette. A. S. hdtte, I am called,I was + (^oth.
hindar, prep., behind;
called ; pr. and pt.t. passive of A. S. hdtan^ hindana,beyond;G. hinter,prep., behind,
to call. So also Icel. heiti, I am named, hinten,adv.,behind ; O. H. G. hintaro,
from heita, to call ; G. ich heisse,I am comp. adj.,hinder. We also find Goth.
named, from heissen, to call,bid. p. Best hinduTiiists,
hindmost. In O. H. G. hin-
taro,
illustrated by Goth, haitan, to call,3 p. the comp. suffix is like the Gk. -npo- ;.
pres. tense (passive)haitada ; as in and in Goth, hin-dum-ists, the superl..
'
Thomas, saei haitada Didymus' = suffix is like the L. -tim-itis) in op-tijuuSy.
Thomas, who is called Didymus, John followed by -ists E. -est. Extended
= from
vi. 16. A. S. hin-, as in hin-,heon-an, hence;,
Hilarity, mirth. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. from hi-,base of -^^;see Hence.
hilaritL L. ace.
" hilaritdteni ; from hinder, vb. (E.)M. E. hindren. A. S-.
hilaris,
adj., cheerful ; also hilarus. Gk. " hi)idrian,
to put behind, keepback. A. S. "

iKapos,cheerful. ^ Hilary Term is so hinder (above).

+Icel. hindra,G. hindern;
called from the festival of St. Hilary(L, similarly formed. Der, hindr-ance (for
who
Hilarius), died Jan.13, 367. hinder- ance^.
Hilding, a base wretch. (E.) Also hindmost. vE.) From hind and^
XVI
heldijig; cent. Prob. from M. E. most; a late formation. The M.E. form
helden, to incline,bend down. Cf. M. E.
hin-dejua,hind-
most,was hinderest;cf. A.S.
heldinge, a helding,
bendingaside ; Dan. suffix -dema (cf. a form
superl. with
bias ; A. S. hylding,
a bending; see Heel L. op-timus).
-4-Goth, hindtiviists, most
hind-
(2). { hin-dum-ists, with double superl. =

Hill. (E.) M. E. hil,hul. A. S. hyll.suffix).

+ M. Du. hil; L. collis,a hill ; Lithuan. Hinge. (E.) M. E. heitg,that on
kalnas. hill,kelti,to raise ; Gk. koXwvos, which the door hangs; from M. E. hengeny
a

a hill. Brugm. i. " 633. Allied to Holm to hang,a later variant of M. E. hangien
and Culminate. Der, do7vn-hill, 7ip-hilL(A.S. hangian^,to hang; suggested by
Hilt, sword-handle. (E.^i A. S. helt, A. S. hengen,a hanging, or by Icel. hengja,

hilt. + Icel. hjalt, Dan. hialte, N. Fries. to hang. Cf. A. S. henge-clif, a steep
heelt, O. H. G. helza. Cf. O. F. helt, from cliff;and Stone-henge; Dan. dial, hinge,
Teut. ^ Not allied to hold; rather, to hcB)tge, a hinge(Dan. hcengsel).For the
helve. Cf. Low G. helft, ax-handle. sound, cf. singe,swinge. See Hang.+
Him ; see He. M. Du. henge,hengetie, a hinge.

Hin, a liquidmeasure. (Heb.) Heb. Hint, a allusion. (E.)

slight Hint is--
'
hln, a hin ; said to be of Egyptianorigin.apparentlya thingtaken or caughtup; '

Hind ij,female of the stag. (E.) A. S. cf. Lowl. Sc. hi7it,an opportunity ; in a
hind. + Du. hinde ; Icel. Dan. and Swed. hint,in a moment ; hint, to lay hold of.
hind, M. H. G. hitide,O. H. G. hint a, a Yxom. M. E. hen/en, to seize. A. S. hentan, "

doe. Perhapsallied to Gk. Kfji-ds,

young to seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth.
deer. fia-hitithan,
to seize.
Hind (2\ a peasant. (E.) The final d Hip (i),the haunch. (E.) M.E. hipe,
is excrescent. M. E. hine, a domestic. htipe.A. S. hype.'\-ViM.
heup,Icel. huppr,
241 I
 HIP HOB

Dan. hofte,Swed. hoft^Goth, htips,G. Hitch, to move by jerks, catch slightly.

hiifte, O. H. G. huf. Perhaps allied to (E.) M. E. hicchen,to move, remove.
Gk. Kv^os, the hollow near the hips of Cf. Lowl. Sc. hatch, hotch,to move by
cattle. jerks;hitch, a motion by a jerk; prov. E.
Hip (2),Hep, fruit of the dog-rose.hike,to toss, hikey,a swing. It describes
(E.) M. E. Aepe. A. S. /leope, a hip; a jerky movement ; cf. Low G. and E.
heopbremel, a hip-bramble. +0. Sax. hiopo, Yvies. hikken,to peck. ^ Not allied to
M. H. G. hiefe, O. H. G. hiufo, a bramble- hook.
bush. Hithe, Hythe, a small haven. (E.)
Hippish. (Gk.) Equivalentto hypo- M. E. hithe.
chondriacal, A. S. hyd,a haven.
adj.of Hypochondria, q. v. Hither. (E.) M. E. hider, hither.
Hence hippish hyp-ish. The contrac-
tion
= A. S. hider. From the base of he, with
hipped{^ hyfd) was prob. suggestedIdg. suffix -/(g)r.So also Icel. heSra,
= "

by hipped,lamed in the hip (an older O. Icel. hiSra^Goth, hidre,L. citrd.

word). Hive, a house for bees. (E.) A. S. hyf,
Hippopotamus. L. Gk.) L. potamus. ; Teut. type '^hufiz.J^-Viw..
hippo- fem. -
huif,a hive
Gk. 'nrnoiruTa/xos,
" the river-horse (see Franck) ; Dan. dial, hyve ; cf. L. ciipay
of Egypt. " Gk. iTTTTo-y, horse ; iroTafio-s, a tub,cup. Allied to Cupola.
river. Gk. tWos is cognate with L. eqmts ; Ho, Hoa, a call to excite attention.
see Equine. (E.) A natural exclamation. Cf. Icel.
Hire, sb.
(E.) A. S. M. E. hire.
hyr, ho ! ho ! hoa, to shout out ho !
hire,wages. +Du. hiiiir,
Swed. hyra,Dan. Hoar, white. (E.) M. E. hoor. A. S.
hyre, prov. G. heuer,hire,rent ; Low G. /^^r.+Icel. hdrr, hoar ; G. hehr, exalted,
hiiren,to hire. Teut. type hur-jd,f. O. H. G. her,proud,lofty, orig.'
reverend.'
Hirsute. (L.) L. hirsutus,bristly, Teut. type *hairoz ; lit. ' shining,' hence,
rough. Cf. L. horrere,to bristle;see white : *hai-roz. The base "^hai- occurs
=

Horrid. in Goth, hai-s,a torch, G. hei-ter, orig.

His ; see He. bright,' Icel. hei-d,brightness
'
; cf. Skt"
Hiss. (E.) M. E. hissen,his s hen. -^ ketti{s)^ a sign, a meteor (Kluge).
M. Du. hisschen ; Low G. hissen,to say Hoard, a store. (E.) A. S. hord,-\r
hiss ! in setting on dogs ; Gascon hissa, Icel. hodd, G. hort, Goth. huzd. Teut.
to hiss (Moncaut). An imitative word ; type "^huzdo-, due to Idg.'^kudh-dho-, 'a
'
like G. zischen, to hiss. thing hidden ; from the weak grade of
llist,an interjection enjoiningsilence. VKEUDH, as in Gk. k^vQ-uv, A. S. hyd-
(E.) Also ist,'si. Cf. Dan. hys,silence ! an; see Hide (i). Brugm. i. " 699.
hysse,to hush. Milton has hisi summon Hoarding, a kind of fence. (F. Du. ;
= -

silently,11 Pens. 55. or Du.) Not old. Either from T"\i.horde^

Histology, the science treating of the a hurdle, or from M. F. hourd, a scaffold
minute structure of tissues of plants, "c. (Cot.,index),which is the same word
(Gk.) Gk. tero-s, a web (hence,tissue); (borrowed). See Hurdle.
-Xoyia, discourse, from Keyeiv, to speak. Hoarhound, Horehound, a plant.
Gk. laro-s (alsoa mast) is allied to 'iarrmi,(E.) The true hoarhound is the white,
to set, place. (^STA.) Marrubium vtilgare.The final d is ex- crescent.

History. (L. Gk.) " M.HL. historic." M. E, hor{e)houne.A. S. hdr^

L. historia.
Gk. laropia,
" a learningby hune, also called simply hune. A. S. "

enquiry,information. Gk. larop-,stem of " hdr,hoar ; hiine,hoarhound, the originof

i'aTMp,iffTwp,knowing ; for *ld-TOjp. " which is unknown.
Gk. fiS-, base of eidevai,to know. Hoarse, having a rough,harsh voice.
(VWEID.) Allied
Doublet, (E.) to ^Wit. intrusive,but sometimes The r is
story,q. v. occurs in M. E. hors, also spelt hoos^
Histrionical, relatingto the stage. hoarse. A. S. hds, hoarse. H- Dan. hces,
(L.) From L. histrionicus , relating
to an Swed. hes,Du. heesch,G. heiser. % Icel,
actor. L. histrion-,
" stem of histrio,an hdss seems distinct (Noreen).
actor. Hoary ; see Hoar.
Hit, lightupon, strike,attain to.
to Hoax. (Low L.) Short for hocus,i.e.
(Scand.)M. E. hitten. -'Icel. hitta,to hit to juggle,cheat. See Hocus-pocus.
upon ; Dan. hitte ; Swed. hitta,
to find. Hob (i),Huh, the nave of a wheel.
242
 HOB HOIST

part of a grate. (E.) The true sense is river Main, whence the wine comes. It
'
*
projection ; the hob of a fire-place was means high home.' '

'
orig.a boss or mass of claybehind the Hockey, a game. (E.) Also called
'
fire-place ; N. E. D. E. Fries, hobbe,a hawkey; because played with a hooked ?,X.\c\i
rough tump of grassy land risingout of so called. See N. E. D.
water ; Jnibbel, a projection. + Du. hobbel, Hocus-pocus, a juggler's trick,a jug-
gler.
knob; G. hiibel, O. H. G. hubel, a hil-
lock. (Low L.) As far as it can be said
Cf. Lith. ktip-stas,a tump of grass ; to belongto any language, it is a sort of
Du. keuvel,a hill ; A. S. hofer,a hump. Latin, havingthe L. termination -us. But
Der. hob-nail,a nail \Aith a projectingit is merely an invented term, used by
head. a juggler(temp.James I) in performing
Hob (2),a clown, rustic,a fairy.(F. tricks ; see Todd's Johnson and N. E. D.
" O. H. G.) 'Elves, hobs, and fairies;'Cf. L. iocus,a game. Der. hocus, a
Beaumont and Fletcher,Mons. Thomas, juggler, a trick ; hocus,vb., to trick,to
iv. 6. Hob was a common personalname, hoax.
a of Robin
corruption (likeHodge from Hod, a kind of trough for carrying
Roger). The name Robin is F., and is bricks. {".) Modified from M. E. hotle,
a form of Robert, a name of O. H. G. F. hotte,a basket, dosser ; influenced by
origin. Der. hob-goblin
Goblin. ; see hod, a prov. E. form of hold; see Hold.
'
'
Hobble, to Ihnp. (E.) M. E. hobelen. In Line, and York, hod means hold
* '

Equivalentto hopp-le ; frequentative of or receptacle; as in (Whitby)powder-

hobbelen ; prov. G. hoppeln.
hop.'^TiVi. hod,powder-flask candlestick.
; cajinle-hod,
Hobbledehoy, a lad approaching Hodge-podge ; see Hotchpot.
manhood. (E.) Of unknown origin, Hoe. (1*." G.) Formerly "^(?7f^. " F.
Prob. an perhaps for
invention, hobbledy,houe,a hoe ; Norman dial. hoe. " O. H. G.
founded on hobble (above), with the addi-
tion houwa ,G. haue), a hoe, lit. a hewer."
of hoy, an unmeaning suffix. The O. H. G. houzvan, to hew; see Hew.
Scottish hoy means *
shout,'both as sb. Hog. (E.) M. E. hogge,' maialis,'
est
and vb. enim porcus carens testiculis; Cathol.
Hobby Hobby-horse, a toy like Anglic,p. 1 87. Cf. hog-sheep,
(i), one clipped
a horse,ambling nag, a favourite pursuit.the first year. A. S. hogg, Cambridge
(F.-O. H. G.) Corruptionof M. E. Phil. Soc, 1902, p. 13, 1. 2 ; cf. also
'
hobin,a nag [whenceF. hobin, a hobby ; Hocges-tun, Cod. Dipl. Moisy givesNor-
'
man
Cot.]. Hobin is a variant of Robin ; see dial, hogge, a six-months' lamb, a pig;

Hob (2). Cf. Dobbin, a name for a and hogastre, a two-year-old sheep; but
horse. these are prob.from E. ^ Not borrowed
Hobby (2),a small falcon. (F. from Corn, hoch, W. hwch, a sow "
; for
O. Low G.) M. E. hobi,hoby.From O. F. which see Sow.
hobet,a hobby; allied to F. hobreaii Hogshead. (E.) Of E. origin;for
{ hob-e}'-el),
= 'the hawke tearmed a hog'shead; but the reason for the name

hobby; '
Cot. " F. hober, to stir, move is imcertain. Hence M. Du. hockshoot,
about. " M. Du. hobben.,
to toss, move up okshoofd,oxhoofU,a hogshead; M. Dan.
and down. Cf. Hop (i). hogshoved; also Dan. oxhoved, Swed. oX'

Hobgoblin; see Hob (3). hufvud, a hogshead,but made to seem

Hobnail; see Hob (1). to mean ox-head.' '

Hobnob, Habnab, with free leave, Hoiden, Hoyden, a romping girl.

at (E.) Compounded of /i""^and (M. Du.) Formerlyappliedto males,and
random.
nab, to have or not to have, hence applied meaning a rustic. M. Du. heyden (Du. "

to takinga thing or leavingit,implying heiden),a heathen ; also,a gipsy. See

free choice,and hence a familiar invitation Heathen. ^ The W. hoeden is bor-
rowed
to drink,as in '
to hob-nob together.'
Hab from English.
is from A. S. habban,to have ; nab is from Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final t
A. S. nabban, for ne hcsbban,not to have ; is due to the pp. hoist,used for hoised.
see Have. Cf. willy-nilly. The verb is reallyhoise; spelthyce in
Hock (i); see Hough. Palsgrave. (Cf.graftfor graff?)M. Du. -

Hock (2),a wine. (G.) YxovaHochheim, to hoise {y sounded

hyssen,Du. hijsschen,
the name of a placein Germany^ on the as E. long i); cf.Dan. hisse ;
heise^ Swed.

543
 HOLD HOMER

hissa,to hoist (cf. F. kisser,from Teut.). Holm, an isletin a river, flat land by a
to elevate.
9^ Not allied to F. hatisser, river. (Scand.)M. E. y^(?/;//.Icel. //^/wr, "

Hold (i),to keep. (E.) O. Merc. holmi,holmr^an islet, flat meadow ; Dan.
houden, Icel. holm, Swed.
haldan ; A. S. healdan.-\'V"\x. holme ; whence G. holm,
halda, Swed. halla, Dan. holde, Goth. island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow,sea; L.
haldan, G. halten. Teut. type *haldan- ; ciilmen, hill-top.Allied to Hill and
sb. ; also "^^- Culminate.
pt. t. *he-hald. Der. y^c"/ic^,
^t7/(3^,
with prefix
be- (E./y/)
; up-hold. evergreen oak. (E.) Holm-oak, the
Hold (2),the cavity of a ship. (Du.)
corruption of M. E. holin, Plere holm is a
'
P^or hole, with excrescent d, due to a holly. Hobne, or holy [holly] ;
'

confusion with the verb to hold. Du. Prompt.Parv. ; and see Way's note. The
"

hoi,a hole,cave, esp. used of the hold of Qiierciis ilex, an evergreen plant; the
a ship(Sevvel). See below. leaves of which resemble those of holly.
Hole. (E.) M. E. hole,hoi. A. S. hoi, Holocaust. (L. Gk.) L. holocaus- "

a cave. + Du. hoi, Icel. A"?/,Dan. htil,tum. Gen. xxii. 8. Gk. oKoKavarov, a "

Swed. h^l. Teut. type ^hulofii, n. ; orig. sacrificeburnt whole ; neut. of oXoKavaros,
neut. of *-huloz,adj.,hollow, as in A. S. burnt whole. Gk. '6\o-s,whole ; and "

hoi, Du. hoi, Icel. /z^/r,Dan. hiiul,G, Ka'uLv, to burn. See Caustic.
-^"?^/. Cf. Goth, tis-hulon, to hollow out, a leathern case for a pistol. Holster,
hul-undi, a cave. p. Prob. A. S. hoi is (Du.-O. H. G.) Du. holster; Low G.
from i^i?/-,weak gradeof str. vb. helan,to holster^a pistol-case. G. holfter,a pistol- "

cover ; see Hell. Not allied to Gk. case (with change oi ft to st^ ; M. H. G.
Koikos, hollow. hulfter, a quiver; from O. H. G. hulft,
a

Holibut ; see Halibut. cover, case (Kluge). Cf. M. Dan. holfte^

Holiday, a festival. (E.) For holyday. a gun- case. ^ So Franck ; who rejects
See Holy. the connection with Icel. hulstr,A. S.
Holla, Hallo, stop! wait! (F.) Not heolster.
the same word as halloo, to shout; but Holt, a wood. (E.) M. E. and A. S.
used
differently in old authors. See 0th. holt. + Du. hoict,
M. Du. holt;Icel. holt,
i. 2. 56; As You Like It,iii.2. 257. F. " G. holz. Teut. stem '^hulto-,
Idg. stem
hol^, '
hoe there
interjection,
an ;
'
*k3ldo-.
Cot. "Allied to O. Irish catll, coill
F. ; and
ho, interj. /^,there ( = L. iliac).(for'^caild),a wood ; W, celli,a grove,
^ The form hallo is due to a confusion Russ. koloda,a log,Gk. itXados,
a twig.

with halloo. Holy, sacred. (E.) [Thisword is equi-

valent
Holland, linen. (Du.) FromDutch to the M.E. hool,whole, with suffix
Holland, the of the province. So
name -y; and therefore closelyallied to whole.~\
also hollands, from Holland.
spirits M. E. holi,holy. A.S. hdlig,holy.4-Du.
Hollow. (E.) M. E. holwe,adj. A. S. heilig, holy, Icel. heilagr,helgr,Dan.
holh,sb.,a place,also speltholg. hellig,Swed.
hollow helig,G, heilig; Goth.
Cf. O. H. a pool, puddle. hailag,neut. (in an inscription).
G. htiliwa, Teut.
Perhaps extended from A. S. hoi,hollow ; type *hailagoz, a deriv. of *hailoz (A. S.
see H0I9. hdl) whole,or of *hailoz- or *hailiz-, sb., ,

Holly. (E.) M. E. holin ; so that nn good omen. Cf. Irish c^l,W. coel,an
n has been dropped. A. S. holen,holegn,omen. See "Whole.
holly. + W. celyn,Corn, celin,Bret, kelen, Homage. (F. L.) M.Y.. homage. " '-

Gael, citilionn, holly; Idg.

Irish ciiileann, O. F. homage, the service of a vassal to his
type ^kolenno-. Cf. also Du. hulst, G. lord. Late L.
"
homdticnm, homindtictwi,
hiilst,holly,O. H. G. hulls (whence F. the service of a vassal or man. " L. hom-o
houx). (stem homin-),a man. See Human.
Hollyhock, a kind of mallow. (E.) Home. (E.) M. E. hoof?i. A. S. ham.
M. E. holihoc,i.e. holy hock. pounded +Du. heim, heem ; Icel. heimr, an abode; I
Com-
of holy,and A. S. hoc, mallow.' Dan. hiem, Swed. hem, G. heim ; Goth. !
'

[We also find W. hocys,mallows, hocys haims, a village.Teut. base *hai7?io-, |

bendigaid, hollyhock, lit. blessed mallow,' *haimi- ; cf. Lithuan.
'
k'emas,a village;
where bendigaid =1^. benedictus. W. hocys and perhaps Skt. kshema-, safety,from|
is from A. S. hoccas, pi.of hoc^ In A. S. kshi,to dwell.
the mallow is also called hocleaf. Homer, a largemeasure. (Heb.) Heb.
244
 HOP HOSE

dance. + Du. happen,Icel. hoppa,Swed. horn, % It is strange that G. homisse^

hoppa, Dan. hoppe,G, hiipfen.Brugm. i. O. H. G. hornaz (withoutvowel-change)is
" 421 (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill); referred to a Teut. type *hurz-natoz (cf.
hopp-le,
a fetter for horses ; hop-scotch, to buzz),allied to L. crdbro
Du. horz-elen,
a game in which children hop over (for *cras-ro),a hornet, Lith. szirszu
i.e.
scotches, lines scored on the ground. (gen.szirsz-ens)ya hornet; see Brugm. i.
Cf. Hobble. " 626.
Hop (2),a plant. (Du.) Introduced Horologe, a clock. (F.-L. -Gk.)
from the Netherlands; XV cent. " M. Du. O. F. horologe(laterhorloge).
!^. horolo- "

hoppe (Du. hop),hop. + G. hopfen,hop. gium. " Gk. wpoKo-^tov, a sun-dial,water-

We also find A. S. hymele, Icel. huniall,
clock. " Gk. wpo-, for wpa, hour ; -koyiov,
Swed. Dan. hwnle, M. Du. hommel from Xiyav,to
teller, tell.
(whence Late L. humulus) ; also F. horoscope. (F.-L, -Gk.) F. horo-
scope.
houblon, which can hardlybe allied words. horoscopus, a horoscope,from " L.
Hope (i)' expectation.(E.) M. E. horoscoptis, adj.,observing the hour. Gk. "

hope. A. S. hopa,hope ; whence hopian, wpooKoTTOs, observing t he hour (also sb.).

a s
to hope.+ Du. Jioop,Dan, haab, Swed. Gk. wpo-, for (hpa,hour; CKoneiv, to "

hopp, M. H. G. hoffcysb. ; whence Du. consider, allied to a/f^rrTo/zat, I consider ;

hopen,Dan. haabe, Swed. hoppas, G. hoffen, see Sceptic.
to hope. Horrible. (F.-L.) O.F. horrible.
Hope (2),a troop. (Du.) Only in the L. horribilis, dreadful. L. horrere, to " "

phr. 'a forlorn hope/ i.e. troop. Du. dread (below). "

verloren hoop lost band, where

= hoop=^ horrid. (L.) Spenserhas it in the
E. heap; see Heap. Een hoop krijghs-sense of 'rough'; F. Q. i. 7. 31.
'
L, hor- "

volck, a troupe or band of souldiers,' ridus, rough, bristly, L, horrere (for "

Hexham ; verloren hoop(Kilian).(Now *hors-ere), to bristle; also to dread,with

obsolete in Dutch.) reference to the bristling of the hair through
Horde, a wandering tribe. (F. " Turk. terror. Cf. Skt, hrsh, to bristle,
esp, as a

"
Tatar.)F. horde. " Turk, ordil,a camp. token of fear or of pleasure,
" Tatar Urdu, a royal camp, horde of horrify. (L,) Coined, by analogy
Tatars (Tartars)
; see Pavet de Courteille,with F. words in -fy,from L, horrificdrey
P- 54- to cause terror. " L. horri-,for horrere,to
Hordock ; see Hardock. dread ; -ficdre, to make.
iovfacere,
Horehound ; Hoarhound.
see horror, dread. (L.) L. horror. "^'L,
Horizon. (F. L. Gk.) F. horizon.
" - horrere,to dread (above).
" L. horizon (stem horlzont-). Gk. " Horse. (E.) M. E. hors.~K. S. hors,
the bounding or limiting
6pi^ct}v, circle ; pi.hors,it being a neut. sb.+Icel.hross,
orig.pres. pt. of opi^dv,to limit. Gk. " hors,Du. ros, G. ross, O. H. G. hros. Prob.
'
opos, a boundary. Der. horizont-al. '
a runner ; cf. L. currere (sup.curs-uni) ,

Horn. A. S. /z^rw. + Icel. Dan.

(E.) to run. Brugm. i. " 516, ii. " 662.
Swed. G. horn ; Du, horen, Goth, haurn ; Hortatory, full of encouragement.
W. Gael. Irish corn, L. cornu. Allied to (L.) As if from L. coined
*hortdtdrius,
Gk. Kip-as, a horn, and to Hart. from hortdtor,an
encourager. L. hortdrl, "

Hornblende, mineral. (G.) K blende a to encourage; prob. allied to L. horior,

named from its horn-like cleavage. G. I urge, and to E. Yearn.
hornblende. G. hor7i,horn ; blende, a
"
(L.)Coined
Horticulture, gardening.
'
* deceitful
mineral, yieldinglittle ore ; from L. horti,g^w. case of hortus,a den
gar-
from blenden, to deceive, blind,dazzle; ; ctdtiira,cultivation ; see Culture.
from blind,blind. L. hortiis is allied to E. yai'd(i).
Hornet, a kind of largewasp. (E.) Hosanna, an expressionof praise.
So called from its resoundinghum. A. S. (Gk. Heb.) " Gk. waavva. " Heb. hosht
hyrnet,a hornet.
A. S. horn, a horn, to" -ah nnd, save, we pray. " Heb. hoshta,
which the word was later conformed. Cf. (from ydshd) ttd, a particle save ; and
O. Sax. horno-bero, a hornet, lit. 'horn-
signifying entreaty.
bearer;' A. S. horn-bo7'a, a trumpeter, Hose. (E.) M. E. hose,pi.hosen. A.S.
Hexham has M, Du. horener,hornte, a hosa, pi. hosany hose, stockings. + Du.
hornet,horentoren,a wasp, from horen, a hoos,Icel. hosa,Dan. hose,G. hose (whence
246
 HOSPICE HOUND

O. F. hose). Der. hos-i-er (cf.bow-yer, host (i). So Korting. The words may
law-yer^. have been confused.
Hospice. (F.-L.) ^1..
F. hospice. Hostel, an inn. (F. L.) O. F. hosted. "

a house
hospitiiim, for guests."L. hospiti-, Late L. hospitdle
; see hospital. "

decl. stem of hospes,a host ; see host hostler, ostler. (F.-L.) Grig.
CD- the innkeeperhimself,and so named from
hospitable. (F.-L.) able. his hostel {,^Qs"].
-W.Y. hospit-
From Late L.hospitare,to receive Hot. (E.) M. E. hcot (withlong d).
as a guest. " L. hospit-^
stem of hospes,A. S. hat, hot. + Du. heet, Icel. heitr,
a host. Swed. het,Dan. hed, G. heiss. Teut. type
hospital. (F.-L.) hospital.'^*haitoz. Allied to Icel. hiti,
G. hitze,
U.Y.
heat,
O. F. hospital.Late L. hospiidle,
a large Goth, heito,fever ; and cf. Goth, kais, a
"

formed
house,a sing, from L. torch,Lithuan. kaitra,heat.
pi.hospitdlia, Der. heat.
apartments for strangers. " L. hospit-,Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge. (F. -

stem of hospes(below). Hodgepodge is a corruptionof Du.)

host (i^) one who entertains guests. hotchpot, a confused medley. F. hochepot, "

(R L.)- M. E. host, hoste. -O. F. hoste. a medley. F. hocher,to shake; and poty "

Cf. Port, hospede,a host, guest. L. pot (see Cot.). Imitated or borrowed "

hospitem, ace. of hospes(i) a host,(2) a from M. Du. , hutspot(lit.shake-pot),

guest. ^ Some make L. hospit- short for hodgepodge,beef or mutton cut into small
"^hostipot- where hosti-,
is the decL stem of -^\"zt'i,.'''}A.T)\x.
htitsen,hotsen,to shake;
hostis,a stranger,enemy, see Host (2); pot, a pot. Cf. E. Fries, hotjen, to shake.
and -pot-means lord,'beingallied to L. See Hustle and Pot.
*

potensypowerful; cf. Skt. /a/i-, a master, Hotel, an inn. (F.-L.) Mod. F.

governor, lord ; see Possible. Thus hotel,the same as O. F. hostel; see

^*hostipotis
hospes guest-master, ,
a master Hostel.
of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ. Hottentot, a native of the Cape of
gospode,the Lord, gospodare, a governor, Good Hope. (Du.) A name given them
master, from goste, a guest, and -Jwde by the Dutch, in derision of their speech,
( Skt. pati-),
= lord. Brugm. i. "" 158, which sounded like stammering,or a repe- tition
340. Der. host-ess, from M. F. hostesse, of the syllables hot and tot. En is
*
an hostesse,' ;
Cot. F. hotesse. Dutch for 'and'; hence Du. hot en tot"
Host (2) an army. (F. L.) The orig. hot' and 'tot.' Cf. M. Du. hateren,to
,
"
'

sense is 'enemy' or 'foreigner.' M. E. stammer, Du. later en, to stammer.

host,ost."O.F. host,a host, army. L. Houdah, Howdah, a seat fixed on "

hostem, ace. of hostis,an enemy (orig. a an elephant's back. (Hind. Arab.) Hind. "

stranger,a guest) ; hence, a hostile army, haiidah. Arab, hawdaj, a litter carried "

a host. + Russ. goste, a guest, stranger; by a camel, a seat placedon an elephant's

A. S. gast ; see Guest. Doublet, guest. back.
Host (3),the consecrated bread of the Hough, Hock, the jointin the hind-
eucharist. (L.) L. hostia,a victim in a legof an animal, between knee and fetlock;
sacrifice; O. Lat. fostia, lit. that which in man, the back part of the knee-joint.
'

is slain.' L. hostire,O. Lat. *fosttre,

" to (E. 1 Now usuallyhock ; formerlyhough.
strike. M. E. hotigh. A. S. hoh, the heel; Teut.
Hostage. (F.-L.) O. F. hostage, a type *hanhoz. + Icel. hd-, the hock, in
hostage(F. otage,Ital. ostaggio, O. Prov. hd-sin,hock-sinew. See Heel. Hock is
ostatje).We also find Ital. statico,a a later form ; and prob. arose from the
hostage; and (accordingto Diez), both comp. 'hough-sinew,' spelt hoksinu in
ostaggioand statico answer to a Late L. A. S. , and hdxene, hdxite in O. Fries.
form *obsiddtictts,
from Late L. obsiddtits ,
(A. S. hs"x). See G. hechse (inKluge);
the condition of a hostage. L. obsid-, and see Hox. " Der. vb.
hoiigh, ; box,
stem of obses,a hostage,
one who rem.ains q. v.
behind with the enemy. L. obsidere,to Hound, a "
dog. (E.)A. S. htind.-^
stay. L. "
ob, at, on, near; sedere ,
to %\\.. Du. hond, Icel. htindr, Dan. Swed. G.
^ Another explanationis from Late L. hund, Goth, hunds. Teut. type '^hnn-doz,
'^hospitdticum
a receivingas ,
a guest ; m. Allied to L. canis, Gk. kv6jv (gen.
from L. hospit-for hospes,a
,
host ; see Kvvos)Skt. ^an-,
,
a dog ; also to Irish cu,

247
 HOUR HUDDLE

W. ci, a dog, Russ. suka, a bitch, Lith. Bohemian haufnice,orig.a slingfor cast-
ing
szu (stem sztm-),a dog. Brugm. i. " 609. a stone ; Jungmann, Bohem. Diet. i.
The final -d may have been suggested by 662. Cf. F. from
obiis, the same.
confusion with Teut. '^henthaii-,
to catch. Howl. (E.) M.E. hoiilen.^yi.T"M.
See Hunt. huylen ; Dan. hyle; G. heiilen,to howl.
Hour. (F. L. - -
Gk.) O. F. hore (F. Of imitative origin; cf. L. nhildre, to

heure). " 'L. hora. " Gk. wpa, a season, howl, whence O. F. huller.
hour. Allied to Year. Hox, to hamstring. which
(E.)For /zo":ij-,
Houri, a nymph of Paradise. (Pers. is from hock-smew, sb.,O. Fries, hoxene, "

Arab. ) Pers. htiri,one Paradise, hdxne, A. S. hoh-shiu, hough-sinew.

of
virgin "

/mrd, kilr, a virginof Paradise,black- A. S. /;"7/i,

hough ; sinti,
sinew; see Hough.
eyed nymph. From Arab, hazvrd, fern. Cf. E. Fries, haksetie,lit. heel-sinew,' but '

oi ahwar, havingfine black eyes. also the hamstring(ofa horse).

House. (E.) M. E. hous. A. S. hils. Hoy (1)5a kind of sloop.(Du.) Du.
+ Du. huis, Icel. hus, Dan. huus, Swed. heu,heude, a flat-bottomed merchant-ship
;
hus, Goth, hils, G. haus. Teut. type M. Du. hode^heude ; Flemish hid, a hoy.
^husom, Possibly allied to Hut,
n. Hoy(2), stop! (E.) M."..hoy. Cf.Du.
Hoard VKEUDH,
; from to hide. See hiii ! hoy ! come ! well ! Allied to Ho.
i.
Hoard, Hide (i). Brugm. " 796. Hoyden ; see Hoiden.
Housel, the eucharist. (E.) The orig. Hud, a projection ; the same as Hob (i).
sense is sacrifice.' M. E. housel.
'
A. S, Hubbub. (E.) Imitative. Cf. Gael.
/^^7J"^/.+Goth.hunsl, sacrifice. Allied to tib, interj. of aversion. Formerly also
Liih. szwentas, holy, consecrated ; Zend whoobub, a confused noise. Hubbub was
spputa-,holy. Brugm. i. " 377. confused with hoop-hoop, reduplication of
Housings, trappings of a horse. (F. hoop ; and whoobub with whoop-hoop. See
"

Teut.) The old form was hotis ; -ings Hoop (2),Whoop.

has been added. " F. housse, a coverlet, Huckaback, a sort of linen cloth.
'
*
a foot-cloth for a horse ; Cot. (Low L. (Low G. ?)
orig. was The
prob. sense
' '

hucia,husia, hussia,the same). Low L. pedlar's

ware ; cf. Low G. hukkebak, G.
type *Au/stza.^O. 11. G. hulst,a cover. huckebak,pick-a-back.See Huckster.
-j-Icel. hulstr, a case, sheath ; A. S. Huckle-berry. (E.) The same as

heolstor, Goth, hulistr, a covering.From hurtle-.) zuhorile-,hu7-t-,hart-berry.A.S.

*/ncl-,weak grade of Teut. ^helan- (A. S. heo7'ot-berge hart-berry.
i.e. ,

heiajt^, to cover, hide; cf. O. H. G. and Huckle-bone, the hip-bone.(E.) A

Du. hullcn, to cover. huckle is a small joint.'Cf. E. Fries. '

Hovel, a small hut. (F.-Teut.?) M.E. hukken, to bend,stoop,crouch ; see below.

hovil,a shed. Perhaps from O. F.
Jiovel, Huckster. (O. Low G.) M. E. huk-
*huvel-, as in huvelet,a penthouse. stere, hucster. Formed with the fem. "

O. H. G. hiiba (G. haube),a hood ; M. Du. suffix -ster (forwhich see Spinster),from
htiyve, a tiltof a cart. M. Du. hucker. Low G. hdker,a hawker,
Hover. (E.) A of M.
frequentative E. also a stooper, bender, one who stoops.
houen { "

hoveji),to be poised,to stay, p. The hazvker or huckster was sonamed

tarry, wait. Originuncertain ; cf. heave. from his bowed back, bent under his
^ The W. hofio^ to hover, is borrowed burden ; from M. Du. hucken, to stoop
from M. E. hotien. under a burden. Cf. Icel. hokinn, bent,
How (1). (E.) M.E. hou, hu; A. S. pp. of a lost strong verb (Teut.*heukan-);
hii. Closely related to A. S. hwd, who ; see also Icel.htlka,to sit on one's hams, Low
AATho. + O. Fries, hfi, O. Sax. h7uo,Du. G. hdken, to crouch. See Du. heiiker,
hoe. Cf. Goth, hxvaizva,how ; Gk. ttws. huiken in Franck.
How (2),a hill. (Scand.^ M. E. hogh. Huddle. (E.) M. E. hoderen, hodren,
Icel. haugr,a hill ; Swed. hog,a mound ; which is an equivalent form, meaning to
Dan. hoi, a hill. Allied to Icel. hdr^ huddle together,as under a covert or
Swed. hog,Dan. hoi, high: see High, shelter. Frequentativerelated to M. E.
Howdah ; see Houdah.. huden, to hide ; see Hide (i\ % But the
Howitzer, a short cannon. (G. "
mod. E. sense of huddle seems to be due
Bohemian.) Borrowed hoetelen, to doe a thingunskilly,'
from G. haubi/ze,to Du. '

a Hexham;
howitzer; formerlyspelthaufftiitz." cf. G. hudeln, to bungle.

248
 HUE HUMID

Hue show, appearance,

(i)j colour. (E.) hiilUfa husk, lit. 'covering;'from the
M. E. heive. A. S.hiw, heozu,hed,appear-
ance. same root as G. hiilse,a husk, viz. Teut.
4-Swed. hy,skin,complexion; Goth. *hul-,weak grade of Teut. *helan- (A. S.
hiwi, form, show. hela7i), to cover. See Hell. "^,
Hue (2),clamour, outcry. (F. Teut.) Hull (2),body of a ship.(Du.) 'From
"

' ' *
In the phr. hue and cry ; A. F. Jm et Du. hoi, hold. Ilet hoi vaii een sckip,
cri. M. E. hue, a loud cry. " O. F. hu, a the ship'shold or hull;' Sewel. See
cry; huer, to hoot. " M.H.G. hu, interj.
; Hold (2). Or the same as hull (i).
huzen, to hoot; M. Swed. huia, to hoot; Hum (i),to buzz. (E.) M. E. hununen ;
see Hoot. an imitative
word, -f*O.
htuumen, Du.
Huif, to puff,bluster,bully.(E.) The ho/ufnelen,
to hum. Cf. Hem (2).
old sense is topuff,blow hard ; hence to hum (2\ to trick,cajole. (E.) A par-
ticular
bluster,
vapour. imitative word, like
An use of htwi,to buzz ; it also meant
puff. Cf. Lowl. Sc. hauch, a forcible puff,to expressive of contempt utter a sound
heck, to breathe hard ; G. hauchen, to (Cor. V. I. 49); also to applaud; see
breathe. ^ To huff, at draughts, simply Richardson,and Todd's Johnson. Hence
'
blow customary to it meant
'
means to ; it was to flatter, cajole, trick. So also
bloiv upon the pieceremoved ; cf. Lowl. Port, zumbir, to buzz, zonibar, to jest;
Sc. blaw, to blow, also to huff at draughts ; Span,zuviba}-, to hum, also to jest. Der.
Dan. blase en brikke,to huff (lit. blow) a hum, sb.,a hoax.
man at draughts. Hum.an. (F. L.) Y oxmtxX^humaim. "

Hug, to embrace closely. (Scand.?) F. htunain, 'humane, manly;' Cot." "

XVI cent. Uncertain. Perhapsof Scand. L. ace. hunidnu7n, human. "L. homo, a
; cf.Icel. hugga,to soothe,comfort ; man ; lit.
'
origin a creature of earth,'from
hugga barnid, to soothe a child,huga, to humtis, ground; see humble, -f-A. S.
mind ; hugna,to please ; M. Du. heuge, gum a, a man.
joy- humane. (L.) Directly from L. hu-
Huge, vast. (F.-Teut. ?) ^\.Y..huge,mdmis, (i I human, (2) kind (above).
houge. An initial a has dropped. A. F. humble. (F.-L.) F. himible.~\..
"

ahoge; O. F. ahuge,ahugue, huge, vast humilem, ace. of humilis,humble, lowly,

(i2th cent.).Of unknown origin ; perhaps near the ground. L. hzwius, the ground. "

allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F. Cf. Gk. x^f^^'hon the ground, Russ.
hoge,hogiie, a hill;see How (i). zemlia, earth,land. Brugm. i. " 604.
Huguenot, a French protestant. (F. Humble-bee, a humming-bee. (E.)
"
G.) F. huguenot; as if from the per- sonal From the verb humble, for liummle, fre- quentativ
name Huguenot. This name was of htwi. Cf. Du. hommel, a
in use two centuries at least before the humble-bee,from hof?wielen,to hum ; G.
Reformation,
and is a dimin. of F. Hugon, htimmel,a humble-bee,from hu7nmen, to
ace. case from the nom. Hugues, Hugh. hum ; Swed.
hu77ila,a humble-bee.

-M. Hiig,Hugh. 2. But this

H. G. form Humbug, a hoax, piece of trickery.
was duepopularetymology. The
to orig. (E.) Hu??ibug,
a false alarm,a bugbear,'
'

form was G. eidgenoss, a confederate, Dean Milles MS, (citedin Halliwell).

'

appearingas Swiss Romance einge^iot, Drolleries, bonmots,and humbugs ; about '

i%?^M(?;/"",
a protestant (Wedgwood). Prom A. D. 1740. Compounded of hujn,hoax,
G. eid^ an oath (seeOath), and genoss and bug, a spectre, ghost,bugbear; the =

'
A. S. gcneat, a companion. ^15 false orig.sense being sham bugbear ; see '

etymologiesof this word are noted by hum (2)and Bug. vb.

Der. hinribug,
Scheler. humdrum, (E.) Com-
dull,c'roning. pounded
Hulk, a heavy ship. (Late L. Gk.) of hum, a buzzing noise,and
"

M. E. hulke. A. S. hulc. Late L. hulka, drum, a droningsound; see Drum.

-

also hulcum, holcas,a kind of ship. Gk. Humeral, belongingto the shoulder. "

oKkols,a shipwhich is towed, also a heavy (L.) Late L. humerdlis,belonging to the

ship,
merchantman. " Gk. (K/tfiv,to draw, shoulder. L. hu??ierus,the shoulder;
"

drag. Cf. L. sulcus,a furrow. Der. better tivierus.-\-(^\i.w/xos, Goth, amsa,

hulking,
i.e. bulky,
unwieldy, iffDistinct Skt. aiiisa-,
the shoulder. Brugm. i. " 163.
from M. E. hulke,A. S. hulc,a hovel. Humid, moist. (F. L.) F. httmide. "

Hull (I),hnsk. (E.) M. E. /i/^/^.A. S. "V.. humidus, better umidns, moist L. "

249
 HUMILIATE HURRY

kUmere, umere, to be moist ; cf. iiuens, cf. htmt, sb., a hunting. Related to
moist
utddus,ildiis, ; Gk. vypos, moist. Teut. "^hunth-,
weak grade of '^henthan-,
Humiliate. (L.) From pp. of L. to seize; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. " 701.
humble.
htiviilidre^\.o L. humilis ^uvahXa; " Hurdle. hurdel.
(E.) A. S. M. E.
see Hurable. hyrdel; dimin.
a from a Teut. base
humility. (F. L.) " yi.'E..humilitee. *hiirth- ; also early A. S. hyrpil. + Du.
" O. F. humility. L. Jmmili-
humilileil, " horde, Icel. hurQ, G. hiirde, M. H. G.
tdtem. ace. of humilifds, humility.L. " hurt, a hurdle; Goth, haurds, a door.
htimi/is,humble. Allied to L. crates, a hurdle,Gk. Kap-
Humm.ock, Honimock, a mound, raXos, a (woven) basket. Cf. Skt. krt,
'
hillock,rounded mass. (E.) It appears to spin. The sense is a plaitedthing. '

to be a variant of hujup or hunch. Brugm. i. "" 529, 633. (VQERT.)

Humour, orig. moisture. (F. L.) Hurdygurdy, a kind of violin, played
"

See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of by turninga handle. (E.) From Lowl.
Words. The four humours, according to Sc. hirdygirdy, a confused noise; also
Galen, caused the four temperaments of hirdum-dirdttm the same. Cf. Lowl. ,

mind, viz.choleric,melancholy,
phlegmatic, Sc. hurr, to snarl,
^"rr, to growl. Som '

and sanguine. O. F. humor (F. hume7ir\ vsejjstrange wlaffyng,

"
chytering,harryng
" L. fimorem, ace. garryng' zovae peopleuse a strange
of timor, moisture." and "

L. ujnere, to be moist ; see babbling,

Humid. chattering, snarlingand growl-ing
Hump, a ; Spec,
lump,bunch,esp. on the back. of English,ed. Morris and
(E.) Hump^ a hunch, or lump,'West-
'
Skeat, p. 241, 1. 163. Formed
moreland;'' on the
Halliwe!l. Not found in model of hurlyburly. See Hurry.
M. E. Cf. E. Fries, humpe, hump, a bit, Hurl. (E.) M. E. hurlen,horlen. Not
lump.+Du. homp, a lump,bunch ; Low G. in A. S. ; perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf.
hu7npel,a heap. Cf. Lithuan. kumpas^ E. hurleblast,a hurricane,hurlepool,
hunched. Parallel to hunch, q. v. whirlpool,hurlewind, whirlwind. Also
Hunch, a hump, round mass. (E.) A E. Fries, hurrel, a gust of wind ; hurreln,
palatalised form of prov. E. hunk,a lump. to blow in gusts; hurrel-wind,a whirl- wind.
Apparently a parallelform of hump ; Explainedby Swed. dial, hurra^
with nk for mp. Cf. W. Flem. hunke to whir, whirl round ; whence hurrel,
brood,a hunk of bread (De Bo) ; and a whirl, hurrel-zuind a whirlwind. Of ,

perhaps Du. honk, a starting-post, orig. imitative origin; cf. Dan. hurre, to buzz,
'
'
a stump ; see Franck. Icel. hurr, a noise. So also M. H. G.
Hundred. (E.) M. E. hundred. A. S. hurren, to move quickly; from the sound.
hundred; a compound vk^ord. A. S. hund, Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry.
"

a hundred ; and -red, with the sense of Hurlyburly, a tumult. (F.-L.) A

'
'
reckoning or rate, to denote the rate of reduplicatedword, the second syllable
counting. Cf. Icel. hund-rad, orig.120; being an echo of the first. [Cf. M. F.
G. hund-ert. This suffix is allied to Goth. hurluberlu,tumult,in Rabelais (v.prol.).]
rapjo,number, L. ratio; see Rate (i). The short iformhtirlyalso occurs ; see K.
p. The A. S. htmd is cognate with L. John,iii.4. 1 69. O. F. hurlee,a howling,
"

answeringto an Idg.form *^pw- outcry, great noise ; orig.fem.

centufu, pp. of
t6m, perhaps for *dek9mt6m, a decad, hurler, to howl. L. ululdre, to " howl.
allied to Goth, taihunte-hund,a hundred, Prob. confused with Hurl.
which Brugmann explains as 5e"aSa;i/ deKo.^. Hurrah. (G.) From G. hurra,
Cf. also Gk. kKarov,Skt. catam, Pe' s. sad, M. H. G. hurra. Of imitative origin
;
Lith. Russ.
szitnfas, sto, Irish cead, W, see Hurl.
fa/"/,a hundred. Brugm. i. " 43i,ii."179. Hurricane, whirlwind. (Span. "

See Ten. Caribbean.) Span, huracan. " Carib.

Hunger. (E.) A. S. hunger. + leel. huracan (Oviedo).
hujigr,Swed. Dan. htmger, Du. honger, Hurry. (E.) Not allied to harry.
G. hunger ; Goth, huhrus, hunger. Teut. Formed from an older base hurr- ; like
types Vitmgruz, '^htmhruz, m. Allied to scurr-y from skir. M. E. horien,to hurry
Lith. kanka, suffering.Brugm. i. " 639. (Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883).+
Hunt, to chase wild animals. (E.) M. Swed. hurra, to swing,whirl round;
M. E. hunten. A. S. huntian, to capture ; Swed. dial, hurra, to whirl, hurr, sb.,
250
 HURST HYDRAULIC

hurry,haste. Cf. Dan. to hum,

hiirre^ Hustings. (Scand.) The mod. use

whir; Icel. is incorrect ; it is properly

hurr, a noise; M, H. G.
hustings
sing.,
hurren, to move swiftly.See Hurl ; and means a council,an assemblyfor the
and cf. whir, whiz, of similar imitative choice of a candidate. M. E. hiisting.
origin;whence A.
whjirry,to hurry(Nares). S. husli7ig,^\ce\. husping^a council,
liurst, a wood.
(E.) M. E. htirst;meeting. "Icel. hfis,a house ;/w^, a thing,
A. S. M. H. G. hiirst,
hyrst.+ a shrub, also an assembly; see House and Thing.
thicket ; G. horst ; E. Fries, h'orst. Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting,the same

Hurt, to dash against, to harm. (F.) as Icel. ping.

M. E. hnrten^ hirten,(i) to push, dash Hustle, to jostle.(Du.) For hutsle.
against; (2) injure.O.F. to up"
down,hurter (F. " Du. htiisclen,
to shake and
heiirter\to strike or dash together; frequent, of M. against. Of
Du. huddle
unknown origin. Hardly from Celtic htitsen, Du, hotsen, to shake. See
(Thumeysen, p. 81). The Ital. form is Hotclipot. Cf. Du. hotten,to curdle ;
urtare, possiblyfrom L. '^urhim^ unused hot.,curds; prov. G. hotze., a cradle,a
oi
supine nrgere, to press on (Korting). swing; Lowl. Sc. hott,to move by jerks,
hurtle, to dash. (F.) M. E. hurtlen, hotter, to jolt.
oi hurten (above).
frequent, Hut. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. hotte.^Y.
Husband. (Scand.) Icel. htisbondi, hittte, a cottage; Cotgrave. O. H. G. "

the master of a house, the goodman ; hutta (G. hiitte), a hut. + Swed. hydda,
short for kHsbilandi. Icel. hus, house ; a hut. Perhapsrelated to Hide (i).
"

biiandi,dwellingin,pres. pt. of biia,to Hutch, a box. (F.-Low L.) M. E.

dwell ; see Boor. So also Swed. hns- htcche, hzicche.''". hnche, a hutch, bin. "

bonde,Dan. husbond. Der. htisband-nian,Late L. hfitica, a hutch,box ; of unknown

hiisband'ry. origin.Perhaps Teutonic; cf. O. H. G.
Hush. (E.) M. E. husht, whist, htiotan (G. hiiten), to take care of. See
silent ; prob. taken to be a pp. Cf. Heed.
Swed. hyssja, Dan. hysse, to hush; Dan. Huzzah, Hurrah. (E.) Huzzah is
hys, hush ! A purelyimitative word, allied also written huzza. Cf. G. hussa,huzzah I
to kiss. M. H. G. hurra, hurrah ! So also Swed.
Husk, shell. (E.) M. E. huske. The and Dan. hurra, hurrah ! Cf. M. H. G.
-k is a dimin. suffix ; from A. S. hiis, a hurren,to move quickly;Dan. hurre,to
house. Cf. Low G. hiiske,
a little house ; hum, buzz.
See Hurry.
E. Fries, hiiske.a little house, core of an Hyacinth, a flower. (F. -L.-Gk.)
apple, small case ; M. Du. huysken,a F. hyacinthe. L. hyacinthiis. Gk. va-
" "

littlehouse,a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian).

KLvOo?,an larkspur
iris, (not our hyacinth).
See House. Doublet, jacinth.
Husky, (E.) Apparentlyallied Hyaena ; see Hyena.
hoarse.
to prov. E. hzisk,dry, parched; with Hybrid, mongrel. (L.) L. hibrida,
reference to the dryness of husks. hybrida, a mongrel, a hybrid. Some
Hussar. (G. Hungarian. Servian. connect "it with Gk. v^pid-, stem of v^pis,
"

" Gk. L.) 'Hussars, Husares^ Coles insult,

"
wantonness, violation;but it may
(i684) G. Husar. .
"
Hung, Huszar. be Latin. " "

Serv. xusar^ hussar, robber, sea-robber Hydra, a water-snake. (L. Gk.) L. "

(Popovic').Late Gk./coupcrapfos,
" a corsair,hydra. Gk. v8pa, water-snake. Gk. " "

pirate(Ducange). Late L. cursdritis, a vd-ojp,

" w ater. Cf. Skt. tedra-s, a water-
corsair. L. curstiSy a course
"
; see Corsair. animal, otter, A. S. oter. Doublet, otter.
% The word is older than the story about And see Brugm. i. " 572.
Water.
Mathius Corvinus (1458);see N. and Q. hydrangea, a flower. (Gk.) A coined
8 S. ii. 156; Miklosich,p. 148. name, referring to the cup-formof the
Hussif, Hussy. (E.) Short for capsule, o r seed-vessel. From Gk. v8p-,
huswife, i. e. house-wife
in ; cf. hus- for v8"vp,
water ; dyytiov, a vessel.

husband Husband
; and
see House. hydraulic, relating to water in
% In the sense of case for needles, '
thread, motion. (F. L." Gk.) F. hydraulique. "

"c.,'it OLUSt m'Can '

house- wife's ion';
compan- L. hydrauliais.Gk. vSpavXinos, ing
belong- " "

it is, however, remarkable that to a water-organ." Gk. v8pav\is, an

Icel. hUsi means '
a case.* organ worked by water. Gk. v8p-, for "

251
 HYDRODYNAMICS HYSON

vScop,
water ; av\6s,a pipe,tube (allied
to L. hyphen, for Gk. v(pev,lit.* under one.'
I blow;
drjfxi, see Air). " Gk. for
v"p-, vTTu, under; eV,neut. of efs,
hydrodynamics, the science relatingone (alliedto L. sim- in simplex;see
to the force
of water in motion. (Gk.) Simple).
Gk. v8po-, for vdojp, water ; and E. Hypo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. v-no, under;
dynamics, a word of Gk. origin
; see cognate with L. sub.
Dynamics. Hypochondria, a mental disorder in-
ducing
hydrogen, a very lightgas.
melancholy. (L. Gk.) Named (Gk.) "

'
The name means generator of water.' from the spleen(which was supposedto "

Gk. v8po-,for vdojp, water ; and the base cause it),situate under the cartilage of
'yev-, to produce;see Genesis. the breast-bone. Late L. hypochondria, "

hydropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.) fem. sb. ; for L. hypochondria, s. pi. Gk. "

Gk. v8po-, for vSojp, water; vdO-os,suffer-

ing, xjTToxovbpLa, sb. pi.,the parts beneath the
endurance of treatment ; see Pathos. breast-bone. Gk. vno, under ; x'^^Spos, a "

hydrophobia, fear of water. (L. corn, grain,gristle, cartilage of the breast-

bone -

Gk.) Late L. hydrophobia.Coined from (cognatewith G. grand,gravel, and

Gk. i/5/)o-, for uScup, water; (p6l3os,fear, allied to E. grind). Der. hipp-ish, q. v.
fright, I flee. (-/BHEG.)
allied to cpefSo^iai, Hypocrisy, pretence to virtue. (F. "

hydropsy, dropsy. (F. L. Gk.) L. Gk.) M. F. hypocrisie. - L. hypocrisis,

- "
"

Formerly dropsieor ydropsie ; the form I Tim. iv. 2. Gk. vno/cpicns, a reply, "

dropsiebeing due to loss of jj/-. M. F. answer, playinga part on a stage,acting "

hydropisie.L. hydropisis,
"
hydropisJa. of a part. Gk. vvoKpiuopiai, I reply, play " "

Late Gk. *v5pu)mais,

not found,from Gk. a part. " Gk. vno, under; Kpivo/xai, I tend,
con-

vdpoo^,dropsy,extended from v8po-,for middle voice of I judge. See

Kpivoj,
v8wp, water. Der. dropsi-c-al. Critic. Der. F. hypocrite,
hypocrite, L.
hydrostatics, the science which hypocrita,Gk. vTioitpirr\s,a dissembler,
treats of fluids at rest. (Gk.) Gk. vZpo-, Matt. vi. 2.

for vlwpfwater ; and Statics, q. v. Hypogastric, belongingto the lower

Hyena, Hyaena, a hog-likequad-
ruped.part of (F. the abdomen.
Gk.) " L. "

(L. "
Gk.) [M. E. hyene\ from M. F. hypogastrique. Late L. hypogas- "

O. F. hyene.'\L. hycena.-^ijV.
vaiva, a tricus,
belongingto the lower part of the
hyena; lit. 'sow-like.' " Gk. i;'-?,
a sow, belly. Gk. v-no-^daTpiov,
" lower part of the
cognate with E. Sow; with fem. adj. belly; see Hypo- and Gastric.
suffix -aiva. Hypostasis. (L.-Gk.) L. hypo-
stasis."
Hymen. (L. Gk.) " L. hymen. " Gk. GV. vTioaraais, a standingunder,
v/jLTjy,the god of marriage. Cf. Skt. siv, groundwork, subsistence,substance, a

to connect, lit.to sew Sew. ; see Person of the Trinity.Gk. v_ii6,

under; "

Hymn. (F. " L. Gk. )

" M. E. ympne ardai'i,a standing,from -y^STA,to stand.
(with excrescent /). O. F. ymne
"
(laterSee Statics.
hymne). " L.. hymniun, ace. Hypotenuse. of L.
(F.-L.-Gk.) hymnus. Also
" Gk. vnvos, a song, festive song,
hymn. hypotheiiuse (badly) F hypotenuse.L. .
"
.
"

Hypallage, an interchange.^ (L. Gk.) hypotenusa. Cjk.. vn or civova a, the sub- -tending "

L. hypallage. Gk. viraWayrj, an " change,

inter- (line) ; fem. of pres. part,of v-no-
exchange. Gk. vn-o, under ; Tciveiv, " to subtend,lit. to stretch under.
dWayrj,change,from dWdaafiv, to change; (VTEN.)
from dWos, another. See Alien. Hypothec, a legallien on property.
Hyper-, prefix, denotingexcess. (L." (F. L. Gk.) Englishedfrom M. F. - -

Gk.) L. hyper-, for Gk. vnep, above, be- yond, hypotheqiie, a mortgage.- L. hypotheca
allied to L. super. Hence hyper- (the same). Gk. vTtoQ-qKri, lit. 'support;' "

baton, a transposition of words from a pledge, mortgage. Gk. vtto, under ; Or]-, "

'
natural order, lit. ' a going beyond (from as in Ti-Orj-fiL, I place. (^DHE.)
IBaiveiv,to go) ; hyper-bole, exaggeration, hypothesis, a supposition. (L. Gk.) -

Gk. vvepPoXr) (from 0d\\"iv, to throw, L. hypothesis. Gk. xjuoOtais, a placing "

cast); hyper-borean, extreme northern under,supposition.Gk. vtro, under ; Oeais^ "

(from ^opias, north wind). a placing ; from the same root as the above.

Hyphen, a short stroke (-)joining See Thesis.

two parts of a compound word. (L. Gk.) | Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In "

25 2
 IDLE ILLUSTRIOUS

Idle. (E.) M.E. idd. A.S. tdd, ; for which see legal, legible,"c.
vain, empty, useless. + Du. ijdel,

logical
vain ; And see illicit.
Dan. idel,Swed. idel^ mere ; G. eiiel, Iliac, pertaining to the smaller intes-
tines.
vain, trifling.Origin doubtful. (F. L.) F. iliaque, belonging to the "

Idol. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. idole.-l.. flanks. Formed from JL.ilia,

sb. pi.,
flanks,
tdolum. Gk. eidaiXov,
" an image,likeness. groin. See also Jade (2).
" Gk.dSofxai, I appear, seem ; iSeTv,to Iliad, an epic poem. (L. Gk.) L. "

see. (VWEID.) T"er.zdo/atry,O.V.zdo- Iliad-,stem of Ilias,the Iliad. Gk. "

latrie, Late L. idolatria, shortened form of lAidS-,stem of 'IA.mj, the Iliad. Gk. "

zdololatrta, from Gk. dScoko-XaTpeia, vice

ser- "lAios, Ilios,commonly known as Troy ;
to idols (where Karpfia, service,is said to have had itsname from (am}i:hical)
from Xarpls, a hired servant,Karpov, hire). Ilus, grandfather of Priam, and son of
Hence idolater, "c. Tros (whence Troy).
idyl, idyll, a pastoralpoem. (L." Ill, bad. (Scand.) M.E. z7/^.-Icel.
Gk.) L. idyllhun.^GSa. eidvWiov, a short illr (laterillr), adj.; Swed. ilia,Dan.
ill,
descriptive poem. Gk. eJdos,form, shape,
" ilde, ill,adv. % Not allied to Evil.
figure.Gk. eidofxai,
" I appear (seeabove). Illapse,a gliding in,a sudden entrance.
If, conj.(E.) M. E. ?y,A. S. ^^/.+Icei.(L.) L. illapsus, sb.,a glidingin. L. "

ef,if,O. Fries, ief,gef,ef,O. Sax. ef\ il- (forin),in ; lapsus, a gliding, from pp.
Goth, ibai,interrog. particle. if;with of IdbT,to glide. See Lapse.
/a^^o:?",
which cf. Du.^ if, whether,G. ^/^, whether ; Illation,an inference. (F. L.) F. "

also O. H.G. ibn,if,lit. on the condition,'illation.-^Y^. ace.

'
illdtionem, a bringing
dat. oiiba, condition, doubt. Cf. also Icel. in, inference. L. il- (forin),in; Idtus "

if,cf,sb.,doubt. See Kluge,s. v. ob. ( =tldtus), borne,broiight ( Gk. tXtjtus). =

Ignition, a settingon fire.

(L.) F. See Tolerate.
ignition.As if from L. ig- Illicit,
*ignttio.'"'L. unlawful. (F.-L.) F. illicite,
tiitiis,
pp. of ignire,to set on fire. L.
"
'illicitous,'
Cot. " L. not allowed.
illicitus,
ignis,fire.+ Skt. agni-,fire,base '^egni- ; L. il- (forin-),not; licitus,
"
pp. of
cf. Russ. ogone, Lith.ugms, fire,base lieere, to be allowed. See Licence.
*ogni-.Brugm. i." 148. Hence also ignis Illision,a striking against.(L.) From
a vain fire ; igne-ous,
fattens, adj. L. illisio,
a striking against.L. illTsus, "

Ignoble. (F.-L.) F. ignoble,not pp. of illidere, to strike against.L. il- "

noble. L. i-gnobilis,
" where i- in, not ; (for iii),
upon; Icedere,to strike. See
=

see Noble. Lesion.

Ignominy, disgrace.(F. L.) F. Illude,to deceive. (F. L.) Y.ilhider,
"

'
"

ignominie.-^L,. ignomittia.^l^. i- (forin), to illude ; Cot. L. ilhldere, '

to mock "

not ; gnomin-, for gnomen, old form of at. L. il- (for in), upon, at; Indere, to"

nomen, name, fame ; see Noun. jest, play. See Ludicrous.

Ignore, to disregard. (F. L.) F. Illuminate, to enlighten.
"
(L.) From
ignorer. L. ignordre,
" n ot to know. L. pp. of L. ilhmiinai'e, to
-^ throw lightupon.
i- (forill), not; and base gno-, as in gno- L. il- (forin),upon ; Ifwim-, for lumen,
"

scere ^noscere, toknow; see Know. Der. light; see Luminary. ^ We also use
ignor-ant, -ance ; also ignot^dnms, lit. we illumine, illume,from F. illuminer"X'.
'

ignore'that,an old law-term. ilium ind re.

Iguana, a kind of American lizard, Illusion. (F. L.) F. illusion.^!.. "

(Span. W. "
Indian.) Span, iguana. Of ace. ilblsidnem. L. illUsus, pp. oiilliidere; "

West Indian origin.Hayti iuanna,yMana see Illude

" (above).
(Eden.). Illustrate. (L.) From the pp. of
iguanodon, a fossil dinosaur, with illustrdre, to throw lightupon. L. il- "

teeth like an iguana. From igttan-a, a nd (forin),upon ; lust rare, to shine (below).
Gk. 6bov-T-,stem of oBous,tooth, illustrious. (F.-I..; or L.) A badly
II- (l), for in-, prefix, from L. in, coined word ; eitlier from F. illustre,
or

prep., when / follows. Exx. illustri-s,

: bright,renowned.
lusion,
il-
il-lapse, from the L.
"c. (Imitation of industrious.) p. In L.
II- (2), for m-, negativeprefix when illnstris,the prefixil-( in), upon ; -lilstris =

/ follows. il-legible.
Exx. il-legal, il-legiti-stands for *lou-c-stris,from the base liic-,
mate, il-liberal, il-lijnitable, il- as in Lucid, q. v.
il-literate, See Brugm. i. " 760.

2SH
 IM- IMMUNITY

Xm- In some
(i)) prefix.(F. L.) "
I'tal. perplexity.Ital. imbrogli-
itnbroglio, "

wirds, hn- stands for the O. F. form ^w-, are, entangle.Ital. im- (forin),m\
to "

of L. im-, prefix.Or for L, z", in,before broglio,

a broil,confusion ; see Broil (2).
h, vi, ox p. Imbrue,Embrue, drench.
to moisten,
'
Xiu- (2),prefix. (E.) For E. in ; as in (F. L.)" ISI.F. cJiibriier; s'embruer, to
i/n-bed,for in-bed. imbrue or bedable himself with ; ' Cot.
Im- (3),prefix. (L/ L. iin- (forhi),in, Variant of O. Y. embevrer,embreuver,to
when b, m, or p follows. moisten. F. etn- (L.in,in); and a causal "

Im- (4),prefix. (F. L. ; orl..) Nega-

tive verb -bevrer,
" to giveto drink,turned into
prefix; for L. in-, not. Exx. : iin- -brever in the i6th cent., and then into
inaUrial, im-ffiature,im- measurable,im- -bruer; see F. a^r^z^z/^r in Hatzfeld. O.F.
moral,bevrer answers
jueniorial,im-moderate, i?n~modesf, im- to a L. type *biberdre,
to
give to drink ; from L. bibere,to drink.
im-jHoytal, iin-J"iovable,im-miitable,
im-palpable, im-pass-See Beverage.
i?n-pari(y,im-partial,
able, im-passive,
im-patient, Imbue,
ivi-pcccable, to cause to drink in, tinge
im-penetrable,
im-penitent, deeply.(F. L.)
it/i-percepiible, " O.F. imbicer.^L,.
im-
im-pcrfect,
i}n-perishable, bnere,to cause to
pertinent,
im-
i?n-personal, drink in ; where -buere
im-perturbable^ im-piety,im-pious,is a causal form, apparentlyallied to
im-placable, it)i-poIite, im-politic, bibere,to drink.
im-ponderable, im-possible. im-potent, Imitate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. /wz/^?"f,
practicable,
im-
im-probable, im-proper, im-
provident,
to imitate ; irequentative of ^imdre, not
iiii-prudent,
im-piire\ for which found ; cf. L. ifud-go.See Image.
see material,mature, "c. Im.maculate. (L.) 'h.im-maculdtus,
Image, a likeness, statue. (F. L.) F. unspotted.L. zVw- (form-),not; macu-
" "

image. Y.. i?)idginem,

" ace. of imago, a Idtus,spotted.See Maculate.
likeness. Formed, with suffix -ago, from Im.mediate, without intervention or

the base im- in im-itdri,to imitate ; see

(i*". L.) M. F. immediat. L. means, " "

Imitate. im- (for in-'), not; medio tus, pp. of L.

imagine. (F. L.) F. imaginer,to 7)iedidre,
" to be in the middle. L. meditis, "

think. L. imdgindri,to picture

" to oneself,middle. See Medium.
imagine. L. imdgin-,stem of imago,an
" Immense. (F. L.) F. immense." "

image,picture ; see above. Der. imagin-

ary, L. immensus, immeasurable. L. im- (for "

imagi)i-ation. in-),not ; mensics, pp. of metirt, to

Imam, Im.aum, a Muhammedan measure. See Measure.
priest. (Arab.) Arab, imam, a leader, Immerge, to plunge into. (L.) L.
chief,prelate, priest.Arab, root amma, imtnergere(pp. im-uiersus),
" to plunge
'
he tended towards.' Rich. Diet., p. into. L. im- (forin), in; viergere, to "

163. plunge. See Merge. Der. ivimers-ion.

Imbecile, feeble. (F.-L.) Formerly Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
rare as an adj.; but the verb imb^cil,to immigrdre,to migrateto. {Itn-^^in, in.)
is found, and
enfeeble, was confused with See Migrate.
embezzle. " F .
near at hand.
imbecile; M. F. imbecille, Imminent, (L.) L.
'
'
feeble ;Cotgrave. L, imbecillum,ace. imjjiinent-,
" stem of pres. pt. of im-minere,
of imbecilius feeble. to projectover.
(also imbecillis), L. im- (for in),upon; "

(Root unknown.) miner e, to project, as in e-minere. "

Imbibe, to drink in. (F. L. ; or L.) Immit, to inject. (L.) In Kersey

"

F. imbiber (i6thcent,).L. imbibere,to (1715). L. im-mittere,to send into (pp.

"

drink in. L. im- (form-), in; bibere,

" to i7?i?nissus). L. im- ( m), in ; mittere,to " ^

drink. Der. immiss-ion. send. See Missile.

Im.bricated, bent and hollowed like Immolate, to offer in sacrifice. (L.)
lit.
a (L.) Botanical.
gutter-tile. From pp. From pp. of L. imtnoldre,to sacrifice,
of L. imbricdre,to cover with gutter-tiles.to throw meal upon a victim. L. im- (for "

" L. imbric-,stem of imbrex, a gutter- in), upon; mola, meal, cognate with E.
tile. L. if?ibri-,
" decl. stem of i?nber,a Meal (i).
shower of rain.-fGk.dippus, foam; Skt. Immunity, freedom from obligation.
abhra-,a rain-cloud ; Brugm. i. " 466. ,F. L.) iinmnnit^, immunity. L. "
't
.
"

Imbroglio, intrigue,
perplexity.
(Ital.)immiiniidtem,ace. of imfnunitds,exemp-
255
 IMMURE IMPORT

tion. " L. from public impiiigere

iinmunis, exempt (pp.impactus), to bind, fasten;
services. " L.
(forhi), not; munis, see Pact.
tin- See Dispatch.
serving,obliging (whencealso cotjumlnis, Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L.
common). See Comraon. ivipedire, to entangle the feet, obstruct. "

ImiUUre. (F. L.) For em77nire. L. im- ( i}i),

" in ; ped-, stem of pes,
" =

M. F. emmiirer, to shut up in prison, lit. foot. Der. ijjipedi-ment.

to enclose with a wall. L. im- (^ in), Impel. (L.) L. i7npellere,Xo
" =
urge on.
m ; jfiilrus,a wall. L. im- (foriii), on; pellere, to drive; "

Imp, a graft,offspring, demon. (Late see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. impulstis,

L. Gk.) Formerly in a good sense, sb.,from the pp. itnpiilsus.
"

meaning a scion, offspring.M. E. ifnp, Impend, to hang over. (L.) L. im^

a grafton a tree (A. S. impe); ii?ipen, pendere,to hang over. L. i77i-(for in), "

to graft. Late L. impotus,a graft(Lex on, over

"
; penda-e,to hang. See Pen- dant.
Salica) ; [whence also Dan. ympe, Swed.
ympa, G. impferi, O. H. G. impiion,to Imperative. (F.-L.) F. i77iph-atif,
graft J. Gk. "fj.(pvTos,
"
engrafted ; James imperious. L. i7npe7-dtmus, due to a com-
mand. "

i. 2 1." Gk. e/xcpveiv, to implant. Gk. L. imperdtu77i, a command

"
; neut. "

l/x-(forh), in; (pveiv,to produce,from olhnperdtiis, pp. o{i77ipe7'd7-e,to command.

VBHEU, to be ; see Be. See Emperor.

Xinpact, a striking against.(L.) L. imperial. (F.-L.) O.Y. e77iperial,
impact-US, pp. of iinpingere, to impinge. later i77ipi7'iaL L. i77iperidlis, belonging "

See Impinge. to an empire. L. i77iperium, an empire. "

Impaiir,to make worse, weaken.

injure, See Empire.
(F. L.) "

empeiren. O. F. etn- M. E. "

Impertinent. From Im- (4) and
later
peirer, Cot.
empirer, to impaire;' '
" Pertinent.
Late L. impHordre,to make worse. L. "
Impervious. From Im- (4) and
im- (forhi), prep., with intensive force ; Pervious.
and peior,worse, a comparativeform from
(L.) L. i7npetus, lit. a fall-
ing
Impetus. '

'
a lost positive. Cf. Pessimist. on ; a rush,attack, L. h7i- {in), on ; "

Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late pete/'e, to fall, fly, seek. See Petition.
L. impdldre(whenceF. empaler). !^.im- Impinge, to strike against.
"
(L.) L.
(for i}t\,
o n ; pa his, a stake. See Pale (i). i77ipinge7'e, to strike against. L. z'w- (in), "

Im.part. (F. L.) yi.Y. itupartir.^

"
on, upon ; pange7'e, to fasten, also to
L. impartire, ifiiperth'e, to givea share to. strike. See Pact.
" L. im- ( zw), to, upon ; partire,to part, Implement,
= a tool. (Late L.-L.)
from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part. Late L. i77iple7ne7ttti77i, an accomplishing ;
See Part. hence,means for accomplishing.L. im- "

Impassive. From Im- (4) and Pas- sive. plei-e, to lill in, execute. L. i77i-(forin), "

in ; plere. to fill. See Plenary.

Im.pawn. From Im- (3)and Pawn (i ) Implicate. (L.) From pp. of L. i77i- .

Im,peach, to chargewith a crime. (F. plicdre,to involve. L. i77i- (i^i),

'
in; "

"
L.) The original sense was to hinder ; plicd7-e, to fold.
'
See Ply.
as. 'to impeach and stop their breath,' implicit. (F. L.) F. h7iplicite.'- "

Holland, tr. of Pliny,b. xi. c. 3.-O. F. L. i77iplicitiis, old pp. of implicd7'e (above).
Implore. (F. L.) F. imploj-er.^'L
' '
empescher,to hinder,stop,bar,impeach; "

Cot. Older spelling empeescJier, where the i77iplord7'e, to implore. L. if?i- ( in),on, " =

s is adventitious. [Littre and Scheler con-

nect upon ; pldrd7-e, to wail. Cf. de-plore.
the mod. F. empecherwith Prov. ej?i- Imply. (F. L.) Coined from L. i77i- "

pedegar, f rom Late L. iynpedicdre, to fetter. iin),aDd p/y; as if from a F. *i77iplier;

" L. im- (foriii), on, upon; pedica, but the F. form was
a i7npliquer, still
fetter,from ped-, stem of pes, a foot.]earlier e77iploier (whence E. e77iploy). See
p. At the same time the usual sense of E. Ply.
impeachand some (atleast)of the senses Import. (F." L. ; or L.) In two
of O. F. empescherabove are due to O. F. senses : (i) to signify. M. F. i7/ip07'ter,
to "

Ital.
empacher,^T^SiXv.empachar,impaccia^x, L.
signify. i77iportdre, to import, bring "

to delay; from a Late L. frequent, form in, introduce, cause : (2)to bring in from
{^impacticdre,in Korting," 4110) of L. abroad ; directly from the same L. hn-

2 56
 IMPORTABLE IMPROVISE

tortdre. " {in),in ; p07'idre,

L. im- to bring.I not ; F. prendre,from L. prehendere, to
Der. i.e.
import-ant^ importing mucli. take,seize. See Prehensile.
See Port (i). Impregnate, to render pregnant. (L.)
importable, intolerable; obsolete. (F. IVom pp. of L. imprcegndre,to impreg-
nate."
" L. ) M. F. importable.L. importdbilis, L. im- (for ill),in; ^pragndre,
"

that cannot be borne. L. im- {in-), not; onlyused in the pres. pt. p}-crg?tans
"
; see
portare, to bear. Pregnant.
Importune, to molest. (F. L.) From Imprese, an heraldic device,with a
"

M. E. importune,adj.,troublesome. F. motto. (F.-Ital.-L.) In Rich. II. iii. "

importun,'importunate;'Cot. L. im-
speltimpresa(Nares). O. F.
"
I. 25. Also "

portHnus, unfit,unsuitable,troublesome. imprese.-'\\.z\.. impresa, an imprese,an '

' '

Orig. *
hard of access ; from L. im- {in- enibleme ; also, an enterprise; ,
Florio.
not ; portus, access, a harbour. See Port Fem. of impreso,undertaken (hence,
(2). Der. itnporticti-ate, from pp. of adopted), pp. oi imprendere, to undertake.
Late L. importundri, to vex, dep.vb. L. in, in ; prehendey-e, to lay hold " of.
Impose. (F. L. and Gk.) F. i7n- Doublet, emprise,
" an enterprise, Spenser,
poser, to layupon. F. im- (L. in),upon ; F. Q. ii. 4. 12 ; from F. emprise,
" fem. pp.
V. poser, to lay. See Pose (i). of emprendre, to undertake (Cotgrave) =

Imposition. (F. L.) Y. imposition.Ital. imprendere.Der. impresario,an

"

" L. ace. impositionem, a layingon. L. undertaker, stage-manager ; from impresa

"

impositus, pp. of impdnere, to lay on. 1.. an undertaking. "

im- {in), on ; ponere, to lay. Impress. (L.) L. impressdre,fre- quent,

impost. (F. L.) O.
" F. impost, a of imprimere, press upon.
to L. "

tax. "L. pp. neut. impositum (above), a im- {in),on ; premere, to press. See
thingimposed. Press.
Imposthnme, an abscess. (F. L." imprint. (F. L.) The verb, in Sir
" "

Gk.) Belter apostume, as in Cotgrave. T. More, is formed as if from im- and "

'
M.F. apostume, an apostume, an inward print ; but we also find M. E. einpreinten.
swellingfull of corrupt matter.' A still O. F. einpreinte, a stamp, print;' " Cot. '

better spelling is M". F. aposteme, also in Orig.fem. of pp. of empreindre,to print, '

'

Cotgrave. L. apostema. Gk. dnvaTrjfxa,

"
stamp ; id. L. imprimere,to impress,
" "

a standingaway from ; hence,a separationpress upon (above). See Print.

of corrupt matter. Gk. dv6,away "
; ctttj-, Imprison. (F. L.) For emprison. "
"

base of 'larrjfu, I set, place, stand. O. F. emprisonner,to imprison. O. F. "

CVSTA.) etn- (forL. in) in ; prison,a prison.See ,

Impostor. (L.) L. impostor,a de- ceiver; Prison.

from L. impdnere, to impose,also, Impromptu, a thing said off hand.
to imposeupon, cheat. See Imposition. (F. L.) i* impromptn. L. in projitptii, "
.
"

Impotence. iF.-L.'j F. (andO. F.) in readiness ; where promptu is abl. of

impotence.!., impotentia,
" inability. L. promptus, a sb. formed from promere, to
"

impoteiit-, stem of impotens, powerless. bringforward ; see Prompt.

See Im- (4)and Potent. Impropriate, to appropriate to private
Impoverish. (F. L.) From O. F. use. (L.) Coined from L. im- {in),in ;
"

empovris-, stem of pres. pt. of etnpovrir, propridre, to appropriate, from proprius,

to impoverish.F. ein- "
(=L. in), tremely
ex- one's own. See Proper.
; O. F. povre, poor, from Lat. Improve. (F." L.) Y oxvatxXy empi-ove,
pauperem, ace. of pauper, poor. See for late M. E. enproiven (Skelton), which
Poverty and Poor. was itselfan alteration of M. E. approwen,
Imprecate. (L-) From pp. of L. im- to benefit. "O.P\ aproer, approzver, to
precdrT,to call down upon by prayer. L. " benefit. O.F.
" a (for L. ad, to),and
im- {in^,
upon ; precdri,
to pray. See Pre-
cariousproit,sb.,profit, answeringto Ital. prode,
and Pray. sb., benefit. Cf. Ital. prode,adj., good,
Impregnable. (F.-L.) The gn valiant ; see Prowess. ^ The O. F.
orig.representedthe sound of " followed sb. emprovement, improvement, occurs in
by a slightglide: cf. M. E. regne, pron. Godefroy.
whence
(ren'ya), E. reign. F. imprenable, Improvise. (F. Ital." L.) F. im-
" "

'

'impregnable ; Cot. F. iin- ( L. "

improvvisare,
in-).proviser."lt.a.l. to sing ex- =

257
 IMPUDENT INCESSANT

temporaneous verses. Ital. improvviso^ Inaugurate.

"
(L.) From pp. of L.
sudden, unprovided for. L. improuisiisin-augurdre,to practiseaugury, to con-
" secrate,
,

unforeseen. L. im- (forin- ),not ; pro, be-

" fore begin formally. L. in,in,upon ; "

; uisus, pp. of tiidere,

to see. See augiir, an augur ; see Augur.
Vision. Inca, a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv,
Impudent, shameless.
(F.-L.) F. inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. ^apay kapac
iinpiident.L. i?nptident-,
" stem of im- Inca, king of Peru {^apay only ; kapac =

ftidens, shameless. L. z""- (forin),not;

"
lord). Inca was orig.the chief of a =

pudens, modest, pres. pt. of pudere, to tribe (Oviedo).

feel shame. Incandescent, glowing hot. (L.)
Impugn. (F. L.) Y.impugner.^l..
" From stem of pres. pt. of itt-candescere,
to

impugndre,to fightagainst.L, im- (for glow; where candescere is the inceptive

"

m), against; piigndre,to fight, homptigna, form of candere, to glow. See Candid.
a battle ; of. pugfzzis,a fist. Incantation. (F. L.) F. incanta^ "

Impulse ; see impel. lion. L. incantdtid)iem,B.cc.oiincantdt "

Impunity. (F.-L.) F. impuniti. an enchanting.L. incantdre,to enchant. - "

L. ace. impanitdtem,ace. of ir/ipnnitas, L. in, on, upon ; cantdre, to sing, "

impunity. L. impuni-s,without punish-

"
ment. frequent, of canere, to sing.See Enchant
"L. im- ( in-), ment. and Cant (i).
not ; poena, punish-
^

See Pain. Incarcerate, to imprison.(L.) L.

Impute. (F. L.) F. impnter. l^. in, in ; and carcerdtns, pp. of carcerdre,
" "

impuidre,to ascribe. L. i?n- (m),towards; to imprison,

" from career, a prison.
putdre, to reckon. See Putative. Incarnadine, to dye of a red colour.
In, prep. (E.) A. S. in.-^Dw. in, Icel. (F. Ital. L.) F. incarnadin, carnation " "

z",Swed. Dan. i,Goth,

in, G. iji,V^.yn, colour (Cot.).Ital. ificarnadino,carna-
" tion

O. Irish in, L. in, Gk. kv, Ivi. L. in is colour ; also speltincarna-

(Florio)
for O. L. en (asin en-do) Gk. kv. Der. = tifW. "Ital. incarnato,incarnate; also,of
inn-er,A. S. innera; in-most,A. S. inne- flesh colour. "L. incarndtus,pp. of incar-
mest (i.
e. inne-m-est, a double superl.ndre, to clothe with flesh (below).
form). The form innermost is also a cor-
ruption incarnation. (F." L.) Y.incama-
of A. S. innemest. Also in-ward, tioti. L. ace. incarndtionem,embodiment "

there-in,where-in,with-in, in-as-miich,in flesh. L. incarndtus,pp. of incarnare^ "

in-so-much,in-ter-, in-tro-. And see Inn. to clothe with flesh. L. in,on ; and carn-f "

(E.) In
In- (i),prefix. some words, it decl. base of caro, flesh. See Carnal.
is onlythe prep, in in composition.Exx. imendidriuSy
: Incendiary. (L.) L.
in-bred,
in-born,in-breathe, in-land,"c. incendium, a burning. setting
on fire. L.
"

And see Im- (i). L. incendere,to set on fire. L. /", " "

In- (2),prefix. (L.) In some words, it upon ; and '^candere, to burn (notfound),
is the L. prep, in in composition. Exx. : allied to Skt. chand, to shine.
in-augurate,in-carcerate, 8cc. Sometimes, incense (i),to inflame. (L.) From
it has passedthroughFrench ; as in-dica- L. incensiis, pp. of incendere,to set on
tion,"c. % It becomes il- before /, zV;/- fire ; see above.
before b, ?n, and p, ir- before r. incense (2),smell of burnt spices.
In- (3), negative (L.; or F. L.) (F. L.) F. encens, incense,burnt spices.
prefix. " "

From L. neg. prefix in-,cognate with E. L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut. "

neg. prefix t in- : see Un- (i).An-, A- (q). pp. of incendere,

of to set on fire (above).
"([It becomes i- before gn, as in t-gnoble ; Incentive. (L.) L. incentluus,strik-
ing
il- before /; iin- before /;,m, and p\ ir- up a tune, inciting. L. '^incentus, "

before r. Der. in-ability, unused pp. of incinere,to sound an instru-

in- accessible, ment.
See, "c. ; for which see able,access. Sec. L. in, into ; and canere, to sound, "

Inane, empty, silly, useless. (L.) L. sing. See Chant.

itidnis, void, empty. Inceptive. (F.-L.) O. F. imeptif,
Root unknown.
Der. inan-i-ty. adj.,beginning(Godefroy). Late L. *in- "

inanition, exhaustion from lack of ceptivus(not found). L. incept-us, pp. of "

em-pty- incipcf-e,
'
food. (F." L.) F. iflajiilion,
an to begin ; see Incipient.

ing;' Cot. From the pp. of indnire,to Incessant, ceaseless. (F. L.) F. "

empty ; from indnis (above). incessant. ^L,. incessant- stem oiincessans.

2
 INCEST INDEMNIFY

unceasing. L. in-,not "

ceasing,can, I know (how)j cf. Icel. kunnigj\
; cessans,
pres. pt. of cessare, to cease, frequent,of knowing, wise.
cedere, to yield. See Cease and Cede. Incorporate. (L.) L. incoipordtus,
Incest, impurity.(F." L.) M. E. /;?- pp. of incorpordrc, to furnish with, a
cest.'-Y. inceste,sb. m, L. incestus (gen. body; hence to form into a body. L. in,
" "

-wj-),incest. L. incestus^unchaste.
" L. in ; corpor-,stem of corpus, a body. See "

in-,not ; castus, chaste. See Chaste. Corporal (2).

Inch (i),the twelfth part of a foot. (L. Increase. (F. L.) yi.Y.. incresen, "

"
Gk.) M.E. inche. A. S. ynce. L. encresen. F. en (L.in) ; and A. F. creiss-, " "

uncia,an inch ; also an ounce, one-twelfth stem of pres. pt. of A. F. C7'eistre, O. F.

of a pound. Sicilian ovyKia, the same."
" croisti-e (F. croftre), to grow, from L.
Gk. oyKos, bulk,weight. Doublet, vunce crescere, to grow. See Crescent. Der.
(i). And see Uncial. sb. ;
increase, A. F. encrees.
Inch (2), an island. (Gael.) Gael. L. incrementum, increment. (L.)
innis,an island. + Irish inis \ W. ynys ; an increase. L. in, in, used intensively ;
Bret, enez ; Corn. enys. ere-, as in cre-tum, supineof crescere, to
Incident. (F. L.) Y. incident,^ ^n grow,
" with suffix -mentum. Cf. de-cre-
incident;' Cot. L. incident-, stem
" of 7nent.
pres. pt. of iftcidei-e,to fall upon. L. i7i, Incubate. (L.) From pp. of Lat.
"

on ; and cadere, to fall. See Cadence. incubare,to sit on eggs to hatch them. "

Incipient. (L.) L. incipieni-,

stem L. in, upon ; cubdre, to lie down, to sit.
of pres. pt. of incipere,to begin. L. in, " incubus. (L.) L. incubus,a night-
mare."
upon ; capere,to lay hold of. See Capa-
cious. L. to lie upon
in-cubdre, (above).
Inculcate. (L-) From pp. of L. in-
Incise, to cut into. (F." L.) F. culcdre,lit.to tread in, hence,to enforce
inciser.-^\j. incTsus,pp. of in-cTdere, to by admonition. " L. in, in ; calcdre,to
cut into. L. in,in ; ccedere,
" to cut. See tread. See Calk.
Caesura. From pp. of Late
Inculpate. (L.)
Incite. (F. "
L.) F. inciter. " L.
incu/pdre, bring
L. blame upon. L. to "

incitdre, urge to in, on; on. " L. to blame.

citdre,in, upon ; cidpdre, See Culp-
able.
to urge. See Cite.
Incline, to lean towards. (F. L.) Incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent-, "

F. inclitiej'.^l^. inclindre. L. in, wards

to- stem of pres. pt. of incumbere,to recline
"

; ^clindre,to lean,cognate with E. on, rest on or in (remain in); where

Lean (i),q. v. Doublet, encline. *cumbe7'e is a nasalised form allied to
Inclose. (F. L.) For enclose. cubdre,
" to lie down. So oXio pro-ct{7)iient
,
"

O. F. enclos,pp. of enclorre, to include. prostrate; re-cM7nbent , lyingback upon ; "

L. include f-e, to shut in. to lie under, yieldto.

L. i^i,in ; suc-cu77ib, "

to shut.
clatidere, See Clause. Incur. (L.) L. incurre7-e,to run
include. (L.) From L. inclUdere into,run upon. L. i7t,upon; currere, to "

(above). run. See Current.

Incognito, lit.unknown. L.)
(Ital." incursion. (F. L.) W..Y
" .iruui-sion.
Ital. incogtiito,
unknown. L,. in-co^nitits,L. iticursidne77i, ace. "of ificu7'sio,
an "

not known. L. in-,not ; cognitus,

" known. inroad. L. incursus,pp. of incur7'ere, "

See Cognition. to run into,attack (above).

Income, gain,revenue. (E.) Properly Incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp.
that which comes iJt; from in and come. of L. incurud7'e,to bend into a curve. "

So also ont-come, i.e. result. L. i7i,in; curzidre,to bend. See Curve.

Incommode. (F. L.) F. incom- Indeed, truly.(E.) For in deed,i.e.
"

vioder, to inconvenience. L. incommodare, in fact ; see Deed."

to inconvenience. L. in, not; commodtis, Indelible.

"
(F." L.) For^i7id"leble. '
fit; see Commodious. M. F. i7idelebile, indelible ; Cot. L. "
'
"

Incony, fine, delicate, very dear. (E.) i7idelebilisindelible. L. ?"-, not ; delebiHs, ,
"

In Shak. For in-cottny; where in- is destructible, from delerc, to destroy. See

intensive, as in M. E. in-ly,very ; and Delete.

conny (alsocanny')is North E., meaning Indemnify, to make damage good.
skilful, gentle,pleasant,"c. From E. (L.) HI coined; from L. i7tdemni-s, un-

259
 INDEMNITY INERT

harmed, free from loss ; and F. -fur,for Indite. (F.-L.) Yoxendite. M.F.
L. -Jic-dre,for faccre,to make (as in endicter,O. F. enditer, to indict,accuse;
niagni-fy).L. indeninis is from L. hi-, also speltinditer. Late L. indictdre, to "

not ; and dammim, loss. See Damn. pointout, frequent, of indicere,

to appoint.

indemnity. (F, L.) F. indemniti. See Indicate. " Doubtless confused with
" L. ace. inde7iinitdtem.'^\j. in-demni-s, the closely related L. indicdre,to pointout.
unharmed, free from loss idantnurti). Indolence. (F. L.) Y. indolence. " "

Indent (i),to cut into points like L. indolentia,freedom from pain; hence,
teeth. (Law L.) A law term. Law L. ease, idleness. L. z"-, not; dolent-,stem
" "

indent are, to notch. "L. in, in; dent-, of pres. pt. of dolere,to grieve. See
stem of dens, a tooth. Der. indenture Doleful.
(F. endentnre); so called because duplicate Indomitable. (L.) Coined from in-,
deeds were cut with notched
domitdre, to subdue, frequent,of
edges to fit not ;
one another. doindre,to tame. See Daunt.
Indent (2),to make a dint in. (E.) Indubitable. (F." L.) M..Y. indubi-
table.
From E. in, prep. ; and dent, a dint. L. induhitdbilis,
not to be doubted. "

See Dint. Suggestedby ijident (i),but doubtful,from

L. in-,not ; dzibitdbilis, "

quitea distinct word. dubitdre,to doubt; see Doubt.

Index. (L.) L, index (stemindie-), a Induce. (L.) L. huhlcere,to lead to.
discloser,something that indicates. L. L. in, in, to ; ducere, to lead ; see " "

indicdre, to point out. L. in, in, to ; Duke. "

dicdre, to appoint, declare,allied to induct. (L.) From L. induct-us, pp.

dicere,to say ; see Diction. of inducere,to bringin (above).
indicate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-
dicdre,Indue (0, to invest or clothe with,
pointat, pointout (above).
to supplywith. (L.) In Spenser,F. Q. iii.
indict. (F. L.) For indite (which 6. 35. L. induere,to put into, put on,
" "

is the French spelling),

and so pronounced. clothe with. The prefix is ind-, not
See Indite. ill- (for this prefixsee Indigent); cf.
indiction, a cycle of fifteen years. ex-uuice, spoils, ind-uuice, clothes. See
(L.) O. F. indict ion, an appointmentof Exuvis3.
tributes arrangedfor fifteen years; the lit. Indue (2),a corruptionof Endue, q.v.
sense is merely appointment.' L. in- Indulgence. (F.-L.) ". indulgence.
'
"

dictionem,ace. of indictio,an appointment, L. indulgentia.L. indulgent-, stem of " "

esp. of aindicttis,
tax. pp. of ijidicere,
" L. to be courteous
pres. pt. of indiilgere, to,
to appoint,impose a tax. L. in, upon ; indulge. (Of unknown origin.)
"

dicere,to say.See Diction. Indurate, to harden. (L.) From pp.

Indigenous, native. (L.) Late L. of L. indilrdre,to harden. " L. in,inten-
sive
native ; with suffix
indigen-us, -ous. " L. ; to harden,from
dilrdre, durus,hard.
indi- = O. Lat. indu, within (cf.Gk. See Dure.
; and
'ivhov) gen-, as in gen-i-ttis,
born, pp. Industry. (F. " L. ) F .
industrie. "

oi gignere, beget; to see Genus. L. industria. " L. diligent.

industrius,
Indigent, destitute. (F.-L.) M.F. Originuncertain.
indigent.L. indigent-,
"stem of pres. part, Inebriate. (L.) From L. inebriatus,
ofindigere,to be in want. L. ind-, for pp. of inebridre,to make
" drunk. L. in, "

indu, an O. Lat. extension from in, in in, very; ebridre,to make drunk, from
Gk.
(cf. within); egere, to want, be ebriiis,
'iv^ov, drunk. See Ebriety.
in need ; cf. L. indigus,
needy. Cf. Gk. Ineffable.
(F.-L.) F. ineffable.^
o-x^v,poor, needy (Theocritus). L.ineffabilis,
unspeakable. L. in-, not; "

Indigo, dye. (F.-Span. L.

a blue "
ef-(forex), out ; fd-ri,to speak; with
"
Gk. Pers.
"
Skt.) F. indigo. Span. " " suffix -bills .
See Fate.
indico. L. indictwi,indigo; neut. of
"
Inept, (F.-L.) XVII cent.
foolish.
Indicus, Indian (henceIndian dye). Gk. " " M.
inepte. F. ineptus,improper," L.
IvhiKov,indigo; neut. of 'I"'5t"os,
Indian. " foolish. L. in-,not; and aptus,fit. (Also
"

Pars. Hind, India ; a name due to the inapt,from in-,not, and apt.) See Apt.
river Indus. Skt. sindhu-,
" the river Indus ; Inert. (L.) L, inert-,stem of iners,
a large river, Skt. syand,to flow. % The
" inactive."L. in-,not ;
unskilful, ars, skill.
Persian changesinitial s into h. See Art (2).
260
 INGLE INN

Ingle (2),a darling,

paramour. (Du. Inhibit, to (L.) From L. in-
hibit check._
or Fries. -L. Gk.) Also engle (Nares).
"
us, pp. of inhibere,to keep in,hold
M. Du. ingel,engel,an angel (hence,a in. L. in^ in; habere, to have, keep. "

term of endearment). Koolman notes E. See Habit.

Fries, engel, an angel, beingcommonly
as Inimical. (L.) L, inimTcalis, ex-
tended

used as a term of endearment and as a from inimiais, hostile. L, in-^ "

female name. " L. angelus. " Gk. not ; and

a.-^'^cXos, amicus, friendly.See Enemy
See Angel. and Amiable,
Ingot, a unwrought metal.
mass of Iniquity, vice. (F, L,) M, E, in- "

(E.) M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677, iquitee. F. iniquite. L. inlquitdtem, " "

"c., where it means a mould for molten ace, of iniquitds,injustice.L. ?'"-,

not ; "

'
metal. But the true sense is that which equity. See Equity.
(zqtiitas,
is poured in,' a mass of metal. A. S. in, Initial, pertainingto the beginning.
"

in ; and got-ett, poured,pp. of geotan, to (F. L.) F, i)iiiial.-''L. initidlis, adj. "

pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. Swed.

ingieten, from initium, a beginning. L, inituniy "

ingjtita, pour
to in. Also Du. gieten,G. supineof in-Ire,to go in,to enter into or
giessen, Icel.gjota (pp.gotitzn),Dan. gyc/e,upon. L. in, in ; ire, to go. "

Swed, gjuta,Goth, giutan^to pour, shed, initiate, to begin. (L.) From pp.
fuse; cognate with.'L./tmdere. (^GHEU.) of L. itiitidre, to begin, L, initiu77i "

Hence F. lingot,for Vingot. + G. ein- (above).

gtiss, a pouring in,also an ingot; Swed, Inject. (L.) From iniectus, pp. of
ingote,the neck of a mould for metals. L. inicere,to cast in,throw into. L. iti, "

Ingrain, to dye of a fast colour. (F. in ; iacere,

to throw. See Jet (1). "

L.) M, E. engreyncn. M. F. engrainer Injunction, command,

"
^L.) From
(Palsg,).F. en graine, in grain,with a L. iniunctio,an order. L. iniunctus,pp.
" "

fast colour. F. en, in (L. in)\ Late L. of iniungere,

" to bid. See Enjoin.
grdna, cochineal dye, from grdnntn, a Injure. (F- L.) F. inJurier.'^'LaXe "

grain. See Grain and Cochineal. L. iniiiridre ; for L. iniiiridrt,

to harm. "

Ingrate, ungrateful,
(F. L.) " F, in- L. iniuria,harm. L. iniHrius,wrong. " "

grat."!^.ingrdtus,not pleasing.L. in-, " L. in-,not ; mr-, for iUs, law, right.See
not ; grdtus, pleasing.See Grateful. Just.

Ingratiate, to commend to the favour Ink. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.-K. enke.~

of. (^L.) Coined
L. in, in ; from gratia, O. F. enque L. incaus-
(F. encre).'-'La\.Q
favour,grace. See Grace. tu?n ; L. encaustum, the purple-red ink
Ingredient, that which enters into a used by the later Roman emperors ; neut.
compound. (F. L.) F. ingredient "
(the of encaiistus, burnt in. Gk, eyKavaroSy "

same). L. ingredient-,
" stem of pres. pt. burnt in. Gk. "v, in ; Kaioo, I bum. (Cf. "

of ingredl, to enter upon, begin (^hence to Ital, inchiostro,ink,) See Encaustic.

enter into). L. in, in ; gradi,to go.
" See Inkle, a kind of tape. (Originun- known.)

Grade. Perhapsfrom M. Y)\x..enckel, Du.

ingress. (L.) L. ingressus,an enter-ing. enkel,single, as opposed to double ; but
L ingressus,
"
pp. of ingredi(above).there is no obvious connexion.
Inguinal, relating to the groin. (L.) Inkling, a hint,intimation. (Scand.?)
L. ingziindlis Uhe same). L. inguin-, M. E. inkling,a whisper,murmur,
" low
stem of inguen, the groin. speaking. Alexander, when in disguise,
Inhabit. ^F. L.) M. F. inhabit er. - " feared he was discovered,because he '
herd
'
L. inhabitdre,to dwell in. L. in, in; habi- " a nyngkiling of his name ; AUit. romance

tdre, to dwell. See Habitation. of Alexander, 2968 ; where a nyngkiling

Inhale. (L.) L. inhalare, to breathe stands for an yngkiling. 'To incle the
in,draw in breath." L. in, in; hdldre,to tmthe'=to hint at the truth,Alisannder
breathe. Cf. Exhale. (inapp. to Wm. of Palerne), 616. Origin
Inherent. (L.) L. inhcerent-,stem unknown ; perhaps allied to Swed. enkel,
to stick in. Hence
of pres. pt, of i7i-hcerere, single; cf. et enkelt ord, a singleword ;
'
inhere,as a verb. See Hesitate. M. Du. enckelinge,a falling
or a ishing
dimin-
'
Inherit. (F. L.) 0.". enheriter.'^"
of notes ; Hexham.
Late L. inker editare. L. in, in ; hered-em, " Inn, sb. (E.) M. E. in, inn. ^h,^.
ace of heres,an heir. See Heir. inn, in, sb.,room, dwelling. A. S. in, "

26;
 INNING INSTEP
'
inn, adv.,within,indoors. A.S. in, prep.,
" sectum, lit. a i.e. nearly
thingcut into,'
in.+Icel.
z""z, an inn ; inni,adv.,indoors. divided,from the shape. L. insectus,pp. "

See In. of insecure,to cut into. L. in, into; "

inning. (E.) Properlythe securing secdre, to cut. See Secant.

or from
housing of grain, inn, vb., due Insert. to insertus,
pp. (L.) From L.
inn, (above).
sb. Also innings, of inserere,to introduce,put in. L. w,
at "

used
cricket,invariably in the plural,in ; serere, to join,put. See Series.
because the side which is in consists of Insidious. (F.-L.) F. insidieux^
several
players. deceitful. L. insidiosus, treacherous. L. " "

Innate, in-born. (L.) L. inndtus, in-

born.insidice,pi.troops of men who lie in wait,
L. in, in ; ndtus, born ; see Natal,
" also cunningwiles. L. insidere, to lie in "

Innocent. (F. L.) Y .innocent. "V.. wait, lit. 'to sit

" in.' L. in, in; sedere, to "

innocent-,stem of innocens, harmless." sit. Sec Sedentary.

L. in-, not ; nocens, pres. pt. of nocere, to Insig'nia. '^L.)1^. ijtsignia^vazxk'"oi
hurt. See Noxious. office; pi.of insigne, which is the neuter
innocuous. (L.)L. innocn-us,harm-
less of remarkable.
insignis, " L. in, upon;
; with sufhx -ous. " L. in-,not ; nocere, signuvi,a mark. See Sign.
to hurt. Insinuate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-
Innovate, to introduce somethingnew. sinudre, to introduce by winding or

(L.) From pp. of L, innoudre, to renew, bending. " L. z", into ; simis (gen.
simls),
make new. " L. in, in ; nouns, new. See a bend. See Sinus.
Novel. L. insipidus.^L. in-, Insipid. (L.)
Innuendo, indirect hint. (L.) Not not; sapidus,
an savoury. See Sapid.
inuendo.
to be spelt From L. innuendo, Insist. (F. L. ") F. insister. L. in- -
-

by intimating; gerund of innuere,to nod sistere,

t o set foot on, persist.L. in,in; "

towards, intimate. " L. in, in,at ; nnere, sistere, from

to set,stand, sidre, to stand.
to nod. See Nutation. See State.
Inoculate. (L.) In old authors it Insolent. (F.-L.) M.Y. insolent.
means engraft.'L. ifwciildtiis,
'
to pp. of " " F. insolent,saucy. "I^. insolent-,stem
insert a graft. L.
inoculdre,to engraft, "
of insolens,
insolent ; of doubtful origin.
'

in, in ; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a Perhaps swellingagainst

'

; from L. in-,
plant. See Ocular. and sol-,
against, weak gradeof vb. to swell.
Inordinate. (L.) L. inordinatus.-^ Inspect. (L.) L. inspectdre, to ob-
serve
L. in-,not ; ordered,controlled,
ordindtiis, ; of inspicere,
frequent, to look into.

pp. of ordindre ; see Ordain. And see " in, into; specere, to
L. look. See
Order. Species.
Inquest. (F. L.) " Later of
spelling Inspire. (F.-L.) O. F. enspirer^
L. M. F.
M. E. enqueste. O. F. enc/neste.'-hsite inspirer(Cot.)."L. inspirdre, to
inquesta,sb.,from inquesta,fern, of Late breathe into. L. in, into ; spirdre, to
"

L. inquJsTtiis,
inquestus.^1^, pp. in- breathe. See Spirit,
quirer of
e, to search into. L. in, into ; Inspissate, to make thick, (L.) "

quaerere, to search. See Query. From pp. of L. inspissdre, thicken."

to

inquire, late spellingof Enquire, L. in, in; spissus,thick,dense.

q.v. instance, '"'m- Instance. (F. L.)
" Y.
inquisition. (F. L.)
instantia,a
" F. mqmsi- stance, urgency;'Cot. " L.
tion. L. ace.
" inquisTtionem, a search being near, urgency. L. instant-,stem "

into. L. inquTsitus,
"
pp. of inqulrere ; of pres. pt. of instdre,to be at hand, to
see Inquest (above). urge. L. in, upon, near; stare, to stand. "

Inscribe. (L.) L, inscribere, to See State.

write in or upon; pp. inscriptns (whence Instead. (E.) For iti stead,i.e. in
inscription).
L. iji, upon "
; scrihere,to the place. See Stead.
write. See Scribe. Instep, upper the
part of the foot,
Inscrutable, that cannot be scrutin-
ised. where it rises to the front of the leg. (E.)
(F. L.) " F. inscrtctable.'^'L. in- Formerly instup and ins top (Minsheu).
scrutdbilis, " L. in-, not ; scrutdri, to These forms may be related to A. S. stop-,
scrutinise. See Scrutiny. as seen in stop-el,
a O. Sax.
footprint,
Insect. (F. L.) Y. insecte.-^l^.in-
"
stop-o,a step (cf.Du. stoep,a set of steps,
263
 NSTIGATE INTERCOURSE

G. a step, stair)
stufe, ; from stop, strong a covering,skin. " L. in,upon ; tegere,to
of
grade stapan, to advance (whence the cover ; see Tegument.
secondary verb steppan, to step). The Intellect. (F.-L.) Hi. Y. intellect. -

reference seems to be to the movement of L. intellectus, discernment."

perception,
the foot in walking. See Step. L. intellectus, pp. of intelligere, to cern.
dis-
Instigate, urge on. (L.)
to From L. ifttcl-,
" for inter,between ; legere,
pp. of mstigdre, to goad on. L, in, on ; " to choose. See Legend.
and base "^stJg-,to prick,allied to L. intelligence.(F. L.) " F. gence.
intelli-
stinguere,to prick; see Distingmsh. intelligentia,
" L.
perception.L. "

See Brugm. i. " 633. intelligent-,

stem of pres. pt. of intelligere,
Instil. (F.-L.) F. in stiller. -\.. to discern,understand (above).
instillare,
to pour in by drops. L. in,
"
intelligible.(F.-L) F. gible.
intelli-
in ; stilldre,
to drop,from stilla, drop. a " L. intelligibilis,
perceptibleto the
See Still (2). senses. " L. intelligere,
to discern (above);
Instinct. (F." L; ^rL.) Y. instinct, with suffix -bilis.
sb. L. instincttim,ace. of instincttis,
" an Intend. (F.-L.) M.Y. entenden."
impulse. L. instinctus,
"
pp. of instingnere,Y entendre. '^Y.. intendere,
to stretch to, .

to goad on. L. in, on ; stinguere^to bend or applythe mind to, design. L. in,
" "

prick. See Distinguish. to stretch.

te7idej-e, See Tend (i). to ;
Institute. (L.) From L. institilfus, intense. (F. L.) O. F. intense." "

to set, establish.
pp. of institzici'e, L. in, L. intens-us,
stretched out, pp. oiintendere
"

to place,
in ; stattiere, from statti-s, verbal (above).
sb. from stare, to stand. See State. intent, design.(F. L.) " M. E. tente.
en-

Instruct. (L-) From L. instructus, F. entente, intention ; participial "

pp. of to build into,instruct.

instrue7-e, sb. from F. entendre,to intend; see Intend. "

L. in,in ; strnere, to pileup, build. See And see below.

Structure. intent, adj.(L.) L. intentus,bent
instrument. (F. L.^ " F. instru-
ment. on ; pp. of intendere ; see Intend,
-'Y., instriiinenttim,
an implement, Inter. (F. L.) " M. E. enterj-en. " Y.
tool. " L. inst7'nere (above); with suffix enterrer, to bury. Late L. interrdre,to "

-mentttm. put into the ground. L. itt,in ; te^-ra, "

Insular. insular.
CL.) L. zw^w/ar/j', "
ground. See Terrace. Der. inter-ment,
L. insula,an island. Cf. Isle. F. enterrement .

Insult, F. instdter.
vb. L. Tutev-fpf'ejix,
(F. L.)-
amongst. (L.) L. ijtter, "

insultdre,
to leap upon, scoff at, insult; among ; a comparative form, answering to
of insillre^
frequent, to leapupon. L. in, Skt. antar, within ; closelyallied to In-
terior,
"

on ; satire,to leap. See Salient. q. V. Also Intel- (before /).

Insurgent. (L.) L. insurgent-, stem Intercalate, to insert. (L.) From
of pres. pt. of to rise up or on,
insurgere, pp. of L. intercaldre, to proclaim that
to rebel. "L. in,on ; surgere, to rise. See a day has been inserted in the calendar,
Surge. to insert. " L. inter, amongst; caldre,to
insurrection. (F.-L.) F. insur-
rection. proclaim. See Calends.
froumom.
insurrectioftem,
" L.acc. Intercede. (F. L.) " F. interdder. "

insurrectio.'^L. insurrectus,
pp. of in-
surgere, lit. to go
L. intercedere, between ; hence,
to rebel (above). L. inter,between ; to mediate. " cedere,to
Intaglio, a kind of carved work.
(Ital.go. from
Der. inter cessioji, See Cede.
" L.'i Ital. intaglio,
a sculpture,
carving. the pp. intercess-us.
" Ital. intagliare,
to cut into. Ital. iti Intercept. (F.-L.) Y .intercepter."
"

( L. z"),in ; tagliare Late L. talidre, L. interccpt-us,

= =
pp. of intercipere,lit. to
taledre,to cut twigs,to cut, allied to catch between. L. inter,
between ; capere, "

tdlia,tdlea,a slip,
twig. to take. See Capacious.
Integer, whole number. a (L.) L. Intercourse. (F. -

L.) Formerly
integer, whole, entire ; lit.untouched, i.e. cntercourse. " F.
entrecours, intercourse,
unharmed. L. ijt-,not ; *tag-,base of
" commerce. " Late L. intercursus, com-
merce

tangere,to touch. See Tangent. Brugm. ; lit.a running amongst. L. inter, "

i. 244 (3); ii. " 632. amongst ; ctirsus, a running,course, from

Integument. (L.) L,.integitme7ttum,
the pp. oicurrere,to run. See Course.

264
 INTERDICT INTERSPERSE

Interdict, sb. (L.) Law L. inter- L.) F. interner.'-'Y. interne,internal,

dictum, a kind of excommunication ; in kept within. L. intermis,inward; from "

Latin, a decree. L. intej-dictzis,

"
pp. of inter,within,and suffix 'nns. See Inter-.
interdicere, to pronounce a judgment internal. (L.) Cf. O. F. interne!.
between two parties.L. inter^between; " From L. intcrn-us (above); with suffix
dicere,to say. See Diction. -al {l..-diis).
^

Interest (i),profit, advantage.(F." Internecine, thoroughly destructive.

L.) AL F. interest (F.interet), an interest (L. L. internecTfizis, thoroughly destruc-
tive" I

in a thing, interest for money (Cot.). L. L. internecio, utter slaughter.L.

" "

interest, it is profitable ; 3 pers. sing,of inter, thoroughly (seeLewis); and necdi-e,

interesse, to concern, lit.*be among.' L. to kill, from nee-, stem of nex, death.
" Cf.
inter,among; esse, to be. See Inter- Gk. ueicvs, a corpse. Brugm. i. " 375.
and Essence. Interpellation.(F. L.) Y.ijtter- "

interest (2),to engage the attention pellatiojt. L. ace. interpelldtionem. L. " "

of another. (F. L.) A curious word ; interpelldtus,

"
pp. of interpelldre, to drive
formed (by partial confusion with the verb between, to hinder, interrupt.L. inter, "

above) from the pp. interess'd of the between ; pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
obsolete verb to interess, used byMassinger Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L.
and Ben Jonson. M. F. interesse,
" in- interpoldre, to furbish up, patch, '
late."
interpo-
teressed,or touched in;' Cot. L. in- teresse, L. interpohts, interpolis,
" polished
to concern (as above). Der. up. L. inter,in, between ; polire, to "

Hence dis-interested,
from the verb polish.See Polish.
interest,
dis-
orig.a pp. and speltdisinteressd. Interpose. (F.-L. aw^/Gk.) Y.in-
Interfere. (F. L.) Formerly ^"/^r- toposer, to put between.
" L. inter,be-
tween "

feir,to dash one heel againstthe other ; Y. poser, to put ; see Pose (i).
(Blount). O.F. s""entrefej'ir,
to exchange Interposition. iF.-L.' F. inter-
position.
blows. F. entre,between ; ferir,
" to strike. L. ace. inierpositid72em.^\iX\iX "

" L. inter,between; ferirc,to strike. between. L. interposittts, pp. of i^iterpo- "

See Ferule. nere, put between.

to L. inter,between "
;

Interior. (F. L.) " O.Y. interior.^ ponere, to put. See Position.
L. interiorem,ace. of interior,comp. of Interpret, to explain. (F." L.) M.E.
interns,within. In-terns itselfwas orig. interpret en. IVI.F. interpreter.L. inter-
pret " "

a comparativeform, answering to Skt. dri,to expound. L. interpret-, stem of "

antara-, interior. The positiveis the L. interpres,an interpreter,

properlyan agent,
in ; in ; Brugm. i. " 466,
see In. broker. The latter pnrt of the word is
Interjacent. (L.) From pres. pt. of perhaps allied to L. pret-itmi, price; see

L. to lie between.
interiacete, L. inter, " Price.
between ; iocere,to lie. See Jet (i). Interregnum. (L.) From L. inter,
interjection.(F.-L.) between ; regnum,
Y. interjec-
tion, a reign,rule,from
an a word
interjection, throzvn in to regere, to rule. See Begent.
express emotion. L. ace, inter iectionem,
"
(L.) From pp. of L. interrogate.
a throwing between,insertion, interrogdre,
interjection. to question. L. inter, "

" L. interiectus,pp. of L. intericere,to thoroughly ; rogdre,to ask. See Hoga-

cast between ; iacere,
{^-icere to cast). "
tion.

Interloper,an intruder. (Du. " F. " L. Interruption. (F.-L.) Y. interrup-

tion.
and Du.) Low G. and Du. enterloper "Y.. ace. intcrruptidne7n,a breaking

(Brem.Wort.). Lit. *a runner between ; ' into. L. intei-ruptus,

"
pp. of interrumpere,
coined from F. entre ("L. z'/z/^r), between ; to break into. L. inter,
amongst ; rumpere^
"

and Du. looper, a runner, from loopen,to to break. See Rupture.

run, cognate with E. leap; see Leap. Intersect. (L.) From L. intersectus,
Intermit, to interrupt,
cease awhile. pp. of intersecdre,to cut between or apart.
(L.) L. to send apart,inter-
intermittere, rupt " L. inter,between ; secure, to cut. See
; pp. intermissns.
L. infer,between ; Secant. "

mittere,to send. See Missile. Der. in- Intersperse. (L.^ From L. inter-
termiss-ion,F. intermission, L. ace. to sprinkle
pp. of intetspergere,
in- sperstis,
termissionem ; from the pp. amongst. L. inter,among; spargere,to "

Intern, to confine within limits. (F. scatter. See Sparse. "

265
 INTERSTICE INURE

Interstice. (F. L.) " Y. interstice,'- Intricate, perplexed,obscure. (L.)

L. interval of space. -"L.
interstitium,
an From the pp. of L. intricdre,
to perplex, "

inter, between ; status, pp. of sistere, to L. in, in ; trlcce,

pi.sb,,hindrances,vexa-
tions,

place,from stare,to stand. See State. wiles. See Extricate.

Interval. M.Y.intervalle, intrigue, to form secret plots.
(F. L.) "
(F."
interval. L. interuallum,lit. the space
" Ital. L.) F, intriguer, (alsoM, F. in- "

'
between the rampart of a camp and the triquer,to intricate,perplex,insnare ; '

soldiers' tents. L. inter,

between ; uallum, Cot.). Ital. intrigare
"
(alsointricare),to "
'

'
rampart. See Wall. intricate,entrap ; Florio. " L. intricare
Intervene, to come between. (F. L.) (above).
"

F. intervenir;Cot, L. iniernemre, to "

Intrinsic, inherent. (F. L.) " For
'
come between. L. inter,between; uenire,
" '^intrinsec,M, F. intrinseque,
inward '
;
to come. See Venture. Cot. " L. intrinsecus, lit. followingin-
wards.' '

Intestate, without a will. (F. L.)" " L. ^intri/n,allied to intra,

M. F. intestat. L. intestdtus,that has
" within (cf.interim) ; sec-us, lit.following,
made no will. L. in-,not ; testdtus,pp.
" from to follow.
seqtef, See Sequence.
of testdri,to make a will. See
Intro-,ment.
Testa- Mathin.
prefix^ (L.) L. intro;
adv. closelyallied to L. intrd\ from
an

Intestine. (F.-L.) inner. See Interior.

intertis,
Y.intestin.^d:].,
inward;' Cot.
'intestine, " L. intestimis, Introduce. (L,) L. intrddilcere,
to
inward. Formed
L. intus,within, from bring in. L. intro,within; dilcere,
" to

cognate with Gk. kvros, within ; extended bring. See Duke, Der. introduct-iou
from L. in, in. Cf. Entrails. (from the pp, introduct-us\
Intimate (i),to announce, hint. (L.) Introit, an antiphonsung as the priest
From pp. of L. to bringwithin, approaches
intitndre, the altar. (F. L.) " F. introit.
to announce. " L. intinms,inmost, superl. L, ace, introitum, from " introitus,
corresponding
to comp. interior ; see lit.
terior.
In- 'entrance.' " L, intr-oitus,pp, of
introire,
to enter. " L. intrd,within ; tre^
intimate (2),familiar. (L.) This to go.
form is due to confusion with the word Introspection. (L,) ^
Coined from
above. It is reallyfounded introspect-us, pp. of introspicere^to on M. F. in- L.
*
affected;' look into (with suffix -ion).-mL.
time,inward, secret deer,entirely , intrd^^
Cot. ; from L. intitmis (above). within ; specere,to look. See Species.
Intimidate. pp. of Late (L.) From Intrude, to thrust oneself into. (L.)
L. intimiddre, to L.
frighten. iti, inten-
sive " L. int7-udere,
to thrust into. " L. in, in,
timid.
; timidtis,
prefix See Timid. into ; trudere (pp.trilszis),
to thrust. lied
Al-
Into, prep. (E.) M.Y.into;
to Threaten. Der. intrus-ion, from orig.
two
words. in to, in to, where
A. S. i7t is the pp.
used adverbially, and to is a preposition; Intuition. (F. L.) F. intuition. "

see In and To. Formed, by analogywith tuition, from L.

Intone, to chant. (LateL. L. and intuitus,pp. of intueri,to look upon. "

Gk.) Late L. intondre, to singaccording L. in, upon ; tuerj, to watch. See "

to tone. L. in tonum, accordingto tone ; Tuition.

"

where tonnm is ace. of tonus, borrowed Intumescence, a swelling.(F.-L,)

from Gk. twos ; see Tone. F. intumescence. From stem of pres, pt.
Intoxicate. (Late L. L. and Gk,) of L, inttimescere, to begin to swell,"
"

From pp. of Late intoxicdre,

to make L.
L, in, very ; ttimescere, inceptive
form of
drunk. " L. in, into; toxicum, poison, tumere, to swell. See Tumid.
borrowed from
to^ikov, poison for Inundation.
Gk. (F.-L.) Imitated from
arrows. to^ov, a F, inondation.-'lu. inunddtionem,ace. of
Gk. to^lkov is der. from
bow, of which the pi,ro^a is used to mean inunddtio,an overflowing,L. itiunddre, "

arrows. With Gk. to^ov cf. Gk. Tex-vrj, to overflow, L. in, upon, over ; unda, "

art, or perhaps L. taxus, a yew-tree. a wave. See Undulate.

See Technical. Inure, to habituate. (F. L,") Also "

Intrepid. (L.) less, speltentire, i.e. en tire ; the word arose

fear-
intrepidns, L.
not alarmed. L. iti-,
not; trepidns,from the phrase in (F, en) ure, i. e, in
"

alarmed. See Trepidation. operation, in work, in employment, for-

266
 NVADE IPECACUANHA

merly Here
common. in is the E. prep. inuesttre,to clothe in or with. " L. in,
in ; isfrom O. F. eitre, also spelt
ure nevre, to clothe.
in; tiestire, Sec Vest.
ovre, work, action ; from L. opera, work. Investigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Cf. man-ure man- a uv re!)
= See also to track out.
ijniestlgdre, L. in, in,upon ; "

manure, mana:uvre. See Operate. uestlgdre, to trace, allied to tiestigium,

Invade. (F. L.) " M. F. invader." a foot-track. See Vestige.
L. inuddere (pp. i?ttidsus),
to enter, vade. Inveterate.
in- (L.) L. inueterdtus, pp.
"L. i7i,in; nddere, to go. Der. of iftucterdre,
to retain for a long time. "

invas-ion,from the pp. L. in, in; tieter-, for *2ietes-,

stem of
Invecked, Invected, in heraldry,uctiis,old. See Veteran.
indented successive cusps, with the
with Invidious. (L.) From L. inuididsus,
pointsprojecting inwards. (L.) Lit. causing odium or envy. L. inuidia,envy. "

'carried in.' L. w//'^6"/?/i",

pp.
" of inuehere, L. inuidcre,to envy, lit. to look upon "

to carry inwards. "L. in, in; tiehere,to (ina bad sense).L. in,upon; uidere,to "

carry. See Vehicle. look. See Vision.

Inveigh, to attack with words, rail. Invigorate, to givevigourto. (L.)
(F. L.)"
Y ,envahir, O.F. cnvdir, As if from pp. of Late L. *inuigoi-dre,
From to
to invade,from
enve'tr, L. imiadere (see give vigour to. L. in, towards ; uigor, "

Invade) ; but popularly connected with L. vigour;see Vigour. Cf. Ital. invigorire.
inuehere, to carry into or to, to introduce, Invincible. (F." L.) Y invincible. .

attack, inveighagainst. L. m, against; L. inuiiicibilis. L. in-, not ; uinci-

" " "

7/^-^(?;"?, The
to bring. j3. bilis,easilyovercome, fromlatter etymology
uincere,to
was suggestedby invective, the
conquer; see Vanqnish.
use of E.
borrowed from F. invective,'an invective;' Invite. (F. L.) F. i7iviter. L. -
-

Cot. ; from L. inuectmus, adj., scolding,imiitare,to ask,request,invite. Allied

due to inuectns,pp. of imiehei'e. Hence willing,
to '^utiiis, in in-7iiius,
unwilling.
Cot. has * invectiver,to inveigh.' Brugm. i. " 343. Doublet, vie,q. v.
Inveigle. (F.-L.) In Spenser, F. Q. Invocation. (F. L.) Y invocation. "
.

i. 12. 32. [Indirectlyfrom F. aveugler, L. inuocdtionem, ace. of inuocdtio,a "

to blind; cf. E. aveugle,\.o cajole,seduce, callingupon. L. intiocdtus,pp. of in- "

A. D. 1547, in Froude's Hist. v. 132; and uocdre,to call upon. L. "

in,upon ; uocdre,
A.D. 1543, State Papers, ix. 287.] It to call. See Vocation.
precisely
answers to Anglo-F. enveoglir, invoke. (F. L.) F. invoquer.l.. "
"

to blind,in Will, of Wadington'sManuel inuocdre,to call upon (above).

des Peches,1. 10639 speltalso enveogZer Invoice, a particular
"
account of goods
in N. Bozon. These are mere (ignorant) sent out. (F. L.) A corruption of "?"z^^/j-, "

variants of F, aveugler, to blind (like zV;/- pi.of F. envoi,O.F. envoy, a. sending;

for from
posthnme aposit{?ne), F. aveugle see Envoy. Cf. E. voice,from O. F. vois.
(A. F. enveogles in Bozon), blind. Late Involve. (F. L.) F. involver, to
" "
"

L. *aboculum,ace. of *abocnlus,blind involve;'Cot. L. inuoluere,to roll in, "

(Ducange has avocu /us,also aboctilis, adj.).roll up. L. iji, in; noluere,to roll. See "

" L. ab, without ; ocuhis,eye. % Baret Voluble. Der. involut-ion,involute^

(1580)has: ' inveigle ones minde, occczcare from the pp. inuolHttis; also involucre,
aniimmi^ from L. inuolucrttm,
an envelope.
Invent. (F. L.) F. inventer,to de-
" vise. Iodine, an elementarybody. (Gk.)
Formed, with suffix -er (L. -dre^, Named from the violet colour of its
from L. imient-tis, pp. of inuenire, to vapour. [Cf.F. iode, iodine.]Gk. iajb- "

come upon, find out. L. in,upon ; uenire, r]s,contr. form of toeiS^s,

" violet-like;with
to come. See Ventxire. Der. iftvent- suffix -ine. " Gk. 'io-v,
a violet;efS-oj,
ion,"c. appearance. See Violet.
Inverse, opposite.(F. L.) " M. E. Iota. (Gk.-Heb.) Gk. twra, a letter
invers.-'lsl.Y. invers.'^h. inuersus,pp. of the Gk. alphabet. Heb. yod, the "

of iniiertere (below). smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet,

invert. (L.) L. inuertere,to turn with the power of y. (Of Phoenician
towards up, to invert. L. in^ towards;
or "
origin.)See Jot.
uertere, to turn. See Verse. Ipecacuanha, a medical root. (Port.
Invest. (F. L.) F. investir,-^1.. "
" Port, ipecacuanha(Span.
Brazilian.)
267
 ISOLATE

From
ipecacuand). the Brazilian name of Irrigate, to water. (L.) From pp. of
plant; Guarani ip"kaa-gtiana.IpS= L. irrigdre,
the to flood. L. in,upon ; rigdre^ "

peb, small; kaa, plant; guana, causing to wet, moisten.

sickness. Irritate. (L.)Frompp. ofL.zyr/7Jr^,
Ir- (i),prefix.(L.; or F. L.) For to incite, excite,provoke, tease. App. "

L. in, in,prep., when r follows. related to irrjre,hirrire,to snarl as

Ir- (2),prefix.(L.; or F.-L.) For a dog ; which is prob. an imitative

L. neg. in-,when
prefix r follows. word.
Ire. (F. L.) F. zV'^. L. Ira, anger.
"
"
Irruption. (F.-L.) F. irruption,
irascible. (F. L.) F. irascible.-^ " 'a forcible entry;'Cot " L. ace. irrup-
L. trascibilis,
choleric ; from irascT, to tionein, a breakinginto.
L. " ir- (forhi),
become angry ; with suffix -bilis. L. tra, " into ; rupt-us, pp. of riimpere, to break.
anger. See Rupture.
Iris, a rainbow. (L. Gk.) " L. Iris.^ Is. A. S. is ; from VES, to be. The
Gk. Tpis,a rainbow. Der. general Idg. form is ES-TI, as in Skt.
irid-esc-ent,
irid-iutn ; from irid-,stem of tris. And as-ti,Gk. ka-Ti, L. es-t, G, is-t\ also
see Orris. O. Icel. es, E. is. See also Be, "Was.
Irk, to (E.) M. E. irken,erken, Isinglass, a glutinoussubstance made
weary.
to tire ; also irk,erk,adj. weary. A back from a fish. (Du.) A corruption of M. Du.
formation from M. E. *irkth,for *irgth,huyzenblas (mod. Du. huisblad), isinglass,
; lit. sturgeon-bladder,'
'
later form of A. S. sb. ie7-gP,sluggishness whence isinglass is
from earg, sluggish. obtained; see Sewel. M. Du. huys,stur-
geon "

Iron, a metal. (E.) M. E. iren,also ; blaese,bladder (Kilian).Cf. G. hau-

ire. A. S. Iren, older forms tsem, j'^""^/ai'^,
sturgeon-bladder, isinglass; from
isaern, adj.and sb. + l^u- ijzer-, O. Icel. G. hausen, a sturgeon, blase, a bladder,
tsarn ; O. H. G. Jsarn, G. eisen ; Goth. from blasen,to blow. Cf. O. H. G. hilso,
eisarn,sb. (whenceeisarneijts, adj.).And a sturgeon.
cf. W. haiarn, Corn, hoern, Irish iarann, Islam, the religioussystem of Muham-
O. Ir. iarn, Bret, hoitarn, iron. p. The med. (Arab.) Arab. zV/^w,lit. submis-
sion.' *

Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt, form " Arab, root salama, he was resigned.
*tsarnO' i^eisarno-,Stokes,in Fick,ii.25); See Moslem.
from which the Germanic forms may have Island. (E.) The s is inserted by fusion
con-
been borrowed. At any rate, Icel. jam with F. isle. M.E. Hand. A. S.
and Dan. Swed.y^r;^
are from O. Ir. iarn. igland. A. S. ig,an island ; land, land ;
"

Remoter originunknown. perhaps by confusion of A.S. Ig,island,

a dealer in iron goods.
ironmonger, with A.S. ea-land, lit.'water-land.'
island,
(E.) From iron and monger ; see Monger. The A. S. tg is also leg, O. Merc, eg (cf.
iron-mould. (E.) See Mould (3). Afzgles-ey) ; cognate with Icel. ey, Dan.
Irony. (F. L. Gk.) F. ii-onie
"
Swed. 0,
"
island; G. atte, meadow near

(Minsheu). L. ironia. Gk.

" elpwueia, water. The orig. Teut. form was
"
'^agwid^
dissimulation,
irony. Gk. ('ipcouj
" a fem. of *agwioz,belongingto water, an
sembler,
dis-
one who says less then he thinks adj.formed from *ahwa, water, represented
or means. Allied to Ionic dpofxai, Attic by A. S. ea, O. H. G. aha, Goth, ahwa, a
ipofxai, I ask,enquire, dpojTeoj,stream, cognate with L. aqua, water.
seek out (cf.
Ion. for I ask), epfwa,
kpooTCLa}, enquiry, Isle, an island. (F. L.) O. F. - isle
search (base*reu ; Prellwitz). (F. He). L. insula, an island. " See
Irradiate. (L.) From pp. of L. irra- Insular.
didre,to shine upon. L. ir-,for in, on; "
performed in equal Isochronous,
radidre,to shine,from radius,a ray. See 'iao-s,equal; xP'^'^os, times. (Gk.) Gk.
Radius. time (seeChronicle). Brugm. i. " 345 c.
Irrefragable,not to be refuted.^ (F. isosceles, having two equal legs or
"
L.) F. irrifragable.'^'L,. irrefrago bilis,sides as a triangle. (L. Gk.) 'L.isosceles. "

not to be withstood. L. ir- {=^in-,not); " Gk. laoaKfKrf'i,isosceles. Gk. iVo-s, " "

refrdgdri, oppose, thwart,

to from re-., equal ; CKeK-os. a leg,side of a triangle.
back,and (probably) L. frag-,base of Isolate, to insulate. (Ital.L.) Sug- gested "

frag-or,a noise. (For the long a, cf. L. by Ital. isolate,detached,used as

suffrdgiuin, prob. from the same root.) a term in architecture (whence also F.
268
 JACOBIN JAR

jacobin. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E. prov. E. champ, to mash, crush,also to

jacobin. Y .jacobin.Late \.2X.Jacoblnus chew ; so also champ, hard, firm, 1,e.
" "
,

adj.,formed from lacobus,and appliedto a chammed or presseddown. See Champ.

friar of the order of St. Dominick. See ^ But Ashe (1775)has: Jamb, to confine ^

'
Jack (i). p. Hence one of the Jacobin as between two posts; as if from Jamb
club in the French Revolution,which first q.v.
met in the hall of the Jacobinfriars in jam (2),a conserve of fruit. (E.) A
Paris,Oct. 1789. Also the name of a soft substance,like that which is chewed.
hooded (friar-like)
pigeon. '
And if we have anye stronger meate, it
Jacobite, an adherent of James II. must be chammed afore by the nurse, and
'
(L. "
Gk.
Heb.) lacob-us,
" babes mouthe
From L. ; Sir T. so put into the
James (above). More, Works, p. 241 h. See above.
Jade (i),a- sorry nag, an old woman. Jamb, side-post of a door. (F. L.) "

(Scand.) M. E. iade (Ch.) The initial Y.jambe,a leg,also a jamb (seeCotgrave).

/ is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc. Folk-L. gamba, a leg. See G-ambol. "

yaud,yawd, a.]a.dLQ\Dunbar has ja;/i"/. Of Der. (perhaps) y"?;"(^,

vb. ; see Jam. (i).
Scand, origin
; borrowed from Icel. Jane, Jean, a twilled cloth. (F. "

jalda, mare; prov.

a Swtd.jdiddf a mare Ital.) Also 'gene fustian,'
1580; cf. M.E.
(Rietz). Gene, Genoa. " M. F. Genes. " Ital. Genova,
Jade (2),a hard dark-greenstone. F. Genoa.
"

Span. L.) Y.jade. The jadebrought Jangle, to sound discordantly.

"
(F. "

from America by the Spaniards was called Scand.) M E. janglen. O. F. jangler, "

piedrade ijada, because it was believed to to jangle,prattle.Of Scand. origin. "

cure pain in the side ; for a similar reason Swed. dial, and Norw. jangla, to quarrel ;
it was called nephritis (from Gk. vecppSs, cf. Du. jangelen,to importune,frequent,
kidneys).Span,ijada, " also ijar, the flank ; of janken, to howl, yelp. An imitative
cf. Port, i/ka/, ilharga,the flank, side. word ; cf. L. gannire,to yelp.
"

L. Ilia,pi., the flanks. Janizary. (F. Ital. Turk.) F. - -

Jag, a notch, tooth. (Scand.)Hardly Janissaires, 'the Janizaries;' Cot. M. "

a variant of dag. dagge of a Ital. ianizzeri, 'the Turkes

'
IcLgge, or gard,'Florio.
' '
garment ; Palsg. I iagge,or cut a gar- ment Of Turk, origin
'
; it means new soldiery';
'

; ib. From Norw. jak, a notch ; from Turk. yefii, new; and cheri,soldiery
jaka,to notch (Ross). (Devic). And cheri is from Pers. charik,
Jaggery, a coarse brown sugar. (Cana- auxiliary forces (Zenker).
rese Skt.) A corruption
" of Canarese January. (L.) Englished from L.
sharkare, unrefined sugar ; H. H. Wilson. Idmidrius, a month named from the god
" Skt. ^arkard;see Sugar. Idnus, who was supposedto have doors
Jaguar, a beast of prey. (F. Brazil.)under his protection "
; cf. L. idniia,a
^
Jagua in the Guarani [Brazilian] guage
lan- door,
is the common name for tygers and Japan, a name givento certain kinds
dogs ; the generic name for tygers is of lacquered w ork. (Japan.)Named from
*

jaquarete : Clavigero, Hist, of Mexico, the country. T"ev. japan, vb.,to polish.
tr. by CuUen, ii. 318. It should be written Jape, to mock, jest,befool. (F.)
yagoar ; for there is no j in Tupi-Guarani Obsolete. M.'E.japen.Apparentlyfrom
(Cavalcanti). The spelling jaguar is F. O, Y.japer(Y.japper), to yap (asa dog).
(in Buffon). The Diet, of Trevoux has Imitative ; cf. E. yap.
janouare(error for jauouare); for Brazil. Jar (i),to make a harsh noise. (E.)
ydudrUy a dog. Spelt /a^a^'a,Hist. Nat. Imitative ; cf.M. E.garren,to chide,M. E.
Brasilise,
p. 235. )irren,K.S. georran, to creak ; T)vl.gieren,
Jail; see Gaol. cry ; Bavar. garren, to jar. Parallel to

Jalap, the root plant. (Mexican.) prov.

of E.a char, chide,M. E. charken,
to to
Named from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico. to creak (Prompt. Parv.); cf.A. S. ceorian,
Orig. Xalapan, sand by the water.' '
cerian,to murmur; M. Du. karren,kcr- "

Mex. xal(Ji\ sand ; a{tl),water ; pan, on, ren,

'
to crake [creak]like a cart,'
near ; where -li,-tl are suppressed. Hexham ; O. H. G. kerran, to givea loud
Jam (i),to press, squeeze. (E.) Prob. harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and G-arrulous.
a variant of cham, to chew, to champ ; Jar (2), an earthen pot. (F. Arab.) "

a*;"
 JARGON JEOPARDY

M. Y.Jare, a jarre,' ' Cot. ; F. Jarre. [Cf. Korting.) % Perhapsinfluenced by chaw,

Span,jarra,jarro, Ital. giara.']^ hxoh. chew ; Palsgravehas chawe-bone for Jaxu-
Jarruya jar(Devic). bone.
"TargOU, a confused talk. (F. L. ?) Jay, a bird. (F.) O. F. Jay, a jay (F. "

J'.Jargon,orig.the chattering of birds, geai). Cf. Span.^^jt7, a jay. Of doubtful

jargon; O. F. gargon, gergon. Cf. Span. origin; perhapsfrom O. H. G. wdhi, fine,
gerigonza,jargon; Ital. gergone. Prob. beautiful, whence Y.gai. See Gay.
from an imitative base garg (cf. garg-le, Jealous. (F.-L. Gk.) yi.Y.Jalotis, "

gurg-le) ; cf. L. garrirt\ to prate, croak. gelus. O. F. Jalous(later Jaloux). Late " "

Cf. M. E. charken,to creak. See Jar (i). L. zelosus,full of zeal. L. zelus,zeal." "

Jargonelle^ a kind of pear. (F. Ital. Gk. C^Aoj,zeal. See 25eal. Dev.Jealous-yf "

" Pers. ?) V Jargonelle, .

a kind of pear, Y Jalousie. .

very stony (Littre) ; formed (ace. to Littre) Jeer. (Du.) Doubtful; perhaps from
from F. Jargon,a yellowdiamond, small M. Du. phraseden gekscheeren,lit.to shear
stone. Ital. giargone, a sort of yellow the fool,hence to jeerat one
" ; whence the
diamond. Perhaps from Pers. zargun, word gekscheeren, or simply scheeren,to
gold-coloured(Zend zairi-gaona-) ; from jeer. Now speltscheren. Cf. G, scheren,
' '
zar, gold, and gun, colour (Devic). to shear, fleece,cheat, plague,tease ;

Jasmine, Jessamine, a plant.(F. FlUgel; E. Fries, scheren,the same.

" Arab. Pers.) F. Jasmin. (So also
" Jehovah. (Heb.) Heb. yahovdli,or,
Span.Jazmin.) h.x2ih.ydsemin (Devic).more
"
correctly, yahweh, a proper name,
^ Feis. /ydsmin, jasmine; ydsamln, jessa- mine. rendered in the A.V. by the Lord.' *

Jejune, hungry,meagre. (L.) 'L.ieiil-

Jasper, precious
a s tone. (F. L. Gk. nus, fasting, hungry,dry.
" "

"
Arab.) O. F. Jaspre (Littre), an sional
occa- Jelly. (F. L.) Formerly gelly.'~-Y. "

'
spelling oi Jaspe,a jasper. L. ias- gelie, gelly; Cot. " Orig.fern, of pp. of '

pideni,ace. oi iaspis.^GV.. i'acrTTis,Arab. geler, to freeze. L. geldre,

" to fieeze. See "

yasb,yasf,yashb, jasper; whence Pers. Gelid.

yashp,yashf,]a.s^QX. Cf. 'iHob.ydshpheh, Jennet, Gennet, a small Spanish
a jasper. horse. (F. Span. Arab.) M. F. genette, " "

'
Jaundice. (F. L.) M. E. iazinis ; the 'a genet,or Spanishhorse ; Cot. Span.
" "

d being excrescent. F. Jaunisse, ness; ginete,

yellow-" a nag ; but orig. a horse-soldier.'
'

hence,the jaundice. F.yai^;?^ est Of Moorish

(old- "
origin ; traced by Dozy to
spelling y"/w^),yellow. L. galbinus, Arab, zendta, a tribe of Barbarycelebrated
"

greenish yellow. L. galbus,yellow; (per-

"
haps for its cavalry.
of Teut. origin; cf.G. gelb,yellow). Jenneting, a kind of early apple.
Jaunt, a ramble. (F.)Yxoxi\Jaunts,-^\.y (F. L. Gk. Heb, ) Prob for Jeanne- " " "
.

for Jaunce, toil.' Cf. M. F. Ja7icertin

'
ton ; a dimin. from F. pomme de S. Jean,
cheval, to stirre a horse in the stable till an earlyapple,called in Italian melo de
'

he swart [sweat]withall ; or (as our) to Saji Giovanni, i. e. St. John'sapple. So

'
jaunt(an old word) ; Cot. called because, in France and Italy,it
Jaunty, Janty, fantastical. (F.-L.) ripened about June 24, St. John's day.
Also Janty,Janice,variants oijantyl, old So also,there is an early pear, called A^Jtire
spelling oi gentleor genteel.Cf. Burgundy Joannet ox Jeanette, ox petit St. Jean ; G.
' '
Jantais,gentil ; Mignard. Johannisbirne.Y.Jean"ihat.ace. loJian-
Javelin. (F. C. ?) M. Y. Javelin, a neni; -
from Gk. 'Icoaj/i/T/j,
John. Heb. '
"

javeling,' ;
Cot. allied to Javelot, gleave,
'a Ydkhdttdn, t he Lord is gracious.
dart,'id. PerhapsCeltic. Cf. O. Irish Jeopardy, hazard. (F.-L.) M. E.
gabul, a fork ; gablac/i, pointed, Irish Jupartie,later Jopardye, Jeopardie.O, F. "

gab/ila,a spear, gabhlan, a fork of a tree ; J eu parti,lit. a divided game; a game in

Gael, gobhlati, a prong; W. gajl,a fork, which the chances were equal,hence, a
gajlach, a dart. See GatF. risk,hazard. Late L. iocus partltus, the "

Jaw. (F. L.) M. E. iowe {Jowe).-' same ; also an alternative. L. iocus, a

" "

O. F. (and".)Joue, the cheek,thejowle;' game; '

partitus, pp. oi partirT, to pait,
Cot. (Cf.Prov. gauta, Ital. gota, cheek, divide,from parti-,decl. stem of pars, a
jaw.) Late L. gabata,gavata, a bowl; part. ^ The diphthong eo Y. eu \ cf.
" =

from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez, people{=^Y.peuple). See Joke.

 JERBOA JIB

Jerboa, rodent quadruped.(Arab.) about. M. E. ietten,

a to strut. O. F. jetter^ "

h.x2ih.yarbfi
, (i)the flesh of the back or geter,getter,to throw, fling, push forth. "

loins,an obliquedescending muscle; (2) L. iaddre,to fling ; frequent, of iacere, to

the jerboa, from the use it makes of the throw. HeT.jet,sb.,formerly in the sense
strong muscles in its hind legs, in taking of guiseor fashion,"c.
long leaps. Jet (2),a black mineral. (F. - L. -
Gk.)
Jereed, a wooden
javelin used in mock O. F. Jet, jaet,also jayet,gaiete,jet (F.
fights. (Arab.) Arab.ya/vW, a palm-branch/a/j). L. gaga tern,ace, " of gagdtes,jet."
stripped of its leaves, a lance. Gk. "ya-yarris,jet; so called from Td'yai, a

Jerk. (E.) '^Q^nd.jerk,Jert,a.nd.yej'k town in Lycia,in the S. of Asia Minor.

all used in much the same sense, orig,to Jetsam. (F.-L.) Also Jettison.An
strike with a lash,whip or rod. Of these, old term in Law F. for things thrown over-
board

fei't was regardedas equivalent to gh-d from a wrecked vessel. A. F. get- "

(Indexto Cot.): see Gird (2). teson, a casting; O. F. getaison.L. ace. "

Jerked beef. (Peruvian.) A singulariactdtionem. I^. iactdre, to cast ; see

"

corruptionof ccharqui, tlie S. American Jet (i).

name for 'jerked'beef, or beef dried in jetty, a kind of pier.(F. L.) M. F. "

a particular way ; see Prescott, Conquest Jettie (F. Jet^e), a cast,throw, also a jetty
'

'
of Peru, ch. v. From Peruv. ccharqui^ a or jutty; Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of
slice of dried beef. Also called jerkin M. F. Jetter(F. Jeter), to throw ; see
beef\from Peruv. ccharquini, vb.,to make Jet (i).
dried beef. Jew. (F. L. Gk. Heb.) - M. E.- -

Jerkin, a jacket, short coat. (Du.) lewe, a Jew. A. F. leu, Geu (Y. Juif).
"

Dimin. of Du. j'urk, 2l frock (Sewel), by L. ludcEus, a

"
Jew. Gk. 'lovSafos, "

helpof the once common Du. dimin. suffix an inhabitant of 'louSata, Judsea. Heb. "

-ken, now supplantedby -Jeor -tje.Cf. Yehuddh, Judah,son of Jacob,lit. illus- trious.' '

Westphal.jiirken, a sort of overcoat ; E. Heb. xoo\ ydddh,\.o

" throw,praise,
Fries, jurken,a child'sfrock. Qi.Jir-kin, celebrate. Der. Jew-ry, M. E. lewerie^
kilder-kin. O. F. hierie,lit. a Jews' district ; also
Jersey, fine wool, a woollen jacket.Jews"-harp,a name givenin derision ; cf.
(Jersey.) )^\Qxt\.Jersey, one of the Channel the harp of David.'
'

Islands. Jewel, a valuable ornament. (F. L.) "

Jessamine ; see Jasmine. M. E. iozuel, iuel.^O. F. Joel, Joiel,Jotiely

Jesses, straps round a hawk's legs.juel(later/^/az^). Late L. iocdle, usually
"

(F.-L.) Double pi.; from M. E. ges, in pi. iocdlia, jewels(lit. trinkets).L. "

jesses. "O. F. ges, gies,pi.oi get, giet,a iocdri,to play (O. F. Joer,Joiier).^!^.
short thong,for throwingoff the hawk ; iocus,Tp\a.y. See Joke. (Toynbee,"" 76,
orig. a '
cast.' Cf. M. Y.jeci, a cast ; ies
jecls d'lcn oyseazi, 'a hawkes lesses,' Cot. Jib (i),the foremost sail in a ship.
" O. F. geter, to .cast. L. iaddre, to
"
(Dan.) So called because easilyshifted
cast ; see Jet (i). from side to side ; see jib (2)below.
Jest, a joke.(F. L.) Orig.a story, "
jib (2), to shift a sail from side to side.
merry tale. M. E. geste, a story."O. F. (Dan.) Jib,to shift the boom-sail from
^

'

gesle,an exploit, romance, tale of exploits. one side of the mast to another ; Ash
" L. gesta, for res gesta, a thing done, (1775)-Also spelt Jibe, gybe. Dan. gibbe, "

an exploit.L. gestus, pp. of gerere, to to jibe,jib; Swed. dial, gippa,to jerkup.

"

carry, carry on. See G-esture, Gerund. Allied to Swed. guppa, to rock ; see

Jesuit ; see below. Jump. ^ The form gibeanswers to Du.

Jesus, the Saviour. (L. Gk. Heb.) " - gijpen,
E. Fries, gipen, to turn suddenly,
L. lesus. G)^. 'IryrroDj.
" Heb. Yeshuo, "
said of a sail.
Jeshua(Nehem. viii. 17); contr. form of jib (3),to move restively,as a horse.
Yehoshua, Jehoshua (Numb. xiii. 16) (F. Scand.) O. Y. giber,to struggle "
with
signifying saviour, lit. help of Jehovah.' 'the hands and feet (Roquefort) ; whence
" Heb. T oo\. ydshd to be large,to save. O. F. regiber(F. regimber), to kick as a
,

JieT. Jesn-it, one of the societyof Jesus. horse. Cf. also O. F. giper,to jib,as a
Jet (i),to throw out, fling about, spout. horse (Godefroy).Swed. dial, gippa^to "

(F. L.)"
Formerly, to /"?/was to strut jerkup (above).
272
 JIBE JOURNEY

Jibe, the same as Gibe, q. v. Ijoint,

sb. " O. Y .Joinct,
Joint,
pp. oijoindre^
Jig',a lively tune or dance. (F. " M. B. 10 join; Join see (above).
G.) O. F. ^tge, gigtte,
a fiddle,dance." Joist, one of a set of timbers to sup-
M. H. G. glge {G.geioe), a fiddle. ()ort the boards of a floor. (F. L.) "

Jilt,a flirt.(L.) FormerlyyV//,?^, dimin. Sometimes pronouncedJist(withi as in

oi Jill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a sonal mice).
per- M. E. giste.'~-0. F. giste,a bed,
name. " L. y/z/iV/wa. See Gill (4). couch, placeto lie on, a joist ; because
Jingle, to clink. (E.) M. E. giuglen; these timbers support the floor. O.F. "

a frequentative verb from the base jink^ gesir (F.g^sir), to lie, lie on. L. iacere, "

allied to chink; see Chink (2). Also to lie. Cf. Gist.

allied to Jaugle. Joke, a jest.(L.) From L. iocus,a
Jinn, a demon. (Arab.) Formed from jest, game. Brugin.i. " 302.
Ax3h.jinua{t), demons, pi.; the sing,form Jole ; see Jowl.
hQxngjinnTy,Englishedzs Jinneeor gniie. Jolly. (F. Scand.) M. E. io/y, - earliest
Job (i),to peck with the beak. (^E. ?) form iolij. "'O.F. Jolif, later Joli,'jolly,
Perhaps imitative. M. E. iobben. Cf. gay, trim,fine ;' Cot. Orig.sense festive.' '

Gael, and Irish gob,mouth, beak. Icel. Jol,a great feast in the heathen
"

Job (2),a small pieceof work. (F.?) time ; cognate with A. S. geola,yule. Seo
M. E. iob^ a piece, lump. Gob, a lump ; Yule.
'

also,to work by the gob;'' Halliwell." Jolly-boat. (Port,and E.) We find

O. F. gob, a mouthful ; gobet,a morsel. grete bote awA Jolyivat''
'
in I-195 ; but it
Perhapsof Celtic origin.See Job (i). was also speltgallevotand galleyivat
Jockey. (F. L. Gk. - - Heb.)
-
A (Yule). Port, galeota,a galliot
"
; see
North \L. pron. oi Jackey ^vanw. oi Jack Galliot.
,
Perhaps the form of the word
as a personal name. See Jack (i). has been influenced by Y.Joli.See Jolly.
Jocose, merry. (L.) L. ?otY".yz/j-, sportive. Jolt, to jerk.(E.) From /^/Z,vb., to
" L. iociis, sport. See Joke. knock the Joleor head ; cf. All's Well,
jocular. (L.) 'L.ioculd7-is.^'L. iocu- i. 3. 59. Cf Jolt-head, a stupidfellow ;
his,a littlejest, dimin. of iocus,a jest. one whose head has htenJolPdor knocked
Jocund. (F." L.) M. E. Joco7ide.~' about. See Jowl.
O. F. Jocond, pleasant, agreeable(Gode- JonC[uil,a flovAcr. (F. Span. L.) " "

froy). L. idcutidus,iucundiis,pleasant;F. Jonquillc.^^\)a\\.

"
Jiinquillo; named
orig. helpful.L. iuuare (supine
" iu-tu?n),from its rush-like leaves. Span.y""r^, a "

to help; see Adjutant. rush. L. iuncus,a rush. See Junk

"
(2).
Jog, push slightly,
to jolt.(F.-Teut.?) Jordan, a pot. (Unknown.) M. E.
M. E. ioggen. Cf. W. ysgogi, to wag, stir, iordan, iurdan,iordeyne ; Late L. iurddnus
shake, E. shog,M E. schoggeji, to shake (Prompt.Parv. and \'ocab.).It was orig.
up and down ; Kentish Jock,to jolt. All an alchemist's bottle (Halliwell, Way) ;
apparentlyfrom M. E. schokken ; see perhapsonce used for keepingwater from
Shock. 5F ^^ e also find Norw. and Swed. the Jordan.
dial. Jukka, to jump up and down, as in Joss, a Chinese idol. (Port. L.) Not "

riding. Chinese, but corruptedfrom Port. Deos,

John Dory, the name of a fish. (F. God. Cognate with Span. Dies, God ;
"

L.) John dory is the vulgarname of the O. F. deus.^Y,. Deus, nom., God.
fish called the dory. John appears to be Jostle, Justle, to pushagainst. (F. "

a mere sailor'sprefix, like they"7c-,^ in Jack-

ass L. ; luith E. suffix.) A frequent,form,
; it can hardlybe from an allegedF. with suffix -le,from M. E. Jousien, to tilt,

j'aiine dor^e,which would be tautological push against. See Joust.

nonsense. Dory is borrowed from F. dore'e, Jot. (L.-Gk.-Heb.) Englishedfrom
a dory; lit. gilded,'
'
dort^e beingthe fem. L. iota,Matt. v. 18 (Vulgate). Gk. llhra, "

of the pp. of do}'er, to gild. L. deatirdre,a letter of the Gk.

"
alphabet. He b. _;/^"/, "

to gild, L. de auro, of gold; see Aiireate.

" the smallest letter of th Heb. alphabet,
Join. (F.-L.) O. F. and Y.Joign-, a with the power oi y. See Iota.
stem oijoijidre."!.. iungere(pp.iunctus), Journal. (F. L.) Properlyan adj., "

to join. + Gk. (ivyvvvai ; S"kt. yuj,to join.signifyingdaily.'F.y"?//r//a/, *

daily. L.
" "

Allied to Yoke. diurndlis,daily;see Diurnal.

joint. (F.-L.) O.Y. Joinct, Joint,^ journey. (F. L.) ^l.Y.. ioumee. a "

3 K
 JOUST JUMP

day'stravel.'^F. JO It rne'e,a day, orig.a judicature. (F.-^L.) Y. judicature.

day's work. Late L, *diurmr^a, orjg.
" " Late L. iddicdtdfa,office of a judge,
the fern. pp. of Late L. diurndre, to judgment. " L. iiidicdtus,
pp. of iiidicdre,
sojourn. L. diurmts,
"
daily. L. dies,a " to judge. " L. iiidic',
stem of index, a
day. judge.
Joust, Just, to tilt. (F.-L.) O.F. judicial.(F." L.) M.Y.jndiciel."
joiister{Y.Jouter), io tilt. Late L. iuxtdre, L. iudicidlis,
"
pertaining to courts of law.
to approach (hence,to approach with L. indicium, a trial. L. iildic-, stem " "

hostile intent,as in tilting). L. iiixtd, of iildex, a judge (above). "

close to,hard by (whenceO. Y.Joiisie, close judicious (F. L.) F jndicieux; .

~
.

to). P The form inxtd is short for *iUg- as iffrom a L. form *ifidicidsus. L. iudic-^ "

is-td,fern. abl. of the superlative form of stem of index, a judge.

L. iug-is, continual. From the base iilg- Jug, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.)Drink-
ing-
of iungere, to join. (-^YEUG.) Brugm. vessels were formerly called jacl:s, jills,
i, " 760. Tiew Jostle. and jugs,all of which representChristian
Jovial. (F. L.) O.F.y^z/z'^/,
"
sanguine, names. J^ug and Judge were usual as pet
lit.born under the luckyplanetJupiter. female names, and equivalent to Jenny or"

L. loitidlis, pertaining to Jupiter. L. Joan; %tejannette, Jehannette m Cotgrave.

"

loui-, decl. stem, of O. Lat. lonis,Jove, Cf. Jock for John', fem. form Jacquetta.
whence L /"-///^-^ ( Jove- father). loziis Of Heb. origin
=
; see Jenniting.
represents Diouis (cf. O scan dat. Diiiv-et), Juggernaut, the name of an Indian
allied to dies^ day, and to dciis, god ; cf. idol. (Skt.)Skijaganndtha-, lord of the
Gk. Atos, gen. case of Zeuj. See Deity, universe,monarch of the world (Benfey,
Tuesday. Brugm. i. "" 120, 223. p. 465). Skt.y'rt'^a/, world; ndtha-,pro- tector, "

Jowl, Jole, the jaw or cheek. (E.) lord.

M. "..Jolle ', all the forms are corruptions Juggler. (F. L.) M. E. iogelour.'- "

of M. E. chol^ chaul,wh'ch is a contraction O. Y .jogleor,jougleor', laterjojigleur.'^'L.

of M. E. chauel the jowl. A. S.
{chavel), ioculdtorem,ace. " a jester. L.
of ioculdtor, "

the jaw
ceajl^ ; pi.ccajias, to jest. L. ioculus,a littlejest,
the jaws,chaps. ioculdri, "

Cf. O. Sax.
kajlos, pi.,the jaws; Du. dimin, of iocus,joke. See Joke.
pi. the gums ; G. kiefer,
kevels, bone
jaw,jaw- Jugular, pertaining to the side of the

; also Icel. kjaptr^Swed. kdft,Dan. neck. (L.) From L. iugul-um,or iugiil-us,

kiaft,jaw. ^ The the collar-bone,
successive which joinsthe neck and spellings
are

A.S. ceajl, (Layamon), chattel,

cJuvJle a yoke. See
chaul, shoulders ; dimin. of iugtun,
chol,jole.,jowl (allfound). Yoke.
Joy. (F. L.) M. E. ioye. O. F. ioye, Juice. (F. L.) M.E. iuce, itise."
" " "

joye; oldest form goye {Y.j'oie) ; cf, Ital. O. Y .jus, juice, broth. L. ius,broth ; lit. "

gioj'a, joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span./i?;'^, mixture.' ^Skt. ^z7j//rt-, soup. (VYU.) '

a gaud. L. gaiidia,
"
pi.of gatidmrn,joy; Brugm. i. "" 911, 922.
afterwards turned into a fem. sing. L. Jujube, a fruit. (F. L. Gk. Pers.)
" " " "

gajidere, to rejoice.See Gaud. M. F. jujubes, pi.(Cot.). L. zizypJmm,a "

shouting for joy. (L.) jujube; fruit of the tree called zTzyphus.'^
Jubilatioil,_ a

From L. iubildtio, sb. L. iubildttis, "

pp. Gk. (i^v"poi', of the tree ^i^vcpos.'
fruit
of iubildre,to shout for joy. L. iubilutn, Pers. zayzafiin, "
ztzfun, zizafun, the jujube-
a shout of joy. ^ Quite distinct from tree.

jubilee. Julep, a drink. (F. Span. Pers.) F. -^ "

Jubilee, a season of great joy.(F. L. julep. S'^an.julepe. Fers.juldb, "

julep, a " "

-
Heb.) M. E. jubilee.M Y.jidnU, a sweet drink ; also guldb, rose-water, also
-
.
'

jubilee;'Cot. L. iubiltsus, " the jubileejulep. Pers. gul,a rose ; db, water. For "

(Levit. XXV. 11); masc. of adj.iubilcsus., Pers. gul,see Rose. Pers. db is cognate
belongingto the jubilee(Levit.xxv. 28)." with Skt. ap-, water.
Heb. yobel,a blast of a trumpet, shout of July. (F.-L.) O. Y.Julie. L. lilhtis, -

joy- % Distinct from the word above. a month (formerly called QuinctFlis) named
Judge. (F. L.) Y.jiige. " L. iudicetn, after Julius Caesar,
" who was born in July.
ace. of index,a judge, lit. one who points Jump '
(i),to leap, spring,skip.(Scand.)
out law.' " L. iu-s,law ; dic-dre, to point Swed. dial, gumpa, to spring, \axn\),gimpa,
out. See Jury and Diction. to wag about ; allied to Swed. giippa, to
74
 JUMBLE JUSTIFY

move up and down ; Dan. gumpe, to jolt ; L.) F. Joncade (Cot.).Orig.a kind "

Icel. goppa, to skip.-4-M. H. G. gumpcit, of cream-cheese,served up on rushes,

gampen, to jump, giimpeln., to play the whence its name. Ital. ginncaia,a kind "

buffoon ; prov. G. gaf?ipen,to jump, hop, of cream-cheese on rushes, also a junket

sport (Schmeller) ; M. Du. gumpcit, to (Florio).Ital. giunco,a rush. L. iun- " "

dance, leap. From a Teut. str. vb. *gi"n-cum. ace. of iunczis, a rush.
pan- (for*ge!npan-) ; whence Dan. dial. Junta, a council. (Span. L.) Span.. "

to swing,wag,
gi?npe, Lowl. Sc.
Jimp, to Junta, a congress; a fem. form oi Junto
jump. (below).
jumble, to mix togetherconfusedly. junto, a knot of men, a faction. (Span.
(Scand.) We also find M. 'E.j'ombren, Ch. L.) iipan. Jzmto,united, conjoined." "

Troil. ii. 1037; ^^'^^Jumper, to mix har-moniously

L. iunctus, pp. of iungere, to join. See
(More). In ia,ot,Jumb-le, Jomb- Join.
ren, Jump-er are all frequentative forms of Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist,
the verb to Jump, used transitively. Thus Juror ; see Jury.
jiimb'le \o make to jump, jolttogether, Jury, a body of sworn
= men. (F. L.) "

make a discord; or, otherwise,to shake O. F. Jui'tfe,a jury,a company of sworn

together, make to agree. See Jump (i). men ; orig.the fem. pp. oi Jtcrer, to swear.

jump (2),exactly, pat ; also,as a verb. L. iilrdfe,to swear, bind by an oath. " "

(Scand.) the verb above ; cf. Ham-

From let, for
L. ?V7r-, iHs,law.-f-Skt.
^w, to bind.
i. I. 65. Also used in the sense to juridical, pertaining
to courts of law
agree or esp. in the phr. to Jump
tally, or judge.(L.) From L. iuridic-us,
to a
'
with. '
They Jutnp not ; Oth. i. 3. 5 ; to the administration
relating of justice
;
cf. Tarn. Shrew, i. i. 195. with suffix -dlis.^'L. iiiri-,
decl. stem of
Junction, a joining.(L.) From L. ius,law ; dicdre, to proclaim. See Just
iunctio, a joining. L. "
iunctus,pp. of (i)below.
izmgere,
to join. See Join. jurisdiction.(F.-L.) M.Y.Juris-
juncture, a union,a criticalmoment.
(F. Jziridiction).L. iiirisdic- diction "

'
(L.) Thecriticalmoment is
sense logical,
astro- tionem,
'
ace. of iurisdictio,administration
'
from the 'union of planets.L. of justice. L. iiiris,
gen. of ius,law (see
" "

a joining.L. iunctus
iunctfira, (above).Just (i) below) ; and see Diction.
"

June. (F. L.) " O. F. and F. y^m. "

^ dXsoJwis-prudence.
So
L. liinius,the name of the month and of jurist, a lawyer.(F. L.) Y.Juriste "

a Roman gens or clan. (Cot.). Late L. iiirista,

" a lawyer. L. "

Jungle. (Hind. Skt.) W\x\A.Jangal, iHr-,for iits,

" law ; with suffix -ista ( Gk. =

wasteland. dry,desert; -"(TT7^?).

adj.,
Skt.ya;?^a/"z-, "

hence y?^;z^/^waste land, ^f The Hind,

^
juror, one of a jury.(F." L.) Imitated
short a sounds like u in mud. from F. Juretir,
a swearer, a juror. L. "

Junior, younger. (L.) L. iunior, iHrdtdrefH,ace. of /??r^7/^r,

one who swears.
comp. of iunenis, young; short for L. iurdre, to swear;
" see Jury (above).
*iuueuio7\ See Juvenile. Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F."
Juniper, an evergreen shrub. (L.) L. L.) Short iox ajury-)?iast', where ajury =

iz7nipe?'us, iHnipirus,a juniper. Of O. Y ajuirie,aid, succour (Godefroy). .

doubtful origin. From L. adiu/dre, to aid ; see Aid.

Junk (i),a Chinese vessel. (Port. Cf. M. E. iuwere, assistance;Prompt. "

Malay. Chin. " ?) Port, (and^^2in.)Junco, Parv.

a junk. }sldi\zy"
Jong; also ajong. Said to Just (i) upright. (F. L.) M. E. iust. ,
-

be borrowed from Chinese chwan, a ship, F. Juste. "Y,. iustum, ace. of iustus, "

boat,bark, junk; Williams,Chinese Diet, just, according to right; with suffix -tus.
p. 120; but this is from Malay. L. iiis, right,that which is fitting ; cf. "

Junk (2),pieces of old cordage.(Port. Skt. jj'z/,to join.

" L. Voxt.Jziitco.
,
a rush ; also junk,as a justice. (F--L) Y. Justice-!.,
nautical term ; i.e. rush-made ropes. L. itistitia, justice; Late L. iustitia,
" a bunal,
tri-
iunctcm,ace. of iuncus,a rush. 9^Junk a judge. L. iusti-, for iu.stus,'yOi'i "

also means salt meat, tough as old ropes. see Just (1) above.
{^vXJunk, a lump, is for chunk.) justify. (F.-L.) F. Justijier.-Y..
junket, a kind of sweetmeat. (F. Ital. iUstiJicdre to shew to be just. L. itisti-
"
"

275
 JUST KEN

for iustus,just
; for facer
-ficdre^ e, to kydge. Qi. pro v. E. cadgy,cheerful ; and
make. perhapsDan. kaad, frolicsome ; M. Dan.
Just (2),to joust; see Joust. kcede,joy; Swed. kdtja, to be wanton.

Justle ; see Jostle. Keel (i), the bottom of a ship.(Scand.)

(F. L.) Merelya cor-
project. Icel. kjdlr,
Dan. kiol,Swed. kol,the keel
Jut, to "ruption

oi jet; in the same 2, jettyor of a ship (whence G. Du. kiel,a keel).

way
pier was formerlycalled
a jutty\ see Teut. type *kiluz. Cf. A. S. celae,the
Jetty. beak of a ship(O. E. T.). Distinct from
(F. L.) For A. S. ceol,O. H. G. kiol,M. H. G. kiel,
jutty, a projection. "

jetty
; see above. Der. jutty,vb.,to ject
pro- a ship.
beyond. keelhaul. (Scand.andE.) Also keel-
Jute, a substance resemblinghemp. hale, to punish in the seaman's way, by '

B engali jut,the fibres of the dragging the criminal under water

(Bengali.) on one

bark'ofthe Corchorus olitorius (Wilson).side of the ship and up again on the

From jhdto,vulgarlyjhuto, the native other;' Johnson. From keel and hatd or
name in Orissa (Yule). hale. Cf. Du. kiel-halen,G. kielholen.
Juvenile, young. (F.-L.) keelson, kelson, a set of timbers
M. F.
juvenile ; FJuvetiil. L. imiemlis, ful.
youth-
" next a ship'skeel. (Scand.) Formerly
L. iuiienis. young.
" See Young. kelsitie (Chapman). Swed. kolsvin,Dan. "

Juxtaposition. ^L. and F. L.) kiolsviin (Norweg. kjolsvill),

- a keelson ;
Coined from L. mxtd, near ; Q.nd.positioft. E. Fries. kolswin.'\-Cj.kielschweifi. Lit.
'
See Joust and Position. keel-swine ; but this can
*
hardly have
been the orig.sense. A better sense is
given by Norw. kjolsvill, where svill
answers to G. schzvelle,
E. sill;see Sill.
This suffix,
not being understood,may
Kail, Kale, cabbage.(L.) Northern have
easily been corruptedto swine, and
E. form of cole ; see Cole. in English,
afterwards, to -son.
(Du.) Formerlyalso
Kails, ninepins. Keel (2),to cool. (E.) To keel a pot
keyles ; see quille in Cotgrave.These kails is to keep it from boiling over, lit.to cool
were cone-shaped. Du. kcgel, a pin,
" kail; it. A. S. celan,to cool; for '^coljan.-' "

met kegelsspclen, to play at ninepins.+ A. S. col,cool. See Cool.

Dan. kegle, kegler, Swed.
nine-pins;
a cone,
Keelson; see Keel (i).
kdgla,a pin,cone ; G. kegel(whence F. Keen, sharp.(E.) M. E. kene. A. S.
quille).Apparentlya dimin. of Du. keg, cene, where e is due to an older d\ O.
a wedge. Merc, coene. The orig.sense is ' skilful,
Kaleidoscope, an toy. (Gk.) experienced.'
optical + Du. keen, bold, daring;
From Gk. /raA-o?, beautiful ; tlbo-s,
form; Icel. kcenn (forkcejin), wise, also able;
to behold
CKOTT-fTv, ; because itenables one G. kiihn,bold, O. H. G. chuoni. Teut.
to behold beautiful forms.
type *koJijoz,
able ; from Teut. root '^ken
Kalendar ; see Calends. (VGEN), to know Can (i). ; see

Kangaroo, a quadruped.(Australian.)
Keep. (E.) M. kepen. A. S. cepan, E.
Said to be Jtot the native Australian name, to observe,notice,
attend to,keep.+M.Du.
but to have arisen from some mistake ; but kepen,to keep,retain (Hexham). Teut.
even this is doubtful (see Morris). type *kdpjan-
; cf. A. S. ge-cop, fit,suit-
able.
Kayles ; see Kails.
Kecksies, hemlocks. (C.) For kecks- Keg, a small cask. (Scand.)Formerly
es ; and kecks is also written kex. See also cag.
kagge, " Icel. kaggi,
a keg ; Swed.

Kex. Norweg. kagge,a keg, a round mass or

Kedge (0, to warp a ship. (F.-L. ?) heap. Der. kails.

To kedgeis to drag a shipslowlyforward, Kelp, calcined ashes of sea- weed. Origin
by help of a kedge-anchor, againsttide. unknown. Also speltkilp.
A kedge-anchorwas formerly called a Ken, to know. (Scand.) M. E. hennen.
catch-anchor or catch (N. E. D.). Hence Icel. kenna, Swed. kdnna, Dan. kiende, "

kedge may representketch for catch.

also G. kennen ; A. S. cennan
; to know ; so

Kedge (2),Kidge, brisk,lively. (E.) (to declare),

Goth, kannjan. Teut. type
An East- Anglian word. M. E. kygge, *kannjan-. Causal form of cunnan, to

76
 KIDNEY KIPPER

later form quideatt,

(Godefroy); a wicker natural,in-born ; allied to Goth, -kunds,
'

'
enginewhereby caught ; Cotgrave. of such a nature.
fish is Allied to Kin.
Late L. kidellns ; Breton hide!. kindle (i),to bring forth young. (E.)
Sidney. (E.) M. E. kiden-ei,pi. M E. kindlen,ktmdlen ; from M. E. kindel, .

kiden-eirew, confused with M. E. neris, kundely sb.,a progeny; from the A.S.
kidneys(Icel. nyi-d). 1. Here /^z"3^
answers cynd, nature, or from the adj. cynde,
to A. *cyd-,perhaps related to A. S. natural.
S.
codd, bag, pod, husk, M. E. cod, belly. Kindle
a (2\ to inflame. (Scand.)M. E.
2. M. E. ei, pi.eii-en, answers to A. S. kindlen,ktmdlen, resembling Kindle (i);
ag, an tgg, pi. (7-g)-u. See Egg. 3. see Anc. Riwle. But it can hardly be
M. E. ncre is a Scand. word. Icel. nyra, separatedfrom Icel. kynda, to inflame,
"

Dan. ityre, Swed. njure, Du. nier, G. kindle, Swed. dial, kynda, kinda, a sense
niere,a kidney. which seems to have been suggestedby
Kilderkin. (Du.) A corruption of M. Icel. kyndill, a torch. And Icel. kyndill
Du. kindeke?i, also kinneken, the eighth is a mere borrowing from A. S. candel ;
part of a vat. Apparently a littlechild,'from L. ca7tdcla,
'
a candle. See Candle.
because the measure is a small one as Kindred. (E.) The former d is ex-
crescent.

compared with a tun, vat, or barrel. M. E. kinrcde. A. S. cyn, kin ; "

But it has been ascertained to be a de- -rceden. signifying

rivative, law, state, condition (so
with the same suffix -ken^from also hat-red from hate). Rceden is allied
a Du. spell
mg of O. F. quintal, a quintalto'
the adj.ready; cf. Goth, ga-raideins
or hundredweight.'See further under an ordinance.
Quintal. Kine, ; see Cow.
cows

Kill, (E.) M. E. kilUn, more monly

com- King, chiefa ruler. (E.) A. S. cyning,
'
allien. The M. E. allien prob. a king; lit. ' a man of good birth ; (cf,
answers to an A. S. from
type "^cyllan, A. S. cyne-, royal, IztLkonr, one of gentle
the weak grade c{w)ul-of cwel-an, to die. birth) ; A. S. "
kin,race ; with
cyn, a tribe,
Cf. E. Fries, kiillen,
to vex, strike,beat, suffix -ing,as in ALlfrcd yEpelwulJing =

a form
parallel ; O. H. G chollen,by-form ^Elfred the son of ^thelwulf.+ O. Sax,
of quellan,to vex, kill, martyr. Thus tribe;O.
knning,ixov(\knni,
Fries, kining;
kill is closelyrelated to Quell, q. v. For komingr ; Swed. Icel.
konung; Dan.
the loss of w, cf. dull,which is related to konge; Du. koning; G. kbnig,O. H. G.
dzvell. chtining(from O. H. G. chunni, a kin,
Xiln. (L.) A. S. cyln, also cylejt ; race). Teut. type ^kuningoz, m.

merely borrowed from L. ailina, a kitchen kingdom. (E.) Late M. E. kingdotn;

(hence,a drying-house) ; whence also W. not really a compoimd of king and suffix
cylyn,a kiln, a furnace. See Culinary. -dojn,but a substitution for earlyM. E.
Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from kinedo?n,A. S. cynedom, a kingdom. The
the verb kilt,to tuck up. Dan. kilte,to
" A. S. cyne- signifies royal,' very common
'

truss, tuck up ; Swed. dial, kilta, to in composition, and is allied to A. S. cyji,

swaddle. Cf. Icel. kilting, a skirt. Per-
haps a tribe.

related to Swed. dial, kilta, the lap, Kink, a twist in a rope. (Scand.)A
Icel. kjalta, lap. Northern word. Swed. kink, Norweg. "

Kimbo ; see Akimbo. kink, a twist in a rope. (So also Du.

Kin, genus, race. (E.) M. E. kin,kun. kink.) Allied to Norweg. kika, kinka,to
A. S. cynn, orig.a tribe.+ Icel. writhe,Icel. kikna, to sink at the knees
kyn, kin ;
O. Sax. kiinni,O. H. G. chunni a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;
\ Goth. under
kuni, tribe. Teut. type *kunjom, neut. Norw. keika, to bend aside, to twist.
From the weak grade of Teut. root (Teut.base '^izeik-, to bend.)

*ken-, Idg. gen-. Allied to G-enus. Kiosk, a small pavilion. (Turk. Pers.) "

(VGEN.) F. kiosque. Turk, kushk, k'oshk (pro-

nounced "

kind (I ),sb., nature, sort. (E.) M. E. with k as ki^, a kiosk. Pers. "

kund, kind. A. S. cy7id, ge-cynd,nature ; kHshk, a palace, villa,portico.

whence the adj. belov\^. Der. kind-ly, Kipper, to cure salmon. (E.) This
natural. meaning is an accidental one, arisingfrom
kind (2),adj.,natural,loving.(E) a habit oi zxxxxwg kipper- sal moti, i.e. salmon
M. E. kunde, kinde. A. S. cynde, ge-cynde during the spawning season, which were
278
 KIRK KNEE

A salmon, Imitative,like Knap.

cured because of inferiorquality. Cf. Du. ktiakkcn,
after spawning, was called nant).G. knacken, to crack. [The Gael, cnac,
kipper(Pen-
a

A.S. cypera, a kipper-salmon. Irish cnag, a crack,W. cnec, a snap, are

Kirk, a church. (Scand. E. Gk.) borrowed from E. crack.']It meant (i)a
" "

M. E. kh'ke. Icel.kirhja
"
; borrowed from snap, (2)a snap with the finger or nail,
A. vS.cilice^ ci)xe,a church. See Church. (3)a jester's trick,pieceof dexterity, (4)
Kirtle, a sort of gown or petticoat. a ioke, trifle,
toy, "c. Cf. Knock.
(L.; with E. suffix") M. E. kirtel. A. 8. Knacker, a dealer in old horses.
cyrtel,a tunic ; Icel. kyrtill,Dan. kiortel, (Scand.) It formerly mtant a saddler and

Swed. kjortel ; evidently dimin. forms. All harness-maker (Ray). Icel. hnakkr, a "

from L. curtiis,
short,which appears also saddle.
in Du. kort,G. ktirz,short. See Curt. Knag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M. E.
Kiss, a salute with the lips.(E.) The knagge,a peg, a knot
in wood. Not in
vowel i is due to the verb,which is formed A.S. Low O .knagge .2i.V\x\^of peg ; Swed.
from the sb. by vowel-change.M. E. coss, knagg, a knag, knot ; Dan. knag, a peg,
verb. A. S. coss,
sb.,a kiss;whence kisseii, cog. We find also Irish cnag, a knob,
sb. ; whence cyssan, verb.+Du. kiis, Icel. peg, cnaig,a knot in wood, Gael, cnag,
koss,Dan. kys,Swed. kyss, a kiss.
G. ktiss, knob, pin,peg (allfrom E.).
Teut. type ^kussitz,sb. Cf. Goth, ktikjan, Knap, to snap. (Du.) Du. knappen,to
to kiss ; E. Fries, kiik,a kiss. crack, crush,eat (whence knapper,
snap,
Kit (0'a milk-pail,
tub; also,an gingerbread,outfit. hard
a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe,
(O. Low G.) M. E. kit. M. Du. kitte,
- a to snap ; Swed. kndpp, a snap, knep, a
wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf. trick. A parallel word to knack.,and of
Norweg. kitte,
a corn-bin. imitative origin. Cf. Gael, cnap, to strike,
Kit (2\ a small violin. (F. L-Gk.) beat,thump, Irish cnapaiin^
" I strike ; from
Shortened from Norman F. qtiitej-ne
E. See Knop.
(Moisy); answering to O. F. gidterne knapsack. (Du) Du. knapzak, a
(Godelroy). From L. cithara."Gk.Ki.6apa,knapsack,lit.a provision-bag.Du. knap, "

a kind of lyre. See Cithern. eating, knappen,to crush,eat ; zak, a sack

Kit (3),a brood, family, (E.)
quantity. (a word of Hebrew origin) ; see Sack.
'
A variant of kith. ' The whole kit = the Knapweed, Knopweed, a weed
whole kith. See Kith. with a hard head or knop ; see Knop.
Kit-cat, Kit-kat, the name givento Knar ; see Gnarled.
portraits of a particular size. (Personal Knave, a boy, servant,slyfellow. (E.)
name.) The size adoptedby Sir G. Kneller M. E. knatie {knave),a boy,servant. A. S.
for painting members of the Kit-Kat club, cnafa,older form cnapa, a boy.-{-So also
which used to meet at a house kept by Du. knaap. a lad, servant ; Icel. knopi,
ChristopherKat (Haydn). Kit is for servant-boy; G. knabe. a boy. It is
'
Christopher (Gk.Xpiaro-tpopos, lit. Christ- probable that the initial kn- represents
bearing'). the weak gradeof Teut. *ken- (Idg.*gen-),
Kitchen. (L.) M. E. kichene. A. S. to produce; cf.Knight. But the rest of
cycene, f. "L. coqulna, a kitchen. L. the word remains
"
unexplained.
coqtiere,to cook Cook.
; see Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.)
Kite, a bird,a toy for flying.
(E.) M.E. M. E. kneden. A. S. cnedaji (pt.t. *cnt"d^
kite. A. S. cyta,a kite. pp. cneden],
a strong verb, to knead. +
Kith, kindred,acquaintance. (E.) M.E. Du. Icel. kno6a, Swed. knada, G.
kneden.
^z^93"(2,kith. A. S. cy6,native land,relation-
ship. kneten\ (allfrom Teut. base*"^""?d-). Allied
"A.S. cati,known, pp. of kunnan, to Russ. gneiate,gnesti, to press, squeeze ;
to know. See Can ^1). from the correspondingIdg. root *gnei.
Kitten. (F.-L.^ U. Y.. kitoun,ivom Knee. : E.) M. E. kne, pi.knees ; also
an A. F. ''"'kitoun', cf. O. F. (CentralF.) c?ieo, pi. cneon. A.S. cneo.-\'Y)v.. knie,
chitoun, a kitten (Gower). Variant of North Icel. kne, Dan. kncz, Swed. k7td,G. knie,
F. caton, O. F. chatton, a kitten. Cf. M. F. O. H G. chniu. Goth, kniti. Teut. type
r/z^/^(?;".'akitlingor youngcat;'Cot.; aug- *kne2vof}i,
mentative n. Cf. L. genu; Gk. ^ovv\
of F. chat,a cat. Late h.catttim,Skt. jdnu.
" The Idg. related bases are
ace. of cattus, L. cdtus,a cat. See Cat. *genu- (as in L.), *gonu- (as in Gk ),
Knack, a snap, dexterity, trick. (E.) "^gneu-(whence Teut. *kneu-). Cf. Gk.

279
 KNEEL KNURR

yvv-TfTfiv, to fall on the knees. See knock ; Com. cnoucye, to knock. An

G-enuflection, Pentagon, "c. imitative word, from Teut. *ktiuk-,
weak
kneel, to fall oa the knees. (E ) grade of Knack.
kneleti ; A. S. cneoivlian.-\-Knoll
M. E. cneolien, (i),a hillock. (E.) M. E. knoL
Du. knielcn : Low G. kne/en (Llibben); A. S. cnol. "^'Dn. knol, a turnip,
from its
D2in.kn(sle (formed from kn^p,knee). roundness, Dan. knold, a knoll, Swed.
Enell, Knoll, to sound as a bell. toll. knbl, a bump, G. hiollen,a knoll,clod,
lump. Cf. W. cnol, a knoll, hillock;
(E.) ^i.)i..kmUeft,k?ionen. K.'$i.cnyllan,
to knock, beat noisily.Cf. Du. knal/eji,to Swed. dial, knall,a knoll.
givea loud report,Dan. ktialde,to explode: Knoll I 2) ; see Knell.
Swed. knalla,to resound, G. knallen,to Knop, Knob, a bump, protuberance,
make loud noise;IceX.gnel/a,
a to scream ; boss. (E.) M. E. knop, a rose-bud.
M. H. G. kniillen, to beat. Perhaps of O. Fries, ersknop,the rump-bone. +Du.
imitative origin,to denote a loud noise ; and Dan. kitop, a knob, bud; Swed. ktiopp,
cf. Du. knal, Dan. knald, Swed. knall, a bud, knop, a knot, G. knopf, knob,
G. hiall^ a loud noise. From Teut. base button,knot. Apparentlyallied to M. E.
*knel- *kmii-).
{*knal-, knap, a knob : A. S. cn(Ep, a hill-top,
KnickerbockerSjloose knee-breeches. Icel. knappr,a knob ; whence Gael, cnap,
(Du.) Named from Diedrich bocker,
Knicker- a knob, button,boss, stud, hillock,also
the pretended author of W. Irving'sa slightblow ; also the verb cnap, to
Hist, of New York ; taken as the type of thump, beat (hence, to raise a bump) ; W.
a New York Dutchman. cnap, a knob ; Irish cnap, knob, bunch,
Xnick-knack, a toy. (E.) hillock,cnapaim,I strike.
trifle,
trick, See Knap.
A of knack,
reduplication in the sense o^ Knot. (E.) M. E. knotte. A. S.
trifle,toy. Cf. Du. knikken.,to snap, cnotta, a knot. + Du. knot. Cf. also
weakened form of knakken, to crack. O. H. G. chnodo,G. knoten,a knot (witha
See Knack. differentdental sound). Also (with a long
Knife. (E.) km'/,pi kniues vowel)
M. E. Icel. kniitr,a knot, Dan. knude,
(with u^v). cnYf,a knife. + Du. Swed. kmit.
A. S. And (with orig. a) Icel.
knijf,Icel. knJfr,Dan. kniv, Swed. knif, knbttr (Teut.*knattuz), a ball.

prov. G. kneif;Low G. knTf, ktiTp,a knife knout, a scourge. (Russ. Scand.) "

(Liibben). (Cf. F. canif, from G.) Rus3. knnte, a whip, scourge. Swed. "

Possiblyrelated to Nip and Nibble. kmit^Icel. kniitr,a knot.

Knight, a youth,servant, man-at-arms. Know, to be assured of. (E.) M. E.
(E.) M. E. knight. A. S. cniht,O. Merc. knowen. A. S. cndwan (pt.t. cneow, pp.
cnekt, a boy,
servant. + Du. knecht, a ^;/rt7w"). 4" Icel. knd, O. H.G. chndan.
servant ; Dan.
kncgt, man-servant, knave Further allied to Russ. znate, to know ;
(atcards); Swed. knekt, soldier, knave (at L. noscere ; Gk. fi-'^vwaKdv
{ioxgtiosce7'e) ;
c.irds)
; G. kjiccJit. p. Perhaps cneht^ Vers.far-zdn, knowledge ; O. Irish gndth,
belonging
"^cn-eht, to the kin or tribe ; cf. known, accustomed, W.gna7ad,a.custom ;
Gk. yv-Tiaios, legitimate, from '^kv-os, kin Skt. jnd, to know. All from a base *gno,
(whe:e yv- is the weak grade of 761'-) ; a secondary form of -^GEN, to know.
see Kin. The suffix -eht,-iht is adjectival ; knowledge. (E.) M. E. know lege,
ix-,\w ])orn-iht, thorny,{vovQ.J)orn, a thorn. htanleche \ from knozulechen, vb , to ac-
knowledge.

Knit. (E.) A. S. cnyttan, to form into Here -lecheti A. S. -lacan =

a knot, to knot ; formed

(byvowel-change) E. nehlechen,A. S. neahliecan,
(^as in M.to
from base of cnotta, a approach). And
Teut. *kinit-,the -Icecan is from the A. S.
knot (Teut.type *kmct-ton-). Allied to -lac, the same word as A. S. lac,a game,
Icel.knyta, Dan. knytte,Swed. knyta, to sport,play. See "Wedloek.
knit; and to Icel. kniitr, Dan. knude, Knuckle, the projecting jointof the
Swed. knut, a knot. See Knot. fingers.(E.) M. F. knokil; O. Fries.
Knob, a form of knop M E. knobbe. knokele. -^-M. Du. knokel, Du. knenkel,
Cf. Low G. knobbe, Du. knobbe I, a knob. Dan. knokkel, G. knochel,a knuckle. A
See Knop. dimin. form ; the shorter form appears
Knock, to strike,rap. (E.) M. E. in M. Du. knoke, a bone, knuckle, G.
knocken. A. S. cmician ; Icel. knoka. Cf. knocken, a bone, Swed. knoge,a knuckle.
Irish cnagaim, I knock ; W. cnocio, to Knurr, Knur, a knot in wood,
2:
 KORAN LACQUER

wooden ball. (O. Low G.) M. E. knor. Skt.) Pers. lak,gum-lac.whence crimson
Not A. S.
in knorre, a hard
"
lake is obtained
M. Du. for ('yeing.Skt. IdksJid, "

swelling,knot in wood. 4- Dan. knort, lac; also laktaka, rakiaka, lac; railj,to
a knot ; G. knorren, a lump. Allied to dye. Der. gum-lac, shel-lac.
M. E. knarre, a knot. See Gnarled. Iiac (2),a hundred thousand. (Hind."
Koran, sacred book of the Mohamme-
dans. Skt.) A lac of rupees 100,000 =
rupees."
(Arab.)Arab. qurd7i,readingaloud, Hindustani lak (alsolakh), a lac. Skt. "

recitation; also,the Koran. " Arab, root laksha, a hundred thousand ; originally,
'
mark.'
qa7-a-a, he read. (The a is long.) a

ale or an ; the same word, with the Lace, a cord,tie. (F. L.) " M. E. las,
Arab. def. art. al (the)prefixed. laas. O.Y. las, laqs (F. lacs^,a snare, "

Kraal, an enclosure, a collection of huts, noose. L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot. "

an African village.(Du. Port. L.) Du. Allied to L. lacere,

"
to allure ; cf. E. elicit,
"

kraal, an African village.Port, ctirral, delight.See Lasso, Latchet. "

an enclosure ; the same word as Span. Lacerate, to tear. (L.) From pp. of
cor7-al. See Corral. L. lacei'dre,to tear. " L. lacer,mangled,
Kythe, to make known. (E.) A. S. tom. + Gk. XaKfpo^, torn ; Xanis,a rent.

cySan,to make known. " A. S. "7d,known, Lachrymal, Lacrimal, pertaining

pp. of cunnan, to know. See Can (t), to (L.) The
tears. spelling
lachrymalis
and Uncouth. bad. " L.
lacryma,better lacruma,lacrima,
a tear ; O. L. dacrima, a tear. Cognate
with Gk. hcLKpv, a tear, and E. tear; see
Tear (i). Der. (from L.lacrima)lachry-
mose,
tearful ; lachrymatoiya ,
tear-bottle.
Lack (i),want. (E.) The sense is old
'
Ijabel, a small slipof paper, "c. (F.) often '
failure or
*
fault.' M. E. lak,lac.
M. E. label. O. F. label,
-lambel, a label Not in A. S.,but cf. O. Fries, lek,damage,
(in heraldry), a shred; mod. F. lambeaii. harm, lakia,to attack. + Du. lak, blemish,
Of uncertain origin ; cf.O. Lat. lamberdTC, stain, taken,to blame ; Low G. lak,defect,
to tear in pieces(Ascoli). blame ; Icel. lakr, defective, lacking.
Iiabial. (L.) Late L. labialis,
pertain- lack (2),to be destitute of. (E.) M. E.
ing
to the lips. L. labium,
" the lip. See lakkcn ; weak verb ; from lak, sb. See
Lip. above.
labellum, pendulous petal. (L.) Lacker; see Lacquer.
a

L. labellum,dimin. oi labium, a lip. Lackey, Lacquey, a footman,menial

labiate. (L.) A botanical term. L. attendant. (F. Span. ? Arab.?) From " " "

'
labi-um,a lip; with suffix -ate (L. -dtus). M. F. laquay, a lackey,footboy; Cot. '

Iiaboratory. (L.) Formerlyelaboia- (F. laquais). There was also an O. F.

tojy (Blount). M. F. elaboraf oire {Co\..),form
"
alacay; Littre shews that, in the
Formed from L. elabordtus, pp. of elabo- I5lh cent.,a certain class of soldiers (esp.
rdre, to elaborate,work out. L. e, out ; crossbow-men), were called alagues,
" cay
ala-
labordre,to v/ork,from labor, labour. s, or lacays. (The prefixa- is prob.
laborious. (F.-L.) M. E. labo-
rious. due to Arab, al, the def. article.) Prob.
F. lahoj'ieux.
" L. laboriosus, toil- from Span, lacayo,
some. " Port, lacaio, a lackey;

" for labor,labour; with

L. labor-, Port, lacaia,a woman-servnnt in dramatic
suffix -osus. worthless, performances. Arab, " luka'
,

labour, toil.
(F. L.) IsLY.. labotcr. "
; lak'd,fem.,mean, servile ; as a sb.,
a slave

" O. F. labour (later

labeur). L. labore?)i,servile. Cf. lakd' laki servile,
"
lakdi, , ,

ace. oi labor,labos,toil. slovenly.% This is a guess ; it is much

Iiaburnum, a tree. (L.)lu.laburnum, disputed; Diez connects it with Ital.
in Pliny,xvi. i8. G. lecken,to lick.
leccare,
Labyrinth, (F._L. Gk. aLaconic, brief and pithy. (L. Gk.)
maze. " " "

Egypt.) F. labyritithe."!^. labyrinthus.L. Laconicus, Laconian. Gk. Aa/i-ojj'i/foj, "

" Gk. XafivpivOos,a maze, a place full of Laconian. Gk. Aa/cai',a Laconian, Spar-
tan. "

lanes or alleys. Of Egyptian origin These men were celebrated for their
(Maspero). brief and pithylocution.
Iiac (i),a resinous substance. (Pers. Lacquer, Lacker, a sort of varnish. "
 LACTEAL LAMMAS

(F. Port.
- Pers. Skt.) M. F. lacre
- -
also,to be driven (Vigf.).Cf. also O.F.
(Cot.)."Port, "Port.
lacre,sealing-wax. alagane (Godefroy).
laca, gum-lac Pers. lak, gum-lac; see"
Lagoon. (Ital.-L.) Ital. lagone,a
Lac (i). pool; also lagtina. [Or from Span.
Iiacteal,relating
to milk. (L.) From laguna.']The former is an augmentative
L. milky.
lacte-us, " L. lad-, stem of lac, of L. laczis;the latter is from L. lacuna,
milk. + Gk. 'yaXaKr-, stem of yaXa, milk. extended from lacus. See Lake (i).
Allied to letttue. Laic. (L. Gk.) L. laicus,belonging "

Lad, a youth. (E.) 'yi.Y..ladde. Prob. to the laity.Gk. " KaiKos (thesame). See
the sense was
'
one led,'i. e. follower, Lay _(3).
a

dependant. From M. E. lad, led, pp. of Lair, den or retreat of a wild beast.
leden,to lead. See Lead (i\ (H. Brad-
ley, (E.) M. E. leir. A. S. leger,a lair,
in AihencEum, June i, 1894.) couch, bed. " A.S. stem '^leg-,
as in A. S.
Iiadaniun ; see of licgan,to lie down, rest.
Laudanum. leg',base
Ladder. (E.) M. leger,a bed, lair,
(i).'4-Du. E. from
laddre. A. S. See Lie
hl^cdder,a ladder, -f-I^ii^ ladder, liggen; G. lager,O. H. G. legar,
hlieder, a couch,

ladder,rails of a cart ; O. H. G. hlcitra,from O.H.G. liggan,to lie; Goth, ligrs,

G. leiter,a ladder. Cognate with Gk. a couch. Doublet, leaguer.
K\T-fia^,
a ladder; see Climax. Named Laity, the laypeople. (F. L. Gk. ; " "

from sloping; see Lean (i). (-^KLEI.) 7uith P suffix.)A coined word ; .
from
Lade (i),to load. (E.) Formerly a lay,adj.; cf. gaie-tyfrom gay, "c. See
strong verb ; we stilluse
Lay (3). the pp. laden.
M. E. laden. A.S. hladan (pt.t. hlod^ Lake (i),a pool. (L.) A. F. /a^. -L.
pp. kladen), meaning (i) to load, heap lacus, a lake, -f-Gk. Xclkko's, a hollow,
up, heap together, ( 2) to draw out water, hole, pit,pond ; O. Irish loch,A. S. la^u.
lade out, drain. +Du. laden, Icel. klada, Lake i^),^ crimson colour. (F, Pers. "

Dan. lade, Swed. /aque(Cot.). Pers. Idk,lake.

ladda,Goth, -hlathan -
Skt.) F. -

(inafhlaihan^, G. laden, to lade. Teut. Pers. la/c,gum-lac; see Lac (i). "

base ^hladinoV *hlath), to lade (Kluge). Lakh; the same as Lac (2).
Allied to Russ. klade, a lading. Lama (i)"a high priest.(Thibetan.)
lade (2), to draw out water, drain. We speak of the grand lai7ia of Thibet,
(E.) The same word as Lade (i). i. e. chief or high priest(Webster).
ladle, a large spoon. (E.) M. E. Lama (2); see Llama.
ladel; A. S. hlcedel',so named from being Lamb. (E.) M. E. lamb, lo7fib. A. S.
used for dippingout or ladingwater from lamb, pi.lambrtL-^jyu. lam, Icel. lamby
a vessel ; Irom M. E. laden,A. S. hladan, Dan. lam, Swed. and G. lamm, Goth.
to lade out ; see above. lamb^a young sheep. Teut. type *lamboz,
Lady. (E.) Perhaps loaf-kneader.' *
neut.
*
a lady. A. S. hlaf,
A. S. hliefdige, a loaf; "
Lambent, flickering.
(L.) A lambent
and (perhaps)A. S. '^dige,
a kneader,from flame.' L. lambent-, stem
" of pres. pt. of
the root seen in knead
(^o'Ca..deigan,X.o ; see lambere, to lick, sometimes applied to
Dike, and see Dairy. ^ Lady was cially flames.
spe- Allied to Lap (i).
used to mean the legs. (E.)
Virgin Mary; Lame, disabled,esp. in the
hence lady-bird,ladys-slipper,
"c. M.E. laine. A. S. lama. -^Di\. lam, Icel.
Lag, late, sluggish.(C.) W. Hag, lamt, Dan. /am, Swed. lam, G. lahm.
slack,loose, sluggish;Corn, lac,louse, The orig.sense is bruised, maimed ; from
remiss; Gael, and Ir. lag,weak, feeble, a base '^la?n-,
to break. Cf. Russ. lomate,
faint;O. Irish lac,weak.-f-L.laxiis,lax ; to break ; Icel. lama, to bruise ; prov. E.
see Lax, Languid, Slack. lam, to bruise.
Lagan, goods cast out in a shipwreck. Lament, vb. (F. L.) Y.lamenter." "

(F.) A law-term ; usuallyexplainedso Y.. lament dr I, to wail. L. Idmentum, " a

as to force a false connexion with L. mournful cry ; from the base Id-,to utter
ligdre,to tie. " O. F. lagan, lagand. a cry ; cf Id-trdre,to bark. Cf. also

wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low Russ. laiate,

to bark,scold.
L. lagamim. Originunknown. Perhaps Lamina. (L.) L. lamina, a thin plate
from O. Iccl. laginn, positus,'
old pp. '
of metal. Cf. Omelette.

pass, of leggja,to lay,place (Egilsson ,

Lammas, a name for Aug. i. (E.)
 LAMP LANTERN
' '
A. S. lit. loaf-mass
hlnf-mcBSse, ; later landau, a kind of coach. (G.) Said
spellings lamviasse.
hlavivicBSse, A loaf to be named from Landau, a town in
was on this day offered as a of
first-fruits Bavaria. Land is cognate with E. land;
harvest. See Mass (2). G. ati is allied to i- in M. E. i-land; see
lamp. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.lampe.- Island.
L. lampas.'^Gk. Xa/inds,
a torch,light." a province. landgrave, a count of
Gk. to shine.
Xd/j-neiv. (Du.) Cf. Lantern.
landg7'aaf.^W\. land, land; Du.
lampoon. (F. Teut.) F. lampon, graaf,a count.
" Der. landgrav-ine,from
orig.a drinking-song; from the exclama-
tion Du. landgravin, fem. of landgraaf;see
lampons! let us drink (Littre).F. Margrave. "

iatnper, nasalised form of O. F. lapper, to landrail, a bird ; see Eail (3).

lapup; of Teut. origin, M. Du. lappen, landscape. "
(Du.) Formerlyland-
'
to lap or licke like a dogge;'Hexham. skip; borrowed from Dutch painters. "

See Lap (i). Du. landschap, a landscape, a province. "

lamprey, an eel-like fish. (F. L.) Du. land,land ; and -schap,a suffix cor- responding
"

A. F. lampreie,O. F. lamproie (Ital. to E. -ship in friend-ship,

lampi-eda). Late L. lampreda; once
" allied to the E. verb shape. % The Du.
speltlavipetra, as if 'licker of rocks,'cause
be- sch sounds to us more like sk than sh ;
the fish cleaves to them, from L. hence our spelling with sc.
lavibere, to lick,/^/r", a rock; but this is lane. (E.) M. E. lane, lone. A. S.
doubtful.Cf. Limpet. a lane ; O. P"its. lana,lona.-\'
lane, lojie,
lance. (F. L.) ". lance. '-l.. lancea. Du. laan, a lane,narrow
"
passage.
+ Gk. A07XT7, a lance. Der. lance,vb., language. (F.-L.) U.^Y.. langage.
to ; lanc-er.
pierce " M. F.
language (Cot.),now langage. F. "

lancegay, a kind of spear. (F. " L. ; the

langtie, tongue. L. lingua, tongue. "

aw^/ F. Span.
" "
Moorish.) Obsolete. A See Lingual.
corruption of lance-zagaye,
compounded of languish. (F. L.) 'M.Y..languishen. "

lance (asabove),and F. zagaye, a kind of " F.

langiiiss-,
stem of pres. part,of lan-
Moorish pike. The latter word answers guir, to languish.L. languere, to be "

to Span,azagaya { al zagaya).where = al weak. Allied to Gk. Xayapos, slack ;

is the Arab, def and zagaya
article, is an Icel. lakra, to lag; jmd to Lag. See
'
O. Span, word for dart,'of Moorish Brugm. ii. " 632. (-/SLEG.)
origin. So Port, azagaia,whence E. languid. (L.) L. languidus,feeble.
assegai. languidor weak. " L. languere,to be
(L.)
lanceolate, lance-shaped. (F. L. ) M. E. L. languor, dullness. "

lanceoldtus, furnished with a spike. L. languor. F. langueur. L. languorem, " " "

lanceola.a spike; dimin. of lancea (above) ace. oi languor.^\^. languere(above). .

lancet. (F. L.) M. E. latmcet.^ " laniard ; see Lanyard.

F. lanceile,dimin. of lance, a lance laniferoUS, wool-bearing. (L.)From
(above). E. lana, wool ; ferre,to bear. L. Idna is
lanch, another spellingof lance,vb., allied to "Wool.
to pierce;also oi launch (below). lank, slender, thin. (E.) M. E. lank.
launch, lanch, to hurl a spear, send A. S. hlanc,slender.
(aship)into the water. (F. L.) M. PI "
lanner, lanneret, a kind of falcon.
launchen,launcen,to hurl. O.Y.lanchier, (F. L.) Y.lanier,^z.lanner;'Cotg.
" " "

lander, Picard lancher,F. lancer,to hurl, L. lanidrius,a butcher,one that tears and
fling,dart, also to prick,pierce.E. rends. "L. lanidre, to rend. (So Diez.) "

lancedre,to wield a lance. L. lancea,a Der. Hence perhapslanyard. "

lance. lansquenet, a German foot-soldier,

land. (E.) M. E. land, lond. A. S. a game at cards. (F. G.) F. lamquenet, "

la}id.-\-V"\\.Icel. Dan. Swed. Goth. G. a lance-knight[a mistaken form] or '

'
land. Teut. type *lando/n, neut. Allied German footman ; Cot. G. landsknecht, "

to Celtic type *landd, fem., whence Ir. a foot-soldier. G. lands,for landes. gen. of "

Ia7t7i,land, W. llan, yard,

a churchyard, land,country;knecht,a soldier (E. knight).
Corn. Ian, Bret, lann (whence F. lande,a Thus lansquenet land' s-knight ; orig.a =

plain). See Lawn. Der. tip-land,

out- soldier from Germany.
land- ish. lantern. ". - L. -
Gk.) M. E. lan-

283
 LANYARD LASH

terne. " F. lanterne. " L. lanterna,laterna, form resembles Swed. ladda,to lade ; see

a lantern (not a true L. wordj. Lantenia Lade (i). (The word still remains explained.)
un-

borrowed
",*lamterna",*lampterna, from
Gk. XanTTTTjp, torch.
a light, Gk. Aa/uTreti/,Larceny, robbery.(F.-L.)
" The -J/
to shine. ^ Sometimes speltlanthom, is an E. addition. O. F. larrecin (F. "

because horn was used for the sides of larcui),larceny. L. latrocinium,

robbery; "

lanterns. formed with sufiix -cinium (as in tiro-

Lanyard, Laniard, a certain small from latro,
ciniiiDi) a robber. Allied to
rope in ship. (F. L.) Formerlyspelt
a " Gk. \drpiSja hireling,used in a bad
Imtnier, Ai.E. lainere; the final d being sense ; and to Xnrpov, hire.
excrescent,or due ioyard. F. laniere, Larch, a tree. (G.-F.)
" M. From G.
*
a long and narrow band or thong of Idrche, a larch (N. E. D.). Cf. O. F. larice
' '
leather ; also lanieres,pi.' hawks' lunes ; (Godefroy). L. laricevi,ace. of larix, a "

Cot. Perhaps from F. lanier,a kind of larch. For *darix, and allied to E. tree.
hawk. See Lanner. Lard/ (F. L.) O. F. lard. L. lardum, " "

Lap (i),to lick up with the tongue. also Idrida,lard, fat of bacon. Cf. Gk.
(E.) M. lappen. A. S. lapian,to lap. \dp6s,nice, Kdpivoi, fat. Der. lard-er,
E.
+ M. lappen (Hexham) ; Icel. lepj'a,
Du. from O. F. lardier, a tub to keep bacon in
Dan. labe; O. H. G. laffan^ to lap up.+ (Cot.\ hence a room in which to keep
L. latnbere, to lap with the tongue. bacon and meat. Also inter-lard.
(VLAB ; Brug. ii. " 632.) Allied to Large. (F.-L.) Y. large. ~\.. larga^
lambent. fem. of largus,great. Cf. O. F. larc, m.

Lap (2\ the loose part of a coat, an largess,a liberal gift.(F.-L.) F.

apron, part of the body covered by an largesse, bounty. Late L. *largitia, not "

apron, a fold. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S. found, for L. largJtio, bestowing. L.

a "

lappa, a loosely hanging portion. + Du. largltus, pp. of largiri,to bestow. L. "

lap,Dan. lap,Swed. lapp,G. lappen,a largus., large, liberal.

patch,shred,rag. Cf. Icel. lapa,to hang Lark (i),a bird, (E.) Another form
down ; Lith. Idpas, a patch, rag. ^ Hence is lavrock (Burns). M. E. larke, also
lap-el, a of
flap a coat, dimin. of E. lap ; laverock. A. S. Idiverce,later Idnerce,
"

lapp-et^ also dimin. of E. lap; also the Idferce. + Icel. Icevirki,a lark ; Low G.
verb to lap over. Cf. Limp (i). lezverke, O. H. G. lerehha, G. lerche, Du.
Lap (3),to wrap. (E.) M. E. lappen, leeuwrik, E. Fries, leverke,Swed. Idrka,
also wlappen,another form of larappett ; Dan. larke. A compound word, of un- known

see "Wrap. Quitedistinct from lap(2). origin.

Lapidary, one who sets precious Lark (2),a game, fun. (E.) The same
stones. (L.) Englished from L. lapidd-word as the above ; from the cheerful note
rius, a stonemason. L. lapid-, " stem of of the bird. The fuller form lavrock
lapis,a stone. Allied to Gk. Ktiras, a (whence larrick) produced the form lar- rikin''
bare rock, AfTr/?, a flake,X4n"iv,to peel for larking, now used as a slang
(Prellwitz). See Leper. adj.,in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.
Lapse, vb. (L.) From L. lapsdre, to See N. and Q. 7 S. vii. 345.
slip, frequent, oi Idbi (pp. lapsus^, to glide, Larum ; short for Alarum.
slip, trip. Der. col-,e-, il-, re-lapse. Larva. (E.) L. lama, a ghost, a
Lapwing, a bird. (E.) M. E. lappe- mask ; used as a scientific name for a cater-
pillar
*
winke. A. S. hleapeivince as if one who
,
or grub.
'
turns about in running ; from A.S. hleap- Larynx, lL. Gk.) L. larynx. Gk. " "

an, to run ; ^wince, one who turns ; see Xapvy^ (gen. Xdpvyy-os), throat,gullet,
"Winch. ^ But the older form is laepae-larynx. Der. laryng-itis.
uinccB (O. E. T., p. 504); the sense of Lascar, a native E. Indian soldier.
which is unknown. (Pers.)Pers. lashkari,a soldier ; from
Larboard. (E.?) Cotgrave has : lashkar,an army.
'
Baboi't,the larboard side of a ship.' Lascivious. (L.) Corruptlyformed
Hakluyt (Voyages,i. 4) has the spellingfrom L. lascmus, lustful. Cf. Skt. lash^
leereboord ; where here answers prov. E. to desire.
to

leer, empty. But the M. form is Lash

E. (i),a thong, stripe.(F. L.) "

of
laddebord, uncertain meaning. This M. E. lasshe,the flexible part of a whip ;
284
 LATIN LAW

\ovTp6v, a bath. Allied to Lye and L.) Formed by adding F. suffix -ess to
Lave. lavander, a washer-
woman," M. E. launder or

Latin. (F.-L.) Y. Latin. ^\.. Latl- O. F. lavandiere, 'a launderesse

mis, belonging to Latium. Der, /atim-er, or washing-woman ;'Cot. Late L. lauan- "

an ; for Latiner.
interpreter ddria,-deria,(same). L. lauand-,gerun- "

lateen, triangular, applied to sails. dial stem of laudre,to wash. See Lave.
(F. L.) F. latine,as in voile latine,a Der. laundr-y la under-y.
"
=

lateen sail ; latine is the fern, of Latin, Laurel. (F. L.^ M.E. lorel, wrer, "

Latin (i. e. Roman). laurer. O. F. lorier (F.laurier),a laurel- "

Latitude,breadth. ^F.-L.) ME. tree. "O.F. lor (the same); with suffix
latitude. F. latitude. L. Idtitudo (stem -ier (L. -dritis\
" " L. laurwn, ace. of "

Idtitudiji-),breadth. L. Idtus, broad ; laurus, a laurel-tree.

"

short for O. L. st Idtus. Brugm. i. " 529. laureate. (L.) L. crowned

lauredti^s,
Latten, mixed metal, like a beck. with
pinch- laurel.- L. lazirea,a laurel; orig.
(F.) M. E. latoun. O.Y "
.
laton fern, of laui-eus,adj.from laurus (above).
latten. Originunknown.
(F.laiton), Cf. Lava. (Ital.L.) Ital. /az/(a!,
"
a stream

Low L. lato,laionus ; Span, laton ; Port. of molten

',esp. rock). L. /aw"r^,to wash, "

latdo ; Ital. ottone, latten. lave. See Lave.

Latter; see Late. (F. L.) Y.laver.^ Lave, to wash. "

Lattice. (F. G.)

"
Formerly lattis.
L. laudre. + Gk. Xovnv, to wash. Der.
M. E. latis. V. lattis,
" lath-work, work."
lattice- lav-er,M.F. lavoir,a washing-pool(Cot.);
F. latte,a lath. G. laite,a lath ; lav-at-or-y, F. lavatoire,
" L. laudtorium,
see Lath. neut. of laudtorius, adj.,
belongingto a
Laud, to praise.(L.) yi.Y.. lauden." washer. And cf. Lather.
L. lauddre,to praise. L. laud-,stem " of Laveer, to tack. (Du. F. Du.) " "

laus, praise. Du. laveeren;M.Du. laveren, In Dryden. "

Laudanum. (L. Gk. Pers.' Now loeveren,' to saile up and downe,' Hex-
" " ham.
a preparationof opium, but formerlyap- plied "M. F. lower (Littre) ; F. louvoyer.
to a different drug. Thus Minsheu's F. lof,luff, weather-side. Du. loef. " "

Span. Diet. (1623) has: '"

Laiuiano, the See Luff.
gum labdanum in pomanders.' Lavender, a plant. (F.-Late L.)
vsed
'
Laudanufu, Labdanum. M.E.
Ladanum,
a lavendre. A. F lavendre ; Voc. 557. .

sweet-smelling transparent gum gathered 9. Late L. lavendula. id. ; also lavandula^ "

from the leaves of Cistus Ledon, a shrub, livendula ; see N. E. D. The form liven'
of which they make pomander, it smells dula pointsto L. Ituere,
to be livid ; from
like wine mingled with spices
; Blount, '
its blueish colour. See Livid.
1674. (Laudanum has a like strong Lavish, profuse,prodigal.(E.) merly
For-
smoW.) " 'L.Iddanurn, ledatizim , resin from spelt lavish, laves ; also lavy.
the shrub lada (Pliny). Gk. " Xrjhavov, Formed from
with suffix -ish (A. S. -isc)
KaZavov (same). " Gk. Xfjdov,a certain the obsolete verb lave,to pour out, lade
shrub. " Pers. ladan, the gum-herb lada out water; M.E. latten. to bale out
(Richardson). water, whence the metaphoricaluse of
Laugh. (E.) E. laughen,lehghen.lauen, to give bountifully. ' He
M. lauez
'
O. Merc, hkehhan, A.S. hlihan fpt.
t. hloh)
, hys gyftez God lavishes His =
gifts
;
to laugh.+T"u. lagchen,Icel. hlcBJa,
Dan. AUit. Poems, A. 607. It answers to

lee,Swed. le,G. lachen, Goth, hlahjan A. S. lafian,to lave, wash, pour. Cf.
(pt.t. hloh). (Base */^/a/i-Idg. *klak- Du. laven, G. laben, to refresh. ^ The
cf. Lith. kleg-'eti,
to laugh,Gk. Kkduaaeiv. Teut. verb was perhaps earlyborrowed
to cluck.) Of imitative origin. Der. from L. laudre ; see Lave. Cf. Norman
laughter,A. S. hleahtor. dial, laver, to spend lavishly.Der.
Launch (i); see Lanch. lavish,vb.
Launch (2), a large ship's boat. Law, a rule of action,edict. (Scand.)
(Span.) Span, lancha, the pinnace of M. E. lawc. A. S. lagu (not common
'
;
'
a ship; Pineda (i740). Port, lancha,the the usual A. S. word is ce); borrowed from
same. Cf. Port, lanchara. a kind of ship; Scand. Cf. O. Sax. lag,law. Icel. log, "

perhaps Malay origin

of (Yule). pi., but in sing, sense, a law, from lag,
Laundress, a washerwoman. (F. a stratum, order; Swed. lag; Dan. lov. -

2S6
 LAWN LEAGUE

From Teur. lag,2nd stem of *ligjan,

to Lay (4), as in Lay-figure. (Du.)
lie ; Lie (i).The sense
see is ' that which The old word was lay-man (Richardson).
lies,'
or Gk. KfTrai vofios, the
is fixed (cf. Lit. 'joint-man,'
i.e. man made with
law is fixed,from KeT/xai, I lie). Der. lee/nan,a lay-man. Here joints. Du. "

law-y-er(cf. saw-y-er). See Lie (i). Ice- is for lede-, in compounds (Sewel);
^awu (1),a space of grass-coveredand Du. leden is the pi. of lid,a joint,
ground,a glade. (F. C.) M.E.lazi7td cognate with A. S. lid,Goth, lithus, G.
"

(thed has been dropped). O.F. landc, s^-lied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb
"

*
shrubby, '(Kluge).
a land or laund,a wild, untilled,
'
or grassy plain; Cot. Cf. Ital. and Span. Layer ; Lay (i).
see

landa, a heath, p. Of disputedorigin; Lazar, Gk. a leper.(F. L.

Heb.) " " "

referred by Littre to G. land ( = E. land), M. ". lazar. wmY. lazare.'^'L,. Lazarus.-'

open country; but by Diez (righlly)Gk. Aa^apof, the name of the beggar in
to Bret, lann, a bushy shrub, of which Luke, xvi. 20 ; contracted from Heb.
the pi.lannou, like F. landes, means name .fi/efls^;'."-
Heb. El' dzdr, he whom
*
waste lamJs.' God
It helps. Der. lazar-etto,a plague-
comes to the same

thing; land are

for E. and
cognate hospital,
G. Ital. lazzaretto.
with Irish lajin,a pieceof land. Cf. W Lazy. (LowG.) Za^^z^ (^Spenser)." .

llan^ Gael, lann, an enclosure,pieceof Low G. lasich, variant of losich,languid,

land. See Land. idle (Liibben) ; Idosig,lazy (Danneil ;
!Lawn (2),fine linen. (F.place-name.)Pomeran. Idsig, cf. laassam,lazy(Bremen);
Palsgravehas Laune lynen,prob.for Lan Du. leuzig.lazy. Allied to Loose.
lyneit,where Lan is the i6th cent, spell-
ing Lea, Lay, Ley, a meadow. E.)
of Laon, to the N. W. of Rheims. M.E. lay,ley,untilled land. A. S. Icah,
Lawn was also called * cloth of Remes,' lea (gen.leage),a lea ; cf. Llced-leah,
i.e.
i. e. Rheims ; see Baret's Alvearie. Hadleigh. Cognate wuth prov. G. loh,a
Lax, slack. (L.) L. laxtis,slack, morass, low plain.Low G. loge,Flem. loo
loose. Allied to Slack. Brugm. i. " 193. as in Watcr-loo\also with Lithuan. lan-
laxative, loosening,
(F. L.) " Y.lax- has, an open field,
L. Incus,a glade,open
'
atif. L. laxatiuus,loosening.L.
" " laxa- space in a wood. Orig. a clearing.'
tus, pp. of laxdre,to loosen. " L. laxus, Allied to Lucid. Brugm. i. " 221.
lax. Lead (i), to conduct. (E.) M. E.
Iiay (i), to cause to lie
down, set. (E.) leden,pt. t. ladde,pp. lad." K.^. Lldan,
M. E. leien, leggen, pt. t. leide,pp. kid. to lead. + Icel. leida ; Swed. leda ; G.
A. S. lecgan,pt. t. legde,pp. gelegd; leiten ; Du. leiden. Teut. type '^laidjan- ;
causal of licgan,
to lie.4- I^u. leggen,Ieel. from '^laith (byVerner's Law), 2nd grade
leggja,Dan. Icegge,Swed. Idgga,G. legen, of *leithan- (A.S. lldan'^, to travel. See
Goth, laojan.Teut. type ^lag-Jan-,
causal Lode.
verb ; from 2nd
^lag, grade of '-'-ligjan-,
to Lead (2\ a metal. (E.) M.E. leed.
lie; see Lie (i). For the modern forms, A. S. lead.-^T)\x. load,Swed. lod,Dan. lod,
see Sweet, E. Gr. " 1293. G. loth,J\I.H. G. lot. Teut. type ""laudom,
layer, a stratum, tier,bed. (E.) neut. Cf. O. Irish luaidhe,lead.
The sane as lay-er,he who lays; see Leaf. (E.^ M. E. kef, pi. kites
N. E. D. f[Not M. E. leir, couch, {sieves). A. S. leaf,
a lair, neut.,pi./^a/l+Du.
place for lying down in; hence a bed, looffoliage ; Icel. latcfSwed. lof Dan.

stratum, "c. lov, Goth, G.

lazifs, laub. Teut. stem

Lay 'v2), song, poem. (F. G.)

a " M. E. *lat{bo-.
lai. O. F. lai,said to be a Breton word.
"
League (i\ a bond, alliance. (Ital." '
But only an O. F. name for a Breton L.) Ital. lega. a league; Florio. Late "
"

poem ; and prob. from O. H. to bind. See

G. leih, L. liga,a league. L. ligdre, "

leich, a game, sport, song (see Schade). Ligament.

Cf. A. S. lac,sport. League (2),about three miles. (Prov.
Lay (3),pertaining
to the laity.(F. L. legue Roquefort)
C.) ; Prov.
O. F. ',

-
" "

L. Gk.) M. E. Azjj/.
"
O. F. lai,secular "
legua(Gascon lega). Late L. lega,leicca; "

" L. Idiciis. Gk. KaiKos, belonging

" to the L. leiiga,leuca,a Gallic mile ; a word of
people. " Gk. Aaos (Attic people. Celtic origin. Cf. Bret. led.lev.a leaguej
A.6a)s),the
See Laic, Laity. also leu (inVannes).
287
 LEAGUER LECTERN

Leaguer, a camp. (Du.") In All's Leasing, falsehood. (E.) M. E. lesing.

Well, iii.6. 27. Du. leger,
a lair,
a camp.
" A. S. leasung,falsehood ; from leas,false.
See Lair, Lie (i). Der. be-Ieaguer. Cf. Icel. lausimg, falsehood; Du. loos,
Iieak. (Scand.) M. E. leken. " \c"\.. false. See Loose.
to drip,
Ic'ka, leak
dribble, vb. as a ship,str. Least see Less.
;
(pt.t. lak); cf. the causal forms seen in Leat, conduit afor water. (E.) A. S.
Swed. liicka,Dan. Icekke, Du. lekken^G. ge-lcete,
a course, direction. From l"tan,
lecken,
to leak,drop ; A. S. leccan, to wet. to let,permit. Cf. in-let,
out-let. See
^ The mod. E. word is Scand. ; not from Let (I).
A. S. leccan. [We also find A. S. hlec, Leather. (E.) M. E. lether. A. S.
leaky.] Der. leak,sb.,from Icel. leki, le^er. + Du. Icel. leQr,Dan. Iceder,
leder,
a leak, Prob. (Franck).
allied to Lack Swed.
leder,leather. Teut. type Idder,G.
M. E. /"?/. "^let
Leal, (F.-L.)
loyal,
true. *lethrom, neut. ; Idg. type ram, as in
" A. F. leal,O. F. leial, legal, hence just,O. Irish lethar, W. lledr. Der. leather-n.
loyal. L. legdlis,
"
legal.Doublets, legal, Leave (I ),to forsake, quit.(E.) M. E.
loyal. See Legal. leuen {leven). A. S. lief an, to leave a
Lean (i),to incline, stoop. (E.) M. E. heritage, leave behind one. + Icel. leifa, to
lenen. A. S. hlSnan, to make to lean, leave. Teut. type '^laibjan-, to leave ;
weak verb; (cf.A. S. hlinian, to lean, ivovs\*laib-, as seen in A. S. Idf, a remainder,

weak verb).+ Dan. lane, Swed. Idna, Icel. let/,a heritage.And *laib is the
causal forms ; G. lehmn, iatrans. Allied 2nd stem of Teut. *leiban', to remain, as in
to L. -cllndre, in inclindTe,to incline ; A. S. be-lifan, O. H. G. bi-liban (whence
Gk. kX'ivhv,to cause to lean, make to G. bleiben).Idg. root '^leip, as in Gk.
bend. (VKLEI.) \TnapTjs,persistent ; the weak grade *lip
lean (2j,slender,frail. (E.) M. E. appears in Skt. lip,to smear, Gk. AtVos,
lene. A. S. hlcene,lean ; orig.bending, grease, Russ. lipkii, sticky, Lith. lipti, to
stooping,hence thin ; cf. L. decliuis, adhere to. See Live. Brugm. i. " 87.
declining.Teut. type *hlamjoz. Cf. O. Leave (2),permission, farewell. (E.)
^
Irish clden, sloping, bad. Allied to A. S. 'To take leave \.o take permissionto =

' '
hltenan,to lean (above). go. By your leave by your permission. =

Leap. (E.) M. E. lepen, pt. leep,

t. pp. M. E. leue {leve). A. S. leaf, permission.
lopen. A. S. hleapan,pt. t. hleop, to run, From the same root as A. S. leof, dear,
jump. 4" Du. loopen,Icel. hlaiipa, Dan. pleasing.The orig.sense was pleasure;
lobe, Swed. lopa, Goth, hlaiipan,G. hence a grant, permission. 4-Du. -lof. as

laufen, chieflyin the sense *

to run.' Teut in oor-lof, permission, ver-lof,
.
leave ; Icel.
type ^hlatipan-. leyf., leave, lofan,permission,lob (i)
Learn. (E.) M. E. lemcn. A. S. praise,(2) permission ; Dan. lov,Swed.
leornian. + G. lernen, to learn. Teut. lof,praise,leave ; G. ur-lanb, ver-laub,
type ^liznon ; from *ltz(a)itoz, pp. of leave,e7'-lauben, to permit,lob, praise.
*leisan-,
to out, of which the pt. t.
trace From Teut. base (whence A. S.
*lctib-
'
lais in Goth,
occurs with the sense I leof),2nd grade ("A. S. leaf),
*laitb-
know,' e.
i. have found out. Hence also weak grade ^lub- ("A.S. lufu, love)
Teut. *laizjan-,
to teach, as in A. S. Iceran See Lief,Love, Furlough. (VLEUBH.)
(G. lehreu),
to teach. Brugm. i. " 903 (c). Leaven, ferment. (F. L.)
"
M. E.
And see Last (2),Lore. leuain Y.
{Ievai7i). " levaitt.'-'L.leudmen,
Lease (F. L.) an alleviation; here used in the orig.
(i),to let a tenement. " sense

F. laisser,to let go. L. laxdre,to slacken, of ' that which raises.' L. leudre,to raise.
" "

let go. L. laxus, loose.

" See Lax. L. leiiis,light.See Levity. "

Lease (2), glean.(E.)

t o M. E. lesen. Lecher. (F. G.) M. E. lechur, "

A. S. lesan^ to gather. + Du. lezen^ to lechom: O. F. lecheor,lecheur, lit. one "

gather,to read; G. lesen; Goth, lisan, who licks up, a man addicted to gluttony
pt.t. las,to gather; Lith. lesti,
to snap up. and lewdness. " O. F. lecher {".lecher),
to

Leash., hold in a dog. (F. lick.-O.

a thong to H. G. lecchon (G. lecken),to
"

L.) O. F. lesse (F. laisse),

M. E. lees. " lick. See Lick.
a leash. Late L. laxa, a thong, a loose
"
Lectern, Lecturn, a reading-desk.
rope. L. laxus,
" slack. See Lax. ^ The (F. Late L.) M. E. leterone, lec- "

number usually leashed together was three. torne, led rone, lectrzin (Prompt. Parv.).
88
 LECTION LEGAL

" O. F. letrtin (Godefroy) ; leetrim, letr in Swed. liikarc. Also A. S. Idcniatt, to heal,
(Littre,s. v. Late L. lectrinttm,Icel. Icekna,Dan. Icege,
/z"/rz*"). " Swed. Idka,Goth.
a reading-desk, pulpit. Late L. lech-u/n, lekinon, to heal. Also O. Irish liaig,
"
a
a pulpit. A'ot from Gk. KiKrpov,a couch, leech.
support ; akin to Gk. Xt'xo^j 3. couch,bed ; leech. (2) a blood-sucking worm. , (E.)
cf. L. lecius,a couch. For other forms, A. S. l^ce, lit. 'the healer;' the same
like Late L. lectdrlnmn^lecforium,shew word as the above.
that it was popularlyconnected with L. Leech (3),Leach, the border or edge
lectio (below). of
sail at the sides. (E.) Cf. Icel. lik,
a

Iiection,a reading, portionto be read. a leech-line ; Swed. lik,Dan. lig,a bolt-

(L.) From L. lectio, a reading. L. lectus^ rope. +M. Du. lyken,a bolt-rope
"
(Sewel ; ,

pp. of legere,
to read. See Legend. Du. lijk(seeP'ranck).
lecture, a discourse. ^F. L.) F. lec- ture, Leek.
"

(E.^ U.Y..leck. O.Merc. /^V;

a readmg. Late L. Icctura,
" a mentary. A. S. /mf. + Du.
com- look, Icel. laiikr,Dan.
"L. lecttts,pp. oi legcre,to read. log, Swed. Idk, G. laucJi. Teut. type
Ledge, slightshelf, ridge. (E.) *iauko- ; cf. A. S. If(ca7i,
a str. vb. (pt.t.
Palsgravehas ledge(i.e. support)of a /^(7r Teut. *la7tk), to weed. Der. gar-lie,
=

shelf. Cf. Norfolk ledge, a bar of a hcju-lock (latter

gate, char-lock, syllable). '

rail of a chair ; M. E. legge. [But not Leer, a slylook. (E.) The verb is a
Swed. lagg, the rim of a cask, Icel. I'ogg,developmentfrom the sb.,which is an old
the ledgeor rim at the bottom of a cask ; word. M. E. lere,the cheek, face,com-plexion,
Norweg. logg(pi.Icgger), the lowest part mien ; usuallyin a good sense,
of a vessel; M. H. G. /ekke.'\ Cf. also but Skelton has it in a bad sense. A. S.
Norw, lega,
a couch, lair,bed, support on hleor,the cheek ; hence, the face,look,
which anythingrests ; lege,a ledge,as of mien.+Icel. hlyr,pi.,the cheeks.
rock. All from Teut. */^^, the base of Lees, dregsof wine. (F.) PL of a sing,
^ligj'an-, to lie. Cf. A. 8. licgan,Icel. form lee,not used. F. lie,'the lees;' "

^^Sgj'^-:Swed. ligga,Dan. Hgge, to lie. Cot. (Gascon lio,'lie de vin.')Late L. "

The sense is 'support.'See Lie (i). Ha, pi. lice,lees (loth cent.). Origin
Ledger, a flat slab ; also, a book in unknown.
which a
summary of accounts is preserved. Leet, an assembly of a township.(Scand.)
(E.) (We also find legerambassadors, M. E. Icte. A. F. Icte ; perhapsadapted
'
i.e. such as retnained for some time at a from Icel. Iei6,
'
a leet ; Vigfusson.
foreign court.) A is
ledger-book one that Left, the weaker hand. (E.) M. E.
lies
alwaysready. Similarly, in Middle- left,
lift,
hift. A. S. left;Dr. Sweet
English,
a largebook was called liggar points
a out that '
in a
inanis,left^
occurs

(that which lies),because portable.gloss(Mone, Quellen,

not i.443),and that the
From ]\L E. liggen, A. S. licgan, to lie ; same MS. has senne for synne (sin) ; so
see Lie (i). Cf. Du. legger, one that lies that left is for lyft, with the sense less
worth- '

' '
down (the nether mill-stone is also so or weak ; cf. A. S. lyft-ddl,
'
palsy.
called); from Du. leggen, to lie, a common + North Fries, leeft, lecfter hond, lelt
corruption of liggen, to lie (like layfor lie hand ; M. Du. htft,lucht,left; E. Fries.
in English).^ Howell uses leger-book for liichter, left,luf weak. p.The form of
'
portable book,'which is from O. F. legier,the base is *hib; cf. Du. lubben (Franck).
light. See ledger in Richardson, See Lib.
Lee, a sheltered place; part of a ship Leg. (Scand.) M. E. leg(pi.legges).'-
away from the wind. (Scand.) M. E. lee, Icel. leggr, a leg; Dan. Iceg,the calf of the
shelter. Icel. hie,lee (of a ship); Dan.
" leg; Swed. Idgg (thesame). Brugm. i.
lie, Swed. /J.+Du. lij; A. S, hleo, hleow, " 647(5).
a covering, a shelter (distinct from prov. Legacy. (L.) M. E. legade; a coined
Yj.le-Li",warm; see Lew). ^ The peculiar \word (asif=L. *legdtia, not found) from
use is Scand. ; the pronunciation lew-ard L. legdtum, a bequest,neut. of pp. of
is due to the w ; cf. steward for sty-ward. legdre, to appoint, bequeath ; allied to lex
The Teut. type is ^hlewo- (Franck). (stemleg-'), the law (below).
Leech (i% a physician.(E.) M. E. legal, pertaining to the law. (F. L.) "

leche. A. S. l^ce,one who heals, + Goth. M .F. legal. L. legdlis, "

legal. L. leg-, stem "

a leech
lekeis, ; cf. Icel. Icvknir,
Dan. Icege, of lex, law. Allied to L. legere
; Gk,

289
 LEGATE LENIENT

Xifdv, to collect. Brugm. i. " 134. a pod.

pulse, L. legfwien(stemlegilmin-')
"
,

(VLEG.) pulse,b ean-plant.Brugm. i. " 667. Der.

legate, a commissioner. (F. L.) "
legumin-ous.
M. E. korafa.-O.F. Leisure, freedom from employment.
legat (F. Ugat\ a
pope'sambassador. L. legaiits,
a deputy ; (F.-L.) M. E. leyser. A. F. leisir (F.
" -

pp. of legdre, to appoint. L. leg-, stem of loisir), leisure ; orig. an

" infin. mood,
'
lex,law. See legal. meaning to be permitted.'L. licere, to "

legatee. (L. ; with F. suffix.) A be permitted. % The form is bad ; it

law term; coined from L. legdt-iis, should be leiser or leisir;pleasureis in
pointed,
ap-
with F. suffix -i ( L. -dtiis). the same case. The
= sufhx has been
See above. changed from -er or -ir to -ure (as in
legend, a marvellous story. (F. L.) measure). "

M. E. legende.^O. F. Icgende ,", legended, Leman, Lemman, a sweetheart.

a legend, story. Late L. legenda,legend
a "
; (E.) L e. lief man. M. E. le^nman, also
fern. sing,from L. legenda, neut. pi.,things leofman. A. S. leaf, dear ; 7nann, a man "

to be read. L.
fut. pass. part,of or woman.
legendiis, " See Lief.
to read, orig.to gather,
legere. collect.+ Lemma, an assumption. (L. Gk.) "

Gk. A676ii/,to tell,

speak. (VLEG.^ L. lemma. Gk. Xrjfxixa,a thingtaken; in "

Iiegerdemain, sleight o f hand. (F. logic, premiss

a taken for granted; allied "

L.) O. F. legierde main, lit. lightof to Gk. (i-\rififxai, perf,pass, oi Xafi^dvftv,

hand. (Cf.Ital. leggiere,
leggiero, light.'to take (baseAa/3-). Brugm. i. " 852.
The O. F. legieranswers to a Late L. Lemming, Leming, a kind of Nor-
type *leuidrius,
made by adding-dritis to v\'egian
rat. (Norweg.) Novweg. lemende;
L. lezii-s,
light. F. de =L. de, of. F. also occurringas lemming,limende,loviel-
main = L. inanum, ace. of manus, a hand. dre, lofnund,lomhund. Cf. Swed. lemel,
See Levity. a lemming ; Icel. lomundr. Origin ob-
scure
leger-line,ledger-line, in music, ; Aasen derives it from Norweg.
a shortline added above or below the lemja,to strike, beat,maim, lit. ' lame,'
staff. (E. and F.) As if for legcr-line ; and explainsit to mean '
destroying;
'

where leger F. h^ger(formerlylegier).

" from the destruction committed by them ;
light;because these lines are small and see Lame. But this is popularetymo- logy.' '

a hori-
zontal
'
short. But wrongly ; ledgermeans The word may be Lapp ; the
bar,'and is allied to ledge(N.E.D.). Lapp name is inomek.
Cf. mod. F. lignes additionnelles. Lemniscate, a curve like the figure 8.
Legible, readable. (F.-L.) O. F. (L. Gk. "i From L. lemniscat-us, adorned "

legible.L. legibilis,
"
legible.L. legere, to with a ribbon. "L. lemniscus,a pendent "

read. See legend. ribbon. " Gk. fillet.

Xrj/jLviaKos,
a Said to
legion, a large body of soldiers. be from Gk. wool;
Ktji^os, which is allied
(F.-L.) M. E. legioun. O. F. legion. to "Wool. -

" L. legionem,ace. of legio,a Roman Lemon. (F. Pers.) Formerly //;;/^". "

legion, body of from 4200 to 6000 men. F. Union. Pers. limun, limnnd, a " "

" L. legere,
to gather,select a band. lemon, citron. Of Malay origin.
Legislator. -;L.)L. legislator, a pro-
poser Lemur, a nocturnal animal. (L.) L.
of a law. L. legis, gen. of lex, a lemur, a ghost; so nicknamed
"
by natural-
ists
law ; Idtor,a proposer, lit.bringer, from from its nocturnal habits.
Idtum (fortldtuni), to bear, bring, from Lend. (E.) The final d is excrescent.
y'TEL ; see Tolerate. Brugm. i. " 585 M. E. lenen. A. S. llnan, to lend. A. S. "

(2). Der. See legaL legislate,

"c.
lien,a loan.+Icel.Idna, Dan. laane,Swed.
legist. (F.-L.) O. F. legiste (F. lana, G. lehnen, derivatives from the sb.
/"/^z5/^).Late L. legista,
"
one skilled in See Loan.
the laws. L, leg-,
stem of lex,law (with Length.
"
(E.) M. E. lengths.A. S.
Gk. suffix 'ista^-iarrjs;). lengd,fem. ; for *langidd, with mutation
legitimate. (L^) Late L. legiti-of a to "?. " A. S. lang,long.+Du. lengte;
niatus, pp. of legitimdre,to declare to be Dan. ; Swed.
Icengde Idngd ; Icel. lengd.
lawful. L. legitimus,
"
accordingto law. " See Long. Der. length-en.
L. legi-,for lex,law ; with suffix -ti-mus. Lenient, mild. (L.) From pres. part.
Legume, a pod. (F.-L.) Y. legume. of L. lenTre,to soothe. soft,mild.
L. lenis, "

290
 LENITY LETHE

lenity. (F.-L.) O. F. /^mV/,mild-

ness word, from the adj.leprous', which is
(^obsolete).L. lenitdtem, ace. of from M. F. Icprcux-=\.. leprosiis,
" afflicted
mildness.
ienitas, L. lenis (above). with lepra,i.e.leprosy.See Leper.
"

ZieuSy a pieceof glassused in optics. Lesion, an injury.(F.-L.) M. F.

(L.) So called from the resemblance of a lesion,hurt; Cot. L. lasionem, ace. of "

double-convex lens to the shapeof the seed IcEsio.an injury.L. Icesus,pp. of Icedere, "

of a lentil. L. lens^a lentil.

" to liurt. Der. (fromladercjcol-lide,e-lis'
Hient, a fast of 40 days,beginningwith ion.
Ash-Wednesday. (E.) The fast is in Less, smaller. (E.) Used as comp. of
the
spring-time; old sense but
is simplyspring.little, from a different root. M. E.
M.E. lentjcnten. A.S. lenden, the adj.,les. adv. A.^.ldssa, less,
spring; lesse,lasse,
supposed to be derived from lang, long, adj.; Ices,adv. + O. Fries, lessa, less.
because in spring ; Kluge p.
the dayslengthen The form l^s-sa is for *lc"s-ra, by
suggests that it represents a Teut. form assimilation. The Teut. type is *lais-izon,
*lan^i-tino-,long day,' where '
-tino- is from a base *-lais-; cf. Lith. lesas. thin,
allied to Skt. dina- Lith. de !ay.+ small. The Teut. type of the adv. is
Du. lente, spring; G lenz,O. H. G. leiizo ^laisiz. Der. less-er,
a double comp. ;
lenzm, hngizen. Der. lenten,adj.,from Iess -en, vb.
A. S. Icncien,sb. least. (E.) M. E. /^j-/^, adj.,/^5/,adv.
Lentil, a plant.rF.-L.) ^l.Y.. lentil. A. S. Icesest,whence liest by contraction ;
" O. F. and F.) lejiiille."!^.lenticida, a a superlative form from the same base
little lentil ; double dimin. of le7it-,stem "'"lais-.
of lejis,a lentil. See Lens. lest, for fear that,that not. (E.) Not
Zientisk, the mastic-tree. (F. L.) for least, but due to A. S. phrasetiyhis de "

F. L. leniisczirii,
lenlisqtte. "
lentisais, =--for the reason
less that ; wherein df (for
named from the clamminess of its resin. " the reason)was soon dropped,and las 6e
L. lenhis,sticky,pliant. coalesced into lest. Here Ices less, adv. ; =

Iieo, a lion. (L."Gk. "

Egypt.?) L. and de is the indeclinable relative.
/^^. " Gk. Kicx:v,
a lion. We
also find Du. -less,suffix;see Loose.
leetnv, G. lowe, Russ. lev, Lithuan, Lessee. (F.-L.) O. F. lesse (less^),
lavas, a lion ; all borrowed forms, Cf. pp. oi lesser, to let go (lease).
later laisser,
Heb. ldvi\a lion. Probably of Egy^ptianSee Lease (i).
origin ; see Lion. Lesson. (F. L.) M.E. lesson. F. " "

leopard. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y. leopard.lefon. L,. leclidne?n,ace. of lectio,a read-

ing "

" L. leopardiis. Gk. Ac oTrapSuj, a leopard

"
; ; see Lection. Doublet, lection.
supposedto be a mongrel between a pard Lest ; see Less.
(panther)and a lioness. Gk. Aeo-, for Let (i).to permit. (E.) M. E. leten,
"

AeW, a lion ; -napdos, a pard. strong verb, pt.t. lat., leet,pp. laten,leten.
Iieper. (F. L. Gk.) The sense has A. S. l"tan,letan,pt.t. let,leort,
" "
pp. Ikten.
changed; lepreformerly m eant the disease 4-Du. laten {lief,gelaten) ; Icel. lata {let,
itseU ; and what we now call a leperwdiS Idtinn) ; Dan. lade, Swed. lata, Goth.
called a leprousman. The hpre of him letan (laildt,'
letans) ; G. lassen {Hess,
'
was clensid ; Wyclif,Matt. viii.3. M. F. gelasscn). Teut. type *llsta?j,
"
pt. t.
'

; Cot. L. lepra. Gk. i)p. *lcetanoz. Idg. -%/LED; weak

'
lepre,a leprosie *leldt, " "

Kirrpa,leprosy ; so called because the skin grade LAD, whence E. Late. Brugm. i.
scales off. Gk. AeTrpds,
"
scaly,scabby." "478-
Gk. Xivos,a scale ; Keireiv,to peel. Cf. Let {2),to hinder. (E.) M. E. Ictten ;
Russ. hipite, Lithuan. liipii, to peel. A.S. lettan,\.o hinder,make late. A.S. "

lepidoptera, a term applied to Icet,late,slow. + Du. letten,Icel. letja,

insects whose wings are covered with Goth, latjan, to tarry; from the adj. Late.
scales. (Gk.) Gk. Ktmdo-, for Xcrris.a Teut. type *lat-jan-; from *lat-,slow.
scale ; vTfpn, pi.of irrfpSu, a wing (alliedSee Late.

to E feathej-'). Lethal, deadly.(F.-L.; ^rL.) M.F.

Iieporine,belongingto a hare. (L.) lethal, deadly; Cot. L. lethdlis,for ' '
"

L. adj.,from lepor-,
iep07-Jnus, for '^lepos. mortal.
letdlis, letum,death.
" L.
stem of a hare.
lepus, Lethe, oblivion. (L.-Gk.) l..lithe.
Leprosy. (F. L. " "
Gk.) A coined -Gk, Krie-q,
a forgetting;the river of

291
 LETHARGY LIBATION

oblivion ; allied to for

\a6-,base ofXavOaveiv^-igdre, agere, to make. Cf. Gk. Kixos^
to lie hid. smooth.
lethargy,
a heavysleep.(F. L. Levin, lightning.(Scand.) M. E. - "

Gk.) lethargicM. t.
a lethargy; Cot. leyfnyng,lightning ; Wrt. Voc. 735.42. ,
"

L. leihargia.^G\i. drowsiness.
\-q6apyia, Prob. Scand. ; not found in A. S. Cf.
" Gk. \r]9apyos,forgetful.Gk. ^tjOt],Icel. leiptr (pronouncedleiftr), lightning. "

oblivion (above^. Levite, one of the tribe of Levi. (L. "

Letter, a character. (F. L.) M. E. Gk. Heb.) L. Leuita. Gk. AeviTrjs, " " "

/e/tre. F. leUre. L. littera,for older

" " Lu. X. 32. " Heb. Levi, one of the sons of
litcj'a(alsoleiterd),
a letter. See Brugm. Jacob.
i. " 930. Levity, lightness, (L.)
frivolity. From
Iiettuce, plant. (F. L.) a succulent " L. L. leuis,light.
lightness.
leuitas, "

M. E. letnce. O. F. *Ictuce,
only found in " the act of raisingmen
levy, for an
the form lectiis (Palsgrave,s. v. Lettes); army; force raised. (F.-L.)
the F.
'
and Latinised form letusa, Wrt.
in the lev^e,' a levy,or levyingof an army ;
Vocab. 787. 15. L. *Iactficea, fem. adj. " Cot. Fem. of pp. of lever,to raise. L. "

from L. lactuca, a lettuce (whence F. leudre,to raise. L. leuis (above).

"

laitue,Ital.lattiigd).L. lact-,stem of lac, "

Lew, Lew-warm, tepid.(E.) M. E.
milk, succulent juice. See LacteaL lew, Wye 1if,Rev. iii. 16. A. S. hleo-ve,
Levant, the E. of the Mediterranean warm (foundonce).-^-Du. lauzu,warm ;
Sea. (Ital. L.) Ital. levante,E. wind, Icel. hlier,hlyr; G. lau, O. H. G. Ido
"

eastern country or part (where the sun {Idzu-). Teut.base (perhaps) hl^zv-.
'^hlezv-,
rises). L. leiiant-,
" stem of pres. part, of Lewd, ignorant, base. (L. Gk. ?) "

leudre,to raise ; whence se letidre, to rise. M. E. leived, ignorant.A. S. Icexvede, adj.,

" L. leuis,light. ignorant,also lay,belongingto the laity.
levee, a morning assembly. (F. L.) [Itmay have been confused with the pp. "

For F. le levir (^Littre).F. lever,to raise. of Icewan, to betray; cf. Goth, lewjan,
"

" L. leudre (above). to betray, from lew, occasion,oppor-

tunity.]
Level, an instrument for determining But it is supposed to be of
that thing is horizontal. (F. L.) M. E.
a " Latin origin; answeringto L. type *ldi-
liuel,leuel {livel,
level).^O. F. livel,
later cdtus, belongingto the laity, parallelto
liveati\mod.
spelling F. niveau, a level. Late L. clericdtus (whence E. clergy).If
" L. libella,a level;dimin. of libra,a so, it is formed from L. Idicus,a word of
balance. See Librate. % Hence the Gk. origin. See Laic. (Sievers,
" 173;
adj.level. Pogatscher,
" 340.)
Lever. (F. L.) M. E. levour. F. " - Lexicon. (Gk.) Gk. Xe^tKov, a dic-
tionary
lifter. L. leudioreni,
leveur,a raiser, ace. "
; neut. of Xf^tKui, adj.,
belonging
of a lifter.
leudtor, " L. leudre,to lift. L. " to words. " Gk. Xf^t-?,a saying. Gk. "

light.
leuis, \"y"iv, to speak; see legend.
Leveret. (F. L.) " K.Y. leveret {^^\.Ley, a meadow; see Lea.
level es, Gaimar, Chron. 1. 6239); O. F. Liable, responsible.
(F, "

L.) Formed,
'
levrault,a leveret,
or young
'
tie. L. hare ; Cot. ; with suffix from
-able, F. li-er,
to "

with changeof suffix. [The ligdre,to tie. See Ligament. suffix -ault =

Late L. -aldus,
from O. H. G. ivald,power, Liane, Liana, a climbingtropical
common as a suffix.]The base lever- is plant.(F.-L.) F. //aw (thesame); from
from L. lepor-for *lepos,stem of leptcs,a Norman and Guernsey//"",a band. "L.
hare. ligdmeu; see Lien, Limehound.
Leviathan. (L.-Heb.) Late L. 7^- Lias, a formation of limestone. (F.)
viathan. Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). Heb. F. lias,liais,O. F. Hois,a hard freestone. "

livydthdn,an aquatic animal, dragon, Lib,

to castrate. (E.) Answers to an
serpent; named its twistingitselfin A. S. type *lybbati
from ; only found in the
curves. Heb. root "Idvdh : Arab, root cognate Du. lubben, with the same sense ;
lawa\ to bend, whence lawd, the twistingE. Fries, and Westphal. liibben. Der.
or coilingof a serpent. g-lib,vb., the same (obsolete) ; cf. O. Du.

Levigate, to make smooth. (L.) Out gehibt. '

gelt,' Hexham. Al.^o lef-t, q.v.
of use. L. leiiigdtus,pp. of leuigdre, Libation, the pouringforth of wine in
"

to make smooth. L. leu-is,smooth : honour of a deity. (F. L.) F. libation.

" -

292
 LIEGE LIGHTS

Russ. liobite,
lioboi,agreeable, to love ; away. The same as Lift (i). ^ Not
L. hibet,Hbet, it pleases;Skt. luhh, to allied to Goth, hliftus,
a thief.

desire. (VLEUBH.) Allied to Love. Ligament, a band, band of tissue

Iiiege,faithful,subject. (F.-O. H. G.) connectmg the moveaMe bones. (F. L.) "

[The sense has been altered by confusion F. '^1^. ligatnenttim,

ligament. a tie,
band.
with L. ligdtus,bound. L. ligd-re, In old use, we
to tie ; with suffix -mentum. "

'
could speakof '
a liege lord
meaning a ligature,abandage.(F. L.) F. liga-
as "

free lord, in exact opposition to the im-

portedtti7'e,
a tie,bandage. L. ligdtitra, a bind-
ing. "

notion.] M. E. lige,lege; lege L. ligcltzis,

pp. of ligdre, to tie. "

pousiee free sovereignty,

= Bruce, v. 165, Light (i), illumination. (E.) M. E."

O. F. lige, liege^
hege, leal ; also, free ; a light. O. Merc, leht ; A. S. leoht, light. -|- "

liege lord was a lord of a free band, and Du. and G. licht ; cf. Goth, liuh-ath,
his lieges were privilegedfree men, faithful light, shewingthat the / is a suffix. Teut.
to him, but free from other service." type *leuhtom, neut. sb. ; related to the
M. H. G. ledic,lidic (G. ledig), free,esp. adj.*leuhtoz, as seen in E. light,i.e. bright,
from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel. G
adj., . and Du. licht. Co-radicate with L.
free,M. Du. ledig,
Iid2cgr, free, (Disputed; lux (stemIdc-), light, Gk. Aey/c-oj,white,
seeKorting," 47.36.) Skt. ruch, to shine. (-/EKUQ.) See
Iiieger,]Leiger,an ambassador ; see Lueid.
Ledger. lighten (i),to illuminate,
flash. (E.)
Ziien,a legalclaim, chargeon property. I. Intrans., to shine 'it
lightning; as

(F. "

L.) F. lien, band, a or tie,anything lightens.'

M. E. lightenen, correctly more

that fastens fetters. L. ligd?nen,

or a tie. " "
light-n-en,
where the -n- is formative,
'
to tie. See Ligament.
L. ligdre, and givesthe sense to become light.'2.
Xiieu,place,stead. (F. L.) F. lien. "
Trans. This is only the intrans. form
" L. locum, ace. of loais,a place. See incorrectly
used with a trans, sense. The
Locus. correct trans, form is simply to lights
lieutenant, a 'locum deputy, O.
tenens,' Merc, lihtan,from leoht,
sb.
"c. (F. L.) Y "
.
lieu tenant. -^Y^. locum- illuminatingflash.lightning, an

tenent-,stem of loctim tenens, one who -ingfrom M. E.

(E.) Formed with suffix
holds another's place. L. locum, ace. lightnen,
" to lighten (above).
of locus,a place; tenens, pres. pt.of ienere, Light (2),not heavy. (E.) M. E. light.
to hold. See Tenable. A. S. leoht (for*liht). + Du. licht, ligt;
Life. (E.) M. E. lif, lyf;gen. lyues Icel. lettr, D an. let, Swed. Idtt,Goth.
{lives), dat. lyue {live).A.S. lif,gen. leihts, G. leicht,O. H. G. Wit, llhti.
lifes, dat. life. From the base of Teut. Teut. type *lihtoz, for ^linxtoz, *lenxtoz.
*leiban- (pt.t. "^laib,pp. *liba7Z0z), to Allied to Lith. lengivas, light; and to
remain ; as seen in Goth, bi-leiban, A. S. Lung. See Brugm. i. " 684; Sievers,
be-llfan, bleiben, blijven,
G Du. to remain, " 84.
-flcellifllfi, Dan. liv,Swed. lif, O. H. G. light (3),to alight,settle,descend.
Up, life (whence G. leib,the body). The (E.) M. E. lihten. K.'^. lihtan,vb., to
weak grade appears in Live, q. v. And alightfrom, lit. to make light,relieve
see Leave (i). (V'LEIP ?) a horse of his burden. A. S. leoht {liht) "

'
lifeguard. (E.) From life and guard. (above). The sense to descend upon
'

^ Cf. G. leibgarde, a body-guard, w hich (the earth) secondary,

is due to the com-
pleted
is a cognate word, with the orig. sense of action of descending from a horse.
'
life-guard,' from O. H. G. iFp,life. lighten (2), to alleviate. (E.) The -en

lifelong ; better livelong, q. v. is merely formative,as in strength-en.'-

Lift (1), to elevate. (Scand.) M. E. A. S. lihtan,to make light(above) .

liften. "Icel. lypta(pron.lyf to), to lift, lighten (3),to alighton. (E.) Ex- tended
exalt in air,from lopt, air ; Dan. lofte, from light (3)above.
Swed. lyfta,from luft,air. The Icel. lighter, a boat for unladingships.
y results, by mutation, from Teut. u\ see (Du. ) Borrowed from Du. ligter,a
Loft. Der. tip-lift. lighter, i. e, unloader. Du. ligt,
light. "

Lift (2),to steal. (E.) We speak of lights, lungs.(E.) So named from

a shop-lifter, a thief; see Shak. Troil. i. their lightness.So also Russ. legkiia,
3. 129. To take up; hence, to take lights ; from legkii, light.
294
 LIGHTEN LIMN

Lighten (0, to flash.Lightning; Limb (1),a member, branch of a tree.

see (i).
Light (E.) M. E. lim. A.S. /m.+Icel. limy,
Ligneous, woody. (L.) L. Hgne-us, Dan. Swed. lem. Allied to A. S. li-tS,
wooden ; with suffix ous. L. lignum, Goth, li-thus,G. g-lie-d,a joint. Cf.
"

wood. Lith. leinu,stature,growth. See Lay (4).

lign-aloes, a kind of tree. (F. " L. Limb (,2),the edge or border of a
and Gk.) O. F. lignaloes (Godef.)." L. sextant, "c. (L.) L. lifubus,a border,
ligmim aloes,lit.' wood of aloes.' Aloes edging,edge.
is gen. of aloe,from Gk. aXor],aloe. See limbo, limbus, the borders of hell.
Aloe. (L.) The orig.phraseis ifi limbo,where
Ligule, a strap-shaped (L.)
petal. In li7ubo is the abl. case of limbus, a border ;
botany. llgula,
" L. a little tongue, also the limbus patrum was a supposedplace
speltlingula,dimin. of lingua,tongue, on the border of hell,where the patriarchs
bee Lingual. abode tillChrist's descent into hell.
Ligure, preciousstone. (L. Gk.") Limbeck, the same
a " as Alembic.
L. ligiiriiis. Gk. \iyvpiov,a sort of gem
" Limber (i)"active,flexible.(E.) In
(amberor jacinth) ; Exod. xxviii. 19. Baret(isSo). ApparentlyalliedtoLirap(i).
Like (t)" similar. (E.) M.E. lyk,lik. Limber (2),part of a gun-carriage, a
A.S. ge-lTc ; as suffix,-lie.+ Du. g^-Hjk. frame with two wheels and a pole.(F.?)
Icel. iTkr^g-ltkr, Dan. lig, Swed. lik,Goth. Cf. prov. E. livimers, thills, shafts (theb
ga-leiks, G. g-leich, O. H. G. ka-lih. p. being excrescent). G. Douglas has ly)ii-
'
Lit. having the same form,'and derived ""7rz", shafts. Probably from O. Y.limonier,
from the sb. meaning form, shape,' '
viz. adj., belongingto the shafts ; from liinon,
A. S. iJc, form, body,Icel. Ilk,Goth, leik a shaft. Cf F. limoniere, part of a car-
riage

the body, Du. lijk, corjse,

a Dan. lig, including the two shafts. Etym.
Swed. Hk, a corpse, G. leiche, O. H. G. unknown ; perhapsallied to Icel. lim (pi.
lih. See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygtis, like limar),branches of a tree.
like (2), to be pleased with. (E.) The Limbo, Limbus; see Limb (2).
construction has altered ; M. E. liketh, it Lime (11,bird-lime,mortar. (E) M.E.
pleases, is impersonal, as in mod. E. ifyou lym, Him, viscous substance. A. S. lim,
like ii it may
=
pleaseyou. "A.S. liciaji, bitumen, cement. +Du. lij'm, Icel. lim,
to please, orig. t o be like or suitable for. Dan. Him, Swed. li?n,
glue"
; G. leim, glue;
A. S. -lie, ge-lic, like ; see Like (i).+Du. L. Itmus, slime. Idg.type *leimo-. See
lijken, to suit ; Icel. Ilka, to like ; Goth. Loam.
leikan,to please(similarly derived). Lime i2\ the linden-tree. (E.) Lime is
liken, to compare. (E.) M. E. liknen, a corruptionof line,as in Shak. Temp. v.
to liken ; but the true sense is intransitive, 10; and litie is a corruption of lind,
viz. to be like. Cf. Swed. likna, (i) to the lengtheningof i having occasioned
resemble,(2)to liken, from lik,like ; Dan. the loss of d. (Sweet,E. Gr. " 1607.)
ligne,the same, from lig, like. See Lind.
Lilac, a shrub. (Span. Arab. Pers.) Lime
" "
(3).a kind of citron. (F. Pers.) "

wSpan./?"/"":.- Arab, lilak,a lilac. Pers. F. lime. Pers. lifuH,(also

" limtin), a lemon, "

lllaj, Ulanj,iTlang, of which the proper citron. Malay llmau, a lime,a citron. "

sense is indigo-plant. The initial/stands Limehound,adoginaleash. (Hybrid ;

for n, and the above forms are from ml, F. L., and E.) Short for liam-hotind, "

blue,whence nJlak {'p-kxa.h. lllak), bluish. used by Turberville. The M. E. Iia7n or

'
The plant is named from the bluish '
lyam means 'a leash.' O.F. Hem., now "

tinge on the flowers in some varieties. speltlieyi, a band ; GuernseyHam, Han.

(Devic). Cf. Skt. 7illa-, dark blue. L. ligdmen,a tie. See Lien, Liane. "

Lilt, to sing,dance. (Scand.) M. E. Limit. (F. L.) F. limite,2i limit." "

lilting-horn, horn to dance to ; cf. M. E. L. iTmitem, ace. of limes, a boundary;

lulten, to resound. Formed (withadded -t) akin to Itmen,a threshold. Cf. L. limus,
from Norweg. lilla, to singin a high tone. transverse.
Cf. O. Swed. lylla, to lull to sleep (Rietz). Limn, to illuminate,paint.(F. L.) "

Allied to Lull. M. E. Hmnen, contracted form of lumifien,

Lily, a plant.(L. Gk.) - A. S. lilie. - to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again,
L. liliu7}i.^Q\i. \fipiov,
a lily. luminen is for enhiminen.'^O.Y enlu- .

295
 LIMP LINNET

burnish,limn.
miner, to illuminate, " L. delineation. " L. llnedrc, to draw a

ing,
illiimindre ; see Illuminate. line. " L.
llnea,a line (above).
Iiimp (i), flaccid,pliant.(E.) Not L. linearis,belonging to linear. (L.)
in earlyuse. gra- a line. L. llnea,a line (above).
Apparentlyrelated,
by
dation, "

to Bavarian lanipecht, flaccid,down- linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used

hanging, from the verb latnpen, hang
to as a sb., but reallyan old adj.,A. S.
loosely down ; cf. Skt. depending,
laiiiba, iTn-en ; the old sb. being M. E. lin,A. S-
lamb, to hang down. lln, flax. L. Itntiin, flax. (Cf.gold-en "

^imp (2),to walk gold") See linseed.

lamely.(E.) In from
Shak. Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 130. We find Ling (i),a fish. (E.) M. E. lenge
A. S. lemp-healt. earlier laeinpi-halt(Ep. (Havelok). Named from its long slender
Gl.),adj.,halting ; and a cognate form shape. Cf. A. S. lengti,length. -|-Du.
in M. H. G. limphin,to limp. Cf. Low leng,a ling, from lang,long; Icel. langa,
G. lutnpen,to limp. Norw. langa,longa,a ling; Swed. langa ;
Iiimpet, a small shell-fish. (L ) G. Idnge, a ling,also called Idng-Jisch,
Formerly lenipet(Phillips, 1706). A, S. longfish. See Long.
lempedii,orig. a lamprey, which also Ling (2),heath. (Scand.) M. E. lyng.
sticks to rocks. Late L. leuiprida,
" for Icel. lyng,ling,heather ; Dan. ling,"

L. lampedra, a lamprey. Sc-e Lamprey. Swed. Ijung.

Cf. Leinprida, lempedu;' Wright's Linger, to tarry. (E.) Frequent,
^
form
Vocab. 438. 17. of M. E. lengen,to tarry. " A. S. lengan,to
(F. L.)
Iiimpid, pure, bright. ])rolong,put - F. lim-
off. A.S./a;/^,long. Cf.Icel. "

pide. L. "
limpidus, clear. to Allied
lengja, lengthen, lengen,\olengthen,
Du. to

Lymph. Brugm. i. " 102. G. verldngern, to prolong. See Long.

Iiinch-pin,a pin to fasten a wheel on Lingo, a language.(Prov. L.) Prov. "

an axle. (,E.) Formerly lins-pin, lit. lingo (at Marseilles), a language. L. "

'
axle-pin.' A. S. lynis,an
" axle-lree.+ lingua, a tongue, language(below).
Du. luns, a 1inch-pin, O. Low G. lunisa, lingual, pertainingto the tongue.
Low G. litnse,G. limse,a linch-pin. Teut. (L.) Coined from L. lingua,the tongue,
base *lintis- (cf.Goth, akzv-hi,an ax) ; O. Lat. dingua, cognate with E. tongue.
from *hin-, as in O. LL G. htn, a bolt, linguist, one skilled in languages.
peg, pin. Perhaps from Idg. root. *Ieu, (L.) From L. lingua,a tongue, language;
(cf.Gk. Kv-"iv), to loosen. with suffix -ista ( Gk. -lar-qs). =

Lind, Linden, the lime-tree. (E.~) The Liniment, salve,ointment. (F. L.) "

true form of the sb. is lind,and lind-en F. liniment. " Y.. li}iimentu??i,
oxntTsxeni."
is the adj.from it. Hence lind-en tree "
L. linere,to smear ; cf. Skt. to melt.
//",
lind ; the same thing. M. E. lind. A. S. Brugm. i. " 476 (5); ii. " 608.
lind, the tree ; also a shield,commonly Lining. (L.) Formed, with suffix-?;/^,
of this wood.-J-Du. linde, Icel. Dan. from the verb to line, i.e. to cover the in-
side
Swed. lind,G. linde. Cf. Lith. letita^
a of a garment with line, i.e.linen;see
board. Doublet, lime (2). linen.
Iiine,a thread,thin cord ; also stroke, Link (i),a ring of a chain. (Scand.)
a

row, rank, verse (L.; orY. 'L.^. In the O. Icel. '^hlenkr,whence Icel. hlekkr (by
"

sense
'
cord,'we find A. S. line, directlyassimilation); Dan. Swed.
Icejtke, lank ;
from L. iTnea. In the other senses, it is G. gelenk,a joint, link,ring. Cf A. S.
from F. ligne,also from L. Imea.
hlence,or hlenca (whichwould have given
p. The
L. iTnea meant orig. of flax, stringmade
linch). Also M. H. G. lenken, to bend,
a

beingfern, of adj.Imens, made of flax. O. H. G. hlanca, hip, loin (whence"

L. liniim,flax. Cf. Gk. Kivov, flax ; whence perhapsFlank).

perhapsthe L. word. Der. oitt-line. Link (2),a torch ; see Linstock.
lineage. (F. L.) F. Ugnage,a line- age.
"
Linnet, a bird. (F. L.) M. E. linet. "

"
ligiie,line,rank.
F. a " L. Iniea,a [A. S. Imece.lO.F. linette ; cf.F. linotte,
'
line (above), linnet,'
Cot. Named from feeding on a

lineal. (L.) L. /f"^a/?V, belonging to flax-seed and hemp-seed (cf. ('. hdnjling,
a line. L. linca,a line (above).
" a linnet,from hanf,hemp). L. linuin, "

lineament, a feature. (F.-L.) M.F. flax. We also find A. S. iTnetzvige, a

lineament.Cot. L. linedmentuin, a draw-

" linnet (whenceLowl. Sc. lintwhite).

96
 LINSEED LITANY

linseed, flax-seed. (L.andYj.)From liqueur,moisture. liquorem,ace. of

" I^.
M.E. A. S. /r",flax,
/m== borrowed from liquor,
moisture. liquere,
" L.
to be moist.
L. iTmim, flax ; and E. seed. ^ Now accommodated to L. spelling ; we
linsey-'WOOlsey,made of linen and also use mod. F. liqueur.
woollen mixed. (L. and E.) Made up Liquorice ; see Licorice.
from M. E. lin,linen,and E. tvool. See Lisp. (E.) M. E. lispen,lipsen.A. S.
linen, iinder Line, *7alispian,
to lisp, as in d-wlispian,
Linstock, Lintstock, a stick to formed from A. S. wlisp,also wlips,adj.,
hold a lightedmatch. (Du.) Formerly lisping,imperfectin utterance.+l^u.lispen,
hint- Dan. Icespe,
lintstock (Coles,1684); but properly Swed. Idspa, G. lispeln.tative.)
(Imi-
stock,from hint, 'a match to fire guns
with,' Phillips. Du. - lontstok, '
a stock,'
lint- Lissom; see Lithe.
Sewel. " Du. lont,a match; stok, List (i), a border of cloth,selvage.
a stick (see Stock") ; cf. Dan. lunte-stok ; (E.) M. E. list. A. S. list.+ Du. lijst,
from lunte,a match, stok,a stick. Du. Icel.lista,
Dan. Swed. list,
liste, G. leiste,
lont seems to have been formed
(The i was orig.long.) from O. H. G. lista.
M. lompe, *a
Du. linnen,' list (2), a catalogue.(F.-G.) F.
bundle of
Hexham ; lit.a lump. See Lump. liste, a list,roll ; also, a list or selvage.
link (^ a torch.
, (Scand.) Prob. It meant (i)a border,strip, (2) a roll or
contused with lint-stock (above). But list of names. O. H. G. lista, G. leiste, a "

reallya use of link (i),q. v., meaning a border; see List (i).
-Hort lengthof rope. List (3); see Lists.
Iiint,scrapedlinen. (L.) Cf. Late L. List (4),to please.(E.) M. E. lusten,
'

linta^from L. lintetim,a linen cloth ; listen ; if thee list if it pleasethee, '

=

neut. oi lin-teus,
linen. "L.
lintim,flax. Ch. C. T. 1183. A. S. lystan,to desire,
Iiintel,the headpieceof a door. (F. used impersonally. A. S. lust,pleasure. " "

L.) M E. lintel.--O.V. lintel (F. linteaic)+Du. lusten,Icel. lysta,

.
Dan. lyste,Swed. .

" Late L. lintellus, a lintel,for *lrmi- lysta,Goth, luston,G. geliisten',all from

dimin. of L. Itvies (stem limit-),
tellus, a the sb. See Lust.
boundary,border ; see Limit. List (5),to listen; see below.
Lion. (F.-L. " Gk. "
Fgypt.)Y .
lion. Listen. (E.) We also find list; also
" L.
leonem,ace. of leo,a lion. Gk. Kiojv. M. E. lust-n-en and lust-en, the former
"

Cf. Heb. ldvi\ a lion. Prob. of Egypt, beingdeduced from the latter by a forma-
tive
origin ; from Egypt,labai, lawai,a lioness n, as in Go\.h..full-n-on,
to become

(whence Gk. Xkaiva); Leo.see full. A. S. hlystan,to listen to. A. S. "

Lip. (E.) M. E. lippe. A. S. lippa,hiyst, hearing;Teut. type *hlus-ti-,from

lippe, the lip.+ Du. lip,Dan. S
Icsbe, wed. a base *hlus, M'eak grade of Teut. base
G.
Icipp, lippe, lefze.Also L. lab-rinn,lab-
ium, *hleti-s.Cf. A. S. hlos-nian,to hearken ;
lip; Pers. lab,lip. But the relations Icel.
hlusta,to listen,from hlust,the ear ;
are not clear. Ikugm. i. " 563. W. dust, the ear ; also L. clu-ere, Gk.
Liquefy, Liquescent; see Liquid. k\v-(iv, to hear, Skt. cru, to hear.
Liquid, moist. (F. L.) "
Hqtdde. (VKLEU.)
F. See Loud.
" L. liquidus,
liquid.L. "
liquere,
t o be Listless, careless. (E.) The same as

clear. lust-less ; Gower has lustles,C. A. ii.

liquefy, liquid.(F. L.)
to become " III. From lust,q.v. And see List (4).
M. F. liqttejier
(seeCot.). As if from Late Lists, ground enclosed for a tourna-
ment.
L. *liqueficdre,
to make ; but we
liquid only (E.) M. E. listes,sb. pi., the lists.
find L. liqnejieri,
to become liquid. PI. of list (1),border, boundary. Mixed
liquescent, melting.(L.^) liques-
L. cent-^ with M. F. lisse (F. lice), '
a list or
of pres. part,of liquescere,
stem tiltyard;'Cot.
ceptive
in- Cf. Ital. lizza,Span.
form
of liquere, to be wet. liza,Port, lica,a listfor tilting;
Late L.
liquidate, to make clear ; hence, to liciiZ,sb. pi.,barriers ; licia duelli,the
clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of lists. Origin disputed.Cf. Late L. licia,
Late L. liqiiiddre,
to clarify,
make clear. " a stake ; ]jerhapsfrom Late L. licius,
L. liquidus, clear.
liquid, oaken"L. iliceus (fromilex,holm-oak).
liquor, moisture, strong drink. (F." Litany, a form of prayer. (F. L. " "

L.) M.K. licour,

licur. " K.Y. licur; F. Gk.) M. E. afterwards
letanie, altered to

297
 LITERAL LIVER

litanie. " O. F. letanie. ~ \,. litania. " Gk. straw to lie on, confused mass of things
Xiravda,a prayer. " Gk. Knaivuv, to pray. scattered. (F. L.) The
" same word plied
ap-
" Gk. KiTo/xai,I beg, pray, AtT77,prayer, to a straw bed animals,"c.
for
entreaty. litter,a brood. (F. L.) The
" same

Literal. (F. L.)

- O. F. liberal. - L. word ; see the various senses of M. E.
to the letter.
according
iTterdlis, lytercin the Prompt.Parv. ; and cf. F. " l^.lttera;
see Letter. E.
accouclier, to be in the straw.' *

literature. (F. L.) M.". literature. Little. (E.) M. E. litel,

"
Intel. _A.S.
L. Uterdtura,
" scholarship.L. literdtus, little; we
lytel(orlytel'), also find lyt(or"

learned,skilled in letters. L. Ittera,a /j//). 4-Du. luttel,little, lutje,a little;

"

letter; see Letter. O. Sax. luttil\ O. H. G. hizil,luzzil,

of
litharge, protoxide lead. (F. " L. liuzil. Compare also A. S. ful,
deceit-
lytig,
Gk.) M. E. liiarge. F. litharge^
"
litargie, lot,deceit ; Goth, litits, deceitful, '

white lead;' Cot. L. lithargyrtis."" Gk. luton,to betray. All from Tent, base
'
\i9apyvpos, lit. stone-silver.' Gk. \i9-os, "^leut, orig.to stoop; see Lout. " % Not
a stone ; dpyvpos, silver ; see Argent. allied to less. The Icel. litill, Swed.
Iiithe, pliant, flexible, active. (E.) liten, Goth, leitils,little, seem to be from a
M. E. Iit/ie. A. S. /ide, /Td,gentle, soft different Teut. base *leit. It is difficult
(for*/inde,the lengthened t causinglo s to see how they can be related.
of ^).-J-G. gelinde,O. H. G. lindi,soft, Littoral, belongingto the sea-shore.
tender. Allied to Icel. linr, L. lenis, (L.) L. littoralis, adj.,from littor- (for
soft ; L. lentus, pliant. Der. lissom, i. e. *littos-), stem oi littus or litus, sea-shore.
lithe-some. Liturgy, publicprayer. (F. L. Gk.) " "

Lither, pestilent, stagnant, dull. (E.) O. F. liturgie, lyturgie.Late L. liturgia. "

'
In 1 Hen. VI. iv. 7.21, lither sky means Gk. \ftTovpyia, public service.
'
Gk. " "

pestilent or dull lower air ; cf. hither KiiTo-^, public; (pyov, work, cognate with '

eir,'pestilent air, P. PL, C. xvi. 220. E. work.

M. E. hither, lither. A. S. Iy6re,evil, Live "
(i),to exist. (E.) M.E. liuien
base, poor (^hence, sickly, dull). Not to {Jiviett). O. Merc, lifgan, A. S. libban, to
be confused with lithe, pliant. live, dwell ; orig. to remain, be left
Lithography, writingon stone. (Gk.) behind. +Du. leven,to live; Icel. Ufa,to
Coined from Gk. \i6o-s,a stone; ypd"peiv, be left,to live ; Dan. leve,Swed. lefva,
to write. Goth, liban,to live ; G. leben,to live,
lithotomy, cuttingfor stone. (L." O. H. G. leben. From Teut. *lib-,weak
Gk.) L. lithotomia. " Gk. XiQoroyiia.-^gradeof '^leihan-,
to remain. See Life.
Gk. \iOo-s,
stone ; rofi-, 2nd gradeof re/x-, live (2),adj.,alive. (E.) Short for
as in Tefxveiv, to cut ; see Tome. alive,which is not a true but
orig.adj.,
Litigation, a contest line {a live) A. S. Ofi
in law. (L.) due to the phrasea =

From L. litigdtio, a disputing. L. liti- life, life,hence,

in alive. Lifeis the dat. "

^dtus^ pp. oi litigdre, to dispute.L. lit-. case of Iif,life ; hence the i in live is "

stem oi Its,strife; -igare,iox agere, to carry |long.

L. lTs 0. Lat. sills,
= strife. livelihood. vE.) Corruption of M.E.
litigious,contentious. (F." L.) It liiielode (Jivelode),i.e.life-leading,means

also once meant debateahle. F. litigieux,

" of living; older spelling lifode,liflade.
'
debatefull ; ' Cot. " L. adj.; From A. S. lif,life ; lad, a leading,
litigiostis, way,
from contention.
litigium, " L. litigdre,
to provisionsto live by, a course, a lode ;
dispute(above). see Life and Lode.
Litmus, a kind
dye. (Du.) Cor-rupted oflivelong, long- lasting.(E.) The
from Du. lakmoes,a blue dye-stuff. same as life-long,i.e. long as life is ; but
" Du. lak, lac ; moes, pulp ; (whence G. livelongis the older spelling.
lackmiis, litmus). See Lac (i). lively. (E.) M.E. /?/?y, i.e.life-like.
Litter, portable
a bed. (F. L.) M.E. Liver. (E.) M. E. liuer ( liver).-
^-

litei-e.'^O. F. /zVzVr^. Late L. *lecticdria, A. S. lifer.

" 4"Du. lever,Icel. lifr,Dan.
formed from lectJca,a litter. L. lectus, a lever, Swed. lefver, G. lebej'. Cf. Russ.
"

bed; see Lectern. Allied to Gk. A.ex-os, liver\ the pluck of animals (from Teut.).
a bed ; and to Lie (i). Allied to Armen. leard,liver ; but not to
litter, materials for a bed, heap of L. iecnr. Brugm. i. "" 280, 557 (2).
298
 LIVERY LOCK

Livery,delivery, a thingdelivered,Gk. A.6tjr"tv,Skt. i-ich^

a to leave,O. Irish
uniform allowed
to servants. (F. L.) lecim,I leave. (y'LEIQ ; Brugm. i." 463.) "

M.'R. liuere {^=liverl,three syllables)." Hence the Teut. verb *lei}nvan- (as in
A. F. liveree ; F. livrSe, a delivery of Gothic); and the sb. *laih'Wfitz,
'
*laihw-
a thing that is given, the thingso given, 710Z, a loan,from the second grade *laihiv
'
a livery; Cot. Orig.fern, of pp. of livrer, with suffix -niz or -noz.
to deliver,give freely.L. Iiberd7-e, to set Loath. "
(E.) \sl.]L.loth. A.S. Idtf,
free,givefreely ; see Liberate. hateful, hostile.-f"Icel. lez'dr,
Dan. Swed.
Iiivid,discoloured. (F. L.) Y.livide. led,odious; O. H. G. lell,odious,orig.
"

" L. bluish.
liuidtis, liuere,to be mournful.
" Teut.
L. type *lail/ioz,where
bluish. Cf. W.lliw, O. Irish li,colour,-ll20z is prob. a suffix. Allied to G.
hue. lirugm.i. " 94. leiden,to suffer ; but prob. not allied to
Lizard, a four-footed reptile. (F. L.) A. S. Ii6an (pt.t. Idb'),to travel,sail ; as "

M. E. lesarde. O. F. lesarde. 'L. lacerta,usually said (Kluge). Der.

"
loath-ly\
"

a lizard, Cf. Alligator. -some, suggestedby ^I. E. wlatsoJ7i,

able
detest-
Llama, (Peruvian.")
a ; also loathe,vb.
quadruped.
JJama is meaning Lobby, a small hall,passage. (Low L.
a Peruvian word,
'
flock' ; Prescott. But the Peruv. Diet. G.) Probably from the monkish Latin "

gives llama, '

carnero de la tierra,'
sheepof labia,lanbia; the Ital. form is log^i^ia
the country. (seeLodge). See Late L. lobia,laubia,
Llano, a level steppe or plain. (Span. lobiu77i, a portico,gallery, covered way ;
"
L.) Commoner in the pi. llanos. " as if from a Germ, form *laubjd. "

Span, llano,pi. llanos,a plain; from M. H. G. loube, an arbour, bower, open

llano, adj.,plain,flat. L. planus, flat. "
way along the upper story of a house (as
See Plain. in a Swiss chalet) ; mod. G. laube, a
Lo, behold! (E.) M.E. /^.
Orig.made with foliage.M.H.G. A. S. /", bowxr. "

an interjection. loub (G. lanb),a leaf;see Leaf.

Loach, Loche, a small fish. (F.) F. Lobe, flapof the ear, "c. (F. Low L. "

loche, the loach,' Cot. ; whence

'
also -Gk.) F. lobe. Late L. lobus. Gk. - -

locha.
Span, loj'a, Cf. Norman loqtie, a Ko^os, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm.
loach,a slug(Le Hericher). Origin un-
known. i. " 667.
Lobster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.)
Load, a burden. (E.) The sense of A. S.
corrupter form of A. S.
loppest7-e, a
'
burden ' seems to be due to confusion lopHst,
a corruptionof L. locusta,(i)a
with the verb Lade (i); but cf. prov. E. lobster,(2)a locust. It was perhapscon-
fused

lead,in the sense *

to carry.'M. E. lade, with A.S. loppe, a flea.

a course, way, lode ; also,a load. A. S. Local, Locate ; see Locus.

lad, a lode also,carriage.See Lode.
; Loch,a]akc.(Gaelic.) Gael. /"?r/^,alake.
Load-star, Load-stone; seeLode. "f- O. Irish loch, Corn, and Bret, lagen;
Loaf. (E.) M. E. lof. loof. A. S. /^laf.L. laciis ; Stokes, p. 237. See Lake (i).
-f-Icel. hleifr, Goth, hlaifs, hlaibs, G. laib. Lock (i), a fastening.(E.) M. E.
Cf. Lithuan. klepas, bread (from Teut.V loke. A. S. loc,a fastening. -J-Icel. loka,
Loam, clay.(E.) M. E. lain. A. S. a lock ; Swed. lock, a lid ; G. loch,a
/"f;;z.
-f-Du. leem, G. lehm, O. H. G. leim, dungeon. From lent, base *hck, weak
leimo. Teut. type *lait?toz. Cf. Icel. leir grade of Teut. root *leuk, to fasten, whence
(Teut. type *laizom), loam. Akin to also A. S. Iuca7i, Du. luiken, Icel. luka^
Lime (1). to shut, Goth, galukan,to shut up.

Loan, a lending, money lent. (Scand.) locket, a littlehingedcase worn as an

M. E. lone { ldne\. This corresponds

= to ornament. (F." Scand.) Orig.a fastening
the rare A. S. Ian, borrowed from Norse. (Hudibras,pt. ii. c. i. 80S). F. loquet, "

[The true A. S. form is Icen,a loan.] Icel. the latch of a door,dimin. of O. F. loc,a
"

Idn,a loan ; Dan. laan,Swed. Ian,a loan. lock, borrowed from Icel. loka,a lock.
-|-A. S. Icen,a loan ; Du. leen, a grant,a Lock (2),a tuft of hair or wool. (E.)
fief; G. lekn,lehen,a fief. p. All from ^L E. lok. A. S. locc.-I-Du. lok, Icel.
the verb seen in A. S. leo7t (pt.t. Idh),to lohkr, Dan. lok, Swed. loch, G. loche.
'
grant. Icel. Ij'd,
G. leihen,to lend,Goth. Orig. a curl ; cf. Icel. Ij'hk7', '
a loop,
leihwan ; akin to L. Imqtiej-e t. liqui).bend, crook ; also Lith. hignas,
(pt. pliable.
299
 LOCKET LOLL

docket; see Lock down. (i).

So called from its lying on the
ZiOCkram, a kind of cheap linen.
(F. ground,as distinguished from the living
Bret.) F. locrenan,a sort of unbleached
" tree. From the 3rd (pt.pi.)grade,viz.
linen ; named from the placewhere it was lag-,of Icel. liggia, to lie; see Lie (i)
made, viz. Loc- Kenan, or S. Renan, near and Low. Der. logg-ats,logg-ets,a game

Quimper, in Brittany.Bret. Lok-Ronan, with bits of wood; log-wood,so called

"

cellof St. Ronan ; from Bret, lok (L.locus),because importedin logs, and also called
a cell. blockwood (Kersey).
Locomotion Locus.
; see wood log (2),a pieceof
with a line,
ZiOCnS, a place. for measuringthe rate of a ship.(Scand.)
place.(L.) L. locus^a
O. Lat. stlocus, a place. The same word. The Swed. logg, as a sea-

local. (F." L.) Y. local.~\..locdlis,term, whence log-Una,a log-line, log-boky

belongingto a place. L. locus,a place. a log-book,logga,to heave the log,Dan.
"

locate, to place. (L.) From pp. of log,log-line, log-bog, logge,vb., seem to

L. locdre,to place. L. locus,a place. " have been all borrowed back from E.
locomotion, motion from place to logger-head, a dunce, a piece of
place.(L.) Coined from loco-, for locus,timber (ina whale-boat)over which a line
a place; and motion. is passed to make it run more slowly.
ZiOCUSt, a winged insect. (L.) M. E. (Scand.and E.) A similar formation to
locuste. L. locusta,
" a shell-fish, also a blockhead. Cf. Icel. Idgar,gen. oi lag.
locust. IiOg (3),a liquidmeasure. (Heb.) In
IiOde, a vein of ore, a water-course. Lev. xiv. 10. Heb. log,a liquid measure, "

'
(E.) The true sense is course.' A. S. 1 2th part of a hin ; orig. a basin.'
'

lad, a way, course, journey; cf. A. S. Logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
ladan, to lead, conduct.+Icel.leiS,lode, A07-, stem of A070S, a word, a proportion,
way, course ; Swed. led,a course. Teut. ratio; and dpiOixos, a number; the sense
'
type *laidd,fem. From the 2nd grade being ratio-number.' See Arithmetic.
of Teut. *leilhan- (A. S. lidan)^ to travel. Loggerhead; see Log (i).
See Lead (i).Der. lodestar. ^ And see Logic, the science of reasoningcor- rectly.

Load. (F'. L. Gk.) O. F. logique.- -

-

lodestar, loadstar, the polarstar. L. logica,for ajs logica, logic art. "

(E.) Lit. 'way-star,' star that leads or Gk. \oyiKrj,for XoyiKT]rix^Vflogicart;

guides;see Lo'd^ above. where KoyiUTj is fem. of KoyiKos,reason-
able.

lodestone, loadstone, a magnet. "Gk. A070S, a speech. Gk. A"76tj/, "

(E.) Compound:;d of lode and stone, in to say.+ L. legere, to speak; see Legend.
imitation of lodestar ; it means a stone Hence all words in -logy,the chief being
that leads or draws. astro-logy, bio-, chrono-,concho-, doxo-,
ZiOdgfe,
a small house,cot, resting-place.
entomo; etymo-, genea-, geo-, ineteoro-,
(F.-G.) loge,logge.^O.Y. logo; ininera-,tnytho-,
M. E. necro-, noso-, ornitho-^
cf Ital. loggia,Late L. lobia, a galleiy. osteO',pat ho-, philo-, phraseo-,
"
phreno-,
O. H. G. *laubjd, allied to lo^ibd,
M. H. G. physio-,psycho-, tauto-,theo-,zoo-logy; see
loube,an arbour, mod. G. laube, a bower. these in their due places.
-O. H. G. loub,G. laub,a leaf;see Leaf. Loin. (F.-L.) W.Y.. loine.-O.Y.
Doublet, lobby. logne,also longe. 'L?i\.Q. L. ^himbea,fem. "

IiOft,an upper room. (Scand.) M. E. of an adj.^luuibeus (not found), from L.

'
loft,properly air ; the peculiarsense is Itcfnbus,
'
loin. See Lumbar.
Scand. Icel. lopt(pron.
"
(i)air,sky, Loiter, to delay.(Du.) M. E. loitren,
loft),
(2)an upper room ; Dan. Swed. lo/t,a Pr. Parv. " M. Du. and Du. leuteren,to
garret. Allied to A. S. air, linger,loiter,trifle,
ly/t, sky,Goth. M. Du. loteren, to
lu/tus, Du. luc/it (for Izf/t), G. /uft,delay, deceive,vacillate ; cf. E. Fries.
the
air. Der. a-lo/t ; also lo/t_y,i.e. ' in the
loteren,Idtern,to loiter. Allied to M. Du.

lutsen,with the same

'
air ; ///?,vb. sense (Hexham).
"^0^ (0) ^ block, piece of wood. Perhaps allied to Lout.
(Scand.) The vowel has been shortened. Loll, to lounge about. (E.) M. E.
Cf. Norw. laag,a fallen trunk ; Icel. Idg, lollen,lullen. Cf. Icel. lolla, segniter
'

a felled tree, log; Swed. dial. Idga,a Halldorsson

agere,' ; M. Du. to sit
lollen,
felled tree, a tree that has been blown over the fire; the orig.sense was prob.to
300
 LOOT LOUD

"c.
strengthen, A late derivative from with M. E. losien,to be lost.]The

fused
the adj. above. Other languagesderive M. E. lesen is from A. S. -leosan,strong
the verb from
directly the adj.; thus Du. verb, to lose (pt.t, -leas, This
pp. -loren).
lessen,Icel. leysa,Swed. Idsa, Dan. lose, is cognate with Du. -liezen (only in com p.
G. Ibsen, Goth, lausjan,to loosen,are G. -lieren (onlyin comp.
ver-liezen), ver-
derived (respectively) from Du. los,Icel. liere7i),
Goth, -liusan (only'mf7'a- Hasan,
latiss,Swed. and Dan. Ids,G. los,Goth. to loose).Teut. type ^lettsaft-. Cf. L.
latis,loose,vain. Gk. Xv-nv, to set free. Der. lorn,
lii-ere,
IiOOt, plunder. (Hindi.-Skt.) Hindi lost,A. S. pp. -loren; tilsoforlorn, q.v.
Ifit (withcerebral /),loot,plunder. The loss, sb. (E.) U.E. los. A.^.los,
cerebral t shews that r is elided. "Skt. destruction. Allied to Lose ; being
lotra,shorter form of lopira,booty,spoil.derived from Teut. *ltis,weak grade of
"Skt. lup,to break, spoil;allied to L. *leusan-,to lose (above).
rumpere, to break. See Rupture, Rob. losel,lorel, a worthless fellow,re-
probate.

Loot = that which is robbed. (Cf.Horn, (E.) One devoted to perdition;

Pers. Diet. " 608.) cf. A. S. los,destruction,
los-ian,to be
IiOOVer ; see Louver. lost,to perish. From Ins- (A.S. los-),
IiOp. (M. Du.) M. Du. hippen, to weak grade of the strong verb leosan,to
maim, castrate, mod. Du. lubben. Cf. lose,pp. loi'-en(forolder *-los-en).
Lor-el
Lithuan. lupti,to peel. See Lib. is formed from the base lor- of the pp. in
IiOquacious, talkative. (L.) Coined use, and los-el from the older form of the
from decl. stem
L. loqiidci-, of loquax, same. For the suffix,cf. A.S. wac-ol,
talkative. L. loqui,
" to speak. watchful.
'
Lord, a master. (E.) loaf-keeper.'
Lit. Lot, aportion,share. (E.) M. E. lot.
A. S. hldford,a lord ; earlyform hlafard,K.^.hlot {"-^hlutom), lot,share. -A.S.
for hldfweard^
a loaf-ward ; see Loaf and hltct-,weak gradeof hleotan (pt. t. Meat).
Ward. % For the loss of w, cf. A. S. to obtain by lot. -f Du. lot ; Icel. hluti,
fiilluht,
ixomfulwiht,
baptism. allied to str. vb. hljota,to obtain by lot ;

(E.) M.M.lore;
SiOre,learning. A. S. Dan. lod,Swed. lott. All from the weak
Idre,gen., dat.,and ace. of ld"-,
lore.+Du. gradeof Teut. '^hleiitan-,
to obtain by lot ;
leer,G. lehre, O. H. G. lera, doctrine. cf A. S. hliet,
hlyt,G. loos,Goth, hlauts,
Teut. type *laizd,fem. ; cf. Teut, '^laizjan
a lot,from *hlaut,2nd grade of the same

(A. S. l^7-an,G. lekren),

to teach; from verb.
2nd gradeof *leisan-,
*/aiS', to trace out ; Loth ; see Loath.
see Learn, Last (2). Lotion, washing,external medicinal a

Lorel ; losel. see application. (L.) L. lotidn-em,ace. of

XiOrimer, a maker of horses' bits,
spurs, lotio,a washing. L. lotus,
pp. of laudre, "

"c. (F.-L.) Also lon'ner. O.V. /ori- to wash. See Lave. Brugm. i. " 352(3).
"

nier, lo7'einier, M. F. lorimicr, later Loto, Lotto, a game. (Ital.-Teut.) F.

'
lor?nier, spurrier
a
'
; Cotgrave. O. F. loto ; a F. form of the Ital. lotto, "a lottery,

lorein,loraiii,rein,bridle,bit."Late L. a word of Teut. origin ; see Lot.

lorenum, lordman, a rein,bit. L. Idrwn, lottery. (E.; with ". suffix.)In
"

a thong. Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding-ery

ItOriot, the golden oriole. (F. L.) to E. lot ; ct. bj'cw-ery, Jish-ery. The F.
"

F. loriot,corruptly written for Voriot,loterie is borrowed from Englishor from

where oriot is another form of oriol ; see Ital. lotteria (Torriano).
Oriole. Lotus, the Egyptianwater-lily. (L. "

ZiOrn, lost. (E.) M. E. loren,pp. of Gk.) L. Idtus,lotos.-"QtV. Xwtus, (i)the

lesen,to lose ; see Lose. Gk, lotus, (2) the Cyrenean lotus, the
IiOry, a bird of the parrot kind. eaters of which were called lotophagi, (3)
(Malay.) Also called Jury;and (formerly)the lilyof the Nile.
nory, Jtmy. Malay Ifirl,"
niirT,a luryor Loud. (E.) U.Y..lotid. K.S. hind.
lory. + Du. luid, G. laut. Teut. type *hludoz,
IiOSe. (E.) The form formerlyin use tor earlier hluthos (withthe accent on 0);
was lese ; M. E. lesen. [The mod. form allied to the Idg.type *klutds (withweak
lose has got its sound of (uu) from the grade *^/w) as seen in L. -clutus, in
influence of M. E. losen,to loose, con- inclutus,
renowned, Gk. kKvtos, renowned,
302
 LOUGH LUBRICATE

Skt. {ruta-, heard, from ^ru, to hear. Low (1), humble, inferior, (Scand.)
(V'KLEU.) Brugin.i. "" loo, 1 13. M. E. louh, also /(i/^.-Icel. Idgr, low;
Lough, a lake. Ir. ioch ;
(Irish.) see N. Fries. leeg\Swed. lag,Dan. lav. The
Loch. orig.sense is that which lies down, or lies
Lounge, to loll about. (F. L.)
" From low fas we
say); from Icel. lag-,stem of
hingis,an idle fellow or lounger,not an pt. pi.of to lie. See Lie (I). Der.
/z^^g^lfz,
uncommon word in the 17th i6th and be-lo'iu(= by low) ; also lower, vb., i.e.
centuries. F. "
/ongis,
an idle,drowsy, and to let down, from lozv-er, comparativeof
stupidfellow (Cot.\ Littre supposes that low, adj.
this sense of longiswas due to a pun, Low (2),to bellow. (E.) M. E. lowen,
havingreference to L. longiis,
long,hence A S. hloivan,to bellow, resound, -f-L)u.
a longand lazyma;i ; for, O. H. G. hlojan. Cf. L. cld-mdre.
speakiniL^,loeijen,
strictly
Longis is a proper name, beingthe O. F. Low a hill. (E.)
('.h\ In place-names.
form of
Longhis L. Longinus, the
A. S. hlmv, hlaw, a hill ; properly
or a slope.

name (in the old mysteries)of the cen-

turion "{"Goth, hlaiw, a grave ; hlains,a hill ;
who pierced the body of Christ. Lat. clitms,a hill. From a Teut. base
This name firstappears in the apocryphal *hlai-, 2nd grade of the Teut. root *hlei-
gospelof Nicodemus, and was doubtless (Idg.y'KLEI), to lean,incline. Allied
suggestedby Gk. Xo7X'7j^ lance,in John to Lean (1).
xix. 34. Low (4),flame. (Scand.) Icel. logi,
Louse, (E.) M. E. Ions,pi. flame ; cf. L. lux. Allied to Lucid.
an insect.
iys. A. S. ills, pi.lys(lice).-}-^^. liiis, Lower (1),to let down. (E.) From
Dan. hitis, Swed. his, Icel. lils,
G. laiis. low-er, comparative of adj.low.
Teut. type */;7.y,
fem. Lower (3), to frown. (E.) M. E.
Lout, a clown. (E.) The lit.sense is louren,liiren,to lower, frown. Cf. M.
'stooping,'
from M. E.
lotiten,to stoop, Du. loeren,to leere,to frowne,*Hexham ;
'

bow. " A.S.

Iiitan,to stoop.+Icel. //7/r,Low G. and E, Fries, luren, to lower,
stooping, bent (which prob.suggested our frown, peer ; M. H. G. luren,G, latiern.
use of the word), from liita,to stoop; cf. Cf. Icel. Inra, to doze.
Swed. luta,Dan. liide, to stoop, lean. Lown; see Loon (i).
Louver, Loover, an opening in the Loyal, faithful. (F.-L.) F. loyal
roofs of ancient houses. (F.^iM. E. /over (Cot.). L. legdlis, legal (hence,just, "

(used to translate O. F. louvert in the loyal) ; see Legal.

Romance of Partenay,1175), ^^t really Lozenge, a rhombus ; a small cake of
from O. F. lovier, lover,used as a glossto flavoured sugar, "c., orig.of a diamond
Late L. lodlttm,a word also
explainedby shape. (F.) Formerly losenge,esp. a
M. E. /(?z^^r. Romanic "
type '^Idddritim,shield of
a diamond shape (inheraldry)."
adj. form due to Late L. lodmvi, a loover. O. F. losenge, lozenge(F.losauge), a lozenge.

(For the intercalated v, cf. F. pouvoir, Origin disputed; prob.from O. F. lanze,

from O. F. pooir^'^^^^n. poder.) Prob. borrowed from Prov. laiiza,a square flat
an opening over a fireplace ; from Icel. stone, tombstone ; allied to Span.laiide,thQ
hlod,n. pi., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. '94.)same. L. lapidem, ace, of lapis, "a stone.
Lovage, an umbelliferous plant. ( F." See laiisa, laziza, a flat stone for buildings
L.) M. E. htiaehe (Alphita).- O. F, (Ducange).
levesche, hivesche (Wright's Voc. i. 139). Lubber, a dolt. (E.) M. E. lo're,
'
Cf. Ital. levistico, lovage. L. ligusticum.lolmr. Cf. M. Du, lobben, a lubbaid, a
"

lovage, a plant of Liguria. L. Ligusticus,clowne,' Hexham;

" Low G. lobbes (^the
belonging Liguria, country
to a of alpine
Cis- same) ; Norw, Iztbb, l ubba, one of round
Gaul. thick figure ; lubben, short and thick.
Love, affection. (E.) M.E. loue {love). Also W. Hob, a dolt, lubber, llabi,a
A. S. hifu,love. From the weak grade stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare,
{lub^ of Teut. base *leub. "+"Goth, lubo ; M. N. D. ii. I. 16. Allied to Lump; cf.
O. H. G. luba ; cf. also G. Hebe ; Russ. E. Fries, lobhe,lob,a flabbylump.
lioboTf ; Skt. loblia, covetousness, hibh, to Lubricate, to make slippery.(L.)
desire. CloselyalliedtoLief. (yLEUBH.) From pp. of L. lubricare,to make slippery.
Der. love,vb. ; belove, firstappearing in L. lubricus, slippery.Allied to Goth.
"

M. E. bihifien, to love greatly. sliupan, slip. See Slip.

t o

303
 LUCE LUMBER

IiUCe, tlie pike; a fish. (F. Late L. to pull,pull by the hair ; A. S. liican,
"

Gk.) Lit. wolf-fish.' TSL F, /ncs,Ins,a to pull up weeds; Dan. Inge, to weed.
"
'
-

pike; Cot. Late L. hichis,a pike. Cik. |3.The A. S. lucan is a strong verb,
" "

\vKos, a wolf; also a (ravenous) fish. Cf. allied to a Teut. type *Ieuk-aii-, to pull
'
'
Pyke, fysche,dentrix, hicius,liiptis ; (pt.t. *lankypp. *Inkaiwz). l.ng\% from
*
Prompt. Parv. Luce, fysche, liicius ;'id. the weak grade*/z/^. Der. Ingg-age, with
ZiXlcid, bright.(L.) L. lucidns,bright.F. suffix as in bagg-age.
" L. lilcere, to shine ; cf. lf4X,light. -J-Gk. IiUgSail,n. sort of square sail. CScand.
Acu/fo?,bright ; Skt. ;7/r//, to shine. Allied and K.) Prob. from the verb to Ing; the
to Light (I). (VLEUK.) Der. luci-fer, sail is easily hoisted by a pullat the rope
i.e. light-bringer, morning-star, ixoxnferre, attached to the yard. Or named from
to bring. its
lugger, apparent derivative, as if a ship
IiUCk, fortune. (Du.-M. H. G.) M. E. furnished with lugsails ; but cf. Du. logger,
hikke (15thc). Not found in A. S. ; and which seems to mean 'slow ship,'from
Fries. Ink islate. Du. Ink. From
" M.H.G. Du. log, slow, E. Fries. I?ig.(Doubtful.)
ge-Iiicke, good fortune ; G. gliick(for IiUgubrious, mournful. (L.) From
ge-Iilck). The Fries, hik, Swed. lycka, L.Ingubri-s, mournful ; with suffix -ous."

Dan. lykke(likeDu. Ink') are borrowed L. lugere, to mourn. Cf. Gk. Xv^pSs,sad.
from G. (Kluge).Perhaps akin to G. IiUkewarm, partiallywarm. (E.)
locken,to entice,allure. M.E. luke, leuk, tepid. {Ltike-warm==
IiUCre, p;ain, profit. (F. L.) F. lucre. tepidly
"
warm.) Cf. Du. leuk, luke-warm;
" L. lucrum, gain. Allied to Irish luach, E. Fries, liik,hike, tepid,weak, slack.
price,wages, G. lohn, reward, Gk. Ae/a % Distinct from lew-wai-m.
I for *\afia), booty,Russ. lovite, to take Lull, to sing to rest. (E.?) M.E.
as booty. Der. lucr-at-ive, F. lucradf,lullen. Not in A. S.+Swed. l.tlla, Dan.
L. lucratmus,from pp. of Incrdi-T, to gain, hdle, to hum, lull ; M. Du. lulleii, to sing
from lucrum, gain. Brugm. i. " 490. in a humming voice; E. F"ries.lolleit, to

liUCUbration, a production composed singbadly,howl, cry. From the repetition

in retirement. (L.) Properly, a working of In In,in lulling children to sleep. This
by lamp-light ; from L. liicubrdtio, t he is a drowsier form of la I la ! used in
same. "L. hlcubrdtns,pp. oi Incnbi'd}'e, to cheerful singing ; cf. ////; and see lard.
Lol-
bringin lamps,to work by lamp-light. " Cf. Gk. XaXiiv, to speak.
'h. lucnbrnm, prob.a faint light;at any Lumbar, relating to the loins. (L.)

rate, obviouslyformed from hlc-,stem of L. lumbdris. adj.; whence lumbdre, an

lux, light ; cf. Incere, to shine. See Light apron (Jerem.xiii. i). L. luinbus, the "

(i),Lucid. loin.-j-A.S. lendenu, pi.,the loins,Du.

Ludicrous, laughable. (L.) L. ludi- lendenen, pi.; Swed. land, Dan. lend,
cr-us, done in sport ; with suffix -ous. l^. loin ; G. lende,haunch.
"
Brugm. i. " 360.
lildi-, for Indus,sport. L. hldcre,
" to play. lumbago, painin the loins. (L.) L.
IiUif,IiOOf,to turn a shiptowards the lumbago,pain in the loins. L. lumbus, "

wind. (E.) From M. E. lof, a contrivance loin.

for altering a ship's course; see Layamon, Lum.ber (i),useless furniture. (F."
iii.476. It seems to have been a sort of G.) Formerly lombor (1487); lumbar
largepaddle,used to assist the helm in (Blount).Perhaps the hunber-room was

keepingthe shipright.Prob. named from orig,Lombaj-d-1-oom, where the Lombard

the resemblance of a paddleto the palm of broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. Lom-
the hand; cf. Lowl. Sc. loof,Icel. lofi, bardeer, a broker, Lombard, a bank for
Goth. lofa,palm of the hand. Cf also usury or pawns ; Blount. F. Lombard, a
"

Du. loef, Dan. hiv, Swed. lof,weather- Lombard (who acted as pawnbroker in
gage ; Dan. liive,to luff ; and perhaps the 14th century). L. Longobardus, "

Bavarian laffen, blade of an oar, flat part also Langobardus. G. Langbart, a"

of a rudder. See E. Fries. lof,Ifif in name given to the men of this tribe.
Koolman. Der. laveer. Cf. A. S. Langbeardas, the Lombards.
XiUgf, drag. (Scand.)
to Swed. lugga, See Ducange. (Etym.disputed.)
to pullby the hair ; cf. lugg,the forelock ; Lumber (2),to make a great noise.
Norw. lugga,to pullby the hair; cf. lugg, (Scand.) In Palsgrave.A frequent, verb
hair of the head. Also cf. Low G. luken. of Scand. origin. Swed.
" dial. lomra, to

304
 LUMINARY LURK

resound; cf. Swed. Ijwnm, a great noise, IiUnge, a thrust, in fencing.(F. L.) "

Icel. hljomr,a sound, a tune. From Teut. Formerlylonge. The E, a longeis a mis-
taken
base *hleu-,to hear, whence also Goth. substitute for F. allonge(formerly
hHztma, hearuig.See Loud. alonge),a lengthening; i.e. an extension
Luminary, a brightlight.(F.-L.) of the body in deliveringthe tlirust. F. "

O. F. liiuiinarie,later liwiinaire, a light,allonger,to lengthen (formerlyalonge?-).--

lamp. L.
" lu})iinai-e, a light; neut. of " a (fromL. ad), to ; and L. ^longdre,
.only
light-giving.
/fitiiindj'is, L. liimin-,for used in comp. e-longare,
" to lengthen,from
iiiinen,light. Lumen *h'(c-7Jien; from longus,long. See Long,
"

to shine.
/I'tiere, vSee Lucid. Lupine, a kind of pulse.(F. L.) F. "

luminous, L.) F. lupin. L. lupiniim,a kind of pulse;

(F.
bright^ - "

luniineiix. L. htminosus, bright

"
; from orig. neut. of lupinus, wolfish,though the
lumin-, for iri/iien, light(above). reason is not clear. L. lupus,a wolf; see "

IiUmp. (Scand.) M. E. lo"jipe,himpe. AVolf.

" Swcd. dial, and Norv^^. hwip, a block, Lurch (i),to lurk,dodge,pilfer, fE.)
stump, piecehewn off a log; Swed. lumpoj; Allied to Lurk. Cf. birch,birk. The
yA., rags ; Swed. Dan. lumpen,paltry. Cf. senses are (i)to lie in wait,lurk,(2)to
'
Du. lomp(whenceG. Inmpeji), a rag, lump, pilfer, steal. Der. Iwch-er, one that
lomp, clumsy; E. Fries. hi7np,clumsy, lies upon the lurch, or upon the catch,
'
thick,vile,lumpy. also a kind of hunting-dog ; Phillips.
IiUnar. (L.) L. hlnaris,adj.; from Lurch (2),the name of a game. (F.)
'
Ifina,moon. L. irina '
" To leave in the lurch
*loucsnd,giver of is due to an old
light. " L. hlce?-e^
Brugm.
to i. shine.
game. M. F. lourche, 'the game called "

" 218. Der. hm-ette, mUr-Iiinar; and lurche, or lurch in a game ; il demoura
'
see below. lourche,he was left in the lurch ; Cot.
lunatic. (F. L.) F. hinaliqtie."
" Cot. also gives07irche, '
the game at tables
L. Ifdiaiiciis, mad ; lit. affected by the called lurch.'" Bavarian lurz, beaten at
moon. " L. iilna,moon. draughts. Cf. Ital. lurcio, ' the game
ZiUnch, a largepieceof bread, "c. lurch,'Torriano. Cf. Low L. lurculus,
' '
(E, ?) Lunch, parvus lusus ;
'
'a gobbet, or peece ; Ducange.
Alinsheu. Connected with lujup,like Lurch (3) ,
to devour ; obsolete. (F.?
'
hunch with hump, hunch with bump. See " To
L.) '
///;r/i,
devour, or eate greedily
;
Lump. Baret.-O. F. *lwxher ; cf. Ital. lur-
{"")
luncheon, lunch, a slightmeal. care,
'
to lurch or devour greedily,' riano.
Tor-
(E.Ti Lunch is now used as short for " lurcdre,to devour
Late L. Iurcd7-T,
luncheon,though luncheon itselfis an tension greedily.
ex-

from ///"r//,
a lump. Cot.givesM.F. Lurch (4),a sudden roll sideways.
caribot, a lunchion,or bigpieceof bread,'(E.?) 'A lee lurch,a sudden roll (of a
'

'
"c. ; also hoj'ion,a cuff,thump, also a ship)to the leeward ; Webster.
'
Obscure;
luncheon or big piece.' Lunchioi appears perhapsmerely lurch (i)in the sense to
'
to be for lunshin, as in a huge Itinshin stoop or dodge ; see Lurch (i).
of bread,' Thoresbyto Ray (1703), which Lure, a bait. (F. G.) M. E. lure."' "

is prob.merely short for lunchin{g\.At O. F. loerre,loirre, later leiirre, a faul- '

any rate, luncheon is clearly from lunch, a coner's lure;' Cot. Teut. '^Idtlwoju,neut.; "

large piece (above). % Quite distinct as seen in M. H. G. luoder (G. luder), a

from nmuheon. bait, decoy, lure. Perhaps from Teut.

IiUng*. (E.) M. E. hwge, pi. lunges, *ldth,2nd gradeof *lath-. to invite ? Cf.
longes,A.S lungen,p\. lungena.-^'Dn. long, A. S. ladian, Icel. latia,Goth, lathdn,G.
Icel. lung I, pi., Dan. lunge,Swed. lunga, laden, to invite, weak verbs.
G. lungen,pi. Allied to A. S. lungre, Lurid, wan, gloomy. (L.) L. Ifa-idus,
quickly(orig. lightly), also to Gk. ikaxvs, paleyellow, wan.

Skt. laghu-,light. The lungs are named Lurk, to lie in wait, (Scand.T\ M. E.
from their lightness; cf. E. lights, i.e. lurkeji,/(?;-^^;z Norw. lurka, to sneak "

lungs; Russ. legkoe, lung, as compared away, go slowly; Swed, dial, hirka,to do
with Rus5. legkii, light; Port, leves, lungs, anything slowly; E. Fries, hirken, to
from Port, leve^light ; see Light (2). shuffle along. Perhaps extended from
Brugm. i. " 691. Ihlr-,as in Norw. Iu7-a, Dan. /";r,to lie in

305
 LURY MACARONI

wait, Dan. liire^ (also)to listen,Sved. Luxury. (F. L.) ^l.Y.. luxurie.'" "

liira,to lie in wait; G. lauern, to lurk. O. F. luxurie (Hatzfeld),F. luxure. "

See Lower (2). L. hixuria, luxury. L. luxus, pomp, cess,

ex- "

Lury ; see Lory. luxury.

Luscious, delicious. (F. L.) " 01" -ly,a common suffix. (E.) A. S. -lie,
doubtful origin. Still,we find in The adj. suffix ; -lice,adv. suffix ; from lie,
Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, st. 36, like ; see Like (i).
* '
with Indus drinkes ; and in Sir Ama- Lye, a mixture of ashes and water, for
dace, St. 27, ' with liciiis drinke.' The washing. (E.) M. E. ley. A. S. leali.-^
latter form is short for delicious;so that Du. looo-,G. lauge,O. II. G. louga, lye.
luscious may be the same, but confused Perhaps allied to Icel. laug,a bath ; and
with lusty. Also liishious (Spenser)
; to L. laudre,to wash. Cf. Lather.
hissyouse(^Palsgrave). Lyni, a lime-hound : K. Lear, iii.6. 72.
JjUSt.(E.) The usual old meaning is Short for Limehound.
pleasure.A. S. hist^pleasure.+ Du. lust, Lymph, a colourless fluid. (L.) L.
Icel. lyst,losti,
Dan. lyst,Swed. and G, lympha, O. L. hunpa '^Brugm. i. " 102),
hist, Goth, lustiis,pleasure.Allied to water, lymph, also a water-nymph. The
Skt. lash, to desire ; Gk. KiXalofiai. spellingwith y is prob. due to a sup- posed
formerly
Brugm. i. " 518 (2). Der. lust-y, connexion with Gk. vvyi.(pr],
a
'
pleasant.' nymph (prob.false).It is rather allied
Iiustration; see Lustre (2). to Limpid.
liUStre (I),splendour, (F. Ital. L.) Lynch, to punish by mob-law. "
(E.) "

F. lustre.'"'\\.^\.
lustro, a lustre,
a glasse,From Charles Lynch, a Virginian
'
planter
a shining,' Florio ; cf. Late L. lustrum, (1736-96) ; Cent. Diet. The name is
a window. L. lustrdre,to shihe.
" Prob. from A. S. hlinc, a ridge of land. See
from a lost adj. '^lustrus (for'^lucstrus), Link (i).
shining; from lucere,to shine. Lynx, a keen-sighted quadruped.L."
IiUStre (2),IiUstrum, a period of Gk.) M. E. lynx.*'\^.lynx.Q'k. ^vy^, "

five years. (L.) L. hcstruf/i, an expiatorya lynx; allied to Aeu/co?,bright,and named

sacrifice ; also a period of five years, from its brighteyes. Cf. Skt. ruch, to
because every five years a lustrum was shine,loch, to see. Cognate forms are

performed. The orig.

sense is '
a cation A.
purifi- S. lox, Swed. lo,G. htchs,Lith. luszis,
'; from lucre,to wash, purify. a lynx; and (probably)Russ. riiise,Pers.
lusttratiou, a purification by sacri-
fice. rfis, Zend raozha ; Student's Pastime,
(L.) L. lustrdtio,an expia-
From tion. P- 393-
" L. lustrdtus,pp. of lustrdre^to Lyre. (F. - L. -
Gk.) F. lyre. L. -

purify. L. histrum,
" an sacrifice lyra.
expiatory " Gk. Xvpa, a lyre,lute. Der.
above).
(^ lyr-ic.
!Lute (i),a musical instrument. (F. "

Arab.) M. E. lute " M. F. hit (Cotgrave),

mod. F. luth. We also find Prov. laut.

Span. laud. Port, alaude, Ital. liuto,Du.
luit,Dan. hit,G. laute. The Port, form Macadamise, to pave a road with
shews the
Arab, origin ; since al- in al-aude small broken stones. (Gael,and Heb.;
is for al,the Arab. def. art. -i^ Arab. with F. suffix^ Named after Mr, John
al,the ; 'lid,wood, timber,a staff, stick, Macadatn, a.d. 18 19. Macadam ^0x1 of =

wood ofaloes,lute,or harp. Adam. " Gael, mac, son; Heb. addm, a

Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F." L.) man, from root ddatn,to be red.
O. F. hit, clay, loam. L. hitum, mud, "
Macaroni, Maccaroni. (Ital.-L.)
'

that which is washed down. " L. htere,to Ital. maccaroni, '

kinde of paste meate
a ;
'
wash. Allied to Lave. Florio. Prob. from Ital. maccare, to

Lutestring, silk. (F."

a lustrous bruise,batter, to pester,' Florio ; i.e. to
Ital. L. ) A curious corruption
"
o{ lustring,reduce to pulp. L. mac-, base of "

silk (Kersey) F. lustrine

a sort of shining mdcerdre, to macerate.
.
" See Macerate.

lutestring, lustring,Der. macaronic, i.e. in a confused or

lustring.Ital.//fJ"/"r/V^c',
"

tinsel ; from its gloss. " L. lustrdre^ to mixed state (appliedto a jumble of
shine ; see Lustre (i). languages).
306
 MACAROON MAGGOT

macaroon. (F.-Ttal.-L.)Y.tnaca- Madam, my lady. (F. -

L.) F.
ron, \)\.
macarons , 'macarons,
littlefritter-
like madauie, i.e. ma dame, my lady, " L.
buns, . .
also the same as macaroni ; ' mea domina, my lady; see Dame.
Cot. Ital. ?naccaroni (above).^ Now
"
Madder, a plant.(E.) xM. E. mader,
appliedto a kind of biscuit. madir. A. S. mcsddre ; also mcedere. 4*
IMCacaw, a kind of parrot.(Caribbean.)Icel,maSra, Du. mede, mee.
Said to be the native name in the Antilles Madeira, a sort of wine. (Port. L.) "

(Webster). Brazilian macao (Cent.Dict.\ Named from the isle oi Madeira, i.e. 'the
Mace (0' a kind of club. (F L.) well-wooded.' Port, madeira, wood, tim- "
ber. "

O. F. mace (F.masse).^Yd\k-\j. '^mattea, L. 7ndteria, stuff,wood, timber. "

a beetle, onlypreserved in dimin. matcola, See Matter ( 1 ).

a little beetle. See Korting. % But see Mademoiselle, miss. (F.-L.) F.
Franck (s.v. metseleti). ma. my ; demoiselle, damsel ; see DamseL
Mace (2),a kind of spice. (F. L. madonna, my lady.(Itnl.-L.) Ital.
" "

Gk. Skt.?) F. macis, mace

"
(O. F. ma. my ; donna, lady,from L. domina ;
luaceis, viacis,Godefroy). It seems to see Dame.
have been confused with M. F, macer, Madrepore, coral. (F, - Ital. - L,
which '
is not many imngine, and Gk.) F. madrepore. Ital. madre-
mace, as "

Init a reddish,aromaticall, and astringent pora. The lit. sense is mother-stone,'

'
a

rind of a certain Indian root ' ; Cot. Both fancifulname, due to the existence ot such
prob.from L. macer, maci}',i.e. the rind as
'
madre-selva,honeysuckle(lit. terms
of a great root, which beareth the name of mother-wood),viadre-bosco, woodbine (lit.
the tree itself,'
Holland, tr, of Pliny,xii. 8. mother-bush),madre-perla,mother-of-
" Gk. fj.dK(p
; doubtless of Eastern origin.pearl. Here madre is from L. matrem,
Macerate, to soften by steeping, (L.) ace. of mater, mother; see Mother.
From pp. of L. mdce7-dre, to steep; fre-
quent,Pora is from Gk. vaipos, a lightfriable
from a base mac-. stone, also stalactite. ^ But the word
a

Machine. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y. machine. has been tinderstood (prob.

certainly understood
mis-
" L. mdchina. Gk. ixrixavi},
a device,
" as connected whence
with/^r^,
machine ; cf. fj^fjxos,
means. (-y'MAGH. i numerous scientificterms such as cateni-
Allied to May (i). poi'a,tubi-pora,
denti-pora,
gemmi-po7'a.
Mackerel, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. "
Scientific '

etymology is usuallyclumsy,
makerel (F. maqnereati). From Late L. and frequently
wrong. We may conclude
viaquerelhis.Of unknown origin. that F. and E. pore have been understood
Mackintosh, waterproofovercoat.
a in the placeof Gk, nwpos, by confusion of
(Gael.) Gael. the name
Mack-intosh, of ideas. See Pore,
the inventor. Madrigal, a pastoralsong, (Ital.-
Macrocosm, the whole universe. L, Gk.) Ital. viadriga/e,
"
a short song,
(Gk.) Gk. /j-anpo-s, long,great; Koajxos, pastoralditty; ff)r ^mandrigale. Florio
the world. Cf. microcosm. also givesmandriale, mandriano, a herds-
man,
Maculate, to defile. (L.)
From pp. also a madrigal, Ital, mandra, "

of L. maculih-e, to spot. L. ?nacula,

" a a herd, flock. " L.
mandra, a stall,
spot, dimin. of a form ^maca, not used. stable. " Gk. /udi'bpa,
a fold.+ Skt, 7nan-
Der. i?}imaculate,orig.a pp. L. suffix
diird,stable, (The suffix-?^'--a/^ =

Mad. (F.) [The vowel was formerly -ic-dlis^

sometimes long. M. E. 7?iaad.']
But the Magazine. Arab.) O.F. (F," Ital. "

M.E. viddis from A. S. {ge)-j?iceded,

dened,
mad- magazin (F. magasin). magazzino, " Ital.
shortened to {ge-)madd(cf.fat); a storehouse. Arab, makhdzin^ pi. ot
"

pp. of ge-madan, to drive mad. [The makhzan, a storehouse, "Arab, khasn, a

M.E. maad A. S. mdd\
answers cf. laving up in store.
to
K."^. ge-maad^Qox"^. Gloss. 2105; hence Maggot, a grub. (E.) Isl.Y. magot,
mdd-mod, madness (Grein)]-f- O. Sax. ^(?- inagat. Cf. \V. maceiad, macai,ti maggot;
mcd, foolish ; O. H. G. gif?ieit, ; Icel. magiaid,grubs. But maggot appears to
vain
meiddr, pp. of meida, to maim, hurt ; be an A. F. perversion of M. E. 7naddok,
Goth, ga-viaids, maimed. The orig, sense the usual word for maggot. Also M. E.
'
seems to be '
dimin,
severelyinjured; the prefix7nadek, 77iaPn,
c'fA, S. 7na}a, a worm.

is unessential.
ge-.,gi',ga- + Du, 77mde ',
G. made; Goth. matJia.

307
 MAGI MAIL (BLACK)
Cf. also Dan. viaddik, Norw. rnakk, Icel. magnds, a prince (Judithv. 26). L. "

?}iadkr;see Mawkish. magnus, great. "f[Magnate is due to the

Magi, priests of the Persians. (L. Gk, use of L. magnds in Hungary and Poland.
"

"
Fers.) L. f?iagi,pi, Gk. fidyoi, pi.of Magnolia. (F.) A genus of plants
"

fxajos, a Magian, one of a Median tribe ; named after Pierre Magnol, of Montpellier,
also an enchanter,properly a wise man in France ; died A. D. 1715.
who interpreted dreams. O. Pers. niagti-, Magpie, a bird. (F. L. Gk. ; and
" " "

Pers. nnigh, mngh, one of the Magi, a F. L.) Also called magot-pie, ?naggoty- "

fire-worshipper (Horn, " 984). Der. pie. Mag is short for Magot F. Margot, --=

inag-ic, short for magic art ; mag-ic-i-an.a familiar form of F. Marguerite,also

Magistrate. ^F. L.) Y magistrat used to denote a magpie. This is from L.
"
.
,

a magistrate,ruler. L. magistrdtus^ "(1 ) a Margarita,Gk. fxapyapiTijs, a pearl; cf.

magistracy, (2)a magistrate. L. magister, Per-;,murzvdrjd,a pearl, " from Skt. mail-
a master. L. mag-is-ter is a double jarl,a pearl. Pie F. pie,from L. pica, =

compar. form ; cf. mag-nus, great. a magpie; see Pie (i).

Magnanimity, Magnate ; see Maguey, the American aloe. (Cuba).
under Magnificent. Of Cuban origin(Oviedo). Not Mexican,
Magnesia ; see Magnet. which has no g; the Mex. name is metl.
Magnet, the lodestone. (F.-L.-Gk.) Maharajah, great king. (Hind. "

M. E. niagnete. O, F. magnete, also Skt.) From

" Skt. mahd-rdja-, great king.
inaneie (,13thcent.). L. magnetem, ace. Cf. L. viagnus
" rex. So also mahd-rdni,
of magnes, for Magnes lapis Magnesian great queen ; from Hind, ram, ^Skt. rdjiii,
stone, the lodestone. Gk. MdyvT]^(stem queen."

MayvrjT-),also MayvrjTtj^,Mayvqcrios,be-longingMahdi, a spiritualdirector. (Arab.)

to Magnesia,in Thessaly; whence Arab, viahdi, the guided one ; from ma,
KlOos Magnesian prefix,
Mayvijcnos(orMayvriTTjs), and hady, to guide. Cf. hddi, a
stone, lodestone,or a metal like silver. guide. (Rich.Diet. pp. 166 1, i6;o.)
Der. magnesia,an old name (in Chaucer, Mahogany, a tree. (Hayti.) From
C. T. 16923, 1455),for a mineral mahagoni, in the old Carib dialect of
or G.
brought from Magnesia; now differentlyHayti. (Garden and Forest, no. 438,
applied. See Schade,p. 1395. July 15, 1896 )
Magnificent. (L.) L. magnificent-,Mahometan ; see Mohammedan.
stem of magnificens, lit. doing great Mahout, an elephant-driver. (Hind.)
things, hence, grand. L. magni-, for Hind, mahdwat. "

viagnus, great ; -ficens, ior faciens, doing, Maid, Maiden. (E.) M. E. mayde,
iromfacere, to do. See magnitude. merely short for earlier maiden, meiden.
magnify. (F. L.") Isi.E. ?nagnifien.
"
A. S. mcegden, a maiden, cognate with
" F. magtiijier. "1^. tnagnificdre, lit. to O. H. G. magatin, a maiden (with fem.
make large. L. magni-,
" for magmcs, suffix -/""). The form without this suffix
great ; -ficdre, {or facere, to do. is A. S. mcegcQ,a maiden, cognate with
magniloquence. (L.) L. magni- Goth, magaths,a virgin, G. tnagd. Related
lotjneniia, elevated language. L. magni-, to A. S. magu, a son or
" kinsman, cognate
for magmis, great ; loqiien.'-, stem of pres. with Goth, magus, Icel. niogr, and per-
haps
pt. of loqiu,to speak; see Loquacious. with Corn, mazv, a boy. See Stokes
magnitude, greatness. (L.) L. mag- (in Fick, ii. 198). Kluge compares O.
nitildo,size. " L. magnus, great.+ Gk. Irish mace, W. jnab, son. Der. maiden-
}iiyas,
great ; Skt. ?/iahant-,
great ; A. S. hood,also speltmaiden-head.
micel. See Mickle. Mail (i), steel network for armour.
magnanimity, greatness of mind. (F. L.) " O. F. maille,mail,also a mesh
(F. L.) F. magnanimity. L. ace. niagn-
" " of a net. " L. macula, a spot,speck,hole,
animitdtem."!-.. magmis, great; animus, mesh of a net ; see Maculate.
mind. (2),a le;ter-bag. (F.-O. H. G.) Mail
magnanimous, high-minded. (L.) M. E. male. O. F. male (F. j?ialle), a bag, "

L. magnaftitn-iis ; with suffix -oiis (L. wallet. O. H. G. tnalaha, a leathern "

-ostis').-^
L. magmis, great ; animus, mind. wallet. Cf. Gael, and Irish mala, a bag
magnate, a great man, noble. (F. vfrom E.) ; Gk. iioXyos,hide, skin. "

L.) F. magnat."!^. magndtem, ace. of Mail (Black), a forced tribute.

308
 MALISON MAMMOTH

ciated. " L. male, adv.,badly; Q.hager, a mallow. + Gk. \iaKayy]( =*fjLa\faxr}),

a
thin,lean (Korting). mallow ; named from its emollient perties
pro-
malison, a curse. (F. L.) A. " F. ; cf. Gk. ixaXaaaav, to make soft,
maleison ; O. F. of malison^popularform fxaXaKos,soft,mild. Cf. Malachite.
malediction ; see Malediction above. (So Malm.se3r, a strong sweet wine. (F."
also benison for benediction.') Gk.) A M. E. malvesie,
corruptionof
Malkin, a kitchen-wench, (F. "
malmsey. A. F. malvesy
"
(Ducange) ; F.
' '

O.H.G.) Malkin is for Maid-kin, the malvoisie, malmesie ; Cot. From Mal-
dimin. of
Mold, or Maud, i.e. vasia,now
Maid, called Napoli di Malvasia or

Matilda. Grimalkin. See

% Not the Mone?nvasia {^ou-efx^acyla),
a town on the
dimin. of Mary ; cf. ' Malkyne,or Mawt, E. coast of Lacedsemonia in Greece.
'

Molt,Mawde,Mali Id is,Matilda ; Prompt. Malt, grain steeped in water. (E.)

Parv. M. E. and
O. Merc. malt. A. S. tnealt,
IMCall (i\ a largewooden hammer. (F. malt. Teut. *malt-,2nd grade of *mel^
"

" M. E.
L.) 7?ialle. 0.". "
mal, mail, tan-, to melt, hence to steep, soften. +
' '
F. 77iail, a mall ; Cot. L. "
malleum, ace. Du. mout; Icel. Dan.Swed. malt; O.H.G.
of ?nalleus, a hammer. malz,malt,also soft, allied to Skt. mrdu-^
mall (2), the name of a publicwalk. L. mollis,soft. See Melt.
(F. - Ital. - G. and
In Pall Mall, and
L.) Maltreat. (F. L.) Y.maltraiter,\.o
"

the Mall in St. James's

Park. Named from treat ill. - L. male,ill; tractdre,to handle,
Y,.pall-mall "Sl.Y. pale-maille, because
',
treat ; see Treat.
the game so called was playedthere ; this malversation. (F.-L.^ F. maU
'
game of pall-mallwas like the modern versation,' misdemeanor ; Cot. (Hence
is imitated from
croquet, which it. M. " fraudulent
behaviour.) F. malverser,to "

liaX. '
palamaglio, a stick with a mallet at behave ill. L. male, ill; ztersdri, to be
"

one end,'for playingthe game of pall- engaged in, from uersdre, frequent, form
mall ; Florio. Also speltpallamaglio ; of uertere,to turn ; see Verse.
lit. mallet-ball.'
*
Ital. palla,a ball ; Mamaluke,
"
Mameluke, an tian
Egyp-
maglio, a mall. A hybridword. O. H. G. light horse-soldier. (F. "
Aral).) "

palla,M. H. G. balle,G. ball,a ball ; L. M. F. Mamaluc ; Cot. Arab, mamliik. a "

malleum,ace. oi malleus, a hammer. See purchasedslave or captive, lit. possessed.' '

Ball. Arab, root malaka, he possessed. "

m.alleable. ^F. L.) M.Y. malleable, Mamma. (E.) Also mama;

"
for ma
'
malleable,hammerable, pliant to the ma, a mere repetition ma, an in-
of fantine
'
hammer ; Cot. From obs. L. *malledre, syllable.Many other languages
to hammer, of which the pp. malledtus have something like it ; cf. F. maman,
occurs. L. malleus,a hammer.
"
Span. Du. and G. mama, Ital. and L.
mallet, a small mall. (F. L.) manwia, a child's word for mother. "

M.E. maillet. F. "

maillet,'a mallet'; Mammalia, the class of animals that
Cot. Dimin. of F. mail',see Mall (i) suckle their young. (L.") From L. mam-
above. mdlis pi.mammalia), belongingto
(neut.
Mallard, a wild drake. (F.-L.) M.E. the breasts. " L. mamtna, the breast.
malard. O. F, malard; formed, with
"
Brugm. i. " 587 (3V
suffix -ard (of G. origin,from G. hart), pertainingto the mammiilary,
from O. F. male, male. See Male. The breasts. (L.^ Fron\ L. mammilldi'is,
suffix -ard was particularly applied to adj.; formed from L. mamma, the breast.
' '

males, so that the idea of male appears Mammon. vL. Gk. Syriac.)L. " -

twice. mavimona. -'Gk. fiaficovds. Matt. vi. 24."

Malleable, Mallet ; see Mall. Syr. mamond, which occurs in Chaldee
Mallecho, malefaction, mischief Targums, and in the Syriacversion of
(Span. L.) Hamlet, iii. 2. 147. Span. St. Matthew, and means
" 'riches.' Cf. "

'
vialhecho, misdone ; an euill '
deed ; Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, from
Minsheu. Span, mal, ill; hecho, done, Idman, to hide.
"

pp. of hacer,to do. L. male, ill ; f actus, Mammoth. "(Russ. Tatar.) Russ. "

pp. oi facere,to do. See Fact. mamanf, a mammoth, speciesof elephant.

MallO'W, a plant.(L.) M. E. makve. An older form is 7}iavimof ; see N. E. D.
" A. S. malwe ; borrowed from L. vialna. Said to be from Tatar mamma, the earth ;

310
 MAN MANGE

l)ecause the Siberian peasants thoughttlie Mandate, (F.-L.) M.F". a command.

animal burrowed in the earth like the inandat. manddttttii,
a charge. L. " L. "

mole. But no such Tatar word has been manddtus, pp. of mandare, to enjoin ;
found. lit. to put into one's hand. " L. w"7"-"j,
Man. (E.")M. E.
dare, to give; see Manual
man. and A, S. mann. hand ;
-f-Dn.man, Icel. maiin- ,7nadr,':i\ve.i\.
7nan, Date, Pjrugm.i. " 589 (2,b).
Dan. mand, Goth, manna, G. mann ; Mandible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandilmla,
allied to Skt. maitu-, a man. jaw. L. inandere,to chew. "

maniHn, manakin, a dwarf,small Mandilion, a soldier's cloak. (Ital."

'
man. (F. Du.) M. V. vianequin, a Span.
" Arab. L.) See Nares. Ital. "
"

puppet,'M. l)u. manneken"

(Hexham); mandiglione, a mandillion, souldier's
'
'

double dimin. of Du. man, a man. iacket ; Florio. "Span, mandil, a coarse
mankind, the race of men. (E.) A. S. apron. Arab, mandil, a table-cloth, "

mancynn, mankind. A. S. man, man ; towel, mantle. "L.

"
mantile, a napkin.
cynn, kind, race ; see Kin. Mandolin, a guitar.(F.-Ital. - Gk,
Manacle, a handcuff. (F. dimin.
iiiandolino, "
L.) M. E. F, mandoline. " Ital.
uianacle,also 7)ianycle.Y manicle.^'L,. of mandola, mandora, a kind of guitar.
"
.

vianiatla,dimin. of wflw/t",a long sleeve, Variants of Ital. pandora. See further

gauntlet, handcuff. L. manus, the hand. under Banjo. "

See Manual. Mandrake, a narcotic plant.(F." L,

manage, government of a horse,con-
trol, Gk.) M. E. mandrake, mandrage; "

administration. (F. Ital. L.) Orig. fuller form mandragores; cl. mandragora,
" "

a sb.,but now supersededby nianagetnent. Othello,iii. 3. O. F. mandragorevital, "

See Rich. 11. iii.3. 179. jNI.F.manege, ' the " and Span, viandragora^. " L. mandra-
'
manage, or managing of a horse ; Cot. "
goras. " Gk. the
/xavSpayopas, mandrake.
Ital.maneggio,' a managing,a handling;' Mandrel,the revolvingaxis to which
Florio. " Ital. mano, the hand. " L. mamis, turners fix their work in a lathe. (F."
the hand. Der. manage, vb. Gk. ?) From F. viandrin, a punch, a
Manatee, a sea-cow. (Span. " W. mandrel. Perhaps from Gk. fxavhpa,an
Indian.)Span,manati, a sea-cow. Prom enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to
its name in the
languageof Hayti. mean the bed in *
which the stone of a
Manchineel, a tree. (F. Span." ring is set,'much " like P^. mandi'el. See
L.) So called from its apple-like fruit." Madrigal. Put cf.Oscan mafiiphtir, part
F. mancenille,the fruit of the manchineel of a lathe ; Brugm. i. "" 571, 757.
tree. Span, manzanilla, the same; also
"
Mane. (E.) A. S. manu ; cf. Icel.
manzanillo,a little apple-tree,
the chineel
man- m'on (gen.man-ar,, a mane; Swed. and
tree ; dimin. of Span, manzana, Dan. wo:;/. -f*Du. maan, M. Du. mane;
an apple; O. Span, mazana (Diez). L. " G. mdhne, O. H. G. mana. Cf. W.
Matidna, fem. of Matidnus, adj.,the fnyttgen, mane, from mw7t, neck ; Irish
epithetof a kind of apple; lit.* Alatian.' mnince, collar,from ?ntdn, neck ; Skt.
" L. Matius,the name of
gens. a Roman many a, the tendon forming the nape of
Manciple, a purveyor, esp. for a the neck ; L. monile,neck-lace. Orig.sense
' ' '
college. (F. L.) " M.E. ;//";/"r/^/"?.
O.F. " neck ; hence hair on the neck.'
mancipe.manciple,a slave,servant; cf. Manege, the same as Manage.
M. Ital. }iia;icipio,
a slave, manciple. Manganese,
farmer, a metal. (F.-Ital.-
" Iv. mancipiitm, a slave; orig. posses-
sion.'" Gk.) An fid term, newly applitd.
'

L. mancip-, ioxmanceps, a taker in Manganese, so called from its likeness in '

hand. L. maft-tis,h3.r\(\
"
; cap-ere,\.otake. colour and weightto the magnes or load-
stone,
Mandarin, a Chinese governor of a is the most universal material used
province. (Port. JNIalay.-Skt.) Not a "
in making glass;' Blount, ed. 1674."
Chinese, but Skt. word f through the M.F. manganese (Cot.). Ital. manganese, "

Portuguese).Port, mandarim, " a darin.

man-
'
a stuffe or stone to make glasses with ;
"
Malay (and Hindu) mantri, a also, a kind of minerall stone ; ' Florio.
counsellor,minister A perverted of state.
form of magnesia, as shewn " Skt. 7nan-

trin-^
a counsellor ; mahdmantrin-, the in the Cent. Diet. ; cf. ftiangnetfor magnet
prime minister. Skt. mantra-, advice, in Palsgrave
"
; see Magnet.
counsel. Skt. man, to think.
"
Mange, scab or itch in dogs. (F. L.) "

311
 MANGER MANSE

Made of adj.mangy,
out a mi=;takcn form, Mania, frenzy.(L.-Gk.) l..mania.
due M.
E. maniezve, sb. the mange.
to ~ " Gk. fxavia, frenzy,orig.mental ment
excite-
(). F. manjtie,
mange. O. F. matijuer (F. "
; cf. fxevos, mind. Der. mania-c^
manger), to eat. L. inanducdre, to eat; " F. maniaqne.
viandiicus,a glutton ; mandere, to chew. Manifest,
apparent. (F. L.) F. -

manger, a ^F.
feeding-trough. "L.) L.
7nanifeste. 7nanifestus "
,
evident. The
M. F. matingetir, Cath. Angl. " O.F. lit. sense is doubtful. L. mani-, for "

Diangeure ; F. mangeoire.'^Vmanger, .
to mamis, hand-festus,
;apparently the same
eat (above). as in in-festus,hostile. It has been doubt-
fully
Mangel-wurzel, (properly)a kind connected with -fendere, to strike, as

f)f beet. (G.) Corruptedfrom G. man- in of-fendere.

gold-7.vurzel, lit. beet-root.' G. '
mangold manifesto, " a written declaration.
I M. H. G. mangolt), beet, derived by (Ital. L.) Ital. manifesto^ sb. Ital. " "

Schade from the personal name Manegold; manifesto, adj.,manifest. L. manifestus "

ivurzel,root, allied to E. 'Wort (i). (above).

lUIangle rO" to mutilate. (Perhaps Manifold ; see Many.
F.-G.) In Sir T. More. Works, p. 538. Manikin ; see Man.
We find Anglo-F. mangier, to mangle Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
(Godefroy); and mahangler to maim, in Brazil, manioc ; whence Port, mandioca.
^

Langtoft's Chron. i. 254. Frequent, form Maniple, a handful,small band of

of O. F. viahaigner, to maim. O. F. men, priest's scarf. (L.) L. manipuhis a
"
,

mahaing,a maim, hurt. See Maim. handful,a wisp of straw used as an ensign,
Mangle (2), a roller for smoothing a band of men round such an ensign."
linen; to smooth linen. (Du. LateL." L. mani-, for mantis, hand ; -pulus,lit.
"

Gk.) Borrowed from Du. mangelen, to filling,from the weak grade {pul) of the
mangle, roll with a rolling-pin ; mangel- root '*//.', to fill; cf. \..ple-nns, full. Cf.
stok,a rolling-pin, cylinder for smoothing L. disci-pnlus, a disciple.

linen. The corresponding Ital. word is manipulate, to handle. (L.) A

mangano^
'
a kind of presse to presse coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L.
buckrom ;
'
Florio. Both Du. and Ital. manipuldtim,adv.,by troops ; but it was
words are from Late L". manganum, man- out of the sb. mani-
rather made directly
gona, military a throwing pulus (above).
instrument for
stones, worked with an axis and winch. Manito, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin.)
Indeed,the Ital. mangano also means a demon.
Algonkinmanito,manitu, a spirit,
mangonel. Gk. //a77ai'oi', a machine for (Cuoq.)
"

defending forts,also the axis of a pulley. Mankind ; see Man.

mangonel, a war-engine.(F. Late "

Manna. (L. " Gk. "
Heb.) L. manna.

L. Gk.)
" O.F. mangonel (laterman- " Gk. fxdvva. " Heb. mdfi, manna, p.
gonneait), a mangonel. " Late L. man- Hardly from Heb. mdjz hu, M'hat is this?
dimin.
gonelliis, ot inangona (above). Exod. xvi. 15; but from man, (itis) a
liHangO, a fruit. \^Port. Malay. "
"
gift; cf.Arab, mann, favour,also manna.
Tamil.) Port, w^^/w^a.- Malay manggd, Manner, way. (F. L.) ^M,.manere. "

formerlyviangkd, the mango-fruit.The " A. F. 7nanere, M. F. maniere, manner,

Malay word is of Tamil origin. Tamil " habit (Cot.); Late L. maneria. " L.
mantis, the hand.
'
indnkdy,i.e. the
wcm-fruit,' tree being
indinaruni, i.e. ;"cm-tree' (Yule). manoeuvre. (F. L.) Y .manmivre, "

Mangonel; (2).
see properly,
Mangle handiwork. Late L. viartMopera^ "

MangOSteen, a fruit. (Malay.) merly

For- also manopera, a working with the hand.
fuangostan. Malay manggustan "
L. maml, abl. of inanus, hand ; opera, "

Scott);mauggJsta (Marsden). work ; see Operate.

,

Mangrove. Hybrid ; Malay "

(formerly) a residence for a
and E.) Manor,
'
*
A of trees called juangroves ; Eng. nobleman.
sort (F. L.) O. F. ftianoir,a "

Garner,vii. 371 ; A. D. 1689. Meant, as I mansion. O. F. manoir,maneir, to dwell. "

suppose, for mang-groves, from the liar

pecu- L. manere ; see Mansion. "

growth in groves or thickets. JSlalay manse, a clergyman's house,in Scot-

"
land.
manggi-manggi, the name for the tree (L.) Late L. 7;/fl!"j-"T,
a farm, ing.
dwell-
(Crawfurd). "L. inanstis, pp. oi f?tanere (below).
3 2
 MANSION MARAVEDI

mansion. (F. L.) O.Y. mansion, "

" 1608. 4* Du. menig: Dan. mange, Swed.
a dwelling-place. L. viansioneni,ace. of "
mange, (perhaps)Icel. margr (Noreen,
mansio, an abiding,abode. L. 7nansus, "
Zh9)i Goth, manags, G. manch, O. H.G.
pp. of inanere, to remain, dwell. + Gk. manac. Teut. type *managoz. Allied
ixivdv,to stay,remain. (y'MEN.) Irish minic, Gael, minig, \V. mynycli,
to

IMEantel, a shelf over a fire-place.

frequent, Russ. mnogie, pi.many. Der.
(F. "
L.) The same word as mantle below ; niani-fold
; iee Fold.
in old fire-places, like
it projects a Map. (F. L.) The
hood, "

sented
repre- oldest maps
to catch the smoke. Der. mantel-shelf, the world, and lied 7nappe- were en

mantel-piece. mounde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa

mantilla, long head-dress. 'Span. a vntndJ, map of the world. L. mappa
"
L.) Span,mantilla; dimin. of manto, meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.
a cloak, veil (below). See Mop. Der. api'on,napery, napkin.
mantle, a cloak,covering. (F. L.)
(E.) M. E. maple, "
Maple, a tree.
M. E. mantel. '^O. Y mantel, later man- maptil. A. .S, mcEpel-.
. maptil-; whence
'
tecui, a cloke,also the mantle-tree of a mapnl-treo,mapulder,a maple-tree.
'

chimney ; Cot. L. mantelkiin, a napkin, "

Mar, to injure.(E.) M. E. merren.
also a cloak; cf. L. mantile, a towel. O. Merc, merran, in comp. dmerran. to
\\g also find Late L. mantiim, a short hinder; A.^. d7"iynan, to obstruct,waste,
cloak, whence Ital. and Span, manto, F. hinder ; cf. geT7iea7-7; an impediment.+
mante, a mantle. Der. mantle, vb,, to M. Du. i7ie7-7-e7i,Du. 7;/"2r;r", to retard;
form a coveringupon, gathera scum O. H. G. ma7-7-jan,
to to hinder, vex ; Goth.
on a surface. Brugm. 134(1),483 (7'. 7na7-zja7i,
i. "" to cause to stumble. Teut.
Mantua, a lady's
gown. (Ital.)Mati- bas-e *77m7-z-. Brugm. i, " 903 b.
toe or Mantua gaiun, a loc se upper ment,'
gar- marline, a small cord used for bind-
ing
"c. ; Phillips(1706). Manto is (Du.) Du. 77ia7iiJ7i,
ropes. also
from Ital. manto,
a mantle (.seemantle" ; 77ia7-li7ig,
a marline. Du. 77ia7-7-e7z,to "

but Mantua goxvn must refer to Mantua bind, tie; and lij7i, from \. ligne,
li7tg,
though this connexion arose Irom
in Italy, a line. See Moor (2 ; and Line. Der.
mere confusion. Der. mantua-maker. 77ia7'li7ie-spike.
Manual, done by the hand. (F. L.) Marabou, "
Marabout, a kind of
Formerly manuel. " L. adj.,African stork ; also, its downy
manualis,_ feathers.
from manus, the hand. (.^ME, to (F. " Port. "
Span. Arab.) Y ma7-about.
"
.

measure; Brugm. ii. " 106.) " Port. 77ia7-abuto. Span. 77io7-ahito.a
"

manufacture. (F. - L.) F. 77iajiti- Mahommedan sage. " Arab. 77iu7-ahit,

factnre,
.M. F. lit. a
7nanifactiire, making quiet,still; a hermit, sage religious
; a

by the hand. " L. juanu^ abl. of manus, sage among the Berbers (whencethe bird's
hand ; factiira,
a making, ixonxfacoe,
to name came .
Cf. Maravedi.
make. Maranatha, our Lord cometh.
manumit, to release a slave. (L.) (Syriac.)S} riac vidTan at/id,our Lord
L. majiujfiitiere (pp. manumissus)^to re- lease, cometh ; cf. Aiab. 7/iar, lord (from Syriac).
lit.to send away from one's hand." Maraschino, a cordial. (Iial.-L.)
L. manu, abl. of manus, hand ; mittere,to Ital.77ia7-aschi7io. lia\.7na" asca,ama7-asca, "

send ; see Mission. Der. manumission, a black and sour cherry. L. " a77idrus,
from the pp. bitter.
manure, vb. (F. -
L.) Formerly Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.
simply '
to till,' to or work with the (F.) M. F".77ia7'aude7-,
*
to playthe rogue,
hand ; Othello,i. 3. 328. A contracted beg;' Cot. " F. fna7-aud,a rogue, bond.
vaga-
form of manceuvre ; which see. Elym. disputed.Bugge connects
manuscript, written by the hand. It with F. 77ial,evil ; as if for *77ialaud
(L.) Properlyan adj.,but also as a sb. (LateL. *7nalaldns). "

Late L. Jtianuscriptufii,
a thingwritten by Maravedi, a very small coin. (Span.
the hand. L. manu, abl. o{ manus, hand ;
" the smallest
Arab.) Span. ?na7'avedi, "

scriptutn,
neut. of pp. oi scribere,
to write ; Spanish coin ; orig.a gold coin first
see Scribe. struck duringthe dynastyof the Al77i07-a-
Many. (E.) M. E. many, moni.
A. S. vides at Cordova, A. D. 1094-1 144. Cf.
vianig,
monig,many ; see Sweet,N. E. Gr. Port. 7na7-aveditn, a maravedi.
7na7-abitino,
3 13
 MARBLE MARK

" Arab. Murdbitin, the Arab, name of the margo, a border, brink ; cognate with
above-mentioned dynasty; pi.ot nmrdbit ; Mark (2).
see Marabou. Margrave, a lord of the marches.
IIIIarble" (F. "
L.) M. E. marbel-, (Du.) Du. markgraaf,a margrave. " Du.
also marbre. "" O. F. viarbre. " L. viar- maj'k,a boundary,march ; graaf,a count.

morem, ace. of mai'inor, marble, con'- So also G. markgraf. (That the word is
sidered as a masc. sb. ; but it is com-
monly Du. appears from the fem. form vine,
margra-
neuter. 4* Gk. ixap^apos, explained which answers to Du. markgravin,
as glistening
a white stone, as if from not to G. markgrajin.)

[xapixaipHv,sparkle
to ; cf. fxaipa, dog-star, Marigold, a plant. (Heb. and E.)
lit. sparkler.'
'
See Marmoset. Compounded of Mary (from the Virgin
mHarcasitej a kind of iron pyrites.Mary) and gold(from its colour).
(F. Span. Pers.) F. inarcassite, Span. Marine.
" "
(F.-L.) F. mai-in. L.
"
-

marquesita. Pers. marqashishd (Devic, i7iarinus, belongingto the sea.

" L. f?iare, "

Viillers). sea; cognate with Mere (i). Der.

Marcescent, withering. (L.) L. marin-er.
viarcescent-, stem, of pres. pt. of marce- Marish, a marsh, (F.-L.) M.E.
form
scere, inceptive of marcere, to wither, maris, A. F.marais.
inareis. O. Y " "
.

lit.to grow soft. Brugm. i. " 413 (8), mareis, of which the oldest form was

IMCarcll (t),a border,frontier. (F." maresc (Hatzfeld;. Late L. mariscus, "

O. 11. G.) M. E. niarche. A. F. marche. from Low G. marsch, a. marsh. See

" O. M. (x. viarcha^ a Marsh. boundary.Cf. Cioih.
viarka, a confine, coast. See Mark, i Marital, belongingto a husband. (F. .

March (2),to walk with regularsteps. L.) E. marital. L. marJtdlis, adj. " "

(F. L.? "7rG.?) F. ma/ c/ier,

" to march. formed from maritiis, a husband. This
Of ; perhapsfrom
disputedorigin a Late is a masc. sb. made to
accompany L.
L. *marcare, to beat hence
(, to tramp), marita, a woman provided with a band.
hus-
from niaracs, a hammer (Scheler). " L. for mas,
mai-i-, a man, husband ;
March. (3^ the name of a month. see Masculine.

(E.-L.) A. F. Marz (pron.marts).- Maritime, pertaining

to the sea. (F.
L. Martins^ the month dedicated to "

L.) E. maritime. L. maritimus, "

]\Iars. formed with suffix -timiis from mari-,

Marchioness. (LowL.-G.) The for mare, sea.

proper E. form is marquise; the E. Marj cram, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk .)

marchioness L. marciiio-
answers to Low M. E. majoran (without r). " O. F. majo-
nissa,formed with fem. suffix -issa (Gk* rane (Godefroy); F. marjolaine. Cf.
-Laaa) from Low L. marcliionem, ace. of majorana, Span, mayorana, Port. Ital.
?}iarchio,a of the marches.
prefect Low maiorana, marjoram, Late L. majordna, "

L. marcha, a boundary. O. H. G. marcha, majoraca; variouslycorrupted from

" L.
a boundary. See Mark (,2). amdraczis.-^G\:. d/xapano^,
marjoram.
Marchpane, a sweet cake,made with Mark sign. (E.) M.E.
(I ),a stroke,
almonds and sugar. (F. Ital.)O. F. merke. A. S. mearc, fem., mark, sign.-f-
"

marcepain ; now massepain.'^liaX. mar- Du. merk, Icel. mark, Swed. mdrke, Dan,
ciapane,marzapane, a marchpane ; Florio. mcerke, G. marke, M. H. G. marc, a

Originof marcia unexplained, but prob. mark. Cf. also Lith. margas, marked,
from a proper name (such as L. Martid) : variegated.Perhapsrelated to Mark (2),
pane is from Lat. b.cc. pdne"n, bread. which seems to be an older word.
Mare. (E.) M.E. ??iere. A. S. mere, Mark (2), a march, limit, boundary.
fem. form of meark, a horse. +Icel. merr, (E.) A. S. mearc, fem.+O. Sax. ??iarka ;
fem. of inarr, a steed; Dan. m(2r, Swed. D^x.ma1"k\ (j, mark, wa:;r//(z; fem.,O.H.G.
tndrr, E. Fries, miire, Du. merj'ie ; G. Goth, marka, confine,coast. So also Icel.
miihre,O. H. G. nieriha,fem. of O. H. G. mork,f.,a forest (orig.a boundary). Teut.

a battle-horse.
fiiarah, Cf. Irish and Gael. '^
type, marka, fem. Allied to L. viargo,
marc, W. and Corn, fuarch, a horse,a a margin, Zend merezti, Pers. marz, a

stallion. Idg.masc. a horse.

type '^markos, border ; O. Irish mrtiig.
Cf. Marshal. Mark (3),a coin. (E.) M.E. mark,
Margin. (L.) L. margin-, stem of A S. mearc, marc, a coin ; a weightequal
314
 MARKET MARROW

to half a pound; O. Fries, merk.-\-'Du. Maroon (1),brownish crimson. (F,^

mark ; G. niaj-k^ a weight of silver,a F, mai'ron^ a chestnut (hence,chestnut-
coin ; Icel. m'ork. (3.Orig. a particularcolour. Cf, Ital, marrone, M. Ital.ma^'one,
weight. There is nothing to connect it a chestnut (ofunknown origin).
with Mark (iV Maroon (2),to put ashore on a deso-
late
Market. L.) Late A. S. war-^^/,
(F. "
island. (F. Span.)From F, man-on, "

from Picard
market. [Cf.F.
Du. G. adj,,fugitive,appliedto a fugitive slave
inarkt ; F. marche, O. Prov. mercatz, Ital. who takes refugein woods. [Hence E,
mercato, a market.] L. mercatiis, traffic, maroon^ "to treat as a fugitive,
cause to
also a market (whence G. markt^Scc.)." be fugitive.] A clippedform of Span.
L. mercdtns, pp. of mercdrJ, to trade ; see cimarron, wild, unruly; hence, savage.
Mercantile. (Pogatscher.) Of unknown origin,^ Negro cimarron
Marl, rich earth.
a (F.-L.-C.) or ci?)iarron was an everydayphrase for
O. F. marie (F. inarne) ; Picard marie. a slave
fugitive hidden in the mountains,
" Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L. in Cuba, about A. D, 1846,
ma7-ga, marl; of Celtic origin(Pliny). Marque, of. (F.-G.) A
letters
Marline ; see Mar. letter of ?narque was a permissionby a
Marmalade. (F.-Port.-L.-Gk.) ruler to make reprisalson the country of
F. maniu'lade,Cot. Port, marmelada, another ruler ; it had particular
" reference
orig.a conserve of quinces. Port, mar- to passingbeyond the march "or limit of
melo,a quince. L. meli)nelum,lit.honey- one's own
" country. O. F. marque, a "

apple; also a quince. Gk. fj.(Xif^r]koVj a boundary, M. FI. G. marke,a boundary;

" "

sweet apple, applegrafted on a quince, see Mark (2)above. See marcha (i)in "

Gk. fieAi,honey ; fxijXov^ an apple; see Ducange.

Melon. marquee, a large tent. (F. Low L. "

Marmoset, a small American monkey. G.) 1'or marquees ; the s beingdropped "

(F. L.) Much older than the discovery because it was

"

thought to be a plural
of America ; AL E, 7narmosetle,a kind of form. An E, spelling of Y marquise,a .

ape (Maundeville, p. 210). M.F. ;;/ar- largetent ; orig.a tent for a marchioness
"

moset, F. marmoziset, the cock of a cistern or lady of rank.

'
F, marquise,a mar- chioness, "

or foimtain,any antick image from whose fem. of marquis, a marquis; see

'
teats water trilleth,any puppet or antick ; marquis below.
Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature, marquess. (Span."Low L," G.)
orig.a grotesque ornament on a fountain. Span,marques, a m^arquis ; see marquis.
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s, as marquis. (F.-Low L.-G.) M. E.
in chaise for chaire (a chair), from Late L. 7?iarkis. O. F. markis,later marquis, a "
'

'
marmoretum. a thingmade in marble, ap- plied marquesse, governour of a frontire town ;
to fountains. [Thus the rue des mar- Cot. Low L. marchensis, a prefect of the "

mousets in Pariscalled in Late Latin

was marches, " O. H. G. 7narcha,a march or

victis marmoretoriim ; Littre.] L. mar- " boundary. See Mark (2). ^ The true
mor, marble ; see Marble, ^ This Latin O. F. form was marchis ; altered to
form is incorrect. It appears that the ?narkis by the influence of Ital. marchese.
'
transference in sense from '
image to Marquetry, inlaid work. (F. -

'
'
ape was certainlyhelped on by confu-
sion M. H. G.) F. inlaid work.
marqueterie,
with F. marmot,
'
a marmoset, or F. marqueter, to inlay,
"
diversify,orig.
'
littlemonkey ; which is a differentword to mark slightlywith spots ; iterative
from E. marmot (seebelow). form of marquer, to mark, F. marque, "

Marmot, a mountain-rat. (F,

" Ital. a mark. M. H. G. mark, G,
" marke, a

"
L.) F. mar matt e.-m\K.-sX.
marmotta, an mark. See Mark (i).
ape, substituted for marmotana, 'the Marrow,
pith, (E.) M. E. marow,
'
mountain-rat,a marmotan (Torriano),
a mary. O. Merc, merg, A. S mearh (dat,
marmot. From the Romansch (Grisons mearge) -f Du. merg, Icel. mergr, Swed.
name murmont ; O. H. G, murmiinti , merg, Dan. tnarv, G. mark. O. H. G.
muremimto, a marmot.mur-^ stem " L. marag; [notW, w^r, Corn. war".] Further
of mils, mouse ; and mont-, stem of mans. allied to Russ. viozg\ Zend mazga, mar-
row;

mountain. Thus the sense is mountain- '

Skt. majjan,marrow of bones,pithof
mouse.' (SeeDiez.) trees. Idg.type mazgho' ; Brugm. i. " 642.
31 5
 MARRY MASCULINE

Iffarry. (F. L.) " M. E. marien." (temp. Louis XIV) ; dimin. form of
F. marier.^Y,. mantdre, to marry. L. " Martin.
marltiis, a husband ; see Marital. martinmas, martlemas, the feast
IMCarsll,a swamp. {E.) M. K. mersch. of St. Martin; Nov. 11. (F. and L.)
A. S. mersc, a marsh ; earlyform inerisc", Martlemass is a corrupt form of Martin-
^mar-isc,lit.mere-ish, i. e. full of meres or mass, suggested by Baj'tle iox Bartholomew.
pools. A. S. mere
"
(for^mari), mere,a See Mass (2).
lake. See Mere (i). martlet (i),a kind of bird, martin.
Marshal, master of the horse. (F. (F.-L.) Variant of M. E. martnet, short "

O. H. G.) Lit. 'horse-servant,'

a groom ; for martinet. '^Ymartinet, 'a martlet or .

it rose to be a title of honour. " M. F. martin,'Cot.; dimin. of F. Martin. Cf.

viaresckal(F. marJchal), 'a marshall, a Picard martinet, called martelot in the
Cot.
farrier,' O. H. G. marascaih, lit. dep. of
" the Meuse (Corblet).
horse-servant,
a groom. " O. H. G. inar-ah, Martingale, a strap fastened to a

a horse ; scalk,a servant ; cf. Goth, skalks, horse's girthto hold his head down. (F. "

a servant. See Mare. Span. Arab. ?) Also appliedto a "

short
Marsupial. (L. -
Gk.) Applied to spar, in ships,under the bowsprit ; but
animals thatin a sort carry their young this is onlydue to a supposedresemblance
of L. marsupuini^ a pouch
pouch. " Gk. " to a horse's martingale.F. martingale, "

'
f^apcrvviovj a little pouch, dimin. of "

a martingalefor a horse ; Cot. [Re-ferred

jmpavtros, a bag. by Littre to the wearing of breeches,
Mart, a shortened form of market. called chaiisses h la martingale (Rabe-
lais)
^F. In Hamlet, i. i. 74.
"
L.) Prob. in- ; but this is quite another word.]
tluencedby Du. mai-kt^market (ofLatin Span, al-martaga,"a kinde of headstall
"

origin). See Market. and embroidered

for a horse,trimmed,gilt, ;'
Martello tower, a watch-tower. Minsheu (1623); where al is merely the
(Ital. L. Gk.- -
cause Arab. def. article. The sb. may be derived
Pers.)[Not so called be- -

the v^^atchmen gave the alarm by from Arab, rataka, in the sense 'to cause
'

strikinga bell with a hammer ; see to go with a short step ; see Yule. I find
Ariosto,Orlando,x. 51 ; xiv. 100. From Arab, rataka given by Richardson as a

Ital. martello, a hammer ; Late L. mar- verbal root, whence ratak, going with a
But
teUits.'\ named from Mortella quickstep.
bay, short
Corsica (Davies). Ital.vwrtdla,a " myrtle. Martinmas, Martlet (i); see

See Myrtle. Martin.

Marten, a kind of weasel. (F. " Low Martlet bird called the swift,
(2),the
L. "
Teut.)Short for martern (i6thcent,);as depictedin heraldry.
(F. L.^ An E. "

M. E. martrin (Lydg.),adj.made of ten's

mar- substitution for F. jnerlette, '
a martlet,in
fur ; from O. F. martrin, the same. blazon,'Cot. Lit. ' a little blackbird';
The M. E. sb. was jnarter, i}iartre. " F. dimin. of merle,a blackbird. L. 7nerjcla ; "

martre. " Low L. pi.martures. Of Teut. see Merle. We find O. F. merlos, mart-
lets

origin; cf. Du. marter, G. marder, a ; Roll of Caerlaverock, p. 7.

marten A. S. meard, Icel. md7'8r, Swed.
; Martyr. (L. Gk.) A. S. martyr. L.
"
"

mard, Dan. viaar (for*mnard),a marten. martyr. " Gk. /uaprvp, piapTvs, a witness,lit.
Martial, (F. L.) brave. " Y.7nartial. one who remembers, records,or declares.
" L. Martidlis,dedicated to Mars, god of Cf. Skt. S7?ir, to remember.
war. Marvel. (F. L.) M. E. mervaile.""

Martin, a bird. (F. L.) F. martin,(i)

" F. mei'veille. L. mirdbilia, neut.
"
pi.,
a proper name, Martin, (2)the same nnme wonderful things. L. mirdbilis, wonderful. "

appliedto various birds and animals. Thus L. mird7-i, to wonder.

" See Miracle.
martin-pkheuris a kingfisher ; oiseau de Mascle, in heraldry,a perforated
S. Martin is the ring-tail,
and martinet lozenge.(F. L.) M-.Y. mascule, mascle. "

is a martin (Cot.).A nickname, like our O. F. mascle, erroneous spellingof "

robin,jenny-wren,"c. ; so that the bird fjiacle, a mesh of a net (hence,

a lozenge
is named after Martin as a proper name. perforated). L. macula, a mesh ; perhaps "

From L. Mart-, stem of Mars. confused with O. H. G. masca, a mesh.

martinet, a strict disciplinarian. (F.) Doublet, mail (l),q. v.

So called from a F. officernamed Martinet \ Masculine. (F. L.) ".j?iasctilin.'-' "

316
 MASTODON MATRIMONY
'
mastiff. The O. F. mastinalso meant
Pers. " Arab.) From the game of chess.
a "

domestic'; see Godefroy.Hence the Late

Check-mate means
'
the king is dead ; cf.
'

'
has been conjectured
L. mastinus, a mastiff, M. F. eschec et ?naf,' check-mate ; Cot.
to stand for '^piasnailmis, house-dog; as [Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has
if fromLate L. masndfa, a household (see mat du roi,'i.e. death of the king. Pers. "
"

Menagerie). The Late L. viastimis seems shah mat, the king is dead, check-mate.
to have been mistaken for mastnms Pers. shah, king (seeCheck) ; mat., he "

(Ducange); and confusion set in both with is dead, from Arab, root mdta, he died.
M. E. masty, formed
fat,large(adj. from Cf. Heb, to die. ^
?nf{th, Hence Turk, and
mast and with O. F. viestif,
(2)), mongrel, Pers. mat, astonished,confounded,amazed,
I.ate L. ^mixtivus, from L. miscere (pp. receivingcheck-mate '
; F. ?nat, mated,
viixt-tis),
to mix. See Mix. quelled, subdued,' Cot, ; M. E. j?iate,
founded.
con-

Mastodon, an extinct elephant.

(Gk.)
Named from the nipple-likeprojections
on Material, substantial. (F, "
L.) O, F.
its molar teeth. " Gk. fxaor-os, the female materiel. "'L. materialise adj.,formed from
breast ; oSoy-,short for u5ovt-^stem of materia,matter. See Matter,
680VS,a tooth ; see Tooth. Maternal. (F." L.) Y, matemel.'^
Mat. (L.) M. E. maUe. A. S. vieatte. Late L. mdterndlis.'"'L. mdternns, belong-
ing
" L. Diatta (Late L. natta),a mat ; w^hence to a mother. " L. mdter, mother ; cog-
nate
l)u. 7nat, G. matte, F. natte,"c. with Mother.
Matador, the slayerof the bull in a Mathematic, pertaining to the science

(Span. L. ) S\)^.n.
bull-fight. matador, lit. of number.
"
(F. L, Gk. ) O. F. mathe- " "

slayer. Span,matai-,to kill. L. viactdre, matique.'-''L.

" mathematicus.'^Gk.
"
ixaOv,-
to kill. jxaTiKos, disposedto learn,belongingto
Match (i),an equal,a contest,mar-
riage. the sciences, esp. to mathematics. Gk. "

(E.) M. E. macche, mache, orig. IxaOrjfiar-,

a stem of ^ia9r]ixa,
a lesson." Gk,
comrade. " A. S. -mcacca, whence gemcecca, future of fxavBdveiv,
fiaOrj-cronai, to learn.
a comrade,companion, spouse ; from the Matins, Mattins, morning prayers.
more form -j/iaca, Durh.
original matins, a pi. sb. from F, Kit. 165 (F, L,) " F.
(whence M. E. jnake,Ch.),gemaca. + Icel. mati7i,morning, orig.an adj. L. mdtu-^ "

maki, Swed. makc^ Dan. mage, O. Sax. tiniim, ace. of mdtiltJjiiis, adj.,belonging
gimako, a mate, comrade, p, AU closely to the morning. Cf. Ital. mattino,morning.
related to the adj.seen in Icel, mah% L. Mdtiita,the goddessof dawn, as if "

suitable,M. H. G. gemach, suitable ; and from a masc. with the sense of

'^-rndti'itiis,
further to A. S. macian, to make, or ht early,' or timely.' ' ' '

together.' % Mate, as used by sailors,Matrass, a long-neckedglassbottle ;

is prob. Dutch ; see Mate (i). in chemistry.(F.) F. matras ; also (in
Match a prepared
(,2), rope for firing
a Cot.) matrac, matraz, matelas ; Span.
cannon. (^F. L, Gk.) M. E. macche.
" "
7natraz. Perhaps Arabic ; see Devic. -^

O. F. mesche,meiche (F.meche),wick of a Matricide, murderer of a mother. (F.

'
candle, match to fire a
gun, match of'
"

L.) F. matricide,
adj.,mother-killing; '

a lamp;' Cot, " Late L. myxa ( Gk. = Cot. " L. i?idtricTda,matricide. a " L.
Hv^a); Late L. myxiis, the nozzle of a mdtri-, decl. stem mdter, mother ;
of
lamp, throughwhich the wick ; ccedere,
protrudes to slay; see Mother, Cassura.
also,a wick. " Gk. jxv^a,tlie nozzle of a "y We also use matricide to represent L.
lamp; older senses being (i) mucus (2) mdtriciditun,the s"layin"^f
of a mother.
nostril. Allied to Mucus. Der. lock,
match- matriculate, to enrol in a college.
the lock of gun a holding a match ; (L.) From pp. of Late L, mdtrictildre,
hence,the gun itself. to enrol ; a coined word. L. mdtricula,a "

Mate (i),a companion. (O. Low G.) register; dimin. of mdtrix (stemmdtric-)^
M. E. mate, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.); Low meaning (i) a breedinganimal,(2)womb,
G. mate^ mate (Liibben) ; maat (Bremen); matrix, (3)a publicregister, lit.
roll,list,
'
M. Du. maet, a mate,' Hexham ; Du. See
parent-stock. (below),
matrix
maat. + O. H. G. gi-viazzo,
a panion,
meat-com- matrimony. (F.-L.) O.Y,matri-
mess-mate. Cf. Goth, matjan,to moiiie. L. " marriage,lit.
iiidtrinwnitim,
eat, mats, food. See Meat. motherhood. " L. mdtrix, decl. stem of
Mate (2),to confound.
check-mate, (F. mdter, mother ; with sufhx - mon-io-.

3ii
 MATRIX MAXILLAR

matrix, the womb, cavityor mould. Maund (1),a basket. (F.-Low G.)
(L.) L. matrix^ a breedinganimal, the [A.S.w"://r/.]
Later,Picard and O.V.mande.
womb. " L. mdtri-, for inatc'r,
mother. " Du. mand; prov. G. viand,viande,viantic
matron, (F. L.) (^whenceF. vianne) ; E. Fries. ??iande.
a married woman. "

F. matrone.'"\^. viatrd)ia\ extended from Maund (2),a (veryvariable)weight.

niatr-^ stem of mater, a mother. (Arab.) Arab, mann ; Pers. man. Ci.
Matter (I),substance. (F. "
L.) M. E. Heb. vidneh,dk. ixva. See Yule.
fiiatere,j?iale)'ie.-~0.V. /;iatere, viatiere Maundy Thursday, the day before
{". mature)."^'L. materia, stuff, materials, Good Friday.(F\ L. ; a;/t/E.)Maundy "

useful for building, "c. Brugm. i. " 407. is M. il. viatindee,

a command, used with
matter (2),pus. a fluid in abscesses. esp. reference to the text '
Mandatuvi
(F. " Jv.) The same word as matter (i); nouum," John xiii. 34. The 'new mandment
com-
'
see Littre,
s, v. viatiere," 8. is '
that ye love one another' ;
Mattins; slc Matins. but in old
times it was appliedto the
Mattock. lE.) K.'i. mattuc. Cf. W. form
particular of devotion to others ex-
emplified

jnatog, a mattock, hoe ; Gael, fnadag, a by Christ,when washing His

pickaxe;Russ. }"iotuika,lA\.\i\\2i,r\. feet (on
matikkas, disciples' the first Alaundy
mattock (from Teutonic) ; see Masoii. Thursday See my .
note to P. Plowman,
Mattress. (,F. Arab.)" O.F. jnate- B. xvi. 140. This M. E, 7na2indee O.Y. =

ras ; Picard and Walloon matras ; F. mandi\ that which is commanded ; from L.
matelas. Cf. Span, al-viadraqne,
a tress
mat- vianddtuvi,a mandate, command. % Not
; where al is the Arab. def. art. " connected with viattud. Cf. O. H. G.
Arab, place,a place matiddt,the wasliing
jnatrah,a situation, of feet (Otfrid); from
where anythingis thrown ; this word came L. vianddtuvi.
to mean also anything hastily thrown down Mausoleum, a magnificent tomb. (L. ,

hence,something to lie upon, a bed (Devic). Gk.) L. viausoleuvi, a splendidtomb, "

" Arab, root taraha,he threw prostrate. orig. the tomb of Mausolus. Gk. Wavaoi- "

Mature, ripe.(,L.)L. matfinis, ripe.\(ivv ; from Mavau\os, Mausolus, a king

Matutinal, pertaining to the morning. of Caria.
(L.) L. mdtutiims, adj., belongingto the Mauve, mallow colour. (F. L.) F. "

morning. See Matins. viaiivc, a mallow. " L. 7valua, mallow.

Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F. See Mallow. "

L. Gk.
" Heb.") Orig.'shedding
"
tears of Mavis, the song-thrush.(F.-C. ?)
penitence, Tike MaryMagdalen. FromM.E. M. E. viavis.^Y niaiivis,a throstle;cf. .

Alandelein, the same as Magdelaine. O. F. Span, malvis, a thrush. Perhaps Celtic ;

"

MaiideIeine,Magdeleine. Magdalene.
\... cf. Biet. viiljid,
" viilvid,a mavis, also mil- "

Gk, MaySaXrjvr], i.e.belonging to Magdala ; chouid (at Vannes) ; Corn, vielhues,O.

Luke viii. 2. Heb. migdol,a tower ; Corn, nielliuet,
" a lark.

whence Magdala as a proper name. Mavourneen, my darling.(Irish.)

Maugre, in spiteof. (F.-L.) The From Irish vio, my ; and vihuirnin,mu- tated

proper sense is ill will,'as in P. Plowman,

'
form of viuirnin, darling, from
B. vi. 242. O.F. mal^re, "
maugre, lit. ill viuirn.. affection. (Mh=^v.)
will ; but also with sense *
in spiteof.' Maw, stomach. (E.) M.]i.via7ve. A.S. "

O. F. 77ial,ill; gre, gret, a pleasant thing. viaga.'\-i)i\. viaag, Icel. magi,Swed. mage,
" L. mains, bad ; grdtiim, neut. oi grdttis, Dan. mave, G. viagen.
pleasing. Mawkish, squeamish.(Scand.; with
Maul, to beat grievously.(F. " L.'i E. suffix.)'ihe older sense is loathsome,
M. E. mallen, to strike withmall, or a lit.' maggoty.'Formed, with E. suffix-ish,
mace ; from M. E. sb.,a mall,mace ;
7jialle, M. E. viawk, mauk, a maggot, a from
see Mall (i). contracted form of AL E. viabek,a maggot.
Maulstick, a stick used by painterstc Icel. viadkr, Dan. fjiaddik,a maggot "

steady the hand. (Du.) Du, inaalstok, (whence Norw. viakk E. viawk). Derived =

lit.' painting Du. vialen,to paint: from the form which appear.-^as A. S. viada,
stick.' "

and stok^a stick. The cognate G. inaleti Du. G. made, maggot. See Moth.
signifiedorig. to mark, from G. mahl, Maxillar, Maxillary, belonging
O. H. G. mdl, a mark, pointof time; see to the jawbone. (L.) Y.. viaxilldris, z.^].\
Meal (2)and Stock. from viaxilla,jaw bone.
3^
 MAXIM MEAL

Maxim, a proverb. (F. -

L.) F. other languages,as in M. H. G. mase,
_

viaxiine. " L. viaxinia, for maxima a spot, and in E. Measles, q. v.

sjiitentidrum,an opinion of the greatest Mazurka, a dance. (Pol.) From Pol.
importance, chief of opinions,hence a Mazurka, lit. a woman of Massovia or

maxim (Due). Orig. fern, of maxi?nns^ Mazovia, a province of Poland containing

a Polish
'
of magmis,
superlative
i^reatest, great. Warsaw. /(?/-^^^
Similarly, means
'
maximum. (L.) Neut. of maxijuus^ woman ; and secondly, a dance.

greatest ^above). Mazzard, the head. (F.-O.H.G.)

May (i),I am able,I am free to do. From mazer, a bowl ; see Mazer.

(i^:.)Pres. t. may. pt. t. might ; the infin. Me. (E.) A. S. me (also mec, in the
(^not in use) should take the form moiv. mij \ Icel. 7uer,dat.,
accusative only).-^-Du.
M. E. mowen, infin.; pres. t. may ; pt. t. mik, ace; Swed. Dan. mig\ Goth, mis,
viighte. A. S. to be able ; pres, t. dat., mik, ace; G. mir, dat.,mich, ace.
mugan,
t. mihte. (Here mceg'vhthe old i'or the stem, cf. Corn, and Bret, me ;
mceg\ pt.
perfectof a strong verb.)-|-0.Sax. vmgan^ Irish,Gael. W. mi; L. mihi, dat., ;;/^,
ace. ;
Gk. "f.ioi,
\xo[, dat.,fte, I/lic, Skt. mah-
pres. mag, pt. mahta ; Icel. mega, pres. md, ace. ;
mdtti
]jt. ; Du. niogcn, pres. mag, pt. mogt ; yani,me,d2X.,mdm, md, ace.

l)aa. pt. maatte ; Svved. pres. Mead (i)"^ drink made from honey.
pres. maa,
7na, pt. pres. mag, pt. (E. ) M. F:. mede.
matte
mogen, ; G. A. S. medu, meodu.-^-
mochte; Goth. ma"an, pres. wa^, pt.mahta ; Du. mede, Icel. mJoSr,Dan. }/iidd, Swed.
l"u-;s.moche, to be able,pres. mogic; cf. mjod,G. 7Jieth; also Irish 7?iid, medd,
W.
Crk. nTjxav'hmeans. Lith. middus, Russ. mcd\ Gk. iikOv ; Skt.

May (2),the fifth month. (F. "

L.) I inadhu, sweet, also as sb.,honey, sugar.
O. F. Afai.-h. A/dius, May. jIdg.type *7?iedhu,Brugm. ii." 104. Cf.
Mayor. (F'. L.) M. E. fuaire.
" " F. j Lith. 77iediis,
honey.
rnaire. "'lu. mdior, nom. greater; see Mead (2),a meadow. (E.) So called
late because '
mown.' M. E. 7ncde. A. S.
Major (above)- % Mayor is a
introduced
spelling, in the middle of a mead.
7iiu:d, [Allied prov. F2.7iiath,a to

t. 16th
e century; it answers to O. F. mowing, as in A. S.77idzua77,
after/iiath,SiXid
7naior,from L. mdiorem, ace. ; cf. Span. to mow a mowing, M. H. G. 7ndt,
; G. 7iiahd,

may or. a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M. Ll.G. Diatey

Mayweed, Anthemiscotula. (E.) For-
merly a meadow, 7)iatt,
a meadow
Swiss (as in
mathe-weed ; from A. S. magpa. Also
Zer7natt, A7tde7-77iaft). Gk. d-firjTos,
Maze. (E.) M. E. mase ; we also a harvest,d/xaeiv,
to mow. See Mow (i).
find M. E. jiiasejt,to confuse. The A. S. m.ead0W. (E.) This fuller form is
*masiajt appears in the comp. pp. d-masod. due to the inflected form (dat. 7/nedwe) of
Cf. Norweg. masa-st where -st is reflexive),A. S. 7/ned,a mead.
to lose one's senses and begin to dream, Meagre, thin. (F. L.) M. E. 7fie"re. "

?nasa, to pore over a thing,also to prate, F. 7/iaigre."L,. 7}iacru77i,ace oi 7fiacer, "

chatter; Icel. to chatter; thin,

masa, lean ; whence
prate, A. S. 77tcEger, Icel.
Swed. dial, masa^ to bask in the sun, to be 7nagr, Dan. Swed. G. 77iager, thin, were
lazy,lounge about. Cf. E. in a maze =
perhaps borrowed at an early period
in dreamy perplexity.The orig.sense
a cognate). Cf. Gk. ixaKpos, long.
(^unless
seem? to have been ' to be lost in thought,' Meal (i),ground grain. (E.) M. E.
Icel.
77ieel,
7neolo.'Y'Dw..
dream or pore over a thing,whence the rnele. A. S. 7/ieIu,
idea of '
for the sb. Swed.
mjol,Dan. 77ieel,
'
7)ijol,G. 77iehl.
perplexity
Mazer, a largedrinking-bowl.(F. "
Teut. type *77iehvo77i,
neut. All from Idg.
O. H. G.) M. E. ;;/rzj-(?r. A. F. mazer " root MEL.grind, in O. Irish.77iel-i7n,
to as

(Bozon); O. F. maserc, a bowl of maple- I grind; the 2nd grade

( 'h. Slav. 77iel-j^,
wood, also of metal. " O. H. G. masar, is Teut. *77ml, to grind,as in Icel. 7na/a,
mark Goth. 7iiala7i, to grind,
G. 77iala7i,
O. H.
in maple.4* Icel. mosurr,
wood, also
a maple-tree,spotted wood ; whence cognate with Lith. L.
77ialti, 77iole7-e.
mostir-bolli,
a mazer-bowl, so called Meal (2 ), a repast. (E.) M. E. 77tele.
because made of maple-wood ; the maple- (i) a time, portionof time,
A. S. 772("l,
' '
stated time ; (hence a common meal at a
wood was called mosurr or spot-wood
from its being covered with spots. But stated time,not a hastily snatched repast).
the word for spot is only preservedin + Du. 7iiaal,(i)time,(2)meal ; Icel. 7"ial,
320
 MEAN MEDLEY

measure, time, meal ; Dan. maat-, Swed. m* chnnicnl. " L. mechafiica. "Gk. firjxav-
maly measure, meal ; Goth. wJ/,a time ; iicT], Science of machines. " Gk. f^rjxai'i],a
G. inahL a meal, mdl, time. From Idg. (ievice,machine. See Machine.
VMEuME); of. Mete and Moon. See Medal. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) O. F.
Prellwitz,s.v. /xtSo/xat, medaille. " Ital. medaglia (I.ow L. vieddlia,
HMEean (i),to have in the mind, intend. medal/a, a small coin). " Late L. *metallea,
(E.) M. E. inenen. A. S. mcenan, tend. adj. fern.
to in- L. metallum,
" metal. See
+ Du. meenen, Dan, t/iene, Swed. Metal

meita, G. meinen.
the sb. Cf. seen in Meddle. (F.-L.) M. E. 7nedlen,
O. H. G. vieina,thought,allied to ininni, simply in the sense
'
to mix.' " A. F.
nifc-mory. See Mind. 7/iedler; O, F. 77ie lei',7iiesier,
to mix
Mean (2),common. (E.) M. E. mene. (F. w"?/^r). Late " L. 77iisculd7-e,
to mix;
A. S. 7!iuvie, usuallyge-viSne, common ; cf. L. 7)iisceUus,mixed. " L. /iiisca-e,
to
O. Fries, mene, common. See Common. mix. See Miscellaneous.
^ The peculiarsense of base, vile,may Mediate, adj.,
actingby or as a means.

be due to confusion with Mean (3),which (L.) From L. pp. of 77iediare,

7/iedidtns,
sometimes nieant
'
middling.'It does not to be in the middle (Palladius). L. "

appear that it was confused with A. S. middle.

7/iedhis, See Medium. Der.

vicenc, wicked, or with the Icel. tneinn, 7)iediat-07\

7nediat-ion,
hurtful. Medic, a kind of clover. (L. Gk.) "

Mean (3), intermediate. (F.-L.) A.F. L. 7iu'dica.''Gk. MT]5iK-rj, Median grass;

Dieien yV moyeti). . "l^.inedidmts,extended fem. of VivdiKos, belongingto Media.
form from niedius,middle ; see Mid. Medicine, a remedy. (F.-L.) O. F.
Der. mea7t, sb., common in pi.means. 7/:edeci7ie." L. 7nedicma.""'L.. 7iiedictis,a

Mean (4), to lament. (E.) In M.N. D. ]ihysician.L. 7)iederi,to heal. Cf. "

V. I. 330 (ed,1623). A. S. mcenan, to Zend 77iadh,to treat medically. Der,

bemoan : see Moan. So also, probabh', 7nedical,Late L. 7)iedicdlis, from Diediciis
in Merch. Ven. iii.c. 82.
(above); medicate.
Meander, windingcourse.(L.-Gk.)
a Medieval, relating to the Middle Ages.
\^. j\hi:ander.-'Q"V. Maiavdpos,a ^^inding(L.) Also written 7iiediceval. Coined
stream ; Pliny, v. 29. from L. 77iedi-7(s, middle; an-tan, age;
Measles, a contagiousfever panied
accom- see Medium and Age.
by small red spots on the skin. Mediocre, middling. (F. -
L.) F.
'
(E.) Rougeolle, the meaz/es;' Cot. 7)iL'dioc7'e. L. 7iicdioc7-em,
ace. of 7/iediocris, "

^I. E. maseles (14th cent.). From A. S. middling; formed from 7/iedi-tis, middle.
vicesle- a spot (Toller).Cf. Du. mazeien, See Medium.
,

Meditate. pp. of L.
'
measles ; also called masel sucht, measell- (L.) From
sicknesse,' Hexham. The lit. sense is 7)ieditd7't, ponder.
to Cf. Gk. /xeSo/xai,
'
*
small spots ; cf.M. Du. maesche,masche, I attend to. Brugm. i. " 591.
maschei,'a spot, blot,'Hexham. The Mediterranean, inland, said of a
orig. word occurs in M. II. G. mase, sea. situate in
(L.) L. 7)iedite)-7-d7ie-tis,
O. H. G. mdsa, a spot. See Mazer. the middle of the land. " L. 7)iedi-us,
% Wholly unconnected
M. E. 7?iesel, with
middle; te7-ra^land; see Medium and
a leper, which merely meant '
orig. a Terrace.
wretch,' from O. F. mesel, L. mise/lus, Medium. the midst,
(L.) L. 7/iedi7i7/i,
from L. miser,wretched. also a means ; neut. of 7neditis,middle.
Measure. (F. L.) " M.'E.7nesnre." Allied to Mid.
O. F. mesiire.'^L. iiiensftra,measure. " L. Medlar. (F.- L.-Gk.) The name

mensus, pp. of inetlrl,to measure. See of a tree, bearing fruit formerlycalled

Brugm. ii. " 771. 77iedles. M. E. 7nedler, the tree, also
Meat. (E.) A. S. mete M. E. mete. called 7iiedle-t7-ee (A. F. 77iedle = O. F.
{Sox'^matiz).-^\ct\.7natr,Dan. mad, Swed. 77iesle\. " O. F. 77iesle, medlar a (whence
viat, Goth, mats, O. H. G. maz, food. Cf. 7neslier,the tree); Gascon inesf"lo. "

Mate (i). L. 77iespihi7}i. Gk. i^eamkov, a medlar "

Mechanic, pertainingto machines. (whence also F. nejle).

(F. " L. "
Gk.) ALE. mechanike, in the Medley, confusion,mixture. (F." L.)
sense 'mechanic art.' " O. F. mechaniqtie,M. E. 7/ieaiee. A. F. medlee ; O. F.
" 7nedle,
 MEDULLAR MEMENTO

melle,tnesle (fem.medlee,mellee,ineslee)^from the honey in it. " Gk. honeyj

/itXt,
pp. of the verb medler, to mix, confuse. XcDTus,lotus,clover.
See Meddle. The fem. form inedlee "
Y . Meliorate,
to make better. (L.^i
melee. From pp. of Late L. melidrd7-e, to make

Medullar, belongingto the marrow. better. L. melior,better. + Gk. \iaXKov,

"

(L.) L. medulldris,adj. " L. medulla, rather,comp. of \iaXa, adv.,very much.

marrow. Mellifluous, sweet.
(L.) Lit. flow-
ing '

Meed. (E.) M. E. 7?iede.^meed.-'k. S. sweetly,' 'flowing like honey.' L. "

med, beside meord (withr for older z). decl. stem

melli-, of mel, honey; -Jiuus,
+ G; miethe, hire; Goth, mizdo; Russ. flowing, to flow ; see
iioxnjluere, Fluent.
mzda, Gk. fiiaOos,pay, Pers. miizd,wages. Cf. Gk. n^Ki, Goth, miliih, Irish mil,
Idg. types *meizdhd, '^mizdhd,*misdhos. honey. W. mel,
Brugm. i. " 226. Mellow, fully ripe.(E,) M. E. mekve,
Meek. (Scand.) M. E. meke, meek ; orig. soft, pulpy. Pegge notes that, in
speltmeoc, Ormulum, 667. Icel. mjukr, Derbyshire,a mellow apple or pear is
"

soft,agile,meek, mild ; N. Fries, mjock, called a mealy one ; and mellow may be
Swed. mjiik,Dan. myg, soft. Cf. Du. all adjectivaluse of meal. The M. E.
miiik ; Goth, in comp. muka- '^muks^
mekve may represent A. S. melw-, as in
7nodei,gentleness.Taut, types ^meukoz, mehve, dat. of vielii,meal. Cf. Du.
^mukoz. mahch, Low G. mals, soft,mellow; from
Meerschaum, a substance used for Teut. *malan-, to grind; see Meal (i).
making pipes. (G.) G. meerschaum, moulder,miil^ lit. Note also Du. mohnen, to

sea- foam (because it is white and light).soft ; Goth. ga?nalwiihs, crushed ; Du.
" G. meer, lake,sea; schaum, foam, lit. mollig,soft. See Franck, s, v. mollig.
scum ; see Mere (i)and Scum. % Perhapsconfused with O. Merc, merwe,
Meet (I), fit. M. E. 7nete. A. S. mate, tender (Mat. xxiv. 32) ; A. S. meant, G.
small, orig.measured. " A. S. nuH^, 3rd milrbe,mellosv.
gradeof metan, to Cf. G. mdssig, MelOCOton, a quince,
mete. a peachgrafted

from messen^
frugal, to mete. See Mete. on a quince.(Span. L. Gk.) In Nares. " "

Me6t (2),to encounter,find,assemble. Span,tnelocoton (Pineda). Late L, melum "

(E.) M. E. w^/i?". 0.'^\"XQ..mdetan\A. 8. cotoneum (Ducange). Gk. fxrjkovKi/Sd;- "

metan, to find, meet {iot*mdtiari). Formed viov, a quince. See Quince.

by mutation from A. S. mot, a meeting, Melodrama. (F.-Gk.) Formerly
assembly.+ Icel. miBta, "mceta,from mot; melodrame. F. melodrame, acting,with "

Goth, gamot-jan, Swed. mota, Dan. jji'ode,

songs. Gk. \ik\o-s,
a song; Zpayia,an "

to meet. See Moot. action,drama; see Drama.

Megatherium, a fossilGk.) l"\.Y.melodie.

quadruped, melody. (F. " L. "

(Gk.) Lit. 'greatwild beast.'"Gk./i"7a-?. fieXcuSia,a singing." " L. melddia. "^G'k.

dimin.
great; Orjpioi', oi Or}p^
a wild beast. Gk. fj."\a"86?,
adj., m usical. Gk. /ue'A-os,
a "

megalosaurus. (Gk.) Lit. 'great song; cvSrj,

a song, ode; see Ode.
lizard.' " Gk. /jieyaXo-^ decl. stem allied to Melon, a fruit. (F. - L. -
Gk.) O. F.
fieya-s, great ; oadpos,a lizard. melon. " L. melonem, ace. of 7nel5,an
Megrim,
pain affecting one ?ixle of apple-shaped
a melon. Gk. " /x^Aov, an
the head. (F. L. Gk.) ". migraine, apple,
" "
also applied to other fruits. Cf. L.
'
the megrim ; Cot.
'
Late L, hemigrdnea, mdliem, apple,
"
prob. borrowed from Gk,
Gk. Melt.
[E.) M. E. melten, pt, malt,
megrim. "
rjixiKpaviov,half of the t.

skull. " Gk, cranium.

77/i"-,half ; w/jaj/tor/, pp. molten. A. S. meltan, pt. t. mealt.-\-

Melancholy, sadness. (F. - L. -

Gk.) Gk. fi4\5(iv. to melt. Allied to Skt.
Supposed to be due to an excess of '
black mrdii, O. Slavonic fuladti, soft; Brugm.
bile.' M. E. melancolie. " O. F. melan- i.""5S0, ii." 690. (VMEL.) See Mild.
colie. " L. melancholia. " Member.
Gk. /i6Aa7x"Aia, (F. L.) F. membre.'-'\.. "

melancholy. " Gk. \ii\ayxoKo^ jaundiced. memb}-nm,

,
a member. Brugm. i. " 875.
" Gk. ixiXav-,stem of fxtXa^,black ; x^^V^ membrane. (F, L.) F, membrane. "

bile,gall,
cognate gall. \^.mef"dn'd}m,Q.sV.m
\Aith E. coveringa member "

Melilot,aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. of the body, a membrane. L. memb7-um. "

melilot (Cot.V" L. melilotos. QtV. fx(\i- Memento, a memorial. "(L.) L. me-

mento

\bjTos,ix(\i.ka)Tov,
a kind of clover, named (Luke xxni. 42), remember me;

3
 MEMORY MERE

imperative I remember; Brugm.

oivieniini, menstruons. (L.) From L. men-

S46. (ViMKN.)
ii. " stf2i-us,monthly. " L. mensis,a montlr.
IVIeiUOry. (,F. L.") " M.E. memoHc. menstruum. (L.) Late L. men-
A.F. viemorie',
" F. viemoire. lujneiiwria,striiian,a solvent; a " word in alchemy;
memory. "L. viei)iot\ mindful, remembtr- from, the notion of some solvent agency of
ing. This L. mevior appears to be a menstrual
duplicated
re- blood.
form ; cf.Gk. ^"/)-^ep-os,anxious, Mensuration, measuring. (L.) F^rom
care,
fj.ip-if/.va, thought. Allied to Skt. L. mensnrdtio, a measuring. L. mensu- "

smr, to remember. (y/'SMER.) rdtiis,pp. of mensiirdre, to measure. L. "

xnexuoir,a record, (F. L.) Com- moner me)isura, measure ; see Measure.
"

in the pi.mcnwij-s. O. F. meiiioires,Mental. ",F. L.) F\ ;//^" /"//. Late " "

notes for
remembrance, records; pi, of L. mental.
vieuid/is, L. ment-, stem " of
vieifioire,
memory(above). mens, mind. Brugm. i. " 431 (2).
Menace. (F. L.) O.F. 7uenace." mention, " a notice. (F. L.) Y. men-
tion. "

L. pi. 7ni"iacia:,
threats. L. viindc-, L. ace. mentionem.
" L. menti-, " "

stem of Jiimax, full of threatenings, also, decl. stem of mens, mind (above).
projectingforward. L. viina, things Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. MeV-
"

projectingforward, hanging over and Ttiip, Mentor (Homer, Od. ii); explained
ready to fall, h ence threats. -^L. -viinere,as 'adviser'; cf. L. monitor (Vanicek).
as in c-7nine}-e^ jutout.
to project, See Monition.
Menagerie, placefor keepingwild Mephitis, a pestilential
a exhalation.
animals. i,F. L.) Y. mhiagerie, orig.a (L.) L. mephitis1,Vergil;.
"

placefor keepinghousehold animals (Bra- Mercantile, commercial. (F. L.) "

chet). P\ minager,
" to keep house. -"F. M.F. Cot. -i^Late
?;/^;ra"/?V,'merchantly;'
manage, O. F. fuesnage, a household." L. mercantilis. " L, mercant-, stem of pres.
O. ". piesnee, meisnee. niaistiee,
a family; pt. of mercdrJ, to trade. "L. mere-, stem
the same word as Late L. ??iansnada,of merx, merchandise. Cf. Gk. fidpTTreiv,
7/iaisnada,vmsnaia, Ital. masnada, a to seize (Prellwitz).
family(answering to a Lat. type '^mansioii- mercenary. (F. L.) Y.mercenaire. "

mansion-^
dtd)."!-,. stem of i?iansio, an " L. jnercendrius,older form mercennd-
abiding,abode ; see Mansiou. rius, a hireling. For *nierced-7idrzus;
Mend. (F. L.) short
M. E. w^?;^/(gw, " from merced-, stem of merccs, pay. " L.
for M. E. amenden,to amend, by loss of a ; mere-, stem of merx, merchandise.
see Amend. mercer. F'. mercier^ lit.'a
(F. L.) "

Mendacity. (L.) From L. juendd- trader.' Late L."mercerius^a trader. L. "

citds, falsehood. " L. menddc-, stem of mere-, stem oi merx, merchandise.

7ne)idax,false. merchandise. (F. L.)- M. E. war.

Mendicant, a beggar,(L.)L. mendi-

cant-, chandise. " F. marcliandise, merchant's
steal of pres. pt. of jfiendicdre,
to wares. F. "
marchand, a merchant
beg. " L. 9nendiciis,beggarly,poor. (below).
Menial, one of a household,servile. merchant. (F.-L.) M.E. mar-

(F.-L.) Properlyan adj.; M.E. mey- chant. M.F. mar chant (F.marchand). " "

'

neal, as her Dieyneal'

chirche the church L. mercant-, stem of pres. pt. oimercdri,
=

of their household,Wyclif, Rom. xvi. 5. to trade ; see Mercantile, "

O. F. mesnee, meistiee,a household ; mercury, (F. L.^. ^LE.

fl'-iicksilver. "

whence M. E. ineinee,mainee, a house-hold, merciirie, quicksilver, named after the

troop, retinue, once a common planet Mercury. A. F. Mercurie; F. "

word ; with suffix -al. See Menagerie. Mercurium, ace. q{ Meixw--

mercure.'-^Y,.
Meniver, Miniver, a kind of fur. ius, Mercury,god of traffic L. jnerc', "

(F. "
L.) M. E. meniuer {meniver). " stem of 7ne}-x, merchandise.
O. F. menu ver, menu vair,miniver; lit. mercy. (F. L.) F. " merci; O. F.
'
little^"air.' O. F. vienu^ small, from
" 1". mercit.'"L,. mercedem,ace of merces; see

minutns, small ; vair, a fur, from L. mercenary.

See
variegated.
tiariiis, Minute and Vair. Mere (0, a lake.(E.) M. E. mere.
(L.)
Menses. fnenses, monthly L. A. S. mere, sea, type *mari,
lake, ; orig. in.

discharges;pi. of mensis^ a month. n. -f-Du.7neer\ Icel. marr, sea; G. meer^

Allied to Month. sea ; Goth. Russ.
7/iarei, 7no7'e, Lithuan.
323
 MERE METAL

mares, pi.,W. rnor, Gael. Irish 7nnir,L. middle,cognate with L. medit/s ; 'eurepoi',
viare, sea. entrail. See Mid and Entrail.
Mere (2),pure, simple.(L.) l..menis, Mesh, the openingbetween the threads
pure, unmixed (aswine). of a net. (E.) M. E. maske. A. S. max
MerelleS, a game. (F.) From F, {=*masc, by the common interchange of
merelle, a counter ; Low L. rnerelhis. Of sc x) of. A. S. mas ere, a mesh,
^ndi cs =
',

unknown origin. dimin. form. "4-Du. maas, Icel. mdskvi^

Meretricious, alluring
by false show. Dan. maske, Swed. ffiaska, G. -masche,W.
(L.) L. meretrJci lis, pertaining
to a tesan;
cour- masg. Orig. sense '
a knot,' from the
with suffix -ous.
L. meretnc-, stem " knots in a net ; cf. Lithuan. mazgas, a
of meretrix,a courtesan. L. tnerere, to
knot, magstas, a knitting-needle,
" allied to
gain,receive hire. megsti,verb (pres.t. mezg-ti),to knot,
Mer^e, to sink,plunge under water. weave nets. From an Idg.root '^Diezg,to
(L.) L. mergere, to dip.-|-Skt. ?najj\ to weave. Brugm. i. " 816 (2).
dip,bathe. Brugm. i. " 816. Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous
Meridian, pertaining to mid-day. (F. system of a patient.^G.) Named from
" L. ) O. F. lueridien. L. merididmis Mesmer, a German physician
"
(about1 766). .
"

L. meridies,mid-day ; formed from the Mess (i),a dish of meat, portion of

old locative merl-die, as if meaning ' in the food. (F. L.) M. E. 7?iesse. 0. F. ?}ies, " "

clear day,' from L. merus, clear, dies,day ; a dish,course at table (now spelt?}ieis,
but really for '^medi-die^from viedius^ mid. badly). Cf. Ital. messo, a course at table.

Brugm._i. 587 (7). O. F. 7"ies, that which is sent, pp. of "

Merino, a variety of sheep. (Span. mettre, to send. L. missiim,ace. (orneut.) " "

L.) Span, merino,rovingfrom pasture to of missus, pp. of mittere,to send ; in late

pasture. Span, merino, an
"
inspectorof Lat., to place. See Missile.
sheep-walks.Late L. mdjorJnus,a major-
" Mess (2),a mixture, disorder, F.
', "

domo, steward of a household

; cf. Late L. L.) The same word
above ; food badly as

mdjordlis,
a head-shepherd. From L. cooked. Perhaps confused with tnash,sb.
'
mdior, greater; see Major. '
to mixe, to mash, to mesh ;
JMescolare,
Merit, excellence,worth. (F. L.)
" Florio. Alescolanza,a medlie,a mesh, a
'

M. E. ?nerite. O. F. vierite. L. meritnni, mixture;' id.

" "

a thingdeserved ; orig. neut. of me^-iliis, Message. (F,-L.) F.

message.-
pp. of merere, to deserve; orig.'
to receive Late L. missaticu/n,a message. L. "

as a share,'if
it is allied to Gk. iiipo%, missus, pp. of 7nittere,to send. Der.
a share,[i^ipoixai,
I receive a share. messenger, with inserted n, for M. E.
Merle, a blackbird. (F.-L.) O. F. messager, formed from message with
merle. L,. merula, a blackbird.
" Cf. W. suffix -er.
mwyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse. Messiah, the anointed one. (Heb.)
merlin, a kind of hawk. (F.-L.?) Heb. mdshiakh, anointed. " Heb. judshakh,
M. E. merlion. " M. F. esmerillon,emeiil- to anoint.
'
lon, 'the hawk termed a marlin ; Cot. Messuage, a dwelling-housewith
Cf. Ital. smerlo, a kind of hawk. Prob. offices. (F. L.) " yi.Y.. mesuage. " K.Y.
from L. merula, a blackbird ; the initial s mesuage, a manor-house ; Low
L. messud-
beingunoriginal(Diez). giinn,mansudgiiim. " \.^iQ.L. mansiond-
Mermaid. (E.) M. E. mer^naid." ticnm, mansion ; prob. shortened
a by
A. S. mere, sea, lake ; victgden,maiden. confusion with mansdticum, ace. oi mans-
Merry. (E.) M. E. merie, mirie. dtiais,a mansion. L. fnansionem, ace. "

A. S. myrge, ?)iyrige {viirige),

merry. Cf. of mansio, a mansion ; confused with
O. H. G. miij'g-fdri, fragile,transitory ; Late L. mansa, with a like sense and
Gk. ^pax^s, short that A. S. myrg-e origin. See Mansion
; so and Manse.
(for^mzirgjoz)means 'lastinga short time,' Meta-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. ywe'ra, prep.,
and so ' making the time short.' Cf. Goth. among, with, after; as a prefix, it com-
monly

gamaurgjan,to shorten. Brugm.ii." 104. signifies change.' + Goth, mith, '

Der. mirth. A. S. 7nid,G. mit, with ; Icel. nied.

Mesentery. (L.-Gk.) L. mesenter- Metal. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. 7netal. - - -

tum. Gk. "

fxiaevTfpiov, a membrane in O. ". 77ietal. 'L.. a mine, metal.
77ietaUutji, "

the midst of the intestines. Gk. fU"X-OS, " Gk. fifraWov, a cave, mine, mineral,
"

324
 MEWL MIGHT

royal falcons had been kept (Stow). midding, madding (for*mogdynge).

" Dan.
M. E. viewe, nine, a cage where hawks " Dan.
(Icel.myki), muck; Dan,
meg
were kept when ^O.
moulting. F. mue, a dynge,a heap; lit. muck-heap'). Dan. '

also a
moulting, mew for hawks dynga, dung; allied to E,
; Guernsey dynge=-'"\N"di.

mue, a mew. F. inner, to change,moult.

" dung. And see Muck.
" L. inutdre,to change. Der. inew-s, as Middle, adj., also
intervening; as sb.
above. See Mutable. middel, adj.; middel, sb. (E.) M.E.
Mewl; see Mew (i). K.'^.middel, adj. and sb. A. S. midd, "

Mews ; see Mew (3). adj.,middle. +Du, middel, adj.adv. and

Mezzotinto, a mode of engraving.sb. ; G. inittcl,sb., means ; O. H. G.
(Ital." L.) Ital. mezzo tinto,half tinted. mittil,adj. Cf. Icel. medal, prep., among.
" Ital. mezzo, mid ; tijzto,pp. of tingere,to Der. middl-ing middle-most, an ill-coined ',

tint. L, Diedins,mid ; tingere,

" to dip,dye. superlative, on the model of after-most,
Miasma, infectious
pollution, matter. foremost.
a stain.
(Gk.") Gk. jxiaaj-ia, " Gk. fiiaiveiv,midrib, the diaphragmseparatingthe
to stain. heart from the stomach, "c. (E.) jVI.E,
Mica, glittering
a mineral. (L.) '"Mica, midrif. A. S. midrif also midhrif "

a crum, little quantityof anythingthat A. S. mid, middle ; hrif the belly.+

breaks off; also,a glimmer,or cat-silver,O. Fries, midref from mid, middle, ref,
a metallick body like silver,which shines rif the belly; Du. middel-rif. With A.S.
in marble,' "c. ; Phillips (1706). L. mica, hrifci. L. corp-us,body. --

a crumb ; cf. F. and Span, mica, mica. m.idship,short for amid-ship; hence
But it seems to have been appliedto the midship-man.
mineral from the notion that this sb. is midst, the middle. (E.) In middest,
related to L. micdre, to shine, which is Spenser,F. Q. vi. 3. 25 ; formed, with
probably not the case. added /, from M. E. in jniddes, equivalent
Mich, to skulk,playtruant. (E.) M. E. to amiddes ; see Amid.
muchen, to pilfer. A. S. '^myccan; not midwife. (E.) M. E. midwif; rarely
found, but allied to G. metichlings, ously.
insidi- medewif {W'ycVii), from a falseetymology
Der. mich-er,mich-ing(^Shak.). which connected it with M. E. mede or

Michaelmas, the feast of St. Michael. meed, reward. A. S. mid, prep., together "

(F. Heb. ; and L.) M. E. michelmesse ; with ; zvifa woman.

"
Thus the lit.sense is
'
where Michel F. Michel, from
= Heb. a woman who is with another,' a helper.
'
Mikhdel, lit. who is like unto
'
God ? Cf. A. S. ??iid-wyrcan, to work with. So
The suffix 'Vias M. E. messe = A,S. mcesse ; also Span, co-madre, lit, co-m.other,'
= a
'

from L. missa', see Mass (2). midwife. Cf. Du. medehelpen,to assist
Mickle, great. (E.) M. E. mikel, (from mede, with, helpen,to help); G.
mnkel, micheU mnchel. A.S. micel imycel).mit-helfer,
"- a helper with, assistant.
+ Icel. mikill {mykill), Goth, mikils ; Gk. Midge. (E.) M. E. migge, inygge.
fxeydXr), great. Cf. also Gk. /J.ijo.s,
great, A. S. micg, better mycg, a mi ige,gnat.
L. magnus. See Much. + Du. mug, Low G. mugge, Swed. mygg,
Microcosm, a littleworld. (F.-L.- Dan. myg, G. miicke. Teut. type '^mugjd,
Gk.) F. microcosme. L. microcosmus. " " f,,or'^mugjoz,
m,; prob.'buzzer;'cf. Gk.
Gk. niKpuKoaiJLos, a little world. Gk. " to
p.v",ii.v, mutter, pvia, a fly(Prellwitz)
;
fiiKpo-s, little,
f or a/xiKpus, little; Koafxos, also Icel. my. a midge.
world; see Cosmic. Midriff, Midship, Midst, wife
Mid-
m.icr0SC0pe, an instrument for view- ing ; see Mid.
small objects. (Gk.) Gk. Mien,
fj.LKp6-s, look. (F. C.)" F. mine, 'the
little
; GKOTT-(iv, to see ; see Scope. look;' Cot. (Whence Ital.7"z""; Ilatz-
Mid, middle. (E.) M. E. mid. A. S. feld.) Prob. from Bret, miti, muzzle,
mid, midd, adj.-4-Du. Dan. Swed. mid- beak (alsoused of men). Cf. W. fuin,
(incompounds) ; Icel. midr, Goth, midjis,lip; Ir. men, mouth ; Corn, mein, men,
O. H. G. mitti, L. medius, Gk. pieao^, lip,mouth (Thurneysen).Celtic typ?
JEoYic Skt. madhya-, adj.,
fxiaaos, middle. '^moknd i^mekno-'),
open mouth (Stokes).
Cf. Ir. mid-, as in mid-nogl, midnight. Might (i\ strength.(E.) M.E, mi^t.
See Medium, Middle. A. S. miht ; O. Merc. vmht. -f-Du. magt,
Midden, a dunghill.(Scand.)M. E. ,
Icel. mdttr, Dan. Swed. magt, Goth.

32 6
 MIGHT MINCE

' '

viahfs,G. viacht. type *mah-iiz, Lit. bread soppedin milk ; hence, a soft
Teut.
r.; from the verb *inag-an-.See May (i). fellow. M.E. milk^ milk; j-^//t', a sop ; "

Might (2),pt. t. of may. (E.) See see Sop.

IVEay (^1t. Mill. (I-) M.E. miln, myln, mulne;
Mignonette, a plant. (F.) F. whence 7nille,
mtille,by assimilation of n.
dmnn.
niigno)iette, of mignon, darling;A.S. myln, mylen.-~La.te L. mulina^ for
;ee Minion. mollna,a mill ; extended from mola, a
mill.
Migrate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.w/'^/^rrif, See Molar.
to wnnder. Cf. Gk. to change.
dj.i(tl3(iv^ Millennium, a thousand year?. 'L.)
Milch Milk. ; see L. 7niUenniiim. " L. mille, thousand ;
Mild. (E.) M. E. wi/d. milde. A. S. annus, year ; see Annual.
mild,Icel. mildr, Dan,
milde.'\-\yw. Swed. Millet, a plant.(F.-L.) F. millet',
^. mild; O. Sax. mildi, O. H.G. viilli. dimin. of mil, millet. " L. milium, millet
natural
^'lOth.-milds,mttii-r/iilds^wiXhowi (whence A.S. mil, millet).
+ Gk. ^eAiV?;,
ifFection. Perhapsallied to Gk. fxaXOaaus, millet.
mild,O. Irish meld,pleasant.Brngra. Milliner.
ioft, (Ital.) Formerly also
millaner''Ben Jonson). Disputed: but
Mildew. (E.) M. E. meldew. A. S. for
certainly ]\Iilaner,a dealer in goods
mildeaiv,lit.honey-dew.
'fieledeaw, " A. S. broughtfrom Milan, in Italy.
mele,mil,allied to L. mel,honey ; deaxv, Million,a thousand thousand. (F. L.) "

lew. So also Irish mildew

milceog, ; from F. million; Late L. iiiiUio,lit. 'great
mil, honey. And cf Gk. fiiXi, honey. thousand,'an augmentativeform. L. "

Mile. (L.) U."..mile. K.^. mil.- mille, thousand. Der. Hence b-illion^
L. pi.milia, commonly millia, a Roman tr-illion,quadr-illion are formed, by a
a thousand
nile. L. milk, sing.,
"
; whence sort of analogy, in order to express shortly
mille (pi.millia passtium, a thousand the ideas of bi-million, tri-jnillion,
Sec. ;
paces, a Roman mile. Cf. Du. mijl,G. where bi- means '
to the second power,'
Swcd.
meile, mil,Dan. miil',all from L. not twice.' '

milfoil,yarrow. (F. L.) Lit. thou- Milt

sand-leaf.' (O, the spleen.(E.)
"
'
M. E. milte.
" F. mille, thousand ; A. F.
A. S. mille. -{-Du. juilt,
Icel. milli,Dan.
'^oille,
Y .fetiille,
leaf."Late milt, Swed. mjdlie,
'L.millefolitim, the spleen;G. milz,
milfoil. L. mille, thousand
"
; leaf ;
folitt?n, O. H. G. miki, milt. From the verb to
;ee Foil (2). melt in the sense to ; cf.Icel. melta,
digest
Militate, to contend. (L.) From pp. (i)to malt, (2) to digest.See Melt.
^f L.
niilitare,
to serve as a soldier. -^L. Milt (2),soft
roCi (Scand.)A tion
corrup-
stem of miles,a
mllit-, soldier. of w/Z^jdueto confusion with milt (i).
militia,troops. (L.) L. militia,(i) M.E. mylke of fyshe; Vocab. 59!. 16."
ivarfare,(2) troops. L. ?nJlit-,
stem of Swed. "
mj'olke,milt, from mjolk, milk ;
miles,a soldier. soft roe
T)2in.fiskemelk, of fishes,lit.' fish-
'
Milk. (E.) O.Merc.w//^ milk
U.Y.milk.
; G.Jisckmilck, milt. Cf. M. Du.
;Sweet,O. E. T.) ; A.S. meohic.-\'
fJieolc, melcker van een visch,'
the milt of a fish,'

Du. melk, O. Sax. miluk', Icel. mjolk, Hexham.

Dan. melk, Swed. 7njblk;Goth, miltiks. Mimic. I- Gk.) L. mlmicus,farcical. "

G. milch. fern. Allied

Teut. stem "^jnehtk-, " Gk. yt-iynKos, imitative. " Gk. /xi/xos,an
:o the old strong Teut. vb. *melk-an-, as actor, mime.
imitator,
;een in A. S. Du.
melcait, and G. melken, Minaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span.
:o stroke a cow, milk; allied to Gk. "
Arab.) Span,minarete,a high slender
L. mulgere,
ifieXyeiv, to milk, Lith. tnilsz- turret.
manarat, a lamp, light-
house, " Arab,
'i, stroke,
to to milk ; O. Irish Arab.
blig-im,?nandr, candle-
I stick, minaret. "

milk. (V^IELG.) lamp, lighthouse.Allied to Arab.

milch, milk-giving. (E.)M.Y. milche, ndr, fire.-f-Heb. manordh, a candlestick ;
melche,adj.; cf. A. S. inilc-en,adj.,from nu}\ to shine.
milky.+ Icel. Jiiilkr, mjolkr,adj.,milk- Mince, to cut up small. (F. L.) "

jiving,from mjolk, milk. So also G. M.E. minccn. M.F. mincer, O. Y minder, "
.

milch.
melk, adj., to mince ; cf. mince,adj., small. Late L. "

milksop, an effeminate man. (E.) *inim7tidre, to mince (Schwan, " 199) ;

M. E. milksoppe, Ch. C. T. 13916 (B 3100). from Late L. viiniitia, a small piece. L. **

27
 MIND MINUS

small.
viiiiiilns, iin)isiau^ to Cf. A.S.
small. L. min-ifna,very small; superl. "

diminish. SecMinish.
"D"v.viince-pie^iox- fem. allied to min-or,less. See Minor.
mcily niinccd-pie, i.e. pie of minced meat. Minion, a favourite. (F.) Y. mignon,
Mind. (K.) M.E. ;///;/^. K.S.gemynd, sb,,a favourite. K. mignon,^^].,minion, "

memory. A.S. vinnan,

" to think ; geinun- dainty,also pleasing, kind. Of doubtful
an, to remember (whencegeinynd for *'ga-origin. Cf. Qi.minne^ove ; see Minikin.
l
mundi-, by mwi'aXion).'^- G oih..ga-7ininds,Or from Celt, min-, small (Korting).
f., remembrance. Teut. type *i)iui'.di^ Minish, to lessen. (F.-L.) M, E.
for *viunthi-, by Verner's law ; Idg.ty| e 7ne722isen.''Y memiiser. to minish (answer-
ing .

vi9nti- (cf.L. vient-is,gen. of viens, mind ; to Late L. '^ininiitidre).^\^.minjltus,

Skt. mati-,mind). From the weak grade small ; see Minute. Doublet, mince.
of VMEN, to think. Brugra.i. " 431. minister. (F. L.) ^.Y.ministre. "

Mine (i),belonging to me. (E.) M. E. " F. ?ninistre.^'L. ace. 7ninistrum\nom.

inin, pi.inine\ my. often shortened to 77ii7iister,
a servant. L. 7/ii7i-is-feris
A.S. poss. pron. (declinable),
min, from formed with suffix -ter from *ini7i-es,
mill, gen. of ist pers. pronoun. + Goth. allied to 7in7i-or, smaller; from the base
meins, poss. pron, ; allied to meina, gen. "ni7i-,small ; sec Minor.
case of 1st pers. pronoun ; so in other Teut. Miniver ; see Meniver.
tongues. Cf. L. mens. See Me. Minnow, (E.) M. E.
a small fish.
my. (E.) M. E. mi, my ; short for A. S. 77iy7ie,
77ie7ioiv. a minnow ; cf.O. H. G.
min (abovei, by loss of final n. Dsr. 77m7iiwa, a minnow (Kluge). ^ We
Diy-self^M. E. mi-self.^ formerlyme-self. find another word, viz. M.E. 7ne77use,
Mine (2),to excavate. (E. C.) F. a small fish ; from O. F. 7ne7iuisc,
"

a small

miner. Of Celtic origin. Cf. Bret, men- fish. Late L.type*77ii7iutia. L. 77ii7tfittis " "
,

ghuz, a mine (cf.cleuz, hollow); W. minute, small ; see Minute.

inwn, ore, a mine,mzvn-glaivdda mine Minor, less. (L.) L, 77ii7i-or, ,
less ; the
(cf.clawdd, a pit),O. \V. mwyn, ore positive form occurs in A. S. i7ii7i(V),Irish
(Davies); Irish mein, ore; Gael, viein, 77ii7i, small. -f-
Icel. 77iinnr,adv.,less;Goth.
vieijin^oxt, a mine (Thurneysen) Celtic 77ii7i7iiza, less. Brugm. i. " 84..

type '^meiiii^ ore (Stokes). Minster. (L.-Gk.) A.^.7ny7zster;

mineral. (F. C.) M.F. mineral, a cf. O. H. G. 7/iu7iistri.From L. 7no7iaster-
"
'

mincrall;' Cot. F. wz"^r,tomine (above).i117/1 ; see Monastery.

"

Cf. Span, viinera, a mine. Minstrel. (F. L.) M. E. 7/ii7iist7-aI, "

Minever ; see Meniver. or 7ne7iest7-al. O. F. 77ie7testrel,

" 77ie7test7-al.
Mingle, mix. (E.) A frequentative
to " Late L. 77ii7iist7-dlis,
a servant, retainer,
form of ming, to mix (Surrey); M. E. hence who
one pla}ed instruments or
mengen, mingen, to mix. A. S viengan, acted jester.L. 77ii7iister,
as a servant;
"

to mix, to become mixed ; a causal verb. see Minister. Der. M. E.

i/nnsi7-el-cy,
" A. S. mang, mixture,\x%\\^\\y
gemang,
a 7iii7ist7'alcie.
geinong. a mixture,crowd, assembly.-J-Du. Mint (1) a placewhere money iscoined. ,

viengelen, to mingle,from mengen, to mix ; (L.) M.E. 77ii7it,

7)iy7it.A.S. f7iy7iet
;
Icel. meiiga, G. mengen, to mingle. See cf. O. H. G. 77nmizza (G. 77iic7ize).From
Among, Monger. L. 7no7ieta, (i) a mint, (2)money (Pogat-
Miniature, painting. (Ital." scher).Mo7iela was a surname
a small of Juno,
E.) Ital.
miniaiura, miniature. Ital. in whose temple at Rome
a "
money was

miniato,pp. of miniare, to dye, paint, coined. L. 77i07ie7-e,to warn; "

Brugm. ii.
'
to colour or limne with vermilion or red " 79. See Money.
'
lead ; Florio. L. minitim, cinnabar,red
" Mint (2),a plant.(L.-Gk.) A.S.
lead ; said to be of Iberian origin. 77ii7tte.'''L.i7ie7ita,
77ie7itha.'-GV. y.[vQa,
Minikin, a littledarling,^Du.) Used mint.
by Florio,to Minuet, a dance. (F. L.) So called
translate Ital. mignone."'V"\x. "

minnekyn, a cupid (Sewel); M. Du. from the small steps taken in it. M. F. "

'
minneken, my darling,dimin. of
mitine, 77ie7iu'et,smallish, little, pretty; Cot.
'

love (Hexham). Cf. O. H. G. minna, love ; Dimin. of M.F. 77ie7iu,small. L. miiiUtus^ "

allied to Mind. small ; Minute.

(yMEN.) see

Minim, a note in music ; ^V^h of a minus, less. (L.) Neut. of 77117107;

drachm. (F. L.)
" O. Y .minime, \\\.\tryless ; see Minor.

328
 MINUTE MISPRISE

sb. (L.) M. E. mimite, sb.

minute, menos-, from L. minus, less ; with the
"L, iiiinuta,
a small part ; orig.fern, of sense of ' bad.' Frequently confused with
mimltus, small,pp. of mimieje, to make the prefix above. Der. viis-adventure
small. " L. ;;/m-, small; base of inin-or, (q.v.), -alliance,-chance (q.v.), -chief
less. See Minor. (q.v.),-count (q.v.),-creant (q.v.),-nomer
IVCinx,a pertwanton woman. (Low G.) (q.v.),-;)m^(q.v.).
Low G. mmsk, (i)masc. a man, (2)neut. Misadventure. (F. L.) O. F. -

a pert female. Cf. G. niensch,neut., a mesaventure \ see Mis- (2) and ture.
Adven-
wench. The G. i^iensch was orig.an adj.,
from mann, a man. Cf. A. S. mennisc, Misanthrope. (Gk.) Gk. fXiaavOpw-
human ; from maun, a man. See Man. TTo?, adj.,hating mankind. " Gk. fxia-fiv,
l^iocene, less recent. (Gk.) Gk. ^liio-,
to hate, from fxia-os,
hatred
dvOpoiiros,
a ;
less ; naiv-us, new, recent.
for jj-iicuv, man. Der. -ist,-y (Gk.
misanthrop-ic,
Miracle. (F. L.) F. miracle. - - L. yuaavQpQi-nia) .

viTraciihon^a wonder. L. mirdrt, " to Miscellaneous, various. (L.) L.

Avonder L. inirtis, wonderful.
at. " Cf. Skt. miscelldne-us ; with suffix -ous. " L. mis-
sjiiaya-,wonder, from stni, to smile. Allied cellus, mixed. " L. nilscere, to mix; see
to Smile. Brugm. i. " 3S9. Mix.
mirage. (F. L.) F. mirage, an Mischance.
"
(F.-L.) M. E. and
opticalillusion. F. mirer, to look at. O. F.
" meschance; see Mis- (2) and "

L. mirdrt (above). Chance.

IVEire, deepmud. (Scand.)M. E. 7nire, Mischief. (F.-L. ^l.Y.. meschief.
w/r^. Icel.
"
juyrr, mod. myri, a bog; O. F. meschief a bad result. Cf. Span. "

Swed. myra, Dan. myre, myr, a bog. + vicnos-cabo, diminution,loss. See Mis-
O. H. G. M. H. G.
??iios, mies, moss, V2) and Chief.
swnmp. Teut. base ^nieus- " *mettz-. Miscount. (F. L.) O.Y .mesconter; "

Allied to Moss. see Mis- (2) and Count.

Mirror. (F." L.) M. E.mirotir." Miscreant, a wretch. (F.-L.) Orig.
later miroir,a
O. F. i/iireor, looking-glass,an unbeliever,infidel. M.F. mescreant, "

mirror (answering to Late L. 'misbelieving;'Cot.

inlrdtdrinjji). Here mes- ", L.
" Late L. mirdre, to behold ; L. mirdrl. minus; see Mis- (2). Creant is from L.
See Miracle. credent-,stem of pres. pt. of credere,to
Mirth. (E.) M. E. mirthe. A. S. believe. Cf. Ital.miscredentc,misbelieving ;
mirth.
mirhd,mirigd,
viyrg6, " A. S. myj-ge, and E. i-e-creant. See Creed.
merry. See Merry. Miser,niggard.(L.) Also 'a wretch';
a

Mis- (i),
prefix.(E.) The A. S. mis- Spenser, Y. Q. ii. i 8. L. miser,wretched. .
"

occurs in mis-deed^a misdeed, and in Cf. Ital. and Span,viisero (i)wretched, (2)
other compounds. It answers to Du. avaricious.
Dan. Icel. mis~, Swed. G. miss-, Goth. miserable.
(F.-L.) M.Y.fniserable.
missa-,with the sense of 'wrong.' Teut. " L.
miserdbilis, pitiable.L. miserdri,to "

type *misso- ; Idg. type *mit-to- ; allied pity. L. miser,wretched.

"

to O. H. G. mi dan (G. meideti),

to avoid ; Mishap. (Scand.) M. PI mishappen,
Lat. mittere^to send away, pp. missus. verb, to fall out ill; see Mis- (1) and
Brugm. i." 794. Der. mis-become,-behave, Hap.
-believe,-deed,-deem,-do,-give, -lay,-lead, Mishna, a digest of Jewishtraditions.
"like,-name, -shape,-time, -u^tdeistand. (Heb.) Heb. mishnah, a re[:^etition, a

Also prefixed to words of F. and L. origin,second part. Heb. root shdndh, to "

as in mis-apply -calculate,-carry, -conceive,

, repeat.
-conduct,-construe, -date,-demeanour, -evi- Misnomer, a misnaming. (F. L.) "

ploy,-fortune, -govern, -guide,-inforin, It answers to an O. French tnesnommer,

-interpret,
-judge,
-place,-print,
-pronounce, to misname ; used as a sb. with the sense
'
-rule,-spend,
-quote,-represent, 'term, -use, a misnaming.' O. " F. 7fies-,badly; nom-
"c. Also to Scand. as in mis-call,7ner, to name.
words, See Mis- (2)and Nominal.
-hap,-take. See Miss
(i). Misprise, Misprize, to slight. (F.
Mis- (2),
prefix.
(F. L.) Theproper L.) In As Yoii Like It, i. i. 177."
" "

spellingis M. E. mes-, as in
mes-chief.M. F. mesp7-iser, to disesteem, contemn ;
' '

mischief. The same as O. F. mes-. Span. Cot. O. F. mes-, badly; Late L. pretidre, "

29
 MISPRISION MITRE

to prize,esteem, pretitim^ price.taka,to take by error, make a slip. Icel.

from L. "

See Mis- (2)and Price. mis-,wrongly; taka,to take. See Mis-

Misprision, amistake, neglect.(F. (i)and Take. -

L.) M. F. mesprison,misprision, error, Mister, Mr., a titleof address. (F."

'

offence ; Cot. '

Cf. F. miprise, a mistake. L.) A corruption of viaster, due to the
" O. F. mes-, badly,ill; Late L. prensio-influence of mistress,which is an older
nem, ace. oiprensio (shortfor 'L.prehensio) word than mister ; see below. ,

a seizing, taking,apprehending, from L. mistress, a ladyof a household. (F.

'
pyehendere ; to take. ^ Quite distinct L. ) O. F. maistresse,a mistress,dame ;
"
'

from misprise. Cot. (F.mattresse.) Yem.oiO.Y.maistre,

Miss ^i),to fail to hit. (E.) M. E. a master ; see Master.
missen. A. S. missan, to miss ; also, to Mistery, Mystery, a trade,handi-
craft.

escape one's notice (rare).From a base (F. L.) Tho. mystery plays(^QilQX
"

*mith-, weak gradeof '^meith-,as in A. S. speltmisteryplays)were so called because

and O. S. nnSan, to conceal,avoid, escape acted by craftsmen ; from M. E. mistere,a
notice (aswell as in G. meiden, O. H. G. trade,craft,Ch. C. T. 615. O. F. mestier, "

7?iidan, to avoid). See Mis- (i).+Du. a trade,occupation (F.w//?^r) Late L. .

"

missen,Icel. Jiiissa, Dan. miste (with ex-

crescent/), written mysterium by con-
misteriiu?i (also fusion

Swed. missa, OH.G. missan, to with that word in the sense of

mystery '),short form of L. ministeriu?)i,
'
miss ; also Du. mis, Icel. mis,adv.,amiss ;
also Du. mis-, Icel. i?iis-, Swed.
Dan. viis-, employment. L. minister,a servant ; see
"

G. miss-,wrongly. Allied to L. mittere, Minister.

to send ; see Missile. (y'MEIT.) Der. Mistle-thrush. (E.) So called from
miss, sb.j a fault, M. E. Will,
inisse, of feeding on the berries of the mistletoe ;
Palerne,532 ; miss-ing. from A.S. mistel, mistletoe (below),-f-G.
Miss (2),an unmarried woman. m is tle- thrush.
(F." ;;/ isteldrossel,
L.) A contraction of mistress ; Evelyn's m.istletoe. (E.) A final n has been
Diary,Jan.9, 1662. See Mistress. A.S. i7iisteltdn.'^K.'i. mistel,also
lost.
Missal, a mass-book. (L.) Late L. ^like mistel) with the sense of mistletoe ;
G.
missdle,a mass-book. " Late L. missa, tan, a twig,cognate with Icel.teinn,Du.
mass ; see Mass (2). teen, Goth, tains, Dan. teen, Swed. ten.,
Missel-thrush see Mistle-thrush.; 4"Icel. mistelteinn,mistletoe.
twig,spindle.
Missile, weapon that may be thrown.
a Perhapsmistel is related to G. mist,dung.
(L.) Properlyan adj., ' that may be Cf. M. Du. misteh bird-lime (Kilian),
thrown.' L. missilis,that may be thrown.
" 'glew' (Hexham).
" L. missus,pp. of mittere,(perhapsfor Mistress ; Mister.
see

*mJtere),to throw, send; pt. t. misi.'\' Misty formed

(i),adj. from Mist.
O. H. G. midan, to avoid; see Miss (i). Misty (2),doubtful,ambiguous, as ap-
plied
Brugm. i. " 930. to language.(F. L. Gk.) In the " "

'

mission. (L.) O. F. and F. mission. phrases' 7?iisty language and ' mistiness
" L. missionem, ace. of ?nissio,a send-
ing. of language,' misty is not from E. mist,
"L. miss-US, pp. oi mittere,to send. but is short for mystic; see Palmer, Folk-
missive. (F. L.)
" F. missive,'a Etymology. See Mystic.
(i);^^ insect. (E.) M. E. mite.,
'
letter sent : Cot. Coined from L. ?niss-us, Mite
pp. oi mittere,
to send. A. S. mite, a mite, -f*Low G. mite, Du.
Mist. lE.) A S. mist,g\oom,darkness. H. G. miza, a mite. Teut. type O.
Diijt,
+Icel.mistr,Du. *mttdn-, f. The word means
Swed. mist, mist. cutter,'
Teut. i.e. '

type *mik stoz. Apparently formed biter; from Teut. base MEIT, to cut; cf.
from
the base *mig- {"p-Niih- before st), Idg. Icel. 77ieita,
to cut. See Emmet.
*migk- (weak grade of root '^meigh)',as mite (2),a very small portion. (Du.)
seen in Lithunn. migla, Russ. mgla, Gk. M. E. mite.-'W. Du. mijt,??nte,a very
oixix^^'T],
mist, Skt. fnih-ira-,a cloud ; also small coin, mite, bit cut off. See above.
Skt. 7fiegh-a-,a cloud, from the stronger Mitigate. (L.) From pp. of L. 9?iTti-
grade. (-^MKIGH, to darken ; perhaps "-dre,to make gentle. L. wf/-"V,gentle; "

distinct from -^MEIGH, as appearingin -igdre, for agere, to make.

L. mingere.) Mitre, a head-dres"^,esp. for a bishop.
Mistake, to err. (Scand.) Icel. mis- (F. L. Gk.) OB mitre. L. mitra. a - - -

330
 MITTEN MODERATE

cap. " Gk. /i/t'rpa,

a belt, head- band, |(some edd. vioans^} in
girdle, Shak. M. N. D. v.
turban
fillet, 330. Der. bemoan, \h., substituted for
Mitten. (F.-G. or ".?) M. E. mi M. E. bi?7ieneu,
A. S. bemoan.
bi-7}i^nan,\.o
taine. " F. mitaine, '
a mittain,winter- Moat. (F.-Teut.) M.E. w^/^.-O.F.
Cot.
glove,' ; Gascon initano. Origindis-
puted;mote, an embankment, dike ; Nonnan dial.
Hatzfeld,Korting,Scheler.
see motte, a moat, foss. [As in the case of
]yCix,to mingle. (L.")A back forma- tion dike, the same word means either the
from Diixt,pp. L. mixtiis, mixed, trench cut out or the embankment
" thrown
pp. of niisccre^ to mix. + ^- ^^- J'liscian, up, or both together ; cf. Low L. 7noia,
to mix ; G. mischen ; also W. })iys- (i) a mound, (2) a mound and moat
^'"u, Gael, measg, (). Irish mescaiin, I together; also speltmotta.'\ The same

mix, Russ. mieshate, Lithuan. niaiszyti.word as F. motte, 'a clod, lump, sodd,
L. iniscere, Gk. fxlayeiv (for*iJ.iy'aKeiv),
to turfe,little hill,butt to shoot at;' Cot-
mix. Cf. Skt. f/iifra, mixed. Extended grave. Cf. also Ital. ?notta,a heap of earth,

from y'MEIK ; cf. Gk. I mix.

fxiywixi, also a hollow, trench (like
E. moat),Span.
Brugm. i. "" 707, 760. Der. mash, mota,Sivaound;Romansch ww^//a, rounded
^- ^- hill. Of Teut. origin;from Bavarian Wi?//,
.

mixture. a mixtiire.
(L.) L. 7)nxtiira, peat, heap of peat (Diez). Prob. allied to
" L. mixtiis,pp. of viiscere,
to mix Mud ; cf. Du. modde7\ mud.
(above). Mob (0' ^ crowd.
disorderly (L.) A
HXixen, dunghill.(E.) M. E. mixen, a contraction of mobile tuilgus, i.e. fickle
A. S. mixen, meoxen, the same. From crowd. Both 7710band 7nobile were in use,
A. S. mix, meox, dung. A. S. mig-,weak " in the same sense, A. D. 1 692-5. " L. i7idbile,
grade of migan, to urine. Cf. G. fnist. neut. of mobilis, moveable, fickle. " L.
Mizen, Mizzen, a sail in a ship.(F. mouere, to move. See Move.
" Ital. L.) F. misaine, explainedby
"
Mob (2),a kind
of cap. (Du.) From
Cotgraveas 'the foresaile of a ship.' Ital. " Du. 77iop77utts, woman's nightcap(where
a
'
mezzana, a saile in a shipcalled the poope 7intts means cap); M. Du. 77iop, a woman's
'
or niisen-saile ; Florio. Cf. Ital. mezzano, coif (Sewel) ; Low G. 7nopp,a woman's cap
'
'
a meane man, between great and little; (Danneil).
id. The orig.sense seems to have been Mobile, easilymoved. (F. L.) " F.
* in the
middle,'as a foresail between jib 77iobile.^lu. mobilis;see Mob (i).
and mainsail. "Late
L. medianiis, middle Moccassin, Mocasin, a shoe of
(whence also F. moyen, E. mean).'^'L.deer-skin. (N. American Indian.) From
medius, middle. See Medium. the Algonquinmakisi7i (Cuoq).
Mizzle, to rain in fine drops.(E.) For-
merly Mock, to deride. (F.-L.) M.E.
misle, M. E. miselen,Cath. Angl. 77iokke7i. O. F. 77iocque7',later fnoqtier. "

Cf. M. fnieseleji, Du.

to drizzle,Hexham ; Accordingto Korting, it is the Picard form
Low G. viisehi (Berghaus) ; E. Fries. of 77ionche7-, to wipe the nose ; and Cot-
'
misig,damp, gloomy. Cf. Mist. grave has mouche7', to snyte, or make
Mnemonics, the science of aidingthe cleane the nose ; also,to frump, mocke,
'
memory. mnemonics; scoff,deride ; for which Corblet gives
(Gk.) Gk./xi/7;/ioi'tft:a,
neut. pi.of fxvTj/xouiKoSy belongingto me-
mory. the Picard form 77iouke7'. Cf. Ital. moccare,
" Gk. ixv-qixov-, stem of fxvrj/xcvj', to blow
'
the nose, also to mocke ;'Florio.
mindful. " Gk. yurao/iott,I remember. (From " L. 7/it^ccdTe,
Late to blow the nose. L. "

m?id, gradeof y'MEN.)

a 77iucais, 771UCUS, mucus. See Mucus.
Moan, sb. (E.) M.E. mone, a munication, Mode.
com- (F. L.) Y .viode. \u.7nodut7i,
" "

also a complaint; correspond-

ing ace. of modus, measure, manner, way. lied
Al-
to A. S. *mdn- (notfound),supposed Brugm. i. " 412.
to Mete.
to be cognate with O. Fries, mene, an model. (F.-Ital.-L.) '^l.Y.77wdelle
opinion,O. H. G. meina, an opinion (F. 77iodele). Ital. 7nodello, a modell,"
'

thought.Hence formed A. S. mcenan frame, mould;' Flori(x

was From dimin. of
to mean, intend,relate,also to complain, L. 7)ioduhts,a standard, measure, which is
moan, lament, M. E. menen, to lament, Iagaina dimin. of modus, measure. Der.
now its placebeing suppliedby ! 7'e-77iodel.
obsolete,
the form of the sb.,used as a vb. See moderate, temperate. (L.) From pp. j
further under Mean (i). % Cf. 77iea7is\ oiY,.7node7-drT,io
rGgxiXoXe.From a stem

331
 MODERN MOLECULE

for modes-,extended
vioder-^ from This
7?iod-zis, verb answers to a Late L. *mollidre,
a measure. See modest. soften ; not
to found. " L. molli-s,soft.
(F. L.) F. vwdeme.
modern. "

were, to soften,moisten, " l.. Thus the senses

viodernus, belongingto the present mode ; dirty,soil oneself,drudge.
extended from a stem moder- (above). Moire, watered silk. (F.) From F.
modest, moderate,chaste, decent. (F. moire, used in two senses. In the sense
"
L.) F. modest e.^\-,. i?iodestns,
modest, mohair, it is borrowed from E. mohair
lit. ' keeping within measure.' From a (Hatzfeld).In the sense of watered silk,
neuter stem modes-, with suffix -ttis ; see i it may represent L. marmoreus, shining
moderate (above). Brugm. ii. " 132. like marble, from fnar?uor, marble
|
m.odicum., a small quantity. (L.) (Korting); but this may be only trans-
a ferred
moderate.
Neut. of L. jnodiais, L. modus, 1 sense of the former. "

measure. Moist. (F. L.) M. E. moiste, often "

modify. (F.-L.) F. modifier. ~\..\with the sense 'fresh'; Ch. C. T. 459,

modificdre.L. modi-, for modus, measure, ! 12249.
" O. F. moiste,later moite. Etym. "

moderation e, to make.
iov facer
; -ficdre, \ disputed;(i)from L. musteus, new, from
modulate, to regulate. (L.) From ; L. mustum, must ; (2) from L. mucci-
pp. of L. moduldrJ, to measure by a dits,mucidus, '

mouldy, from L. mucus

standard. L. moduhis, dimin. of modus,'- (Korting)
"
; (3) from L. muscidus, later
a measure ; see m.odel. form q{ imlcidus (Hatzfeld).Der. moist-
ure,
Mogul, a Mongolian. (Pers.) Pers O. F. moisieur.
Moghol, a Mogul; another form oi Mon-
gol. Molar, used for grinding.(L.) L. mo-

Idris,adj.,from mola, a mill. Cf. molere,

Mohair, cloth of fine hair. (Arab) to grind. (yMEL.) Brugm. ii. " 690.
A changed spelling(by confusion with : Molasses, syrup made from sugar.
hair^ of mockaire (Hakluyt, ii. 273); (Port. L.) Formerly melasscs. Port. " "

whence F. mouaire (1650), mod. F. tnoire ; mela^o, molasses ; cf. Span,melaza (same ).
also F. moiic ay ar. Axdih. mukhayyar, a ""L. melldceus, made with honey. L. meU " "

kind of coarse camlet or hair-cloth ; Rich. |honey.

Diet.,p. 136^. Mole (i),a spot or mark on the body.
Mohammedan. (Arab.) A follower E.) M. E. mole. A. S. w"7/, a spot (whence '

oi Alohajumed. Arab, muhammad " mole by the usual changefrom a to long o).
,~V)X2iviQ.-
worthy. Arab, hamada, he praised.
" +0. H. G. meil,Goth, mail^ a spot.
Mohur, a gold coin. (Pers.) Pers. Mole (2),an animal. (E.) M. E. molle.
muhr, imihar,a goldcoin worth 16 rupees + M. Du. and Du. mot; Low G. mull
(Wilson);muhr, muhiir, Rich. Diet., (Berghaus). Prob. related to M. Du.
P- 15.34- viul, the dust or Grumblingsof turf,' '

Mcidore, a Portuguese gold coin. Hexham ; M. E. mul, A. S. myl, dust ;

(Port.-L.) See Bailey's Diet. Port. which are further related to Mould -
(i).
'
moeda d^ouro, a moidore, "1 *]s.',lit. The sense may have been earth-grubber,'
'

money of gold.' L. moneia, money ; de, or

"
'crumbier,' from the weak grade of
of; aurtwi, gold. See Money. ^MEL, to pound. Cf. E. Fries, mullen,
Moiety, half. (F. L.) F. moiti^,a to grub ; mulle a child that grubs in the
"

half. L. medietdtem, ace.

" of medietas, ground ; mulle,mul, a mole ; Low Q. mull-
a middle course, a half. " L. medius, worm, a mole ;Danneil).% Another name

middle. See Medium. formerlymoldwarp (i Hen. IV. iii.i. was

Moil, to toil,drudge. (F.-L.) For- merly 149),lit.* the animal that casts up mould.'
moile,to defile with dirt ; later juoil, M. E. moldwerp ; from i7iold,mould,
'
'
to dawbe with dirt,to drudge; Phillips. werpen, to throw up. See "Warp. Cf.
The older sense was to dirty, hence to Icel. moldvarpa,a mole, O. H. G. 77itilt-
drudge,from the dirt consequent on toil. wurf, G. 77iaulwurf.
Spenser has moyle, to sully,Hymn of Mole (3),a breakwater. (F.-Ital.-L.^
'
Heav. Love, st. 32. Still earlier,we have F. mole. Ital. f7iolo,
mole, a great pile; "
'

M. E. moillen,to moisten, wet. " O.F. moil- Florio. " L. 77idle77i,

ace. of 77idles,
a great
later mouiller,to wet,
ler,moiler (Littre), heap.
moisten ; orig.sense, to soften,which (in molecule, an atom. (L.) Formerly
the case of clay)is effected by wettingit. violecula ; Bailey. Coined from L. 77idles,

33
 MONUMENT MORDACITY

mis, Gael, mios, Gk. ix-qv, Skt. 7nds, a proper of 77ioot is *m.eeting,'
sense as in
month all connected with Moon,
; q.v. hall
77ioot-hall, of assembly ; hence, to
Monument, a memorial. (F.-L.) F. 77ioot is to discuss at a meeting, and '
a

monument. L. momivientum,
" a memorial. 77ioot point'is one reserved for publicdis-
cussion.
^L. monii-, for moni-,
in moni-tus, pp. M..Y.. motie7i,
as to discuss. A.S.
oimonere^ advise,remind; with
to suffix 7}idtia7i,to conveise, address a meeting,
-vien-tum. discuss ; from A. S. 77idt,a meeting, also
of mind.
IKCood (i), disposition (E.) ge77idt,esp. in phr. ivite7ia ge77idt =

Prob. sometimes confused with mood

(2), meeting of wise men, parliament. +Icel.
but properly distinct. M. E. mood^ mind, 77idt, M. H. G. 77nioz, a meeting. Teut.
also temper, anger, wrath. A. S. mod, base ^77iot-. Der. 77ieet.
mind, courage, pride. -f-Du.w^?^^, courage ; Mop (i), an implement for washing
Icel. vioSr,wrath, moodiness ; Dan. Swed. floors. (F. L.) In a late ed. of Florio's "

mod, G. JHiitk, courage; Goth. 77tdds, wrath. Ital. Diet.,pa7i7iato7'eis explainedby '
a

Teut. type ^modo- (where-do is a suffix).maulkin, a 7iiap of clouts or rags to rub

Cf. Gk. nato/uai, I strive after. Brugm. i. withal' Halhwell gives 77iop,a napkiri;
" 196. Der. mood-y, A. S. modig; Sweet, Glouceste7-shi7-e, Prob, from O. F. 77iappe^
N. E. G. " i6d8. a turned
napkin(afterwards into 7iappe).'-
IMCood (^),manner, grammaticalform, L. 77iappa,
a napkin (ofPunic origin). See
(F. L.) "
The
word as Mode, q.v.; same Map. "[[Cf. st7-op,strap \ knop, knap.
but confused with mood (i). The Celtic forms are from E.
Moon. (E.) M. E. mone. A. S. mona, Mop (2),a grimace ; to grimace. (E.)
a masc. sb.-fDu- maan, Icel. mdni, Dan. The same word as 77iope(below).
maane, Swed. ftiane, Goth, mena, G. mond, mope, to be (E.)
dispirited. The same
'
O. H. G. 7ndno. Teut. type ^77i"non-,word 77iop,to grimace; cf. in the 77iops^
as

masc. Cf. also Lithuan. ine)iu, Gk. ;

/n771/77 i.e. sulky (Halliwell).+ Du. 77ioppen,to
Skt. 7nas, moon, month. Perhaps U meant pout, be sulky; M. Swed. 77iopa, to mock
the 'measurer' of time. (Ihre) (-^ME.)
; Westphal. 7/idpe7i, to grimace; See
Brugm. i. " 132, ii. " 132. G. 77mffig, sullen,pouting(Fliigel), Bavar.
Moonsb.ee, a secretary, interpreter.77171ffe7i,
to growl, pout. And see 7now (3).
(Arab.) Arab. 7}iu7ishJ, a secretary, a Moraine, a line of stones at the edges
language-masteror tutor. of a glacier. (F." Teut.) Y 77iorai7ie\ oi. .

Moor (i),a heath. (E.) M. E. more. Ital. 77iora, a pileof rocks. Bavariap "

A. S. 4-M.
Du. 77iQer, moor,
77107'. mud ; 77iur, sand and broken stones,fallen from
moe7'landf,
peaty land ; Icel. 7}ior, Dan. rocks in a valley; the lit. sense being
mor, Low G. 771007-;O. H. G. 7711107',
marsh, perhaps '
crumbled material,' Cf. G.
pool,sea. Teut. type *7!id7'0- ; perhaps soft,
7uii7'be, O. H. G. 77in7'uwi\ Icel.
related (by gradation)to Goth. i7iarei, 77ie7'ja,
to crush.

sea, lake ; or to Skt. 77iarii, a desert, Moral. (F. " L.) Y.77io7'aL " L. 77107'dlis,
mountain. See Mere. relating to conduct. " L. wJr-, from nom.

Moor (2), fasten up a ship. (E.) 77ids,

to a manner, custom.
A.S. *md/''iaji, whence a mooring-
77iarels, Morass, a bog. (Du.-.-F.-Low G.)
rope. Cf. Du. 77ie7-eti (Franck), usually Du 77ioeras, marsh, fen ; M. Du. t7ioe7'osch,
7/ia7're7t,to tie,bind,moor a ship. adj.,belongingto a moor, as if from the
Moor (3),a native of N. Africa. (F." sb. 7noer^ moor, mire,but reallyan altered
'
L. "
Gk.) F. Mo}-e, a Moor ;
'
Cot. L. " form of M. Du. 77iae7-asch,
7?ia!'asch, a

Mmi7'7is. " Gk. Muu/)oj, a Moor. Der. marsh (Kilian).O.F. 77iaresqne,7naresche, -"

coiruption of
bIack-a-77ioor, black/71007'-adj., marshy ; also,as sb.,a marsh ; Low
i.e.
(Minsheu), black Moo7'. L. 7)ia7'isc7is.Low G. 77iarsch,a marsh.
"

Moose, the American elk. (W. Indian.) See Marish, Marsh. Cf. G. 77iorast (for
The native W. Indian name ; Knisteneaux j "io7'ask),Swed. 7no7-as, Dan. 77io"-ads,a
"

motisivah,Algonquin i7iusu : cited in the morass ; all from Du. or Low G.

Cent. Diet. Cuoq cites Algonquin i7i07is Morbid, sickly.(F.-L.) Y.7no7'bide.
(with 11). " disease.
sickly.L. i7iorbzis,
L. 77io7'bidi4s, "

Moot, to discuss a point.(E.) Chiefly Allied to die; Brugm. ii. " 701.
to 77WJ--I,
used in phr. '
a moot point.'Minsheu Mordacity, sarcasm. (F.-L.) Little
gives 77ioot as a verb, to discuss. The used. - F. 7no7-dacitL " L. ace. ?7i07'daci'
334
 MORE MORTAR

tatem, from viorddcitas^

power to bite. " L. morwen (above)by addingthe substantival
viorddc-ystem of inordax, bitint^. L. "
(notparticipial)suffix -ijig ( A. S. -ung). =

mordere, to bite. Cf. Skt. mardaya, to So also even-ing,from even.

rub, break in pieces, from nird, to rub. Morocco, a fine kind of leather. Named
Brngm. ii. " 794. (VMERD.) from Morocco, in N. Africa; which was
Dllore. (E.) This does duty for two named from the Moors dwellingthere.
distinctM. E. words, viz, (i) i/io, more in Morose. (L.) L. morosus, self-willed;
number, (2)/noi-e, larger,a. The (i)in a good sense, scrupulous;(2)in a
former
is from A. S. md, more in nilmber, orig. bad sense, peevish. L, mor-, nom. mos^ "

an adv. form, like G, mehr, Goth. mais. (i)self-will,

(2)custom, use. *fConfused
3. The latter is from the correspondingwith L. mora, delay,in the 1 7th cent.
idj. S. mora,
A. greater; cognate with Morphia, Morphine, the narcotic
[eel. ?neiri, Goth, inaiza,greater. See principle of opium. (Gk.) From Gk.
Most. ^ The a notion that
posi- Mop(})"vs, Morpheus,god of dreams (Ovid);
f/io is
;ive form is positivelit. shaper,'
quite wrong i.e. creator
; the of dreams. Gk. *
"

forms are ??mch, mickle, many. The r fxapipT],

a shape,form. Der. meta-morph-
in 7nore representsan earlier-z-, which in osis,a-morph-ous ; from i^opcprj.
:he adv. (beingfinal) was regularly lost. Morris, Morris-dance. (Span. -

Bnigm. i. " 200. L. Gk.) The dance was also called a "

Morganatic. (LowL.-G) Low L, morisco, i.e. a Moorish dance. Span. "

norgandtica, in the phraseniatrimoninm Morisco, Moorish. Span. Moro, a Moor. "

id morgandticain^ a morganaticmarriage. L. Maiirus. a Moor. See Moor (3 "

.

Coined from G. inorgen, here short for Morrow. iE.) M. E. morwe, from an

lit.morning-gift,
'Horgengabe, orig,a pre- older form vioi-^uen (from A. S. morgoi),
jent made wife on the morning
to a by final n. See Morn.
after Thus loss of
iiarriage, esp. if the wife were of inferior M. E. morwen gave rise ( i)to morroiv, by
"ank. See Morn. loss oi n ; {2\ to mo7-n, by loss of tv, and
Morian, a Moor. (F. L. Gk.) In contraction; cf. M. E. moroim,
" " Gawain,
Pss, Ixviii.31 ; Ixxxvii, 4 (I*. B. version)." 1208. [Or else morne, dat.,is from A. S.
D.F. Morien, Moriaine (Godefroy). Late morgene, " short form morne. A^ Der. to-
morrow
L. *AIauritd)ms,for L. jMatirJtdnicus,a " A. S. to moJgetie, i.e. for the
Moor. L. Matirltdnia,the land of the morrow,
" where to is a prep. (E. to), and
Moors. " L. Mmir-tis, a Moor. " Gk. morgene is dat. case of morgen, morn.
)l{avpos.See Moor (3). Morse, a walrus. (F. Finnish.) F. "

Morion, an open helmet. (F. Span.)

" morse. " Finnish mursii, a morse ; whence
V. morion. "
S,pan.v/om'on; cf. Port. also Russ. viorj\a morse (withysounded
mon'ido,Ttal. morione, a morion. The as F.y). The true Russ. name is morskaia
ivord is Spanish,if we may accept the korova,the sea-cow.

prob.derivation from Span, morra, the Morsel, a mouthful,small piece. (F.

srown of the head ; a word of unknown "

L.j M. E. morsel. O. F. morsel 'F. "

Drigin.Cf. Span,morro, anythinground; morceati). Cf. Ital. morsello. Dimin. from

moron, a hillock. L. tnorsum, a bit. L. morsus, pp. of "

Mormonite. The Morfnonites are mordere,to bite. See Mordacity.

the followers of Joseph Smith, who in Mortal, deadly. (,F. L.) " "."?iortal.
1827 said he had found the book oi Mor-
mon. L. mortdlis, adj.; from mort-, stem
" of
An invented name. mors, death. From L. mor-T, to die ; cf.
Morn. M. E. morn,
(E.) a Northern Skt. mr, to die,mrta, dead ; Russ. mert-
form. Short for M. E. morxven^ Ancren vuii,dead ; Lithuan. mirti,to die ; Pers.
Riwle, p. 22. A. S. moigen, whence vnirdan, die ; Gk. liporos, mortal.
to
viorwen by the usual change of rg to riu. Allied to Murder. Brugm. i. " 500.
O. Fries. morn.'\'Y)\x.Dan. G. morgen ; Mortar (i), Morter, a vessel in
Icel. morginn, Swed. fiiOrgon ; Goth. which substances are pounded with a

manrgins. Teut. type '^vinrgenoz, pestle.(L.) M.

m. E. ;//^r/^r. A.S. w^r-
Cf. Lithuan. merkti,to blink. Orig.sense iere.'-lj. mortdrium, a mortar.

prob. 'dawn.' Doublet, morroio, q. v, mortar

(2\ cement. (F. L.) M. E. "

' '

morning'. (E.) 'i\\Q"T,\.{oxmonvening niorlier. F. mortier, mortar"

; Cot. "

Ch. C. T., A 1062; formed from M. E. V,.mortdrium, mortar; lit. stuff pounded

335
 MORTGAGE MOTHER

together;a different use of the word Mosque, a Mohammedan temple. (F.

above. "
Span. Arab.) " F.
mosqtiee ; Cot. "

Mortgage, a kind of for

security debt. Span, mezqtuta,a mosque. Arab, masjad, "

(F. L.) O. F. mortgage, lit. a dead masjid,a

"

temple,placeof prayt-r. Arab, "

pledge; because, whatever profit it might root sajada, to adore, prostrateoneself.

yield, it did not therebyredeem itself,b ut Mosquito, a gnat. (Span. L.) Span. "

became dead or lost to the mortgager on mosquito^

a little gnat ; dimin. of mosca,
breach of tlie condition. "F. mort, dead; a lly. L. musca, a fly. Cf. Gk. ixvla, "

gage, a pledge. L. viortiius,dead, pp. of Liihuan. muse, a fly.

"

mo7'i, to die ; gage, a pledge; see Mortal BIOSS. (E.) M.E. mos; A.S. mos, a
r.nd Ga^e Der. vior(gag-ee,where
(i). swamp. -|-Du.mos; Icel. most, moss, also
-ce the F. -/ of the pp.
answers to a moss or moorland ; Dan. 7uos, moss,
mortify. (F. L.) M.F. inortifier."^ mose, a hog,moor
"
; Swed. 7noss a ; G.moos,
L. mortijicare,
to cause death. L. morti-, moss, a swamp, O. H. G. 7jws. Teut. base
"

dejl. stem of mors, death ; -ficdre,for *mus- ; allied to M. H. G. mies, O. H. G.

facere,
to make. A.
/uios, S. meos, moss (Teut.base *mei(s-);
SHortise, a hole in pieceof timber
a to and to Mire. Cognate with Russ. mokli ,
receive the tenon. (F.) Speltmortesse in moss, L. musciis, moss. % Note E. moss
Palsgrave.F. moriaise,'a mortaise in a
" in sense of bog, moorland ; hence trooper.
moss-
'
pieceof timber ; Cot. Cf. Span,inortaja, Erugm. i. " 105.
a mortise. Orig.unknown ; Devic sug-
gests Most. (E.) M. E. W(?j/, mest.'"A.S.
Arab, murtazz, fixed in the mark mcest.-^D\jL.meest, Icel. mestr, G. meist^
(saidof an arrow),very tenacious (saidof Goth, maists ; the superlative form corre-
sponding

a miser). to comp. more. See More.

Mortmain. (F.-L.) Propertytrans % The 0 (forearlyM. E. e) is due to the
ferred to the church was said to pass into 0 in more.
morte main, lit. ' dead hand,' because it Mote, a of dust, speck. (E.)
particle
could not be alienated. L. morttiam, M. E. 7not. " A. S. mot, a mote.+Du. mot^
ace. fern, of mjrt-tms, dead ; manum, ace. sawdust ; E. Fries, mut, grit.
of mantis, han 1. See Mortal. Motet, Motett, piece of
a short
mortuary, belongingto the burial of sacred music. ;F.
'
L.) F. viotet, 'a.
"

the dead. (L.) Chiely in the phr. 'a \ erse in musick ; Cot. [Ital.mottctto, a
'

mortuary fee,' which was also called dittie,

a wittie saying;'Florio. j Dimin.
vioriiiaryfor short. Late L. mortudrutm, " of O. F. j/iof,a saying. " L. imittum, a

neut. of mortudrius, belongingto the dead. murmur ; see Motto.

- to die.
L. morttC'tis, dead ; pp. of juoj'T, Moth. (E.) M. E. mothe. A.S. moSQe,
Mosaic-work, ornamental work made mohde. -f-Du. mot, Icel. motti^ G. motte, a
with small piecesof marble, "c. (F. - moth ; Swed. matt, a mite. p. Perhaps
Ital. L. "
"

Gk.) F. mosaicall
viosa'iqiie,
'
related to A. S. 7?ia6a,a maggot, Du. G.
work;' Cot. " Ital. mosaico, 'a kinde of 7Jiade^ a maggot, Goth. 7/1 at ha, a worm.
'
curious stone worke of diuers colours ; Kluge allies these forms to the verb
Florio. " Late L. milsaiciis, adj.,an ex-
tended to 7710W, i. e. to cut, as if the sense were
form from L. muscEiim {opus),'cutter.' Q{.Y..afte7--77iath.
mosaic work. " Late Gk. fiovanov, mosaic Mother (i), a female parent. (E.)
work, lit.artistic,
neut. of n-^vatins, ing
belong- M. E. 77ioder. A. S. 77iddor,
77ioder, a

to the muses, artistic. Gk. "

fxovaa, mother; the change from d to th is late,
a inus''. Cf. Museum. after a. d. \ce\.77iodir,
140o.+I)u. 77iocder,
Moslem., a Mussulman. (Arab.")Arab. Dan. Swed. G.
77ioder, 7!mtter\ Irish and
muslijn,'a musulman, a true believer in Gael. 77iathair;Russ. w^'/^,Lithuan. 77iot'e,
the Mohammedan faith ; Richardson. Cf. '
L. 77idter, Skt.
Gk. fx-qrrjp, Pers. 77iddar,
Arab, mnsallim, one who acquiesces.A 7!idtd^
7iidtr-. Grig,sense uncertain.
miissiilman is one who ])rofesses islam,i.e. m.Other (2),hystericalpassion. (E.)
submission to the will of God and to In King Lear, ii. 4. 56. Spelt77ioder in
the orthodox faith, Arab,
" salama, to be Palsgrave
; and the same word as the
resigned.^ The E. words moslem, mtts- above. + F)u. i7ioeder,
a mother, womb,
siihnan,islam, and salaam are all from hysterical ; cf. G. 77iutte7-beschzver-
passion
the same Arab, root salama. ti7Jg,mother-fit, passion.
hysterical
3.^6
 MOTHER MOURN

'Mother mole defaceth the whole

(3),lees,mouldiness. (E.) A peece of lawne,'
peculiar use of
(i). Cl. Dii. Lyiy,Juiphues,p. 39.
Mother This is now called
moer, lees, m
dregs, other,variant of moeder^ iron-mould added
(^witii d). We also find
a mother (Franck). So also G. mutter M. E. moled spotted; hence mod. E. ^

(i),a mother, (2)mother, sediment. W c mouldy (m some senses^ ; by confusion

even find Gk. ypavs, an old woman, used with mould (i). See Mole (i).
in the sense of mother or dregs. ^ Not Mouldy, musty. (Scand.)Orig.dis-
tinct
to be connected with Low G. mudder, from mouldy ground; also from
mud ; or with E. f/iud. mould as used in iron-mould. Formed
Motion. (F. L.) F. " motion. " L. from the sb. inould,mustiness, in which
motionein, ace. of viotio,movement. " L. the final d is excrescent. From the M. E.
vwlus, pp. of nioticrey to move. See verb motilen,moivlen^to grow musty ;
Move. formerlyvery common, and much used in
(F. L.) M. F, motif,*a the pp. inoulcd. Note also the M. E. motd^
motive. "

moving reason;' Cot. Late L. motiviis, mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan.

"

moving."L. mot-tis^pp. of moitere, to mul, Swed. dial, mul, muel, mujel,Swed.

move. mbgel. Cf. also Dan. mullen^ mouldy,
motor. (L.) L. mot-or, a mover. limine, to become mouldy; Swed. dial.
Motley, iindas,Swed. nidglas,to grow mouldy ;
of different colours. (F.) M.E.
vwttelee,Ch. T. 271. Of uncertain
C. Icel. mygla, to grow musty. From mug-,
origin. Perhaps from O. F\ inatteU,as in \ct\.mugga,mugginess.See Muggy.
' '
'
clotted, curdled ; Cot. Cf. M. F. Thus mould is ' mugginess in this use.
mattonn^, as in cie/ mattonn^, a skie Moult, to cast feathers,as birds. (L ) '

full of small curdled clouds ; ' id. [Thus The / is intrusive. M. E. mouten. A. S.
the orig. sense of motley was merely mictian (incomp.bi-7"ifltian]. mutdre,
L.. "

'
spotted.'] Bavarian " matte, curds to change. See Mutable.
(Schmeller).
2. Or from O. F. motel, Mound, an earthen defence,a hillock.
M. F. motteaii, '
a clot of congealedmois-
ture,' (F. L.)
A. F. mund, variant oi munt, a "

Cot. ; app. a deriv. of M. F. motte, hill (Vie de S. Auban L. montein, ace. .

"

a clod,lump ; see Moat. Der. mottl-ed, of mons, a hill. ^ Note also A. S. mund,
for O. F. mattele above,by substituting the protection,chiefly as a law-term ; but also
E. pp. suffix -ed for the F. pp. suffix -"/. mund-beorh, a protecting a mound.
hill,
Motto. (Ilal. L.) Ital. motto, a say-ing," Mount (1),a hill. (F.-L.) M.E.
a motto, " L. mnttum, a murmur, mount mont. F. mont. L. mont-^ stem ^
" "

muttered sound ; cf. L. miittire, mutire^ of mons, a hill. .^MEN, to jutout; see "

to murmur.(-y^MU.) Allied to Mutter. Mound. Cf. A. S. tnunt (borrowedfrom

Mould (O, earth. (E.) M. E. violde. L.).
A. S. violde,dust, soil,earth.4-Icel.mold, mount (2),to ascend. (F. L.) F. "

Dan. viuld, Swed. mull (for *muld), motiter.'^Y. mont, a hill. [The verb is
mould ; Goth, mitlda,dust ; O. H. G. due to O. F. a mont, up-hill.] L. montem, "

molta, mould. Allied to the shorter forms ace. oi m07is (above).

seen in Du. mul^ G. mull, A. S. myl^dust ; mountain. (F. L.) O.".77io7itai7ie "

cf. O. H. G. muljan,Icel. mylja,to crush. (F. 77/07itag7ie). "hsite L. 77i07itd7ica^ by-

The lit.sense is '
crumbled.'
form of 7no7itd7ia,a mountain. From Teut.
L. 7iiontd72a, "

mul, weak gradeof

^MEL, grind. See neut. pi., mountainous regions;
to from wc"-
Meal. Mill. Der. monld-er, to crumble ; td7iuSj adj.from 77i07is (stem 7/i07it-\ a

also mould-y (which seems to have been mountain.

confused with Mole (i),q. v.). mountebank, a quack doctor. (Ital.
Mould (2), a model, form. (F. L.) L. a7ul G.) Lit. one who 7/iotmts a
" "

M.E. with
i7iolde^ excrescent ^. Norman bc7ich, to proclaim his nostrums.
"
Ital. "

dial, molde,O. F. mole, inolle (F. moule\, mo7itainha7U'o,mountebank a ; M. Ital.

a mould; once in the 12th mo7itaspeltmodle
ill ha7ico, the same, Ital. 7no7ttare^ "

cent. (Littre).L. moduliim,ace. of 7)iodu- to mount

"
; m, on ; ba7tco, a bench. Here
lus, dimin. of modics, a measure. See 77io7ita7-eis the same word as F. 77i07iter,
to
Mode. mount ; m L. m, on ; and ba7ico is from =

Mould (3),a spot. (E.) For 7)iole;O. H. G. baiic,

a bench ; see Bank (2).
'
mold in Spenser,F. Q. vi. 1 2. 7. One yron Mourn. (E.) M. E. 7nur}ie7i. A. S

33
 MOUSE MUFF

miirnan, to -f-Icel.
grieve. morna, Goth. out of a stable ; Dan. mbg, dung ; Norw.

maurnan^ O. H.G. mornen. Cf. A. S. mok-dnnge,a muck-heap,allied to viukka,

meornan, to care, Gk. fxtp-i/xva^sorrow. a heap. ^ Not allied to A. S. meox, dung.
(VSMER.) Muck, Amuck, a term appliedto
HHouse. (E.) M.E.mons. A.S. mjis malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr.
(pi.mys). + Du. mtiis,Icel, mils, Dan. '
to run amuck,' where amuck is all one

muuSy ;;/?i:i', Swed.

G. mans, Russ. micishe,word ; yet Dryden actuallyhas runs an
'

L. ;;z/7i',
Gk. /iu?, Pers. mush, a mouse ; Indian mtcck' Hind and Panther,iii.11 88.
Skt.
miisha-,a rat,a mouse. Perhapsfrom To run a??iuck=^ to run about in a rage."
V'MEUS, to steal ; Skt. mush, to steal. Malay dmuk, rushingin a state '
of frenzy
See Muscle (i). to the commission of indiscriminate der
mur-
'

Moustache, (F.-Ital. ; Marsden.

Mustache.
"^Gk.) F. moitstache.'^\ltx\. mostaccio^ Mucus, slimyfluid. (L.) L. vincus,
'
'
a face,a snout, a mostacho ; Florio. slime. + Gk. yM^a, mucus snuff of
; lu.vK'q'i, "

Gk. fxvarait-, stem a wick. of ^ivara^,the

Cf. Skt. much, L. mungere, Gk. upper
lip, a of
moustache,Doric
form fxacrra^,aiTo-iJivaaiiv,to cast or wipe away.
the mouth, upper lip. See Mistic. Mud, wet soft earth,mire. (E.) M. E,
Mouth. (E.^ M. E. moufh. A. S. mud (not common). Not found in A. S,
wfiS.-^Dn. mond, Icel.munnr, Dan. mund, Cf. E. Fries, mudde, Low G. mudde, mud ;
Swed. mun, mund, Goth, munths.
G. M. Swed. modd, mud (Ihre).
4- Bavarian
Teat, type *munthoz, masc, ; Idg. type molt, peat ; wlience
moat, q. v. Cf. E.
*j?i9ntos: cf. L. mentum, the chin. Du. modder, mud.
Move. (F. L.) M..E. mouen (u v).
"
muddle, to confuse. (E.) Lit. to =

O. F. movoir (F.mouvoin.
" "from mud.
L,. inonere, dabble in mud ; frequentative
to move, pp. modes. Der. motion. '
Muddle, to rout with the bill,as geese
Mow (0,
grass. (E.) to cut M. E. and ducks do ; also, to make tipsyand
moiuen, A. S. viawan,
pt. t. tow^Tt;. unfit for business;'
Kersey.+ Dan. muddre,
mow, strong vb. 4- Du. maaijen, Dan. to stir up mud, mudder, mud (fromDu.) ;
G. miihen, O. H. G. mden.
jjieie, Teut. E. Fries, muddelen,to dirty; M. Du. mod-
base ;/z^2-. Allied to Gk. I reap,
d-/^a-a", delen,'to mudd water,'Hexham ; Pomeran.
L. me-t-ere,to reap. Brugm. ii. " 680. muddeln, to disorder.
Mow (2^,a heap,pileof hay or com. Muezzin, a Mohammedan erier of the
(E.) M. E. mowe, A. S. tniiga, a mow. -4- hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab. fnu-azzin,
Icel. milgr, a swathe,also a crowd ; Norw. mu-zin, the publiccrier,who assembles
miiga, mua, a heap (of hay). Cf. Muck. peopleto prayers. "Arab, azan, the call to
Mow (3),a grimace ; obsolete. (F. -

prayers (Palmer); tizn, the ear.

'
M. Du.) F. moue, ' a moe, or mouth ; Muif (i),a warm, soft cover for the
Cot. ; Norman dial. ?}ioe. M. " Du. motiwe, hands. (Walloon."F. " Low L.) A late
the making a word.
in
protruded under-lip, Formerly muffe; Minsheu. Prob.
grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop (2). from Walloon mouffe(Sigart).Cf. Du.
Much. (E.) M. E. 7noche, muche, adj.,7nof\Low G. w/(^ (Berghaus) ; E. Fries.
later forms of M. E. mochel,miichel,michel. muf. The word muffleis found earlier,
For the loss of final /,cf. E. wench
^
from and is more widelyspread; so that Wall.
A. S. wencel. The change of vowel (from mouffeis merely a short form of F. moiifle;
michel to miichel)seems to have been due see below.
to association with M. E. Intel, from
little, muiiie, to cover up warmly. (F. "

'
A.S. The orig. A. S. form was
lytel. Low L.) ' I muffyll; Palsgrave. * A
micel Low
(cf. Sc. mickle,,great.+ Icel. \' Levins (1570L
jHuffle O. F. juojle, "

mikill, great; O. H. G. mihhil\ Goth. moufle,a kind of muff or mitten. -.Low

mikils. Cf. Gk. ix^'^aK-r],fem. of {J-iyas,
L. muffiila, (occurringA. D. 817); also
great. spelt7nulfola.Cf. M. Du. moffel, a muff,

Mucilage, slimy substance, gum. mitten.

a 9\ The late appearance of Du.
(F. L. ) b'. mncilage. L. milcilago
"
(stem mof,and the Low L. form mulfola,
" remain
miicildgin-), mouldy moisture (4thcent.).unexplained. Cf. M. H. G. mouwe, a sleeve.
L. mficere,to be mouldy.
" Muif (2),a simpleton. (E.) Lit. 'a
Muck, filth. (Scand.) M. E. mnck.'^ mumbler,' or indistinct speaker;hence a
Icel. myki, dung; moka, to shovel dung stupidfellow. Cf. prov. E. muff,muffle,

338
 MUFFLE MULTIPLY

to mumble ; also + Du.

moffle,inaf/Je. Mule. (F. L.) " F. rnule.^ L. millus^
muffeji, dote ; prov. G.
to vmffen,to be a mule (whence also
A. S. miil).
siilkv. Allied to Mumble. Mulled, appliedto ale or wine. (E.)
Muffle;see Muff (I). Mulled wine first appears in 161 8, and is
IMEufti,a magistrate.(Arab.) Arab. of uncertain origin.Perhaps from M. E.
iiniftT, a magistrate. Allied to Arab. jniillen,
to break to powder, to crumble,
falwd, judgment,doom, sentence. % The
a tiom 7null,powder,perhapswith reference
phr. in mufti means in a civilian costume, to the powdered condiments. From A.S.
not in militarydress. powder. Blount's Gloss, has viniim
Jiiyl,
Mug. (Low G.) In Levins Cf.
(1.^70). ;nolIitum,as if from F. mollir,L, mollire,
Irish nnigan, a mug ; Norw. imiggn, mug- to soften.
ge, an open can ; Swed. mngg, a mug. E. "
Mullein, the verbascum. (F.) ^L E.
Fries, imikke, a cylindricalearthen vessel ; inolcyn. A. F. uioleine ; F. nioiene. Tiie
Groningen niokke (Molema, p. 543) ; M. E. name was softe,i.e. the soft. Tliis
whence also Norm. dial, moqiie, a cup, suggests a derivation from O. F. mol, soft ;
Guernseyniogue. from L. mollisysoft.
Muggy, damp (Scand.) Mullet
and close. (I),a fish. (F.-L.) M. E.
From Icel, mitgga, soft drizzling mist ; molet, inulet. F. mulet ; Cot. Dimin. "

whence vniggiivedr, muggy, mistyweather. from L. viullus,the red mullet.

Cf. Norw. w?/^, fine rain ; muggen, moist, Mullet (2),a five-pointedstar. (F."
muggy ; Dan. imiggen, musty, mouldy, L.) O. F. molette,a rowell, whence it
'
j/mgne, to grow musty. came to mean the mullet of heraldry ;
'

MugWOrt, a plant.(E.) M. E. mog- also M. F. moUette, a mullet,rowell of '

'

wort. A. S. imicgivort. For the latter a Cot.

spur ; Dimin. from L. 7?wla,a
syllable,
see Wort (i). The sense of whence
mill, mill-
Ital.pwla, a mill-stone,
A. S. mncg is unknown, unless it be a bj- wheel, mol/a, a clock-wheel with cogs.
form of A. S. viyig^ a midge ; cf. Norw. See Min.
niugg^ O. Sax. nmggia, Du. mug, a midge ; Mulligatawny, a hot soup. (Tamil.)
O. H. G. mi(cca, a midge. [Like_fiea-Tamil 7nilagu-ia7inir, lit.' pepper-water ; '
bane?^ Yule. Cf. Malayalam vndaka, pepper,
Mulatto, one of mixed breed. (Span. MuUion, an uprightdivision between
"
L.)
Span.1/mlaio, a mulatto. Usuall} lights of windows. (F.) A corruptionof
derived from Span, miila,a she-mule, as inunnion, which occurs with the same
'
being one of a miixed breed. "^ The usual sense. The lit.sense is stump,' because
forms for young
'
mule are muleto, '

m., the mullion is,properly, the stump or

vndeta^f. Hence der. by De Sacy from lower part of the division below the
'
Arab, imiwallad, lit. begotten ; also tracery. F. moignon, a stump. (Cf. E.
'
"

used to mean one who *

has an Arabian trunnion M.F .troignon,dim\n.oiF .tro7tc =

'
father and a foreignmother ; allied to Ital. tronco.) O. F. moing, maimed
= "

Arab, ivalad, a son. See Devic. (Suppl.to Diez). Cf. Bret, mouii, moh,
Mulberry. (L.awt/E.) \l.Y..mool- maimed, also occurring in the forms mahk,
bery. Here the / stands for an older r, monk, moiis. Also Span,muhon, the stump
by dissimilation; and M. E. 00 answers to of an arm or leg; Ital. mugno7ie, a car- penter's
'

A. S. i?,as usual. Thus the M. E. mool- munion or trunion,'

Torriano.
is the same as A. S. mor-, in
"c. ; see Multitude.
mor- Multangular,
beajfi, mulberry-tree.
a Again, the A. S. Multitude. (F.-L.) F. multitude.
md7' is borrowed from L. jnorus, a mul-
berry-tree.
L. miiltitudine)7i,
ace. of multiindo, a "

The word is E. ; see

beny multitude. " L. multi-, for mtiltus, many,
Berry. Cf. also Gk. ixwpov, fiopov, a mul- much ; with suffix -tildo. From L. viultus
beriy, ^ Similarly,come
f^opea, a mulberry-tree. also mult-migular,multi-lateral,
G. maiilbcere,a mulberry,is O. H. G. "c.
murberi, from L. mortis and O. H. G.
(L.) 'L.tnultifdri-us, multifarious.
beri^G. bee re. The orig. sense manifold; with suffix -oz/j.
Mulct, a fine. (L.) L. jnulcta,a fine ; seems to be many-speaking,'i.e.speaking '

also spelt
ninlta. Perhapsorig.
'damage; on many subjects.L. ??iulti-, for multus, '
"

from L. mulc-dre, to injure.Brugm. i. many ; fdri,to speak; see Fate.

" 756, Der. mulct verb. multiply. (F. L.) F. 77iultiplier. "

339
 MUM MURMUR

" L. viuUiplicdre.L. mnltiplic-^ from " L. mundus, clean, adorned. Der. sup)-a-
to fold.
many-fold; cf.plic-dre,
multiplex, mundane ; from L. supra, above ; mundus^
See Plait. the world.
IMCuni, a kind of beer
MungOOSe, a kind of ichneumon.
(Low G.). In
Pope. Said have been so named
to (Telugu.) Telugu mangJsu ; ' Jerdon after
Chr. Miimm, a brewer of Brunswick (ab. gives mangus, however,as a Deccani and
'

1487).Cf. Du. 7Hom in Franck;G.imimnie. Mahratti word ; Yule.

BHuin ! silence ! (E.) M.Yj.movi^mtcni, (F.-L.) Y, municipal. Municipal.
to express the least sound viiluicipdlis, made with closed
relatingto a township. " L.
lips. Cf. L. ??nc, Gk. ^JLv (thesame). "'L.^fulfiicipitifn,a township which had
mumble, to speakindistinctly. (E.) the rights
o f Roman whilst re-
citizenship, taining

For mtimm-le. M. E. inomelen, mame- its own laws. L. mfniicip-, stem "

len^to speak indistinctly ; frequent, form of municeps,a free citizen, one who
due to M. E. 7nom, mum (above). + E- undertakes duties. L. miini-,iox munus^ "

Fries, nimmnelen ; Du. mom?nelen. obligation, duty ; capere, to take. See

m.nmm.er, a masker, buffoon. (F." Brugm. i. " 208.
'
Du.) M. F. momijieur^ a mummer, one munificence, liberality. (F, L.) -

'
that goes a-mumming ; Cot. M. Du. F. munijice)ice.'^\^. m7inijicentia\ formed
"

mommen, to go a-mumming; cf. mom- from bountiful.

munijicus, L. muni-, for "

aensicht, a mummer's Low G. mask ; munus, a duty,also a present ; -fie-,

for
Jtiumme, a mask. 3- 1'he word is imita-
tive, facere,
to make.
from the sound minn or viojn, used Muniment, a defence,title-deed. (F.
by nurses to frighten or amuse children,
at L.) M. F. muniffient.
" L. jniimmentiun, "

the same time pretendingto cover their a defence. L. vmnh-e, to fortify

"
; old form
faces. Cf. G. mummcl^ a bug-bear. moenire. L. inoenia, neut. pi.,walls,
-

Der. miimmer-y, M. F. niommerie

(F. ramparts, defences. Brugm. i. " 208.
momerie) .
munition. (F.-L.) F. juunition.
Mummy. (F.-Ital.-Arab.-Pers.) L. ace. mmiitionetn,a defending.L. " "

F. momie [initmie in Cotgrave). Ital. mfinlhis, pp. of f/iiinire (above). Der.

"

inummia, mumia (Florio). " Arab. aj)n}iiinition.

mumiyd, a
mummy ; the substance witH Munnion, old form of MuUion, q. v.
which mummies are preserved.(Cf.Perb. Mural.
(F.-L.) F. 7nural.~'L.
mumdyin, a mummy.) " Pers. mi'cm, mom, murdlis,belongingto a wall. " L. milrus,
wax ; much used in
embalming. a wall.

Mum.p, to mumble, sulk,beg. (Du.) Murder, Murther, sb. (E.) M.E.

A fuumper was a cant term for a beggar. mo7'di-e, 7}iorth7-e. A. F. 7?iurdre, sb. ; 77iur-
" Du. mov/pen, to mump, cheat (.Sewel) ; drir, yh. A.S. 77io7-do7'.
-f-Goth. 77iaurthr.
cf. mommelen, mompelen, to mumble p. We also find A. S. 7nor(S,Du. 7noord,
(Hexham). Thus mump is mercdy an Icel. 77io7'd, G. mo7'd,murder, death,cog- nate
emphaticform of mtim, M. Du. mommen, with L. 77107-s (stem mort-); see
to say mum, also to mask. Cf. Norw. MortaL Der. 7/iU7-der,vb.
miimpa, to munch. See Mumble. Muriatic, briny.(L.) L. muridticus,
m,um.ps. (Du.) To have the mumps' '
lying in brine. L. 7/iu7'ia, brine, salt "

' '
or to be in the Jiiumps was to be sulky liquor.
or sullen ; hence it was transferred to the Muricated, prickly.(L.) L. 77niri-
disease which gave one a sullen appear-
ance. cdtus,prickly.L. 7imric-, stem of 77iu7'ex, "

From mump (above). a pricklyfish, spike.

a + Gk. /um" (for
Munch, to chew. (E.) M. E. monchm *fivan^),
a sea- muscle ; from fivs, a mouse,
(Chaucer).Doubtless imitative word, an a sea-muscle. (2). See Muscle
like mu7np. Kilian has M. Du. moncken, Murky, Mirky. ^Scand.) The -y
'
moffipelen,mussitare.' Cf. E. Fries, and is a modern 7)ierke.
addition. M. E. 77ii7-ke,
Low G. munkeln, to mumble; and see " Icel.7/iy7'kr
(for*wz;-^7W3,Noreen),Dan.
Mump. ^ It cannot be from F. mange}' Swed. 77idrk,dark, mirky.+A.S. 7nii'ce\
("L. manducdre). O. Sax. 7nirki. % The A. S. form would
Mundane, worldly. (F.-L.) M.E. have given mi7xh.
mondain.-^Y mondain. "V^. munddnus,. Murmur, sb. (F.-L.) " 7uu7'/7iu7-e. .

adj.from mujidus^iheworld (lit.

order). " " L. 7/iu7'77iU}-
,
a murmur to
; 77iur77nird)-e,

340
 MUSTANG MYRRH

Mustang', a wild horse of the prairies. old verb to mutine ; Haml. iii. 4. 83. "

(Span. L.)
"

Span, mesteno (with it as F. mutiner, 'to mutine;' Cot. O. F. "

ity),formerlyviestengo(Pineda), in the mutiii, tumultuous. O. F. Dtute, a "

same sense as mostrenco,adj., stray,having sedition ; (cf.Low L. mota^ a pack

no owner. The adj.ntestcTio also means of hounds mod. F. mezite). Folk-L. = "

belonging to a mesta.' '

Span, mesta, a "^fnovita,
" (lit.
m oved, hence,a movement,
body of proprietors of cattle,a company of bustle),fem. of "^movitus,new pp. of
graziers.L. mixta, fem. of pp. of miscei'e,moiiere, to move.
" Cf. mod. F. imeute.
to mingle,Cf. Span,mestura, a mixture. See Move.
Mustard. (F. L. ; wiihTexxt.si^ffix.)
" Mutter, to murmur, (E.) M. E. mut-
M.E. fnostard.^O.Y. mostarde (F. moii- t)-en,
m otcren. A frequentative verb,from
tarde). Cf. Ital. inostarda. It took its a base mut-, to express inarticulatemumb-
ling,
name from being mixed with must or as in E. Fries, motjeii, to mutter;
with
vinegar(Littre).L. jnustU7n,vci\x's,t;"
Svved. dial, miitla,7?iuti7-a,Norw. 77iut7'a.
suffix -ai'd ("G. ha7't), So also L. f/iuttire,
77iidi7-e,
to mutter, prov.
Muster. (F. L.) "
M.E. inoustre, a G. whisper.
7)tiist67-71,
to
muster of men, lit.display.O. F. mostre, " Mutton. C. ?) M. E. motou7i. (F.- "

another form of jnonstre, ' a pattern,also O. F. 77ioto7i (F. 77iout07t^,

a sheep; Low
'
a muster, view, shew ; Cot. The fem. L. 7/ncIto,a sheep. Cf. Ital. 77io7ito7ie (for
form of F. fnonstre, a monster; see *77wlt07ie),a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin,
Monster. Cf. O. Norm. dial. must7-er, from Celt, type ^77toltos,
a sheep; whence
Gascon viustra, to shew. Irish and Manx 77iolt,Gael. 77iult, W.
Musty, mouldy,damp. (L.)A doublet Corn. 77ioIs,
77iollt, Bret. 7/iaout, a wether
of vioisty,used by Chaucer in the sense of sheep. ^ Diez cites Piov. 77iout,Como
*
new,' but by Ascham in the sense of Grisons
7/tot, 7;mtt, castrated,and derives
*
moist.' " like must,
L. vitisteus, new. " L. all from L. 7/nitilus,
maimed ; but this is
mustum, must. See Must (2). Perhaps not now accepted.
influenced by F. fnoisi,
'
mouldy, musty, Mutual. O. F. 77iutu'el.
(F. L.) -

fusty,'
Cot. ; from which, hoM'ever, it Extended from
L. 77iutit-us,
mutual,reci-
procal,
cannot possiblybe derived. orig.' exchanged.'L. 77iiita}-e, to "

Mutable. (L.) M.E. mutable. ^"L. change. See Mutable.

Mutabilis, changeable.L. mutate, to " snout, (F. L,) M. E. 7;/^i-^/. Muzzle, "

change. Prob. for O. F. 77msel (Burguy),

*7?ioitdre; allied to
77tuzel{K.
d. 1521, "

mfittms, mutual,and to Gk. fioiros^thanks, Godefroy); later 77iuseau, ' muzzle/Cot. ;

favour (Prellwitz). Norm. dial. 77iusel (Du Bois). Diez
Mutchkiu, a pint. (Du.) From shews that the orig. F. form was

M. Du. miidseken (for"^mutseken),' the 77107-sel(still

preserved in Bret, 77107'zeelor
halfe pint of Paris measure,' Hexham. 77itizel,a muzzle, forms borrowed from
Lit. * small cap ;
'
dimin. of M. Du. mutse O. F.). This O. F. 77io7'ser\sa dimin. from

(Du. fuuts),
a cap. Cf. G. miitze, a cap. Late L. mo/stis, a morsel, also a snout,
See Amice (2). beak. L.
7/io7S7is,a bite : from 77io7-sus,
"

Mute (i),dumb. (L.)From L. miitus, pp. of 7nofde7-e,to bite. See Mordacity.

dumb. Cf. Skt. mfika', dumb. % The Cf. Ital, 77n{so, snout, mo7-so, a snaffle
M. E. muet, mute, mewet, (Florio). is from
% Disputed. a

Romanic form
*?m7tettns, formed from L. My. (E.) 'M. Yj. 77ii, 7ny', shoxiiov miTi,
vtut'iis (O. F. mti', by adding-ettiis. mine, by loss of final ;z. See Mine. Der.
Mute (2), to dung; used of birds. 77iy-self, M. E. 7/ii-seIf, formerly7iie-self.
(F.-M.Du.) M. F. vmtir. 'to mute as Myriad. (Gk.) Gk. yMt;/)id5- stem of ,
'
a hawke ; Cot. Short for M. F. es- fivpids,the number of 10,000. Gk. ixvpios, "

ineutir, the same ; oldest spellingesmeltir. numberless.

" M. Du. smelten, sinilten,to smelt, to Myrmidon. (L.-Gk.) Gen. in pi.
liquefy;also to mute (Hexham). See My7-7)iido7is. L. My7-77iido7tes pi. Gk. "
,
"

Smelt. Mup^tSoi'es, pi.,a warlike peopleof Thes-

Mutilate. (L.) From pp. of E. saly,formerly in ^gina (Homer).
mutilai-e,
to maim." L. mutihis, maimed. Myrrh. (F.- L.-Gk. -Arab.) M.E.
-|-Gk.fAVTiXos, n'lTvXo^,
curtailed,docked. 7"z/7r.O. F. 77ii7'7'e(nth
"
cent.); F.
Mutiny. (F. L.)
" Formed from the 7iiy7-7-he.
L, 7/iy7-7'ha.
" Gk. /xvppa. Arab. " "

342
 MYRTLE NAP

murr, (i) bitter,(2)myrrh,named from nagett, naggen, to gnaw, vex, nag ; gnag-
its bitterness.+Heb. mor, myrrh. gen, to nag (Berghaus). See Gnaw.
Myrtle. (F.-L.-Gk._Pers.) O. F. Naiad, a water-nymph.(L. Gk.) L. "

myriil,dimin. Qimyrte,ineurte,the myrtle- naiad-^ stem of naias. Gk. vatas, a "

tree. L. JHUrhis,my r Ills. Gk. fivpros.

"
water-nymph. Gk. va^iv,
" to _flow. " "

Pers. murd, the myrtle. Cf. O. Irish sndiin,I swim. (^SNA.)

Mystery (i), a secret rite. (L. Gk.) " Nail. lE. ^L K. nayl. A.S.furgci.
M. niysterie. L. niysterinm. Gk. +F^u. nage/, Dan. nagle,Swed. nagel,G.
E. " "

Hvar-qpiov (Rom. xvi. 25). Gk. nvarTjs. nagel\ Icel. nagl,the human nail,nagli,
"

one who is initiated. Gk. {xvelv^

to initiate. a nail or
" spike; and cf. Goth, ganagljan,
Mystery (2), Mistery, a trade, to nail. p. The Teut. type is *nag/oz,
handicraft ; seeMistery. Allied to Lithuan. nagas, a claw,
masc.

Mystic, (F.
secret,allegoricnl. " L." nail, Pers. ndkhun, Skt.
Russ. nogote, a
Gk.) F. "h.
mystique. nakha-, nail of the fingeror toe ; and
7!iysticiis.~-Gk.
lurther,to Gk. ovv^, L. unguis,O. Irish
/xvCTi/foy,mystic. Gk./ii!aT7;j,fem./iu'(rTiy,
"

one who is initiated; see Mystery (i). inga, \\. civin,a nail,with a different
mystify. (F. Gk. and L.) F. mysii- gradation.
"

a modern
Jier^ and ill-coined word ; coined Naive, artless. (F.-L.) F. na'ive,
from Gk. fxvcTTi-Kos, mystic,and F. -Jier, fern, of naif,native,natural. L. natiims, "

from L. iorfacere,
-ficdre, to make. native, L. natus, born; see Natal, "

Myth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. fivOos,a Naked. (E.) K.':i,nacod.-\-V"\x.naakt

fable. G. nackt,Goth, nakwaths, Icel. 7idkvi(ir;
mythology. (F. L. Gk.) F. my- cf,\)?in,nogen, Swed. naken,vao"^.Icel. na-
- -

tho logic.
""\.. "!iythoIogia.''G]^.
fA.v6o\oyia.kinn. All these are pp. forms ; cf. nake,
legendary lore. Gk. nvdo'S, a fable
"
; to strip, Chaucer, tr. of Boethius, bk.
in
from Keyeiv,to tell.
A07-0S,a discourse, iv. m. 7 ; which is a back-formation.
Teut, type *nakwathoz"'^nakwadoz Idg. -,

type '*nog{zv)otds.Allied to Skt, nagna-,

Russ. nagoi,L. nudiis,Irish nochd, W.
bare.
noeth, stripped, Briigm.i. " 165.
Nab, to seize. (Scand.)Prov. E. JtaJ" See Nude.
(North ,
From Swed. and Norw.
nappa, Naker, a kettle-drum. (Arab.) In
Dan. nappe., catch,
to snatch at, nab. Dei\ Chaucer. Arab, naqqdrah, a kettle-drum ;
kidnap. see Palmer's Pers. Diet., col. 659.
ITatjob, an Indian prince. (Hind." Nam.e. i,E,)A. S, nawa.-^I)u. naofu ;
Arab.) Hind, nawdb or nawwdb., orig-a- Icel. na/n,nainn, T)a.n.na-vn. Swed, namn;
pl.sb.,but used in the sing,as a titleof Goth, name, G. name. Further allied to
honour. PI. of Arab, ndib, a vice-gerent, L. nonicn. a name ; Gk. c-Vo^a, Pers. nam,
deputy,viceroy. Cf. Arab, nawb, supply- Skt, ndfuan ; and to Ir, ainm, W, enw,
inijthe placeof another. name, % Not allied to Know ; see

iiadir,the point of the sky opposite Prellwitz, Brugm, i. "" 399, 425,
the zenith. (F. Span. Arab.) Y. nadir.
" Nankeen,
"
Nankin, a kind of cotton
"
Span. ?za^z". Arab, nazir,
" short for cloth. (China.) So called from Nankin,
naziru's 'sanity the nadir ; lit. correspond-
ing in China. "Chin, '
nan-king,south court;
to the zenith.' Arab, nazir, alike, cf.pe-king. " north court (Yule).
corresponding to ; as saint, the azimuth, Nap vi\ a short sleep.(I'.^)M. E.
also the zenith. See Azimuth, Zenith. nappen, verb, to doze, A. S, hnappian,
(The z is here the 1 7th letter of the Arab, verb, to doze, Cf. O, H. G. hnaffezen, to

alphabet.) nap.
Nag (i),a horse. (M. Du.) M. E. Nap (2),the roughishsurface of cloth,
nagge.^'^.Du. negghe,negge, Du. negge. (M. Du.) M, E. noppe, nap (Prompt,
neg. a small horse ; Du. dial, knagge Parv.'). Prob. introduced by Du. cloth-
(Molema). Cf Low G. nikkel, nag.
a workers, S. is
[A. *hnoppa unauthorised.]
Origin unknown. M, Du. noppe, 'the haire or nap of "

(Scand.) wooll or cloath ; Hexham. D\x. nop. Cf '

Nag (2), to won-y, tease.

Norw. Swed. iiagga, to nibble,peck ; cf. M, Du, noppen, to sheare of^f] the nap ;' '

Dan. nage, Icel. gnaga, to gnaw ; Low G. Hexham.+Norw, napp, nap ; nappa, to

343
 NAPE NAUSEOUS

Swed. narhval Icel. ndhvalr,a narwhal.

givea nap to; Dan. noppe, nap ; noppe, to ;
friz; Low G. nobbe, nubbe, nap. Allied The lit.sense is 'corpse-whale'; the fish
to Norw. nnppa, to pluck off with the of
being (often) a pallidcolour; perhaps
fingers ; A. S. hnoppian,to pluck,Voc. a
'
popularetymology.'Icel. "a-r, corpse ; "

4S0. 23 ; Goth, dis-hmipnan,to be torn to hvalr,whale.

pieces, dis-k^ziupan,
to tear to pieces. Nasal. (F. L.) " F. Jtasal. " Late L.
Teut. root *hneup. to the
ndsdlis,belonging nose. " L. ndsus,
Nape, the joint of the neck behind. fiose. See Nose.
(K.) M. E. iiape; also iiazipe (Palsgrave).Nascent, springing up. (L.) L. nas-
The same as O. Fries, hah-hiap, nape of cent-, stem of pres. pt. of nascJ, to be
the neck ; which links it with A. S. cncep, born, arise, springup, inceptive verb with
the top of a hill ; and with Knop. pp. ndtus. See Natal.

Napery, linen for the table. (F. L.) ' Nasturtium, '
a flower. (L.) Lit. "

O. F. napei-ie.Late L. napdria,map- " nose-wring; from the sharpsmell. L. "

pdria,the ofhce for sup- in a household

plying jtasluj-tizwi,cress ; better spelt nastiir-
table-linen. Late L. iidpa,a cloth, ciuzn.
" L. nds-tis,nose; torqiiei'e,
to twist, "

for L. mappa, a cloth. See Map, Napkin. torment ; see Torment.

Naphtha. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) l..naph- tha. Nasty. (Scand.)Formerlyalso ""i"-(y/ ;

" Gk. vcKpOa. Pers. " naph-
tha,
naft,nift, see Maii-lave in Cot. Cf. Swed. dial,
bitumen. Jiaskztg,
nasty, dirty, also speltsnaskig;
Napkin, a small cloth. (F. L. ; ^vith Swed. sntiskig, nasty. Swed. dial, snaska,
"
"

\i. stiffix.)M. E. napekin,also napet^ to eat like a pig,be slovenly ; Dan. snaske,
both dimin. forms of O. F. nape, a cloth, to eat like a pig.+ Low G. nask, nasty ;
from Late L. ndpa ; see Napery. Norw. nask, greedy,naska, to champ;
Narcissus, a flower. ^L. Gk.) L. E. Fries, naskcji,G. naschen, O. H. G. -

narcissus. " ij\^. vap/ciaaos ; named from nascon, to eat dainties.

its narcotic properties. See below. Natal, belongingto one's birth. (F. "

narcotic, producing
stupor.(F. Gk.) L.) " F. natal
Jioel).!.. natalis. (O. F. "

F. narcotiqne.Gk. "
vapKcvriKos, ing.
benumb- L. ndtus
" (forgndtus'),born (cf.Gk.
"Gk. vapKooj, I benumb; vapKao:, I Kaaiyv-qros,
a blood relation)
; pp. oinascF,

grow Gk. vapKrj, numbness, orig. to be born.

numb. "
y'GEN, to beget. See "

contraction;ior *av6pKri,\.Q. contraction. genus, Kin. Brugm. i. " 452.

Allied to Snare (Prellwitz). Natation, swimming. (L.) From the
Nard, an unguent. (F. L. Gk." ace. of L. natdtio,
a swimming.
" L. natdt- " "

Pers.) F. Jia7'd. L. nard us. " "

vapZo's, Gk.
us, pp. of natdre, to swim, frequent, of
Mk. xiv. 3. Pers. 7iard "
(whence Skt. ndre, to swim. Cf. Gk. i't^x^'j to swim,
nalada-), +Skt.
spikenard. nada-, a reed. O. Irish snd-iin,
I swim. See Naiad.
Horn, " 1060. Der. spike-nard. Nation. (F. "
L.) F. nation. - L.
Nargileh, Nargili, Nargile, ndtiojiem,ace. of ndtio,a nation. " L.
a ia
pipe or smoking-apparatus ndtzis,born. See Natal. which the
smoke is passed through water. (Pers.) native. (F. L.) ". natif,^ wzWxc;'' "

" Pers. ndrgil,a coco-nut, because these Cot. L. ndtnnis, natural. L. ndtus, " "

pipes v/ere originallymade with a coco-

nut, born. Doublet, naive.
which held the water. Cf. Skt. nature. (F." L.) F. nature. '"'1..
ndrikera-,ndrikela-,
a coco-nut. (Devic, ndtura, L. ndtus, born.
nature. "

Yule.) Natron,native carbonate of sodium.

Narration. (F. "
L.) F. narratiojt. (F. Span. Arab.
- Gk. -
Heb.) A - -

" L. ace. a tale.

iiarrdtioneju, L. nai-rd- " doublet of niti-e; see Nitre.
t2is,pp. of narrdre, to relate, lit.to make Naught, Nought. (E.) M. E.
known. L. ;;a?7/j-,gndriis, knowing, ac-
" quainted naught. A.S. also naht.'- A.S.
Jidzi'iht,
with.- y'GEN, to know; see nd, not wiht,a whit ; see No and "Whit.
;
Knov^. Brugm. i. " 457 (2). Der. naught-like,
(lit.
natight-y worthless).
NarrOVT. (E.) ^\."j. 7iarozoe,na7-ewe, Doublet, not.
72arzue. A. S. nearii, narrow, (L" closely Nauseous. Gk.) L.nauseosus,
drawn. +0. Sax. naro ; Du. naar, dismal, adj.; from nausea, sea-sickness. " Gk.
snd. Perha]-)sallied to Nerve (Franck). vavaia,sea-sickness. " Gk. vavs, a ship.
Narwhal, sea-unicorn. (Scand.)Dan. See Nave (2).
344
 NAUTCH NECK

ITautch, a kind of ballet-dance by Nay. (Scand.) M. E. "a/.-Tcel."^/,

women. (^Hind. Prakrit. " "
Skt.) Hind, Dan. nei, Swed. nej,nay. Negative of
(and Mahratti) ndch, a dance ; Prakrit Aye, (j.v.
nachcha. Skt. nrtya, dancing,acting
"
; Nazarite, a Jew who made vows of
orig.fut.pass. part,of nrt, to dance,to act. abstinence,"c. (Heb.; with Gk. suffix.)
Der. a dancing-girl
nautch-girl, (Yule). Heb. ndzar, to separate oneself, vow,
Nautical. (L. Gk.)
abstain;with suffix -ite (==L. -ita, Gk.
" From L. "a"-

tk-iis,nautical. Gk. j'auTi/foy, pertaining-"T7/S).

"

to ships. Gk. vavTTjs, a sailor;

" from vav-s, Neap, scanty,very low ; said of a tide.
a ship. See Nave (2). (E.l M. E. neep ; A. S. nep (ornep^.
nautilus, a shell-fish, (L.-Gk.) L. Near, nigh. (E.) Now used as a

nautilus. Gi^..
vavriXos,a sea-man
"
; also positive, the comparative
but orig. of "z^//.
the nautilus (from its sailing}. Gk. vavr- [The form nearer is a double
"
tive.]
compara-
T]^,a sailor ; from lav-s, a ship. M. H nerre, adj.,
ner, adv., nigher;
Naval. (F. L.) F. nava/. L. nd- " " A.S. near, comparative adv. from neah,
vdlis,belongingto ships. L. nduis, a nigh.-f-lcel.ncer, adv.,both positive and "

ship. Cf. Gk. vav%. See Nave (2). comparative ; orig.the latter. See Nigh.
Nave (i),the hub of a wheel. (E.) Neat (1),black cattle,an ox. (E.)
M. E. naite {ii v). A. S. nafu,nabu. + "
M. E. nect, both sing, and pi. A. S. neat,
Du. naaf, Icel. n'df, Dan. nav, Swed. naf, pi. neat, cattle -f"Icel. naut, pi. naut,
G. 7iabe, O. H. G. naba. Teut. type cattle; Swed. not; Dan. nod; M. H. G.
*nabd,fern. Cf. Skt. 7idbhi-,
the nave of noz, cattle. Teut. type *nauto?n,neut.
'
a wheel, navel,
centre, boss. See Navel. p. Usually explainedas '
domestic or
'
Der. auger.
'
useful ; from the 2nd grade {naut) of
Nave (2),the body of
a church. (F." Teut. *neict-a7i, to employ ; seen in A. S.
L.) From
O. ". nave (F. iief), a ship, neotan, to use, employ, Icel. njota,G.
also the body of a church ; said to be named geniessen,Goth, niutati,to enjoy,get
from its lengthy shape. L. iidueni,ace. of benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. naudci,use-
" fulness.

nditis,a ship, -f-Gk. j/aOs, a ship, O. Irish (V^EUD.) Brugm. i. " 221.
nail, Skt. nau-. Biugm. i. " 184. Der. neat-herd.
Navel. (E.)M. E. 7iauel{ti v) =
; A.S. Neat (2), tidy. (F. -
L.) F. net,
nabiila,navel. +
7iafela, Du. navel, Icel. masc, nette,fem.,neat, pure. " L. nitidus,
Dan. navle^Swed.
najli, najie,G. nabel. shining,
neat. nitere,
" L. to shine.
Teut. type '^nabalon- ; from the form seen Neb, beak, nose. (E.) M.E. 7icb, face.
in Lettish naba, navel ; see Nave (1). A. S. nebb,face.+ 13u. 7ieb,
bill,nib, mouth;
Cf. also Pers. ndf,navel ; Skt. ndbhi-, (1) Icel. 7tef, Dan.
nose; 7tceb; Swed. ndbb.
nave, (2)navel ; related (witha difference p. I'urther allied to Du. sneb, bill,beak,
of gradation)to Gk. o/x^aAoj,navel, Lat. S7tavel,bill ; G. scbnabel,bill,M. H. G.
nmbilicus,0.lush, iinbliu. Similarly, "az/g S7iabel,allied to M. H. (j. S7iabe7i,to snap.

(i) is allied to L. zimbd,ho%'"

(ofa shield).And cf. Lith. S7iapas,oill.
Brugm. ii. " 76. Nebula, a misty patch of light.(L.)
Navigable, that can be traversed by L. 7iebula,mist. + Gk. ytKpfXr}, cloud ; Du.
ships.(F. L. ) F. navigable. L. ndui- 7tevel,
- Icel. wz/?,G. 7zebel,
mist. Allied to "

gdbilis. L. nduigdre,to navigate. L. Gk. i'e(pos,cloud, W

"
jzey,O. Ir. nef/i, " .

ndu-, for nduis,a. ship; -igdre, for agere, heaven, Russ. 7zebo,heaven; also Skt.
to drive. 7tahhas,sky,aether. Brugm. i. " 554.
navigation. naviga- Necessary.
tion, (F. -(F.-L.) O. F. 77eces-
L.) F.
saibng. L. ace. nduigdtidneju
"
; from saire. L. ,neQAiM\. L. fiecesse,
7iecessd7-ius " "

pp. of L. nduigdre (above). neut. adj., necessary.

navvy, a labourer employed on ways,
rail- Neck. (E.) U.F.7iekke. A.S. /i7iecea,
"c. (L.) Short for navigator, merly neck, orig.nape of the neck.+Du. tiek,
for-
used to mean a labourer employed G. ge7iick ; Teut. type *hnekko7i-. Cf. also
on canals for itavigatioti; cording Icel. h7iakki,
first used,ac- Dan. 7takke, Swed. 7iacke, G.
to Haydn, about 1830. 7iacke7i, O. II. G. (Ji)7iach, ra))e of the
a fleet. (F. L.) M PI navie. neck, back of the head ; from Teut. type
navy, "
.

'
" O. F. navie, orig.a singleship. L. " *hnakkon-. p. Orig. sense ' projection
;
nduia, a vessel. " L. nduis, a ship. further allied to Irish C7toc, hill.

.^45
 NECROMANCY NEPHEW

Necromancy, divination by munion

com- negligent-,
stem of pres. part, of gere,
negli-
with the dead. (F. " L." Gk.) M.E. to neglect(above).
nigrouiancie (sincealtered). O. F. nigro- Negotiate, to do business. (L.) From
"

to do business. L.
mance, 'nigromancy, conjuring, the black pp. of L. negotidrty "

art;' Cot. Late L. nigromantia,

"
corrupt negotinm, business ; compounded of neg^,
ioxvc\.oi\^.necro?tiantia.^ij'^.v(iKpoiiavTi.La^ not (seeWegation),and otiiim, leisure,
Gk. Negro. (Span. L.) Span. "^^r^. L. "
necromancy. viKpo-s, a corpse; tiav-
"
"

j3. Gk. is nigrum, of niger, black.

T"La, prophetic power. venpos, ace.

allied to v"Kvs,a corpse; cf.L."(?(;77;r,tokill. Negus. (E.) A beverage invented by

(y'NEK.) Gk. fjiavreia is from fidvTis, a Colonel Negtis (one of a Norfolk family)
seer. ^ Necromancy was called the black in the time of Queen Anne.
'

art' owing to a popularetymology from Neif, Neaf, the fist. (Scand.) M. E.

L. niger,black; cf. the Late L. nigro- neue {tt v),dat. case. Icel. hneji, fist; = "

mantia. Swed. ndfve, Dan. nceve.

ITectar. (L. Gk.) L. nectar. -mOxV.
"
Neigh. (E.) 'hl.M.iie^en. K.^.hn^gan,
v"KTap, the drink of the gods. to neigh.-J-Low G. neigen(Liibben), M.
Need. ("") M. E. need. A. S. nFed Du. neycn, to neigh. Cf. Icel. gneggja,
{nyd),also nmd; O. Merc. ;/"f^/,necessity.hneggja, Swed. gndgga, 'Do.n.gnegge, Norw.
+ Icel. nauSr, necessity, nauS, distress ; kneggja.
Du. nood, Dan. Swed. nod, G. noth,not, Neighbour. (E.) M. E. neighebour\
Goth, nauths. Teut. stem nandi-. In A. S. neahgebnror neahbur.'- ^. S. neah,
late A. S. texts this word is confused in nigh; bur, ox gebfir,a husbandman, the
form with neod,nied {nyd), desire ; which same word as Du. boer,a boor. See Boor,
is related to O, Sax. niud, O. H. G. niot, -j-G. nachbar, M.H.G. ndchbw", from
desire; Teut. base '^nend-. Brugm. i. " ndch, nigh,btlr,a husbandman.
427 b. Neither. (E.) M.E. neither;for ne

Needle. (E.) A\?,Qneeld; M.E. ned/e, (negativeparticle),

not, either. See and
also nelde. A. S. n"del\ earlier form Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax.
ndedl. + Du. naald (for *naadl); Icel. ne, ni ; Goth, and O. H. G. 7ti,not.
ndl; Dan. naal \ Swed. ;?"/; G. nadel ; Nemesis. (L. Gk.) 1.,. nemesis. "^Q\i. "

Goth, nethla. p. All from a Teut. type vepL"ais, allotment,retribution,vengeance.

*n^-tkld, from root *ne,to sew, as in G. Gk. vefxHv, to distribute. (-/NEM.) -

ndhen, to sew, L. nere, Gk. vrjOnv, vieiv, Nenuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers.
to spin. Cf. y'SNE, as in O. Irish snim, Skt.) Pers. ninfifar,for nJlufar,njlfl- "

a spinning; cf. Irish snathad. a needle, par, nilupal, water-lily

a "-Skt.
(Devic).
stiathaim,!stringtogether, nllotpala,
snaidhe,thxe2idi.. a blue lotus. Skt. nila,blue; -^

See Brugm. i. " 136,ii. " 62. a lotus.

titpala.
Neese, Neeze, to sneeze, puff.(E.) Neology, the introduction of new
M. E. nesen ; not in A. S. + Du. phrases.(Gk.) Gk. vko-'s,
niezen,G. new; -Koyia,
niesen, O. H. G. niiisan, Icel. from
hnj'osa, A070S, discourse,from Xeynv, to
Swed. Dan. nyse. Teut. type '^hneu-
nysa, speak ; see New.
san-. See Sneeze. neophyte, a novice. (L." Gk.) L.
Nefarious. (L.) L. nefdri-ns,im-
pious Gk.
neophytiis. " veoipvros, lit.new planted,
; with suffix -ous. \^. nefds,that " hence,a novice. Gk. p(o-s, new
" ; cpvr-ov,
which is unlawful.
L. ne-, for ne, not ;
" a "pvT-6s,
plant, grown, from (pveiv,to grow,

fas,law, allied to fd}-i,

to speak,declare. cause allied to Be.
to grow,
Cf. Skt. bhdsh,to s[ieak. neoteric, novel. (L. Gk.) L.neote- "

Negation, denial. (F. L.) W.Y.ne^

"
ricus.wGk. vcanepiKos, novel. Gk. vew- "

gation. " L,. ace. negdtidnem, denial. L. "

Tipos, comparativeof veos, new ; see New.
negdtus, pp. of negdre, Prob. Nepenthe, to Nepenthes, a drug
deny.
from a particle{neg-^of negation; cf. which lulled sorrow. (Gk.) Gk. vrjnevOiS,
I.ith. negi,also not. Brugm. ii." 774. an epithet a soothingdrug (inHomer) ;
o f
Neglect. (L.) L. neglectus,pp. of neut. of I'rjnevOrjs, free from sorrow. Gk. "

negligere, to neglect. L. neg-, not (see

"
vr]-, neg. prefix
; -nevOos, grief, allied to
Negation"! ; and legere,to gather, select. "nados. See No (i)and Pathos.
negligence. (F. L.) M.Y. negli- gence. Nephew.
"
(F. L.) M. E. neueu "

'
L. negligentia,
" carelessness. L. ( neveu). F. neveu, a nephew; Cot." = "
*
^

34"3
 NEREID NEWEL

L. nepotem,ace. of itepos,a grandson, also I from ni, downward, iiito.-f-Icel.

nedri,adj.,
a nephew.4-Skt. napat, a grandson ; Pers. iiedarr,adv. ; Dan. nedev' (in comp.),
nawada, a grandson; A. S. vefa^a nephew whence ned, downward ; Swed. nedre,G.
G. neffe, nephew ; Du. necf. Idg. type nieder, nether ; Du. neder, adv., down.
'^nepdt\ whence orig.Teut. type *itefdd, Cf. Russ. nije (J as in F.) adv., lower.
later ^nefon-. *neptT-Der. nether-most,
The fern,type is i"\^. corruption of A. S. niSe-
(Skt. naptt, L. nepiis), Teut. *nefti-'"viest, extended (by the usual superlative
(A.S.
*nifii- nifi, D u. nicht). Der. "^/^^- suffix -est^from an earlier *ni-dem'a,
z'j-w,favouritism to relations,from L. where -de-m- Idg. -to-mo (as in L. "

nepot-,stem oiiiepos. Brugm. i. " 149. op-ti-7/ius).

ITereid, a sea-nymph. (L." Gk.) L. Nettle. (E.) M.E.netk. A.S. nete/e,
Na-eid-, stem of Nereis. Gk. Hrjpeis,
" a netle.-\'\)w. netel,Dan. neide (for *nedle),
daughter of Nereus (Gk. Nj^/^eus), an Swed. ndssla Jor *ndtla), G, nessel. Teut.
ancient sea-god. Gk. vrjpus,wet ;_cf.
" Gk. type *natildn-, fem. An older form appears
to flow ^Prellwitz).
"'a"j"', (y'SNA.) in O.H. G. nazza, fem.,a nettle. Cf. O.
Nerve. (F.-L.) F. ne?-/;Cot.-L. Irish nenaid, nettles.
7ierunin, ace. oinertms^ a sinew. Perhaps Neuralgia, i^ainin the nerves. (Gk.^
allied to Gk. vevpov, a sinew,string ; Skt. From Gk. vivp-ov, a nene, and dXy-os,
SJidva-,a tendon. See Prellwitz. pain ; with suffix -la. The Gk. vtvpof
XTescient, ignorant.(L.) From L. may be allied to L. nericns ; see Nerve.
nescient-, stem of nesciefis^ pres. pt. of Neuter. (L.) L,//^/i;;'"?;-,
neither;hence,
nesctre, notto know. L. "g-, not; sctre^ sex-less. L. ne, not; 7iter,whether; see
" "

to know. See Science, Nice. Whether. Der. neutr-al,"c.

Ifesh, tender, soft. (E.) M. E. nesh. Never. (E.) M.E. neuer {u v). =

A.S. hnesce,soft.+ Goth, hnaskwus, soit, A. S. niefre. A. S. ne, not ; ccfj-e,

ever ; "

tender. see Ever.

Ness, a promontory. (E.~) Seen in New. (E.) IM. E. ncwe ; A. S. niuue,
Sheer-ness,"c. A.S. ncess., headland. -f- neo'ive.'\-Y)x\..
nieitw. Icel. nyr, Dan. Swed.
Icel. nes, Dan. 7ices, Swed. nds. Teut. Goth, nitijis,
ny, G. neti, L. nouns, W.
types *nasoz or *nassoz,masc, neiuydd,
*nasjo?}i, Irish and Gael, nuadh, Lithuan.
neut. Perhapsallied to Wose. naujas,Russ. itovuii,Gk. vios { v4fos), =

Nest. (E.) M. E. and A. S. ;2^j/. + Pers. nan, Skt.

navais),navyais),new.
Du. nest, O. H. G. and G. nest ; Uret, Idg. types "^nezvios,
neivos; Brugm. i. ""
neiz,Irish and Gael, nead, O. Irish,
net ; 120, 31S; ii. " 63. Allied to Skt. nn,
W. nyth,L. "zi:/z/J- Skt.
(for^nizdzis), nida-,
now; hence new =^* that which is now,'
a nest, a den. p. Ong. 'a placeto sit in.' recent. See
Now.
Explainedas short for *ni-sd-os,a place newfangled, fond of novelty.(E.)
in which to sitdown ; cf.Skt. ni-sad,to sit The d has been added. M. E. newefangel,
down. Here -sd- is the weak grade of i.e. fond of what is new. Compounded of
.^SED, to sit. See Sit. Der. nest-le, nezve^wtw, nnd fang^l, readyto catch,from
from A. S. nestlian,to make a nest ; nest- the base y^;;^-, as in A. S. fangen,pp. of
l-ing. Brugm. i, " 81. fon, to catch. The suffix -el is the same
Net (i),an implement for catching fish. as in A. S. sprec-ol,
fond of speaking,tive,
talka-
net,Icel. Dan.
(E.) A. S. net, nett.'\-\}\\. "e. See Fang.
net,Swed. ndt, Goth. 7iati, G. netz. Teut. news, tidings.(E.)"oxxu.tr\ynewes,%h.
type *ttatjot?i,
neut. Cf. L. nassa, a wicker pi.,lit.new things;see the KingisQuair,
creel,Icel. not, a net. St. 179. It is a translation of F. noii-

Net (2),clear of all news, pi.of

(F." L.) velles,
charges. O. Y. Jiovel,
new. Cf.
F. ?iet,pure;hence,free ; see Neat (2^,. Du. nietnus (SeweP:.
Nether, lower. (E.) M. E. nethei'e. Newel, the uprightcolunm round which
A.S. neo^era, nioQei'ra,
nether; a comp. a circular Staircase winds. (F. "
L.) Former-
ly
adj.due to 7n6er,adv., downward, also a nuell. O. F. jitee/, noiel,later noyau,
"

compar. form. To be divided as ni-der, ' the stone of a plumme, the nuell or
the suffix -Qej' being comparative, as in spindleof a winding staire;'Cot. L. "

o-ther,nei-ther (cf.Gk.-repoj,Skt. -iara-).nucdle,neut. of nucalis,lit. belongingto

We find Skt. ni-tardin, adv., excessively,a nut ; hence a kernel or stone of a plum.
continually, grammaticallya comp. form L. mic-, stem of mix,
" a nut. ^ Named
34
 NEWFANGLED NIGHTMARE

from its central position.Cf. F. nueil,a by Cronstedt (a Swed. mineralogist)

in
nut of
(dial, La Meuse). 1754 (Cent. Diet.).
Newfangled, News Nicknack
; see ; see Knickknack.
New.
Newi;, a kind of lizard. ini-
tial Nickname.
(E.) The(E.) M. E. nekename^
ft is unoriginal ; a newt stands for an also ekenanie ; (a nekcname an ekename). =

etut. M. E. newte ; also ewte, which is a See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. Du. toenaam, G.
shortened form of M. E. evete. A. S. znnavie. From " eke and na77ie. + Icel.
a. lizard.
efeta, See Eft. Swed. bk7ia7/i7i,
auk7iefn{, Dan. bge7iavn,
Next, nighest. (E.) M.E.next; also an eke-name, nickname.
nehest,superl. of neh, nigh; A. S. nehst, Nicotian, belonging to tobacco. (F.)
superl. of neh, neah, nigh. See Nigh. M. F. Nicotia7ie, Nicotian, tobacco, first '

Nias, a young hawk, a ninny. (F. L.) sent into France by A'icot in 1560;' Cot. "

M. F. niais,'a neastling, ninny;'Cot. Nicot is a personalname. "

jiidiace).Niece.
Late L. ace. type '^nididcem (Ital. (P'. L.) M. E. nece,neyce." "

" L. nidus,a nest. See Nest. M. F. 7tiece (F. "z"f":^).

Late L. neptia,a "

Nib, pointof a pen. (E.) Another form niece. " L. neptis,v. niece ;
granddaughter,
of tieb ; see Neb. Cf. E. Fries, nibbe,used as fern, of L. n
ttepos, ephew. See
nib,Low G. nibbe,a neb. Nephew.
' '
Nibble. (E.) Lit. to nip often ; the Niggard, a miser. (Scand.) M. E.
of nip, to pinch off
frequent, the end of nigard; where the suffix -a7-d is of F.
grass, "C. + L0W G. nibbeln,knibbeln, to 0. H.G. ha7-t, hard). We also origin( =

nibble,to gnaw slightly.(Cf.dibble from find M. E. 7tigti/i, a niggard, and niggisk,

dip.')"^ Or we may regardit as an at- adj.,
tenuated stingy;and even tiig. lct\. h7idgg/% "

form of Du. knabbelen, to nibble. niggardly, Swed. 7zjngg, niggardly, scanty ;

Nice, fastidious, delicious. (F. L.) cf. Mid. Dan. 7iygger, Swed. dial, nugger^
"

M. E. nice,foolish, simple,later fastidious, stingy. A. S. h7ieaw, niggardly

"4" (Noreen).
and lastlydelicious. O. F. 7iice,lazy,Cf. M. Du. 7iugge7-, nimble, careful!,
"
or
'

simple; orig. ignorant; Romanic *neciuni. diligent,' Hexham.

(cf.Span, necid). L. nescitirn, " ace. of Nigh. (E.) M.E.7ieh,7ieih,fzey. A.S.
nescius,ignorant.L. 7ie, not; sct-re, to 7ieah,neh, nigh ; adv. and prep. + Du.
"

know. See No (i)and Science. 7ia, adv., Icel. 7id- (as in 7id-biii,a neigh-
bour)
Niche, a recess in a wall for a statue. ; Goth. 7iehwa, adv. and prep. ; G.
(F. Ital. L.) F. niche. ^.\.2^..
" "

nicchia,nah, nahe, adj.,

"
nach^ prep., nigh. Teut.
a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. Ital. type *7i"hzvo-. Root unknown.
"

nicchio,a shell, also a nitch (Florio).L. Night. (E.) M. E. flight, fiiht. A. S.

"

miiulutn, mytihim,a.cc. of ?nituhts, mytihis, niht,7ieaht ; O. Merc. 7ueht.-\-T)\x. G. fiacht,

a sea-muscle. ' Derived in the same way as Icel. ndtt, nott,Dan. 7iat,Swed. 72att,Goth.
Ital. secchia from situla,
a bucket,and vec- tiahts. Teut. type *naht- ; Idg. type
chio from tietulus, old ; as to the change of *nokt-. + W. 7tos, Irish nochd, Lithuan.
initial,cf. Ital. nespola with L. inespihmi,naktis,Russ. tioche, L. nox (stem 7ioct-^,
a medlar;' Diez. [The same change Gk. vv^ (stem vvkt-),^\ii.7iakta-. 9^ For
occurs in F. naite, a mat, and in napkiji.~\ the old system of reckoning by flights,cf.
We also find L. mutiilus,a sea-muscle ; se7inight, fortftight.
cf. L. musculus, a sea-muscle ; see Muscle (E.) lA.Y.. 7iightin- nightingale.
(i). Cf. Gk. AiuTt'Aoj
(Liddell). gale,earlier nightegale (ihe " havingbeen
Nick (1),a small notch. (O. Low G.) inserted) ; A. S. nihtegale. A. S. 7iihte-, "

Nick is an attenuated form of nock, a for 7iiht,night; gale, a singer,from

notch ; see Nock. So also tip from galati, sing.
to Lit. singer by night.' '

top. A. S. gal-an is from gal-, 2nd stem of

Nick (2), the deviL (F. L. Gk.) giellaft, to yell. See Yell.
- - So also Du.
Short for Nicolas. [Not from A. S. 7iico7-, fiachtegaal, Dan. 7iattergal, Swed. fidkter-
a water-sprite,hobgoblin; Icel. nykr,Dan. gal,G. nachtigall, O. H. G. nahtagala.
nok, nisse,Swed. ndck, G. nix, a water- nightmare, an incubus. (E.) M. E.
goblin. See Kluge,s. v. Nix?^ flight
e7?ta7-e. From A. S. niht, night;
Nickel, a grayishwhite metal. (Swed. 77icei'e, a nightmare,incubus ; allied to
"
G.) G. kupfernickel, nickel of copper ; a Teut. verb *77ia}yan-, to crush, Icel.
shortenetl to Swed. nickel. So named! 77ie7'ja(pt.\..77ia7-di), to crush. \_Ma7-a is

348
 NOCTURN NOOSE

the small metal hooks holdingthe thread L. nomen, name ; calare, to call ; see "

in a distaff. ^ The M. Ital. nocca, a nock, Calends.

is of Teut. origin. Distinct from notch. nom.inal. (F. L.) Y. nominal. -"'L. "

DSTocturu, a service of the church. nomindlis,nominal ; belonging to a name.

(F. L.) V. ?tocturne, a nocturn ; orig. L. nomin-,for jiomen, a name

" ; see Noun. "

nocturnal. " Late L. nocttvna, a nocturn ; nominate. (L.) From pp. of L.

fem. of L. nocturnus, nocturnal. From nomindre, to name. " L. nomin-, for
nod-, stem of nox. night. See Wight. nomen ; see Novm.
Nod. E. nodden.
(E.) Not in M. Non-, prefix,
not. (L.) L. non, not.
A. S. ; but the orig.form began with /m. nonage. (L. and F. -L.) I. e. non^
The orig.sense was to push,beat, shake. age, minority. So also non-conforming,
Cf. Icel. hnyya, a rammer for beating non-descript,
non-entity,
non-jtiror^
sense,
non-

turf ; O. H. G. hno'on [hnofdnl),to shake ; non- suit.

Bavar. notteln, to move to and fro. Teut. Nonce ; see One.
base *hneiid. Nonchalant, careless. (E." L.) F.
Noddle, (E.) nodle,
the head. M. E. nonchalant, careless ; pres. pt. of O. F.
nodil,the noddle, nape, back of the head. nonchaloir, to be careless about. O. F. "

'
'
Occiput, a nodyle; Vocab. 673. Uimin. non, not ; chaloir,to glow, hence to be
of *kiiod,a word not found in M. E., but hot over, take care for. L. non, not ; "

the same as M. Du. knodde, a knob calere,to glow.

(Hexham), Du. knod, a club ; cf. G. None. (E,") M.. IE.,

noon, non. A. S.
knoten, knot, knob. aThis is a mere nan. A. S. ne, not ; an, one ; see One. "

variant of knot (Franck). Cf. Low G. tience no, as in no-thing, no-body, by loss
knuddel, a ball of yarn, a hard swellingof final n.
under the skin (Berghaus). Nones, the ninth day before the ides.
Node, a knot. (L.) L. nodus, a knot. (L.) From L. nona, ninth (i.e. ninth
Noggin, a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf. day),fem. of nonus, ninth; from nouem,
Gael, noigean,
lx\i\\noigin, a noggin;Gael. nine. See Nine.

cnagan, a little knob, a peg, an earthen Nonpareil, matchless. (F.-L.) F.

pipkin, cnagaire, *
a knocker ; gill,7ion, not; pareil,equal. L. non, not;
a "

'

noggin ; a quart measure ; all from E. Late L. pariculus,equal,double dimin.

(Macbain). Sc. noggin,ixoxa par, equal. Cf. Appai'el.
Also Lowl.
noggie; speltknoggin by Swift. For Nonplus. (L.) To be at a nonplus^ '

with
^knogg-eji, -en as in wood-en, from to not to be able to pro-
be in perplexity, ceed.
knog, variant of knag, a knob, peg, also a "L. non, not ; plus, more, further.
keg (Jamieson), keg (,id.).Of
/^;/a^^/(?,
a Nook. (E.) M. E. nok, a corner.

Scand. origin; see Knag. Lowl. Sc. neiik, whence (probably)Irish

Noise. (F. " L. "
Gk.) M. E. noise." and Gael, nine,a corner, nook ; also Lowl.
F. noise, O. F. noise, nose, a debate, Sc. miik, nuk, a headland. It answers

quarrel,noise. Cf. Prov. noisa, naiisa, to Norw. ndk, a nook, crook ; cf. Norw.
nueiza. p. Diez holds that it can only be nakke, a corner cut off; Dan. dial, nogg,
derived from L. nausea, sea-sickness, gust, a bend in a river.
dis-
hence annoyance, "c. ; the L. word Noon, mid-day. (L.) Orig.the ninth
being borrowed from Gk. See Nausea. hour or 3 P.M., but afterwards the time of
Noisome, annoying,troublesome. (F. the church-service called nones was shifted
" L. ; ivith E. snffix.)Formed from to mid-day. We find A. S. non-tld (lit.
M. E. noy, annoyance ; with E. suffix noon-tide), the ninth hour, Mk. xv. 33."
-some. This M. E. noy is short for M. E. L. nona, i. e. ninth hour, fem. of nonus,
anoy, anoi. O. F. anoi, vexation
"
; see ninth. See Nine.
Annoy. Noose, a slip-knot.(Prov. L.) " In
Nole, Noll, head ; see Noule. Beaumont and Fletcher. The word was

Nomad, wandering.(Gk.) Gk. voiiab-,imported from Gascony by sailors. "

stem of vofias, roaming in search of pas-

ture. Gascon nus ; O. Prov. notz ; Prov. nous, a

" Gk. vo^ius, a pasture,allotted abode.

loop. [Cf.Prov. nous
noose courr^nt, or
" Gk. vifxciv.
to assign. (^NEM.) a running noose ; pi. nouses ; nous de
Nomexiclator, one who names things. Varaire, noose for mooring ships; note a

(L.) L. nd)nenclator,lit. 'name-caller.' Gasc. nouset, a knot, nousera, to tie a

350
 NOR NOURISH

knot.] " L. nodus, nom., a knot. See makes notes, a scrivener. " L. nota, a note ;
Knot. see Note.
Nor. (E.) M. E. nor, short for nother, Notch, an incision,a score; also,as
neither. A. S. ndwder, contracted
" form vb., to incise,nick. (F.) lor *otch,by
of ndhwa:Ser, neither. A. S. nd, not ; association with jiock,
which has a similar
"

/rcvaSer,whether. meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into,

KTornial, according to rule. (L.) L. occurs in the Morte Arlhure,2565,3676.
nonndlis,adj. " L. norma, a Notch
carpenter's was often
particularlyused with
square, rule, pattern. reference to the scoring of
tallies,and
Norman, Norse ; see North. cricket was once scored by countingnotches.
North. noord,
(,E.)\.^. nor^,-^\)\\. " O.F. oche (F.hoche), 'a nick, nock, or
'
Icel. nor6r, Dan. Swed. G. noj-d. Koot notch, the cut of a tally
; Cot. Also
'
unknown; compare some Unjbrian "^r/r^/, ocher,
as a to nick, nock, notch, to cut
'
on the left hand (to one looking east-
wards) tally; id. The O. F. oche, Gascon osco,
; Gk. PtpTfpos, lower. is of unknown origin.^ Tliere is a similar
norinan. (F." Scand.) O.F. A or- difficulty as to initial n in the word noiich
viajid. Dan. iVormand
"
; lc"\.N'ordviadr, or oiich ; see Ouch.
pi.NorQnienn. Lit. North-man.' '
Note, a mark. (F. L.)
" F. nde.'^h.
norse. (Scand.) From Norw. and nota, a mark, lit that by which a thingis
Dan. norsk, Norse Icel. norskr, Norse. ; known. Perhapsfor "^gnota, and allied to
Short i.e. Norih-ish.
for '^Xorth-isk, ndtus,'kno'fin,^^.o{noscere', Break (For
northern. (E.) A. S. nordern ; cog-
nate the short 0, cf. L. cognittis *cogtiotus.) =

with Icel. norrcen, O.H.G. nordrotii. Der. from

not-at-ion, L. notdtio,from pp.
For the suffix,cf. L. -dneus. Der. nprtk- notdtus; and see not-able,not-ary above.
er-ly,put for north-ern-ly. Nothing. (E.) '^^Loxiioxno thing; see
Nose. (E.) M. E. nose. K. S. nosu. None.
-f-Du. 7ieiis. Related, apparentlyby Notice. (F. L.) F. notice. " " L. notitia,
gradation,
to A.S. nasti, nose, Icel. nos, a beingknown, knowledge -L. notics, i^p.
Dan. ncEse, Swed. ndsa, G. nase, Russ. of noscere, to know. See Know.
nos' Lithuan. nosis,L. ndsus, ndres, pi.,
, notify. (F. "
L.) F. notijier.L. "

Skt. ndsd, dual. Allied to Ness. Der. notijicdre, to make known. " L. noti-,lor
nose-gay ; cf. prov. E. gay, a painted notns, known ; for facere,to
-Jicdre,
picturein a adj.; nos-tril;
book, from^i^y, make.
nozzle ; mizzle. notion. (F. L.) F. notion. L.
" " ace.

Nosology, science of disease. (Gk.) notioncni,an investigation,

a notion. " L.
Gk, vuau-s, disease ; -\oyia,from \6yos, 7idtns, pp, of noscere, to know. Ste
discourse,from \eyeiv,to speak. Know,
Nostril, (E.) N'ostril^ nose-thrill or notorious. (L.) From L. notdri-us,
nose-thirl. M. E. nosethirl ; A. S. nosdyrl. manifest; with suffix -oiis. h. ndtor, a "

" A.S. nos-u, nose ; Syrel,a perforation, voucher, witness. L. pp. ftdtns, known. "

orifice; see Thrill. Der. notori-e-ty,M. F. notoriete vCot.).

Nostrum, a quack medicine. (L.) L. Not-pated, close shorn, (E.) See
nostrtwi, lit. our own,'i.e. a special
"

drug I Hen. IV. ii. 4. 78. From A. S. hnot,

])eculiar to the seller. Neut. of noster, close shorn ; and Pate.
ours. L. nos, we.
" Cf. Skt. nas, us. Notwithstanding. (E.) M. E.
Not (i),a word expressing denial. (E.) noughtzi'ithstonding, Gower C. A. ii.181.
M. E. not, short form of nonght,naught ; From naught and withstand.
see Naught. Nought, the same as Naught.
Not (2),I know not, or not. he knows Noule, Nowl, Nole, Noll, head.
,E.) Obsolete. M. E. tiot,noot. A. S. ndt. ifE.) See Nares. Mid. Nt. Dr. iii.2. 17,
" A. S. 7ie,not ; wdt, I know, c?r he knows ; M, E. nol. A. S. hnoll, the crown of the
?ee Wit. head,+0. H. G. hnol, top.
Notable. (F. L.) F, notable.^!., Noun, - a grammaticalterm. (F. L.) "

remarkable.
notdbilis, L, notdre,to mark. O. b noun, "
. non, nun (F. noni),a name."

" L. tiota,a markNote. ; see L nonien. a name. See Name,

notary. (F. L.) M.". notaire.^l.. "
Nourish. (F, L.) M.E, norisen." "

ace. notdrimn (from notd7'ius),

one who O. F. nouris-,noi-ris-.,
stem of pres, pt. of

351
 NOVEL NUNCIO

now'ir (F. notirri?-^,

to nourish. " !". Nuisance. (F. L.)
" F. nuisance.,
a

jiuinre, to nourish,suckle. Cf. Nurse. hurl, " F. nuisant, hurtful; pres. pt. of
If OVel. (F. "
L.) O. Y .
novel (F. mm-e, to hurt. L. nocere, to hurt.
"

nouveau) " L. noiiellus,new, dimin. of Null, invalid. (F.-L.) F. m//.-L.

nouns new. See Wew. Der. novel-ty,nuUus, none. L. ne, not ; tillus,
"
any,
^
from O. F. from
noveliieii, L. ace. nouelli- short for *unulus,dimin. of iimcs, one.
tdtem, newness. Nullah, a water course, bed of a torrent,
novice, a beginner.(F. " L.') Y. novice. (tlind.) Hind, ndla, a water-course
" L. nouicius, fiointuis, new, fresh,a (Yule).
novice. L. nouns, new.
" Der. tioviti-ate, Numb. (E.) M. E. nome, nomen, pp.
from M.F. novitiat,'
the estate of a novice,' seized,taken, caught with, overpowered,
Cot.,from Late L. novitiatus,sb. deprivedof sensation. Pp. of M. E. nimen
XToveiuber. (L.) L. Nouerjiber,the (A.S. niinaji), to take; see Nimble. +
ninth month of the Roman year. L. nouem, " Icel. numinn, bereft,
pp. of nema, to take.
nine. See Nine. Number. (F. L.) " F. nombre.-^'L.
liTow. (E.) M. E. Jioiv, 7tou, mi; A. S. numej-zitfi, ace. of numerus, a number.
nu, Icel. ;2/7,
"/7.-f-Du. Dan. Swed. O. H.G. Cf. Gk. vuiJL-os, law, vi/ueiv, to distribute.
Goth, nu, Skt. 7iu, nil. L.
Cf. Gk. z/C-i', (-y^NEM.) Der. out-number.
nu-nc. Dsr. wt-y. iJrugm.i. " 1042. numeral. (L.) From L. numerdUs,
Noway, Noways. (E.) The older belonging to number. " L. numerus
form is noivays. " A. S. ndnes weges, by no (above'.
way, the gtn. case used See
adverbially. numeration. (F." L.) Y. numera-
tion.

None and Way. " L. ace. numerdtionem, a numbering.

nowhere. (E.") A.S. naJnvcer. " " L. mifuerdtus, pp. of numei'dre, to
A. S. nd, not; hivar, where. S";e No (1) number. " L. numerus, a number.
and "Wher3. numerous .
(F." L.) M.F. mtme^-eux
nowise. (E.) Short for in no wise, (Cot.). L. "
numerosus, adj.; from mi-

M. E. on none ivise ; where none is dat. of merus, sb.,a number.

M. E. noon, none, and wise is dat. of wise, Numismatic, relating to coins. (L. -

a way, from A S. tvJse, a way. See None, Gk. ) Coined from L. numismat-.,stem
and Wise, sb. of mimisma, current coin. Gk. voinafia, "

Noxious. (L.) L. noxius, hurtful." a custom, also current coin. Gk. vofxi^nv, "

L. noxa, hurt. " L. nocere, to hurt ; cf. nex, to adopt,use as coin. " Gk. v6fj.os,
usage.
destruction. + Skt. ndfais),destruction. " Gk. vepieiv, to distribute. (-\/NEM.)
(VNEK.) Erugm. ii." 794. Nun. (L.) M. E. and A. S. nunne. "

Nozzle, a snout. (E.) Formerlynozle ; Late L. nujtna, norma, a nun ; orig. a title
dimin of nose. of respect; oldest sense, It '
mother.'
Nucleus, core. (L.) L. nucleus,small answers L. nonnus, father,
to also a monk
nut, kernel. L. nuc-, " stem of mix, a nut. + Gk. vavvr], aunt; Skt. nand,
(Ducange).
Nude, naked. (L.) 'L.niidus,hdiie; for mother, familiar word used by children.
a

*nogwedos. Allied to Naked. Formed like ma-via, da-da {daddy), and

Nudge, a slight push.(E.) Lowl. Sc. the like. Der. nunn-er-y from O. F. non- ,

nodij;e,
to push, strike, strike with the
Late L. which
iierie, is from O. F. nonne.
knuckles North. E. nog, to jog. Perhaps nonna.
;
of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nugga, Nuncheon, a luncheon. (Hybrid; L.
to rub,push,allied to nyggja(pt. t. nogg^, to and E.) The endingis confused with that
push;Swed. ^x-A.nogga, to move slightly.of luncheon. M. E. nonechenche (fornone-
Nugatory, trifling, vain. (L.) l^.nugd- schenche),Riley,Memorials of London,
tdriiis,adj. from nugdtoi', a trifler; cf. p. 265 ; lit,a ' noon-drink,'to accompany
nugdius, pp. of nflgdri,to trifle. -L. pi. the nonemete or
'
noon-meat.' M. E. none, "

trifles.
nfigiC, pouringout of drink." noon; schenche, a
Nugget, lump
a of metal (E.) Formerly A. S. non, noon (ofL. origin; see Noon) ;
niggot; see Trench,Eng. Past and Present. scencan, to pour out drink, p. The A. S.
Cf. prov. E. nug, a block of wood ; nigg, scencan is lit. to pour out througha pipe; *
'

a small piece(Essex);nog, knog, a block derived from A. S. scanc, a shank, hollow

of wood, knob, peg ; allied to Knag. bone, pipe ; see Shank.
See Noggin. Nuncio, a messenger. (Ital. L.) Ital. "

35 2
 NUNCUPATIVE OATS

r^uncio."!^, mmthuji, ace. of nuntius, a E. Fries, nusselu, Swed. dial, nosla,to

bringerof tidings.Prob. for *nouentms, nuzzle.
a bringerof news, fiom nouns, new. Nylghau, a kind of antelope.
(Pers.^
Nuncupative, declared by word of Per". nilgdiv, a nylghau,lit. '
blue cow.' "

mouth. {". "

1".) F. mmcupatif (Cot.) " Pcrs. nil, blue (see Lilac) ; and gdw, a
LateL. nuncupdtlvus ,xiovc\\n2X.
\..nuncii- "
cow, allied to E. Cow.
fdtus,pp. of nuncupdre, to call by name. Nymph. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. nymphe.
For *ndmi-aipdre; from L. jwtnen, name, " L. Gk. vvfji(pr),a.
}iyiiipha. "bride.
capere,to take. Brugm. ii. " 34.
Nuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers. "

Skt.) I'ers.nufar,short for niliifar \ see

Wenuphai'.
Nuptial. (F.-L.) F. nuptial. "L. ^

ntiptidlis,
belongingto a marriage. L. "
O (i),Oh, interjection.
(E.) M.E. 0;
nuptia:,
s. pi.,a wedding. L. titipia,
a " not in A.S.-fDu. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
bride ; fern, of pp. of iiubere,
to many, lit. o ; Gk. w, u). There was no distinction,
'to veil.' 0 and formerly,
oh. between
Nurse. (F. -

L.) Contracted from M.E. circle. (E.) So O (2),a

called because
mirice.
norice, "
the letter ^ is of a circular shape.
O. F. tiorrice (F.now-rice).
L. Jifitricia,
" a nurse. L. nutric-, stem
"
Oaf, a simpleton.(Scand.) Prov. E.
oinutrix^a nurse. " L. nutrire, to nourish. auf, an elf. Icel. "
dl/r,an elf. Chaucer
nurture. (F. -
L.) M. E. norture.
sense of ' simple.' A " uses elvish in the
O. F. noriture (F.noiii'}-ittire).'^\^.
nutri- variant of e//;see Elf.
tilra,nourishment ; from pp. of
niitrJlus, Oak. (E.) M. E. 00k ; A. S. dc. + Du.
to nourish.
nfiti'ti'c, Icel. eih ; Dan. eeg, eg, Swed. ek,G. etc he ;
Nut. (E.) M.E. note, mite; A. S. Teut. base *aik-.
noot, Icel. knot, Swed. not, Oakum,
hnittti.-\-'Dw. tow from old ropes. (E.)
Dan. nod, G. nuss. Cf. Irish cmc, Gael. A. S. aaunba, tow. (For the sound -

cno, W. cneuen, a nut. Der. nut-hatch,i.e. change,cf. E. oak"A.^. dc.) Lit. 'that
nut-hacker ;Hatch
see (3^ which is combed out.' " A. S. a-, prefix
;
nutmeg, the musk-nut. (E. ; and F cemban, to comb, from camb, a comb ;
L. " Pers -Skt.) M.E. notenmge, later see (4) and Comb.
A- Cf. O. H. G
nutmegge. Here -viuge is from O. F. dchaiiihi,
tow ; of like origin.

vmgue, musk. L. nmscum, ace.

" of mtiscus, Oar. (E.) M.E. ^r^; A. S. "r.+Icel.
musk ; see Musk. Cf. O. F. viugi^ette, a dr, Dan. aare, Swed. dra. Teut. type
nutmeg, also called noix imiscade, Span. *"zV^,fem.; whence Finnish ai"-o (Noreen,
nuez moscada, Ital. noce moscada. Late L. " .57)-^ -^ connexion with Gk. (p-errjs,
1/iuscdta,
nutmeg. oarsman, cannot be established.
Nutation, nodding.(L.) From L.a Oasis. (L. Gk. Egypt.) L. oasis. "
" '^

nutdtio, a nodding, L. niltdre,to nod, Gk. vaais, avaois, a fertile islet in the
"

frequent, of nuere, to nod.+Gk. vtvuv, to Libyan desert. Of Egypt, origin; cf.

nod. -VNEU.) Copticouahe. an oasis,a dw elling-place,
Nutriment, food. (L.) 'L.nutrJmen- ouFh, to dw ell (I'eyron .

tu7ii,food. L. 7iutrire,to nourish,

"
suckle, Oast, Oast-house, a kiln for drying
feed. hops. ,E.) M. l\. oost,ost. A.S.dst, a
nutritious. (L.) L. nutrlti-us,for kiln,drying-house. 4-Du. cest. M. Du. ast
nntricius, adj., nourishing; with suffix -ous. (thesame). Allied to L. cestus,Gk. alQo'i,
" L. nutric-, stem of nutrix, a nurse. L. a burning heat. fy^AIDH.) See Ether.
"

niitrtre (above). Oath. (E.) M.E. 00th,oth. A. S. ad.

nutritive. (F.-L.) F. nutritif.4-Du. eed,Icel. eidr,Dan. Swed.ed, Goth.
Formed with F. suffix -if(L..-tuus), from aiths, G. eid,O. H. G. eid. Teut. type
mltnt-us, pp. oi nUtj-ire (above). *aithoz ; Idg. type *oitos, as in O. Irish
Nuzzle, to thiust the nose in. (E.) oeth. an oath.
Formerlynousle,nosyll; a frequent, verb ; Oats. (E.) M.E.otes,p\. A.S. dte,
from nose, sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell ; sing.; pi.dtan. Perhaps allied to Icel.
also Bavar. nuseln. ndseln,to seek about eitill,
a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel,
a

for, also, to speak through the nose ; gland,knot,nodule,Russ. iadro,a kernel,

353
 OB' OBSERVE

ball, Gk. 0I80S,a swelling. From the oblation,an ; Cot.

offering " L. ace. obld^
swollen shape. (y'EID.) tidnem, ace. of obldtio, an offering.L. "

Ob-, prefix.(L.) It changes to oc- used as

obldttis, pp. of offerre, to offer

before c, of-before f, op- before /. L. ob, (but from a different root) ; see Tolerate.
with very variable senses ; as, towards, at, Oblige, to constrain. (F. L.) F. "

before, upon, over, about, near. Cf. obliger. L. obligdre, to bind together, "

Oscan op, near, Gk, i-ni, upon ; Brugm. i. oblige. L. ob, near; ligdre, to bind. See "

" 557- Ligament.

Obdurate. (L.) L. obduratus, pp. of Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F. L.) "

obdnrdre, to harden. L. ob\ and dilrus, F. oblique.!.. oblTquus,

" oblicus,slanting, "

hard. See Dure. sideways,awry. " L. ob ; '^iTquus,

oblique
Obedient. (F.--L.) O. F. obedient. (not in use\
" L. obedient-,stem of pres. pt. oi obedire Obliterate. From pp. of L.
(L.)
(^O.L. oboedire),to obey. L. ob-, near; " to efface.
ohlitterare, L. ob, over ; littera,
"

and atidire,to hear. See Audience. a letter. See Letter. ^ It seems to

Brugm. i. " 250. Der. dis-obedient. have been associated with L. oblinere, to

obeisance. (F.-L.) "iA.Y..obeismue. smear over ; though there is no logical

etymo-
" O. F. obeissance,later F. obi'issance, connexion.
service, a salute. O. F. obeissant,pres. pt. " Oblivion. (F.--L.) Y oblivion.^Y.. .

oi obeir,to obey. L. obedlre (above). ace." ohlitiionem, forgetfulness. L. obll- "

Obelisk. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. obelis- uiscT. to forget. Originuncertain.

qiie. L. obeliscum,ace. of
"
obelisctts. Gk. Oblong, long from side to side. (F." "

v0e\i(XKos,
a pointedspit; hence a thin oblong. L. oblongtts,
L.) F.long across. "

pointedpillar; dimin. of 6B(\6s, a spit. " L.

ob, over ; longus,long ; see Long.
Obese, fat. (L.) L. obesus, (i) eaten Obloquy, calumny. (L.)L. obloquiui/i,
away, wasted ; (2) fat, lit. that which "
contradiction. to speakagainst.
Yj.obloquT, "

has devoured.' " L. obesus, pp. of obedere, L. ob, against; loqiii,

" to speak. See
to eat away. " L. ob, near ; edere, to eat. Loquacious.
See Edible. Der. obes-i-ty. Obnoxious, offensive. (L.) Formerly
Obey. '.F. L.)
- M. E. obeyen. - O. F. in the sense of ' liable to.' L. obnoxi-us, "

obeir. " L. obedlre,

to obey ; see Obedient. liable to hurt or harm ; with suffix -.ous.
Der. dis-obey. L. ob, against
"
; noxius, hurtful. See
Obfuscate, to darken, (L.) From Noxious.
pp. of L. ob-fiiscdre,
to obscure. " L. ob, Oboe. (Ital.-F.-L.) \\.v\.oboe.-
near ; brown.
oxidifnscus, See Fusoous. F. hautbois ; see Hautbois.

Obit, a funeral (F.^L.) rite. O.F. Obolus, a small Gk. coin. (L. Gk.)
"

obit. " L. ace. obitum, goingto or down, a L. obolus Q^i. b^oXos,a small coin, per-
.
"
haps
downfall, death. " L. obitum, supine of orig.in the shapeof a spikeor nail ;
ob-ire, to go near. " L. ob, near ; Tre, allied to Gk.
oPeKos,a spit.
to q:o. Obscene.
(L-) L. obscenus,obscaenus,
Object, vb. (F.-L.) F. objecter. L. - obscoenits, foul. Etym. unknown.
repulsive,
obiectdre,
to throw against,oppose ; quent,
fre- Obscure, dimin. (F. L.) Y.obscur.
"

oiob-icere {obiicere),\o
cast towards. L. obscnrus,
"
dark, lit. covered over.' '
"

" L. ob, towards ; iacere,to cast. See L. ob ; and -scums, i.e. covered ; cf. Skt.
Jet (i). skii,to cover. (y'SKEU.) Brugm. i.
Objurgation. (F.-L.) objurga- " 109 ; ii. " 74. See Sky.
tion. Y.
L. ace. obiurgdtionetu,
" a chiding. Obsequies. (F.-L.) M.Y.obseques, "

'
L. obiurgdius, pp. of obiurgdre,to chide.
'
obsequies ; Cot. L. obsequids, ace. of "

" L. ob, against; iurgdre.to sue, chide, obsequice, funeral rites,lit.followings. L. "

which stands for *iicrigare; from ifcr^,obsequt, to follow near, comply with, "

stem of ins,law, and -igdre, for agere, to L. ob, near; sequi, to follow. See Se-quence.
drive,pursue. Cf. Navigate.
Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L. obsequious. fF. L.) M.F. -
obse-
obldttis,spread out (atthe sides). L. ob^ quietix
" ; Cot. full of
L. obsequiosus " pliance.
com-
,

towards borne,carried out,

; Idtiis, pp. of obsequium,compliance. L.
" L. "

tollere,to bear. See Tolerate. obsequi,to comply with (above.)

oblation, an offering.
(F.-L.) F. Observe, vi"- L.) " O.Y. observer. "^

354
 OBSIDIAN OCTANT

Y..ohserudre to take notice of, mark. " L. to meet in the way, prevent L. o"^,
against; "
,

cb, near : serndre, to keep,heed. nia, way. See Viaduct.

Obsidian, a (L.) From
vitreous stone. obvious. (L.) L. obui-iis,
lyingin
I.. Obsidianus lapis (falsereading for the way, evident ; with suffix -ous. L. "

Obsidmis lapis)-, a stone found by one ob, over against ; nia, the way.
Obsiditis (falsereading for Obsitis)in Oca, the name of a certain edible root.
.Ethiopia (Pliny, lib. xxxvi. c. 26, lib. (Peruvian. ~: Peruv. occa, the same.
xxxvii. c. 10). Occasion. (F. L.) F. occasio7t.'^\^. "

Obsolescent, goingout of use. (L.^ O.CC. occdsiouetn. l.. oc- (forob), at; and "

From pres. pt. of L. obsolescere,grow cds-tis, pp. of cadere, to fall. See

to
old, inceptive form of obsolere, to decay. Cadence.
Origin doublful ; perhaps from L. ob, Occident, west. (F.-L.) O.Y. Occi- dent,
against ; solerc, to be wont. west. L. Occident-, stem of pres. pt. "

obsolete. (L.) L. obsoleltis, pp. of oi occidere, to fall, set (asthe sun). L.tJc- "

cbsolere (above). (forob),at ; cadere,to fall.

Obstacle. CF. L.) Y. obstacle-
-
Occiput. (L.) L. occiput, back of the
L. obstditilittn,a hindrance. L, ob,against;head." L. oc- (forob),
" over against; caput,
double
-stdcitlujii, dimin. See Capital.
from sta-re,to the head.
stand. (F.-L.) Y. occulte."l.. oc Occult.
obstetric, pertainingto midwifery,culttis, pp. of occulere,
to cover over, con-
ceal.

(L.) L. obstetruins,adj.,from obstetric-^ "L. oc- (forob) ; and obs. L. *celere,

stem of obstetrix,a midwife; lit. an as-
sistant,to hide,allied to celdre,to hide. Cf. O.
stander near. L. obsldre, to stand
" Irish cel-im,I hide,A. S. hel-an,to hide.
near ; with fern, suffix -ti-ix (ofthe agent). Occupy. (F. L.) M. E. occupien.F. - -

" L. ob, near; stare, to stand. See State. occuper. L. occupdi-e, to layhold of L. " "

obstinate. (L.) L. obstindttis, reso-

lute oc- (forob),near; capere, to seize. Der.
; pp. of obstindre,to set about,be solved
re- pre-occupy.
on ; lit.'to put oneself near.' " L. Occur. (F. L.) M. F. occurrer.'~'\,.
"

ob, near ; and '^staiidre,

to placeoneself ; occii7'rere,to run to meet, occur. " L. oc-

of. Russ. stanovite,to set ; from -v^STA. (forob),against

; cuj-rere, to run. See
See Destine. Current.
Obstreperous, Ocean.
clamorous. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. ocean.
(L.) L. " - -

obstrepcy-us, clamorous; with suffix -ous, h.oceaniim,ace. oioceamis.'^Qk.wKiavo^,

" \.. ob, against, near ; strepere, to rattle. the great stream supposedto encompass
Obstriction, obligation. (L.) Coined the earth.
from L. obstrictits, pp. of obstringere, to Ocelot, a quadruped.(Mexican.)Mexi- can
bind, fasten. L. ob, over ; stringere,
" to ocelotI, a tiger by Buff on to
; applied
draw tight. See Stringent. the ocelot.
Obstruct. (L.) From L. obstrtictus,Ochre, a fine clay,commonly yellow.
'

pp. of obstruere,to build in the way of (F. L. Gk.) F. ocre, oker ; Cot. L. - -
'
-

anything, lit.build against. L. ob, against; ochra.

" G\^. atxpa, yellow ochre; from its "

strnere, to build. See Structure. pale colour. Gk. wxpos, pale. wan. "

Obtain. (F. L.' F. obtenir. " L. Octagon, a plane8-sided figure.

" (Gk.)
obtinere,to hold, obtain. L. ob, near; From Gk. oKra-, for oktw, eight; -ycuv-ia,
" an

iejjej-e,to hold. See Tenable. angle,connected by gradationwith yovv,

Obtrude. (L) L. obtrildere, to thrust knee ; see Knee.
against. L. "ob, against; trudere,to octahedron, a solid 8-sided figure.
thrust. See Thrust. (Gk.) From vKra-, {or oktw, eight; (Spa,
Obtuse, blunt. :F.-L.^ '^.V.ohtns,a base, from the base "5-,to sit ; see Sit.
'cull;' Cot. L. obtusus,blunted, pp. of
"
octangular, having eight angles.
obtmidere,to beat against.L. ob,against; (L.) From " L. oct-o, eight; angulus,
fiindere, to beat. angle.
Obverse, lit.turned towards one, used octant, the aspect of two planets
of the face of a coin. (L.) L. obuersus,when distant by the eighthpart of a circle.
pp. of obuertere,to turn towards. L. ob, (L.) L. octant-,stem of octans, an instru-
" ment
towards ; iiertere,to turn. See Verse. for measuringthe eighthof a circle.
Obviate. (L-) Frompp. ofL. "7"5"/ar^, L. oct-d, eieht. "

355
 OCTAVE OGEE

octave. (F. L.) Lit. 'eighth;'

"
hence, Cf. Gk. oi^iv
( ^ol-yuv),
to smell. (VOI"-) =

eightdays after
a eightnotes in Der. odorous,from L. oddr-ns,with suffix
festival,
music" F. octave, an octave (Cot.). " L. "ous ; the accent
has been thrown back.
octdiia,fem. oi octdims, eighth. L. octo, "
Of, from, "c.
(E.) M. E. of; A. S. of.
+ Gk. 6"Ta;,
eight. eight; cognate with E. 4-Du. Icel. Swed. Dan. Goth, af; G. ab^
Eight. Doublet, titas. O. H. G. aba ; L. ab, Gk. airo, Skt. apa,
October. (L.) L. October,the eighth away. Brugm. i. " 560.
month of the Roman year. L. octo, off,away from. (E.) An emphaticform
"

eight. of of. M. E. of',as in Smiteth of my *

octogenarian, one who is eighty hed'= smite offvay head; Ch. C. T. 782
years old. (L.) From L. octogendrius, (HarleianMS.).
belongingto eighty. L. octdgeni,eighty Offal, waste meat.
"
(E.) M. E. offal,
each, distributive form oi octogmta,eighty. falling remnants, chipsof wood, "c. From
" L. octo, eight ; -ginta,probablyallied offand /z//.+Du. afval,windfall,offal;
to decern, ten. Brugm. ii." 164. Dan. affald, a fall off, offal;Swed. affall',
octoroon, the offspring of a white G. abfall; all similarly compounded.
person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is, Offence. (F. L.) O. F. offence, offense. "

in an eighthpart,a black. Coined from L. offensa, an offence ; orig.fem. of pp" "

L. octo,eight; in imitation of quadroon. oi offendere, to dash against(below).

octosyllabic. (L.-Gk.) i^.octosyl- offend. (F. L.) M E. offenden.F. -

.
-

labicus, havingeightsyllables. Gk. 6kt6j,offendre.L. offendere,

" to dash or strike "

eight; avWa^-q, a syllable ; see Syllable. against,injure. L. of (forob),against; "

Octroi, a toll. (F.-L.) F. octroi, y'endere, to strike. See Defend.

O. F. oiroi,orig.a grant ; verbal sb. from Offer. (L.) A.S. offrian.^L. offerre,
O. F. otroier,to authorise, grant. Late to offer. L. of (forob),near; Jerre to
" "

L. auctdritdre,by-form of atutdrizdre, to bring,cognate with E. bear. Der. offer-t-

authorise. L. auctor ; see Author.
"
or-y, from F. offci'toire, L. offertoriiim^ a

Ocular. (L.) L. oculdris, belonging placeto which offerings were brought.

to the eye. L. ociihis,"
eye ; cognate with Office, duty. (F.-L.) F. office. ^"L.
Gk, oyiiJin, eye. See Optic. officium,duty; lit. service.' Perhaps *

Odalisq.Ue, a female slave in a Turkish from opi-, for opus, work; v^n^ facere,to
harem, (F. Turk.) Y odalisquebetter do (Walde). Der.
"
.
',

offic-er, F. officier,
odalique (Devic). Turk, odaliq, " a cham-
bermaid. Late 1..officidrius \ offic-i-ous, F. officieux,
"Turk, oda, a chamber. L. officiosus.
Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. E. Officinal,pertaining to or used in a
odde. "Icel. oddi, a triangle, a point of shop or laboratory. i^F. L.) Y officinal. "
.

land; metaphorically (from the triangle), L. officlna, a workshop, office ; con- tracted
"

an odd number (orig. three^ ; hence also form of opificTna (Plautus).L. "

the phr.standask i odda, to stand (orbe) opi-,for opus, work ; -fie-, for facere,
at odds, to quarrel ; oddainaQr, the odd to do.

man, third man who givesa casting vote, Offing, the part of the visible sea
oddatala, an odd number. Allied to oddr, remote from the shore. (E.) Merely
a point of a weapon (for*"?c^r).+A. S. formed from off, with the noun-suffix -ing.
ord,a pointof a sword, point; Dan. od, a See ofif.
point,Swed. tidda,odd, 7idde, a point; G.
Offscouring. (E.) From off and
ort,a place, M. H. G. ort, extreme point. scour. So also off-set, off-shoot, off-spring.
Teut. type *iizdoz. Oft, Often, frequently. (E.) A.^.oft;
Ode, a song. (F. L. Gk.) F. ode. - whence M. E. ofte,
- with added -e, and lastly
-

L. oda,ode. Gk. wbrj,a song; for aoi^-\T,

"
ofte-n with added -".+Icel. opt,Dan. ofte,
a song. Gk. aiibeLv,
" to sing. Allied to Swed. ofta, G. oft,Goth. ufta. Origin
O. Irish faed, W. gzvaedd,a shout. unknown.
cry,
(VWEID.) Der. ep-ode,palin-ode. Ogee, Ogive, a double curve. (F. "

Odium, hatred. (L.) L. odium, sb." Span. Arab.) An ogiue(ogive) or ogee, "
'

L. ddl. I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf. a wreath, circlet, or round band in archi- tecture,'
Artnen. at-eani,I hate. Brugm. i. " 160. Minsheu. An ogee arch is a
Odour. (F.-L.) M. E. odour. F. pointed arch, with doubly-curvedsides.
-

odeur. L. odorem, ace.

" of odor, scent. M.F. augive, Y. ogive,an ogiveor ogee "

356
 OMEN OPHIDIAN

Omen, a sign of a future event. (L.) A. S. dnlic,adj.,

unique,lit.' onedike.' "

L. otneyi ; O. Lat. osinen. Der. ous.

omin- A. S. an, one ; lie,like.
Onomatopoeia, name-making, the
Omit, neglect.(L.) L.
to onnttere, formation of a word with a resemblance
(pp. omissus), lit. to let go.' '
For *"?w- in sound to the thingsignified.
(Gk.) Gk.
; from
?nittere",*ob-mittere ob,by, mitte7-e,ovofxaTOTToda,
the making of a name. " Gk.
to send. See Missile. Der. combiningform
oniss-ion, dvo/MiTo-, of 6Vo/^a,aname;
from F. omission,' an from
omission,' L. and TToieiv, to make ; see Name and
ace. omissionem ; from the pp. Poem. Brugm. ii. " 117.
Omni-, omnis, all.
prefix.(L.) L. Onset, an assault. (E.) Due to the phr.
Der. ; omni-
omni-potent,all-powerful set / i.e. attack ! From
on and set.
ojt

present^ everywhere present; omniscient, Onslaught, an attack. (E.) From on

all-knowing; omni-vorous, all-devouring;and M. E. s/a/it, A. S. sleaht,a stroke,
see Potent, Present, Science, Vora-
cious. blow, formed from slean,to strike ; see
Slay. And cf. slaughter.
omnibus, a publicvehicle. (L.) So Onward, Onwards. (E.) From on
called because intended
for the use of all. and -ivard,-wards ; see Toward,
" L. omnibus, for all ; dat. pi. of omnis. Onyx, a kind of agate. (L. Gk.) " L.
^ Commonly shortened to bus. onyx. Gk. ovv^^ a nail; " a veined getn,
Omrah, a prince, lord. (Arab.) 'Ai-grettesonyx, from its resemblance to the nail.
finger-
'
by omrahs worn ; Scott,Vis. of See Nail.
Don. Roderick,st. 31. Omi-ah is properly Oolite, a kind of limestone. (F. Gk.) "

a plural, like Nabob, q.v. Arab, iimard, F. oolithe (with th sounded

" as ^). Gk. "

of
pi. amir, a prince, emir ; see Emir. egg
tuo-j', ; KlQ-0%,stone. Lit. egg-stone.' *

Cf. the Arab, title amiriil-umard, prince See Oval.

of princes(Yule). Ooze, moisture, soft mud. (E.) For-merly
On. (E.) M. E. on ; A. S. on. + Du. wose ; M. E. wose. A. S. wds,
aan, Icel. a, Swed. a, G. an (whenceDan. moisture, + Icel. vds, wetness.
juice. haps
Per-
an), Goth, ana, Gk. ava, Russ. 7ia. Idg. confused with A. S. zmse, soft mud ;
type *a;/a. which is cognate with Icel. veisa, a stag-
nant
Once ; see One. pool. Der. ooze, vb.
Once, sometimes for Ounce (2). Opacity ; see Opaque.
One sole. (E.)
(i),single, M. E. oon. Opal, Y opale.-^'L,.
a gem. (F. L.)
"
.

Already written tcwz in M. E. See

Guy opalus, an opal. Cf. Gk. diraWios, an
of Warwick, ed. Zupitza,note to 1. 7927. opal; Skt. upala-,
a stone,gem.

A. S. an, one. + Du. een, Icel. einn, Dan. Opaque. (F. L.) ". opaque, "l.. opd- "

een, Swed. en, G. ein, Goth, ains, W. un, cum, ace. of opdciis, dark, obscure. Der.
Irish and Gael, aon, L. unus, O. L. oinos, opaC'i-ty, from F. opacity, L. ace. opdci-
Gk. *oiVoj, one (fem.oivr\, an ace on a die). tdtem.

Teut. type *ainoz ; Idg.type ^oinos. Cf. Open, unclosed. (E.) The verb is from
Lith. vcnas ; Brugm. ii. " 165. Der. aw, the adj.open, which is sometimes short-
ened
a, on-ly,al-one,at-one. to ope (Coriol.i. 4. 43"). A. S. open,
once. (E.) M. E. ones; A. S. dnes, adj.,open, with the form of an old pp.
adv., once. Orig.gen. case (masc.and + Du. open, adj.; Icel. opinn; Swed.
neut.)of an, one; the gen. case was used dppen ; G. offen. Teut. types '^upenoz,
adverbially, as in needs, twi-ce,thri-ce. *upanoz. Perhaps connected with the
one (2), a person, spoken of indefinitely. idea of the liftingof a tent-door ; cf. A. S.
(E.) In the phrase one says,'one means
'
up, up. See Up. Der. ope7i,vb., A. S.
'
a singleperson.'Merely a peculiar use openian,to make open.
of the ordinary word one. % Not F. on. Opera. (Ital. L. ) Ital.opera,a work, "

Onerous, burdensome. (F.-L.) M.F. a musical play. L. opera, work ; see "

0nereux.'-'\^. onerdsus, adj. L. one?'-, for below.

"

*ojies-, stem o{ onus, a burden. Operate. (L.) From pp. of L. operdrt,

Onion, a plant.(F. L.) Y.oignori.^to work." L. opera, work; from oper- (for
"

L. unidnem, ace. of unio, a largeonion ; *opes-), stem of L. opus, work, toil. +

see Union (2). Skt. apas, work.
Only. (E.'i M, E. oonli, adj.and adv. ; Ophidian, relating to serpents. (Gk.)

358
 OPHICLEIDE ORACLE

Formed with suffix -an (L. -anus),from oppositns, pp. oi opponere,to set against. "

Gk. o^iSiou, u(peidLov,dimin. of 6"pis, a L. op- {ob),against ; ponere, to set. See

serpent. Ct the dimin, form ^cu-diov (see Position.
Zodiac), -f-Skt. ahi-,L. angnis,a snake. Oppress. (F.-L.) F. oppresser.^
Ophicleide, a musical instrument. Late L. oppressdre,frequent, of L. oppri-
'

;F. Gk.) Lit. a key-serpent; because

"
'
inere, to oppress. L. op- {ob), near ; pre- "

made by adding keys to an old musical niere ['^^^. pressus\,to press. See Press.
instrument called a serpent (^from its Opprobrious. (L.) From L. appro-
twisted shape). " Gk. o^i-s, a serpent; bnosus, full ot reproach. L. "?//;-^^;7"/// "

/cAeiS-,
stem of /f\"t?. a key. reproach. L. op- (forob),on, upon ; pro- "

Opllthalxilia,inflammation of the briini,

disgrace.
eye. (Gk.) Gk. cup^aA/iia.Gk.
o"/)^aA//os,Oppugn, to resist. (F.-L.^
" F. op-
the eye, Boeotian oKTaWos, for ^oKTav- pugner. L. opptigndre. L. op- (ob), " "

Xos (cf.Skt. akshan-,eye) ; Doric qttt'lXos, against; pugndre, to fight, from pugnus,
the eye. From Idg. base *(?^-, eye ; cf. a fist. See Pugilism.
Russ. oko, eye. Skt. aksha-,akshi, Liih. Optative, wishing.(F.-L.) Chiefly
L. (?^-z^/
ti"('zj-, lis. See Prellwitz. And as the i:ame of a mood. " F. optatif.m.\,.
see Ocular. optdtiuiis,expressiveof a wish. L. op- "

Opinion. (F. L.) " F. w,\..

opinion. tdttis,pp. of optdre,to wish. Cf. Skt. dp,
opinionein,
ace. ^//"/"?, of
a supposition."to attain.
L. opmdrl, to opine. L. cplnus, Optic, relating
suppose, " to the sight.(F. Gk.) "

thinking,expecting;only in nec-optniis,F. optiqne. Gk. otitikos, belongingto the "

not expecting, unexpected,in-opJnns, un- sight; cf. b-m-qp,a spy. From the base
ejfpected. Ji^t. opine, F. opiner, L. opmdrl OTT- (forOK- seen in Ionic oir-wn-a, I have :

above).
;^ seen, ijip-o^ai, I shall see ; cf. L. oc-ulus,

Opium. (L.-Gk.) I.. ^/mw.-Gk. the eye. See Ocular.

o-niov, poppy-juice.Gk. onus, sap. "
Optimism, the doctrine that all is for
Opossum, a quadruped.(W.Indian.) the best. (L.; From L. optim-us, O. Lat.
" W. Indian opassom ; in the languageof opiiumus ^Brugm. ii. " 73), best; with
the Indians of Virginia; Capt.Smith,p. 59- suffix -ism (Gk. "KXfxos'''. L. op-ti-mus is
Oppidan. (L.) L. oppidanus,ing belong- a superl. form from a base op- (i.e. choice,
to a town, L. oppidiitn,
" a town ; O. select^ ; cf. optdre,to wish.
L. oppednm. Apparentlyfrom L. op- "ob), option, choice. (F, L.) ". option.^ "

near; "^pedum(Gk. ireSov), a field, plain; L. optione/n, ace. oi optio, choice. Allied
'
Brugm. i." 65. (Explainedas protecting to L. optdre,to wish ; see Optative.
'
the plain ; the derivation is clearer than Opulent, Avealthy. (F.-L.) Y.optc-
the sense.) lent. L. opnlentus, wealthy. L. op-,base " "

Oppilation, a stoppingup. (F.-L.) oi opes,wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas, wealth. '

AI. F. oppilation, an obstruction ;
*
Cot. Or ,1), conj.,offering an alternative.
"

L. ace. oppTldtionem.L. oppildtiis, pp. of (E.) Short

" for other, onther. anther, the
oppildre, to stop up. 1.. op (for ^(^), M. F. forms, which answer
" to A. S. dhwce-

against ; pjldre,to ram, from pilum, a per, dwper. But this M. E. other took the
pestje.And L. pilum is for "^pins-lorn, place of A. S. oQ6e,or.
from pinsere, to pound. Or (2\ ere. (E.) M. E. or, unemphatic
Opponent. (L.) L. opponent-,stem of form of er, ere. A. S. cer, ere ; see Ere.
of
part, opponere,
pi es. to oppose. L. tf"^, (Inthe phrases ere, or ever.)
or "

against; ponere, to place. See Position. Or (3),gold.(F.-L.) In heraldry. F.

Opportune, (F.-L.) F. ^Z- (?r. L. atirum, gold.
tim_ely. "

portun.^1^.op"portunus,convenient,sea-sonable, Orach, a pot-herb.(F. L. Gk.) - "

'
lit.' near the
Also arrache. F. arroche,* orache,
harbour,'
or orage ; '
easy of "

access.' L. op- (i?d),near;

"
portus, access, Cot. A Picard form corresponding to F.
harbour. See Port (2). ^arreuce (Hatzfeld).[Cf.Walloon arip,
Oppose. (F. L. """^Gk.) Y.opposer,
" orach (Remade) ; Ital. atrepice^ L. "

to withstand. L. op- (forob),

"
against; F. atriplicem,
ace. of atriplcx,orach. " Gk.
poser,to place, from Late 'L.pausdre, used dr pdtpa^vs
drpdcpa^is, orach. ,

to translate L. ponere, to place.See Pose Oracle. (F. " L. ) F. oracle. " L. ord-
Opposite. (F.-L.) F. 'ml^. ciilitni,
opposite. a divine announcement ; formed

359
 ORAL ORGAN

from or a- re, to pray, from or- (foros), the of testicular shape. Der. orchid, where
mouth (below). the suffix -id was suggestedby the Gk.
oral, spoken.(L.) Coined from L. or- ilho'i,
shape; cf. cyclo-id,
cojio-id.
(fords\, the mouth. + Skt. dsya, mouth ; Ordain, to set in order. (F. "
L.)
Icel. OSS, mouth of a river. M. E. ordeinen. O.Y ordener (later or- "
.

Orang-outang, a largeape. (Malay.) do7tner). L.. ordindre,to set in order." "

lAaXsLjorang-i'dan,lit.' wild man.' Malay 1 ordin-,declensional stem of ordo,order. "

..

orang, a man ; titan, hiitan, woods, wilds Der. pre-ordain.

of a country, wild. a severe test, judgmentby fire. Ordeal,
Orange. (F, Ital. M. E. ordal.
" "
A. S. ordel,orddl,
Arab. "
Pers.) "c. (E.)
O. F. orenge For *narenge, a dealing out, judgment, decision.
(F. orange). O.
but the initial n was lost (in Italian),and Friesic ordel. K. S. or-, prefix,out ; dal., "

then arenge became orenge by a popular ddl, a dealing; see Deal, Dole. The
etymology from or, gold. Cf. Span,na- prefixcr- Du. oor-, G. tii'-, Goth, us-, =

ranja,an orange. \idi\.a7-ancia, an orange ; out (hence, thorough).

- + Du. oordeel,
Low Lat. arangia. Arab, naranj, na- O. Sax. tirdeli, "G. urtheil,\udgmen\.; larly
simi-
rinJ.'^VGT?,.
ndrang, an orange. Allied compounded.
to Pers. nar, a pomegranate. Order. (F.-L.) F. ordre,O. F. or-
Oration. (F. L.) " ". oration. " 1..ace. dine. " L. ordineni, ace. of ordo, order.
ordtionem ; cf. drat us, pp. of oj-dre, to Allied to L. ordirt,to begin,oriri, to
pray. L. or-"
(fords),the mouth. See arise. Brugm. ii. " 128. Der. order.
dis-
Oral. Doublet, orison.
orator. (F. L.) Formerly^;-a/^"r."
"

ordinal, shewingthe order. (L.) L.

F. orateur. " L. dratdrein, ace. of drdtor, a ordindlis,adj.,in order. " L. ordin-,de-
clensiona
pp. oidrdre,to
speaker. L. drdtiis, "
pray, stem of ordo,order.
to speak (above). ordinance. (F.-L.) O. F. nance.
ordi-
Or"b. (F. L.) F. orhe. L. orbeni,ace.
" Late L. ordinantia, a command.
" "

of orbis,a circle,
sphere. L. ordinant-, pres. pt. of ordindre,to "

orbit. (L.) L. orbita, circuit ; ordain.

a track, See Ordain.
formed with suffix -ta from orbi-,decl. ordinary. (F. L.) " Y .
ordinaire."
stem oi orbis,an orb, circle. L. ordindj'ius,
regular(as sb., an seer).
over-

Ore, Ork, a largemarine animal ; a " L. ordin-,decl. stem oiordo,order.

narwhal, or grampus. (L.) See Nares. Der. ordinary,sb.
" L. orca, perhapsthe narwhal (Pliny). ordination. (L.)From L. ordindtio,
Orchard. (L.and E). M. E. orchard. an ordinance, also ordination. L. ^rfl^/w- "

nate dtiis, pp. of ordindre, to ordain. See

A. S. orceard,older form ortgeard.Cog-
with Goth,
aurtigards,a garden Ordain.
The
(Gk. KfJTTos). latter element,A. S. ordnance, (F. L.)
artillery. "
merly,
For-
geard, is the mod. E. yard; see Yard. ordinance ; it had reference to the
The former element is merely borrowed bore or size of the cannon, and was thence
from L. hortus, a garden, both in E. transferred to the cannon itself (Cot.;
and Gothic ; see Horticulture. As s. V. ordo7i"ia7ice)
; see ordinance.
the L. hortiis is cognate with E. yard, Ordure, excrement. (F. L.) F. 07'- "

the form ort-geardmerely repeats the diire. O. F. 07-d (fem.orde),filthy, foul, "

idea of ' yard.'^ So in Brugm. i. " 767 ; ugly, frightful.L. hoi'ridus, rough, "

but some consider A. S. ort-geard as wholly frightful. See Horrid, (So Korting.)
Teutonic, and connect it with A. S. Ore. (E.) M. E. or, oor. A. S. dra,
wyrt-geard, Dan. nrt-gaai-d, Swed. orte- ore of metal, allied to ore, a mine. E. Fries.
gdrd, a kitchen-garden, from A. S. wyrt, iir,ore.+Du. oer, ore. % Distinct from
Dan. urt, Swed. ot't,
a wort. (See Wort A. S. dr, brass,which is cognate with Goth.
in Franck.) See "Wort. ais, L. aes, brass. But the words may
Orchestra. (L. "
Gk.) 'L.orchest7-a.~ have been confused.
Gk. bpxnoTpa,an orchestra ; which, in the Oread, mountain-nymph.(Gk.) From
a
Attic theatre,was a space on which the Gk. 6p"idd-,
stem of opeidi,
an oread. Gk. "

chorus danced. Gk. opxiofxai,

I dance. "
opos, a mountain.
Orchis, a plant.(L." C^k.) 1..orchis. Organ. (F.-L. "
Gk.) ". orga7te. " L.
" Gk. opxtf, a testicle,
a plantwith roots 07ganu7n, an implement. " Gk. dpyavov,an
360
 ORGIES ORTHODOX

implement
; allied to tpyov, work ; see of L. ora, border, edge. Cf. L. os,
Work. mouth.
orgies,sacred rites,revelry.
(F. L. " "
Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.^* For-
merly
Gk.) F. orgies. L. orgia, sb. pL, a festival
"
orlope(Phillips).
Contracted from
in honour of Bacchus,orgies. Gk. opyia, " Du. overloop,a runningover, a deck of a
sb. pi., orgies,rites,from sing.*6pyiov, a ship,an orlope(Sewel).So called because
sacred act ; allied to fpyov, work. it traverses the ship. Du, over, over; "

Orgulous, proud. (F. O.H.G.) AL"o loopen, to run ; see Elope,

"

Leap.
orgillous ; M. E. orgeilus ; Anglo-F. or- Ormolu, a kind of brass. (F. L.) F. "

guyllus.^O.Y orgoillos, orguillus,

.
later or inotilu,lit. 'pounded gold.'" F. or,
orgtieilleux, proud. O.F. orgoil, orgtdl, from
" L. auru7n, gold ; and motilu, pp. of
F. orgtuil, pride. From an O. H. G. sb. ffiotidre, to grind, O. F. vio/dre, from L.
*ti7gtwli, from O.H.G. ta-gnol, remarkable, 7nolere, to grmd.

notable (Graff). Ornament. (F. L,) M. E, 07ne- -

Oriel, a recess (with a window) in a 77ie7it. F. 07-7te77ient. L. 07'7td7nentu77i, " "

room. (F. L.) M. E. oriol, oryall,a an adornment.

" L. orndre, to ar'orn. "

small room, portico,esp. a room for a lady, ornate. (L.) From pp. of L. 07-tid7-e,
boudoir. O.F. oriol,
" a porch, gallery, ridor.
cor- to adorn.
"Late L. orioliim,a small room, Ornithology, the science of birds.
recess, portico ; prob. for atireoliini (?), (Gk.) Gk.
opvido-, for opvi^, a bird ;
that which is ornamented with gold. " L. -\oyia,
from \6yos,a discourse,\tynv, to
aurtini, gold. ^ See Pliny,lib. xxxiii. speak. Allied
to A. S. ea7-7i, G. aar, W.
c. 3, for the custom of gildingapartments. e7yr, eagle,amed from its soaring
n
an ; cf.
Cf. Oriole. Gk. opvvfxi, I stir up, rouse.
Orient, eastern. (F. L.) ". O'ient."
"
ornithorhyncus, an Australian
L. orient-,stem of the east
oriens,rising, ; animal. (Gk.', Named from the resem-
blance

orig.pres. pt. of oriri, to a duck's bill. Gk.

to rise,begin.
+ of its snout "

Skt. r, to rise. opvido-(foropvii),bird ; pvyxos, a snout.

Orifice. (F. L.) F. orifice, a small "

Orphan. (L. Gk.) L. 07-phanus. - "

opening. L. orificium,
" an opening,lit. Gk. 6p(pau6s,destitute; John xiv. i8.
'making of a mouth.' L. ori-,decl. stem Allied to L. 07-diis,
destitute.
"

of OS, mouth ; facere,

to make, Orpiment, yellow sulphuretof senic.
ar-

Oriflamme, the (F.-L.) Lit. 'gold paint.'F.

old standard of
France. (^F. L.) F. orifianime,
" the sacred 07pi77ient. ^L,. auripigjnenttwi goldpaint, ,

standard of France. Late L. aurifia7iima, L. auri- (foraii7-uj7i),

"
gold; and /z^- "

lit. golden flame,'because

'"
the banner 77ie7ii2i7)ia pigment,paint, from pingere, ,

was cut into flame-like strips at the outer to paint.

edge,and carried on a giltpole. L. auri- orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop. "

(foraicriini), gold ; fia?njna, flame. (F. L.) Named from its colour. M. E. "

'
Origan,wild marjoram. (F. L. Gk.) orpi7i. F. orpin, orpin,or live-long "
; " "

'
F. "rigan.~^\^. origanum. QV. opiyavov,also orpiment; Cot. A docked form of
"

lit. 'mountain-pride.'Gk. dpi opei-, orpi7nent above.

" =

related to opos, a mountain ; 7di'os, beauty, Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating

ornament. the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) Con-
structed
Origin. (F.-L.) F. origine.- Lat. at the expense of Charles Boyle,
originem, ace. of origo, a beginning.L. earl of Crr^;j,about 171 5. 07-reryv" tx. "

orirT, to rise. barony in co, Cork, Ireland.

Oriole, the golden (F.-L.) thrush. Orris, a plant.(Ital.L.-Gk.) "
merly
For-
O.F. orioh F. loriot foriot) \^aureolus,
= E. tions
corrup-
.
" oris.
07-ice, These are

golden."L. atirtim, gold. of M. Ital. i7-ios (Ital.ireos^. Vi. "

Orison, a prayer. (F.-L.) O. F. ori- Florio; with refer-

son, Ital. irios,' oris-roote,' ence
oreison l^F.oraison). "L. ordtidnem, to the h'is fiorentina. Modified
ace. of ordtio,a prayer ; see Oration. from L. iris,a rainbow, an iri".
Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, "c. Ort ; see Orts.
(F.-L.) F. orle,m,, M. F. orle,f.,a Orthodox, of t!ie rightfaith. (L. -

hem, narrow border ; cf. Late L. orla, Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus. " Gk. op^uSf^o?,
a border,edge. " L. type *drula,dimin. of the right opinion. Gk. "
6p96-s,
upright,
361
 ORTHOEPY OUCH

right; SS^a,anopinion,from Sokhv^ to From L. ossi-,decl. stem of os, bone;

seem. Cf. Arduous.
Brugm. ii. " 143, F. -fer,for L. -ficdre,to make, frona
orthoepy, correct pronunciation. facere,to make. Der. ossific-at-ion.
(Gk.) From Gk. updo^neia, orthoepy. Ostensible. (L.) Coined from os- "

Gk. opdu-s,right; en-os, a word ; see tensi- (forostensus).pp. of ostendere,

to
Epic. shew ; with suffix -bills. See below.
orthography, correct writing.(F. -
ostentation, (F. L.) Y.ostenta^ "

L. " M. ". ortographie. M. F. orto-

Gk.) " tion. L. ostentdtionem,
"
ace. of ostentdtio,
graphie. L. ortkographia. Gk. hpQo- display. L. ostentdtus,pp. of osientdre,
" " "

fpacpia. Gk. 6p66s, right; ypdipciv,

P- to intensive form of ostendere,
to shew, lit.
write. stretch before. " L. os- related to
(for*op-s-,
Orthopterous, lit.straight-winged.
ob),near, before ; tendere,to stretch. See
(Gk.) Gk. upOo-s, straight;
irrepov, a Tend (i). For '^ops-,
see Brugm. i.
wing. "H3-
Ortolan, a bird. (F. - Ital. L.) -
Osteology, science of the
bones. (Gk.)
O. F. hortolan. " M. Ital. hortolano, a Gk. barko-v,
a bone ; -\o-yia,
from Xoyos,
gardener,also an ortolan,lit. haunter of *
a \kyeiv,
discourse, to speak. See seous.
os-

gardens.'L. horttildnus, a gardener, L.

" -p-

hortuhis,dimin. of horttts^ a garden; Ostler ; see Hostler.

allied to Yard. Ostracise, to banish by a vote
Orts, remnants, leavings.(E.) M.E. written on a potsherd.(Gk.) Gk barpa-
Qrtes. From A. S. or-, out (what is left); Ki^eiu,to ostracise. Gk, oarpaKov, a pot-
sherd, "

dan, to eat. Proved by M. Du. orete, tile,voting-tablet, orig.a shell ;

ooraete, a pieceleft after eating,Swed. allied to Gk. oarpeov, an oyster,orig.a

dial, orate, urate, fodder. The shell. See Oyster.

refuse
same prefix
or- in ordeal. Cf. also
occurs Ostrich, a bird. (F.-L. and Gk.)
Low G. ort, an ort ; Dan. dial, ored,orrct, M.E. OS trice,oystryche.'m.O.Yostrttce; .

an ort ; N. Fries, 'arte, to leave remnants mod. F. aiitruche. [Cf.Span, avestruz.

after eating. Port, abestruz, an ostrich.] L. auis "

Oscillate, to swing. (L.) From pp. stricthio, lit.ostrich -bird. Here strHthio
of L. oscilldre,
to swing. " L. oscillum,a is from Gk. orpovBiojv,
an ostrich.
; tended
ex-

swing. from arpovOos, a bird.

Osculate, to kiss. (L.) From pp. of Other, second, different. (E.) M.E.
L. oscular I, to kiss."-L. osadum, a little other; A. S. oQer, other, second. + Du.
mouth, pretty mouth ; double diniia. of ander, Icel. annarr (for*anthar-^ , Dan.
OS, the mouth. anden, Swed. annan, G. ander, Goth.
Osier. (F.) F. osier,' the ozier,red anthar; Lithuan. antras, Skt. anlara-,
'

withy,water-willow tree ; Cot. Cf, Late other. In Skt. an-tara-,the suffix is the
L. osdria,ausdria, a bundle of osiers or same as the usual comparative suffix (as in
twigs of willow (9thcent.). Gk. ao(p6j-T(pos,
wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-,
Osxniuxn, a metal. (Gk.) The oxide other,different.
has a disagreeable ohp.i],Otter.
smell. Gk.ocr/ii;, (E.) M. E. oter, A. S. otor.-^
"

a smell. Gk. o^f^iv to smell ; Du.

(for*o5-j/eti/),
"
otter,Icel. otr, Dan. odder, Swed.
cf. d5/xi7,
scent. See Odour. G. otter; Russ. vuidra, Lith. ^dra;
h'tter,
Osprey, the fish-hawk. (L.) ruption also
A cor- Gk. vZpa, a hydra, water-snake.
the older name
oi ossifrage, for the Teut. type *otroz, m. ; Idg. types ^udros,
bird. L. ossifragus,
"
ossifraga, an osprey. m., *udrd, f. Allied to water; compare
" L.ossifragus,bone-breaking ; (from its Gk. vUpa, hydra,with vhojp,water. The
strength). L. ossi-,decl. stem" of os, sense is ' dweller in the water.' Doublet,
bone; frag-,base oif-angere, to break. hydra,q. v.
osseous, bony. (^L.)L. osse-us, bony ; Otto, the same as Attar.
with suffix -ous. " L. oss-, stem of os, a Ottoman, a low stuffed seat. (F."

bone. Cf. Gk. oareov, Skt. asthi, a Turk.) F. ottofiiaue,an ottoman, sofa. "

bone. Brugm. i. " 70 7. F. Ottoman, Turkish. So named from

ossifrage. (L.) In Levit. xi. 13; Othman or Os?nan,founder of the Turk-
ish
see Osprey. empire.
OSsifv, to turn to bone. (F. L.) "
Ouch, Nouch, the socket of a precious
362
 OUGHT OVER

stone, ornament. (F. O.H. G.) " Usuallyout-balance, out-bid,out -break,presenting

ouch ; yet nottch is the true form. M. E. no difficuhy.
nouche. O. F. nouche, nosche,mische, a
" outer, comp. form ; see Utter.
buckle,clasp,bracelet (Burguy); Low L. Outlaw. (Scand.) M.E. outlaive.-^
niisca. M.. H. G. iiuske,
" O. H. G. mtsca, Icel. uilagi,
an outlaw,lit.out of (beyond)
a buckle, clasp,brooch. ^ Perhaps of the law. Icel. ilt,out ; log,
" law ; see Out
Celtic origin tie,chain, and Law,
; cf, Irish nasc, Cf. L. exlex, lawless.
a

I
ring,nasgai?n, bind (Schade,Stokes). Outlet. (E.) M.E. utlete, lit. 'a
Ought (i),pt. t. of Owe, q. V. letting out.' A. S. nt, out ; l"tan,to let. "

Ought (2),anything; see Aught. Outmost ; see utmost.

Ounce (0' twelfth part of a pound. Outrage. (F. L.) F, outrage,ear-
" lier

M.E. unce.'^O.Y. (F. form e

oltrage, xcessive violence. (Cf.
(F.-L.) unce

"""f^). L. imcia, (i) an

" ounce, (2) an Ital. oltraggio.)*-0 F. oltre, F. outj-e,be-
yond;
inch. Allied to Gk. 07/foj, mass, weight. with suffix -age {"CL. -dticu7n).'"
See Inch. L. ultra, beyond. See Ultra-.
Ounce ^2\ Once, a kind lynx. Outrigger. (E. and Scand.) A pro-
of jecting
(F.-L.-Gk.) Y.once; U.Y. Cot.
ionce, spar for extendingsails,
a project-
ing
Cf. Port, ojtca. Span,onza, Ital. lonza,an rowlock for an oar, boat with pro-
a jecting
ounce ; also Ital. onza, an ounce (Florio, rowlocks. From Out and Rig.
I598\ obtained by treatinglonza as if= Outward. (E.) A. S. tltetueard,
ward.
out-
/'"7"ca.-iLate L. lynx-like,
type *lyncea, "A. S. file,
out; weard, -ward; see

fem. -L. lyjic-,

stem oi lynx, a lynx." Toward.
Gk. Xi;7",a lynx; see Lynx. For F. Oval, egg-shaped.(F. L.) " Y.oval.
("L. -dlis) from L. Formed with suffix -al
^"Gk. V, cf. grotto,tomb, torso.
Ouphe, an elf,fairy.(Scand.^- Mer. duum, an egg. + Gk. "^ov, "lov, an tgg.
Wives, iv. 4. 49. A variant of oaf elf.The Gk. wiov is for ^oioiovi,related by =

See Oaf and Elf. gradationto L. aiiis, a bird (likewa, a

Our. (E.) A. S. ta-e, of us ; gen. of from ois, a sheep)
sheep-skin, ; see ary.
Avi-

ive, we. The possessive

pronoun was also Perhapscognate with Egg. Der.
lire,which was regularlydeclined. The ov-ar-y, Late L. dudria,the part of the
form ilre stands for *ns-er- ; cf. Goth. body in which eggs are formed in birds ;
oviform, egg-shaped ; ovi-farous, from
unsara, gen. pi.of Goth,
weis, we.

Ourang-OUtang; see Orang-outang. L. egg-producing

^JzcZ'/arz/i-, ( seeParent).
Ousel, a kind of thrush. (E.) M. E. Ovation, a lesser Roman triumph.(F.
osel. A. S. osle. which is
For '^ovisal-, L.) F. ovation. '^'L. ace. oudtionem, "

for older ^wjaZ-. + G. amsel,O. H. G. am- from oudtio,a shouting,exultation. L. "

sala,an ousel. The L. merttla (whence oudtus, pp. of oudre, to shout. + Gk.
E. merle) can and may
stand for '^mesula, iva^uv, to shout, from dvai,evoi, inter-
jections
be connected with G. amsel by gradation. of rejoicing, esp. in honour of
See Merle. Bacchus.
A.. ". ouster Oven. (E.) M. E. (=oven). A. S.
Oust, to eject.(F.-L.) ouen

(Bozon),]\I.F. oster, to '

remove ;
'
Cot. ofen,ofn.+ Du. oven Icel. ofn, omn (also
ogn),Swed. ugn, G. ofen, Goth, auhns.
(F. oter.) Of disputed origin; some

derive it from ob stare, to thwart, which Teut. types *uhno-, ; Idg. type
ttfno-
gives the rightform, but does not suit *uqnos. Allied Skt. ukhd, a
to pot (cf.
is oven); this older
the sense ; Diez suggests L. ^haustdre, Gk, irrvos, an sense

a derivative of haurtre (pp.kaustus),to remarkablypreserved in A. S. ofnet, a pot,

draw water. Cf. E. ex-haust \ and L. vessel.
exhaurire,in the sense ' to remove.' Over, above, across. (E.) M. E. otier
Out, without, abroad, (E.) M. ( over).
E."?z"/"?, A. S. over, Icel. yfir,
ofer.-\-Dvi. =

lite,adv., A. S. iite,iitan,adv., out, out

with- Dan.
of-, over, Swed. ofver, G. iiber, Goth.
formed
; (withadv. suffix-e or -an) ufar; Gk. vnip, L. s-uper \ Skt. tipari,
from A. S. t~tt, adv.,out, from. +Du. uit, above. The Idg. form is ""uper-, closely
Icel. ut, Dan. tid,Swed. ut, G. aus, Goth. related to *uperos,upper (Skt.upara-,
lit ( A. S. fit),
=: uta ( A. S. ute),utana L. s-upe7'us,
= A. S. yfera). This is a com-
parative

( A.= S. fitan); Skt. ud, up, out. form from Idg. (Skt.
'^upo- tipa,
Flence numerous compounds, such under Gk. L. s-ub, Goth.
% as near, on, ; v-no,

363
 OVERT OZONE

uf, under ; cf. A. S. ufan, E. -cme in own (3),to grant. (E.) A ment
develop-
ab-ove). Closelyallied to Up. % Hence from own (2),to appropriate, claim ;
a large number of compounds beginning hence, to acknowledge. See Johnson.
with over^ which presentno difficulty. ^ Usuallysaid to have been due to A. S.
Overt, open, public.(F. L.) O. F. unnan, M. E. tinnen, to grant, of which
"

overt (plater ouve/'t),pp. of ovrir (laterthere is no clear trace.

oiwrir), to open. The etymologyis dis-puted, Ox. (E.) M. E. ox, oxe, pi.oxen ; A. S.
a. Diez suggests that ovrir is a os, Icel. uxi, oxi,Dan.
oxa, pi.oxan.-\-T)\x.
shortened form of O. F. a-ovrir,a-uvrir Swed. oxe, G, ochse,ochs, Goth, auhsa ;
(Livredes Rois),answering to Prov. adu- also W. ych ; Skt. ukshan-, an ox, bull.
brir,to open. The latter can be resolved ; Idg.type *oksen-. The
Teut. type*^//ja"-
into L, ad, de,operire,where ad is a mere Skt. ukshan- is usually derived from Skt.
prefix, and de-operlre is to uncover. (3. nksh, to sprinkle, hence, to impregnate;
Littre considers ovrir to be for avrir, Bragm. ii. " 114.
i.e. L. apcrire, to
open ; the change Oxalis, wood-sorrel. (L. Gk.) L. "

being due to association with covrir (F. oxalis.^Gk. o^aXis,(i) sour wine, (2)
couvrir), to cover. Cf. Port, avrir, to sorrel ; from its sourness. " Gk. o^vs,acid.
open. See Oxygen.
overture,
a proposal, beginning.(F. oxide, a compound of oxygen with a
"
L.)
O. F. overture,latter ouverttire,an non-acid base. (Gk.) Coined from ox-

opening,from O. F. overt, open (above). (foroxy-, as in oxj/-gen) and -ide,Gk.

Oviform, Oviparous ; see Oval. -ddris,like. See Oxygen.
Owe, to possess ; hence, to possess Oxlip, a flower. (E.) A. S. oxanslyppe,
another's property,be in debt, be obliged.orig.
an ox-slop,pieceof ox-dung(a coarse
(E.) M. E. a^en, awen, owen, orig.' to name, like some other plant-names)."
possess.'A. S. dgan, to have, possess A. S. oxan, gen. case of oxa, ox ; slyppe,
(whencelongo from A. S. a, and w for g). a slop; see Slop. (So also cow-slip =

+Icel. eiga,to possess, have, be bound, cow-slop^

own ; Dan. eie,Swed.
dga, O.H.G. eigan, Oxygen, a gas often found in acid com- pounds.
Goth, possess. Teut. type *aigan-.
aigan,to (Gk.) Lit. ' acid-generator.' "

Allied to Skt. ff,to possess. Gk. o"i;-s,sharp,acid ; 761/-, to produce,

ought. (E.) The pres. tense of A. S. base oi yiyvoimi, I am born.
dgait is ic ah, really an old perf. tense ; OXymel, a mixture of honey and
hence was formed the new dhte, M. E. vinegar. (L. L. Gk.
pt. t. Gk.) oxy m e Ii. " "

ahte,aughte, oughte, mod. E. ought. 6"u/i"Ai.Gk. d^V'S,sharp, acid; /xcAt, "

owing, in phr. owing to due to, honey; see Mellifluous.

=

because of. (E ) Orig.pres. pt.oiowe, vb. OX3rtone, having an acute accent on

Owl, a bird. (E.) M. E. oule. A. S. the last syllable. (Gk.) Gk. o^vtopos,
?//(?.+Du.uil,Icel. ugla,Dan. ugle,Swed. shrill-toned. Gk. d^v-s,sharp; tovos, a "

ugla, G. eule, O. H. G. uwela. Teut. tone ; see Tone.

types *uwaldn-, *uwwaldn-, fem. Cf. Oyer, a term in law. (F. L.) Oyer "

also L. ulula, Skt. uh'ika-,

an owl. The and terminer means, literally,
to hear and
*

sense is '
howler,' from an imitative determine.' " to hear.
A. F. oyer (F.ou'ir),
root ; cf. L. ululdre,to howl. See " L. atidire,
to hear.
Howl.
Oyez, Oyes, hear ye ! (F. L.) Public "

Own (i),possessedby any one, peculiarcriers beginby sayingoyes, now corrupted

to oneself. (E.) M. E. a^en, into oyes .' A. F.
awen, owen, oyez, 2 p. pi.imperative
"

contracted to own by loss of e. A. S. dgen, oi oyer, to hear (above).

own, orig.pp. of dgan, to possess ; see Oyster. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.'E.oistre.
Owe. + Icel. eiginn,Dan. Swed. egen, G. " A. F. oistre (F.huttre). L. ostrea ; also "

Goth, aigans.
eigen, ostretcm.'^GV. oarpeov, an oyster; named
own (2),to possess. (E.) M. E. a^nien, from its hard shell. Gk. bareov,a bone, "

ahnien, ahnen, ohnen. A. S. dgnian, to shell ; see Osseous, Ostracise.

claim
appropriate, as one's own ; denom. Ozone, a substance perceived by its
vb.,from A. S. dgen, own (above). + Icel. smell in the air after electric discharges.
eigna,to claim as one's own ; from eiginn, (Gk.) Gk. o^ojv,smelling;pres. pt. of
one's own. Der. own-er. o^eiv,to smell. See Odour.

364
 PAGEANT PALEOLOGY

leaf. Orig.a leaf ; and named from the Pajamas, Pyjamas, loose drawers.
togetherof stripsof
fastening papyrus to (Hind. Pers.) Mind, pdcjdvid,pdjdma,
"

form a leaf. L. pag-, base oi patigei-e,

" to drawers, lit. leg-clothing.'
'
Hind, pde, "

fasten (pp.^ac-his ""Cpag-ius). leg; jama, garment. Pers. pdi, cognate "

pag^eant, exhibition,spectacle.
an with E. foot; Jamah, a garment (Horn,
(LateL. "

L.) Orig,the moveable scaffold " 412).

on which the old mysteries were acted.
'
Palace. '
(F.-L.) U.".. palais.^Y.
!sl.Y..paoent (Prompt.Parv.), also/a^(?", palais. L..paldtium, orig,a building on "

pagyn ; formed, with excrescent t after w, the Palatine hill at Rome ; esp. a palace
from Late L.^cfo"/;za, a scaffold, stage for of Augustus on this hill. The Palatine
shows, made of wooden planks. L. pd- hill is supposedto have been named from
"

gina, page
a of a book ; in Late L. a plank Pales, a pastoral divinity.
of wood. Named from being fastened to-gether paladin. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. paladin,
; see Page (2). "Dev. page-ani-r-y. a knightof the round table. Ital. pala- "

Fagoda, an Indian idol's temple. dino, a warrior ; orig. a knight of the

(Port."Pars.) From Port, pagoda, pa- palaceor royalhousehold. L. paldtinus; "

gode, pagoda.
a Pers. lmi-kadak.,2in\^o\-
" see Palatine.
temple. Pers. but, idol,image ; kadah, PalSBO- ; see Paleo-.
"

habitation. (The initial Pers. sound is Palanquin, Palankeen, a light

sometimes rendered by /, as in Devic's litterin which travellers are borne on men's
Supp. to Littre.) Perhaps confused with shoulders. (Port. -Hind. -Skt.) Cf. F.
Skt. bhagavatr, f venerable, as the name
, palanqtiin. From Port, palanqnim, a
of a goddess (Yule). palankeen. All from Hindustani palang,
Pail. (E.) M. E. paile. A. S. pcp.gd,abed, bedstead (Forbes) ; otherwise/^f/y^v"
a pail(Bosworth-Toller). See Anglia, viii. and (in the Carnatic) pallakki(Wilson);
450. Cf Dan./";?o-^/, half-a-pint ; M. Du. V?X\ pallanko,a palankeen(Yule). Skt. "

pegeK the contents or capacity of a pot. paryaiika-(Prakritpallaiika-), a couch-

Partly,from O. F. paelle,a pan, liquid bed, bed. Apparently named from the
measure. "L. patella, dimin. oi patina,a support afforded to the body. Skt. paj'i "

pan. (= Gk. -nepi), round,about; aiika-,a

Pain. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. peine. hook, also the flank.
-
- -

F. peine, a pain,a penalty. L. pana, Palate. (F.-L.) O. F. palat. L.

" -

punishment,penalty,pain. Gk. Tvoivq, palatum,

" the palate, roof of the mouth.
penalty. Idg.type '^qoind ; cf O. Ir. cin, Palatine. (F. L.) In phr. 'count "

a fault
'
(Ir.cion),Zend kaend-, punish- ment, palatine; the proper sense is pertaining '

Pers. kin, revenge, Russ. tsiena,a to the palace or royal household.' F. "

price, Gk. riv^iv, to pay a price. Brugm. palatin. L,.paldtmus, (i)the name of a "

i. " 202. Cf. Pine (2). hill at Rome, (2)belongingto a palace;

Painim ; see Paynim. see Palace.
Paint. (,F. L.) " M.^. peinten,vb.
(Port. L. Gk.) A parley. Palaver. " "

"^".peint,pp. oipeindre,to paint. "L. Port, palavra, a word, parole. "L. "

pingere, to paint. See Picture. parabola.'^Gk. Trapa^oK-q ; see Parable.

Painter, a rope for mooring a boat. Pale (i),a stake,limit. (F.-L.) M. E.
(F. L.) Assimilated io painter,one who paal. F. pal, a pale,stake ; Cot. L.
"
"
' '
"

paints; but also speltpenter (1661); and pdlum, ace. oi pdliis,a stake. For *pac-
perhapsadaptedfrom 0." .pe}itoir,pendoir slus,from pac-, to fasten, as in pac-isci,
(.Godefroy), a perch for hanging clothes to stipulate.Brugm. ii. " 76. % The
to dry,also strong cordage. "Late L. pen- heraldic pale is the same word ; so is
ditorium,a perch for clothes. Cotgrave pole (i).
hdii penteiir,the name of one of the ropes Pale (2),wan. (F.-L.) O.Y.pale,
which pass over the top of a mast. From later paste (F. pdle'^)."!^.
pallidum,ace.
Low L. '^pcnditiivi, for L. pensum, supine oipallidus, Allied
pale. to Fallow.
oi penderc,to hang.
Paleography, the study of ancient
Pair, two equalor like things. (F. L.) modes of writing.(Gk.) Gk. 7ra\ato-s,
"
"

^L E. peire. F. paire, a pair;'Cot." '

'
"
old,from -naXai,adv.,longago ; ypdcp-^iv^
Y.pair, like, equal ;' id." L./ar^w,ace. to write.
of par, equal. See Par.
paleology, archxology.(Gk.) From
366
 PALEONTOLOGY PALM

Gk. Trahaio^i,old ; -Xoyia, discourse,

from is the same whether read forwards or

Koyos, a word, Keyfiv, to speak. backwards.

(Gk.) Such a word is madam.
paleontology, the science of fossils, Gk, "naXivdpo/j.os, "
running back again."
"c. (^Gk.)From Gk.7raAai-oy, old ; outo-, Gk. vdXiv. again ; 5po/ioj, a running, from
decl. stem of cvv, existing ; -\oyia,dis-course,
Zpai-Lilv, to run ; see DroniOdary.
from \6yos, a word, Kiyciu^to Palinode, a recantation, in song. (F.
speak. L. Gk.) F."

palinodie (Cot.). L.pali-

-
-

Falestra, a wrestling-school. (L. 7iodia. G\"..iraKncvhia,

"
a recantation,
"
esp.
Gk.) L. pahesira. Gk. na\ai"TTpa,a of an ode. Gk. vdKiv,back,again; w'^rj^
" "

wrestling-school. Gk. TraAatct*',

" to wrestle. an ode. See Ode.
" Gk. irdkTj, wrestling. Palisade. (F.-L.) Y. palissade, a

Paletot, a loose garment. (F.) Mod. row of Y

pales. .paliss-er, to enclose w ith "

Y paletot,
. formerly?,\)c\t palletot, pailetoc. jjales.F. palis,a pale,extended from "

a sort of coat ; whence M. E. paletok, used pal, a pale; see Pale (i).
of a dress worn by soldiers, knights, and Pall (i),a cloak,mantle,shroud. (L.)
kings,and usuallymade of silk or velvet. i\.^.pcEll.''Y. pallium,a coverlet, cloak ;
Explainedby Diez a.?, palle-toque, a cloak Sievers, " So,
with a hood ; from 'L.palla, a mantle,and Pall (2),to become vapid. (F, L.) "

W. ioc, Bret, tok, a cap. Littre derives I'all is a shortened form of appal formerly ^

O. F. palletoc from M. Du. paltrok,a used in the same sense. Palsgravehas

mantle,but Franck says that this M. Du. palle and appalle, both in the sense of
word is taken (with alteration) from the losingcolour by standingas drink does ;
O. F. word. Cf. Bret. /a//^/^, a peasant'salso \ palle,I fade.' See Appal, '

robe ; from palleii, a covering(L.palld); Palladium, a safeguaid of liberty. (L.

and tok^a cap. Whence also Span./^A? Gk.) L. Palladium
"
; Virg..^^n. ii-J 66,
toque. 183. " Gk, the
YiaKKdhiov, statue of Pallas
Palette, a small slab painterson which the safetyof Troy depended.
on which "

mix colours. (F. Ital. L.) Y. palette,

" " Gk. DaAXas (stem IlaAAaS-), Pallas, an
orig. a flat blade, spatula, a nd lastly, epithet
a o f Athene.
palette,lizX.paletta,
" a flatblade, spatula ; Pallet (i),a kind of mattress,properly
dimin. oi pala,a spade, ^h. pala,a spade, one of straw. (F, L,) M. PZ. paillet.'- "

'

shovel, flat-bladed peel for putting

'
bread Y paillet, a heap of straw, given by Littre
.

into an oven. See Peel (3). as a provincial word. Cf. paillat, a pal-
liasse,
Palfrey. (F.-^LowL,-C.) M. E. in patoisof Lyons (Puitspelu ,
"

palefrai, palfj-ei.'^O. F. palefrei (F.pale- Y. paille, straw. "L. palea,straw, chaff.

'
froi).'~l.Qvi L,.paravej'eu'us, lit, an extra +Gk. ttoXt], fine meal ; Skt paldla, straw;
'

post-horse(White)."Low L. para- (Gk. l\xis$. polcva,chaff; Lith. pe la i,pi., chaff.

rrapd), beside, hence, extra ; ueredus, a Pallet (2),an instrument used by pot- ters,
post-horse, courier's horse, p. Here ue-redus also by gilders ; also a palette. (F. "

stands for *vo-redus, from a Celtic Ital. L.) It is a flat-bladed instrument

"

type *vo-reido-, carriage-horse.

a Celtic for spreadingplasters,
" gilding,iscc. ; and
*vo {\v. W
fo-, .go-\, under, in ; and Celtic is a doulilet of Paletts.
*reidd,Gaulish L. reda,rheda,a carriage. Palliasse, a straw mattress. (F, L.) "

The Celt. *vo-reido- appears in W. go- F. paillasse (with // mouilles), a straw-

rwydd, a horse. The Celt, *reidd is from bed ; spt\tpaillace in Cotgrave. F. paille, "

the verb seen in O. Irish riad-aim,I travel,straw; with suffix -ace (^L. -a^^^j). L. "

ride, cognate with E. 7-ide (Stokes \ palea, straw. See Pallet (i).
^ Cf. Du. paard,G. pferd,O. H. G. pfer- Palliate, to cloak,excuse. (L.) From
frit,ahorse, also {rora paraveredns. L, pallidtus,covered as with a cloak." L.
Palimpsest, a MS, which has been pallium^a coverlet, cloak. See Pall (i).
twice written on, the first writing being Pallid. (L,) L. pallidus, pale.
partlyerased. (Gk.) Gk. TraXi^-^rjaTov, a pallor. (L.) L. /aZ/t'/', paleness.L. "

palimpsest, neut. scrapedpailere,

of TTaXifiipijcrTos, to be pale, Ste Pale (2).
again (to renew the surface). Gk, irdki/x- Pall-mall;
" see Mall (2).
(forndXiu), again; xprjaros, scraped, from Palm I ),inner part of the hand. (F. ,
"

ipddv, to rub. L.) M. Y.paume, palm of the hand. F. "

Palindrome, a word or sentence that paitme. Y.palvia, the palm of the hand.-f* "

367
 PALM PANEGYRIC

the
Gk. naXdfxr), palm of the hand ; A. S. find Y. pamphile^ihtknave of clubs,
from
fo/m, the same; O. Irish /dm, W. //azu. the Gk. name Pamphiliis; similarly,
I
Brugm. i. " 529 (2). T"qv. palm-isl-r
y. should suppose that there was a F. form
Palm (2),a (L.) A. S. palm." *pamjilet,
tree. or Late L. *painphiletus,
coined
L. palma, a palm-tree.Der. palm-er, from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the
M. E. pal/jiere,
one who bore a palm- name of a female historian of the first
branch in memory of having been to the century, who wrote numerous epitomesof
Holy Land ; hence palmer or palmer- history.G. Paris suggests L. Pamphihis,
a

worm, supposed to be the name

a sort of caterpillar, of a medieval Lat. comedy.
so named from its wandering about. Also We find Low \^2i\..
panjlettis
(a.d. 1.544').
palm-ary,deserving the palm (ofvictory). Pan. (E.?) Vi.\L.pa7iiie. K.'S panne,
Palpable, that can be felt. (F.-L.) a pan, broad shallow vessel ; cf. Irish
F. Palsgrave). L. palpd- panjzaj W pan, a pan.
palpable(Littre, "
.
" Late lu.paiina,
pal- a pan (whencealso Du. pan, G. pfanne,
bilis,that may be felt" L. palpdre,
pari, to feel,to handle. O. H. (j.pfannd). If not of Teut. origm,
Palpitate, to throb. (L.) From pp. it may be a form
corrupted of L. patina,
of L. palpitate, to throb. bowl, pan,a shallow Der. pati- bason.
Palsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^.Y.. palesy, cake; pannikin (,M.'Dw. panneken).
fuller form parlesy. ". paralysie.
" "L,. Pan-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. Ttdv, neut.
paralysin,ace. oi paj'alysis.G]!i. irapd-of rr"i^
" all.
Kvais ; see Paralysis. Panacea, a universal remedy. (L."
Palter, to dodge, shuffle, equivocate. Gk.) 1^.panacea. (Ji^. iravaKeia, a uni- versal "

(Scand.) Speltpaidter in Cotgrave,s. v. remedy ; allied to navaKTjs, all-

harceler. The orig.sense is to haggle,to healing. Gk. ndv, all (above) ; aKiOfiai,
"

haggleover such worthless stuff as is called I heal,d'/cos, a remedy.

paltrie in Lowland Scotch. More literally, Pancreas, a fleshygland,commonly

'
it is to deal in rags, to trifle ; see further calledsweet-bread.
'
(L. Gk.) l^.paticreas. "

below. Gk. Ttd'yKpea'i,

sweet-bread; lit. 'all
"

paltry, worthless. (Scand.)Lowland flesh,' from its softness "Gk. ttSlv,all;

Sc. paltrieis a sb., meaning trash ; so Kpias,flesh, for ^Kpefas ; cf. Skt. kravya-,
also Norfolk paltry, rubbish, refuse,'
'
raw flesh,L. cru-dus, raw. See Pan-
Forby. But both sb. and adj.are from an and Crude.
old sh. palter,
rags, which is stillpreserved Pandect, a digest.(F. L. Gk.) - -

in Danish and Swedish. "S wed. paltor,Usuallyin pi.pandects. M. F. pandectes, "

rags, pi. of palta,a rag, tatter ; Dan. pi.{Cot.).l^.pandectcE, the title of a col-
" lection
pialter^ rags, pi. oi pialt, rag. |3.
a We of laws made by order of Justinian;
find the adj. itself in Low G. palt7'ig, also (in sing.) pandectes.G'k. irai'deKTai, "

ragged,ixom palte, a rag, piecetorn off a pandects;from Gk.Traj'Sf/fT?;?, all-receiving,

cloth ; and in prov. G. palterig, paltry,comprehensive.Gk. irdv,all; 54xofJ.ai, 1 "

from palter(pi. paltern),a rag (Fliigel). receive. See Pan-.

We find also M. Du. palt,a fragment, Pandemonium. (Gk.) The home of
Friesic palt, a rag ; E. Fries, palterig, all the demons. Gk. irdv,all ; 5ai/j.ovi-, "

paltrig, ragged. Possiblyof Slavonic for Sai/xcxjv, a demon ; see Pan- and
origin. Cf. Russ. polotno, platno^ linen,Demon.
platitc, to patch. Pander, Pandar, a pimp. (L. Gk.) -

Pampas, plainsin S. America. (Peru- vian.) L. Panda7'us. Gk. Tldvdapos, a personal

"

The final s is the Span.pi.suffix. name ; the name

" of the man who procured
Peruvian pampa, a plain. for Troilus the favour of Chryseis.The
Pamper, to glut. (O. Low G.) quent,
Fre- name is from Homer (II.ii. 827); but the
from Low G. pavipen, to cram. sto7y belongsto medieval romance.
"

Low G. pampe, broth,pap, nasalised form Pane, a patch of cloth,plateof glass.

of pappe, ]-'ap. Cf. Low G. (Altmark) (F. L.) M.E.pa7ie,aportion. F. pan,
"
"

'
pampen, pappen, to cram oneself (Danneil).'a pane, piece,or pannell; Cot. L. "

See Pap f i). patmum, of patinus,

ace. a cloth, rag,
Pamphlet, a small book. (F.?-L. ?- patch. Allied to Vane.
Gk.?j Spelt/a;;//?^/,
Test, of Love, pt. Panegyric. (L.-Gk.) \..panegyri-
\ii. 9. 54. Elym. quite uncertain. We cus, a eulogy; from adj.
L. pattegyricus
,

36S
 PANEL PANTRY

"
TravrjjvpiKos,fit for a full
Gk. assembly,j Pansy, heart's-ease. (F. "
L.) F.
solemn
festive, ; hence applied to festival pens^e, a
a
'
thought; also,the flower paun-
'
oration. "Gk. a
7raj/777i;/"is, full assembly."ic'; Cot. (Itis the flower of thoughtor
" Gk. Trdv,all ; -rjyvpis, related to 0.70^0, remembrance.^ Prop. fern, of pp. of F.
a a crowd.
gathering, penser, to
pensdre, think. "L.
weigh, to

Panel, Fannel, a board with a rounding

sur- of pendere, to weigh.
jonder,frequent,
frame, "c. (F. L.) "
M. K. See Pendant. Cf. Chaucerian Pieces,
panel,(i)a pieceof cloth, sort of saddle, xxi. 62 (note).

(2) a schedule containing jurors' names ; Pant, to breathe hard. (F.-L.?-Gk.?)

the generalsense being little piece.' M. E. pajiien,to pant (15th cent.). The
'
"

O. ". panel,M. F. paneati (Xsiier panneazi) O. F. pantais(Godefroy) meant shortness ,

'

'a pannelof wainscot, of a saddle,' "c. ; of breath,in hawks,' and was a term in
Cot. Late 'L.paiinelhim^
" dimin. oi pa7t- hawking. So also F. pantois,short-
72HS, a cloth ; see Pane. Der. em-panel,winded,V. panteler^io pant; Gascon /a"-
im-panel,to put upon a panel,enroll tacha, to pant ; A. F. pantoiser.The
jurors' names. O. F. pantaisis a verbal sb. from O.F.
to breathe with difficulty
'
Fang, sharppain.(E.?) Speltprange
a pantaisier, ; cf.
of love' ; Court of Love, 1. 1150 (ed.1561); Prov./aw/azVfXjtopant, dream. Prob. from
M. E. pTonge, a throe, a woman's pang Late L. *phaniasidre, by-form of phan-
(Prompt.Parv.). The sense is a sharp tasidrijioimagine,dream (Ducange)."
*

stab,' a prick; see Prong. For the loss Gk. (pavraala, a fancy;see Fancy. (G.
of r, cf speakfor spreak. Paris,in Romania, vi. 628.) ^ Not from
Panic, extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. to W. pantu, which does not mean to press

naviKov, Panic be in- (Diez),but to sink in,indent.

spired
fear, supposedto
Pan.
by Gk. iraviKos, adj., Pantaloon
the god (i),a ridiculous character,
"

from Udv, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia. buffoon. (F. Ital. Gk.) Y.pantalon. " " "

Panicle, a form of inflorescence. (L.) Ital. pant alone,a buffoon ; from the per-sonal
L. tuft ; double
pdjn'cula,
a dimin. of name Fantaleone,common in Venice,
the thread wound round the bobbin St. Fantaleone beinga well-known saint in
pdmis,
of a shuttle.+ Gk. tttjvos,the same. Allied Venice. Prob. from Gk. iravTaXeajv,lit.
to \..pannus, cloth ; see Pane.
'
all-lion,' a Gk. personalname. " Gk.
Pannage, food of swine in woods, (b .
travTa-^ all ; Xiojv,
lion.
"
L.) hx\^^o-Ypanage \ W.Y pasnage,
. . pantaloons, kind of trousers.
a (F. "

for feedingoi Ital. Gk.) Y.pantalon, called because

mastage, monie
' so
pawnage, "

swine with Cotgrave. Late L.

mast;' " worn by Venetians. " Ital. pantalone,a
pasndticiwi, pastidndticum,pannage. " Venetian above. : see

Late L. pastiondre, to feed on mast, as Pantheism, the doctrine that the uni-
verse
svfmc.'^'L. pastidn-,stem o\ pastio, is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and
glaz-
ing,
used in Late L. to mean right of Theism ; see below.

pannage. "L. pp. oi pascere, to

/fli'^-z^j', pantheon. (L.-Gk.) Y. pantheon.
feed. -cavQiiov,a
" Gk. temple consecrated to
bread-basket. (F. L.) all the gods. Gk. all ; ^ffoj,
-udv, divine,
Pannier, a "
"

M .
E. panier. "Y . panier. L. pdndrium, "
from ^eu?,god.
a bread-basket. " L. pditis,bread. Cf Panther, a quadruped. (F.- L.-
Pantry and Company. Gk .) O. F. panthere.
M. E. pantere. - -

Pannikin, a little pan. (L.; with E. L. panthera, panther. Gk. "ndve-qp,

a "

suffix:)Dimin. of Pan. Cf. M. Du. panther; prob.of Skt. origin. ^ A posed

sup-
pdnneken,the same.
pamieken,^'tst[:"\i3.\. derivation from irdv,all,Orjp,a
rise to fables.
Panoply, completearmour. (Gk.) Gk. beast,gave numerous

vavonXla, full armour. " Gk. irdv,all ; Pantomime, a dumb actor ; later,
a

6n\ov, an im- dumb

plement, show. (F. -L.-Gk.) Y. panto-
mime,
onX-a, arms, armour, pi.of
from Gk. enw, I am busy about. an actor of many parts in one play.
Y. Gk. all-
Erugm. ii. " 657. And see Pan-. "
pantomTmus. "
iravTofxifios,
Panorama, of largepicture.
a imitating,
kind a pantomimic actor. (.jk.-rravTO-, "

(Gk.) Lit. a view all round.'

'
Gk. irdv,for nds,all ; f^ipLos,a mime, imitator ; see
"

all ; opa/jia, a view, from opdoj, I see. See Pan- and Mimic.
Pan- and "Wary. Pantry. (F.-L.) M. E. pantrie.-
369 N
 PAP PARADOX

pdnetdria,
O.Y pajieteyie.'"'LzX"l..
. pani- \papyrus. Qi]^.Trdirvpos.
an Egyptianrush "

'
tdria, a place where bread is made or or flag, of which a writingmaterial was
kept. Late L. pdneta, one
" who makes made. Prob. of Egyptianorigin,
bread, L. /J"-w, bread, food; ci. pas- \ Par, equalvalue. ^L.) L, /Jr, equal.
-

cere, to feed. y^'^FX.) jPerhapsallied to Pare.

'
Fap (i),food for infants. P"^p- Para-, prefix.
(Gk.) Gk, irapa, beside.
'

vE-)
mete for chylder ; ' Prompt. Parv. ^a.d. Allied Skt. para, away, from, L, per^
to

1440). Cf. M. Y..pappe, onlyin the sense and to 'E.for-

through, infor-give.
of * breast.' Of infantine origin, due to (F.-L.-Gk.) U.^.para- Parable.
the repetition of pa, pa, in calling for parabole. L. parabola, bo/e.
Mark " O. F. "

food ; cf. L. papa, pappa, the word by iv. 2. Gk. TTapai3o\T], a comparison,a "

which infants call for food. So also Du. parable. Gk. 7ra/3a/3dA\eij/,
to cast or put "

pap, E. Fries, and G. pappe., pap ; Dan. beside,to compare. Gk, Trapd, beside ; "

pap, Swed. papp, paste-board.Cf, pap /Sa-Weij/,

to cast. Brugm. ii." 713.
K2\,Papa. parabola, a certain planecurve. (L.
pap (-% a teat, breast. (E.) M. E. Gk.) L. parabola. Gk. napa^oXr],the " "

pappe. Cf. M. Swed. papp, the breast ; ;conic section made by a plane/ara//t7to
changed,in mod. Swedish,to patt. So ; the surface of the cone ; see Parable,
also Swed. dial, pappe, N. Fries, pap, \ Parach.ute, an apparatus for break-
pape, Litliuan, papas, the breast. Much ; ing a fall from a balloon. (F." L,) F.
the same as Pap i,i) and due to Uie i/ara^/^w/*?,
.
lit.that which parries or guards
infant'scall for food. I againsta fall, F, para-.,as in para-sol; "

Papa, i^F. L.) Not found in ! and chute, a fall. Here para- represents
father. "

old books; rather, borrowed from F. /a/a. Port, or Ital. parare, to ward off; and
j
" L. papa, a father,bishop,pope. Cf. \ chute is equivalent to Ital. caduta,a fall,
h. pappas, a tutor, borrowed from Gk. orig.fern, of tiz^^//(?,
fallen, j
from L. rac/t?r";,
"ndmras,papa: Homer, Od. vi. 57. Due jto fall. See Parasol.
10 the lepeiition
oi pa, pa ; see Pap ^i),I Paraclete, the Comforter. (^L. Gk.) "

Pope. \^'L.
parade t us. G\s..irapaKXTjTOi,
called to "

papal, belongingto the pope. {P." jone's aid, the Comforter (.Johnxiv. 16).
L.) F. papal. Late L. pdpdlis,adj.,
" j Gk, -napaiiaXiivto call "
,
to one's aid. "

from L. father, jGk. irapd,

p'^pa,a bishop,spiritual beside ; KaXuv, to call.
Cf. Gk. jj-dn-as,
Tr6,mjas,
papa, father
Parade, display.;F.-Span.-L.) F.
'
(above). parade,a show, also a stop on horse-back,'
Papaw, a fiuit. iSpan. W. Indian.) Cot." The latter sense was the lier
ear-

Span, papaya (Pineda). Carib ababai. in French,

"
Span, parada,a stop, "

See Yule. halt,

from parar, vb., to halt,also to get
Paper. (L.-Gk,- Egyptian?^ A. S. ready. L. parare, to get ready. See "

'

paper; directlyfrom L. papyrus; see Pare. The sense

'
displaywas due to
Papyrus. the F, verb parer, to deck,trim,from the
papier-maclie,paper made into pulp, same L. parare.
moulded, dried,and japanned. (,F. L.) "
Paradigm, an example,model, ^.F.
"

F. papier, paper, from L. ace, papyrum ; L. "

Gk.) paradigme. paj'odigma.F. " L.

F. mdcht!. lit.chewed, pp. of mdc'her,
L, " Gk. TTopdSeiyfxa,
a pattern, model, ex-
ample

masticdre, to chew. See Masticate. of declension. " Gk. beside

irapd, ;
Papilionaceous, having a winged SfiKyvjM,
I point out, show. See tion.
Dic-
corolla resembling a butterfly.(L.)i
Coined,with suffix -dccus, from h. papi- Paradise. (L. Gk. Pers.) L.para- - -

lion-,stem of papilio,a butterfly

; see disus. Gk. napaSfiaos, a park,pleasure- "

Pavilion. ground ; an oriental word of Pers. origin.

Papillary, belonging to or resem- bling Zend paiHdaeza, an enclosure,place"

nipplesor teats,warty. (L.) From walled in. Zend pairi (= Gk. Trt/jt), "

h. papilla, a small pustule,nipple,teat ; around ; diz (Skt.dih^, to mould, form,

dimin. of papula, a pustule. + Lithuan. shape (hence to form a wall of earth),
papas, a ie^t,pampti, to swell out. See VDHEIGH ; see Dough.
Prellwitz, s. v. TripapL^. Paradox. (F.-L.-Gk.^ F. para-
dox
Papyrus. (L.-Gk.- Egyptian?) L. e. L. paradoxuni, neut. oi paradoxus ^
"

370
 PARAFFINE PARAPHERNALIA

adj. Gk. 7ra/ja5o"oj,

"
contrary to received lines. Gk. irapdWrjKo-s,
parallel(above); "

opinion. Gk. irapa, beside ; 5o"a,opinion,ypdpipui,

" a line,
from ypd"p(iv,
to write.
from ooKfiv, to parallelopiped. L.
seem ; Gk.) So
see Dogma. -

Faraf5.ue. Named from its wntten

(F. L.)
; a mistake iox parallelepiped.-'
"

havingbut small affinity with an alkali." L. parallelepipedu7n. Gk. vapaXXrjXf- "

Y. paraffijie.^'L. par-tan, little;affinis,"ninfOov,a body formed by parallel sur-

faces.

havingiiffinity
; see Affinity. Gk. napdkkrjX-os, parallel; fTrt- "

Farag'Oge, the addition of a letter at wfSov, a planesurface,neut. of (Triir(8os,

the end of a word. ^L. Gk.) [Thus,in on the ground,from km, upon, and iridov, "

tyran-t,the final letter is paragogic.~\"\.. the ground.

paragoge. GV.. -rrapaytuyrj, leading
a"
by or Paralogism, a conclusion ranted
unwar-

past, alteration. Gk. napdydv^ to lead by" the premises.'F. L. Gk.) " "

past. Gk. irap-d, beyond ; d-yeiv,

" to lead ; F. paralogisme.^L. paralogismzts. Gk. "

see Agent. pios a false reckoning

irapakoyia or sion."
conclu- ,

Paragon. ^F. -
Span. -
Gk.^ M. F. Gk.
TrapaAoYtXoftaj,
I misreckon. "

paragon. ^M. Spnn.paragon, a model of Gk. vapd, beside,amiss ; koyi^opiai,I

Cf. Ital. paragone^ ' a para-
excellence. gon, reckon,from koyos, reason ; see Logic.
'
a Florio ; and Ital.
match, an equal; Paralysis. (L.-Gk.) paralysis. L.
paragonare, tocompare. The latteranswers " Gk. vapakvais,a looseningaside,dis-
abling
to the Gk. TTapa!{ovd(iv,to rub against a of nerves, paralysis
or "Gk.
palsy.
whetstone
(hence,probably,to try by a irapakviiv,to loosen aside. Gk. vapd^ "

compare). Gk. -nap-d,

touchstone, beside ; beside ; kvuv, to loosen, allied to Lose.
"

dKovq,a whetstone,allied to olkIs,

a sharp Der. paralyse,from F. paralyser, verb
point. (VAK.) See Tobler, in Zt. fur formed from F. sh. paralysie, paralysis.
roman. Philol. iv. 373. Also pai-alytic,
from (jk. TrapakvTiKOi,
Paragraph, a short passage of a afflictedwith palsy. Doublet, /a/jy.
book. F. L. Gk.) Actuallycor- rupted,
"

Paramatta,
"
a fabric like merino.
in the 15thcentury,\tiio pargrafte^(New S. Wales.) So named from Para-
matta,
pylcrafte, pilcrow
and ! F. paragraphe. a town near Sydney, "New South "

Late ]^.paragraphti?ti ace. oipai-agraphtts. W ales. Properly spelt Pari-a77iatta ; the

,
'
Gk. irapdypacpos,
"
a line or stroke in the lit.sense is placeof eels ; where parra '

margin, a paragraph-mark ; hence the representseels, and mattay place.Farra-

paragraph itself. Gk. irapd,beside; 7natta is also the name " of the river ;
ypdcpeiv, to write ; see Graphic. (N. B. Cab7-ainatta, ten miles off, not a river.
is
The pilcrow or paragraph -mark is now Paramount, of the highestimport-
ance
printed "[.) (F. L.) O.Y.par a77i07it, at the "

'
Parallax, the difference between the top, above,lit. by that which is upwards.'
real and apparent placesof a star. (Gk.) "L.per, by; ad monte77i,to the hill, up-
Gk. irapaXXa^is, alternation,change; also \\ ards ; where 7?iontem is ace. of 771011s,a
parallax ''inmodern science}. Gk. vapaX- hill. See Mount. "

Kdaanv, to make thingsalternate. Gk. Paramour. (F. L.) M. E. par "

-

irapd,beside ; oKKdaauv, to change, a lter. a77iour, with love ; orig. an adverb, phrase.
from aAAoj, other ; see Alien. Y.par a?7ionr, with love ; where par", "

Parallel, side by side,similar. (F." l^.per, and a77iour is from L. a77idrevi,ace.

L. Gk.) M. F. paralle/e.
- Cot. L. of atTtor, love. See Amatory- -

parallelus. Gk. irapdW-qXosparallel,Parapet, a rampart, breast-high.(Y

"
,
.

beside each other. Gk. irap-d, beside ; Ital. L. ; F. pai-apet.Ital.parapetto,

" " "
"

; lit, guarding the

'
*d\KrjXos, one another,only in the gen. a wall breast-high
dat. and ace. plural,p. The decl. stem breast.' Ital. pa7-are, to adorn, also to "

akXrjXo-stands for dXAo- dAAo-, a redupli-

cated guard,parry; petto, hieast-.^L. para re,
form, lit.' the other the other or
'
to prepare, adorn ; pectus,the breast. See
'
'
one another ; from Gk. dAAo?, other ; Pare.
see Alien. Paraphernalia, ornaments. (L. "

parallelogram. (F. - L. -
Gk.) Gk.) Properlythe property which a

M. F. paralelograme,Cot." L. bride
parallelo- possesses dowry.
beyond her
graimnuin. Gk. vapaXkrjKoypapLpLov,
" a Formed by adding L. neut. pi. suffix
figure contained by two pairs parallel-alia to
of the pro-
Late L. parapher7i-a,

37
 PARAPHRASE PARHELION

of bride over and above her whence Span,parche, the end of a drum.
perty a

dower. " Gk. irapcKpepva^ that which a Cf. also prov. F. poissans parche,for poi:
bride brings beyond her dower. " Gk. sans parchemin;Vocab. du Haut Maine, by
a dower, that which is C. R. de M., Paris,1859. See further below.
"napoLjbeside; (pfpvrj,
brought,from cpipeiv, to bring, allied to Parchment. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. - -

E. Bear (i). perchef?iin. O. F. parchemin. L. per- " "

Paraphrase. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. gamina, pe7gamena, parchment; fern, of

\^.
paraphrase. paraphrasing " ace. oi para- L. Fergamemis, belonging to Pergamos
paraphrase,(where parchment was first invented)."
phrasis. Gk. " ti a pa.(ppa(ns,
a

free translation. "

Gk.
Gk. Trapa, beside; (ppdais, nepyaprjVT] parchment, from Tlep- ,

a phrase,from (ppd^eiu, to speak; see yapLos, TiepyapLov,Pergamus,in Mysia of

Phrase. Asia Minor.

Faraquito, Parakeet, a littlepar-

rot. Pard, a panther, leopard. (L. Gk.) "

(Span.) Span, periquito., a little L. pardiis. Gk. irdpSos.An " Eastern

parrot, dimin. of perico,

a parrot. Diez word; cf. Feis. pars, a pard; Skt.p/'clahz(,
supposes /m^"? to be a nickname, mean-
ing a leopard. Der. leo-pard,catnelo-pard.
'
little Peter,'dimin. of Pedro, Peter. Pardon, forgiveness. (F. L.) M. E. "

See Parrot. pardoun. F. pardon,sb. F. pardonner,

" "

of distance. to forgive."Late 1^.perdonareto remit a

Parasang, a measure ,

(Gk. Pers.)
"
"napaad-y^rjs, of Pers.
Gk. debt,pardon. L. per, fully;dondre, to "

origin. Mod. Pers. farsang,ferseng, a give; see Donation.

league. (Horn," 8i8.) Pare, to shave off. (F. L.) M. E. "

Parasite. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. site. paren. F. parer, to deck,trim,pare. L.

para- " "

"
l^.parasTiiis. Trapdanos,
Gk. eatingpardre, to get ready,prepare.
"

beside another at his table, a flatterer, Paregoric, assuagingpain.(L. Gk.) "

toad-eater. Gk. -napd^

" beside; airos, L. paregoriciis, assuaging.Gk. naprjyopi- "

wheat, food. Grig,in a good sense ; see Kos, addressing, encouraging, soothing. "

Gk. Lex. Gk. TTaprj'yopeTv, to address. Gk. irapd, "

Port. L.) beside ; uyopd, assembly, whence also

Parasol, a sun-shade. (F. an
'
" "

F. parasol, an umbrello '

; Cot. Port. dyopeveiv, t o address an assembly. "

parasol(orItal.pai-asole), an umbrella to JParent. (F. L.) F. parenl, a kins- man. "

keep off the sun's heat. Port. /ara-r i^or L,.

parenl-,
" stem ofparens,a parent, "

Ital. pai-are), to ward off;sol (Ital. sole),lit.one who produces. 1..parere, to pro- duce. "

sun. "L. par are, to prepare; solem,ace. of Brugm. i. " 515.

sol,sun. See Parry and Solar. Parenthesis.- (Gk.) Gk. -napivO^ais,
'
Parboil. (F. L.) It now means
" to an insertion, puttingin beside. Gk.
a "

boil insufficiently,' by confusion with. pari. nap-d, beside ; c "',in ; Oiais,

a placing
; see
'
The old to boil thoroughly.' Thesis.
sense is "

O. F. parboillir, to cook thoroughly, also, Parget, to plaster a wall. (F.-L.)

to boil gently(Godefroy). Late h. par- Nearly obsolete ; once
" common. M. E.
bulllre,L. perbullJre, to boil thoroughly. pargetett; as if from O. F. pargeter, to
" L. per, through; and btillire, to boil ; spreadabroad,cast around. Late L. per-
see Boil (i). jactdre(notin Ducange, but found in the
Parcel. (F.-L.) M. E. parcel. F. 14th cent.). Cf. Perjacio, Anglice,to -
'"

'
parcelle, a small pieceor part. Late L. perjette ; Vocab. 602. 7. As if from L.
"

particella, only preservedin Ital. parti-per, fully;iactdre,to cast, frequent, of

cella, a small part. Dimin. of L. particula;iacere, to throw. See Jet (i). 2. But
see Particle. reallysubstituted for O. F. porgeter, to
Parch, to scorch. (F. L.) Very rough-casta wall (Godefroy).L. proiec-
- "

difficult. M. 'E.parchen, to parch. Not tdre, to cast forth ; from pro and iactdre.
the same as M. E. perchen,to pierce, an Cf. WaWooxi porget^,to parget (Remade).
occasional form oi peixen, to pierce;the % Also speltspargetten,where the s of
sense being too remote. I suggest that it spargetten O. F. es-, L. ex (intensive). =

meant to dry or harden like parchment ; Parhelion, a mock sun. (L.-Gk.)

from O. F. parche,a shortened form of 'L..parhelion. Gk. vaprfXiov,\\ex)X. ofiraprj- "

parchment which actually occurs (Bartsch, \ios, beside the sun. Gk. nap-d, beside; "

Chrestomathie, 1887, col. 309, 1. 16); ijKios, sun ; see Heliacal.

372
 PARSE PARTURIENT

fem. pp. ; used as equivalentto Ital. participate. (L.) From pp. of L.

parata, a defence,guard. F. parer, to " to take a part. L. particip-,
participdre, "

prepare, also to guard,ward oft". L. /a- " stem oiparticeps,sharingin. L. parti-, "

rdre, to prepare. See Pare. decl. stem oi pars, a part ; capei'e,to take.

Parse, to tell the parts of speech,(L.) participle. (F. L, ) The / is an E. -

To parse is to tell ' qwx pars orationis,' as in syllable.Y.pai'ticipe.'^l-

i.e. insertion, "

what part of speecha word is. L. pars, participiiini a participle; supposed to "
,

a part. See Part. partakeof the nature both of an adjectival

Parsee, an adherent of the old Persian sb. and a vb. L. particip-, stem of par- "

religion,in India. (Pers.) Pers. pdrsl,a ticeps, in

sharing ; see above.
Persian. "
particle. (F.-L.") F./ar/zV?^/^
Pers. Pars, Persia. (i6th
Parsimony, frugality. (F.-L.) M. F. cent.). L. particula, double dimin. from "

parsimoJtie ; Cot.
L. parshnonia,better parti-,decl. stem oi pars, a part.
"

parcimonia. L./a;rz-,for/a?r//j, sparing; partisan (i),an adherent of a party.

"

with suffix -monia (Idg.-monyd). Allied (F. Ital. L.) Y. partisan. Ital.parti- " " "

\.o partere, to giano, partner ; answering to a Late L.

spare. a

Parsley. (F. L. Gk.) Formerly form *partttidnus.L. partitus,pp. of

" " "

persely. 1^ persil
;" older form peresil. partirT, to part, divide.
.
L. parti-,decl. " "

L. peh-ose^fnum. Gk. ircTpoaeKcvoi',

rock stem of pars, a part. Others
" (see Kor-
parsley. " Gk. rock, stone ;
veTpo-s, cre- givethe
ting), Late L. fonn as *partensi-
\ivov, a kind of parsley
; see Celery. anus, extended from part-, stem oipars,
Parsnep, Parsnip. (F.-L.) merly
For- a part.
parsnep, still better pasmppe, and (2),Partizan, a halberd. Partisan
as in Palsgrave; the r being intrusive. ?) M. Y .pertuisane, 'a par-
tisan, "
(F. " Ital. " L.
O. F. pastenaque, a parsnip(by dropping or leading-staffe,'Cot. ; O. F. pour-
/^). L. pasltndca, a parsnep:
"
perhaps tisaine (15th cent., Littre); pertesane
orig. a root dug up. Perhaps from L. (Godefroy,s. v. pertuisanier).'^lt2i\. par-
'
pastindre, to dig up. L. pastinum, a tegiana, a partesan, iauelin ;
" Florio. '

two-prongeddibble. % The ending-nep [The M. F. pertuisaneis an accommodated

was assimilated to that of turnep. spelling, to make itlook like M.F./,?r/z/zV(?r
Parson. (F. L.) M. E. persone, to pierce
"
through, due to Y..per-tti?idere.'
which also means person ; see Late L. Cf. Late L. partesdna, pertixdna. j3. Ap-
parently
persona, a person of rank,a choir-master, connected with the word above,
curate, parson (Ducange\ See Person. as if the weapon
partisan(Diez). of a

^ Blackstone givesthe rightetymology, Partition (F L. ) F partition . .

"
. .
"

but the wrong reason ; the Late L. per-

sona L. ace. partttionem, a sharing,partition. "

'
was appliedto '
rank or dignity,L. partitus, pp. of parttri,to divide. L. "

and had nothing to do with a fanciful parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part; see
embodiment of the church in the parson's Part.
person 1 Der. parson-age. partner. (F. L.) A curious corrup-
tion "

Part. (F. " L. ) F. part. L. partem -

,
of ^L
Y. parcener.,frequently misread
ace. oi pars, a part. Orig.* a share,'that and misprinted 3.spartener,by the common
which is provided; from the same root as confusion between c and t in MSS., and
portion. Brugm. i. " 527. Der. part, through the influence oi part. O. Y. par-
cener, "

vb. ; partake,
partial,8cc. M. Y .pai'sonnier, 'a partener,or co-
parcener
'
partake. (F.-L. ; a;2i/Scand.)For Cot. Late L. *partttiondrius
, ; "

i.e.
part-take, take part. Wyclifhas part- of which the shorter form partiondi'ius
takyn^e,i Cor. x. 16 (earlierversion).occurs. "L. partition-em, ace. oi partitio,
See Part and Take. a sharing,share ; see Partition.
Parterre. F. parterre, an (F. L.)
Partridge, a bird. (F. L.
"
Gk.) - -

even pieceof garden-ground. Y .parterre, M. E. pertriche.F. perdrix,where the " "

along the ground."L. per terrain,along second r is intrusive. L. perdicem,ace. "

the ground. See Terrace. of perdix. Gk. ir4p8i^, a partridge. "

Partial, L.) F. partial.(f'. Parturient, about to produceyoung.

- -

'Lo.xel^.partialis,referringto a part only. (L.) \..parturient-, stem of pres. pt. of

L. parti-,decl. stem of pars, a part, parturire, to be ready to produce young.
See Part. | From part-, as in part-iis,pp. of parere,
374
 PARTY PAT

to produce.Brugm. ii. " 778. Tier, par- \..passaticum, a rightof passage. Late "

tiir-it-ion, F. parturition. L. passdre ; see above. Der. passenger,

Party. (F. L.) M. E, /ar//^, "
usually for M. Y..passagcr.
'
a part. O. F. par tie,a part, a party ;
" Passion. (F.-L.) F. passion.^1^.
Cot. L. partita, fern, oi partiliis,
"
pp. of passionem,ace. oi passio, (properly^ing.
suffer-
partTrt, to divide. See Partition. L. passtis, pp. of pati, to suffer. -

Parvenu, an upstart. ^F. L.) F. See Patient. "

parvenu, lit.one who has arrived, hence, passive. (F.-L.) F. passi/.^l,.

one who has thriven. Pp. oi parvenir,to passiuus, suffering. L. /^wz/j (above). "

arrive,thrive. L. per-uenire,to arrive, Passport.

" vE.-L.) F. passeport,
come through. L. /^r, through:uenJre, written permissionto travel from a port,
"

to come ; see Venture. Hi.c.'^Y.passer, to pass ; /i?r/,port, from

Parvis, a- porch,room over a porch. h. portzis; see Pass and Port (2).
{F.-L.-Gk.-Ptrs.) O. F. parvis,a Paste. (F.-L.- Gk.) 0."\ paste; F.
porch,outer court before a house or /^/7t'.Late L. pasta^ paste. Gk. TraoT?/, " "

church ; variant oi parevis,

pareis,parais, of food ; orig. fem. of iraarU, be-
sprinkled a mess

paradise (Low 'L.paravlsus).-^!^. paradi- salted ; from -naaanv, to sprinkle.

sus, a church-porch, court, paradise.The orig.sense was a salted mess of food.' '
outer
See Paiadise. The v was inserted in Der. past-y, M. E. pastee, O. F. pastti (F.
pare-is,
to avoid hiatus. pate),a pasty ; past-r-y, orig.a room in
Pasch, the Passover. (L. " Gk. " Heb.) which pastieswere kept (of.pantry,
A.S. pasc/ia.L. pascha. Gk. -naoxa.
" -" " buttery).And see Patty.
Yi"h.pesakh, a passing over ; the passover ; Pastel, a coloured crayon. (F. Ital. "

lixod. xii. II. Heb. pdsakh^ he passed

" L.) An artist'sterm. F. pastel^'a " "

over. pastel,crayon;' Hamilton. Ital. /"^- "

Pash, to dash. (Scand.) Swed. dial. iello,a pastel. L. pastilliun, ace, oi pas- "

paska,to dabble in water, Norweg. baska, tilhis, a littleloaf or roll; the pastel being
to dabble in water, tumble, work hard ; named from beingshapedlike a roll. Dimin.
the same as Dan. baske, to slap, taxes,to oipastus, food. L. /fl'j-///i-,
pp. oi pascere, "

box, Norw. haksa, to box; Swed. dial, to feed. ^ Not allied io paste; see pastille
baska,basta,to beat ; from bas-a, to beat below. .

Cp. prov. E. bash, of which it is a mere pastern. (F. L.^ " oxmerly pas tr on; "

variant. And see Plash., Ba,ste M. F. pasturon, the pastern

(i). Palsgrave. "
'

'
Pasha, Pacha. (Pers.)Also bashaw. of a horse ; Cot. [Y pdturon^ So called .

Pers. bdshd,bddshdh,a governor of a pro-vince, because a horse at /^j/z/;'^

was tethered by
great lord ; the same as pddshdh,a the paster7i\ the tether itself was called
prince,great lord ; lit. '
a protectingpasture in O. French. O. F. pasture,pas-
ture. "

king.' Pers. " shah, king.

/a^/,protecting; See pasture.
See Bezoar and Shah. pastille,a small cone of aromatic
Pasqnin, Pasquinade, lampoon. .substances, to be burnt in a room.
a F.-L.)
(F. Ital.)(Formerlyalso /aj'^z^zV;
" M. F. Y pastille, a littlelump or loaf; see Cot- .

pasqnille.)F. pasquin (whence pasquin-

" ade), grave. "L. pastil hi jn, ace. oi pastillus,a

a pasquin,lampoon. Ital. Fas- little loaf; dimin. oi pastus, food; see

"

quino, a statue in Rome

'
on whom all Pastel.
'
libels are fathered ; Florio. From the Pastime. (F. L. ; and E.) From "

name of a cobbler at Rome, whose stall pass and time; imitating Y passe-temps. .

was frequented by gossips; his name was Pastor, a shepherd.{Y. L.) For- merly "

transferred to a statue found near his stall pastour.^O.Y pastour.^'L. pas- .

at his death, on which the wits of the time torem, ace. of pastor, a shepherd,lit.
secretly affixed lampoons ; see Haydn. feeder.' L. pasttis,pp. of pascere, to '
"

Pass, to move onward. (F. L.) feed, an inceptiveverb ; pp. pd-ui.

"

M. E. passen.^F. passer.-mj^zte h. pas- (yPA.) Der. pastor-al, F. pastoral,L.

sdre, to pass. L. passus, a step ; see pastor a lis,adj.
"

Pace. (3.Diez takes Late L. passdre to pasture. (F.-L.^ O. F. pasture, a

be the frequent, form oipandere^to stretch ; feeding. pastura, feeding.L. /aj-
L. "a "

it makes but littledifference. i?is,pp. oi pascere,to feed.

passage. (F.-L.) F /ajj^^^. " Late Pat vi^, to strike lightly. (E.) In
375
 PAT PATRIOT

Bacon, Nat. Hist. " 63. Most likely from vulgarlanguage,the head (Flligel) ; M.
a by-formof A. S.
plccttan, M. E. platten. H. G. plate, a plate, shaven pate. All
pletten (see Stratmann), to strike ; for from Gk. nXarvs, broad.
flat, Cf. M. F.
loss of / cf. patch (i). Cf. Swed. dial. pate, a plate ; Cot.

pjdtta,to pat, pldtta,to tap (Rietz) ; Paten. (F. L. Gk.) M. F. patene - -

Bavarian patzen, to pat ; E. Files, pa f/cu, (Cot.). ^L. patina, patena, a flat dish."
to splash; G. to tap, splash
patscJicn^ ; Gk. TTaravrj, a flat (open)dish. See Pan
G. platzcn, to crack ; M. Du. pletten,and Patent.
contundere,'Kilian. Of imitative origin Patent, open, public;as sb.,an official
'
;
cf. Tap, Dab, Paddle. document conferringa privilege. (F. L.) "

Pat (2),a lump of butter. (E.) M. Y,.patente,a patent; so called because

small
Cf. Irish pait,a hump, lump, paiteog, a open to generalinspection." O. P\/"2/^w/
small lump of butter ; Gael, pait,paiteag (fern, patente),patent, wide open. L. "

(the same) ; w^here the form pait is bor-

rowed patent-, stem of pr. pt. of patere, to lie
from E. Prob, from the verb pat open. Cf. Gk. ireTavvvfxi, I spread out.

(i)above, as being/^//^^into shape; just (yTET.) Brugm. i. " 120 (note).

as dab, a small lump, is from the verb to Paternal. (F. L.) F. patemel. - -

dab. Late \^.paterndlis,

fatherly. '''L..paternus,
Pat (3),quiteto the purpose. (E.)Due fatherly. L. pater, father.
" Perhaps
to a peculiar use oi pat, to strike,
tap ; see formed with suffix -tej- of the agent from
Pat (i). It *
will fall [happen]pat;" -^PA, to feed, guard. See Father.
Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Cf. dab, sb., an Path, a way, track. (E.) A. S. pceti,
adept,from the verb to dab. pad, a path.-J-Du.^a^, G. pfad.
Patch (i),a piecesewn on a garment, Pathos. (Gk.) Gk. irdOos, suffering,
a plot of ground. (E.?) M. E. pacche. emotion. Gk. -naOuv,used as 2 aor. infin.
"

Apparentlya by-form oi platch. Plate h, of iraax^'-v (for *vad-aKUv),to suffer.

'

a largespot, a patch,a piece of cloth Allied to TTtvO-os, grief."Dev. path-et-ic,

'
sewn on to a garment to repair it ; Dial, from O. F. pathetiqtie, L. patheticusGk. ,

of Banffshire, by W. Gregor. Cf. Low G. naOrjTiKos ; extended from TraOrjros, subject

plakke, plakk,(1)a spot, (2)a patch,(3) to suffering.
a patch or plot of ground; also M. E. Patient. (F. L.) O. F. patie7it. - -

plekke, plot(ofland),
a Dm. plek, a patch L. patient-, stem of pres. pt. of pati, to
of ground. suffer. Der. patience,F. patience, L.
patch. (2),a paltryfellow. (E.?) patientia.
Temp. iii.2. 71. Patch meant a fool or Patois, a vulgar dialect of French.
jester, from the parti-coloured or like
patch- (F. L.) F. patois,country talk ; which
"

dress;Wolsey had two fools so named stands for an older form patrols, givenby
(Nares). The same word as patch (i). Godefroy (Diez, Littre)." Late L. /a/rz-
Der. patch-ock, a clown, a dimin. form, ensis, a native ; hence, belongingto the
Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p. natives. L. pat^-ia, native country."L.
"

636, col. 2 ; speltpajock,Hamlet, iii. 2. patri-, (or pater, a father.

295. patriarch. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. - -

Patchouli, a scent. (F. Dravidian.) "

patriarche. L. patriarcha.Gk. ttot/w- " "

r. patchouli; of obscure origin. Appar- ently apx'/^j chief of a race or tribe. Gk. "

from E. patcha-leaf, i.e. green iraTpi-d,

'
a race ; apx^i^v, to rule. See
leaf,' imitating the vernacular pacha-pdt Arch- (prefix).,

where pat is Hind, for '

leaf.' Or from patrician, a Roman nobleman. (L.)
Dravidian meaning 'green leaf.' Formed, with suffix -an, from L. patri-
words
Cf. Tamil pachchai, green, ilai, leaf ci-us, noble ; a descendant of the patres,
(Knight); Malayalim pachchila,green i. e. senators or fathers of the state.
leaf (Gundert) ; Canarese pachcha, green, patrimony. (F. L.) M. E./a/rz- "

yele,leaf (Reeve). nionie. " patritiioine. Y..patrimonitim,

"
.
"

Pate, the head. (Unknown.) M. E. an inheritance. 'L,. patri-, iov pater,father; "

pate. Of unknown origin gested with suffix -monium

; perhaps sug- (Idg.-mon-yotn).
by Late L. platta, the clerical ton-
sure. patriot. (F.-Late L. Gk.) O. F. -

Cf. M. T"\\.platte,'vertex rasus,'patriot e.'-haie L. patriota.GV. irarpioj- "

Kilian;G. plattea plate, a bald pate, in Tj]s, properly, a fellow-countryman. Gk. "

376
 PATRISTIC PAWL

iraTpia, a from Trarpi-^ for iraT-qp. a

race, "'i..paucitdtein,z.cc. oi paucitds, fewness.
father. mod.
^ The
sense of patriot L. pazicus,few ; allied to Few. "

arose in French. Paunch. (F. L.) O. F. panche -

patristic,pertainingto the fathers ( ! icard ) ; also ponce ; F. panse. L. pan- "

of the church. (F. L.) F. pati'istique "

ticc/n, ace. o\ pantex, belly, paunch.

(Littre). Coined from L.. patri-, pater, ti Paiiper. (L.) 1..pauper, poor. Patt-
father ; with the Gk. suffixes -isi-and -ic. is allied to panctis, ievv ; -per, (perhaps)
Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar- rison. to L. pardre, to provide. Lit. provided
'

(F.) Y patrotiiile, 'a. still night- ^\ith little.'

.

'
watch in warre ; Cot. Lit. a tramping Pause, a stop. (F. L. Gk.) F. - -

about ; from O. F. (Picard) patrouiller. to /awj^. Late L. pausa. ijV. -navais, a " "

paddlein water, the same word (but with pause, ceasing. Gk. vavftv, to make to "

inserted r) as patotiiller, to paddle or cease ; iraifaOai,to cease. Doublet,

dabble in with the feet ; also patrolli, in pose,q. V.
the patois of Lyons (Puitspelu). Formed Pave. (F.-L.^ Vi.Y.patien={pave7i).
from O. Y pate {V.fatte),
.
the paw or foot f^Y paver, to pave. Late L pavdre, cor-
rupt .
"

of a Of uncertain origin
beast. ; perhaps form of L. patilre,to beat, strike,
imitative. Cf. Late 1..pata, the foot of a ram, tread down. Cf. ^V\..povi-,thunder-
bolt.
cup, base of a tower ; also G. patsche,an Der. pavement, Y pavement, L. .

instrument for striking the hand, patsch-pauimentuvi, a hard floor,from pauire,

fuss,web foot of a bird ; patschen,to to ram ; also pav-i-or(cf.laiu-y-er), from
strike,dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G. F. pavenr,
'
a paver,'Cot.
paitjen.,to paddle in water with the feet Pavilion. (F.-L.) W.Y.pavilon.--
(Richey)
; Bavarian to pat ; see F. pavilion,
patzen, a tent ; so called because
Pat (i). % also
Span./a/a,paw, spreadout like the wingsof a butterfly.
Hence "

patullar, to run throughmud, patrullar,Y..pdpilionein, ace. oi pdpilio,(i),a but-

terfly.
to patrol ; and Ital. patttiglia,a patrol (2)a tent.
(withoutthe inserted r). Pavin, Pavan, a statelySpanish
Patron. (F.-L.) ". patron. ^l.,pa- dance. ( F. Span. L. Pars. Tamil, ) " " " "

trojiujn, ace. of pati-onus, a protector ; Y pava7ie.'-S\)2in. pavana. a grave dance .

extended from pair-, stem of pater, (seeFavan in Nares). Prot'. from a Late
father. L.
*pdvd7ms,peacock-like, from the row
patronymic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. ofstatelydancers (Scheler); cf. Span.
pat7-onymique. L. "
patronymicus. " Gk. pava, a peahen, turkey,
a pavada,a flock
TraTpcovvixiKos,belonging to the father's of turkeys,pavo, adj.,like a peacock
name. Gk. TraTpuvvfxia,
" a name taken (whencepavonear, to walk with affected
from the father. Gk. naTp-, for Trarrjp,"
gravity). Late " Y. pdviis,earlier Y. pdiio,
a father ; 6vo/ua,
a name ; see Name. a peacock. See Peacock.
Fatten, a clog.(F.) Formerly/a/^;z. Pavise, a large shield. (F.) Also
'
" ". patin,a patten, also a foot-stall of speltpavese, pavish,
pauice,
pauys, paues.
'
a pillar;'Cot.- M.F. /a/^ {".patte),a F. pavois, a great shield ; Late L. "
'

paw or foot of a beast,'also a foot -stall pavensis. (Span, paves ; Ital. pavese,
ofa pillar;'
Cot. See Patrol. pavcsce, Florio.) Of uncertain origin;
Patter, to strike frequently,as hail. perhaps from the cityoi Pavia, in Italy.
(E.) A frequentative of pat; see Pat Godefroy has the adj.pavinois, paviois,
'

pavois,pavaiz,adj. de Pavie ; as in the

'
(i). Cf. prov. E. (Lonsdale)pattle,to
pat gently. phr.escus pavaiz,shields of Pavia.
Pattern, an example,model to work Paw. (F.) iA.Y.pawe, powe, Si-^^\y.
by. (F.-L.) M. E. patron; (the old A. F".powe, O. Y.poe,a paw ; the same
" as

spelling).
"Y patron, a patron
.
also a *
.
Prov. pauta, Catalan pota, a paw. Cf.
.

G. pote, Y"\x.poot (whenceG. Pfote),

'

pattern,sample; Cot. See Patron. Low

Patty, a little pie. (F.-L.-Gk.) a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root ;
Mod. Y.pdti; O.Y.pastd,a pasty."Late cf. Y. patte. Franck takes Y)\x.poot to be
L. pastdtum, neut. of pp. of pastdre, to of Teut. origin.Cf. E. Fries, pote,pot,
make paste."Late L. pasta, paste; see paw.
Paste. Pawl, a short bar,as a catch to a lass.
wind-
Paucity, fewness. (F. L.) Y.paucite.
"
(F. L.)
" O. Y. pauI, va.nant oi pa/.

377
 PAWN PEAL

stake (whenceDu. pal, Swed. pall, King Horn, 803, to mean heathen lands.' '

pel,a
cf. W. pawl, pole, O. F. paienisme, lit. paganism ; Late L.
Norw. pall, pawl ;
a a "

stake,bar). L. pdhim, ace. oi pdlus, a pdgdnis7nus. Formed

"
with suffix -ismiis,
stake. See Pale (i). from L. pdgdn-us, a pagan. See Pa- gan.

Pawn (i),a pledge. (F.-Teut.) F.

pan, a pane, piece,panel,also a pawn,

*
Pea, a vegetable. (L.) YormsxXjpease,
skirt of a pane of a hose,' pese ; M. E. pese, pi. pesen or peses. A. S.
gage, gown,
"c. ; Cot. In the sense of pane/ F. pisa,pi.pisan. L. pTsum, a pea.+Gk.
'
"

pan is of Latin origin; see Pane. In the maos, a pea. (y'PIS.)

sense of pawn,' pan
* F. is rather from Peace. (F. L.) M. E. pais. O. F.
- -

Du. pand; cf.G. pfand,O. H. G. phant,a pais (F. paix).''L.pdcem, ace. oi pax,
Der. im-pazvn, t o put in pledge, orig. compact cf. pac-, in
pledge. peace, a ; as

to pledge; pawn, vb. pac-tnm, a bargain; see Pact.

Pawn (2),a pieceat chess. (F," L.) Peach (i),a fruit. (F. L. Pers.) " "

M. E. patme, poune, poun. O. F. paon,

" a "^l.M. peche.'^O.Y.pesche,a peach. L. "

3\?,o
(Roquefort), poon (Littre) ; but persicum, a peach; so called from grow- ing
pawn
the older form is pco7t {".pion),agreeing on the Fersica arbor Persian tree. ^
"

with Span,peon, a foot-soldier, pawn, Ital. Pers. Pars, Persia.

pedone,a foot-soldier, pedona, a pawn Peach. (2),to inform against. (F. L.) "

(Florio). " Late \.. pcdonem, ace. oi pedo, Short for M. E. apechen,to impeach, a
a foot-soldier. L. /i?^-, " stem oi pes, foot. variant of impechen,to impeach,by the
5[ The O. F. paon is the same word ; cf. substitution of prefix a- (L. ad) for m-
Y.fao7i(E.faian), from Late l^.fetonem,(L. in). See Impeach.
shewing the same substitution of a ior e ; Peacock. (L. Pers. "Tamil ; and "

there is no need to connect itwith Y.paon, E.) M. E. pecok, pocok ; where cok E. =

a peacock, as Littre does,ignoring t he Ital. cock. We also find M. E. po ; A. S. pea,

and Span,words. pdwa; all from L. pduo (whence Du.
Pawnee, drink. (Hind. Skt.) Hind. paauw, G. pfau, F. paon). The same
"

pdnT, water. Skt. pdniya, allied to pdna,

" as Gk. TacDj, for rafSis, a peacock; the
a beverage. Skt. pa, to drink.
" change from to / being
t due to the fact

Paxwa^f:, strong tendon in the neck of that the word was foreign b oth to L. and
animals. (E.) M. E. paxwax, also f ex- Gk. Pers. tdwus,
"
tans, a peacock. O. "

wax, the latter being the right form (see Tamil tokei, idgci, a peacock ; see Max
Prompt. Parv.). A. S. feax,fex, hair ; Miiller,Lect. on Lang. i. 190 (ed.1891).
"

weaxan, to grow. Thus the lit.sense is % Also pocock, which is stilla surname.
perhaps hair-sinew,'
'
because it is where Pea-jacket, a coarse thick jacket.
the hair ends ; cf.G. haarwachs, a tendon. (Du.and F.) The prefix/"?a- is borrowed
Pay (I ), to discharge a debt. (F."L.) from Du. pij,pije, a coat of a coarse
M. E. paien. O. F.paier,paer
" {". payer), woollen stuff ; Hexham has M. Du. pije,
'
to pay, to content. L. pdcd?e,to pacify
"
; a pie-gowne, rough gowne, such as sea- men

in late Lat., to pay a debt. L./a^-,stem " weare.' The same as Low G. pije,
of pax, peace ; see Peace. N. Fries, pie, pie-jdckerL'-M. Dn. pije, or
'
*
Pay (2), pitch to the seams of a ship. pije-laken, a rough or a hairy cloath ;
(F.-L.) A. F. peier(O. F. poier,Gode- Hexham. Prob. from F. pie,a mag-pie;
froy),to pitch. L. picdre, " to pitch. "L. cf. E. pied,spotted. See Pie (i). Also
pic-, stem oipix,pitch; see Pitch. % The Low G. pije, pigge,pyke (Brem.W.), per- haps
'
M. E. word for pitch is pels,from A. F,
'"
from 1..pica.
pets (O. F. pots pitch; from L. ace.
,
Peak. (F.-L.) lA.F.pec. [Cf.Irish
picem. peac^ a sharp-pointed thing; from F.peak.']
Paynim, Painim, a pagan. (F. L.) A variant of pike, q. v. " Cf. dial, of
'The paynim bold;' F. Q. i. 4. 41. Normandy pec, a hob (or mark) in the
M. Y..paynim, a pagan ; but this sense is game of quoits(Godefroy, s. v. pec); also

due to a singular mistake. A paynim is Low G. peek,a pike,pointedweapon.

properlynot a jyian, but a coimt7y or Peal, a loud sound,chime of bells, noise
district,
and is identical with paganism, of a trumpet. (F. L.) " A shortened form
formerlyused to mean heathendom, or of appeal,M. F. apel,appel; Cot. gives
the country of pagans. Rightlyused in appel,pi. appeatix, chimes.' Note also *

378
 PEAN PEDANT

M. E. apel,an old term in hunting-musicthe name

I givento the peccary in Oronoko
'

; this we
(Halliwell) now call 2^.peal. The Hist. Mexico);Span.
(Clavigcro, ire pacqu
prefixa- was prob.mistaken for the K. i (Pineda).
indef. article. The O. F. apelis from 0. I
1"". Peck (i',to strike with the beak, to
apeler,vb. ; see Appeal. pick up. (L.) M. E. pekken, used as
Fean ;Psean. see equivalentto pikken,to pick or peck up.
Pear, fruit. (L.) A.S). peril,pere."
a A mere variant oi pick ; see Pick.
"L.pin{??i,
a pear (whence also Ital.perd. Peck (2,, a dry 2 gallons.
measure,
Pearl. (F.-L.?) M.E./"?r/^.-F./^r/d?, (F.-L.?) M.E. pekke,a i^eck. A. F.
* '
a pearl,a berrie ; Cot. Of unknown and O. F. pek. From the \G\h pekken, to
origin; we find also Ital., Span.,Prov. peck or snap up ; cf. E. peck,to pick up
peria,Port, peroia,perla. Cf. Low L. (as a bird); prov. H.peck,meat, victuals.
perula, the end of the nose (7thcent.).[So also F. picotin,a peck (measure),
Perhaps for L. *pirula, i.e. a little pear, picoter, to peck as a bird.] See Peck
from L,. pi7'um,Q. pear; cf.SY)QXi. pertlla,(O, Pick.
(i)a littlepear, (2) a pear-shapedorna- ment, Pectinal, lit.comb- like. (L.) FromL.
jNI.Ital. perolo, a little button on pectin-^ stem cApecten, a comb. \j.pectere, "

a cap. Perhapssuggestedby the various to comb. 4" Gk. rreKTfiv, to comb, from
senses of L. bacca, (i) a berry,(2)olive- iT"/cfiv, to comb. (y'PEK.)
berry,(3)round fruit, (4)a pearl(Horace). Pectoral, belongingto the chest. (F.
See Purl (2). L.) F. pecforal.-'L.
"
pectordlis, adj.,
Pearl-barley. (F.-L.; and'E.) F. from pector- (for*pectos) stem of pectus,
,

07-"e pej'U,pearl-barley (Hamilton) ; but the breast. Der. poitrel.

this seems to be a corruption of orge peU, Peculate, to pilfer. (L.) From pp.
'
pilledbarley,' Cot. See Peel (i). of L. peciildri, to appropriate to one's
Peasant. (F. L.) O. F./az"a"^,
" an-
other own use. Formed as if from ^pecilliim, for
form of O. F. paisan,a peasant ; (cf.peculium,private property ; see below.
IXoX.paesano, Span.paua^io, a compatriot). peculiar, one's own, particular. (F."
Formed with suffix -an (L. -djzus), from L.) M. F. peculier.'^'L,. peculidris, one's
O. F. pazs (F. pays),a country (cf.Ital. own. L. pecfdium, private property;
"

paese, Span,pais,Port, pats, a country).closelyallied to peciinia,money; see

" Late L. pagense, neut. of pagensis, longing
be- below.
to a village.L./a^Mj,a village, pecuniary.
"
(F.-L.) yi.Y. pecuni-
district. See Pagan. aii'e. l^.pecunid "rites, relating to money or

Peat, a kind of turf for fuel. (C.) property. L. peciinia, "

property. O.L. "

Latinised as peta (Ducange); whence pecti,cattle ; cf.pecu-a, neut. pi., cattle of

petdria, placea for gettingpeat. Ap- parentlyall kinds, property ; pecus, cattle. Cf. Skt.
from O. Gael, pett,a piece,from pactc, cattle, cognate with Goth, faihu,
\"J.peth, a thing, a piece. See Piece. property,A..S.fcoh, G. vieh,cattle.
Pebble. (E.) A. S. papol-stdn, a peb-
ble-stone. Pedagogue, a teacher. _(F. L. Gk.) - -

M ^.pedagogue. 'L.pcedagogus. " Gk. iraLh- "

Peccable, liable to sin. (L.) Coined ajQjyos, a slave who led a boy to school ;
as if from L. *peccdbilis, from peccdre,to hence, a tutor. Gk. iratS-, stem
" of nais, a
sin. Brugm. i. " 5S5. boy ; dyaryus, leading, from dytiv, to lead.

peccadillo. (Span. L.) ^^2,^. dillo, The Gk, "n(us

pecca-
"

TTafis, allied to L. puer, a

=

pccadillo, a slightfault; dimin. of boy. See Puerile, Puberty.

pecado, a sin." L. peccdtum, a sin. L. Pedal, belongingto the foot. (L.) The
"

peccdtus,pp. oi peccdre,to sin. pedal keysin an organ are acted on by the

peccant, sinning.(F." L.) First used feet. Lv. peddlis, "
belongingto the foot. "

in plir.^peccant humours.' F. peccant, \..ped-,stem oi pes, foot.+A. S.fot,

"
foot.
sinning ; Vlmmeur
*
peccante, corrupt See Foot.
humour;' Cot. L./^rraw/-, " stem of pres. Pedant. (F. Ital. Gk. ?) -
M. F.
-

oi
pt. peccdre, to sin. pedant. ~ \i2X. pedante, 'a pedante, or a
'

Peccary, a quadruped. (F. Carib- bean.) schoolmaster, the same

" as pedagogo;
F. pecari,a peccary (Buffon)." Florio. The suffix -aiite is a pres. partici- pial
Carib. pakira,the name used in Guiana ; form ; the stem ped-is prob.the same
see N. and Q.,9 S. iv. 496. Q,i.pachira, as in \\.-A. pedagogo, and therefore due to

379
 PEDDLE PEER

Gk.iraideveiv(whenceaLat. form *J"aeddre)Parv. ; Norfolk ped (Forby); Lowl. Sc.

,

to instruct ; see Pedagogue. peddir,a pedlar(Jamieson).The orig.

FeddlCf to deal in small wares. (E.?) sense oi ped was 'hamper,' and the word
Coined from the sb. pedlar,later form of may be related to pad. See Padlock.

peddar; see Pedlar. Pedobaptism, infant baptism.(Gk.)

Pedestal. (Span.-Ital.-L. G.) and From Gk. -naiho-^ for Traf?, a boy; and
Span, pedestal, the base '
of a pillar,' baptism. Cf. Pedagogue.
Minsheu ; borrowed from Ital.piedestallo, Peel (i),to stripoff skin. (F.-L.)
'
'a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a From F. peler, to unskin ; Cot. (Cf AL '

*
'
door ; Florio. Lit. foot-support.'
' ' pounded Ital.pellare,
Com- to unskin ; Florio). O. F. "

as if from L. pedeni, ace. oi pes, pel^s\im.. l^.pellem, ace. oi pellis,

" a skin.

a foot; and O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a See Fell (2). % Confused with Y.piller ;
stall ; see Stall. see below.

pedestrian. (L.) Properlyan adj.; Peel (2), to pillage. (F.-L.) In Milton,

from L. pedestri-, decl. stem, of pedester^ P. R. iv. 136. Distinct iYonvpeel, to strip ;
who on foot. For '^pedit-tr- ; another spelling oi pill; see Pill (2).
one goes
from pedit-, stem oi pedes,one who goes Peel (3),a fire-shovel. (F. L.) Once "

on foot ; with sufiix-ter (Idg. -ter). Fed-it- a common word. O. F. pele (Littre),
" F.
is from ped-, stem of pes, foot; and It-um, pelle^ a fire-shovel. L."
pdla; see lette.
Pa-

supineof z"^, to go. Brugm. ii. " 123.

pedicel,pedicle, the foot stalk of Peel (4) a small castle. (F. L.) M. E. ,
-

fruit, (F. L.) Pedicel is from mod.

"
F. pel,a small castle,orig.a stockade or

p^dicelle ; but pedicle(olderand better)wooden fortress. O. F. pel (also

"
/a/), a
from M. F. pedicide, a leaf-stalk; Cot. " L. stake. " L. pdlum, ace. oi pdlus^a stake.
pediculus, little foot,foot-stalk, pedicle ; See Pale (i).
double dimin. oi ped-,stem oi pes, foot. Peep (1),to chirp,cry like a chicken.
pedigree. (f--L.) Old spellings(F. L.) M, E. pipen. O. F. piper,also - -

pedegree(1627); pedigrew (1570); pety- pepier,to chirp as a bird. L. pipdre^

"

grewe (1530). Also, in Prompt. Parv. pTpTre, to chirp. See Pipe (i) and Peep
(1440)pedegrti, petygru, with slight varia- (2).
tions,
explainedby lyne of kynredeand
'
Peep (2), to look through a narrow
awncetrye, Stemtna, in scalis^ Also aperture, (F. L.) "
Palsgravehas: 'I
peedegrne,'Lrj^g^X.Q. (1426; inPolit. Poems, peke or prie, pipe hors;^ i.e. I peep
le
ii. 138), A. F. pee de grne, foot of a out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper
^

crane ; from a three-line mark (likethe lit.to pipe,but also used in the sense to
broad arrow) used in denotingsuccession peep. [It arose from the exclamation
in pedigrees.L. /^"f"?///, " ace. oi pes, foot ; pipe 1 (Du. dial, piep .',Molema), made
de, of; gy-ueni, ace. oi grus, a crane, cog- nate by a hider in the game oi peep-bo, bo-peep,
with E. Crane. or hide-and-seek;cf. Du. ^\z.\.piepen,(i)
pediment, an ornament finishing the to say piep! (2) to peep out.] Cot.
'
front of a building.(L.) The N. E. D. gives F. piper to whistle,chirplike a
^

shows that the older form ^2A periment, bird, cousen, deceive,cheat,beguile;'
term, and pipee, the peepingor chirpingof small
'
described as a workman's
corrupt English. 1 suggest that a peri- birds,counterfeited by a bird-catcher,also '
for operiment a a counterfeit shew ; pipe, a bird-call.'
'
ment was substituted ,

covering ; from L. operimenttcm, covering The F. piper is from L. pipdre,piplre,to

(common in the Latin Vulgateversion of chirp; see Pipe.
the Bible). L. operire, to
" cover. A Peer (i), an equal. (F. L.) The -

pedimentforms a sort of cover over doors, twelve /^"?rj- of France were of eqical rank.
niches,"c. For the etymology of L. M. E. pere, per. O. F. per, peer^ later
"

operire,see Cover. (Perhapsinfluenced pair,a peer ; or as adj., equal. 'L.parem, "

by confusion with iinpeditiient.') ace. oi par, equal. See Par. Der. peer-
less.
Pedlar, Pedler, Peddler, a dealer
in small wares. (L. ?) The old word was Peer (2),to look narrowly, pry. (E.?)
yxmaWjpeddare^pedder^dLva'a.n who hawked M. E, piren, E, Fries, piren, Westphal,
about fish in baskets called peds, or oc- plren. Low G. pii'en,
casionally to look closely. Cf.
pads. See Pedde in Prompt. s.\s,o pliren, peer, orig.
to to draw the eye-

380
 PENCIL PENTECOST

penance, older ioxm. peneance. l.. pceni- Pennon, Pennant.

" (F.-L.) M.E.
*
tentia,penitence. pcenitent-,
L, " stem of penon, penoun. M. F. pennon, a flag, "

'
oi pcenitere,
to to repent. streamer ; also the feather of an arrow ;
pres. pt. cause

See Penitent. Cot. L. penna^ wing, feather (hencea "

Feuchaut, a strong inclination, bias plume,standard). See Pen (i).

(infavour of).(F. L.) Y. penchant,sb. ; Penny.
" (E.) M.E. /g;//;-^.penies,
orig.pres. pt. of pencher, to lean, lean contracted form pens (whence mod. E.
towards. Late L. type "^pendicdre
"
; from petue^ K. S. pening, penning,a penny ;
.

L. pendere, to hang. later penig,whence M. E. pe?ii.By-form

Pencil. (F. L.) The old sense was
" pending(Thorpe,Diplomatarium, p. 471);
a small hair-brash for painting.M. F. as if formed "with E. suffix -ing from the
'

pincel^later pinceau, a pensill, brush ;

'
base '^pand. |3.This base is usually
Cot. "lu.pcneci//us, a small tail, painter's identified with Dw. patid, a pawn, pledge,
brash ; dimin. of peniculus, which is a G.pfand, O.Yi. G. pfant; see Pawn (i)
double dimin. oi penis,a tail. For "^pes- above. In this case, the lit.sense may have
iiis;cf. Skt. pasais), Gk. trios; Brugm. i. been little pledge,' i.e. a token, coin.+
'

"877- penning,
T)Vi. Icel. penning};Dan. Swed.
Pendant, anythinghangmg, a ing
hang- penning', pfennig,O.Yi.G. phantinc^
G.
ornament. (F. L.) F. pendant, phentinc,
" a dimin. oi pfant.
pendant. F./^wi/a"/,
"
pres. pt. oipendrc, Penny-royal, a herb. (F.-L.) A
to hang. L. pendere,to hang ; allied to
" popular form of the old xizx"c\" pulialroyal.
'

pendere^to weigh. Cf. Gk. acpevdovT), a Cotgrave translates M. Y.pulegeby penny

sling. (VSPHEND, SPHED.) Der. royall,puliall royall'; from Late L. piile-
pend-ent,hanging, Latinised form of F. gium. The above old name is due to L.
form of F. pfileium regium, given to the
pendant; pend-ing.Anglicised a name

pendant,during. plant from its supposedefficacy a gainst

pendulous. (L.) For L. pendulus, fleas (cf.E. flea-bane)). From L. piilex,
hanging. L. pendere,to hang.
" a flea; but this was only a 'popular'
pendulum. (L.) I.,pe^tdulum, ne\xt. etymology.
of adj.pendulus(above). Pensile, suspended.(F. L.) M. F. "

Penetrate. (L.) From pp. of

L^ pensil ; Cot. L. pensilis, pendent; from "

into. Compounded of '^pens-US, unused oi pendere, to hang.

penetrdre, pierce
to pp.
pene-, base of penes, with,peni-tus, within, pension. (F. L.) F. pension. L. -
-

with which cf.penus, the inner part of a pensioneni, ace. oipensio, a payment. L. "

sanctuary ; and -trdre (as in in-trdre'), to pensus, pp. of pendere,to weigh, weigh
pass over, allied to Skt. tara-,a crossing. out money, pay.
Penguin, Pinguin, a bird. (Un- known.) pensive. (F. L.) yi.Y.. pensif." "

In a tract printedin 1588, we F. pensif, thoughtful.".penser,to think. "

read that Sir F. Drake gave certain

a to weigh,ponder; frequent.
'"\j.pensLxre,
island the name of Penguin pendere to weigh.Island in oi ,

1587, from the penguins foundPent, iox penned,pp. of Pen (2),q.v.

there.
Selden (1613) derived it from W. pen Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure.
gtvyn, i.e. white head. In that case, it (F. L. Gk.) F. pentagone. L. penta- " "
"

must firsthave been givento another bird,gonus, adj.,pentagonal.Gk. rrevTayojvos, "

such as the auk (thepuffin is common in pentagonal; neut. TTepTdyoufov,a pentagon.

Anglesey),since the penguin's head is Gk. TTfVTd-, for iTiVTi, five; yojvia,an
"

black. angle, from yovv, a knee ; see Knee.

Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula,a And see Five.
pieceof land nearlyan island. "a verse of five metres.
L./t";?^, pentameter,
pcene,almost ; insula, an So also (L. island.
Gk.) L. pentameter.^ Gk. irevrd- "

pen-ultimate, almost the last, last but one ; /xfT/joy. Gk. wiVTo.-, for veuri, five;ni- "

pen-umbra, partial shadow. Tpov, a metre.

Penitent. (F. L.) O. F. penitent. pentateucb., the five books of Moses.
-

" L. pcenitent-, stem of pres. pt. of (L. Gk.) \u.pentateuchus. Gk. TT^vrd-, "
"

better five (above"^ rtCxos, tool, also a book.

pcenitere,to cause to repent, : a spelt
p(2nite7'e.Cf. pcenitet,it repents '
me.' pentecost, Whitsuntide ; orig. a

Allied to Penury. Jewish festival on the fiftiethday after the

382
 PENTHOUSE PERFORM

Passover. (L. Gk.) L. pentecoste.

" " " L. diCc. percepiidnefn.-''L..
peircpljis, pp.
Gk. "nivrt]Koari],
Pentecost, Acts ii, i ; iA percipere; see above.
fem. of TTevTTjKooTos, fiftieth. Gk. vdVTq- " Perch (i),a rod for a bird to sit on ;
fifty.
Kovra^ a measure. ',F\ L.) ". percJie.^'L.
"
per-
Fenthouse, a shed projecting from lica,a rod, bar.
a building.;F. L.) Formerly/^"//V^, Perch
"
(2),a fish. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
whence it is corrupted.M. F. apentis, perche.^-l^. "
pcrca.^^V. nepKr], a perch;
' '
appentts, a penthouse ; Cot. L. ap- from the dark marks. Gk. -ntpKos,tripKvus^
" "

pendicium, an appendage,allied to appen-

dix spotted, blackish; cf.Ski. prfni-j spotted,
(thesame). L. ap- \ad)^\.o "
; pendere, pied,spr(:, to sprinkle.
to hang. Percolate. ,L.) From pp. of L. /"?/--
Pentroof, a roof with a slope on one coldre, to filter through. L. per, through; "

side only. (F. L. ; and E.) This has coldre,

"
to filter. See Colauaer.
affected the sense of penthouse, though Percussion. L.) Yx'^m'L.percussio,
they mean quitedifferent things. Here a striking,L. percnssus,pp. oipercutere, "

pent is from F. pente, a slope,formed to strike. See Quash. Der. re-percnssion.

from F. petidre, to hang. L. pendere, to Perdition "
(F L. ) F pen at ion . .
"
. .
"

hang. L. ace. perditionem, utter loss. L. per- "

Penultimate, Penumbra ; see ditus, pp. oi perdere, to lose. E. per, "

Peninsula. thoroughly; -dere^to put, place,repre- senting

PenUJ?y, want. (F. L.) M. Y.peniD-ie. "
Idg.''^dhd, weak form of ^'D\\",
L. penfiria,
" want, need, Cf. Gk. -niiva, to place; cf. Do.

hunger. Peregrination. (F.-L.) M.F./^;v-

Peony, PsBony, a fiower. (F.-L.- grination.l.. peregrlndtionem, ace. of "

Gk.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling, peregrindtio,a wandering. L. peregrl- "

M. E. pione. O. F. pione ";F. pivoine).-'natiis, pp. "j{peregrindri, to travel, L.

" "

L. pcBonia, medicinal, from its supposed peregrlnus, foreign, adj.ixonx peregri pere- ,

virtues ; fem. of FcEonius, belongingto gre, adv., abroad ; cf.pereger,a traveller.

Paon, its supposed discoverer. Gk. ttouw- From L. per-, which "is either L. per, =

via,pseony ; from Uaicuy,Pceon. See through, or is related to h.*6. feor,far;

Paean. and ager, land,field. See Acre and

People. (F.-L.^ p"op/e, poep/e.Pilgrim, M.E.
" A. F. people, peple; O. F. pueple; F. Peremptory, decisive,(F. L.) M.F. "

peuple.-'L,. populum, ace. of popiihis,pereviptoirc.h.peretfipidrius, destructive, "

people. decisive. L,/t?;vw//^r, a destroyer. E. " -"

Pepi)"r. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) K.S.pipor.pereniptiis, pp, oi per-i/nere, to take away

" L. piper. -^Gk. TreTrepi. Skt. pippali,entirely, destroy.L, per, utterly;
"
eme?-e, "

(i) fruit of the holy fig-tree, (2) long to take. See Exempt.
pepper; ivom pippala-the holyfig-tree, Perennial.
,
(E.) Coined from \j.per-
Fepsine, one of the constituents of enni-s, everlasting ; lit.lasting throughout
gastric juice. (F,-Gk.) ^iod. ". pepsine. the year. E./^r, through ; annus, a year. "

" Gk. TTiipLS,

digestion ; for See
'^Tje^-nris"J^peq- Annual,
iis,related to Tri-muv^ to cook. (y'PEQ.) Perfect. ;F.-L.) Is1.".per/it, parjit.
See Cook. -O, F. parjit, parfeit(F. par/ait,. ^h.
Per-, prefix, through.(L.; or F. L.) peyfectus, pp. oi po-Jicerc,complete."
to "

L, per, through; whence F. per-, par-, L. per, thoroughly ; facet-e, to make. See
prefix. Allied Gk. 7re/3t,around ; cf. Pact.
to
Skt. /ar", away, forth, Perfidious.
also TTopa, beside : (E.) Yxom.!^. perfidiosns,
param, beyond ; E.from treacherous. E. perfidia, treachery,E. "
"

Perambulate, to walk about through. '/^^^/^J-, treacherous. E. /d?r,away (cf "

(E,) E. per, tlirough ; and ambuldhis,\Skt. para, from); fides, faith. See Faith
pp. of ambuldre, to walk about. See Perfoliate. (E.) Coined from E./"?r,
Amble. through ; foliuvi,a leaf. See Foil (2).
Perceive. (F, L.) O.Y. percever. Perforate.
"
(E.) From pp. of E./"fr-
" E. percipere,to apprehend. E. per, for are, to bore through; where " foare is
thoroughly to seize.
; cape^-e, cognate with E. Bore.
perception. Perform, to achieve. (F. Q. H. G. ;
perception. (F."E.) ". "

385
 PERFUME PERK

witli L. prefix.)Corruptedfrom
M. E. sentence. (F. L. Gk.) ^l.".periode,di " "

parfourinen.O.
farfournen,X'"X.^x Y par- perfect sentence. L. periodus. Gk. -mpi-
"
.
" "

jonrnir, to perform;'Cot.
'

roughlyo5oj,a going round, circuit,

L. /^r, tho- "
completesen-
tence.

; and O. F. fournir, to furnish, Gk. TTfpt, round ; 000s, a way ; see "

'

provide; see Furnish. Exodus. ^ The sense of * circuit is di-

rectly
Perfame, vb. (F.-L.i Y parfnmer, from Gk. .

to perfume,lit. to smoke thoroughly. Peripatetic, a walkingabout. (L." "

L. pet\ thoroughly ; fuindre,to smoke, Gk.) \a.peripateticus. Gk. -mpivaT-qriKus^ "

fro m/z/wwi-, smoke ; see Fumo. given to walking about, esp. while dis- puting
Perfunctory. (L.) L.perftmctorius, ; a name given to followers of
carelessly done. L. perfunctiis pp. oiper- Aristotle.
" Gk. TTepnraTfco, I walk about.
,
"

fungi, performfully,get through

to with. Gk. TT(pi, about ; vaTecu, I walk, from "

" L. per^ thoroughly ; fungT,to perform; naTos^ a path.

see Function. Periphery, circumference. (L. Gk.) "

Perhaps. (L. and Scand.) A clumsy L. periferia, peripheria.Gk. nepicpepeia, "

hvbrid compound. L. /.^r,by (as\x\per- the circumference

chance, " of a circle. Gk. nepi, "

where per is, strictly, F. par) ; around ; (peptiv,to carry, cognate with E.
haps,pi.of hap,chance. Bear, vb.
Peri, a fairy.(Pers.; Pers. pari, a Periphrasis. (L.-Gk.) L. peri- phrasis.
vN inged spirit orig. a
; malevolent but "Gk. circumlocution.
TTepiifipaais,
oeautiful iemale spirit ; Zend pairikd.Gk. vfpi, around ; "ppi^iiv, to declare, ex-
press.

llorn,^"
310. See Phrase.
Peri-, round,
prefix, ((ik.) Gk. irfpt, Perish.
(F. L. ) M. E. perischen. " "

around, about. -f-Skt.

pari, roun 1 about. O. ". pe7-iss-,
stem of pres. pt. oi perir,
to
Allied to/tv--,prefix. perish."L. perire, to come to naught,
Pericardium, the sac surroundingperish."L. per-, used with a destructive
the heart. (L. Gk.) V..pericardium." force (like
" E. for- in for-do); and ire,
Gk. Gk.
TTfpitfapSioi/. "
Tttpi,
around; "a/)- to go.
Si'a,
the heart ; Heart. see peruke. (F. Ital. L.) Periwig, a - -

Pericarp, a seed-vessel. (Gk.) Formerlyperwigge,perwicke(Minsheu\ Gk.

TTepiKapmov, shell of fruit. Gk. Trept, This is a corrupted form, used in placeof
"

around ; Kapnus, fruit; see Harvest. peruke. F. perruque ; see Perruque. "

Pericranium, the membrane that Periwinkle (I),a plant.(L.) Formed,

surrounds the skull. (L. Gk.)
" Late L. with suffixed -le and inserted z, from M. E.
pericranium. " Gk. irepiKpdviov, of neut. pervenke,a ; A. S. peruince.
periwinkle "

nepiKpavio^, surroundingthe skull. Gk. "

L.peruinca,a periwinkle ; also called uinca
"nfp'i,
round ; Kpaviov,
skull. peruinca,a name doubtless orig. givento
Perigee, point of the moon's orbit some twiningplant. L. per, through, "

nearest the earth. (Gk.) From Gk. thoroughly; iiincire,to bind, allied to
iTepi,
* '
about, here near ; 7^,earth. See Geo-
graphy. A^ithy.
Periwinkle (2), a small univalve
Perihelion, the point of A corrupt form,
a mollusc.
planet's (Gk. and E.)
orbit nearest the sun. (Gk.) Gk. irepi,
due to confusion with the word above.
round,near ; t]Kio5,the sun. See Heliacal. The better name is simply winkle ; see
Peril, danger.(F.-L.) M.F.peri/.- Winkle. Also found as pennyw inkle ;
L. periclum,perictclum, danger,lit. a Halliwell. '

trial.' L./^;7"/; try ; an obsolete verb,

" to Perjure. (F. - L ) F. parjurer. L. "

of which the pp. perltus is common. pej'ii'irdre,

to forswear. " L. per, in the
Allied to Gk. irffpa, an attempt ; and sense of '
beyond, against ; iiirdre,to
'

ultimately
to E. fare ; see Fare. Cf. swear. See Jury.
E. fear ; G. gefahr, peril. (VPER.) Perk, to make smart or trim. (F. L.) "

Der. periloils. [Cf. W.perc, compact, trim ; percu, to

Perimeter, measure lit. 'the ; all prob. all smarten, trim ; perctis,smart
round.' fL. -Gk.) L. /^;7w^/r^.r.-Gk.from E.] M. E. perken,used of birds, to

Trfpi/ierpo?. Gk. tripi, round; p^hpov,a

" trim their feathers. Cf. prov. E. perk up,
measure. See Metre. to recover from illness. All prob. from
Period, time of a circuit, epoch, perfectM. ]L.perkc,a perch (on which a bird sits
384
 PERMANENT PERSPIRATION

up). " North F. perque, perke, for F. |L. perqtiTsJtum,

an extra profitabove the
perche\ Perch
see (i). Cf. Walloon yearlyrent, arisingfrom fines,waifs,"c. ;
a perch; and
pierke, F. eire perche sur, to neut. of pp. oi perquirere, to
perqiiisitiis,
be conceited of (likeYj.peyky\. Perhaps seek after thoroughly.L./fr,thoroughly; "

^
associated with Pert. qucerere, to seek. See Query.
Permanent. (F. L.) Y permanent. Perruque. (F. Ital.-L.j In use in
"
.
"

"l.. permanent-, stem of pres. pt. oi per- the i6th cent. F. perruque. \\.2\.per- " "

manere, to endure,lit.abide through. L. rucca,'^\.\\.Q\.

perticca, a periwig, Florio ; "

per, through; manere, to remain. See Ialso /arz/rra,id.

spelt The same as Port.
Mansion. \peruca,
Span, pelnca, Sardinian pilucca.
Permeate, to pervade, pass through orig. a mass of hair,and allied to M. Ital.
small openings. (L.) From pp. of \
L./^r- piluccare, pick or pull out haires or
'to
'
medre, to pass through. L./^r,through; feathers one by one ; Florio. From Ital.
"

f/ieare, to pass, go. See fj-oiTos in Prell- pelo,hair. L. pilum, ace. oi pilus, a hair. "

witz. Perry. (F.-L.) M.Y. pereye. Pire- '

Permit. (L.''' L- permittere (pp,pe, iMTCi,pereye ;''Vocab. 603. 11. From an

misius^,, to let pass through, lit. send A. F. form (mod. Norman peir^). Cf.
througli.L. per, through; miitere,to F. poir^, perry, drink made of pears,'
'
-

send. See Missile. "Dev. permiss-ion. Cot. ; which is formed with suffix -^ ("L.
Permutation. F. L. ) ".per7nuta-"dtus,made
- of; from Y .poire,a pear. L. "

twn.^L. ace. permiitatidnem, a changing.pimm,

_

a pear. See Pear.

" L. pe7'mutdtus pp. of permutdre, to ,
Persecute. (F. L.) M. Y.persecuter, "

change thoroughly.L. per, thoroughly "

; vb. L. perseci'itus, pji. of persequi,to
"

viiitare, change.
t o See Mutable. pursue. L. per, thoroughly; sequi, to "

Pernicious, hurtful. (F.-L.) F. follow. See Sequence.

pernicieiix. \..perniciosus,
"
destructive. Persevere. (F. L.) Formerly/^rx^'-
" "

L, pernicies, destruction. L. per^ tho-

roughlyver. " O. F. perseverer. L. perseuerdreto " "
,

: nia'-., for neci-, decl. stem of persist in a thing. L. per, thoroughly; "

nex, slaughter; see Internecine. seuerus, earnest. See Severe.

Peroration. (F.-L.) Vi.Y. tion.
perora- Persist. F. L.) F. persist er.^^Y. "

"L. perordtioncm.^ ace. of perordtio, persistere, to continue, L.

persist. per, "

the close of a speech. L./^rJra/wj-, pp.

"
through; sistere,to stand, orig.causal of
oiperordre, to completea speech. L. per^ stdre, to stand. " See State.
through; ordre,to speak. See Oration. Person. (F. L.) '^\..Y.persone,per- "

Perpendicular. (F.~L.) Y.perpen- soune. O.Y.persofie, Y .personne. Y. per-sona,

" "

diciilaire, L. perpendictddris
" according a mask used by an actor, a person-
age,
,

to the plumb-line. L. perpendiculum, " a character playedby an actor, a person.

plummet, for careful measurement.- L. L. persondre,to sound through; the"

perpendere weigh to or measure carefully. large-mouthed mask of the actor was

,

" Y,.per, thoroughly ; pendere, to weigh. named from the voice soundingthroughit.

Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. A popularetymology; for the o is long.

perpetrdre, to perform thoroughly. "L. See Sound. ^3).
per, thoroughly ; patrdre, to accomplish Perspective. F.-L.) Y .perspective,
Perpetual. (F.-L.) "Sl.Y. perpetud. the optikeart ;'Cot. L. ^perspeitiua,t\i
'
"

" M. P".perpetueL^Y. perpetudlis, versal;art of inspecting;

uni- orig.fern, of *perspectT-
in later use, permanent. L. per-
petuus, uus, lookingxk^-iow^^
"
^Y. perspectus,pp.
continuous, constant,perpetual. of perspicere, to look
" through. L. per, "

L. perpet-,stem o{ perpes,lastingthrough- out, through; specere, to look. See Species.^

keenness of sight. (F.
continuous. L. /(?r,through; pet-,
" perspicacity,
as in pet-ere, to seek. See Petition. L. ) Y. perspicacity. L.
" ace perspudci- - .

Y"^.,\,'3iStdtem, sharp-sightedness. perspicdci-,

L.
Perplex. (F. L.) Perplexed, "
"

decl. stem of /^rjr//ca;r, sharp-sighted. L.

firstin use. M. F. /"?^/.fx,
"
'perplexed, "

intangled ; Cot.
'
Y.perplexus,
"
entangled,per-spicere, to see through(above).
interwoven.- L, per, thoroughly ; //"fx".y,perspicuous,
clear. (L.) L. per-
oi spicu-us, clear with suffix -ous. L. per-
spicere,
entangled, pp. pledere, to weave; see ; "

Plait. to see through(above).

Perquisite,a small gain.(L.) Late Perspiration, a sweatmg. (F.-L.)

385
 PERSUADE PETITION

Y. "l^o-tt
perspiration, L. ace. *ferspTrd- Pest. (F.-L.^ Y. peste.-h. pestein,
tidnem, lit.a breathingthrougli. L. per- " ace. of
pestis,a plague.

spJrdre, to breathe through. L. per, " Pester. (F. L.) Formerlyto encum-
" ber,

through; spTrdre,to breathe. See Spirit. clog; and short for impester.^W.Y.
'
Persuade. (F.-L.) Y persuader. .
^
impest) to pester,in tangle,
incumber ;
L. persuddere, to advise thoroughly, ceed
suc- Cot. {Y.empt-trer.)Orig, to hobble a '

in advising.L. per, thoroughly; horse at pasture.'

" -Late L. i?n- {in), on,
stiddere, to persuade. See Suasion. upon ; pastorium, a clog for a horse at
Pert, saucy. (F.-L.) M. E. pert, pasture, from pastiis,pp. of pascere, to
shortened form of apert,formerly used in feed. See Pastor.
the same sense. See Malapert. Pestiferous. (L.) \..pestifer-ns ox ,

Pertain. vF.-L.) M.Y.partenen.-- pestifer, plague-bringing; with suffix -ons.

O. F. parieiiir.'^'L. pertinere, to extend L, pts/i-s, plague; ferre, to bring. "

through to, belong. L. per, thoroughly; See Pest and Bear (i).
"

tenere, to hold, hold to. See Ten-

able. pestilent. vF. L.) F. pestilent." "

L. pestilent-, stem of pestilens, hurtful ;

pertinacity. (F. L.) Y. pertinacityformed as if from a verb *pestilere,
" from
(i6th cent.). Coined, with sulrtx -//"L. pestilis, L.
pestilential. pesti-, decl. stem "

-tdiem, from L. pertindci-, decl. stem of o^ pestis, a plague(above).

/(?;-///fajc,verytenacious. L./c?r, thorough; Pestle. (F.-L.) yi.Y.pestel.-O.Y.

"

ienax, tenacious,from tenere, to hold. pestel, \?iX.cv

pesteil (Cot.). L. pisti litem, "

pertinent. (F. L.") Y .pertinent.^a small pestle.See Pistil.

"

"Lrpertinent-, stem of pres. pt. oi pertinere, Pet (i),a tame animal,a child treated
to belongto, relate to ; see Pertain. fondly.(Unknown.) Formerly/^a/. [Cf.
Perturb. (F.-L.) \l.Y. pertnrber; Irish peat, sb.,a pet ; adj., petted; Gael.
Cot. L,.perturbare,
" to disturb thoroughly. peata, a pet, a tame animal ; borrowed
^h. per, thoroughly; turbdre,to disturb. from E.] The word is prob.of F. origin;
See Turbid. but has not been traced. Perhaps from
Peruke ; see Perruque O. F. peti,short for petit,small ; see
.

Peruse. (F. L.) The orig. "

sense was Petty. And dear littlechild,
see petiot,
*
to use through thoroughly;
up,' to go in Godefroy.
hence to examine
thoroii^^hly or all over, a fit
pet (2), of peevishness.
(Unknown.)
to survey ; the onlydifficulty in the word We also find pettish, i.e.
capricious, like
is in its change of sense. From per, a pet or spoiltchild ; see above. Hence
thoroughly ; and Jise, q. v. Cf. O. F. the phr. to take petI or '
'
to take th.Qpet,'
pariiscr vie, to live out his life.
sa i.e, to act like a spoilt child ; and finally
Pervade. (\--')L. pe made re, to go pet,sb., a fitof wilfulness.
through. L. per, through; uddere,to go.
" Petal. a leaf (hence
(Gk.^ Gk.7r"TaA.oj/,
See Evade, Wade. petalof a flower); neut. of Tre'raXo?,
spread
Pervert. (F. L.) Y. pervertir."l..
"
out, flat;from the bass irfT-, as in tnT-
pernertere, to overturn, ruin, corrupt, dvpvfii, I spread.-|-L.patulns,spreading;
pervert. L. per, wholly; nertere,to turn.
" from /a///-!?,
to spread. (-v^PET.!
See Verse. Der. perverse,from pp. per- Petard, an explosive war-engine. (F. "

uerstis. L.) M. Y petard, petart, a petardor pe- .

'

Pervicacious, wilful. (L.) Coined tarre ; Cot. Lit. explosive.' Formed ' *

{rom. h. peruicdci-,
decl. stem oipernieax,with suffix -art ( G. /mrt, hard,common =

wilful ; allied \.operuicus,stubborn. haps as a suffix)

Per- from M. Y. peter,to break wind.
from per, through; and tiic-, weak Y .pet,a breaking wind, slightexplosion. "

gradeof uTc-,as in uJc-t,pt. t. of iiincere, L. pediticm,neut. of peditus,pp. of "

to conquer. See Victor. pcdere(for*pezdere^, to break wind. See

Pervious, penetrable.
(L.) 'L.perui-us,
Brugm. i. " 857.
passable; with suffix -otis. L. per, Petiole, footstalk " of a leaf. F.-L.)
through; nia, a way. See Viaduct. F. "Y^. petiolum,
petiole. ace. oi petiolus,
Pessimist, one who complainsthat littlestalk.
all is for the worst. (L.) Coined from L. Petition. (F.-L.) W.Y .petition-.Cot.
pesstni-Hs,
Avorst ; superl.
a perhapscon-
nected " L. ace. petltionem,from petitio,a suit.
with peior,worse. Brugm. ii." 73. " L. petJttis,
pp. oi petere, to attack,to
386
 PETREL PHARISEE

beseech,ask ; orig.to fall on. Allied to E. in, "c. ; lit. 'little foot.' - Gk. iroSt-,
Feather. (-y^PET.)See Brugm.i." 560. for TTous, foot. See Foot. % Cf. M. Du.
Petrel, a bird. (F.-G.-L.-Gk.) pmye,
*
a pue,'Hexham ; borrowed from
Y ormtTlypeterel.Y .petrel, formed
petdi'el\ " ( ). Y. puye,piue.
as a dimin. of Petre,i.e. Peltr,and the Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.)
allusion is to the action of the bird,which Also puet (Phillips). Named from its
seems, like St. Peter,to walk on the sea. plaintive cry; cf. mod. Norman F. pivit,
The F. form of Peter is J^ien-e ; Petre is a pewet ; Lowl. Sc. peu, to mnke a plain-
tive
for G. Peter, Peter ; cf. the G. name for noise ; Weslpbal. plwit, pjwik, a
the bird,viz. Petersvogel( Pet(-r's-fowl, pewct. Cf. E. peevish.
=

L. /-fe^rwj.
Peter's-bird). " " Gk. vkrpos,a Pewter. (F. Teut. ?) M. E. pewtir.-

stone, Peter (Johni. 42). O. F, peutre, peautre, piaiitre, a kind of

petrify, to turn into stone. (F. " Gk. metal (Roquefort). Older form peltre,
andh.) M.
pelrifier\Y.
as if from a L akin to Span./t?//r"?,\\2\. peltro,pewter.
not used.
*petrtficd7-e, {ox peira,
L./cJ/rz"-, " Diez remarks that the Ital. peltrois be-
lieved
a rock ; -Jicdre^ to make.
iox/acere, The to be derived from English,which
L. petra is borrowed from Gk. Trlrpa, a he but only
rejects, on the ground that
rock ; cf. nirpos, a stone. pewter could not become pelti-o.
However,
petroleum, rock-oil. (L. "
Gk.) peltrois probably(like O. Y peautre),an .

Coined from Y..petr-a,rock ; oleum,oil. "

adaptationof the form found in O. F.
Tikipa^
Gk. rock ; eXaiov, oil ; see Oil. *espeltre{espeautre;E. spelter ; see ,

Fetronel, a horse-pistol. (F. Span. Spelter. "

"

'
L. ) M. Y.petn'na/, a petronell, or horse-
man's
PH.
piece;' Cot. Said to have been
invented in the PjTenees; and almost Ph. Initial/^is distinct from /, and
certainly derived from Span.petr/na, a belt, has the sound of/; it represents the Gk.
a girdle (so \Y\2Xpetrinalwould orig.mean (p,almost every word beginningwith ph
what was attached to the belt;. Allied to being of Gk. origin. The onlyexceptions
Span, petral, poitrel
a ; and named from ax"pheon{aXsofeon) ,philibeg,
hii\.\.^xfilli
going round the breast. L. pector- (for which is Gaelic,and Pharisee,reallyof
"

*pectos), stem of pectus, the breast. See Hebrew but coming to us through
origin,
Pectoral. Greek.
Petty, small. (F.-C?) petit. Phaeton, a kind of carriage.(F. L.
^YY. ^ "

Y. petit,
small. Cf. O. Ital. pitetto, small. Gk.) Y phaeton; occurringA. D. 1723. "
.

Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish L. Phaethon. Gk. ^aidojv, son of " "

base pett- (Celtic*qett-) ; cf. Bret, pez, Helios, and driver of the chariot of the
'
apiece; W.peth, a part ; Irish cuid,O. Ir. sun ; lit. shining,' being pres. part, of
cuit,a part,share. See Korting," 61 01 ; 4"aidiLV, to shine. Gk. ii^detv^ to shine. "

Stokes (s.V. qetti).Der, petti-fogger, See Phantom. See Prellwitz, s. v. "/"dos.

whtrefogger is equivalent to yi.Y)\i.focker, (VBHA.,

'
a monopole or an engrosser of wares Phalanx. (L. Gk.) h. phalanx.^ "

and commodities,'Hexham \ fockerbeing Gk. cpa\ay^,a battalion. See Plank. "

prob.a corruptionof the surname Fugger, Phantasm ; see below.

Englishedz.'hfogger(N. E. D. Phantom. (F." L. Gk.) lA.Y./an-
.
"

Petulant. i,E.) L. petulant-, stem of tome. O. F. fantosme. L. phantasina " "

petulans,forward,pert,ready to attack. (whence Y. phantasm). GV-. "p6.vraopa,

a " "

Y. petere,to attack. See Petition. vision,spectre, lit.apparition.Gk. "/"aj/- "

Pew. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. pew, pue. to display. Gk. "pav-,

Tci^'fti', as vcK^aivnv "

'
" A. Y pui,.
a platform(Liber Albus); { ="pa.v-y(iLv),
to shew, lit. to cause to
O. F. pui, an elevated space ; puie, an shine ; whence *(pavTT]s,
one who shews
open gallerywith rails (henceappliedto (as in iepo-(pdvTTji). to shine.
Gk. "pd-(iy, "

an enclosed space or to a raised desk to +Skt. dha, to shine. (VBHA.)

kneel 2X). Y. podium, a balcony,
"
esp. near a school
religious Pharisee, one of
the arena, where distinguishedpersons sat.among Jews. (L. (jk. Heb.) L. the "
"

(So E. pew meant a placefor distinguished phariseus,pharisceus. Gk. "papiaaios, "

in church.) Gk. which

7ro5iov, Matt. ix. II, lit. one who separateshim-
self.' "

persons "

came to mean a foot-stool,

galleryto sit Heb. pdrash,to separate. "

38;
 PHARMACY PHONETIC

Pharmacy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. (L. Gk.) L. Philippicum,pi. -

tive.
fermacy. " O.V
.farinacie, X^itr pharmacie. Philippica,used to denote the celebrated
" L. pharmacia. Gk. (papixaneia,
" ledge
know- orations of Demosthenes againstPhilip. "

of drugs. Gk. (pdpfxaKOv,

" a drug. Gk. ^iXiinros, Philip; lit. a lover of '

Pharynx. (L.-Gk.) \..pharynx. horses.' Gk. (pi\-os,

-- fond of; tWoy, a"

Gk. (pdpv-y^, the joint opening of the gullet horse.

and wind-pipe, a cleft,a bore ; allied to philology, study of languages. (L.
(papay^,a chasm. From the root (pap-,to Gk.) L. philolo^ia.Gk. (pi\o\oyia,
" "

bore ; see Bore (i). (VBHAR.) love of discourse, love of literature and
Phase, Phasis, an appearance. (L. language. Gk. (pi\6\oyos, fond of dis-
course "

"
Gk.) Late L. phasis,pi.phases. Gk. ; also, a
" student of literature and
"pa"Tis,
an appearance ; from base jpa-,to language. Gk. (pi\o-s, fond of; Kayos, "

shine; of. (pd-os, light.(yBHA.) p. discourse,from Xiydv,to speak.

The Gk. (pdcis also means a saying,
'
philosophy, love of wisdom.
claration,'
de- (F. "

in which sense it is connected L.-Gk.) M. E. philosophic.F. philo-sophic."! -

with (pT]fj.i,
I speak, declare,from "^BHA, philosophia.Gk. cpiXoaoipia, "

to speak. Der. ein-phasis. love of wisdom. Gk. (piXoaocpos, loving "

Pheasant, a bird. (F.-L.-Gk.) knowledge. Gk. cpiXo-s, fond of; aocpoSj "

Formed with excrescent / (after

ii) from skilful,"ru"pia,skill ; see Sophist. Der.
M. E. fesatin, a pheasant. O. Y .faisan.philosoph-cr,
" for M. PZ.philosophrc, which
" lu.phdsidjia, a pheasant; for Fhdsidna represents F. philosophc, L. philosophuSy
atiis,Phasian bird. Gk. "
cpaaiavos, a Gk. tpi\6ao(pos.
lit.
pheasant, Phasian, i. e. coming from philtre,a love potion.(F." L. Gk.) "

the river Phasis in Colchis. F. philtre."!^. phil(nim. Gk. (pikTpov, "

Pheeze ; see Feeze. a love charm, love potion, drink to make

Phenix, Phoenix. (L.-Gk.) L. one love. Gk. (piK-os, dear ; -rpov (cf.
"
Idg.
phoenix, "'(jk."polvi^, a phoenix(Herod. -Icr-), denotingthe instalment.
ii. 73). Perhaps named from its bright Philibeg, a kilt ; see Fillibeg.
colour, like that produced by the Phceni- Phlebotomy, blood-letting. (F.-L.
cian dye ; see Pliny, bk. x. c. 2. Gk.) M. F. phlebotomie.L. phleboto-
"
"

Phenomenon, a remarkable ance.

appear- 7nia. Gk. (pXfPoTOjxia, "
blood-letting, lit.
(L. Gk.) \^. phcEuomejion.'^Gk.
"
cutting of a vein. Gk. cpAeBo-, for (pXiip, a "

(paivofxevov(pi. (paivofxiva), an appearance, vein,from (pXt-eiv, to gush ; rofios,cutting,

neut. of pass. part, of "paiveiv, to shew from Tejxvuv, to cut ; see Tome.
(pass. (paivoiJ.ai, I appear). See Phantom, Phlegm, slimy matter in the throat,
Hierophant, Sycophant. sluggishness. (F. L. Gk.) The use of " "

Pheon, Feon, a barbed arrow-head. the term was due to the supposedinfluence
(F.-L.) M. IL.fion, Bk. of St. Albans. of the four humours '
; phlegm causing a
'

Perhapsan error for *Jleon ; since O. F. sluggish or 'phlegmatic' temperament."

*Jlcon might come from Late L. Jleto (ace. M. F. phlegync.1^.phlegma. Gk.cpXeyfia " "

Jictd)ie?n), an arrow-laead. (base (p\"yixaT-), (i) a flame,(2)inflam-

mation,
Phial, Vial. (F.- L.-Gk.) Formerly (3) viscous humour, phlegm. "

fyole, vial,viol, altered io phialin modern Gk. (pXeyeiv,to hum. '\-L. Jlag-rdrc, to
editions of Shakespeare.M. F. phiole,a " burn ; see '
Flame. Der. phlegmat-ic,
violl,' Cot. (Mod. F. /f^/^.)-L.phiala. from base (pkeyftar-.
" Gk. "pid\T], a broad,liat, shallow cup or phlox, a flower. ,Gk.) It means
bowl (applied in F. to a small bottle). flame,' '
from its colour. Gk. (p\6^, flame. "

Philanthropy, love of mankind. Gk. "p\ey-(iv, " to burn (above).

(L." Gk.) L. philanthropia.Gk. (pi\av- Phocine, belongingto the familyof
"

Bpojiria, benevolence. Gk. (piXdvOpooiros,

" seals. (L. Gk.) From L. phoca,a seal.
"

lovingmankind. Gk. "pi\-,for (piXos, Gk. (pojKT],

" a seal.
" See Prellwitz.
friendly, kind ; du9pwnos, a man. Phoenix ; see Phenix.
philharmonic, lovingmusic. (Gk.) Phonetic, representing sounds. (Gk.)
From Gk. cpiX-os, friendly, fond of; and From Gk. (pojurjTiKos, belongingto speak-
ing.
L. harmoni-a ^Gk. dpixovia, harmony ; "Gk. (pojvfw, I produce a sound."
see Harmony. Gk. (pojvi], a sound ; cf. "pr)(ii, I speak.
philippic,a discourse full of invec- (^BHA.) "DeT. phono-graph,-logy, "c.
388
 PICKAX PIEPOWDER COURT

"
Span. Teut.) Obsolete; but preserved
" " Swed. dial, to keep
pittla, on picking
ia Piccadilly, a street in London, named at; frequent,of Swed. peta, to pick,
from a certain house,which was '
a famous poke.
'

ordinary near St. James's ; see Blount and Pie (i),a magpie; unsorted printer's
Nares. M.F. piccadille
"
; pi.piccadilles^ type. (F. L.) The unsorted type is called "

'
the several pieces fastened together about pie,i.e. a jumble; see pie (3); also pi^
the brimme of the collar of a doublet ; ' as if short for pica,from the common
Cot. Formed, with Span, dimin. suffix use of pica-type
; see below. The magpie
-illo,from Span,picado,pp. of picar,to is M. E. pie. F. pie. Y. pica, a magpie. " "

puncture ; cf. Span,picadura, a puncture, Cf. L./f"^j-, Indian

Skt. ///^a-,
woodpecker,
an ornamental gusset in clothes. "Span. cuckoo.
picar,to prick, hovapica,a pike(hencea pie (2), a book which ordered the
prickinginstrument) ; a word of Teut. manner of performing divine service. (F. "

origin ; see Pike. L.) Here /?Vis (asabove) a F. form of L.

pickax. (F. L.) Not an ax at all, pica, which was an old name
"
for the
but a corruption of M. E. pikois, pikeis, a Ordinale ; so called from the confused pearance
ap-
mattock. O. F. picois,
" later picquois, a of the black-letter type on white
mattock. O. F. //^"^r,to pierce,
" thrust paper, resembling a magpie. Certain sizes
'
into. F. pic,a
"
*
pick or kind of mattock. of type are stillcalled /zV^.
" Late L. pica, a pickax. Cf. A.S. pic, pie (3):a pasty. (F.-L.) M. E./zV;
a pike; Bret, pic, a pick; W. pig,a point, prob. the same word as pie (i); from the
pike, Irish piocaid, a mattock ; see Pike. miscellaneous nature of its contents. E.
picket, peg a for fasteninghorses, pies a seems to be Latinised as pice, Babees
small outpost.(F. L.) Y .piquet, "

picquet, Book,pt.ii.36.51. Cf. pie(2). ^ Gael.

a littlepickax, a peg thrust in the ground. pighc,a pie,is from E.
Dimin. oiY.pic (above). piebald, of various colours, in patches.
Pickle, a liquid in which substances are (F. L. ; and C.) Compounded of pie,a
"

preserved. (Teut). M. E. pikil,pykyl; magpie, and bald\ see Bald. The old
Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle, quent,
fre- sense of bald, or baWd, is streaked, from
of pick,in the sense to pick out or W. bal,havinga white streak on the fore- head,
'
'
cleanse ; with reference to the gutting said of a horse. Cf. skezv-bald.
or cleansing of the fish with which the Piece. (F. C.) yi.Y. pece, piece."' "

operationof pickling is begun. We find O. F. piece; F. pihe. Cf, Ital. pezza,

M. Y-.pykelynge, 'purgulacio,' derived from Span,pieza,Vxov. pessa^pesa. Port, pe^a,
*"
pykyn, or clensyn, cullyn
or owte the a piece. Late L. petia, "a piece; cf. Late
'
onclene,purgo,purgtilo, segrego ; Prompt. L. petimn, a piece of land (a.d. 757)- "

Parv. See Pick. {3.We also find Du. Celtic (Gaulish)"^petti-, a piece,portion,
pekel,pickle; which some have derived answeringto O. Celtic '^qetti-, the same;
from the name of the supposed inventor evidenced by O. Irish cuit (Ir. cuid),a
of pickling, whose name is variously given piece,share, W. peth,a piece,a thing,
as Beiikeler,Bockel,and P'okel \ a story Corn. peth,Bret, pez, a piece(Thurneysen,
unsupportedby evidence. Stokes, Korting).Esp. used of a piece
Picnic. (F.) Found in F. as earlyas of land.
1692, and in Swedish before 1788; but piece-meal. (F.-C; awi/E.)M.E.
borrowed in those languages from Low G. pece-Dule, by piecesat a time. The M. E,
Origin obscure. Pic is prob. from pick suffix -mele, lit. by bits,' occurs in other
'

{Yi\x. pickeri) to nibble; cf. slang peck, compounds,

Y.. and is also spelt -melum ;
,

food,peckish,hungry. AHc is for knick,a from A, S. 7nahim, dat. pi,of mtzlya por- tion
trifle;anothername for a picnicwas wzV/^- ; see Meal (2).
nack (Foote,Nabob, act i). Piepowder court, a summary court
Picture. (L.) L. /2V//7ra,properlythe of justice held at fairs. (F. L.)
formerly "

art of painting.L. pictus, pp. oi

"
pingere, The E. piepowder represents O. F. pied
to paint. Allied Skt.
piiij,to dye, pouldre,i. e. dusty foot. The court was
to
colour; Gk. i. " 701.
"noiKiKo'i. called,in Latin, Curia pedisptilverTsdti,
Brugm.
Piddling, trifling. (Scand.?) From the court of the dustyfoot,from the dusty
the \crh piddle,to trifle(Ascham) ; other feet of the suitors. F./zVi-/, foot, from L. "

forms are//7/'/t'
(Skinner) ,/^//'/"(Halliwell).
pedef?i, ace. of pes ; O. F. poiildre(=^poul-
390
 PIER PILL

dr4),pp. oi potildrer, to cover with dust, a yourg pike(fish) ; pike-staff, also found
ixom pouldre, dust ; see Powder. as piked-staff, i.e. staff armed with a pike
Pier, amass of stone-work. (F. L. " or
"
spike.
Gk.) M. E./^/v." A. F, pere (".pierre),Pilaster, a square pillar. (F. Ital." "

a stone. "L. petra."^ij\i. itirpa,a rock, L.) Y.pilastre. Ital.pilastro, a pilaster,

"
'

stone. a piller;'Florio.-ltal. pila, 'a tlat-

'
Pierce. (F. L. ?) M. E. percen. F. sided piller
- -
; id.-L. pila,a pillar.See
perccr; O. F./^/rzVr (Roland).Generally Pile (2).
thought to be contracted from O. F. per- Pilch. (L.) Orig.a warm fur garment.
tuisier, to pierce, lit. to make a hole." M. E. pilche. A. S. pi/cce, pylcc. L. pel- -

O. F./(?r/"zV, a hole {JX^vX.pertugio). The licea ; see Pelisse.

O.Y . pertitis -:like\\?\.pertitgio), answers Pilchard, a fish. (E.?) Formerly
to a Late L. ^periilsium, extended from pitcher ; cf. Irish pilseir, a pilchard.Of
L. pertusus^ pp. of perhindere, to thrust unknown origin.CL Dan. dial, pilke,
through, pierce.(Enniushas latii^perhidit to fish (in a particularmanner), Svved.
hasta =the spear pierced his side ; Lewis.) dizX.pilka ; from 'Norw. pi/k,an artificial
^'L. per, through;tundere, to beat; see bait.
Contuse. ^ Commonly accepted;some Pilcrow, a curious corruption of Para-
graph,
suggest Late L. *per-itiare. to go through; q. V.

cf.L. in-itiare. See Initiate and Com-

mence. Pile (i), a tumour, lit. a ball, (L.)
Only in the ^\.piles. L./zVa,a ball. "

Piety. (F.-L.) ^l.Y.piet".^\..pietd- Pile (2), a pillar, heap. \L.) M. E.

tem, ace. oi pietds, devoutness. L. pins, pile;F. pi/e.^h.pi/a,a pillar,
"
a pier of
devout. See Pious. Doublet.///;/. stone. ^ In the phrasecross and pile
Pig. (E.) M. E. pigge.Prov. E. peg (ofa coin), answeringto the modern 'head
(Berks.). Qi. K.^. pecg\ of sviinfordao"
'
and tail/the piletook its name from the
'

pecges ford ; Birch,Cart. Saxon, iii.223. pileor short pillar on which the coin rested
But the connexion is doubtful. % Certain when struck ; see Cotgrave, %.\. pile.
masses of molten metal are called sows and Pile (3), a stake. (L.) A. S. pil, a
pigs\ hencQ pig-ir072. stake. L./f/z^7//,"a javelin ; orig. a pestle.

Pigeon, a bird. (F. L.)" F. pigeon, a For *pins-luvi. Y. pinsere, t o pound.

"
+
pigeon, a dove. L. pipidneni,
" ace. of Skt. pish,pirns h, to pound. % The he- raldic
pipio,lit. * chirper.' L. pipJre, to chirp.
"
//Yd{Y.pile)is a sharpstake.
See Pipe. Pile (4\ a hair,fibre of wool. (L.) L.
Piggin, a small wooden vessel. (E.) pilus,a hair. Cf. Gk.TTfAos,felt. Brugm.
Cf. Gvie\. pigean,a jar;dimin.
pitcher, of ii." 76. Der. three-piled,L. L, L. v. 2.
pige,pigeadh, ^n earthen jar;\x\^h.pigin, 407.
small pail,pighead, earthen jar; W. Piles, small tumours. (L.) See Pile (i).
picyn, a piggin; all borrowed from Y.. Pilfer. (F.-L.?) O.F. pelfrer, to
Prob. for *piggen, adj., from pig, in the rob, pilfer.O.F. pel/re,plunder; see
"

sense of 'earthen vessel,' as in G. Douglas, Pelf.

tr. of Vergil, bk, vii. See Pig. Pilgrim. (Ital." L.) litil.pellegrino,
Pight, old form of pitched\ see a pilgrim. L. peregrinus,a foreigner, "

Pitch (2). stranger;as adj.foreign. Y.pcregri, adv., "

Pigment. (L.) 'L.pig}?ientum,co\o\xx- away from home; see Peregrination.

ing matter. " L. pig-,base of pingere, to Cf. O. H. G. piligrim, from Ital.
paint; with suffix -mentuin. See Paint. Pill (i),a littleball of medicine. (F."
Pigmy ; see Pygmy. L.) Short iox pilule; cf. O. Y.pile, a pill.

Pike, a sharp-pointed weapon, a fish. F. pilule,

" ' a pill;' Cot. L. pilula, a "

(E.) M. E. pike, a peaked staff, pic, a littleball,globule; dimin. oi pila,a ball.

spike; also M. E. pike,a fish, named from See Pile (i).
its sharplypointedjaws. A. S. pTc, a Pill (3),to plunder.(F.-L.) Also
point, pike. (Hence
a Irish pice, pike, speltpeel; and, conversely,/^!?/,
a to strip,
fork, Gael. p}c,W. pig, Bret, ptk, pike, is spelt////; the words have been confused,
point,pickax.) Closely allied to pick, but are reallydifferent ; see Peel (2).
sb., a mattock ; ultimatelyallied to l^l.Y. pillen, to plunder. F. piller. ^L.. "

Spike. See Pick. Der. pik-er-el, pildre, pullout hair,also,to plunder;

t o

391
 PILLAGE PINE

from hair.
J-ilus, (Distinctfrom L. com-
I Pimpernel, a flower. (F.-L.?) M.F.
F. pillage.
pildre.)Der. pill-age, Cf.
\pimpcnielle i^F.p!f?iprcnelle^. Span.
Pillage see above. '^. Ital. pimpinella. Origin
pi"npinela, un-
;
Pillar. (F. piler. O. F. ; known.
-

L.) M. E. "^ Diez considers these words to

-

"Late
piler,\i3Xtxpilier. (Span,///ar.) jbe borrowed from L. '^hipijiella^bipennul
L. pTldre,a pillar.L. pila,pillar,pi^r.i a dimin.
" of hipeufiis,i.e. double-winged.
See Pile(2\ The pimpernelwas confused with burnet
Pillau, Pilaf,a dish of meat or fowl, (Prior)
; and the latter {^Poteriumsan-

boiled with rice and spices.(Pers.) Pers. guisorba)

has a feather-like arrangement of
a dish
pildv.pilav, made of rice and meat ; its leaves. Cf. Rosa piiiipinellifolia. If
Palmer. this be right(which is highly doubtful),
Pillion. (C. "
L.) Mod. Norman and we refer the word to L. hi- double :
borrowed
probably
Guernsey/^7^"are from !pentta
E. Lovvl. '6c.pilyaue, in 1503 (^N.E.D.) ; Pimple. (F.?) [Cf.A. S. piplian, to
which was adapted from Gaelic. Pals-
grave be pimply. The allegedA. S. pinpel
has '"pyllion for a woman to ride is Lye'smisprint for winpel!] Pro!), not
on.' Cf. Irish pilliim,pillin,a pack- an E. word, but l)orrowed from some O. F.
saddle; Gael, pilleaii^pillin^a pack- or Late L. form. Cf. Y.pof/ipette,
a pumple *

saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle ; or pimple on the nose or chin,'Cot. ; and
Irish////,
a covering, a skin;
/"?"//, Gael. Span,pompa, a bubble. Also Gk. nefi(pi^,
teall,a skin,coverlet TTOfX'pos,
; a all from E. or from
bulible,blister,Lith. pampti,
a skin.] See Pell.
L. pellis, to swell L. papilla,a pimple.

Pillory. (F.) Y. pilar i, 'a pillory;'Pin, a peg, "c, (L.) M. E. pinne, a

Cot. Of unknown origin ; other remark-
able peg. A. S. pinn, a pen, stylefor writing
variants occur, viz. O. F. pilorin,pel- (Toller).[We tind also Irish //^;;,
Gael.
lorin. Port, peloiirinho, Prov. espitlori.pinne, pin, peg, spigot;
a W. //;/,pin,
Late L. pilloriaciwi spilioriuni. There style,pen ; Du. pin, pin, peg, Swed.
,

seems to have been a loss of initials. pinne,a peg, Dan. pind,a (pointed'stick,
Pillow. (L.) M K.pilwe; A. S.pyle; Icel.pinni,a pin.Low G.penn, a peg.]All
.

both from L.
piihiinus, a cushion,pillow, from L. pinna, a wing,fin,pen ; cognate
bolster; whence also Du. peulnw, G. with E. Fin. See Brugm. ii. " 66 (note).
pfuhl,Westphal.////y] Pinch. (F. Teut.)^Qi\X\Y. pincher, "

Pilot, one who conducts ships in and Y pincer. A nasalised form of M. Ital..

out of harbour. ^F.-Ital. Gk.) M.F. pizzare,picciarc,

- to nip; cf. Ital. /ms"?,

pilot, Cot. (Y.pilote) ; O. Y.pedot; cf.AL F. a sting,goad, pinzette, pincers. The

piloter,to take soundings(Palsgrave). orig.sense seems to have been a slight
Prob. borrowed from Ital. pilota,also prick \vith a sharp-pointed from
instrument,
pedota, pilot (Florio);
a cf. Late L. a Teut. base pic-, whence E. pike,pick;
pedotia,a pilot. "Late Gk. ^tttj^mttjs,
a cf. A.S.pic, a point,pike. Cf. also Du.
steersman ; formed from Gk. ttt^Suf,a pinscfi, pitsen, to pinch(Hexham). Der.
rudder, blade of an oar. piftchers 01 pinc-ers; cf. ^\.Y pinces,*a '
.

Pimento, allspice.(Port. L.) Also pnirof pincers; Cot. "

pii}ienta.Port, pinujita,pimento. The

"
Pinchbeck, a metal. (Personal name.)
same as O. Y piment,a spiceddrink.
.
L. From the inventor, Mr. Chr. Pinchbeck,
"

pigmentum (i)a pigment,(2)the juiceof the elder,a London watchmaker

, (c.1670-
plants; see Pigment. 1732). From Pinchbeck,Lincolnshire.
Pimp, a pandar. (F.-L.) Prob. a Pindar, Pinner, an impounder. (E.)
smartlydressed fellow. M, F. pimper, to Formed
" with suffix -er of the agent from
dress up smartly. A nasalised form of F. A. S. pyndan, to pen up. A. S. pund, an "

piper, pipe,
to also to beguile, c heat ; cf. enclosure. See Pound (2). ^ Not allied
also Vxov. pimpar,to render elegant, from to pen (2).
pimpa,sb. (equivalent to F. pipeau)mean-
ing Pine (0.-^ '"I'ee. (L.) A.S. pin-treo,
(i)a pipe,(2)a bird-call,
(3) a pine-tree.L. ptnus, a pine; i.e. pi- snare; a "

besides which, F. piper meant to excel in

m-Tvs, a pine; Skt.pFtu-ddru-, nus.-^Gk.
a thing. Note also F. pimpant, smart, lit. resin-tree ;' L. pTtuita,phlegm,also '

spruce ; and see Littre. L. pipdre, to 'resin.' See Pip (i). Dqt. pifte-apple,
"

chirpwhenceto pipe). See Pipe. orig.'a fir-cone.'

392
 PINE PIPE

Pine {-),to long for; to suffer pain, So named because made of pine. L. "

waste away. (L. Gk.) " M.E. pinen, to pTmcs, a pine. See Pine (i).
suffer, more frequently, to torment ; a verb Pinnacle. (F. L.) ". pinacle,Co\..
"

formed from M.E. /?'""?, torment. A. S. ^l.pinndciiluin,

" a pinnacle (Matt.iv. 5 .

pin, pain; borrowed from V.,pcena, pain; Double dimin. of Late L. pinna^ a pinna- cle
see Pain. (Lu.iv. 9),lu.pinna^ a tin,"c. See
Pinfold, a pound. (E.) For pind- Pin.
fold;Talso spelt /""^3/2j/df, Birch,iii.309^ Pinnate, feather-like. (L.) L. pin-
^h..S. pymdan, to pen up (Jr ovn pund, an ndtiis, substituted iox penndhts, feathered.
enclosure: ; Zixxd^fold. See Pindar. L. penna, a feather. See Pen.
"

Pinion, joint of a wing. (F. L.) F. -

Pint, a measure for liquids. (F. L.^ "

pignon, gable-end;
a Cot. O. F. pignon, F. pinte; cf. Span,pinta,a spot, mark,
a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span. pint. Named from beinga marked part
pifion,a pinion. [Again, the mod. F. of a largervessel ; cf. O. F. pinter, to
pignon has the sense of Y..pinion a small measure ,
wine. Late \.. pincta,a pint;
"

wheel workingwith teeth into another ; in iox\..picta, fem. of /zV/z/j-, painted, marked,
which case the derivation is from L. pinna, pp. of pingere,to paint. So also Span.
the float of a water-wheel.]I^. pinna, a pinttira a picture.
" =

wing ; see Pin. Pioneer, a soldier who clears the way

Pink (i), to pierce, prick.(L.?) M. E. before an army. (F. L.) YoxnxexXypioner. "

pinken, to prick. Used as a nasalised F. pion7tier, O. F. peonier,a pioneer; a

form of pick. We may note E. pink, to mere extension of F. pioft, O. F. peon,
cut round holes or eyes in silkcloth (Bailey), a foot-soldier, but esp. appliedto sappers
as equivalent to M. F. piquer,the same and miners. See further under Pawn (2).
(Cotgrave).Cf. Pinch. 4 Or from A. S. Piony, the same as Peony.
pynca, pinca,a point, which seems to have Pious. (F.-L.) F. /zVwj:.Late L. -

been borrowed from L. punctum ; see *piosns, extended from L. pius, holy,
Puncture. devout. Brugm. ii." 643.
Pink (2),half-shut, appliedto the eyes. Pip (i),a disease of fowls. (F. L.) "

(Du. L.) Obsolete; cf. pink eyne,' M.E.

"
^
pippe. "VL.Y pepie,'pip;' Cot.
.

Antony, 7. ii. 121. M. jyw. pine

" ken (also (Mod. Norman pipie; Span,pepita. Port.
pinck-oogen)to shut the eyes (Hexham). pevide,Ital. pipita.)L. pttuita,phlegm,
,
"

The notion is that of narrowing, bringing rheum, also the pip (whence *pitvita.
to a point ; see Pink (i). Cf Prov. E. *ptpita, Late L. pipido).Hence also Du.
pink,a very small fish, minnow. pip ; Swed. pipp, "c. p. L. pituTta i."
Pink (3),the of a flower,and of from a stem/f/"-, for wliich see Pine (i
name .

a colour. (L.) in violet, As

mauve, the Pip (2),the seed of fruit. (F.-L.-Gk!)
name of the colour is due to that of the Short iox pippinox pepin,the old name."
flower. The flower is named from the M. ". pepin,a pip. Allied to S-p^x\.pepita,
delicately cut or pinked edgesof the petals ; a pip [quitedistinct from pepita, pip in
see Pink (i\ p.Similarly, M. F.pince, a fowls]; and prob.to Span,pepino,a cu-cumber,

pink,is from F. pincer,to pinch,nip ; but p. Some have supposed that

F. pince and E. pink are not the same pepin was first appliedto the remark-able
word ; though theyare related. seeds of the cucumber and melon ; and
Pink (4),a kind of boat. (Du.) See is derived from O. F. pepon, L. pepd, a
Nares. Short for M. Du. espiftcke, also melon, borrowed from Gk. Tiiijojv,a melon.
written pincke, a pinke, '
or a small fisher's y. This Gk. iri-nwv was orig.an adj.,
' '
boat,'Hexham ; (whence also F. pinqtie,signifying ripened or ripe' ; (cf.
'
nfiTTfLv,
Span, pingue, a pink). The same word to cook, to ripen) ; allied to Skt. pack,L.
as Icel. espifigr,Swed. esping, a longboat ; coquere, to cook. See Cook.
named from Icel. espi, aspen-wood,M.Du. Pip (3),a spot on cards. (F. L. Gk.'i "
"

espe,an aspen-tree. See Aspen. Apparently a peculiaruse of Pippin.

Pink-eyed, having small eves ; see The spots were at firstcalled /^"f/i^ (1604);
Pink (2 .
ixova peeps,iox peepins, i.e. apples(i6oo);
Pinnace. (F. Ital. L.) F. pinace, M. E. pepin,a pip (CursorMundi).
" "

pinasse, the pitch-tree

'
; also a pinnace; Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a
'

Cot. Ital. pinaccia,

" a pinnace(Florio).longtube ; a tube,cask. (L.) ^L H.pipe;
393
 PIPKIN PIT

An
A.S.pJpe. imitative word ; but borrowed E. Fries, mire, an ant. Teut. type ^mtron-.
from L. pT^a, pipe ; from L. pTpdre,
Late ^.
We also find the similar i^but
unrelated?)
to chirp. [So also Irish and Gael. piob. forms: Swed. myra, Dan. fnyre. Icel.
Irish pib, W. pib ; Du. pijp,Icel. pTpa, maurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbh, W.
Swed. pipa,Dan. pibe,G. p/ei/d.]Cf. L. mor^ pi.myr, Russ. muravei, Gk. nvpfn]^,
pipire,Gk. TTtTTt^eii/, to chirp. From the I'ers.mtlr, mJr, an ant ; Corn. jnurria)i,
cry pi-pi of a young bird. ants.

Pipkin, a small earthen pot. (L., Piss, (F.) F. pisser; supposedto be

with E. suffix.') A dimin. (with suffix a Romance word, and of imitative ori- gin.
-kin^ oiY..pipe. in the sense of cask. This
particular sense of pipe may have been Pistachio, Pistacho, the nut of a
imported; it occurs both in F. and Du. ; certain tree. ^Span. L. Gk.
" "
Pers.)"

see pipein Cotgrave, pijpein Hexham. Span, pistacho, L. pistdciuin. Gk. " "

Pippin, a kind of tart apple. ,F. L. TTiaraKLov, a nut of the tree called iriaraKr),
"

" Gk. ) Named from seed-pips ; the old Pers. pistd,the pistachio-nut.
"

sense oi pippinwas a pip; see Pip v2\ Pistil,in a flower. (L.) Named from
'
Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or the resemblance in shape to the pestleof
seed;' Wedgwood. (,So Arnold's Chron.^ a mortar. L. pistil
"
iutn,a small pestle,
Cf. O. F. and Norm. dial, pepin,an apple dimin. of an obsolete form '^pistrum, a
raised from seed. pestle.L. pistum, supineof piiisere,
" to

Pique, wounded pride.(F. L.) M. F. pound.-fCxk.vTiaanv, SkX.pish,

" to pound.

picquc, pique, a pike,pike-man; also a vVPiS.) See Pestle.

'

pike[pique], debate,quarrel ; Cot.

'
The Pistol, a small hand -gun. (F.-Ital.)
'
same word as pike; lit. a piercer,' that ". pistole.liaX.pistoIa,
"
'a dag or pistoll ;'
which pierces.See Pike. Der. pique, Florio. We also find M. lloX.pistolese 'a ,

\h.. piqu-ant, pres. part,of ". piquer,vb. great dagger,' in Florio ; and it is agreed
Piquet, a game at cards. (F.personal that the name was first appliedto a

name ? Littre says piquet was named dagger,and thence transferred to the pistol,
from i':sinventor ; but see Hatzfeld. which even in E. was at firstcalled a dag
Pirate. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y. pirate. ^lu. (F. dague, a daggerX A pistol is to a gun
pTrdta. " Gk. TreipaTrjs, one who attempts, what a dagger is to a sword, p. The Ital.
one who attacks, a pirate.Gk. -nHpacu, I pistolese
"
( Late 'L.pistoicnsis)
=
means longing
be- '

'

attempt. " Gk. inipa (for *irep-La,an to Pistola ; so also Ital.pistola

attempt. See Peril. is from Pistola,now called Pistoja, a town

Pirogue, a sort of canoe. (F. "W. in Tuscany,near Florence. The Old Lat.
Indian.)Defoe hasperia^ua. F. pirogue name " of the town was Pistoriicm. See
(Span.pirag}ia\.From the naiive W. Scheler.
Indian name ; said to be Caribbean. pistole,a gold coin of Spain. (F.-
Pirouette, a whirlinground, quick Ital.) The name, however,is not Spanish,
*
turn. (F.) F./^z;'i?//^//^, a whirling about, but French, and the coins were at first
'
also a whirligig ; Cot. Dimin. of the called pistolets. The name is of jocular
Guernseyword piroue, a little wheel or origin. F. pistolet, "
a littlepistol, also a
whirligig (Metivier).The latter part of pistolet ; Cot. Diez explainsthat the
the word simulates F. roue (L. rota),a crowns of Spain, beingreduced to a smaller
wheel. Allied to M. Ital.pirolo,a peg, a size than the French crowns, were called
child's top. Originunknown. pistolets, and the smallest pistolets
were

Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) L. pisces, pi. called bidets ; cf. F. bidet, ' a small
oi piscis, a fish ; cognate with E. Fish. pistoll;'Cot.^Y, pistole,
a pistol;see
Pish! (E." Of imitative origin; begin- above.
ning
with expulsion of breath,and ending Piston. (F. Ital. L.) F. piston, '
a - -

in a hiss. Cot. ; also a piston. Ital./?"/"?"";,

pestell,' "

Pismire, an ant. (F. and E.) The a piston; pestone, a largepestle.Ital. "

old name of the ant ; from the strong pestare, Late L. pistdre, to pound. L. "

urinous smell of an anthill. The first pistils,

pp. of pinsere, to pound. See
syllable
isfrom F. pisser (below),p. The Pi.stil.
second is M. E. mire, an ant, prob. a Pit. (L.) M.Y.pit,put; A.S.pyi.-'
native word. Cf. Du. mier,M. Du. viiere,j L.puteus,a well,pit(Luke xiv. 5). Per-

394
 PITAPAT PLAINTIFF

haps a springof pure water, from 'L.putjt:^( Placable.

'
(L.) L. pldcdbilis, easy to
pure, allied to purus \ see Pure. Der. l,e ajj eased. L. //d'car^, appease.
to "

pit,vb., to set in competition,from the Placard. (F. Du.) F. plcuard, "

setting of cocks to fightin a pit. piaqnard,' a placard, inscription

set up ;
Pitapat. (E.) A reduplication I
of /fl/, also rough-caston walls;' Cot. F. -

weakened to /2/ in the former instance. \plaquer,to rough-cast ; also to stick or

Pitch (I },a black stickysubstance. (L.)jpaste on; Cot. Du. plakken,to glue or "

M. E. pick; older form pik ; A. ^.pic. L. fasten up, formerly to plaister,'

" i
*
Hexham.
pic-,stem oi pix, pitch. + Gk. viaaa (for Prob. of imitative origin(Franck".
*TTlK-ya).Cf. Pine (i). ! Place. (F. L. Gk.) Y 'place.
" "
.
^

Pitch. (2),to throw, fall headlong, fix a !Folk-L. *plattia; L. platea,also platea,
camp. (L.) A palatalised form of /zV^, to i a broad way, a courtyard. Gk. TrXaTfTa, "

throw, Cor. i. 1. 204, esp. to throw sl pike ! a broad way ; lem. of ttAgtus,broad. "r A
or dart ; also to plungea sharppeg into placewas orig.a courtyardor square, a
the groundfor fixing tents. M. E. picchen,piazza. Ci.lXsH.piazza^^Y .piacej. See
pt. l.pihteiXzttxpighf). See Pike. Plaice, Plate.
Pitcher. (F.-O. H. G.-L.) M. E. Placenta, a substance in the womb.
picker. O. F. picker,also peckir; M. ". (L.; L. placenta,
" lit. a fiat cake. + ^k-
' '
pickier,a pitcher ; a Languedoc word ; TrXaKovs,a flat cake ; cf. vKcl^,a fiat sur- face.
Cot. "O. H. G.peckefri (G. decker)." I.ate
L. *biccariii?7i, for L. bicariuni, a wir.e- Placid. (F. L.) F. placide,calm ;
"
' '

vessel ; prob. from Gk. /3r"os, (thesame^ .

Cot. L. placidtis,
"
pleading, gentle. "L.
See Beaker. placere, to please. See Please.
Pith. (E.) M. E. pithe. A. S. pi6a, Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny.
pith.+Du. pit, M. Du. pitte.Low G. (Du.) From ^L Du. placke,'a French
peddik. sous;' Hexham. Also, *a spot.' M. "

Pittance, a dole. (F.) M. Y^.pitaunce. *

Du. placken, to plaister ; see Placard.
'

"^Y pitance,
. 'meat, food, victuall of all Plagiary. (F." L.) Y. plagiaire,(mii
' '
sorts, bread and drinke excepted ; Cot. who kidnaps; also ' a book-theef ; Cot.
Cf. Span./zVawza ; Yx.'bX.
pietanza which is L.//a^Z(2rz'"j,
" a kidnapper. Y.. plagium, "

prob.corruptedby a supposedconnexion kidnapping; plagidre, to ensnare. L. "

\;\\h.pieth, pity); also Span./zVar, to dis-

tributeplaga,a net.
or dole out allowances, p.Ducange Plague. (F.-L.) M.E./%^.-O.F.
explainsLate L. pictantiaas a pittance, plage,plague (F. plaie). L. plaga, a "

orig.a dole of the value of a picta, which stroke,blow,injury, disaster.+Gk."nhr]yT\,

was a very small coin issued by the counts a blow, plague,Rev. xvi. 21, from ttXtjc-
of Poitiers (Pictava). 7. But we also find aeiv ( *-n\r}K-y(iv)= to strike; cf.L. plang-
,

'LatQ'L. pittajitia, which Thumeysen con- nects ere, to strike. Brugm. i. " 569. "

with Ital. pit-etto, F. pet-it, small, Plaice, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. pldise,

allied to Piece. plats. Y.platessa,
" a plaice ; so called from
Pity. (F.-L.) M. E. /zV^^.-O.F. its flatness. From the base plat-, as seen

pite, pitet(12thcent.).L. pietdteui,

"
ace. in Gk. irXarvs,flat, broad ; cf. Pla,ce.
of pietds,devoutness. " L. pius, devout. Plaid. iC L.) Gael, ^and Irish)
"

Doublet, piety. Der. pite-ous, for plaide, a blanket, plaid. Allied to peal-
M..Y.. pitous, from O. P\ piteus"SLz.\.Q L. laid, a sheep-skin. Gael. and Irish)
"

pietosus, merciful. peall,a skin. L. pellis, " a skin. See

Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, "c. Pell.
turns. (F.-Ital.-L.?)Y. pivot.Formed, Plain, flat, evident. (F.-L.) Y. plain.
with dimin. suffix -ot, from Ital.piva,a ^\.. planus,flat.
pipe. The Ital.piva meant (i)a pipe,( 2) Plaint, a lament. (F. L.) M.E. "

a tube with fine bore ; cf.pivolo,a peg. "

pleinte.-'O.Y. pleinte. YatQ L. plancta, "

Late 'L.pTpa, a pipe; allied to L. pTpdre, for \j.planctus, lamentation. Y.planctus, "

to chirp; see Pipe. ^ So Diez ; much pp. of plangcre,to bewail. See Plague.
disputed. plaintiff.(F.-L.) M.Y. plaintif.^
Pixy, a fairy.(Scand.) Also picksy, Y. plaintif, 'a plaintiff;' Cot. Formed
Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin; cf. with suffix -if{Y,.-Fmis),from planctuSy
Swed. dial,pyske,a dwarf, goblin(Rietz).pp. oiplangere (above).
395
 PLAINTIVE PLATTER

) F- plaintive, L Cf. also G. plotschen. Dan. pladske(for

plaintive. (.F. -

fem. of ". plaintif\2i\iO\e\ *plaiske^, Swed. //aj/i'a J'or *plafska^, to

Plait. (F.-L.) FromM. E.//^tV, sb., dabble ; from the Teut. base */'/a/, to

fold.- strike, in A. S. phzttan.to strike.

a fold.-O. F. pleit, ploit, p ht, a seen
"

Late L. type *plictum, iox plictum,short Plash. ( 2 the same as Pleach. ,

Plaster. (^L. Gk.' Vi..Y.. piastre;

form oi plicitum, by-form of 1..plicdtutn, "

neut. oi pUcatus^-^^. oi plicdre, fold; t o A. S. plaster. [Also spelt p laister^O.F.

see Ply. Cf. Implicit ; and see Pleach. plaisire.'] 'L. emplastrum, a plasterfor "

Flan. (F. L.) F.

"
//a", the ground- wounds, the firstsyllable
*
being dropped."
Cot. F. plan,flat; Gk. ij-nrXaaTpov.a plaster, a form used by
platof a building;' "

learned form of V plain. 1..planum, ace. .

Galen "
instead of ef^nXaarci', plaster,
a neut.

of planus,flat. Properly, a drawing (for of "fj.nXaaTOi, daubed on or over. Gk. "

a building) on a flatsurface. efLnXdaaeii', to daub on. Gk. e/x- (for h), "

\e\Q\ surface. (F. L.) TT\d(T(T(LV. to mould, form in clay or

plane i)" ^ on ; "

F. plane,fem. oi plan, flat ^above). L. wax. Here irXacaeiv "*n\aT-_y"iv ; allied =

to E. fold,vb.
plana,fem. oi planus,flat.
plane (-\ a tool ; also to render a sur-
face plastic.(,L. Gk."' L.plasticus.Gk. " "

level. (F. L.) M. Y..plane,a tool. irXaoTiKos. fitformoulding. Gk. irXdaaeir,

"
"

" F. plane. Late L. plana a tool for to mould

"
(.above\
.

planing. 2. We find also I\I. P2. plancn. Plat (i), Plot, a patchof ground; see
to plane. -
.planer. \..pldndye, pbne.
')c

to "
Plot (2).
" L. planus, flat. Plat (2),to plait;see Plait.
L. Gk .) M E. Platane, a plane-tree. (,L. Gk.^ L.
Plane 3 ,
a tree. (F
,
.
- -
.
"

plane. F. plane.^'L. platanutn,ace.

"
oi \platanus.-'Gk. "n-Aarai'o?; see Plane (3)
platanus, a plane. Gk. TrXdravos,a plane;
" Plate, a thin pieceof metal, flat dish.
named from its spreadingleaves. Gk. (F. L.) M. E. plate. O. F. plate; pro-
" -
perly -

i. the fem. of plat, flat. Late L.

TrXarws, wide. Brugm. " 444. "

Planet. L. Gk.) M. E.planete. platta, lamina, plate of metal, fem. of

(F. - -
a

" O. V .plancte.L. planeta. Gk. "nXavi]- "

Folk-L. plattus, flat. Cf. Span, plata,
"

TT]s, a wanderer ; also TrXavrjs, a wanderer; plate,silver ; but the Span, word was
the pi.TTXdi'T]T"s means the wanderingstars borrowed from French ; whence also Du.
or planets. "Gk. TrXai'aofxai, I wander." Dan. plat, G. Swed. //a//, f lat.+Lithuan.
Gk. rrXavrj, wandering. plains,Gk. -nXaTv^, broad ; Skt. prthus,
Planisphere, a sphereprojected on a large. (yPLET.)'
plane. (L. and Gk.^ From L. planus, plateau, a flat space. (F.-L.^ F.
flat; and E. sphere,of Gk. origin ; see plateau,for O. F. platel, a small plate;
Sphere. dimin. of/Az^aplate. Y.plat, flat(above). "

Plank, a board. (F. L.) M. 'E.planke. platform, a

-
flat surface, level ing
scaffold-
" N. F. (Ficard)/Az"y^"? ; l^orms.n planque. ; formerly, ground-plan,
a plan.(F. "

'

" 1^.planca,aflat board. Nasalised from L.) F. platcforme. a platform, modell ; '

the h2i.s,t plac-, flat; see Placenta. Cot F. plate, fem. of plat, flat ; forme,
-

Plant. (L.) M.E./A7//A'. K.^.plante.form. See above ; and see Form.

"'L..
planta, a plant; properly, a spreading platina, a metal. (Span. F. L.) "
"

sucker or shoot ; also,the sole of the foot. Span,platina; named from its silvery ap-
pearance.
From the base plat-; see Place. Span.//a/"2, silver. O.Y .plate, " "

plantain. (F. L.) F. plantain." hammered "

plate,also silver plate ; see
L. plant dgitievi, ace. of plantdgo, a tain.
plan- Plate.
Named from its spreading leaf ; platitude. (F.-L.) ". platitude,
allied to Plant (above). flatness,insipidity. Coined from F. plat,

plantigrade, walking on the sole of flat ; see Plate.

the foot. (L.) From planti-,for planta, Platoon, a company of men. (F, L.) "

the sole or flat part of the foot ; grad-i, Earlier form peloton(Stanford).F. pelo- "

to walk. See Plant, Place. ton, a tennis-ball,also a group of men, a

Plash (i), a puddle, shallow pool. platoon. Dimin. of M. F. pelote, a tennis-

(E. ?j M. E. plasche. Cf. M. Du. plasch, ball ; see Pellet.

a plash, pool; plasschenin V water, to Platter, a flat plate.(F.-L.) M.E.
plash or plunge in the water; Hexham, plater."K.Y. tlater (Bozon). Formed
396
 PLIGHT PLUMP

Der. plight,vb., A. S. plihtan,weak borrowed from Late L. piluccdre,

whence
vb., from. pliht,sb. to pluck out
Ital.pilziccare, hair ; from L.
Plight (2),to fold ; as sb.,a fold,also pilus,a hair; see Pile (3). TieT.phick,
sb.,a butcher's for the heart,liver,
state,condition. (F. L.) Misspelt,In " term
allthese senses, the sb. was formerlyM. E. and lightsof an animal,whence mod. E.
plite. O. F. plite,fern, (givenas plyte pluck,courage, plucky,adj.
"

in Godefroy, plisie, plyte in Roquefort), Plug. (Du.) M..\)v.. plugge,ViVi. plug,

state,condition. " L. //iVzVrt:,fern, oi plici-a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. plugge,Swed.
tiis,pp. oi plicdre, to fold. It is the fern. phigg., G. pjlock, a peg, plug.

oi plait; see Plait and Ply, Plum. (L. Gk.) A. S. phlme, a -

Plinth, the lowest part of the base of plum ; formed (bychange of r to /)from
a column. (F." L. Gk. ; or L." Gk.) L. priljizim,
" a plum. See Prune,
F. plinthe. L. plinthus. Gk. trXivOos,
" " a Plumage. (F. L) F. plumage, -

brick,plinth.Perhapsallied to Flint, ' feathers

; Cot. F. plume. L. phima,
'
" "

Plod. (E.) Orig, to splashthrough a feather ; see Plume.

water or mud ; hence, to trudge on Plum^b, a lead on a string, as a plum-
met.
laboriously, toil onward. From M. E. (F. L.) Yo\vcvQx\y
"
plonib', M. E.
' '

plod, puddle.
a Cf. Irish plod, plodan, plom. F. plomb, "
lead, a plummet ;
a pool ; plodach, a puddle,whence plod- Cot. L. plumbtim,lead. Cf. Gk. \ioKv-
"

anachd^ paddling in water ; Gael, plod, Pos,/xoAv/35oy, lead. Der. plumb, vb., to

plodan,a pool. Also E. Fries, phidern,to sound a depth; plumb-er, sb.,Y.plombier.

splashabout in water ; Dan. dial,pludder, plumbago, blacklead. (L.) L. plum- bago,
Dan. pladder, mud. Of imitative origin ; a kind of leaden ore. L. plumbum, "

cf. Plash (i). lead (above).

Plot (i)"^ conspiracy. (F.) Short for Plume. (F.-L.) F. plume. I., ^

small feather, d own. Allied to

complotij) ; for the loss of C07?i-,cf.fence pluma, a
for defence^ for F.
disport. coniplot, E.y?)', vb. See Fly. Brugm. i. " 681.
sport "

'
a complot,conspiracy; Cot. Of un-
'
known Plummet. (F. L.) M. E. plomviet. -

p. Or, O.F. plo7nmet;M. F. plo7nbet; dimin.

origin ; Korting, " 2053. "

more likely, short for plotfo7-m, variant of oi plomb,lead; see Plumb (above).
platfo7')]i, a map or plan; see platform. Plum.p (i),full,round, fleshy.(E. or
For plotform, see Gascoigne,Art of Ve- O. Low G.) M. E. plo77ip, rude,clownish ;
nerie,40 ; and cf. plat,a map (Mirror for also plump, sb., a cluster or clump. The
Magistrates). word seems to be E., especially if the prov.
Plot (2),a small pieceof ground. (E.) E. plim, to swell out, is an allied verb.
M. E. plotte. [Cf.plat,2 Kings ix. 26.] Cf. phwip, to swell (Nares).+M. Du.
A. S. plot, a plot of ground; Cockayne's plomp, clownish,dull (a metaphorical use,
Leechdoms, iii.286. Note Dan. //^/,as from the notion of thickness) ; E. Fries,
m gyi2splet, a grass-plat. and Low G. plu7np, bulky,thick; Swed.
Plough. (E.) M. E. ploiih,plow; Dan. G. plu77ip, clumsy, blunt, coarse.
also A. iS.plo/z, in the sense plot of land.'
'
See Plump (3). Der. plump-er,a kind
ii. Fries. plog:-\-Du. ploeg\ Icel. plogr, of vote (toswell out a candidate's chances
a plough ; Swed. plog,Dan. plov ; also O. againstall the rest).
Fries, ploch^G. pfiug- [Lithuan. plugas, Plum.p 12),straight downward, (F."
Russ. plug'' are borrowed from Teutonic] L.) Formerly phi77i, plu77ib\Milton,
Plover, a bird. (F. L.) M. Y..plover. P. L. ii. 933. F. a plo77ib,
" downright (cf.
"

" O. F. plovier, later pluvier. Formed Ital. cadere a pto//ibo, to fall plump, lit.

iTom L. "^pluudritis, equivalentto L. like lead). Y.plof/ib, lead. L. plu7/ibu7?i,

" "

phmidlis,rainy. L. plunia, rain; see

"
lead. See below, and see Plunge.
Pluvial. These birds were said to be most Plum.p (3), vb., to fall heavilydown.
seen and caughtin a rainyseason ; whence (E. ?). Of imitative origin. Cf. E. Fries.
also the G. name r"?o-^w^z/"^r (rain-piper). plu77ipe7i, to fall heavily, plempe7t, to

Pluck, to snatch. (E.) W.Y.. plukken. plunge into water ; so also Du. plo77tpen,
.\.'"^.phiccian,Matt. xii. i.-^-Tiw. phikken, G.phwiperi,Swed.plumpa,to fall heavily.
Icel. plokka,phtkka (perhapsborrowed), Under the influence of this word the form
Dan. pliikke^Swed. ploeka G. pjiucken. plu77ib, Straight downward,'
'
has become
,

f[ Some think it not a Teut. word ; but plump. See above.

398
 PLUNDER POET

Plunder, to pillage.(G.) G. plun- Pneumonia. (Gk.) Gk. irvivixovia,

dern, to steal trash, to ; from
pillage disease of the lungs. "Gk. irvevi-utv-, stem
plunder, sb., trumpery, trash,baggage, of TTvtv^Qjv, for "nX(vficvv,
a lung,by a false

lumber; orig.of Low G. origin; cf. M. connexion with jtvUiv, to breathe (above).
D\x. piIt fideren,
plonderen,io pillage,
nected
con- The Gk. -nXfvucjv is allied to L. pulmo, a
with Low G. plunnen^plundcn^ E. lung; Lith. plauczei, pi.the lungs.
pliinnerags, worthless house-
Yx'\^%.plunde ,
hold ,
Poach. ( 1 ) to dress eggs. (F. O. Low
,
"

stuff. Hence io plunder is to strip a G. ?) YoxmtxXy poch.'-Y pocher; Cot. .

house even of its least valuable contei.ts. '

poch(^,
gives o^^^f a potched(poached) egg.' '

Plunge. (F.-L.) F. plonger,'to The orig.sense was prob. a pouclied

'

'
plunge,dive ; Cot. Formed from a Late ^gg' i-^' 3"^ ^Sg so dressed as to preserve
L. *plumbicdre, not found, but verified by it in the form of a pocket. F. poche,a "

Y\C2ix^ plonquer to plunge; see Diez, s. v.

, pocket; see Pouch. See Scheler's ex-
planation.

piombare. A frequentative form from L.

plumbum, lead ; cf. Ital. piombaj-e, to Poach (2), to intrude into preserves.
throw, hurl, fall heavilylike lead,from (F. L.) yi .Y pochcr\ Cot. explain s/C(f//^r
"
.

'
piombo,lead. See Plump (2). le labeur d'atilruy by to poch into, or
Pluperfect. (L.) Englishedfrom L. incroach upon, another man's imploiment,
plusquatHperfectum, by givingto plus the practise, or trade.' The old sense was to "

F. pronunciation, and dropping quavi. thrust or dig out with the fingers,' Cot. (if
The lit. sense is ' more ihan perfect.' this be the same word) ; or rather,to put
applied t o a tense. L. phis, more ; quam,
" the thumb into. Cf. prov, E. poach,to
than ; perfectum, perfect.See Perfect. tread into ho]es ; Picard pocker, tater un '

' '
Plural. "F.-L.) M. E.//"r^/.-0.F. fruitavec le pouce, peuc/ier,presser avec
'

plurel (F. pluriel). L. plitrdlis, plural,le po7(ce; Corblet. Perhaps from L.

"

expressive moreof than one. L. plur-, pollicem,ace. of pollex,the thumb ; cf.

"

stem oi plus,more. Allied to Gk. "n-xdcvu, O. F. pochier, ponder, the thumb. But
more, liKiojs, full ; and to Plenary. partly from Poke (2).
Brugm._ii. " 135. Pock (i), a pustule. (E.) Small pox =

Plurisy, superabundance.(L. ; mis- small pocks,where pocks is pi.ol pock.

formed.) Shak. uses phirisy to express M. E. pokke,a pock,pi.pokkes. A. S. poc,
plethora;so also Massinger and Ford. a pustule. -f-E.Fries, pok,pokke; Du. pok^
Formed from L. pluri-, from pliis, more, G. pocke,a pock. Cf. Gael, pucaid,a
by an extraordinary prob.a jocular) con-
fusion pimple,Irish pucoid,a pustule, pucadh,a
with pleurisy. swellmgup, GsitX.poc, to become like a bag
Plush. (F.-L) Y. peluche,^%\2ig, (from E.).
'

plush; Cot. (Cf.Span,pehisa,nap, Ital. Pocket, a, small pouch. (F. Scand.) "

peluzzo, soft down.) From the fern, of a M. E. poket. Norman dial. *poquette, "

Late L. form *piliiceus, hairy, n ot found. dimin. of O. Norman

"
poque (seeNorman
'L.pilus, hair. See Perruque, Pile (3). dial, pouque, Metivierj,the same as Y.
Pluvial, rainy.(F.-L.) ". pluvial. poche,a pocket,pouch. Icel.poki,a bag ; "

L. phiuidlis,
"
rainy. L. pluuia,rain. " cf. M. Du. poke, a bag (Hexham;. See
"

'L.plu-it, it rains. Cf. Skt. //"-,to swim. Poke (I).

From Idg.*//""!, weak gradeof -v^PLEU,to Pod, a husk. (E.) Of doubtful origin.
swim ; cf. Gk. irXhiv, to swim. Cf. M. Du. pndeti,'huskes,' Hexham;
Ply. (F.-L.) M. JL.piien. to bend, to Westphal.puddek, a lump, a pudding;
mould as wax (hence, to toil at). F.///Vr,Low G. puddig, thick ; prov. E. poddy,
"

ply,bend ; Cot. L. pli- fat and round ; puddle,short and fat. See
' '
to fould, plait, "

care, fold.+Gk. irXeK^iv,Russ. pleste,Pudding

to and Pout.
G. Jlechten, to weave, plait.(VPLEK.) Poem. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^:Y.poeme,Qo\..
Der. pli-ant,bending,from F. pliant, L. poe??ia. GVi. noirjfia, a work, com-
position, " "

pres. pt. oi plier;pli-ers

ox ply-ers,pincers poem. Gk. ttohiv, to make. "

for bendingwire ; pli-able (F. pliable). (F. L. Gk.) M. E. poesie.

poesy. - -

Pneumatic. (Gk.) Gk. M. F. poesie. L. poesin,

7n'eu/.iaT""dj, ace. oi poesis, " "

relating
to wind or air. " Gk. iruevfia (stem poetry. Gk. voirjais, a composition,
"
poem.
TrvfVfiaT-),wind, air. " Cik. ttvUiv (for Gk. TTOKiv,
" to make.
nvif-eiv),
to blow. Allied to Neese. poet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.poefe.^l..
,

399
 POIGNANT POLL

Gk. ttokl-v,
/^tV^. Gk.7rot77T77S,amaker.
" hen, because the pole-catslays
"
capons ; see
to make; with
suffix -tt;? of the agent. Chaucer, C. T. 12789. Cf. the pronuncia-
tion
Poignant. (F. L.) ". poignajit, of ponl-try,
" Irom A. F. poletrie; and
stinging,pres. part,oi poindre, to prick." see Catchpoll.
'L.pungere, to prick. Polemical, warlike. (Gk.) From
point. (F. L.) M. E. point. O. F.
- Gk. warlike.
TToKffxiKos, Gk. iroXefios, - "

point,poind, a point,prick. L. puncium. war. "

Sometimes from F. poinle,f. L. pitncla. Police. (F.-L.-Gk.^

" F. police, ong.
Both from civil government. L. politia.Gk. ttoXi-
the pp. oi pungere
(above). " "

Poise, Peise, to balance,weigh. (F. Tfia, polity,government. Gk. ttoKittjs, "

"

L.) \l. E. poiscn,peisen. O. F. poiser,a citizen. Gk. noKis, a state, city. Re-
" lated "

later peser, to weigh; A. F. peiser. L. to voKvs, much ; cf. Skt.

"
purT, a
pensare, to weigh. Allied to O. F. pois, town. Der. polic-y, O, F. policie " L.
A. F. peis^a weight(now misspelt poids, politla; polii-ic, from Gk. tioXitikus, adj.
from a notion of its beingderived from L. Der. acro-polis, metro-polis, cosmo-polite.
pondtis, which is not the case). Late L. Policy, a warrant " for money in the
fenstiJJi, pensa, a portion, weight; \a.pen- funds,a contract of insurance. (F. Late "

su;n, a portion weighed out to spinners, a L. Gk.) Confused with policy,from "

task. L./^"5w.f,
"
pp. oS.pejidere, weigh. police,with which it has nothingto do.
to "

See Pendant. V police(Hamilton; cf. M. \\.'sX. poliza,a .

Poison. (F. L.) F. /m^;z, poison. schedule,Florio\

"
Late L. politicum,
" "

L. potionem,ace. oi potio, a draught, esp. polectictwi, corruptions oi polyptychtim, a.

a poisonousdraught ; see Potion. register (acommon word ; Ducange). Gk. "

Poitrel, Peitrel, armour for a horse's noXvTTTvxov a pieceof writingin many ,

breast. (F.-L.) M.F./^zVra/, Cot. ; A.F. folds,hence a long register; orig.neut.

peitral. 'L. pectordie,
" neut. oi of
pectordlis, itoXvrrTvxos, having many folds. Gk. "

belongingto the breast. See Pectoral. TToAu-, much ; -nrvxo-, crude form of tttu^,
Poke (i),a bag, pouch. ^Scand.) M. a fold,leaf,layer, connected with iTTvaffav,
E. poke. [Cf.A. S. *poca,pocca, pohha, to fold up. (Supp. to Diez.) p. Better
pokeha, poha,a bag.] Icel.poki ; M. Du. thus : the Port, form apSlice,
" M. Span.
poke,a bag. pdlifa, M . Ital. puliza, polisa, prob.repre-
sent
Poke (2),to thrust, push. (E.) M. E. Late L. apodissa, apddixa,'cautio de
'

poken,pjikke7i (whence Irish poc, a blow, sumpta pecunia; Due. Cf. Port, apodixe,
kick. Corn. poc. a shove, Gael, puc, to a plainproof. Late Gk. d7r(55""ts, a shew-
ing "

pnsh).-f-Du.poken; E. Fries, pokei-ft, forth, a proof. Gk. dirobfiKuvfJH, I point "

Irequent.,to keep on poking about ; out. Gk. dno, from, forth; de'iKuvfii, I "

Vomtran. pok-en', G.pochen. From Teut. shew. (Korting, " 6258.)

base *puk ; of imitative origin. Der. Polish, to make sm'ooth.(F.-L.) F.
pok-e7'. poliss-, stem of pres. pt. of polir. Y^. "

Pole (1),a largestake. (L.) M. E. polire, to make smooth.

pole,formed (by usual change of a to o) polite. (L.) L. /^/f/z".y, polished ; pp.
irom A. S. pal, a pale,pole. L. pdhis, oi polI re, to make smooth
"
(above).
a stake ; see Pale (1). Politic ; see Police.
Pole
(2),a pivot,end of earth's axis. Polka, a dance. (Polish.) Said to
(F. L. - Gk. ) O. F. pol. L. pohim, n cc.
- have been first danced
-
by a Bohemian
oi polus. Gk. TroAos, a pivot,hinge.
" Gk. peasant-girl in 1831, and to have been "

to be in motion; allied to Russ.

TTfAfti/, named polka at Prague in 1835. Pol. "

koleso,'a.\v\-Let\.
(-y^QEL.)Brugm.i." 6:;2. Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
Pole-ax, a kind of ax. (L. and E.) is called the Polonaise, with the same
From poleand ax. Cf. Westphal.pal-exe, literal sense ; another the Cracovienne, lit.
from pal, a pole. But formerly poll-ax,a woman of Cracow ; another the Mazur-
ka,
from the Low G. pollexe,
from polle,
llie V.
q.
the
I)oll, head. See,accordingly,
Pole (i) Poll, the head, esp. the back part (O.
and Poll. Low G.) Hence it means als-" a register
Polecat,
a kind of weasel. (Hybrid.) of heads or persons, a "c.
voting-place,
M. E. polcat,where cat is the ordinary M. E. pol,a poll; pol bi pol,head by head,
word ; also pulkat. From F. pottle,a separately.Low G. polle;M. Du, polle,
"

400
 POLLEN PONDER

pol,bol,* head or pate,' Hexham ; Swed. figure. (Gk.) Gk. iroXv-,many ; -tSpov,
dial, pull,Dan. puld (forpull). Cf. E. for idpa,a base,from the base cS-,to sit;
Fries, pol,round,full, fleshy.Der. poll, see Sit.
to cut off the hair of the head. Also polynomial. (Gk. and L.) Coined
poll-ard, a. tree that is polled,leavinga to go with bi-nomial. Gk. ttoKv-,many ; "

large knobby head ; also, formerly,a L. nomen, a name, term.

clipped coin. PoljrpUS,Polyp, an aquaticanimal of
FoUen. (L.) L. pollen, pollis, fine the radiate type. (L. Gk.) L. polypus. "

flour. Cf. Gk. TTa\r],

fine meal. " Gk. rroXyTTous,
many-footed. Gk. ttoAu-s, "

Pollock, Pollack, a fish.

(E.) Prob. many ; ttous, a foot. % Cf. F. polype,
from E. poll; cf. E. pollard,which is a Ital. and Span, polipo, L. polypus (gen.
name of the chub. See pollard,under polypi) ; all false forms,due the
to treating
Poll. Hence Irish pullog,a pollock; Lat. ending -pus as if it were -p-us.
Gael, pollag-, a whiting. (Doubtful.) polysyllable. (Gk.) From/^/j-and
Pollute. (L.) L. polliiHis, pp. of syllable. Cl. Gk. "noXvavKXa^o';, adj.
Polhtere, to defile. Orig. to wash over, polsrtheism. (Gk) From /^/y-and
as a flooded river. L. pol-,allied to
" theism.
O. Lat. por-, towards; luere,to wash; Pomade, Pommade. (F.-Ital.-
see Lave. L.) V. pommade, pomatum ; so called
Polo, a (Balti.)' It comes
game. from because orig.made with apples. Ital. "

Balti ; polobeingproperly, in the language pomada, pomata, a pomado to supple '

of that region,the ball used in the game ;' one's lips, lipsalve,' Florio. Ital. povio, "

Yule. Balti is in the high valley of the an apple. L. pdmum, an apple,fruit. "

Indus. Pomander, a globe-shapedbox for

Polony, a Bologna sausage. (Ital.)holdingointments or perfumes.{Y l^.and .
"

Ital. Bologna, where they were made Arab.) '^^^'tXl pomander [^\ ^\^)\pomatmder
(Evelyn). (Skelton).Cf. AL F. pomendier, a pom- '

Poltroon, a dastard, lazyfellow. (F. aunder;' Palsgrave (prob. from E.) ;

"

Ital. L.) Y poltron,a sluggard;Cot.

"
.
and note M. Span, poma, a pomander
"
liaX.poltrone,a varlet, coward, sluggard ; (Minsheu), which is a fem. form, from
cf. poltrare, to lie in bed. Ital. poltro, a porno, an apple, p. The suffix -ander is
"

bed, couch ; orig. a colt,' also

'
a varlet,'for ambre, amber.
'
We find pomum avibre '"

Florio. Cf. F. poutre, a beam, M. F. for the pestelence'; MS. Harl. 2378,
potttre, Cot.
*a filly,' Late 'L.ptdlifriwi, p. 324, in Medical
" Works of the 14th
ace. ol pullitriis,a colt ; Due. L. pullus, cent., ed. Henslow, p. 122.
" Cf. O. F.
a colt,foal. See Foal. For change of pomme d""ambre (Rom. Rose, 21008). L. "

sense, cf. Pulley, Chevron. pomum, an apple; and see Amber.

Poly-, many. (L.-Gk.) L./^/j/-.-Gk. Pomegranate. (F. L.) O.Y.pome "

"noKv-,decl. of -noXv^,much. + Skt.

stem grenate (alsoturned into pome de grenate
purti-,much. Allied to Full. by of the sense; ; the same
confusion as

polyanthus, a flower. (L.-Gk.) L. Ital.po7no gj-anato. L. pomum, an apple;

"

TTo\vav6os,many-flow-
polya7ithtis.^Gk. ered." grdndtum, full of seeds, from grdnum, a
Gk. TToXv-,many; dvOos,flower. grain,seed ; see Grain.

polygamy. (F.- L.-Gk.) Y.poly- pommel, a knob. (F. L.) M. E.

"

iroXvyafxia
polyganiia.'-Gk.
gainie.~'Y,. a pomel, a boss. ,
" O. F. pomel (laterpotn-
marryingofmany wives. Gk. 7roAv-,much; meazi),a pommel; lit. 'small apple.'
"

-yafxia,from ynfxos, marriage. Dimin. from Y,.pomum, an apple.

polyglot, speakingmany languages. Pomp. (F.-L. -Gk.~) Y.pompe."!..
(Gk.) Attic Gk. "nokv'y'Kwrros.Gk. ttoAu-, povipa.'^Qk.TToix-nrj,a sending,
" escorting,
much, many ; yXcurra yXwaaa, tongue, solemn procession.Gk. vtniriLv, to send.
= "

language: see Gloss. Pond. (E.) M. E. pond, variant of

polygon, a many-sidedplane figure. pound, an enclosure ; it means a pool
(L. Gk.) L polygonuvi. Gk. -noKv- formed by damming up water; see Pound
" "

yajvov, neut. of iroKvycuvo^,having many (2). Cf, Irish pont, (i) a pound, (2) a
angles. Gk.iroXv-,
"
many; ycovia,
an angle, pond.
from yovv, a knee. ]Fonder, to weigh in the mind, con- sider.

polyhedron, a many-sided solid (L.) L. /ii7"^"?r^r"?,

to weigh. L. "

40 J
 PONENT PORCELAIN

ponder-,for *J"ondes-,
stem ofpondus, a hinder
part of a ship. % Or F, poupe
weight. L.
"
pendei'e, to weigh. See
Ital,poppa, poop ; Hatzfeld.
is from
Pendant. Poor. (F. L.) From M, E. poure "

Fonent, western. (F. L.) l^l.Y.poitent, ( povre), poor. O. F. povre, poor.

" = L. " "

*the west;' Cot. L. poneni-, stem

" of pauperem, ace. oi pauper ; see Pauper.
pres. pt. oi ponere, to lay,hence to set (as Pop. (E.) 'To poppe, coniectare;'
the sun). See Position. Levins. Of imitative origin
; allied to
Poniard. F. M. E. poupett,to
(F.-L. ; with G.sttffix.) blow a horn ; also to
poignard,a dagger. F. poing (O.F. Puff.
"

poign"^, the fist;with suffix -ard":iG.hart Pope, the father of a church,bishopof

(lit.hard). [So also Ital. pugnale, a Rome. (L,-Gk.) M..Y.pope; A. S.
poniard, from pugno, fist ; Span,punal, a papa, pope, with the usual changefrom a
poniard, from pufio, fist, handful, hilt.] to o. L. papa, pope, father ; see Papal.
" "

L. ptc^mts, fist. See Pugnacious. Popinjay, orig.a parrot. (F. Bava- rian "

PontifT. (F.-L.) U.Y. pontif; F. and L. ; 2mth modified suffix.') M. E.

pontife. L. pontifex,a Roman
" high- popingay,also speltpapeiay\ papejay'). "

'
priest ; lit. '
a path-maker or road- The n is inserted as in passe-n-ger,messe-n-
'

'
maker,' but the reason for the name is ger. F. papegai, a parrot or popinjay
"
;
'

not known. "

Y-ponti-,representing /"?"^,a Cot. Cf. Span,papagayo, Port, papagaio,
path,a bridge; facere, to make. Cf. Gk. a parrot;(whence Arab, babaghd, a parrot^.

TTovTos, sea. Brugm. i. " 140. p. But there is also O, F. papegau, a

Pontoon. (F.-L.-C.) F. ponton,^ parrot(13thcent.), Ital.papagallo, a parrot,
'
a lighter, bridge of boats, 'a wherry,' lit. a talking cock '
; and this is the older
Cot. " L. pontonem, ace. of ponfo, a boat, form. [The changewas due to the sub- stitution
bridgeof boats. The word is of Celt, oi Jay (F. gai,geai)for 'cock,'
origin; see Punt. because the jay seemed to come nearer

Pony. (F. L.) a. G3.q\.ponaidh,2i than a cock to the nature of a parrot.]Cf.

"

little horse, a pony; vulgar Irish poni, Bavarian pappel,a parrot,from pappeln,to
both borrowed from English. Lowl. Sc. chatter (= E. babble^. A similar name
powney. " O. " poitlenet,
.
a littlecolt (Gode- is Lowl, Sc. bubblyjock (i,e. babble-jack),

froy); dimin. o\ poulain^ a colt, foal. Late a turkey-cock.

"

L. ace. pzilldnum,a young horse. L. Poplar, a tree. (F. L.) O. F, poplier\

" "

pull-US, a foal ; cognate with E. Foal. F. peuplier.Formed with suffix -ier { =L.
Poodle, a dog. (G.) G. pudel, a -drius)from O. F. '^pople, later petiple^
poodle; Low G. pudel,pudel-hiind, allied a poplar, L. populum, ace, oi populus,a
"

to Low G. pudeln,to waddle, used of fat poplar.

persons and short-legged animals. Cf. Low Poplin. (F.")F, popeline, a fabric ; at

G. pudel-dikk, unsteadyon the itoX^puddig, first called papeline, A. D. 1667 (Littre).

thick. Allied to Pudding. [Therefore not from Poppeling or Popper-
Pooh. (F.) M. Y.pouac, " faugh,' Cot. ingen,near Ypres,in VV. Flanders; as in
Cf. lce\. pfe,pooh. Of imitative origin. N, and Q. 6 S. vi, 305,]
Pool (i),a small body of water, (E.) Poppy. (L.) A.S. popig,zX?,o popag\
M. E. pol,pool. A. S. pol; [Irish poll, pull, from L, papduer, a poppy (withchange of
a hole,pit; Gael, poll,a hole,pit,bog, suffix).
pool ; W. pwll, Corn, pol, Manx poyl, Populace. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. popu- lace.
'
Bret. potill, a pool].+Du. poel, G. pfuhl, Ital. popolazzo, popolaccio,the
"

'
O, H. G. pfuol. Teut. type ""poloz ; cf. grosse, vile,common people; Florio. "

Lith. bala,a swamp. (The Celtic forms Ital. popolo, people. L. ace. populuvi. "

are borrowed.) % The suffix -accio is depreciatory.

Pool (2),receptacle for the stakes at popular. (F.-L.) ". populaii-e. 'L. "

cards. (F. L.) F. poule,(1)a hen, (2) popiddris,

"
adj.,irom populus,the people.
a pool, at various games ; the stakes being Porcelain. (F,-Ital.-L.) Named
the eggs to be got from the hen. Late L. " from the resemblance of itspolishedsurface
pidla,a hen ; fern, of L. pulhis,a young to that of the univalve shell with the same
'
animal ; see Foal, porcelaine.
name. " F.
pourcelaine,the
Poop. (F.-L, ; ^rF.- Ital.- L.) F. the Venus-shell;'Cot.
purple-fish, Ital. "

poupe,ponppe. l^.ptcppim,
ace. "
oipuppis,porcellana, the purple-fish,
a kind of fine '

402
 PORCH PORTCULLIS

earth, whereof they make porcellanporpeys. O. F. p07peis,. a porpoise

.
; now "

'
dishes ; Florio. p. The shell is named obsolete (exceptGuernseypou7peis), and
from the curved shape of its upper surface,replacedby 77iarsom7i, borrowed from G.
like a pig's back. Ital. porcella, pig, 77iee7--schwein (mere-swine).For
a "
*/^;r-
dimin. oi porco, a L. p07-ctim,peis.'^'L.
hog, pig. poix-uin,ace. oi poixus,
"
a pig ;
ace. oi porats, a pig. See Pork. piseer7i,
ace. oi piseis,a fish. See Pork
Forch. (F. "
L.) F. porche. 'L. por- and Fish.
"

ticum, ace. oi porticus, a gallery, porch ; Porridge. (F.) Another form of

formed, with suffix -icus, from L. port-a, pottas;e,which first became poddige (as
a door ; see Port (3), in Craven /^fi'^Z/j-//)
preserved and afterwards
Porcine, pig-like. (L.) l..porc-Inus, porridge,just as the Southern F,.er7-ish is
adj.,iroxa porc-us, a pig; see Pork. corruptedfrom eddish {A. S. edise)stubble. ,

Porcupine. (F.-L.) '^l.'E.porkepyjt

Similarly (Palsgrave)
,/(7//a;/^^r was an old
(3 syllables. O. Y pore espin,
"
Godefroy; form of p07'ri77ger.
. Cotgravehas potage, *

(now called porc-ipic^.[So also Span. pottage, porridge.'

piierco espin,Ital. poxo spinoso.']'^0. F. porringer. (F.) Formed from /^m]^^
pore, a pig ; espin,by-form of espme, a ( por7-idge) by inserted ", as in 77iesse7iger
"=

spine, prickle.L. /"3;r-7/;;/, ace.

"
oiporais',(F. 7?iessage7-); with E. suffix -er. It means
spina, a thorn; see Spine. % But mod. a small dish for porridge (above).
Y porc-^pic
. was formerly pore espi, derived Port (i),demeanour. (F. L.) M. E. -

from spJca,spike, not spina, a thorn. We port. F. p07-t, the carriage, or demeanor "
'

'
also find E. porpin, short for porkepin; of a man ; Cot. A sb. due to the verb
whence porpint,altered to porpoint,
pork- p07'ter,to carry. L. p07'tdre,to
"
carry.
point; whence: p07pe7it-ine
; all these forms Allied
port, to Fare. (V PER.) Der.
' '
occur. vb., as to pO}-t arms ; and (probably)
'
Pore (i)" a minute hole in the skin. (F. \o port the helm ; port-ed,
'
P. L. iv. 980.
" L. Gk.) F. pore.^L.,p07-u7n,ace. of Also p07't-er,
"
a bearer of a burden, sub-stituted
poms. Gk. TTopos, a passage, pore. Allied
" iovM.K. from Y .porteiir.
po7-tou7-,
to Fare. (-/PER.) Hence porter,the name of a strong malt-
Pore (2),to look steadily,
gaze long. liquor,
so called from being the favourite
(E.) M. E. poren. Cf. North Fries,porre, drink oi London (1730); po7-t-folio,
p07-te7's
to stick,stir,provoke,E. Fries, puren, a case largeenough to c^rry foliopaper
purren, to stick,thrust, bore, stir,vex ; in (cf. F. porte-fenille), Y.
port-7)ia7iteau,
Low G. purre7i,to
poke about, clean out porte77ia7itean, see Mantle, Mantua ;port-
ly,
a hole,Du. porren, to poke ; Swed. dial. po7-t-li-ness .

pora, pura, para, to work slowly and Port (2),a harbour. (L.) M. E. p07i.
gradually, to do anythingslowly(Rietz) ; K. S. p07't. L. porttis,
a harbour ; cognate "

Norw. pora, to finger, poke, stir,thrust. with E. Ford. Closelyallied to Port (3).
The idea seems to be that of pokingabout Brugm. i. " 514.
slowly,hence to pore over a thing, be slow port (3\ a gate,entrance. (F. L.) F. "

about it. We also find Gael, purr, to p07-te. L. p07-ta,a gate. Allied
" to Gk.
push, thrust,drive, urge, Irish ptn-raini,TTopos, a ford, way; see above. Der.
I thrust,push ; from M. "..pouren po7'e7t F. L.
; p07't-er, portier, p07'tdrius ; p07't-al,
,

cf. Lowl. Sc. porr^ to stab. O. F. portal,Late L. portdie.

Pork. (F. L. ) F. pore. L. po7X7an,
"
port (4),a dark wine. (Port. L.)
" "

ace. oi parens, a pig.+Lithuan.parszas, Short ibr Op07-to i.e.

'wi7ie. Fovt. 0 po7-to, "

Irish (withusual loss of/),A. 'S.fearh,

ore the harbour ; where o is the def. art. ( =

a pig (whence E. far7'ow).Brugm. i. Span.lo=^\j. illu77i), and porto is from L.

"486. p07-tu77i,ace oi partus, a harbour.
Porphyry. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. portal ; see port (3)above.
porphurie,answering to an O. F. form portcullis.(F.-L.) yi.Y.portcolise.
*p07phyrie, which Cotgrave givesonly in O. F. po7-te eo/eiee{i ^ihcent.), laier parte
"

the form porphyre."!^. ."OV.

po7phy7-Ttes eonlisse, or coulisse, a portcullis, lit.sliding
"3Top(pvpiTi]s,
porphyry,a hard rock named door. Y,.porta, a door ; Late L. *edldtJeia, "

from its purplecolour. Gk. vopfvpa, the (sc.p07'tii),

" from eoldtns,pp. of cdld7-e, to

purple-fish. See Purple. flow, glide, slide ; see Colander and

Porpoise, Porpess. (F.-L.) M. E. Cullis. We find the Late L. forms cold-

403
 PORTE POST

dissus, cdldcnis,porta coldcia,

port-cnllis
; effectuallyas to restrict F. pondre ( L. "

from the same source. ponere^ to the sole sense '

to lay eggs,'
porfceithe Turkish government. (F. whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside,
"
L.) The Sublime Porte is a F. transla-
tion so that compaiisdre(F. composer)usurped
of Babi
All, the chief office of the the place of L. componeix, and so on
' '
Ottoman government, lit. high gate ; throughout. But note that, on the other
(Arab,bdb, gate, 'ally,
high\ F. porte, "
hand, the ^h. position(with all derivatives")
a gate. L. porta, gate ; see port (3)
" is veritablyderived from the pp. oi ponere ;
above. see Position ; and see Bepose.
Portend. (L.^iL. portettdere,
to dict;
pre- Pose (2\ to (F."
puzzleby questions.
lit. to stretch out towards, point L. and Gk.) ^I. E. apposen, to question;
out. L. /^^- (O. Lat. port-),towards;
" not really
=F. apposer, but substituted
tendere,to stretch. Der. p07-tent,O. F. for ^L E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to
portent,'L.porioitum, neut. of pp. oi por- cross-question
; see Oppose. ^ Confused
tcndere. with appose, because of apposite,which
Porter (i),a carrier ; see Port (i). see. See Appose in
N. E. D.
Porter (2), gate-keeper
;a see Port Pose (3), cold inathe head. (C.) In
Chaucer. A. S. gepos, a cough (where
Porter (3),a kind of beer ; see Port ge- is a mere prefix).Borrowed from W.
peswch or pds, a cough ; allied to Irish
Porfcesse, PortouS, a breviary. (F. casachdas, Russ. kashele, prov. E. hoast^
" L.^i M. E. portoiis,portliors. O. F. a cough,Skt. kds,to cough. (-y'QAS.) "

portehors, a translation of the Latin name Position. (F." L.) Y. position.\.. "

portiforitim. F. porter, to carry ; hors, positionem,ace. of positio^

" a placing. L. "

forth {O.Y. fors). \., portdre, to carry; positiis,"

pp. oipdnere,\.o place,(3. Ponere
foris, abroad. is for po-sinere, where po- stands for an
Portico. (Ital. L.) Ital./(?;Y/V^. L. old prep., and sinere is to allow; see
"
"

porticiim, ace. oi poi'ticiis

; see Porch., Site. ^ Quitedistinct from jZ^^j-^ (i).
Portion. ^F.-L.) F. portion.^!.. positive. (F.-L.) F. positif.~\u.
ace. portionem, a share, from portio; positiuus,settled. L. posit-zis, pp. of "

closely allied to part-,stem oipars, a part. ponere, to set,settle.

Brugm. i. "527. Posse. vL.) L. posse,infin.to be able ;

Portly; see Port (i). used as sb.,meaning power.' See Potent. '

Portrait. (F.-L.) ^l.Y. potirtraict, Possess. (L.) L. possesses,pp. of

' '
a pourtrait ; Cot. M. F. potn-traict, possidere,
" to possess. The orig. sense was

pourtrait, pp. of potirtraire, to portray to remain master.'- L. pot-, as in pot-is, '

(below). able, having power ; sedere,to sit. Cf.

portray, poTirtray. (F.-L.) M.E. Potent.
pou7'traien.O. F. portraire, pourtrah-e, Posset, a warm
" curdled drink. (F.)
to portray. Late L. protrahere,
" to depict ; M. E. possyt. ^\. Y. possette, a posset of "
'

L. prdtrahe7-e, to draw forward,to reveal. ale and mylke,'Palsgrave.Origin un- known

L. pro, foi-th; trakere,
" to draw. See ; cf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
Trace (i\ [Irish pnsoid, a posset,W. posel,curdled
Pose (i),a position, attitude. (F." L. milk,posset, are borrowed from E.]
Gk.) Modern ; but important. " .pose, Possible.
"
(F. L.) F. possible.L.
" - -

attitude. F. poser,to place,

" set. Late L. possi bills,that may be done. Cf. L. posse,
"

patisdre,to cease ; also to cause to rest to be able ; Potent.see

for
(substituted L. ponere, the sense of Post stake set in the ground. (L.)
1),a
which it took up). L. paitsa,a M. Y. post ; A, S./^.f/. L. postis,a post.
"
pause." "

Gk. iravais, a pause. " Gk. iravHv^ to make Perhapssomething firmly fixed. Y,.postlis, "

to cease; Tcav^aOai,
to cease. ^ One of short for positus,pp. of ponere, to set.
the most remarkable facts in F. etymology See Position.
is the extraordinary substitution whereby post (2),a niilitary station,a public
Late L. pausdre, coming to mean '
to stage on a road. (F. Ital.
letter-carrier, "

cause to rest,*usurped the placeof L. "

L.) Orig.a military
post ; then a fixed
potiere,toplace,with which it has no placeon line of road, a station ; then a
a

etymological
connexion. This it did so stage,also a traveller who used relaysof
404
 POTTAGE POWER

potidnem,ace. oi potio.a draught. " L. answers to a Late L. *punctidre,

not

pohis,drunken ; see Potable, Poison.found, but regularlyformed from L.

Pottage. (F.- Low punctus, pp. oi pungere. See Pungent.

G.) yi.l^.potage.
" F. potage; formed with F. suffix -age Pounce (2),fine powder. (F. L.) F. "

(L.-dticum), from F. pot, a pot, of Teut. ponce; pien-e ponce, a pumis stone;'
'"

oipumex, pumice; Coi. '-'L.pumicem,

origin. See Pot. ace.

Potter. (E.) To potte}-is to poke pou7tcet-box. see Pumice. T""r.

also
confuse,disorder,
about, hence to stir, Pound (1% a weight,a sovereign.(L.)
to do a thinginefficiently
; so also pother, Orig.a weight. M. E. pund. A. S. pund,
to poke, disorder (Bailey, Halliwell).y^\.pund."!-.. pondo,a weight,used as an
These are forms
frequentative of put, to indeclinable sb.,though orig.meaning 'by
Cf. M. Du. poteren, to weight ; allied to pondus,a weight. See ' '

thrust ; see Put.

search one Hexham
thoroughly,' ; Du. Ponder.

peuteren,to fumble, poke about; Norw. Pound (2),an enclosure for strayed
pofa,M. Swed. potta,to poke. cattle. (E.) M. E. pond. A. S. pund, an
Pottle. (F.-LowG.) U.^.potel.- enclosure. Hence pindar. Doublet,
O. F. potel, a small pot, small measure ; pond.
dimin. of F. pot, a pot. Low G. pott ; see " Pound (3),to bruise in a mortar. (E.)
Pot. The d is excrescent. M. E. potmen ; also
potwalloper. (Hybrid.) Lit. one ponen, as in comp. toponen, to pound '

who boils a pot ;' hence a voter who has a thoroughly. A. S./";//a/z, to pound. "

vote because he can boil a pot on his own Pour. (LateL.) Vl.M. poziren,poren,
fire. Wallop,to boil fast,is from M. E. esp. used with out. [The orig.sense was

to gallop. Golding has

"walopeji, '
ing
seeth- to purify,clarify,esp. by pressure or

; tr. of Ovid, squeezingout;

rapidly
a-waUop^ boiling clarify, ci.O.Y. purer, to
f. 82. See Gallop. also to pour out or drip; so also depurer,
Pouch. (F.-M. Du.) U.'E. pouche. to clarify, to be clarified, to drip or run

" O. F. pouche, variant of poche\ see out.] Late l^.purdre, to purify. h.purus, "

'
Pocket. pure ; see Pure. So in Guernsey, J'o
Poult, a chicken. (F. L.) M. E. I'cidre qui ptire dans I'auge,'
"
I hear the

pultc. ". poulet,a chicken ; dimin. of cider pouringinto the trough(Moisy).

"

poule,a hen. Late L,.pul/a,

" a hen ; fem. Pourtray ; see Portray.
oi pulh(s,a young animal. See Pool (2). Pout (i),to swell out, to sulk. (E.)
Der. poult-er, afterwards extended to See below. [W. pwdu, to pout, to be
poiilt-er-er ; poult-r-y {iox poult-er-y) A.F. sullen, is from E.]
,

poletrie. pout 1,2), a fish. (E.) A. S. cele-putan,

Poultice. (F. L.) Gascoigne has pl.,eel-pouts.The fish has the power of
"

the -^X.pultesses (SteelGlas, 997). M. F. inflating a" membrane above the eyes ;
*pult-ice, formed from M. F. pulte, a hence A. S. -piit-a pout-er. From
'
a =

poultice;'Cot. [Cf. M. Ital. poltiglia, Teut. base *p2lt-an-, to swell out. Cf. Du.
'
a pultis,' Florio.] "Late ptdta,a kind puit,a frog,
'L,. from its roimded shape; puit-
of pap ; ixompiilt-, as in 'L.pttlt-is,gen. of aal,an eel-pout ; puist, a pimple (from a
puis,a thick pap, or pap-like substance.+ shorter base */z7-) ; ^-wed. puta, a cushion
Gk. ttoAtos,porridge. (from its shape; Swed. dial, puta, to be
Poultry; see Poult. inflated). Cf. Prov. pot, pout, a full lip;
Pounce (i),to seize with the claws. fa de pots,to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding.
(F. L.) Orig. a term
" in hawking; a Poverty. (F. L.) M. E. pouertee "

hawk's claws were termed pounces ; cf. ( povertce). O. F. poverte,later povrete, = "

O. F. ponce, a fist. Kpoujiceis also a punch poverty (F. pauvrete).''Y.. pattpertdtem,

or stamp (Nares); a of paupertds, poverty. L. pauper,
pounson was a dagger ace. "

(Barbour).Qi. GsiScon poor. See Pauper.

O.F.
poiinchouri',
poinc-on,punch-on (Ital. punz-one, Span. Powder. (F. L.) M. E. poudre." "

p2C7iz-on),a punch,sharp point. Cf. Ital. F. poudre,O. F. poldre,puldre. Formed

ptmzone, a bodkin,a goldsmith's
'
pouncer with excrescent d from L. puluerem, ace.
'
or pounce ; Florio. From the base seen oi puluis, dust. See Pulverise.
in Ital. punz-ellare,
to prick,goad, Span. Power. (F. L.) y[ ."iL.poer ; later
"

punz-ar, to punch. The Span, punzar po-w-er, the w beinginserted. A. F. poer. "

406
 POX PRECENTOR

O. Y.pooir(mod.Y. pouvoir),
to be able ; Dan. Swed. prunk, show, parade; M. Du.
hence, as sb., power. Late 1^. potere, to
"
pryken, to make a show. From a Teut.
be able ; for L. posse, to be able. See type *prenkan-,
str. vb. (pt.
t. "^prank, pp.
Possible, Potent. *prtinkanoz).
Fox ; see Pock. prank (2),a trick. (E.) An act done
Praam, Pram, a fiat-bottomed boat. to shew off,a trick to make peoplestare ;
(Du. Slav.) V"w. praam; M.Du. prame.
" from Prank (i).
" Pol. and Bohem. pram. Prate. (E.) M. E. praten. Cf. M.
Practice. (F. L.-Gk.) [Formerly Swed. prata, Dan. prate, to prate, talk ;
"

practise, from the verb to practise. -^O. F. Swed. Dan. prat, talk ; M. Du. and Low
practiser, pratiser. "ho.te L. practicdre.'] ij. praten, to prate ; T"\x.praat, talk. Of
The M. E. form of the sb. waspraktike.-m imitative origin ; from a base *prat. Der.
M. Y.practique, practice.l^.practica, fem. pratt-le,
" the frequentative form.
oi practicus.G'k. vpaicTiKus, fit for busi-
" ness Prawn. (F.? L. ?) M. E. prane. -

; whence 77 irpuKTiKT],practical science,Prompt. Parv. Hardly (througha lost

experience. "Gk. irpaaadv { *irpdK-y"iv), A. F. form) from \^.pcrna, a sea-mussel ;
=

to do, accomplish. Der. practition-er, cf. M. Ital. parnocchie,' a fish called

'
formed by needlessly adding -er to the shrimpsor praunes ; Florio.
older term practician, from M.F. practicien,Pray. (P\ L. ) M E prey en. A F -
. .
-
. .

' '
a practicer in law ; Cot. and O. F. preicr(F. prier). L. precdri, "

Praetor, Pretor, a Roman trate. to pray. See Precarious.

magis- Der. pray-er,
(L.) Y,.prcBtor,lit.a goer before, M.E. pr-eiere, O. F. preiere, from L. pre-
leader ; for ^prce-iior. L. pj'a, before ; cdria, fem. oi precdriiis,
"
adj.
*itor,a goer, from ij-e, to go. Pre-, beforehand. (L.; iJr F. L.) ^L F. -

Pragmatic. (F.- L.-Gk.) Y.prag- pre-, L. prce-,from L. prce,prep., before.

matiqtie, belongingto business."L. /r^^- For '^prai, a locative form. ^ Hence
niaticus. Gk. "
"npa^iiaTiKo's, skilled in numerous compounds, many of which,
business. Gk. Trpa-yixar-, stem
" of irpdy/xa Wke precaution, are of obvious origin.
(^ *iTpaK-fxa),
= a deed, thing done. Gk. Preach. (F. L.) '^l.Y..precken."
" "

Trpdaaeiv {=^*-npdK-y"iv), to do. See Prac-

tice. O. " precher, prescher(p7'echer).'-'L. pru:-
.

dicdre,to declare. See Predicate.

Prairie, an extensive meadow. (F. " Prebend. (F. "
L.) O. F. prebende
L.) F. prairie,a meadow. Late (F.prebende). '^'L,.pr(2benda,
" a L.
payment,
prdtaria, meadow-land. L. prdtum, stipendfrom a publicsource; orig.fem.
"
a
meadow. of gerundiveof pi'cebere, to afford,give.

Praise, sb. (F. L.) O.F./rm, price, L. prcB,before,habere,to have ; whence

" "

value,merit (hence, to hold forth,give,contracted

tribute to merit). L. prcehibere, "

firetium,price,value. Der. dis-praise. to prcBbere. Der. prebend-ar-y.

Prance. (E.) yi.Y. prancen, prauncen, Precarious. (L.) I.,prccdri-us,oh-
used of a horse ; it means
to make a show, tained by prayer or as a favour, doubtful,
shew A. F. adaptationprecarious;
off; apparently
an with suffix -ons. l.. precdri, "

of M. E. pranken,to trim. Cf. Dan. dial. to pray. L. /r^^-,stem oi prex, a prayer. "

prandse,pranse, to go proudly, as a + G. fragen, to ask ; Goth, fraih-nan,

prancing horse; pransk^ proud; Swed. A. S. frignan, to ask ; Lith. praszyti ;
dial, pratiga,to shew off. So also M. Du. Russ. prosite ; F ers. ptirsTdan; iikt.pracc/i,
pronken^to make a show, to strut about ; to ask. (VPREK.) Brugm. i. " 607.
Low G. prunken. See below. Precaution. (F.-L.) From Pre-
Prank (i), deck,
to adorn. (E.) M.E. and Caution.
pranken,to trim ; allied to obs. E. prink, Precede. (F. L.) O. F. preceder "

to trim (Nares). Prink is a nasalised {" prccMer).'-'L. to go before.

prcBcedere, .

form oi prick; cf. Lowl. Sc. preek,to be L. prcr, before ; cedere, to go. See
"

spruce, prick-me -dainty,finical, prink, Cede. 'Der.preced-ent; pre-cess-ion, from

primp, to deck, to prick. Prank is an the \)Tp.
pracess-tis.
allied form to these ; see further under Precentor. (L.) L. prcEcentor,the
Prick. So also M. Du. proncken,to dis-
play leader of a L. prce, before; and
choir. "

one's dress,pronckepinken, proncke- cantor, a from canere, to sing; see

singer,
prinkeUyto glitterin a fine dress ; Low G. Cant (i).

407
 PRECEPT PRELIMINARY

Precept. ^F.-L." O.F. /m^//.- generalclasses into which thingscan be

L. /:\z:t:/:um, a prescribed rule. L. /r'?- divided. to decLare i^above\
L./r"r"//VJr"r, " "

ceptus, pp. of pru:cipere,

to take hand,
before- Predict. (L.) L. prndirtus,pp. of
give rules. L./r"2,before ; cap^re, prudF.crc.
" to say beforehand, foretell. L. "

to t.nke. Der. preccpt-or. before: ijT.vr, to say. See Diction.

/;",.-.
Precinct. (,L-)Late \..pmcinctum, Predilection, a clioosing beforehand.
Vi boundar}-. L. pracitictus,
"
pp. of /r"?- ^L.^ From tn before ; diUctio,
cingcrc, gird
to about. L. p7\r, in front ; choice, from
" to choose : see

to gird. See Cincture.

t-/;;^^v;r. Diligent.
Precious. (F. L.^ O. F. pj-ccieusPreface. "
^F.-L.^ O. F. preface.^
(F.p}\\-icux l.-pretic'sus. .
valuable.
" "L. L. prufdno. a preface. L. pnrfdius, "

prctium,price, value. See Price. spoken before,pp. of pnrfdrJ,to speak

Precipice. v^.-L-^ Y.pricipue.^ before. L. pni, before,fdri, to speak. "

\..pnTcipitium, a falling headlongdo\vn : See Fate.

a precipice.L. pntcipit-,
" decl. stem of Prefect, a governor. i^F. L.) M. E. "

pViZceps,headlong. L. pi-j:, before ; and prefect. O. F. prefect \\ prcfet^. L.

" - -

capit-, decl. stem of caput, head. Der. prufectus, one set over others ; pp. oipne-
pyecipiiaic, from L. prLccipitdi-e, to cast ficere,to set before. L. p}\r-y before ; "

headlong. fcicc'-e,
to make. set. See Fact.
Precise. (F.-L.") O. F. /;Yt-/j,strict. Prefer. ^F. L." O. F. preferer.L. - -

" L. pj-acisus,
cut off,concise,strict; pp. pruferre, to set in front,prefer.L. pm, "

oi pmcidere,to cut off. L. /;-"?,in front ; before: ferre,to bear, set.

" See Fertile.
c\cJirc\to See Cassxira.
cut. PrefigTire.^,F. L.) -
From Pre- and
Preclude. vL.^ L. praaludere,to Figure.
shut off, hinder access to. L. prcc^ in "
Pregnant, fruitful,
with child. ^L
to shut. Der.
front ; claiidere i^pp.c/iisus), ii. 779. Directly In Milton, P. L.
prechis-ion, from the pp. pritclusus. Cf.from L. prcEgnantcui, ace. of p}\egnan.s^
Conclude. pregnant. Fmguans has the form of a
Precocious. ,L.^ Coined (with suffix pres. part, of an obs. verb *pru'g/idre,to
-cus^ from h.pmcoa'-,decl. stem oipmcox, be before a birth, to be about to bear."
prematurely ripe,^l^.pm, before ; coquere^ L. pm. before : *gfnlre, to bear, of which

to cook, to ripen. See Cook. the pp. gf!dtus or fuitus is used as the pp.
Precursor. (L.) L. pracursor, a of the inceptiveinfin. uciscT,to be born.
forerunner. " L. pm, before ; cursor, a See Natal.
runner, from curs-us, adapted for grasping.
pp. of currere, to Prehensile,
run. See Current. Coined with suffix -He (L. -ills') ^L.^
Predatory, givento plundering. (L.) from L. prehenS'US,pp. of preheudere,
L. prudiltorius, prendere,to lay hold of. L. prce, before ;
plundering.L. prizdator, " "

a ]:ilunderer. to plunder. L.
L. pr.zddrJ, " obsolete -hendere,to "
grasp, cognate with
pncda, booty, p. Prada E. Get. q.v.
*prcchcd-a, =

that is seized beforehand : from

which Prejudge. (F.-L.) O.Y. prejuger.
before,
/;-"?, and hed-, base of -hendcre, to to judge beforehand."
"'L. prun'udicdre,
seize, get, cognate with get ; see Get. to judge, from
L. pnr, before;iildicdre,
(So also prendere"pre-he7iderc^y. Irish iildic',stem of iddex, a judge. See
sp?-eid/i,cattle,W. praidd, flock, herd, Judge.
booty,prey, are from 1^.pmda. prejudice. F" L.^ O.Y .prejudice.
Predecessor. (L.) L. pmdecessor. " L.
praifidicium, judicial examination, a

"
L./;v^,betore ; d^cessor,one who retires previousto a trial,also a prejudice.L. "

from an from dccfssus,pp. of deccd- pr(Z, before; iudicittm, judgment, from

office,
(?;-"?,to depart. L. de, from ; cedere,
"to go. iiidic-,
stem of iudex, a judge.
See Cede. Prelate, a church dignitary.(F. L.) "

Predicate. (L-) pp. oi pm- From O. F. prelat. " L. pntldtus, set above ;
ditdre. to publish,proclaim,eclare. L.
d used
pp. of prufe?-re,
" to prefer(but
as

pm, before: dicdre. to tell, publish,allied different root) L. pra, before;

from a "

to dFccre.to say. See Diction. to lift,

Idtus, borne, set, pp. oi tollere, bear.
predicament. (,L.)l^.pradicdmen-See Tolerate.
tinn^ term in logic,one of the most (F. L.)
Preliminary, introductory. "

408
 PRELUDE PRESIDE

Coined ; and M.F, form of A.Y.pnirpens^. oi purpenser, to

before
prefix,
{rom/"re-, pp. j
set before
lifiiitiaire, the entr^'of, dedi-
catory,'meditate on, with prefix
'
pur- (i- pour-) .

Cot. P"om "L.prce, before; an^l \from L. pru.

liviindris, adj.,coming at the beginningj preponderate. (^L. From pp. of
or threshold. L. lltnin-^stem of limen^1 L. prapondcrare, to outweigh. L.
" "
pra,
threshold. See Limit. jbefore ; ponderdre,to weigh; see Pon-
Prelude, an introduction, ^F. " L. dr-r.
M. ". prelude,'a preludium,
'
preface,
amble
pre- Preposition. (F. "
L.) O.Y.prepo-
; Cot. "Late prapositionem,a settingL. *pmludium. " L. '
si/ion. " L. ace.

prcEliidere,to yjlaybeforehand, give a I before; a preposition(in giammar). L. "

prelude. L. pr(E,before ; ludere,to play. prcEposituSy

"
pp. oi prtrpdnere,to set before.
See Ludicrous. I "Y^.pm, heiore;pofiere,to place. See
Premature. (F.-L.) From Pre- ,
Position.
and Mature.
j Preposterous. ^L.y l^.praposUr-us,
Premier. ''F. "
L.) premier,(\T%t. inverter:,
Y. hind sloe before ; with suffix -ous.
"
\..prinidriiim,
ace. chief.
oi pritndrius, 'L.prcE,
before; posterus, later, coming "

" \..primus, first. See Prime (i;. Iafter. See Post-.

Premiss, Premise. l^ .
-
L.; Prerogative. (F.-L.) A. F. pre-
rogative^
Better premiss than premise. O. F. pre- a L. /r^rij^fl/rwa,
privilege.- a "

viisse (F. pr^misse, in use in the 14th previouschoice, preference,

privilege."
L. /r^^wma
century (Littre;.- rogdre, to ask. See {sententia L. prce, before ;
being understood;,a that Rogation. premiss, lit.
which is sent before or stated beforehand. Presage. (F.-L.j O.Y. presage. -"

Fern, of prcE77iissiis,
pp. of prcemittere,to I.,prasdgium, a diviningbeforehand.- L.
send before \^.prcB, before; mitte7-e,\o\prcEsdglre,to perceive beforcha:id. L. "

send. See Missile. premis-es, s. prce, before ; sdglre,to observe, perceive.

Der.
pi.,the adjunctsof a building, firststated See Sagacious.
in full, in a lease,and afterwards referred Presbyter. (L.-Gk.) 1..preslyyter.
to as the premises; or otherwise,due to Gk. irpia^vTtpos, an elder; orig.elder, "

the custom of beginningleases with pre- comparative of irpea^vs,old. Cf. L.

viises settingforth the names of the \pri5ciis, ancient.
grantor,grantee,and thingsgranlcd.Also' Prescience. (F.-L.^ C):Y .prescience.
premise,vb. with accent on i. Y^.prcescientia,
, foreknowledge.\^.prcz, " "

Premium. (L.) L./r^w?"w, profit;before ; scientia, knowledge.See Science.

lit. 'a takingbefore;' for *prce-imium. Prescribe. (L.) L. prczscrlbere,to
" L. prcB, before ; emere, to take. Cf. write beforehand, prescribe;pp. prce-
Exempt. 1^whence
sci'iptus Y.. prce,
prescripiionj. "

Premonish, before; scribere, to write.

to See Scribe.
warn beforehand. (Y .

" L. Coined from pre-, before

,
for L. Present ( i;, near at hand. (F. L.,, "

prce') ; and inonish,a corruptedform of O.Y present.^Y,. prceseiit-, stem oi prce- .

M.E. monesten, to warn, \\'yclif,2 Cor. senSj i.e. being in front or near. L. pi-ce, "

vi. I. See Admonish. Tiev. premonit-\'mfront; -sens, for *es-ens, being,from

I y'ES,tobe. Cf. Absent. 'Dev.pyesent-ly;
or-y, from Y. pramonitor, one who warns

beforehand, from prcemojiere, to warn presence, sb., O. F. presence, L. pj-ce-

beforeharid. i seiitia.
Prentice, short for Apprentice,' present (2),to give.'F. -L.) O. F.

cj V. . presenter. Y. prcesentare, to placebefore, "

Prepare. (F. L.) M. F. preparer; \ hold out, offer. L. /r^^^w/-,stem oi prcz-

"
"

iioX. Y. prapardre. to make ready before- Isejis ^above

" Der. present,sb.,a gilt .

hand. L. pra, before; pardre, to pre-

"
pare. Presentiment. (F.-L.) M. F./r^-
'
See Pare. sentiment, '
a fore-feeling
; Cot. Y.prce- "

Prepense, premeditated. (Y L.) senti-re, to L. prc^, .

"
feel beforehand. "

1. As itfrom M.Y.pre-, htiorchand ;peftser, Ijefore ; sentire, to feel. See Sense.

to think. L. prcs, beforehand; pejisdre, Preserve.
" (F.-L.) O.Y preserver, .

to weigh,ponder, frequent, form oi peti- to preserve. L. /re?,beforehand ; ser-udre, "

dere,to weigh ; see Pendant. 2. But in to keep. See Serve.

the phr.malice prepense, it is an altered Preside. (F.-L. O.Y.presider,Xo
409
 PRESS PRIDE

preside,
govern. L. prasidere,to" sit be-
fore, beyond;and natural, adj.,from nature.
preside over. L. prce, in " front ; See Nature.
sedere,to sit. See Sedentary. Pretext. (F.-L.) yi.Y. pretexte,^.
Press (i),to squeeze. (F. "
L.) M.
pretext. L. prcBtextiun,a pretext; orig.
E. "

pressen. F./r^J-i-^r."
L./r^j'jJr^jfrequent.
" neut. oiprcetextus, pp. oi prcetexere,lit.to
of p7'emere (pp.presses),to press. Der. weave in front. L. prcs,in front ; texere, "

press,sb. : press-ure. to weave. See Text.

Press (2),to hire men for service, make Pretty. (E.) ^.Y^.prati;K.S". pm-
men serve as sailors,i"c. (F. L.) Press tig,prcettig,
"
pcetig, orig.deceitful,tricky;
is a corruption of the old word prest, hence clever,cunning,the usual M. E.
ready; whence prest-money ready money sense.
,
Formed with suffix -igfrom A. S.
advanced to a man hired for service,prcet,deceit, trickery.Cf Lowl. ^e.pratty,
earnest money ; also ijjiprest, a verb (now pretty,tricky, {rom prat, a trick (G.Doug-
las
imp7-ess), to give a man earnest money. ;.-f-Icel./r,f/'/r,
a trick ; pretta,to cheat ;

When it became common to use sion

compul- E. Fries, pret,a trick, prettig, ]ocoie, droll,
io forcemen into service, it was fused
con- pleasant ; M. Du. p)ratte, perte, Du. part,
with the verb to press. Prest money a trick,deceit. Of uncertain origin.
was money \eni.'~0." presier {" preter),
. PrevaiL (F. L.) O. F. prevail,
. i p. -

to lend,advance money. L. /njj/"r^, to"

pr. oi prevaloir, to prevail.L. prceualere, "

stand forth,come forward,furnish,offer,to have great power. L. prcz, before,ex-

cessively "

give. L. prce, in front ; stare, to stand.

"
; tialere,to be strong. See Valid.
See State. Der. press-gang, im-press,Der. prevaleitt, from L. pj'czualent- stem ,

im-press-ment. of pres. pt. oi prceiialere, to prevail.

Prestige. (F.-L.) Prevaricate.F. prestige,

(L.) From pp. of L.
an

illusion, influence due

fascination, prceudricdri, to straddle,hence to swerve,
to fame.
" L. prcBstigiiim, a deception,illusion,shuffle, shift, quibble. L. prce,before,ex-
cessively "

jugglery.For ^prcEstrigium, the 2nd r ; udric-us, from uarus,

straddling,
prcestring-crooked.
being lost (Brug.i. " ^'i},)."!^. See Varicose.
ere, to bind fast,
to dim,
dull, blind. L. Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was "

* '

pra, before; stringere, to bind. See to go before ; cf M. F. pj-evenir,to pre-

vent,
*

Stringent. anticipate, forestall;' Cot. L. ^r^- "

Presume. (F. "

L.) M..Y.. presumen. uent-us, pp. of prceuenlre,to go before. "

" O. F. presumer. " L. prcesumere, to take L. prcE, before ; tienii'e, to come. See
beforehand,presume, imagine. " L. pr"2, Venture.
before; sumere, take; Assume.
to see Previous. (L.) L. prceui-us,
on the
Der. presumpt-ion,"c. (from the pp. way before,going before ; with sufBx -oiis.

prcestwipt-iis). L. pra, before ; uia, a way. "

Pretend. (F.-L.) O.Y. pretendre. Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A. F. preie (F.

" L. pru-tendere,
to spread before, hold proie) L. prceda,prey. See Predatory. .
"

out asexcuse, allege,

an pretend. L. prce, Der. prey, vb. "

before;tendere, to stretch. See Tend (i). Prial, three of a sort,at cards. (F. L.) "

Her. pretence,misspelt iox pretense (O. F. A contraction oi pair-royal; (seeNares).

pretensse,i.,Godefroy), from the fem. of Price. (F.-L.) M. E. pris.-O.Y.
Late L. praiensus, used for L. prcetentus, pris,also spelt
/rm, price,value,merit."
pp. o{ prcEtendere. pretium,price. See Precious. L.
Preter-, prefix.(L.) L. prceter,be-
yond
(E.) M. E. prikke,prike,sb. Prick.
; comparative form of prce, before ; A. S. pric2c, prica, a point,prick,dot ;
see Pre-. prician,to prick,-f-M. Du. prick,Du.
Preterite. (F.-L.) 1^.^. preterit.prik, a prickle ; Dan. prik,Svved. prick,
" O. F. preterit, m., preterite, fem. L. a dot, mark; E. Fries.,Low G. prik. "

prcBteritns, pp. oi prceterireto pass by. Also Du., E. Fries.,

,
Low G. p7-ikken,to "

L. prceter,beyond ; ire, to go. prick; Dan. prikke,Swed. pricka,to dot.

Pretermit, to omit. (L.) 'L.prcstcr- Prom a Teut. base *prik,to prick,dot.
mittere, to allow to go past. L. prceter, Der. prick,vb. ; prick-le,sb.,from A. S.
"

beyond; jnittere,
to send. See Missile. pricel.
from the pp.
Der. prctermiss-ion, Pride. (F. L.) M. E. pride,prude. -

Preternatural. (L.)From h.prceter, A. S. pryte, pride; regularly

formed (^by
410
 PRIEST PRISON

change from u to y) from A. S. Iprimus, first; genitus,

the usual
pp. o{ gigiure(base
fnlt, proud, of F. origin. See Proud. I genA, to beget,produce; see Genus.
Priest. (L. Gk.) M. E. preest; A. S. i primordial, original.
-

(F.-L.) F.
freest. Contracted (like O. Y. prcstre,O. ; pri?HordiaL'-'L.prTmordialis,original. "

i^ax.presfar,O. priest er) from Y,.presbyter.L. primordiuvi,origin. L. prim -us, first; "

Cf. '"
Prester JoJmJ See Presbyter. ordiri,to begin,allied to oj-do,order.
% Abnormal ; perhapspresbyter was ap- primrose. (F.-L.) As if from F.
prehendtdas *prehyster. prime rose, first rose; L. prima rosa.

Prig (i),to steal. (E.) Cant/;j^^, to Such is the popularetymology; but, his- torically,
ride,ride off with a horse which a man has primrose is a substitution for
to take care of; pi'igger
of pratincers,a M. E. primei-ole^a primrose.Dimin. of
horse-stealer ; see Harman's Caveat, pp. Late Y,.primula, a primrose(still
preserved
42, 43, and p. 84,col. 3. Modification of in Span, primula, the same). Again,
prick,
to spur, to ride ; Spenser,F. Q. i. primula is a derivative of primus, first.
I.I. See Prick. ^ Thus the word r^j-^was only associated
Prig (2), a pert, pragmaticalfellow. with primroseby
popularblunder. a

(E.) From the verb to prick,in the sense prince. (F. L.) Y. prince. \..prin- " -

to trim, adorn,dress up. Lowl. Sc. prig- cipem,ace. o\princeps, lit. taking
a cliief,
'

prick-7ne-daiiity,
ine-dai7zty, a prig. See the first place.'L. prin-,for prtj?i-us, "

above. first; capere,to take ; see Capital.

Prini,neat.(F. L.) O.F./;7"/,
masc, "
principal.(F.-L.) Y. principal.-
prime, fem., prime,forward,also pi'inie, "L.principalis,chitf."L. princip-,
stem of
masc. and fem.,thin,slender, small,as che- princeps,a chief (above).

7jeux primes, 'smooth or delicate hair;' principle. (F L.) The / is an E. .

-

Cot. The sense is first-grown, cate. addition,as in syllable.Y. principe,

small, deli- a "

"L. primus, first (below). f[ The principle, maxim; orig. bcgmning. L. "

word was perhapsconfused with

prink,to principium, a beginning.L. priricip-, "

deck: see Prank. stem of princeps, takingthe first place;

prime (i), first, chief. (F. L.) F. see prince "
(above;.
prime,properly' prime,'the firstcanonical Print, sb. (F. L.) M. E. printe, "

hour. L. prJina, fem. of pri7Jms. first. prcnte, preinte

"
; short for empreinte, rowed
bor-
PrJnnis is for *prismiis, and is related to from M. F. empreiiite, a stamp,
'

'

pris-ctts, ancient, pris-tinns,primitive, print; Cot. See Imprint. Der. print,

and to prius, adv., former. Brugm. ii. vb. ; re-print.
" 165. Cf. A. S. /^r-7//", first, ixova. fore Prior (i), former. (L.) L. prior,
(see Former) ; Gk. -npw-Tos, first, from former. U?ed as comparativeof the su-
"npo ; Skt. pra-ta-ma-, first. Der. prijn- perl. primus ; see Prime.
ary ; prim-ate, O. F. primat, L. ace. prim- prior (2), head of a prior}'.(F. L.) "

dtem, hovapriynas, a chief man. M. E. prioiir.A. F. prioitr ; F. prieiir. "

prime 2). to make a gun quite ready. L. priorem, ace. oi prior,"

former, hence,
(F. L.) Cf. prime,to trim trees ; prime, a superior; see above.
"

firstposition in fencing ; and esp. the phr. Prise, Prize, a lever. (F. L.) 'Prise, "

'
*
to put into prime order.' A peculiar use a lever ; Halliwell. Hence to priseopen '

oi prime (i). a box,' corruptly, pry open.' F.

or to '"
"

prim.ero, an old game at cards. (Span. prise, a grasp, tighthold (hence, leverage).
"
L.) Span,primero,lit. first.' L. pri- Orig. fem. of pr-is,pp. of prendre,to
"

"

viarius,chief; see Premier. grasp. "L. prehendere,to grasp. See

prim,eval.(L.) Coined from L./rF/;^- Prehensile.

rts, first; ceu-7im, age ; with suffix -al; cf. Prism. (L. Gk.) 'L. prisma."^QV. "

L. prwicetins primeval, ,
rrpicrfxa (stem irpiafxaT-), a prism; lit. a
off. Gk. rrpieiv, for *Trpicr"iv,
primitive. (F.-L.) Y. primitif~ piece sawn "

L. primitlictis, earliest of its kind. L. to saw. (Gk. v^Trptj.)

" Her. prismat-zc.

primit-us,adv., for the first time. L. Prison. (F.-L.) O. F. prisun,F.

"

frlmus, first. prison; cf. Ital. prigione, a prison. L. "

M. o{ prensio, a seizing,
primogeniture. (F.-L.) F./;-?-2iCC. prensionem, ace.

pp. of
'
mogeniturc, the being '
eldest ; Cot. T. seizure, "l^.prensus, " for prehensus,
prhnogetiitus, first-born. L. primo-, for prehendere, " to seize. See Prehensile.

41 I
 PRISTINE PRODIGY

Pristine, ancient. (F. "

L.) M. F. Problem. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.pro-
pristine. L pristiniis,
ancient ;
" allied to hleme ; F.
problcme. L. pi'oblema. Gk. " "

former,and to prime
'L.pris-cus, (i). vpo^Xrjjxa,a thingthrown forward,or put
Private. (L.) L./rfz/J/?/^,
apart; pp. forward as a questionfor discussion. Gk. "

oi prillare, to bereave. L. prTuus, single ; irpo, forward ; PXfjfia, from j8aA-

a casting,
"

lit.put forward, sundered from the rest. \(iv, to cast.

Privet, a shrub. (F.? L. ?) Privet Proboscis. (L.-Gk.) \..proboscis.^
-

is of unknown origin.Privet also occurs Gk. irpo^oaKis,an elephant'strimk or

asspellingof private,and one of the 'feeder.' Gk. vpu, in front; P6(TK"iv,
a to "

of privetis privy,speltpriiiieby feed ; see Botany.

names

Tusser ; but there is no sure connexion. Proceed. (F. L.) O.F. proceder.~ "

We also find,for privet,

the names prijn, L. procedere,
to go forward. before ;
'L.pi'o, "

primprint,prime print; perhapsprint cedere,to go. See Cede. Der. process

may have arisen from prim't,i.e. primed (mod. F. proces); process-ioti.
or trimmed. Prob. named from being Proclaim. (F. L.) Y. proclamer, "

'
formally cutand trimmed ; cf. prime, to 'to proclame; Cot. L. procldjndre,to "

cut trees (Halliwell). See Prim and call out. L. pro, forth;cldmdre, to cry "

Prime (i). out. See Claim.

Privilege. (F. L.) privilege.Proclivity. (L.) From
" O.Y.
L. prdclT-
" L. prlidlegiiun, (i) a bill againsta uitds,a downward slope,tendency. L. "

person, (2)an ordinance in favour of one, slopingforward.

prdclTuiis, L. p7'd,for-
ward "

a privilege. L. prTui-,iox prmus, single

"
; ; clnms, a slope. (-y^KLEL) Cf.
leg-,stem oi lex,law. Acclivity.
privy, private.(F. L.) -
O. F. prive Procrastinate, to postpone. (L.)
(Y.priv^),"priva.te.
L,.prhtdtus,private; From "
pp. of L. prdo'astindre^to delay,
see Private. put off tillthe morrow. L. pro, forward, "

Prize (Oj 2. thingcapturedfrom the off; crastinus,belongingto the morrow,

enemy won in a lottery.(F. L.) F.
or "
from eras, morrow.
prise,a seizure,also,a prize; see Prise. Procreate. (L.) L. procredtus^ pp.
Prize (2), to value highly.(F. L.) o{ procredre,to generate. L. pro, before, " "

M.E.prisen. F. priser, to esteem. O. F. forth ; credre, to produce. See Create.

" "

pris prix^, price,

{" a .
v alue. L, pretiiim, Proctor. (L.) M. "..proketotir; short "

value. See Price. form oi proairatour. O. F. procurator.

" "

Prize (3) the same as ,

Prise. L. ace. prociirdtorem; see Procurator.
Pro-, prefix. (L.orGk. ; or". "
L.) L. Procumbent, prostrate.(L.) \..pro- cumbent-,
before
pro-, prefix, stem; cf. also pro
of procutnbens, of
pres. jDt. ( prod), ^

an abl. form, used

prep. Also Gk. procumbere, to sink forwards.
as a L. pro, "

; vp6,prep., before ; cf. Skt.

TTpo-j prefix forwards ; cumbere, to recline, allied to
pra, before,away. See pj^e-,prefix; pri- cubdre, to lie down. See Covey
or, pri-me,pri-vate,
prow, pro-vost,"c. Procurator. (L.) L. prdcfa-dtor,a
Proa, Proe, Prow, Prau, a small manager, deputy. L. prdcurdre; see "

ship.(Malay.) Malay praku, prau, a below.

generalterm lor small
ships. procure. (F. L.) F. procurer. " " L.
Probable. (F.-L.) ". -
probable. "L. procfD-dre, to take care of, manage. " L.
that
probdbilis, may be proved. " L. pro- pro, before; curdre, to take care, from
bare, to test, orig. to try the
prove, cura, care. See Cure.
goodness. L. "
p7-obus,good, excellent. Prodigal. (F.-L.) O.Y. prodigal. -

See Prove. Late Lat. prodigdlis ; due to L. prddigus,

probation. L.) ". probation.lavish ; for
_(F.'^prod-agus. "Y,. prod-, forth ; "

" L. ace. probdtionem,a trial, proof. L. and agere, to do, act. See Agent. "

probdtus, pp. oi probare, to test. Prodigy. (F. L.) Englishedfrom F. "

probe. (L.) prodige, A coined word ; cf. Late

a prodigy,wonder. \^.prddigium, "

L. proba,a proof. L. probdre,

a token,portent,prophetic
"
sign. )3. Per-
haps
to test ; see
above. for *prddagium,i.e. a saying before-
hand,
probity.(F. L.) F./r^/^zV^, honesty. irom prod {pro),before,
" and *agium,
"
'L.probitdtetn,
ace. oi probitds,
\\one?,\.y.
a saying,as in ad-agium; see Adage. "

l^.probus,honest,excellent. Brugm.'i. " 759.

412
 PROLOGUE PROPER

prolocfitor,
ference. (L.) "L,. an advocate. pro7igue in Levins (1570). The M. E.
"mYa.prdlocfihis
pp. oi proloqjiT,
to speak ,p7'07ige,
a pang, sharp pain,is the same
in public. L. pro, publicly
"
; locjuT,to word. Cf. M. E. p7-a7igele7t,
to constrain
speak. See Loquacious. (Havelok). Also Dn. pra7ige7t, to pinch,
Prologue, a preface.(F.-L. Gk.) oppress ; M. Du. p7-ange7i,to oppress, "

Y. prologue. L.prdlogu7?t,"ace. oiprologJis.shackle, constrain ; p7-ange, a muzzle,

" Gk. TTpoKoyos, a fore-speech. Gk. Trpo, shackle,collar ; Low (j.
p7-a7tge7t,
" to press,
before ; Xoyos, a speech. See Logic. push hard ; p7-a7ige, a stake ; G. pra7tger,
Prolong, to continue. (F. L.) M, E. a pillory ; Goth, aiia-praggan\^ -pra7tga7i)
"
,
=

F. L.
prolongeii. prolo7iger. prolongdre,
" to press. All from a Teut. base *p7-a7ig,
"

to prolong. " L. pro-, forward ; longiis,to press, nip,push.

long. See Long. Pronoun. (F. L.) Coined from L.
Doublet, purloin. "

Promenade, a walk. (F.-L.^ Formed pro, for ; and E. nou/t ; suggestedby F.

with O. F. suffix-ade{",\..-dta)from O. F. pro/10771, L. p7V7id77ie7t,
a pronoun. See

promener, to walk. Late 'L..

promindre., Noun. "

to drive forwards. l^.pro,forwards : Late

" Pronounce. (F.-L.) Y.pro7io7icer.
L. mmdre, to drive,lead ; from L. mindri, " L. p7'07iuntid7'e,
to pronounce, lit. tell
to threaten. See Menace. forth. L. pro, forth; nu7itid7-e,
" to tell.

Prominent, forward.
projecting, (L^ See ITuncio. Der. p7'07iu7iciat-ion, from
L. prcmineni-,
stem of pres. pt. of pro- with suffix -ion-.
L. pp. p7-07iU7itidt-us,
minere, to projectforward. L. /n7, for-
" ward Proof, a test, evidence. (F." L.) For-merly

; -minere, to project. See nace.

Me- (1551); altered
/r^T/t? from M. E.
preove. Y p7'euve,a trial; Cot.
p7'eef, "
.
"

Promiscuous, mixed, confused. (L.) Late \^.p7'oba,

a proof. Y^.probare,
to test. "

For \^pro mi Stilus, mixed. forward

\^.prd, See Prove, Probable.
"

(here of slightforce) ; miscere,to mix. Prop. (E.) M.Y. proppe. [AlsoIrish

See Miscellaneous. p7-opa,Gael. p7-op,a prop, support; bor- rowed
Promise, agreement to do
an a thing. from E.] Cf. t^yx.
prop, a stopple ;
(F. L.) Formerly/;w;^(?j-.F./;w;^^5.r^,
" M. Du. p7-op,p7-oppe,'a prop, a stopple,'
"

L..pro mis sa, fern, of Hexham ; p7-oppen, to prop, stay,or bear

'
*a promise;' Cot. "

prdmissus,pp. oi promittere, to send or up,'Hexham ; Low G. p7'opp,a plug,G.

put forth, to promise. L. pro, forward ; pf7'opf, cork,
" a also a graft. All from a
mitt ere, to send. See Missile. Der. Teut. base */;-?//, to stop up, to support.

proniiss-o-ry. % In the sense of '

the G. pfropf
graft,'
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L. is due to L. propdgo ; see Propagate.
a ridge,
promonttiriuin, headland, (L.) From the pp. ot Prob. Propagate.
from p?-omijiere,
to jut out ; see nent,
Promi- Y,.propdgd7'e{oxp"-0'),to peg down, pro-pagate
and cf. Mount. by layers;di\\.\e^\.op7'opdges,
propdgo
Promote, to advance, further. (L.) {orp7'0-), and from the same
a layer, source

From L. promo t-us,pp. of promouere, to as C077ipdgcs,a fasteningtogether.L. p7-o, "

move forward.
L. p7'o,forward ; mouere,
" forth ; pdg-, base of pange/'e,to fasten,
set
to move. See Move. (hence,
to peg down). Der. p7'opaga7idist
Prompt. (F.-L.) Y. prompt. -1.. a. coined word
; from the name of the society
promp{um, ace. of projnptus, promtus, entitled Coiig/'cgatio de propaganda fide.
broughtto light,at hand, ready,pp. of constituted at Rome, a. D. 1622. And
promei-e,to bringforward;{ox*prod-imeresee Prune (1).
" L. forward
p7'od, to urge forward. (L.) L. pro-
; e77ie7-e, to take,bring. Propel,
Cf. Exempt. to drive forward.
pelle7'c, L./rJ, forward; "

Promulgate. (L.) From pp. of L. pellere, to drive; see Pulse (i). Der.
prd!iiulgd7'e publish. (Of
to imknown from
P7'opuls-io7t, pp. p7'dptdsus.
origin.) Propensity, an inclination. (L.)
Prone. (F. L.) M. F./;w/"'. L./rJ- Coined from L. p7vpensus, hangingdown,
" "

num, ace. of prd7tus, inclined towards. inclining towards; pp. oi p7'opendere, to

Prmus is prob. allied to Gk. nprjvrjs, hang down or forward. L. /;v, forward, "

headlong; cf. Skt. p7-avana, inclined to, pe7idere, to hang. See Pendant.

prone. Proper, one's own, peculiar, suitable.

Prong, spikeof a fork. (E.) Spelt (F.-L.) M. E. /r^/r^. F. /r^/n'. L. "
"

414
 PROPERTY PROSTHETIC

prop}'mm, ace. of proprius,one's own. Proscenium, the front part of a stage.

Prob. ixom pro prTuo. (L." Gk.) L. prosc enizcm. Gk. vpo- ^

property. (F. L.) ^\.Y..propcrtee.

(Ticriviov,the
"

place before the stage (or

" O. F. also
properte,property (Littre), scene). Gk. TT/jo,before;CKrjvrj, a scene. "

propriety, fitness.^L.. pfoprietdtem, ace. of See Scene.

proprietas property,ownership; also pro-
, priety Proscribe. (L.) L. pj-dscrlherc, lit.
of terms. L./r^/rzwj-,
" one's own. to write jHiblicly prcscriphis
; y"\). (whence
Prophecy. (F. L. -Gk.) yi.R.pro- proscription).
"
'-\.. pro, publicly; scribere,
phecie,sb. O. F./r(3/^^r/":',
" variant oi pro- to write. See Scribe.
phetie, prophecy.
a L. prophetia. Gk." Prose. (F. L.) F. prose. L. prosa,
" -
-

Trpo(pT]T"ia,a prediction. Gk. irpoc})r]TT]s, a for prorsa ordtio, direct speech; hence,
"

prophet(below). Hqv. prophesy, vb. unimbellished speech; fern, of prorsus,

prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.pro- forward, short for prduers7is,lit. turned
pkete.^L. p7'opheta.''G^. npoiprjTTjs, one forward. L. p7-d,forward ; tiersus, pp. of "

who declares, an expounder,a projihet. iierte7'e, to turn. See Verse. "

Gk. TTpo, publicly, lit. before; (prj-i^i, I Prosecute. (L.) Yxovi\V..prdsecfitus

speak; with suffix -ttjs of the agent, (y' pp. of p7-dseq2ii, to pursue. L. p7-d,for-
ward "

BHA.) Allied to Fame. seqnT, to follow.

; See Sequence.
Propinquity, nearness. (F. -
L.) Doublet, ptirsiie.
O. F. propi7iquitd.L. propinquitateni^Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L.-Gk.)
"

ace. ofpropinqtiitds, nearness. L. pro- O. F. p7'oseiite. L. proselytn77i,

" ace. of "

pinquzis, near. " L. /^-^j/^, adv.,near. p7'oselytics. Gk. vpoarjXvros, one who has "

Propitious, favourable. (L.) For L. come to a place,a stranger,a convert

propiiius, favourable. Prob. a term in to Judaism; Acts ii. 10. Gk. irpoofp- "

augury, with the sense flying f orwards.' '

Xo/uai, I approach, 2 aor. TrpouTJXOcv
"

L. pro-, forward ; petere,to seek,orig.to i=iTpoarj\v6oi').^Gk. -npo^, to; epxof^ai, I

fly.See Petition. Der. propitiate, from come. [Gk. 'ipxoixai and rjXvQovare from
pp. of L. propitidre, to render propitious. different roots ; the latter goes with lAfu-
Proportion. (F. L.) Y .proportion. "
aofxai, I will come ; from -y^LEUDH.]
" L. ace. prdportionem, from proportio, Prosody. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.p7-osodie.
comparativerelation. L. /rJ, before,in "L. prosddia. Gk. vpoawdia, a song sung " "

relation to ; portio, a portion ; see tion.

Por- to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,

(or laws of verse).Gk, npui, to, accom- panying "

Propose. (F. L. aw^

"
Gk.) Y poser.!
pro- ; cyd:], an ode. See Ode.
.

lit. to placebefore. L. pro, before ; Prosopopoeia,personification.

" (L.-
F. poser, to place, from Gk. See Pose. Gk.) \^.prosdpopceia. Gk. vpoaajTTorrotia "

Proposition. (F. L.) Y. proposition. "

personification. Gk. irpcaojiTonoiiiv, to per-
sonify. "

" L. zee. propositionem, a statement. L. "Gk. -npoawTTo-v, a face,a person;

"

propositus, pp. of prdpdnere, to put forth. TToiiiv, to make. Ylpuowirovis from upo^,
" L. pro, forth ; pdnere, to put. towards,and face,appear-
wn-, stem oiw\ps, ance.
propound. (L.) The d is excrescent ; See Pros-, Optic, and Poem.
Prospect. (L.) L. prospecttis, a view.
formerlypropoune, propone. L. prdpdnere "

(above). " L. p7-ospectns, to lof k

pp. of prospice7'e,
forward. to look.
L. pro, forward ; specere,
Propriety. (F. L.) M.Y. propriety,
:i "
"

property, also a comely assortment,'

'
Cot. See Species. Der. p7-ospectiis1^. pro- =

" L. ace. proprietdtem, from proprietds, spectns,a view.

property ; also, propriety.L. proprius, Prosperous. (L.) L. prosper^ adj.,
"

one's own. Tiow^ABt, property. prosperous ; with suffix -oiis. Cf. L. p7-o-
Prorogue. (F. L.) O.Y. o{
proi-ogtur. sperns,by-form p7-osper.
"
Lit. '
according
" L. prdrogdre, to propose an extension of to one's hope.' L. /r^, for,according
" to ;

lit.to ask publicly

office, ; hence, to defer. sper-,weak grade of sper- for spes,hope.
L. pro, publicly to ask. See Der. prosper,vb. ; O. V p7-osperer,L. p7-o-
"
; 7-ogdre, .

Rogation. to
sperdre, prosper ; horn prosper, adj.
Pros-, towards. wards Prosthetic, prefixed.
Gk, tt/jo's,
to-(Gk.) (Gk.) Modern ;
; fuller form Trpori, extended from as if for Gk. *7rpocr^"Ti"o?,lit.disposed
to

77/30, before. + Skt. prati, towards, from add ; due to Gk. npuaOir-os, added, put
pra, before. See Pro-. to. Gk. TT/Dos, to ; Oe-Tus,placed,put, "

41 5
 PROSTITUTE PROW

verbal adj.from the base 6(-,to place. See thrust forth. " L. pro. forth ; trudere (pp.
Thesis. trusus^ ,
t o t h rust .
D er. protrus-ion
(from
Prostitute. f.pp.
(L.) L./fvTf///"/a, the Cf
pp."". Intrude.
o\J^yrsfitucfw to expose openly, prostitme. Protuberant. ^L.) From stem of
h./"ro,
" forth ; statue re, lo causal
place, of pres. pt. oi protuherare, bulge
to out. "

to stand.
stilre, See State. L. pro. forward; tiiber,a swelling.See
Prostrate. (L." L,.f/vstni/us, pp. of Tuber.
to
/""Js:c?-f:^r(\ throw forward on the Prond. (F.-L.?) M. E. /rW, later
ground. L. fro. forward ; stcruerCs to proiiJ; older form /;";//.A. S. prut,
"

spread.See Stratum. "Der. frostrat-ion.proud; whence the Icel. priiSr,prouii. is

Protean. ^L. Gk.) " Yiov^'L.Frotetis supposedto have been borrowed ; cf.l^an.
i^misdivided as PfJte-us), a sea-godwho pruJ, stately,p. A late word in A. S. ;
oltea changed his form. Gk, Ilparrci/s, and prob.
"
merelyborrowed from O. French.
a "e;i-god: cf. vpojTos, first,
chief. O. F. proJ.prud, fern, prode,prtide^ "

Protect. (L.^ From L. p7otectus, pp. valiant,notable (takenin a bad sense).

to protect; lit. cover
\"{p--dtegcre, in front. See further under Prowess. "Dex. pride.
" L. pro. in front ; tegere^to cover. See Prove, to (L.) The
test, demonstrate.
Teguments usual old sense try. A. S. is to tost or "

Protest. (F.-L.) Y. protester. ^-L. profiatt.[Cf.O. Y.proz'er, later prouver,

'
to protest,bear publicwitness.
prottsrdri, 'to prove, try,essay, verifie; Cot.^ L. "

" L. fro, forth, in public ; testarT, to probdre,totest,try the goodness of " L.

witness, from testis,a witness. See Testa-
ment. excellent.
probus, See Probable.
Provender. (F. L.) - The finalr is
Prothalamium. ,L.-Gk.) Late L. an O.
provcndre K. addition. " O. F.
*pro:haia)?iiui!:. iJtk.*JTpodaXa}xiov
" a song i^Godefroy), usually
. /;v7zr;*^/"?.'provender,
written before a marriage; a coined word. also, a prebendary;' Cot. Late \.. pm- "

" Gk. trpo, before: OciXayio?. a bedroom, betida. an allowance of provisions, also
bride-chamber. Coined to accompany a prebend ; see Prebend.
epithalaviiiitn. q.v. Proverb. i^F. L.) Y.proz"erbe."L. "

Protocol, the first draughtof a docu- ment. proue7-bium, a common saying. "L. /;v,
(,F. L. Gk.^ M. F. protocole,
-
- the publicly ; uerb-to/i,
-
a word, cognate with
first draughtor copy of a deed.' Late L. E. Word. "

protocol ium.'^'L.'W.t Gk. tt/jcutovoWoi', plained

ex- Provide. (L.^ I.,prouidere{x"\). pro-
by Scheler to mean orig.a first uTsus^,to foresee, act with foresight. L. "

leaf,glued on to MSS., in order to register pro, before ; uidere, to see. See Vision.
by whom the MS. was written, ^^c. By a Der. prozudeiit, provis-ion.
decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to Province. (F. L.) Y.provinee. L. - "

be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It prouiucia. a territorybrought under

means first glued on,' i.e. fastened on at
'
Roman government. (Of doubtful origin.)
the beginning.Gk. npajro-i, first; KoWjv.
"
Provision. (F. L.^ Y. provision.'-' "

to glue,from KoWa, glue. Tlp^irosis a L. ace. prouJsiouem, foresight,fore- thought,

superl. form from vpo. before; see Pro-. purveyance. L. prours-us. pi". "

protomartyr. ^F. L. Gk.^ M. F. o{ proiiidrre.-

- to provide for. See Provide.
protomartyre. Late 'L.
"
protomartyr. Gk. Provoke. (F. L.) Y provoquer \ Cot.
" "
.

npojTOfiapTup. lit. firstmartyr.' '

Gk. irpW' L. p!-ouocdre,to call forth. L. pro.
" " "

TO'S. first (above^; fxapTvp, a martyr See Vocal.

; see forth ; UiWlre, to call.
Martyr. Provost, a prefect. (L.^ A. V. provost ;
prototype. ,F.-L. -Gk.^ proto- [cfM. F. pievost,' the provost or presidt
Y. type. nt
"'L,. ace. prototypum.'-QtV. vpa^ro- of a college;'Cot.] A.S. prafost." \..
Tvnov, a prototype, neut. of npcoTuTv-nos, preepositus, prefect,
a o ne set over. L. "

accordingto the firstform. Gk. TrpcuTo-s, pneponere, to set over.

" L. prcv, before ; "

first\^above^ ; rvn-os, a type; see Type. poture, to put. See Position.

Protract. (L." From L. protraetus, Prow, front part of a ship. (F." L. "

pp. of proiranere. to draw forward, also Gk.^ O. F. prou'c{Y prouc^,prow. [Cf .

to extend, prolong. "'L.pro, forth ; trahere. Ital. prodal] Y. prom, a ]-)row; the 2nd "

to draw. See Trace (i\ Portray. r disappearing to avoid the double trill(as
Protrude. (L.^ L. protnldere,to also in Prov. Span. Port, pjva, Genoese
41 6
 PROWESS PSYCHICAL

priia).''(jV. the prow.

irf"(^pa, Gk. prduidens^ foreseeing,
"
irpo-, pres. pt. cf praui-
L'.fore,
in front. See Pro-. dere,to foresee. h.pro,before ; uidere,
to "

Prowess, bravery. (t. L., M. ?:. "

see. See Viaion,
provjf::, ". prouezse,prowess ;
prue:se.~'0. \'j,to trim trees. (F.?" L.?y Prune '

forrne'l with :,uffix-esse '"L. -?V?a from

Very difficult. M. E. proinen,prunen, to
O. \ prou (F. preuXj, valiant, p. Ktym. dre-.i oneself up smanly,trim ; Gascoigne
.

'^lisputc'^]
; we also find O. 1' prod, prtid, has proyne, to prune .
off shoots. iJnt
proz, prous, pi-u\ Prov. proz, Ital. prode^ these are two fiistinct words. i. The
valiant,notable ^whence Ital. prodezza,M. K. proirun,to trim,
esp. used of a bird
prowess,. Also O. Y prou, sb.,advantage dressing
.
its feathers, is from O. Y poioign .

whence M. E./r"7zt/, advantage;. Although a stem oi poroindre^ used in the same sense ;
O. Y prodyi2Au-sed to translate L. probus .from L. pro, prefix,
.
and ungere, to anoint.
the spelling with d shows there is no con-
nexion 2. Proine. to prune trees, is from O. F.
Ixrtween these forms, y. Schel r
*'
por roignier, from L. pro, prefix,and
explainsit from L. prod-,as occurringv.. roignier,to prune " L. *rotundidre, to
p7-dd-esse,
to benefit ; so that prod wa- make round. See Hound.
taken to mean 'for the benefit of; ano Prune 2;, a plum. (F.-L.-Gk.)
we even find F. prou used as an adverb,as F. pyrune. " L. prufium. " Gk. vpoivov,
in prou, 'much, greatly, enough;' Got. shorr.':rform rA Trpoi
^-.(^v, a plum,
prod is the old form of prd, before. pmnella, pmnello, a strong
Prowl. (O. Low G.; M. E. prollen,woollen stuff,orig. of a dark colour.
to search after continually.
*
I p7-olle,
I go ^F. L. "
Gk., Y. prunelle,
"
a sloe '^with
'
here and there to seke a thyng; Pals-
grave. ref. to the colour,; whence prunellais a
'
Prollyn,scrutor. Prollynge,or Latinised forrn. Dimin. of F. prune
sekynge,perscrutacio;' Prompt. Parv. It above^.
aloo meant to rob, plunder. Like the Pmrient.
(L."yL. /rwr/iew/-, stem of
word plunder, it prob. meant to filch *
itch,orig. to bum.
pres. pt. of priirire,to
*
trifles,' or to sneak after trifles'; from Erugm. i. " 562.
Allien to L. Freeze.
Low G. prull,prulle,a trifle, thing of Pry, to peer into, search inquisitively. *" " " ' ^ " ""

small value Oiremen). Cf. iJu. prul, 'a ^I-.-L M Y^.prien. O. Y .prier, preer, .
"

bawble* ^ ^twd
J, prul/en, 'lumber, gage, pillage[to search for plunder].Late
lug- to "

pelf, trumpery, toys'(id.,; prullen L. preddre,to plunder, also to investigate ;

kooper, a ragman (Calisch; ; E. Fries. |Y"VlC.^Y. prceda, prey; see Prey.
prulle, prill, 3. iu^i-. Root unknown. j Psalm. 'Y. ijV.j 'Si.Y. psalm,for- "

Proximity. Y. h.j Y "

proximiti.merly .
salm. A.S. seal/n.^L. psalmus."
" L. proximitdtem, ace. of proxiviitds, Gk. -/oAfio?, touching,twitching the
a

nearness. L. proximuSy very

"
near; a strings of a harp; also a song, psalm."
saperl, form from prope, near. See Pro- jGk. xpdWuv, to touch, twitch, twang a
pinquity. I harp. Der. psalmod-y, F. psalmodie, L.

Proxy. (T-ateL. L.) Palsgrave " has psalviodia, \pakyuu.lio.,

Gk. a singing t o the
prockesy ; short for procuracy. Late L. harp, from worj^ a song ; see Ode.
"

pivcurdtia, used for Y.procurdtio, ment."

manage- psaltery, a stringed instrument.
L. prrdciirdre, to manage, to pro-
cure. l-.-L. -Gk.) O. F. psalterie(12th
See Procure. jcent.;. L. psalterium.''ij\^. ^paKriipiov,
" a

Pmde, a woman of affected modesty.[kind of harp, Gk. ifaXiTip, a harper." "

(F\" L.; Y. prude, M. Y prreude, orig.in Gk. \pa\-?.(iv,

.
to twang a harp ; with
a good sense, chaste; used but not suffix -rr,p of the agent. Der. psalter,
originally^ the fern, of F. O. !". O, F. psaltier, book of psalms, L.
as preux, a

preu, excellent,which at firsthad but one psalterium,(ly a psalter)-, (2^ a psalter.

form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy^. Psendonym. (F.-Gk., Y.pseudo-
adj.,called
Perhaps the forms preudomme, preude- nyme ('1690^.Gk. "4^fvlu,vvfj.os, "

femme arose from misunderstanding the by a false name. Gk. ^tOS-os, falsehood "

O. F. phrasespreu d'omnie and preu de '"./-ei/o/,?,false), from iptvouv^ to lie; owfxa,

fenwie ''Toblcr O. F. p7-etiis a variant

.
r.ame. a

of O. Y prod,prou ; see Prowess.

. Pshaw, interjection. ''E.)An imita-
Prudent. (F. 1 ..j
" Y prudent. L..
li-e v.fjrd : cL pish,pooh.
"

to the souL (L.

prudentem, ace. oi prudens,contr. form of Psycllical,pertaining
417
 PSYCHOLOGY PUKE

" Gk.) From Y,.psychic tis.^G'k. ipvxiKos,puddig,thick,stumpy ; Westphal. puddekj

belonging to the soul or life. Gk. ^vxh- a lump, a pudding. Apparently from
"

soul, life,orig.breath. Gk. xpvx^^v, to a Teut. base *pud,to swell out, similar to
"

blow. ^piit', cf. A. S. pud-uc,a wen (Toller) ;

psychology. (Gk.) Gk.^^uxo-, for and see Poodle and Pout. p. Cf. also
soul, life; -\oyia,from Xoyos, a dis-
'"pvxv, Irish putog, a pudding,Gael, putag; W.
course,
from Xiyetv, to speak. poten, a paunch, a pudding; Com. pot,
Ptarmigan, a bird. (Gael.) For-merly a bag, pudding; also \V. pivtyji,a short
tcrmigant " Gael, tarmachan ; Irish round body, Gael. ////, a buoy, inflated
tannochan. "^ The/ probablydue to was skin; all borrowed words. See Pout.
a notion ; but Gk. lirap-
of a Greek origin Puddle (i), small
dirtypool. (E.)
a
'
\xiKT]means milfoil ! '
M. E. podel. Dimin., with E. suffix -^/,
Puberty. f'F. L.) F. pubcrfj, -

youth. of A. S. ptidd,
a ditch,a furrow (ToUerV
" L.
piH"ertdfem, ace. of pubertas, age of puddle (2\ to make thick or muddy.
maturity. L. the
piibes, signs manhood,
" of (E.) From the sb. above.
hair. AXW"d \.o piipus, pu-er, a. hoy. Der. Puerile. (F. L.) M.F./z/^r?/(15th "

pubescence, sb. due to pfibescent-, stem of cent.). L, pucrilis, boyish. L. ///^r, a " "

pres. pt. oi pnbescere, to arrive at puberty. boy.

Public. (F. L.) F. public,masc,
"
puerperal, relatingto child-birth.
publique, fern. ; Coi. "''L.publicus, ing
belong- (L.) From h. pHe"pera,itm. adj.,bearing
to the people; also poublicos, poplicos a child. L. p2ier,a boy ; and parere, to "

;ininscriptions). L. /"?/"///.?,
" the people. bear ; see Parent.
publican. (L.) M. E. publican. L. Puff, to blow. (E.) ls\.Y..puffen\ oi"

ptiblicdnus a tax-gatherer,
,
Luke iii. 12 ; imitative origin. +G- puffen, to puff, pop,
orig.an adj.,belongingto the public Dan. pttffe, to pop, ^weA. puffa, to crack,
revenue. L. pnblictis
"
(above). push ; \V. pwff^, a puff(from E.).

publication. i^F. L.) Y .publication. pufiS.n,

" a bird. (E.) From its puffed
" L. 2icc.publicatidnem. \^.public dtus,pp. out appearance, or from its swelling
" beak.
oi publicdre,\.o make public. L. ^//3/zVM.r, Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (E.)
"

public. Orig.an imp,or littledemon (Ben Jonson);

publish. (F. L.) ^L E. publishen.see Nares, s. v. puck. A later form of
"

*
An analogical formation ; founded on F. puck. Cf. Dan. disX.puge, a puck,' sprite ;
publier, publish. L./"^//m;-fc'
to (above). " and (perhaps) Dan. dial, pugge, a toad.
Puce, the name of a colour. (F. L.) A. pug-dogis a dog with a short monkey-
"
like "

Lit. flea-colour.' Y.ptice, a flea ; couleur face;' Wedgwood.

'
"

pjice,puce; O.Y pulce. h. pillicem, .

ace. Puggry, Puggery, a scarf round the
"

of prdex,a flea. ^ Said to be the same as hat. (Hind.) Hind, pagri, a turban ;
puke, which was also the name of a dark- Yule.
brown colour,but the ioxxvipuke is difficult Pugilism. (L.) From L. pugil, a
to explain.The Picard and Walloon form boxer. Allied to 'L.pugnus, Gk. wvy-fx-f],
oi puce was puche. the fist.
Puck. (E.) W.Y. pouke. K.^.puca pugnacious. (L.) Coined from L.
(Napier) ; whence \x\%\\puca, an elf,sprite ; pugnaci-,decl. stem oipugnax.combative.
W. pwca, /wa'.+ Icel. puki,an imp. L. pugndre, to fight. L. pugnus, the " "

Pucker, to gatherinto folds. (Scand.) fist.

Particularly used of the folds in the top of Puisne, Puny. (F.-L.^ Funyh for
a poke or bag, when gatheredtogether by puisne,a law-term, implyinginferior in
'
drawingthe stringtight. So also M. Ital. rank. A. F. and M. F. puisnS, pimy, "

'
saccolare,to pucker, from sacco, a sack ; younger, born after ; Cot. " L. post ndtus,
and E. purse, as to pmse up the brows.'
'
born after. See NataL
Cf. Norman F. poiique. for F. poche, a Puissant, mighty. (F.-L.) Y. puis- sant,
pouch,bag. See Poke (i). powerful.
powerful.Cf. \\-a\.possente.
Pudding, an intestine filledwith meat, From *possient- for ^possent-, stem of a
of lightfood, barbarous L. *possefis,substituted for L.
a
sausage ; hence, a sort
made of flour, eggs, "c. (E.) M. E, potens, powerful.
pudding,poding. Cf. Low G. pudding,a Puke, to vomit. (E.?) Prob. of imita-
tive
pudding; ptidde-wurst, a black-pudding
; by spew. Cf.
origin,partlysuggested
418
 PULE PUN

G. spucken,to spit; O. F. esconfir, to is for*pel-itd; cf. Gk. mk-vayiai, 'I draw

sput, esput,a spitting.

spit, near quickly;' Brugm. ii." O12.
Pule, to chirp,to whimper. fF. L.) F. "
pulse 'i I, a throb. (F.-L.) F.pOtds.
' '
piauler,to cheep as a young bird,to pule
'
'
the pulse; Cot. L. piilstnn, ace."of
or howle ; Cot. In Gascon, pioiila.Cf. pulsus,the beating of the pulse. L. pulsus, "

Ital. pigolare,
to chirp,moan. Imitative
pp. of pellere^abovej.
words ; allied to PulseL. pipildre,
(2),grainor seed of beans, peas,
pTpdre, to
chirp; see Pipe. "c. (L.) M^E. puis.-L. puis, a thick
Pull. (K.) U.E.pidlen'yA.^.ptilliait,
pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, "c.
to pull, pluck.+ Low G. pule7i, pick, (hence applied
t o to the pulse itself).
4-Gk.
pinch,pull,pluck,tear; Dan. dial, pulle. 770AT09,porridge.Der. poultice,
q. v.
Cf. also Low Q.pulleji,to drink in gulps Pulverise. ( F. L.) M.F .pulverizer; "

E.
(cf. to take a /w//). Cot.
Late L. pidverizdre,to reduce to "

Pullet. (K. L.) M. E. polete.O. F. dust ; L. puluerdre,the same.

-
- L. /"/z"^r- "

poleie, later poule/te, fern, of F. ponlet, (for*pulues-),

stem oi puluis, dust. Allied
a chicken, dimin. of F. potile,a hen." Late to pollis,pollen, fine meal, palea,chaff;
L. ptilla, fern, oi ptillus, a chicken. wSee Gk. ttciXt],meal, dust.
Pool (2). Puma, a Peruv.
quadruped.(Peruvian.)
(F. -L.
Pulley. -Gk.?) From F. puiua.
Cf. puleggia; Pum.ice.
l\2i\.
'
poiilie, pully;'
a Cot. (F. L.) \^K.9).
pumic-stdn, "

Late L, poledia,a crane ; Due. Perhaps pumice-stone.]M. E. pomice. M. F, "

from Late *pdlidia,orig.pi. of *pdli-pumice.'^F.. piimic-,stem

L. of pfanex,
(iium",QfV. ^irookiSiov,a little colt,dimin. pumice.From an Idg.base */(?zw-, whence
of ircbXos, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier,a also A. S./dm, foam ; from its foam-like
pulley,answeringto Late Gk. vo^Kapiov, r:])])earance. See Foam.
a little colt. p. The M. E. forms are Fum.m.el, the same as Pommel.
poliue( -^pollve, rimingwith drive),Ch. ; Pum.p (i)"a m.achine for raisingwater.
also poleyne,Prompt. Parv. The latter ( F. Teut.) M. E. pumpe. F. povipe. " " "

form is from F. poulain, a fole,a colt, G. pumpe, also plumpe, which

'
is like-
also the rope wherewith wine is let down \\ise an imitative form. Cf. prov. G.
'
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope ; Cot. plumpen, to pump, p. The G. plumpen
" Late L. ptdldnus, a colt. L. pidlus, also means " to plump, fall plump, move
a young animal ; see Pullet. So al.-oE. suddenlyand violently, from the plunging
pidleys.nsweis to mod. Y.poulie. y. The action of the piston. It is therefore allied
transference of sense causes no difficulty ; to E. Plump (2),of imitative origin. 7.
thusM.F.pou^re,a filly, also means a beam, We even find prov. F. plump, to pump.
and F. chevre,a goat, also means a kind Corn, plumpy, to pump; also F)\x.pomp,
of crane ; the names of animals are applied Swed. pump, Dan. pompe, Russ. pojnpa,
to contrivances for force. Cf. also a pump,
exerting all borrowed words ; and (the
Late L. poldmis,a pulleyor pulley-rope, imitative forms)Span, and Port, bomba,
also a kind of sledge. % Diez derives E. a pump, a bomb.
Ptdley from F. poidie, and then, con-versely, Pum.p (2"i, a thin-soled shoe. (F. L. " "

F. pouliefrom E. ptdl. This is Gi" ) So called because used for pomp or

very unlikely.G. Paris (^I\o??iania,July, ornament ; cf. F. a pied de plomb el de
dimin. pompe, '
with gate,'
a slow and stately i.e.
'98,p. 486) suggests Gk. *Tro\i5iov,
of TTuAo?,a pivot,axis; see Pole (2). "jait;Cot. See Pomp.
Pumpkin, kind of
Pulmonary, affecting lungs.
the (L.) Pumpion, a

The old forms are

ptdmondrms, affectingthe lungs. L. gourd. (F.-L, -Gk. "

'
+ Gk. pumpion and pompon. M. F. pompo7t, a
pidmon-, stem of pulmo, a lung. "

; cf. l^.'oX.popone
'

vXcu/xoov,a lung. See Pneumatic. pumpion or melon ; Cot.

Pulp. (F. L.) F. pu/pe." 'L.ptdpa, I Florio ",^F.pepdnevi, o\pepo, a large

"
ace.

of fruit, melon. Gk. tt(ttoji',a kind of melon, eaten

pulp pith. "

Pulpit. (F. L.) O. F. pidpite.-

L. quite ripe. Gk. nf-rrcoi',mellow, from rreTr-
- "

stage for actors. TfLv, to ripen; see Cook.

pulpitmn,a scaffold,
Pulsate, to throb. (L.) From pp. of j Pun. (Ital. ? L. ?) Of uncertain origin, "

L. pulsdre,to throb, beat ; frequent, form IAlso ui^e^},at first, in the forms pun7iel and
oi pellere drive. L. peldoj pundigrion. Perhaps the latter represents
(pp.pulsus),t o

4 19
 PUNCH PUPA

cavil,
\iz\.puntiglio,2. a small point.
orig. -
print,or seale' upon it,which was made
iisX.'punto,
a point. L. "
puncttim, a point.with a puncheon or stamp. See cheon
Pun-

Pxinch(i), to perforate. (^F.-L.)M.E. {i). ^ So also M. Ital. punzone

to have both puncheon or bodkin, and
punchen, to prick; which seems means

been coined from the puncheon or wine-vessel.

sh.ptinchion,pHnchoit,
a dagger,
piinsoiin, awl. See Puncheon (i ^. Punchinello ; ?ee Punch (4).
Punch (2),to beat, bruise. (F. L.) (L.) Coined from
"
Punctate, dotted.
Short for pitnish ; M. E. punchen and L. punct-nm, a point; with suffix -ate
pimischenare equivalent (Prompt.Parv.).(L. -dtus).'-!^. oipujigere,
pujictus,-\^-p. to

See Punish. prick; see Pungent.

Punch (3),a beverage. (Hind. -Skt.) punctilio. (Span. L.) Span, pun- "

oifive
So called from consisting ingredients, tiUo, a nice point of honour; dimin. of
spirit,
water, lemon-juice,
sugar, spice; troduced
in- punio, a point. L. punctuf/i,a point; see "

from India,by way of Goa ; tioned

men- Punctate, Point.
A.D.1669. Hind, panch, five.
" punctual. (F.-L.) Vi.Y.ponctuel, "

'
Skt. pancha, five. See Five. % Tlie punctuall ; Cot. Late L. punctualis. '
" "

Hind, short a is pronouncedlike E. ti in punctu-m, a point; see Point.

imid\ it occurs again \\\ pundit,ptinkah. punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Punch (4).a short,hump- backed fellow L. pnnctudre, to determine, define. Lo "

in a puppet-show.(Ital.L.) A contrac- tion "

punctu-fH. a point(above).
for Puitchineilo,which, occurs a.d. 1666 puncture. (L.) L./zmr/^^m, aprick.
(Nares). This is a corruptionof Ital./"/- L. punctus, pp. oi pungere, to prick. "

duello (by the changeof / to n, the Ital.ci Pundit, a learned man. (Skt.) Skt.
being sounded as E. chi). Pulcinello is the pandita-(with cerebral nd),adj., learned,
droll clown in Neapolitancomedy ; we sb., a wise man, scholar. Skt. pand, "

also find VisA.piincinella, 'punch,buffoon,' to heap up or together. See note to

Meadows. A dimin. form of \\.:i\.. piilcino, Punch (3),
a young chicken ; cf. pulcella, young
a Pungent. (L.) 1^.pungent-,stem o[
girl; from L. the
pullits, young of any pres. pt. of pungere, to prick,pt. t. pii-
animal,allied io piier,a boy. See Pullet. p2is;-i, pp. punctus. (BasePUG.)
The lit.sense oi pulcinello is littlechicken ; Punish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. /"-
thence,a little boy, a puppet. "[[ Confused nischen. F. puniss-, stem of pres. pt. of "

with prov. E. punch, short, fat,which is punir,to punish. L. pi'mh'e, to punish. " "

(perhaps)allied to Bunch. Judy is for L. pcvjia,penalty. Gk. iroivq, penalty. "

Judith,
once a common name. See Pain.
Puncheon (i),a punch or Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. Skt.)
awl. (F. - "

L.) M. E.
pimchon, punsoun. Gascon Hind, pankhd, a fan ; allied to pankha,
"

pounchoun, M. F. poinson (F. poin,^on), a wing, feather,paksha,a wing. Allied

'
a bodkin, also a puncheon, stamp,' ;
a " c. to Skt. paksha-,a wing. Cf. Pers. pankan,
Cot. Cf. Span, punzon, a punch, Ital. a sieve,a fan. See note to Punch (3).
punzone, a punch, bodkin, also a wine- Punt (i),a flat-bottomed boat. (L.-C.)
barrel." L. punctionem, ace. of punctio, A. S. pu)it. L. ponto, a punt (alsoa "

a pricking, puncture. The gender of this pontoon); a word of Gaulish origin.

word was changed from fem. to masc, From Celtic type ^qonfo- ; cf. L. contus
whilst at the same time the sense was "Gk. KovTos, whence
apunting-pole, prov.
'

changed from '

pricking to '
L.
pricker.' " E. quoni, quant, a punting-pole.

piinctus, pp. of pungere, to prick; see Punt (2),to play at a game at cards
Pungent. See also Puncheon (2\ called basset. (F. Span. L.) Y.ponte,
" "

Puncheon (2),a cask. (F. "

L.?) From a punt, a punter, a red ace, ponter, to
Gascon poujichoun,a punch or ; awl punt. Span./;/"^(9,
" a point,also a pip at
M. F. poinson (F. poincon),'a bodkin, ca.T"is.-'h.punct7{m, a point. See Point.
also a puncheon[steel also a stamp, ^
tool], Or immediately from Spanish.
'
mark, print,
or scale ; also,a wine-vessell ; Puny ; see Puisne.
Cot. This is a difficultword ; but I con-
clude chrysalis.(L.) L. pupa, a Pupa, a

that the O.Y. poinson{".poinson) girl,doll, puppet (hence, undeveloped

remains the same word in all its senses, and insect). Fem. oi pupus, a boy; allied to
that the cask was named from the * mark, pjitiis, puer, a boy. (-y^ PEU.)
420
 PURPORT PUTRID

form of (pvp^LV,to mix up, stir violently,porueien,{purveien, porveieit),

to provide.
allied to Skt. root bimr, to be active. A. F. ptvveier,purveer (O.Y. porvoir, "

Purport, to imply. (F.-L.) O. F. F. pourvoir) ,

to provide. L. prouidere,to "

piirporter, poiirporter,to declare,inform provide. See Provide.

(hence,imply); also ^nd pirrporl,sb.,
we a proviso.(F. L.) Now purview, "

tenor (Roquefort). O. F. ptir, F. pouj;"

enactingpart of a statute ; appliedto the
from L. p7'o,
according to ; porter,to carry, so called because it orig, began v^'x'Oixpurveu
bring,from L. portdre. F"or the sense, cf est,\X.is provided. "O. F. porveu, pp. of
import. See Port (i). O. F. poj-voir (F.pou7-voir), to provide."

Purpose (i), to intend. (F. L. and L. prouidere, provide(above).

to "

Gk.) O. Y .piirposer, a variant oi p7'oposer, Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
to propose, intend. L. pro, before ; and pils (gen.pu7-is),
"
pus.+Gk. ttGov, matter ;
Y. poser, to place; see Pose (i). Skt. pay a-, pus, from ptly, to stink.
intention. (F. L.)
Purpose (2), "
M.E. Allied to Foul. (-/PEU.) Brugm.i."113.
purpos. " .a variant oipropos,
O. Y poiirpos, Push. (F. L.)
" M. E. posse7i,
piissen.
a purpose. L.
"
propositiun, a thing pro-
posed, " O. F. pousscr,poulser,
to push,thrust. "

neut. of pp. propose. oiproponerc,

to L. pulsd7-e, to beat, thrust,frequent, of
\^. pro, before; ponere, to place. See
" to drive.
pelle7-e, See Pulsate.
Position. Pusillanimous. (L.) L. pusilla7n-
Purr, Pur. (E.)An imitative word for m-is, mean-spirited; with suffix -cwj. L. "

various sounds,chiefly of the murmuring of pusill'US,

mean, small; a7ii7nus,
courage.
a cat. Cf. Scotch pirr,a gentle wind ; E. Fusillus is related to pusus, small; cf.
hrizz ; Irish bururiis, a gurglingsound. ptitus,a boy. (VPEU.)
See Purl (^i), Purl (4),and Pirouette. Puss, a cat, hare. (E.) Prob. an imita- tive
Purse. (L.-Gk.) M. E. /z/r.y; also word, from the spitting of the cat.

pors. A. S. ptirs, Eng. Studien, xi. 65. We find also Du. poes, Low G. puus,puus-
[Also Inirs. O. F. horse,later bourse,a katte,Swed. dial, piis,'Norw.pt/se,
"
ptms;
purse.] Late L. bursa, a purse. Gk. Irish and Gael. p7is (fromE.). And even
" "

ISvpar], a hide, skin ; of which purses were S. Tamil pusei,a cat ; pusha in the Cash-
made. Der. purse, vb.,to wrinkle up, like gar dialect of Afghan.; hilh.pui,a word
a purse drawn together. to call a cat.

Purslain, Purslane, a herb. (F.- Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustzile..~h.

L.) M. E. purslane,porseleyne.'^yi.Y piistula, another form oi pusula,a blister,
.

porcelaine,pojircelaine, purslane ; Cot. pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk. (pvcraAis,

Formed from L. porcildca, purslain (Pliny) ; a bladder,(pvadw, I blow.
usuallyspelt portiddca. Put. (E.) M.E. putten; A. S.potiajt,
Pursue. (F." L.) O.Y. p07-suir, pur- to push, thrust;[whence also Gael, put,
siiir, poursuir;mod. Norman F. porsuir, to push,thrust ; W. pzvtio, Corn, poot^ to
mod. Y poursuivreto pursue.
.
O. Y .par, push,kick].
,
"
+ Du. pote7i, to plant, %e\.,poot,
pur"^Y,.pro; and .$-f^/r-"Late L. sequere, a twig,M. Du. pote, a scion,plant(see
for L. sequi, to follow. Der. pursu-ant P"anck); N. Fries, putje,Dan. putte, to
,

from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir; pur- put, place; Swed. dial. /////",to push.
S2"iv-ant, from the pres. pt. oi potirsuivre ; Putative, reputed.(F. L.) Y.puta- "

pursuit,from Y pourstiite, .
fern. sb. answer-
ing tif. 'L.putdtluus, presumptive.\..putd- " "

to L. proseciita, fem. of the pp. of L. tus, pp. oi putdi'e,to think, suppose. The
prosequi,to pursue. orig.sense was to make clean,then to
Pursy, short-winded. (F. L.) M.E. make clear,to come
"
to a clear result. L. "

puixy, also pitrcyf(Palsgrave).jNI.F. putus, clean. (-/PEU.) "

pourcif(Palsgrave), variant of poulsif, Putrefy. (F. L.) M. F. put7-efier\ -

'
pursie,short-winded,' Cot. M. F. poulser,as if from L. *put7-ijicd7-e
"
; but the true
Y.pousser, to push,also to pant ; see Push. L. forms are pntrefacere, to make putrid,
Purtenance. (F.-L.) ShortforM.E. putrefierT, to become putrid. L. /?///?W, "

apu7-tena}tce ; see Appurtenance. putrid(below); facere, to make.

Purulent. (F. L.) Y. purulent.^1.,
"
putrid. (F.-L.) M. F./z//;-/^^.-L.
pitrzdentus, full of matter. L. pur-, stem putridus,stinking.L. putri-,decl. stem
" "

of /);7i',
matter ; see Pus. of puter, putris, rotten ; cf. put7-ere, to be
Purvey. (F. L.) IA..Y.
"

pumeien, Toiten,pate 7'e,to stink. See Pus.

42
 PUTTOCK QUADROON

Futtock, a kite,hawk. (F. and E.) G. quaken, Icel. kvaka, Dan. qvcekke,
to

M. E.
puttok. Thecroak, quack. Cf. L. coaxdre, to
surname Puttock was croak,
also somet.mes speltFtitthaivk.'"^xov.Y.. Gk. /coci^,
a croaking.

putt, for poult,a chicken ; and E. hawk. quack (2),to cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
See Poult. qteacksalver ; hence, Due to the older word
Putty. (F.-LowG.) M.F./^/d^^, cined to act as a quack-salver
cal- or a quack. "

tin, also putty; orig.a potful(of Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. Du. "

bits of broken metal); cf. M. F. pottein, kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a

bits of broken metal, pottin, solder. All trifling way. Cf. Du. kwcikken, to croak,
from Y.pot,a pot,of Germanic origin. S ee which came to mean to trifle, linger
' '

Pot. (Franck); and Du. zalf,a salve ; see

Puzzle, a difficult question.(F. L. Salve. "

and Gk.) Orig.a sb.,and short for op- Quadragesima, fortydays of Lent.
posal, speltboth opposayle and apposaylein (L.) L. qtiadrdgesima^WX.. fortieth ; fem.
Lydgate, with the sense of question. These of qiiadrdgesimus ; older form qiiadrd-
are from the verb oppose,like deni-al from gensuvius, fortieth. L. quadrdginid, foity. "

deny, "c. See Pose (2). L. quadra-,related to quattvor, four; "

Pygmy. (F.-L.-Gk.) l^l.Y.pygm^, -giJitd,

allied to Gk. -Kovra (for*biK0V7a),
dwarf-like
adj., ; Cot."!., adj., and
pygntcciis, to See quadrate.
L. decent,ten.
dwarf-like ; from pi,Pygmcei,the race of quadrangle. (F.-L.) F. rangle.
quad-
Pygmies. " Gk. pygmies,fabulous
Ylv^ixaloi, "Yj. quadrangidum,sb., neut. of
dwarfs of the lengthof a i.e. about
-nvyfiri, four-cornered.
qziadrajigtihis, L. quadr-, "

13I in. (from the elbow to the knuckles).related to quattuor,four ; angulus,angle.

" Gk. a fist; see
"nvyjj.rj, Pugilist. See Angle (i).
Pylorus. (L. " "~G'k.
Gk.) L.py/orus. L.
quadrant. (L.) M.E. ^^^a^raw/". "

the lower
TTvXojpos, orifice of the stomach, quadrant-, stem of sb.,a fourth
qiiadrans,
entrance to the intestines ; keeper.part. Extended
orig.a gate- from L. quadr-(above).
" Gk. (Frellwitz)
*-nv\a-fop6s ; quadrate. (L.) \..quadrat^lS,^^^.Q{
from TTuAa nvX-t],a gate ; fopos(cf.
= ovpos) qiiadrdre,to make square. L. quadr-, ,
"

a keeper,watcher,allied to "Wary. allied to $rz^a//wr,four;seePour. Brugm.

Pyramid. (L- Gk.) Formerlypy- ii. " 16S. "

ramis." L. pyi-ajuis (stem pyramid-)." quadrennial. (L.) For quadrien-

Gk. TTvpa/jLis (stem irvpafxiS-), a pyramid. nial,adj. L. quad7-ienni-u77i. a space of "

Prob. of Egyptianorigin. four years; with suffix -a/. L. quadri-, "

Pyre. (L. Gk.) L.pyra. Gk.-nvpd,belongingto four ; annus, a year ; see

" "

a funeral pile. Gk. irvp, fire; allied to E.

" Annals.
Fire. quadrilateral.(L.) \..quadrilater-
pyrites. (L. Gk.) 'L.pyrltes. Gk."

us^ four-sided ; with suffix-al. L. quadri-

" "

irvpiT-qs,a flint,pyrites;orig. an adj.,(above); later-,for *lates-, stem of latus,

belongingto fire. Gk. T^vp, fire. " a side. See Lateral.
pyroteclinic, belongingto fireworks. quadrille.(F. -Span.-L.) Formerly
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. irvpo-, for irvp, a game at cards for four. F. quadrille, "

fire; tcx^ikos, artistic, from Tex^V, ^^ art ; (i) fern.,a troop of horses ; (2) masc,
see Technical. but orig.fem., a game at cards. The
large snake. (L. Gk.) former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M.
Pjrfclion, a "

L. python,a serpent slain by Apollo near Ital. squadriglia, a troop ; but the latter
Delphi. Gk. YlvQojv (the same)." Gk. to Span, cuadrilla,a meeting of four
"

T^vQio, a former name of Delphi. persons. Span, cuadra, a square. Late "
"

(L. Gk.) Shortened from L. quadra,fem. of quadrus, square.

Pyx. " L.
pyxis,a box. Gk. t^v^ls, a box.
" Gk. quadrillion,a million raised to the
"

TTv^os,box-wood. Allied to Box (i), fourth power. (L.) Coined by prefixing

Box (2). L. quadr- i.e. four, to -illion, which is
7n-illionwithout the vt.
"2- quadroon. Span. " L.^ For quart-
Quack (i),to make a noise as a cuarteron, the child ofacreole
"ii'pan. duck. rooti.

(E.) M. E. queke,as a duck's cry ; an and a Spaniard; one who is,in a fourth
imitative word. + Du. kwaken, kwakken. part,a black; also a fourth part.-Span.
423
 QUADRUPED QUARRY

a fourth part.
ciiarto, L. qtiartum^ace. " of qualite"1-,. qudlitdtcm,
.
ace. of qiidlitds,
quart lis fourth ; see quartern. sort, kind. L. qudli-s, of " what sort.
^

quadruped. quadnipedtis,Allied to E. Which.

(L.^) L.
four-footed ; quadruped-,
stem of qtiadru- qualify. (F. L.) " Y. l^zXt
qualifier. "

four-footed. L. qtiadru-, to endue with a quality.

L. qudlijicd7'e
pes, quadripes, "
,
"

four times ; pes, a foot ; see quadrant. of what sort ; facere,

L. qudli-s, to make.

quadruple. (F.-L.) quadruple. Qualm. (E.) M. E. qualm,usually*a Y.

" L. qitadrnplum,ace. quadruphis,pestilence.' A. S. cxvealm, pestilence.
of +
four-fold. L. quadru- (above); -plus, O. Sax. quaint,
" destruction,death; O.H.G.
signifyingfold'; see Double. *
qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
word Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
Quaff, to drink in largedraughts.(E.) same as

Speltquaught(Palsgrave) ; quaft(Sir T. Teut. type *kwalmoz, masc. ; from *kwal,

More)tA Southern form of Lowl. Sc. 2nd grade of *ktvel-an-,to die. See
zuanchi, to quaff; from waucht, sb. a Quell.
draught. O. Northumb. "
*wahi A. S. Quandary, a perplexity. (L. Gk.) = --

weaht, moistened ' ; from weccan,

'
vb. to Orig. a morbid state of mind ; Knt. of
moisten. Allied to Du. wak, moist. See Burning Pestle,i. i. probably It arose
from 'condarye, a morbid
for hypo-condarye,
Wake (2).
'
Quagga, quadruped. (Kaffir.)A
a slate of mind. I,seeinghim so troubled,
Xosa-Kaffir word. Kafhr iqwai'a(W. j. " asked him what newes had put him . . .

'

Davis) ; where the r is guttural.See N. in so great a hypo-condarye ; Blackball,

and Q. 9 S. v. 3. Brief Narration,ab. 1640 (SpaldingClub),
in
Quagmire. (E-) Speltquake-mire p. 175. See Hypochondria. (H. B.)
Stanihurst ; i.e. quakingbog. Quantity. (F.-L.) M.Y.quautitee.
Quaigh, Quaich, a cup. (C.-L.) Y. quantity.L. quantiidtem,
" ace. of "

Gael. cuach.-'L,. caucus, a cup. quantity.L. quanti-,

quantitds, for quan- "

Quail (1),to (F.-L.) Not tus, how much.

cower. Related to quam ; and
from A. S. cwelati,to die,thoughperhaps to quis,who. Brugm. i. " 413.
sometimes confused with it. But the same Quarantine. (F.-L.) O.Y.quaran-
word as
prov. E. quail, to curdle,used of tine (Roquefort), usuallyquarantaine, a

milk. See Prompt. Parv., and Way's space of fortydays. F. quaraute. forty. " "

note. The M. E. quailen, to curdle,coagu-

late, L. quadi-dgintd, forty; see gesima.
Quadra-
is from O. F. coailler, quailier, F,
cailler, to coagulate, to curdle (seeSupp. Quarrel (i), a dispute. (F.-L.) M.E.
to Godefroy). L. coaguldre;see Coagu- "
late. querele. O. F. querele, later quej'elle. " "

Cf. Ital. cagliare, to curdle ; also, L. querela,a complaint. L. querl, to "

to lack courage, to quail ; M. Ital. quag- complain. See Querulous.

Uare, the same (Torriano). Quarrel (2),a square-headed cross-bow
Quail (2),a bird. i^F. Low L. Low bdt. (F. L.) M.Y.quaj-el.
" -'O.Y. quarrel,
"
"

G. ) M.E. quaille. O.Y. quaiile, F. M. F, quarreau,

" a diamond, square tile,
caille. Low L. quaquila,
" a quail. M.Du. cross-bow bolt. Late L. quadj-ellus,
" a "

quackel, Du. kwakkel, a quail. M. Du. L.

quarrel. quadrus,square ; " see rate.
Quad- "

quacken,Du. kxvaken,to quack. From

the noise which the bird makes. See quarry (1),a placewhere stones are
Quack. dug. (F. L. ) Formerly^//rtrr^r; M.E. "

Quaint, neat,odd, whimsical. (F. L.) quarrere, a placewhere stones are squared. "

M. E. queint, also quoiut, coint, commonly O. F. qua7-ricre, a quarry ; F. car Here. " "

with the sense of famous.' O. F. and Late L. quadrdria,a quarry for squared
'
"

M. F. coint,'quaint, compt, neat, fine;' stones. L. quadi'dre, to square. L. quad-

rus, " "

Cot. " L. cognitus,well-known,pp. of square. ^ The sense was suggested

cognoscere, to know ; see Cognisance. by L. quadrdtdrius, a stone-squarer, also
Der. ac-quaint. a stone-cutter (merely).
Quake. (E.) M. E. quaken,cwakieii. Quarry (2), a heap of slaughtered
A. S. cwacian, to quake ; cf. czueccan, to game. (F.-L.) M.E. querre. O.Y. "

wag ; 1''.Fries, kwakkelen,to be unsteady. curee, cuiree (F. curee), intestines of a

Der. Quak-er (a.d. 1650); see Haydn. slain animal, the part given to hounds ;
Quality. (F. L.) M. E. qualitee.F. so called because wrapped in the skin. F.
" - "

424
 QUART QUERN

cut?; a skin,hide. " L. hide.

coTiiini^ See Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly
Cuirass. kay, key;M. E. key,keye.~^\.Y.quay
Quart, the fourth of a gallon.(F. L.) " the key ol a havtn ; ' Cot.
{Y.quai),' Bret. -

M E. quartc. F. qiiarte. L. quarta (i.

. e.
"
kae, an enclosure,a quay ; W. cae, an
"

/ari),a fourth part; fern,oi quartus , fourth. enclosure, hedge. Celt, type *kagi-;allied
Related to L. qiiatttior,four, iirugm.i. to Haw, Hedge.
" 279- Quean, a woman ; used slightingly.
quartan. (F.-L.) Y.qtiartaine,!^- (E.) A. S. civene. + 0. H. G. queiia, a
curringon the fourth day (said of a fever).wife; (^o\\\.k'wind. Teut. type */^7";'^""v/-.
L. quartdna i^febris),
" a quartan fever; Also Irish ben,W. bun, a woman ; Russ.
{q\\\.oiqtiartdnus,belongingto the fourth. je7ia, wife ; Idg. type *^{w]end. Cf. Gk.
" 1,. quartus, fourth (above). ywrj, Pers. zaji. See Queen. Brugm. i.
CLUarter. (F. L. ) M. t:.qtiarter. " 670. - -

O. F. quarter^ qiiaitier. L. qttartdrms, Queasy. (Scand.)M.E.quaysy,queysy,"

fuurth part. L. quartus, fourth. "

causingor feeling
nausea. Norweg. kveis, "

quartern, fourth of a pint.(F. L.) " sickness aftera debauch ; Icel. idra-kveisa,
Short for qiiarteron.M. E. quarteroiin. " colic. Cf. Icel. kveisa, a whitlow, boil ;

O. F. qiiarteron^ a quartern. Late L. " Low G. quese, a blister ; quesen-kopp, a

quarteronetii, ace. of qtiartero,a fourth brain-disease in sheep; E. Fries, kzvdse,

part. Late L. quarterns,from L. quartus,
" a blister,
boil,worm causinggiddiness in
fourth. sheep.
quartet, quartette. (Ital.-L.) Queen. (E.) Differing in gradation
Ital. qiiartetto is a
{quartette ; from quean, which spelling
F. spelling) is restricted to
dimin. of quarto, fourth. " L. quartus, the use of the word
in a lower sense. A. S.
fourth. cwen, a ; O. Merc. kwden.-\'\c^\.
woman

quarto, having the sheet folded into kvdn,\i'\iQ',

Goth. ;^7"'e'"i-,
woman. Teut.
four leaves. (L.) From L. phr.in quarto, type '^kw"niz,{"vi\.; Idg.type *g{iu)eni-,
in fourth part ; where
a quarto is abl. of cf. Skt. -Jdtii-,
wife. Brugm. i. " 677.
quarttts,fourth. (V"^wEN.)
Quartz, a mineral.
Queer. (LowG.) A cant word. Low (G.) G. quarz, "

; M.
rock-crystal G. quarz. G. queer, across
H. ; cf. quere, obliquity. In
Quash. (F. L.) M. E. quaschen." A\vdelay's
" of
Fraternity Vagabonds,p. 4,
O. F. quasser, later casser, to break,quash. ' a quirefellow ' is one who has justcome
L. quassdre, to shatter; frequent,
" of out of prison; cf. Low G. m der quere
quassuni),to shake.
qiiatere(supine liggen,to lie across, lie queerly. So also

Quassia, a South-American tree. sonal G. quer, transverse; querkopf,a queer

(Per-
name.) Named by Linnaeus (like fellow. G. quer answers to O. H. G.
dahl-ia Dahl)from Quassi, from a negro twer, transverse, Icel. J"ve"-r
(whence E.
of Surinam,who pointedout the use of t/nvart). See Thwart.
the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a Quell, to subdue. (E.) M. E. quelIen,
common negro name. to kill. A. S. cwellan,to kill ; causal of
Icel. kvelja,
Quaternary,consisting of fours. (F. cwelan, to die.+Du. kwellen,
"
L.) F. quaternaire.'^Ya. qziaterndrius. Swed. qvdlja,Dan. qvcele, to torment,
" L. qtiaternt,pi.,four at a time. L. choke ; all causal lorms. Teut. type "

qv.atiuor, four. ^kwaljan-; from *kzval, 2nd stem of

quaternion. (L.) L. quaternion- ^'kivel-an-, to die. See Quail (1).
,

stem of quaternio, a band of four men ; Quench. (E.) W.Y.. quenchen.A. S.

Acts xii. 4. L. quaterni,pi.; see above.
"
cwencan, to extinguish; causal of A. S.
quatrain. (F. L.) F. quatrain,a civincan (pt.t. ctvanc),to go out, be ex-
" tinguished.
stanzaof four lines. " F. quatre, four. " L. Cf. O. Fries, kwinka, to be
four.
quatttior, extinguished.
Quaver, vl). of
(E.) Frequent, quave, Querimonious, fretful. (L.) From
M. E. quauen \u v), to quake. a complaint. L. quert, to
I". querifytonia,
"
Allied "

to M. E. qtiappen, to throb, palpitate. ; with Idg.suffixes -mon-Jd-.

Cf tnplain

Compare Quake. Der. quaver, sb., a Quern, Kern, a handmill for grinding
note shake. And
in music, orig.a trill, grain.(E.) M.Y.. querne. A.^. cweorft,
see quiver(i). cwym ; orig. that'
which grinds.'
+ Du.
42
 QUERULOUS QUINSY

kweern, Icel. kvern, Dan, quarn, Swed. and of Teut.

origin.+LowG. kill,a goose-
qvarn, Goth, kivairnus. Tent, type quill (Berghaus); Westphalian kwidle
^kwernuz. Cf, also ^xxs^.Jerjiove, a mill-
stone (Woeste); G. kiel,M. H. G. kil or kil.
; Lith. gima, stone in a hand-mill. Quill (2), to pleat a ruff. (F.-L.)
Brugm. i. " 670. From O. F. cuillir (F.cueillir'), to gather,

Querulous, fretful. (L.) L. qtui'ulus, pluck; also used in the sense of to pleat;
full of complaints.L. qtierl, " to complain. see Rom. Rose, 1219, and Chaucer's
+ Skt. to sigh. Brugm. i. " 355. translation. Folk-L. *colligh'e, for L. col-
"
fvas,
enquiry. (L.) For ligere, to cull, c ollect. See Cull. Allied
Query, an qucere,
i.e. enquire thou. L. qttare, imp. sing. to the Guernseyword enqtiiller,
" to pleat
2 pers. of qitcerere,to seek ; for '^quces-ere, (Metivier).
as in L. qU("so, I beg. Brugm. ii. " 662. Quillet,a slytrick in argument. (L.)
quest, a search. (F. L.) O. "F. Short for L. quidlibet, anythingyou choose.
quesie; F. quite. quasiia(res),
L. " a thing L. quid, anything
"
; libet,\ipleases (you\
sought ; fern, of pp. of qucerere, to seek. Quilt,a bed-cover,"c. (F.-L.) M.E.
question. (F. L.) F. quesdon.-^L. quilte.A.". and O. F. cuilte,a quilt
"
"

ace. quiTstionem, an enquiry. "L. qucBs-, (^I2th cent.). L. culcita, a cushion, tress,
mat-"

base oiqiitxrerc, to seek ; with suffix-tion-. pillow,quilt.

Quinary, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
Queue, a tail. (F. L.) F. qiieue, a "

tail. " L. Cauda, a tail ; see CaudaL qutndrius, arranged by fives. L. qulni, "

Dimin. of quib, five at time. For *qtiinc-ni, from quin-

Quibble. (L-) a casm
sar- a

which is weakened form of five. Cf. bini,two at a time. See

(Ash) ; a que,
Fiva.
quip. See Quip.
^

Quick,living, lively. (E.) M. E. quik. Quince. (F. L. Gk.) Formerly " "

A. S. cwic,cwiczi.-^Dn. kwik, Icel. kvikr, quence, qnytis. (Cf.M. F, coignasse, the '

O. H. G. kind of quince,' Cot.) Merely the

Dan. qvik, Swed. qvick^ quec- greatest
Teut. type ^kwikuz or '^kwikwoz,allied to pi.form of M. E, quytie, coine, or coin,
the shorter Teut. type '^kwiwoz,as in Goth. a quince, O. F. coin,F. coitig, " a quince,
kwius, living;cf. Irish beo, W. byw, L. [The same as Prov. codoing; cf. Ital.
uiuus, lAlh-gywas, Rn"s. Jzvoz, alive; Gk. cotogna, a quince.] L. ^cotonium^for "

^ios, life; Skt.^Tz^, to live. Brugm. " " 85 ^cydonium; (theItal. cotogna being from
i. ,

A.'S. cwic- L. cydonia, a quince). Gk. kvSui'lov /xtj\ov,

318, 677. Der. quick-silver', "

quince, lit. a Cydonian apple. Gk.

seolfor. a "

quicken. (E.) M. E. quihten,orig. KvScovla, Kv^ojvls, Cydonia,one of the chief

to become A. S. cwic, alive.
alive. "
cities of Crete.

Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (E.) Quincunx, an arrangement by fives.

Merely another form of cud ; M. E. qtiide,(L.) Applied to trees arranged like
cud. See Cud. the spots on the side of a die marked
cavil.
nicety, (L.) Late 5 ; L. quincunx. L. five ; uncia,
quinque,
Quiddity, a "

L. quidditds, the nature of a thing. L. an

" ounce, small mark, such as a spot on

quid,what ; i.e. what is it ? Neut. oiquis, a die ; see Uncial.

who ; see "Who. Quinine, extract of Peruvian bark. (F.
Quiet,adj.(^L.)L. quietus, quiet;orig. Peruv.) quinine,formed with suffix " F.
pp. of only
'^quiere, used in the inceptive-ine (L. -ind),from F. quina, Peruvian
form to be
quiescere, still. Cf. quies,
rest. bark, " Peruvian kina, or kina-kina,said
Allied to O. Pers. shiydti-, a place of to mean
'
bark,'esp. that which we call
home
delight, ; Pers. shad, pleased; and Peruvian bark.
to E. While. i. "" 130, 675;Brugm. Quinquagesiuia.(L.) l^.quinqud-
Horn, " 767. Der, quiet sb, and vb. ; fem. oi quin-
gesifua{dies),^i\.\e.\.\\{6.diy);
^

quietus, ; quiescent, stem of pres.

sb. from qud"esimus,Mtieth.. L. quinqud-(or quin- "
,

pt. of quiescere. que, five,allied to E, Five ; -gesimus,for

QuillU), a feather,
pen. (E.?) M. E. "^-gensimus,allied to decern,ten ; see
'

quille. "
Calamus
Quylle, a ; Quadragesima.
stalk, ^ So also quinquati-
Prompt.Parv. Quillalso meant the faucet gular,having five angles; quinqui-ennial,

of a barrel, or a reed to wind yarn on. lastingfive years.

This is a difficultand doubtful word, not Quinsy. (F. Gk.) Formerly also -

found at an early date. Apparently E., squinancy. O, F. quinancie(Supp. to "

426
 QUINTAIN QUOTE

Godefroy,s. v. esquinance) ; also squin- L. ciira ; see Cure. Cf E. Fries, kiire ^

ancie (i6thcent.) ; sqtiinance, 'the squin- kiirke, a whim.
'
ancy or squinzie ; Cot. Formed (some- Quit, freed, free. (F.-L.) Orig.an
limes with prefixed ^ O. F. es-, L. ex, very) adj.,
= as in quitclaim.' M. E. quyt, quit, '

from Gk. KvvdyKT], lit. a dog-throttling, also quyte, free; adj.-O.F. quite,dis- charged,
appliedto a bad kind of sore throat. Gk. released,free. Late L. quitus,
"
"

KVV-, stem of kvoju, a dog; d^x-fiv, to quitttis, altered forms of Late L. quietus,
choke. at rest, hence, free. Cf. Late L. quiela
Quintain. (F. L.) M. F. qtdntaine, "
cldina7itia, A. F. quite claifne,E. qtiit
a post with arms, for beginnersto tilt at. claim ; quietut?i cld/ndre,quitum clamdre,
The form of the word is such that it must to quita claim ; quictdj-e, qultdye,quittdre,
be allied to L. quintdna,a street in the to free from debt. See Quiet. Der. quit,
camp, which separatedthe Jifthmaniple vb., F. quitter, O. F. quiter,from the
from the sixth ; where was the market and adj.; hence quitt-ance, O. F. quitance,
business-place of the camp. Doubtless Late L. quttantiaquietantia ; acquit.
this publicplacewas also the scene of Cf. Coy.
martial exercises and trials of skill ; the quite. (F. L.) M.E. quite;an ad- verbial "

Late L. quintdna means (i) a quintain, use of the M. E. adj.quite, free,

also (2)a part of a street (space) where now speltquit; see above.
carriages could pass. L. qtiintdtucs, from Quiver (I),to shiver. (E.) Allied to
"

qiiintus, fifth. For *quinc-tus, from quht- obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion, brisk ;
que, five. See Five. A. S. cwifer, in the comp. adv. cwifer-lice,

Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. eagerly.Cf. M. Du. kuyven,kuyveren, to "

Span. Arab. "

L.) F. quintaliQot.).'^quiver (Kilian)
"
; E. Fries, kwifer, lively,
Span,quintal.'-' Axoh. qintdr, a weight of kwifern,to be lively.
100 lbs. Not a true Arab, word; but Quiver (2),a case for arrows. (F."
formed from L. centum, a hundred.
O. F. cuivre, cuevre, coivre, O. H. G.)
Quintessence,pure essence. (F. L.) a quiver. O. Sax. cokar; cf. O. H. G. " "

Lit. 'fifth essence.'" L. quinta essentia,kohhar (G. kbcher), a quiver; A. S. cocer,

fifth essence (in addition to the four a quiver. Teut. type *kukuro-,whence
elements).See below ; and Essence. Med. L. cucurtim, a quiver.
Quintuple, fiye-fold. (F.-L.) F. Quixotic. (Span.)'Named from Don
quintuple.L. ^ quinttiplus a coined word.
"
Qtdxote or Quijote, a novel
, by Cervantes.
L. qtmitu-s, fifth,
" for ^quinctus\ from uoif ; the same as Coif.

quinque,five ; -plus,
i.e. -fold ; see Double. juoin, a wedge. (F. L.) The same "

Quip, a taunt, cavil. (L.) Formerly as F. coifi; see Coin.

quippy\ Drant's Horace, bk. ii. sat. i." Quoit, Coit, a ringof iron for throwing
L. quippe,forsooth (ironical). For *quid- at a mark. ^F. L. ?) M.E. coite,coyte; "

pe; Brugm. i, " 585. Der. quibble. cf Lowl. Sc. coit,to push about, justle.
Quire (i\ a collection of sheets of Prob. from O. F. coitier, quoitier,to press,

paper. (F. L.) Spelt cwaer'vsx

" the Ancren push, hasten,incite, urge on (which prob.
'
Riwle. O. F. quaier (i3ta cent."),
" later also had the sense to hurl \ Of unknown '

quayer, cayer; mod. F. ra^zVr. " Late L. oiigin. Cf Prov. coitar,to hasten,urge.
quatei-nuni,a collection of four leaves (we Quorum. (L.^i It was usual to nomi-
nate
find Late L. quatermis, glossedby A. F. members of a committee, of whom
quaer in Wright'sVoc. i. 116); whence {quorum) a certain number must be present
also Ital. quaderno,
a quire. Allied to L. to form a meeting. L. qudrum, of whom "
;
quatttwr.^four. [The suffix -num is lost gen. pi.oi qui, who. Allied to "Who.
as in F. enferixova L. infermwi.']% Not Quota, a share. (Ital.L.) Ital. quota, "

from L. quaternio, which could not thus a share. L. quota {pars),

" how great a
sufi"erloss of the ace. termination -nidne?n. part ; fem. of quotus,how great. L. quot,
"

Quire (2), a band of singers; see how many; allied to qtu, who; see

Choir. Who.

Quirk, a cavil. (M. Du. - F. -

L.) quote. (F. L.) Formerlyalsor^?/^.
" "

M. Du. kuerkeii,'a cunning trick,' ham.

Hex- O. F. qiioter, cotcr, to quote. Late L. quo- "

Dimin. of M. Du. kiire,Du. kuur, tare, to mark off into chapters nnd verses,
a whim, also a cure. F. cure, a cure. for references
"
; hence, to give relerence.
a "

427
 RACK
QUOTH

L. quoins, how how much, with Race (i), a

course. (Scand.)
swift
" many,
M. E. (North)
ras ; \i'ces from
(South'),
allusion to chapters,"c. ; see above.
A. S. r"s\ Icel. ras, a running, race.
Quoth, he said. (E.) Properlya pt.t.
"

Tent, base *ras-. Hence it is not for

M. E. cwad, pt. t. of
quoth,qttod.^K.S".
to kvad,pt.t.
say.+Icel. of kveda, *rans, i. e. a running(asin Noreen).
cwedan, Y.race.
to say ; Goth, kzvatk,pt. t. oikwithan, to Race (2),a family.(F.-Ital.)
Ital. raza, also M. Ital. raggia,
say. quotha,for quothhe.
Der.
Of doubtful
" razza,
broode,' Florio. '

Quotidian,daily.(F.-L.) Y.quoti- a race, but answeringto L. type *radia,

dien."!.. quotididnus, daily. L. origin
quoti-., ; "

for quotus,how many ; dies,a day. Thus allied to radidre,to radiate. (Korting,
quotididnus on however
= many a day, on " 6612.)
Race (3\ a root. (F.-L.) A race of '

any day,daily. O. F. rai's, '

ginger; Wint. Ta. iv. 3. 50.
quotient. (F.-L ; ^rL.) Y. quotient,
"

share ; rai'z, root. L. rddicein,

ace. of radix,
the part which falls to each man's a "

the imaginarystem a See Radix, Radish.

root.
Cot.-L. *qHotiefit-,
of L. how
quotiens,many times ; which is Raceme, a cluster. (F. L.) F. raceme. -

L. racemum, ace. of racenius, a cluster.

reallyindeclinable.-L. quot^ how many.
"

See Quote.
Rack (i), gratingabove a manger, an
a

instrument of torture. (E.) In some senses

B. the word is doubtless English; cf. M. E.

In the particular
rekke,a rack for hay.
Rabbet, to cut the edges of boards
sense to torture,' may
it so have been bor-
rowed '

that they overlapand can be joined. (F. from M. Du. racken,to rack, to
-L.) M. E. rabet,sb., Prompt. Parv. torture. The radical sense of rack is to
'
of bordys id. extend, stretch out hence, sb.,rack is
'
Rabetynge togedyr two ; ; as

Apparently from O. F. rabatre, to abate, a straight b ar (cf. G. rack, a rail,bar);

diminish hence, to thin down. F. re- (L. hence, a frame- work, such as the bars in
-

;
re-)yagain; and abatre, to abate; see a gratingabove a manger, a frame-work
Abate. Confused with F. rabote?;to plane; used for torture, a bar with teeth in which
from rabot,a plan.e
F. ; cf. Bebate. a cog-wheelcan work. On the rack in "

Rabbi, Rabbin, sir.(L. Gk. Heb.) great anxiety

-
; arack-renth a rent stretched
-

L. rabbi, John i. 38.-Gk. paiQ^/.-Heb. to itsfull value, or nearlyso. Allied words

rabbi, literally master.' Heb.
'
rab, are Icel. rakkr,straight, rekkja, to strain,
my "

great; as sb., master; and i, my. Heb. M. Du. racken, to stretch,

" reach out, to
form rabbin G. rack, a rack,
root rdbab,to be great. (The rack ; Swed. rak,straight,
is French.) rail, recken, to stretch ; esp. Low G. rakk,
Rabbit. M. Du.) M. E. shelf, in E. plate-rack. Cf. Goth.
(Walloon -a as

rabet. " Walloon rabett (Remncle).Dimin. to stretch

uf-rakja7i, out. ^ Rack is used
of M. Du. robbe,dimin. robbeken,a rabbit (2),rack (3), "c.
in many senses ; see rack
(Kilian). .jThe true E. name is cony. Rack (2),lightvapoury clouds, mist.
Rabble. (M. Du.) From the noise (Scand.) See Hamlet, ii.2. 506 ; Antony,
made by a crowd. M. Du. rabbelen, to
" iv. 14. 10. M. E. rak. Icel. rek, drift, "

chatter ; Low G. rabbeln, to chatter,motion, a thingdrifted : cf.skyrek, the rack

babble. The suffix-le givesa frequentativeor driftingclouds. Icel. reka, to drive, "

force; 7'abble that which keepson making thrust,toss ; cognate with A. S. wrecan,
=

a Cf. Rap ; and see Rapparee.

noise. to See Wreak.
drive. Cf. Swed. skeppet
Rabid, mad. (L.) L. ra3/a'^^5", mad. " vrdker ship drifts.
= the
L. rabere,to rage, rave. Cf. Rage. Rack (3),to pour off liquor, to clear it
Raca. Matt.
(Chaldee.) v. 22. Chaldee from dregs or lees. (F. L. ?) Minsheu "

rekd,worthless ; hence,foolish. (1627)speaks of ^ rackt wines.' M. F. "

Raccoon, Racoon. (N. American raqud; vin raque, ' small,or corse
whence
Indian.) Speltrackoon in Bailey(1735). wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
The Arathkone grapes, already drained of all their best
*
native W. Indian name. ,

a beast like a fox ; ' glossary of Indian moisture;' Cot. Cf. Languedoc raqua.
Words subjoinedto A Historic of Travaile to glean grapes ; raquo, skin of grapes
into Virginia, by W. Strachey(pub.by the (D'Hombres); Span.rfl.yf"?w,sour; rascar,
HakluytSoc. in 1849). ; see Rascal.
to scrape. Prob. of L. origin

428
 RAINDEER RANCH

Raiudeer ; see Eeindeer. 7-amm. Cf. Icel. rawr, strong. Her. ram,
Raise. (Scand.) M. E. rm^w. Ice]. vb.. to butt, push, thrust; ram-rod.
"

reisa,to make to rise,causal of rJsa (pt. Ramadan, a great Mohammedan fast.

t. reis ', to rise ; so also Dan. reise,Swed. (Arab.") So called because keptin the ninth

resa, to raise. See Bise, Rear (i). month, namedA'awaf/rt'w. Arab, raviaddv, "

Raisin. (F. L.) M. E. reisin.

"
O. F. pronounced 7-amazdn in Turkish
" and Per-
sian.
raisin, a grape; also a bunch. Folk- As itis in the ninth month of the lunar
"

I.. racimiim, for L. racenmm, year, it may take placein any season
ace. of race- ; but

viHS, a cluster. it is supposedto have been originally held

prince. (Skt.) Skt. rdjd,the in the hot The word '
impliescon-
Rajah, season.
'
suming

nom. case from the stem rdjan, king.

a fire ; from Arab, root rained, it
Cognate with L. rex ; see Regal. was hot. (Devic,Richardson.)
of M.
.E.) Frequentative E.
rajpOOt,aprince.(Hind. Skt.)Hind. " Ramble.
rajpfit,a prince; lit. son of a rajah.' '
" ramieti E. rame, to rove, to gad
(?),prov.
Skt. 7-dj-d,a king ; putra, son. about (Yks.): cf. E. Fries. I'amen, rd?nen,
Rake (i),an implement. (E.) A. S, to rove, ramble. The b is excrescent, and
raca, rake. + Du.
a rakel, a rake, Dan. ramble is for prov. E. rammle, to ramble
rage, poker,
a Swed. raka, an oven-rake (Whitby Glossary).
(withbase rak-) ; also Icel. reka,a shovel, Ramify. (F. L.) Y. ra7niJier,\.o\)\x "

G. rechen,a rake .with base rek-^.Allied forth branches (hence, to branch off). L. "

to Goth, (Teut.type *rek-an-,pt. t. rami-, for rdtnus, a branch, bovigh; -ficdi-e,

rikan
rak'^,, collect,
to heap up. Cf. Icel. raka, for facere,to make. With L. rd77tus,cf
vb.,to rake. Der. ?-ake^ vb. a twig. Brugm. i. " 529.
Gk. padaj-LV-,^,
Rake (2),a dissolute man. (E.) Not I Ramp, Romp, to bound, leap; pro-

M. E. rakel,rash,oddly corrupted to rake- i perly to climb, scramble, rear ; also to

hell (Trench,Nares\ and shortened
finally 1sport boisterously.(F. Teut.) M. E. "

to rake. But really^see N.E. D.) from rage ; cf. ra}np-ant (F. 7-amp-
rampe7i, to
rake and helL '
Suche a feloe as a manne anf), said of a lion.
rearing, F. ramper, "

'
should rake helle for Udall. '

;
"
to creep, run, crawle,climb
Cot. Orig. ;
'
Rake of the extremi-
(3\ the projection ties sense
'
to clamber ; cf. M. Ital. rampa7-e,
of a shipbeyond the keel,the inclina-
tion to clutch, 7-ampo, a hook. According
of a mast from the Ital. 7'ampa7-e(Prov. rapa7-')
perpendicular.
to Diez, the

(Scand.) sea-language,
' the
In rake of a is a nasilised form from Low G. 7'appe7i,

ship is so much of her hull or main body, to snatch hastily, Dan. to hasten ;
7-appe,
'

as hangs over both the ends of her keel ; cf. G. raffeii, to snatch; see Rape (i).
Phillips (1706).Evidently from rake,vb., But Korting derives Ital. rampa, a grip,
to reach,extend (H aliiwell). Swed. dial. from Low G. ramp (LUbben),Bavar,
"

raka, to reach,raka
f ram, reach over, rampf, a cramp, seizure; which is allied
to
Dan.
project; ragefrejn, to project,jut out. to 7-ampf, 2nd gradeof O. H. G. 7-impfa7i,
Cf. Icel. rakr,Swed. rak,straight. Allied to cramp. Cf. Ripple (2).
to Rack (iV Rampart. (F. L.) Also spelt7-ai7i- "

Rakehell, a vagabond; see Raks (2). pire,7-at7ipier, ra77ipar. M. F. rei7ipart, "

Raki, arrack. (Turk. Arab) Turk. 7-empar,a rampart of a fort. M. F. re7n-

"
"

rdqi. arrack. Arab, 'araq, arrack;

" see
parer, to put againinto a state of defence.
Arrack. L. 7-e-, again; im- (in),in ; pardre, to "

Rally (i),to re-assemble. (F.-L.) F. get ready. See Pare.

rallier. F. re-, again; allier,
" to ally: see Ramsons, broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
Ally. Cf. prov. F. raller, to rally, grow A double plural : for 7-ains-e7i-s. Here
convalescent ; dial, de la Meuse (Labour- 7-af7tse7t K.S. hramsaii, ramsons; a pi. =

asse). form, from a sing.//rawx^.+Swed. rat7is-

Rally (2},to (F.) We also lok (M' leek); Dan. raiiis; Lithuan.
banter. =

find the sb. rallery, pleasantdrolling,' kermtisze, wild garlic

' W.
; Irish ci-eariik,

Phillips, ed. 1706. This is, of course, craf, Gk.

garlic; Koonvov^BXi onion ^Stokes-
another spelling of raillery \ and rallyis Fick. p. 98).
merelyanother form of rail (2),from F. Ranch, Rancho, a rude hut. (Span.
railler,to deride. See Rail {2'). Teut.) Common in Mexico. Span. "
"

Ram. (E.) A. S. raw.+Du. raw, G. raiicho,a mess, set of persons who eat

430
 RANCID RAPE

and drink together; formerly,a ranke,'Dan. *

ransoge. " Icel. rann, a house,abode :
Minshen. Prob. borrowed from Prov. sak-,related sakja.,
seek. The Icel.
to to
renc, a rank; O. F. reng\ see Rank, ran7i stands for *raz7i, ar.d is the same as

Range. A. .S.cern, a cot, Goth. 7-az7i,a house ; see

Rancid. ^L.) \u.rancidus.xii,v.z\^.
Cf. barn. Cf. A. S. rasn, a plank, beam ;
L. rancens, stinking,
as if from an infin. and see Seek. ^ Cf. Norman dial. ra"-

*ra7tce" e, to stink. saquer, Gael. from Scand.

ra7i7isaich,
rancour. (F. L.) 'SL'^.j-ancour.^
"
Ransom, redemption.(F. L.; M.E. "

A.F. rancour. " L. rancorem, ace. oirajtcor,ra7isoiai fwith final "). O. F. rahison,
"

orig.rancidness. See
spite, above. later ranco7i, a ransom. L. redemptid7iem,
"

Random, said or done at hazard. ''F." ace. of

7-ed"7nptio^a buying back. " L.
Teut.) M. K. randon ; esp. in phr. in pp. of redimere. to redeem ;
7-ede77iptiis ,
see

randon,in great haste. " O. F. randon,the Redeem. Doublet, redenipticn.

force and swiftness of a great stream ; Rant. (Du.) M. Du. ra"a^/^",
todote,
whence phr.a randon, in great haste,withbe enraged; also spelt ra7ide7i ; see Kilian.
impetuosity ; from O. F. randir, to run Cf. W'estphal. ratiter7i,to prate.
swiftly. So also Span,de rendon,de rondon, Rantipole, a rompingchild. (Low G.)
rashly,impetuously.G. rand.^a brim, Cf. M. Du. u"ra7itigh,
" E. Fries. wra7iterig.
edge,verge, margin; whence Ital. a randa, Low G. "wi-a7itig,peevish,quarrelsome ;
with difficulty, exactly Hit. near the verge).; and Poll. See Frampold.
Cf. G. bis am rande voll, full to the brim. [ RanuncalnS. L.) L. rammcuhis, a
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to little frog; also,a plant. Double "

dimin.
the course of z. full or brimming \'\\tx.-\- of rd7ia,a frog.
A. S. rand^ Icel. rond, Dan. rand, rim, Rap (i to strike smartly; a smart ,

verge ; Swed. rand, a stripe. See Rind. stroke. (Scand.) Dan. 7-ap,a rap, tap;
Range. (F.-O.H.G.) The sense 'to Swed. rapp, a blow ; Swed. rappa. to beat ;
'
rove arose from the troopingabout of cf. G. rappebi, to rattle. Of imitative
ranks of armed men. F. ranger "
(O. F. origin; allied to Rattle, Racket '2).
renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit. Rap (2).to snatch,seize hastily.(E.)
*
to put into a rank.' F. rang \0.F. reng), M. E. rapen, to hasten,act hastily.Cf.
"

a rank (below). M. Du. rapefi, to rap up, gather,' He.x- '

rank ''i),a row, line of soldiers, class. ham : Du. rap, quick; Icel. Jwapa.,to
F.-O. H. G.) M. E. re7ig, renk.-O. F. fall, t umble, hasten, hurry; Swed. 7-appa.,
reng'F. rang., a rank,row, list, range." to seize,snatch, Dan. rappe, to make
O. H. G. hrinc, a ring, ringof men, hence haste ; Swed. rapp, Dan. rap., quick,
a row or rank of men. See Ring. brisk ; G. raffe7i, to snatch. From Teut.
Rank 2),coarse in growth,very fertile; base *hrap-. % Chiefly in the phrase to
also rancid. TE.) The sense 'rancid' is 7'apand 7'e7id. And see Rapt, Rape (i).
due to confusion with O. F. ranee, musty,' RapacionS. '
(L.) Coined from L.
Cot.,which is from L. rancidiis. But M.E. rapdci-,for rapax, grasping.L. rapere, "

rank means strong, forward ; from A. S. to grasp. Brugm. i. " 477.

ranc, strong, proud, forward. -f-Du.rank, Rape (1\ a seizing by force. (F. L.) "

lank,slender 'like thingsof quickgrowth); A. F. and Norm. dial, rape,rap : cf. Late
Icel. rakkr (ioj *7-ankr), straight, slender. L. rappus, rapus (forL. raptus\ O. F.
Swed. rank, longand thin,Dan. rajik,erect. rapL L. raptuf7i, ace. of raptus, a rape."

Rankle, F.to fester.

L. Gk. L. raptus, pp. of rapere, to s-eize.
" " "

A. F. rankler, to fester ; O. F. draoncler,Cf. O. F. 7-aper.Gascon rapa, to seize.

raoncler,rancler ''so that it once began p. But, apparently, confused with M. E.
w ord ; see
with d; see Godefroy). O. F. draoiule. 7-ape,haste. hurr}%a common
"

raoncle,ranch, an eruption of the skin." Chaucer's lines to Adam .Scrivener. Icel. "

Late L. dracunculus,dranctdus^ (i) a ruin,falling

h7'ap, down, hrapadr, hurry,a

little dragon; {2) a kind of ulcer fas hrapa,to hasten ; Swed.rapp, Dan. rap.,
dragons supposed
were be venomous to 1. quick ; see Rap rape, vb. Ta). Der.
" Late L. d^-aco,a dragon. See Dragon. Rape plant.(L.)
'2j, a M.E. rape.^^
(Phil.Soc. Trans. 1891.) L. 7'dpa,rdpum, a turnip,a rape.+Gk.
Ransack. (Scand.) Icel. rannsaka, to p'lmjs,
a turnip,pacpaiis, a radish ; Russ.
search a a turnip
house, ransack ; Swed. ransaka, 7-iepa, ; G. riibe.

431
 RAPE RAT

KSipe (3\ a division of a county, in form from supine of radere,to

rdsum,
Sussex. (E.) Of uncertain origin.It scrape ; see (below); and Rash (2).
Rase
occurs in Domesday Book as rap, and was Rase, Raze, to scrape, efface. (F."
speltrope in 13S0. A. S. rap, L.) M.E.
Prob. from
rasen, to scrape. F. raser.^ "

a rope ; used for measurement. See Rope. Late L. rdsare, to graze, to demolish.
Rapid. (F. L.) F. rapide. L. rapi- L. rdstirn, supineof rddere,to scrape.
" " "

dus, quick, snatchingaway. lit. " L. Allied to Rodent.

rapere,to snatch. See Rapacious. Rash (1); headstrong.(E.) M. E.
Rapier, a lightnarrow sword. (F. "
rash, rasch, E. Fries, rask; cf. A. S.
Span. O. H.G.) M. F. rapiere,
"

rappiere,mscan, to flash.+Du. rasch, G. rasch',

also ; it was
raspiere(Littre^ considered Dan. Swed. rask, quick, rash ; Icel.
'

as Spanish. '
Rapiere,
; sworde
Spanische roskr, vigorous; N. Fries, radsk, quick.
Palsgrave, p. 90S. Perhaps raspiere was '^ Brugni. i. " 795, connects this word
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a with O. H. G. rad, a wheel ; see Rotary.
rasper'or poker; hence it was called Rash. (2),a slight
eruptionon the body.
'
'
a proking-spitof Spaine ; Nares. Cf. ',F. " L.) O. F. 7-asche,
rasque, rache.
Span, raspadera, a raker. Span, raspar, " The same as Prov. rasca, the itch. So
to rasp, scratch. O. H. G. raspon, to rasp.
" called from the wish to scratch it ; cf.Prov.
See Rasp. % So this
Diez ; Littre rejects rascar, to scratch,equivalent to a Late L.
'L

probable solution. *rasicdre. "

rdsum, supine of rddere,
Rapine, L.) F. rapine,rapine,to scrape. See Rascal.
v
F. "
'

'

ravine ; Cot. L. rapTna, robbery,plunder. Rash

"
(3\ to pull, tear violently. (F."
'
" L. rapere,to seize. See Rapacious. L.) I\ashi"ig off helmes ; ". Q. v. 3. 8. '

Rapparee, an Irish robber. (Irish.'M.K.aracen, afterwards shortened to racen.

Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow,sloven, O. F. esrachier ^F. arracher^, to root up, "

robber, thief; cf. rapal,noise, rapach, pullaway violently. 'L.exrddfcdre,to root "

noisy. Cf. Gael, rapair,a noisy fellow. out. L. ex, " out ; rddicdre,to root, from
All perhapsfriim E. rabble (Macbain). rddic-,,stem of radix, a root. See
Rappee, a kind of snuff.(F. O. H. G. ) Radix. "

r. rap^, lit. rasped,reduced to powder ; Rash (4\ a kind of serge. (F. Ital.) "

pp. of raper, to rasp ; see Rasp. M. F. ras, serge. Ital. rascia, '
silk rash ;' "

Rapt, carried away. (L.") From L. Florio. From Rascia, a district in the S.
raptiis,pp. of japere,to seize ; see Milton, of Bosnia.
P. L. iii.522. But in ' What ^
thus raps Rasher, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
you,' Cymb. 1. 6. 51, the word may be E. (E.) '
Rasher on the coales, quasirashly
Sie Rap (2V or hastilyroasted,'Minsheu. This is
raptorial. (L.) Used of birds of prey. right; cf. Rashed, burnt in cooking, by
*

" L. raptor-i-.from raptor,one who seizes ; being too hastilydressed;' Halliwell.

with suflfix-a/. L. rapere,to seize. " See Rash (i).
rapture. (L.) Coined, as if from L. Rasorlal. (L.) 'L.rasor-i-.from 7-dsor,
*
raptlira, from L. raptus,pp. of rapere. one who scrapes ; with suffix -al. " L.
Rare. (F. L.) F. rare. Y,. rdruni,
" "
rds-jun,supineof rddere,to scrape.
ace. of 7'drus, rare. Rasp, vb. (F.-O.H. G.) M.E.
Rascal, a knave,villain. (F.-L.) M.E. raspen. O. F. rasper (F.rdper). O.H.G.
" "

the
raskaille, common herd. [It was a raspon, whence G. raspeln. to rasp. Cf.
term of the chase ; certain animals, not O. H. G. h7-espan,to pluck, to rake
worthhunting, hart, together. Cf. Rap
were so called. The (2).
till he
was six years old,was accounted rasp-berry, a kind of fiuit. (F.-
rascayle.']
A. F. raskayle,a rabble ; also O.H.G. ; andE. ) Formerlycalled raspis,
*rascaille,whence mod. F. racaille, the '
raspes,but this is merelya pi.form used as
rascalityor base or rascall sort, the a singular.Named from its uneven face.
sur-

scumme, dregs, offals,outcasts of any So also M. a rasp, also

Ital. 7-aspo,
company,' Cot. Due to an O. F. word a raspberry.
cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rascar, (E.^ yi.E.rat. A.S. n^/. + M.Du. Rat.
to
scrape the orig.
; sense being '
ings
scrap- ratte, Du. rat, Dan. rotte, Swed. ratta, G.
'
; cf. M. F. rasqtie,
'
scurfe ; Cot. ratte,ratz ; Low L. ratus, 7'ato (whenceF.'

All from a Late L. ^rdsicdre, a frequent 7'at) ; Irish and Gael. 7'adan,Bret. 7'az.

43
 RATAFIA RAVEL

Der. rat^ vb., to desert one's party, as |Also spelt

ra/a" ^Johnson). Malay r^/a;/,
"

rats are said to leave a fallinghouse. the rattan-cane.

And see Ratten. Biatten, to take away a workman's
Ratafia, liquor. (F. Arab, and tools for offendingthe trades' union.
a "

Malay.; F. ratafia ; cf. tafia^

rum-arrack. (F.-LowL.-Teut.; Ratten is the Hal-
" the
Malay arnq tafia, spirit called tafia; lamshire (Sheffield)
word for a rat ; hence
"where araq is borrowed from Arab. 'n7-aq, applied working
to secret mischief,which
arrack. is attributed to rats. '
I have been tened;
rat-
Ratcll, rack or
a bar with teeth. (G.
cat-gutband I had justput a new

Also, a wheel with teeth ; in clockwork.

upon my lathe, and last nightthe rats have
It answers to G. ratsche (N. E. D.). G. carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S, xii. 192.
ratsche, a watchman's rattle (Weigand). M. E. raton, a rat. F. raton. dimin. of "

Der. ratch-et,in watch-work,' the small F. rat ; see Rat

teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel Rattle, to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratelen.
'
that stop it in windingup ; Phillips. A. S. *h7-(stelan,
only preservedin A. S.
Rate (i),a proportion,standard,tax. h7'cetele,
hrcetelwyrt,
rattle-wort,a plant
(F. E.) A. F. rate, price,value.
" L. which derives its name from the rattling "

rata, fern, of ratus, determined, fixed,of the seeds in the capsules.+Du. ratele7i,
pp. of rear, I think,judge,deem.
settled, G. rasseln,to rattle;allied to Gk. Kpid-
I5rugm.i. " 200. aivfiv,to shake. Cf. also Gk. K^uTakov,
Rate (2),to scold, chide. (F. L.) a rattle. "

M. E. raten, Ch. C. T. 3463; araten, to Ranght, pt. t. of Reach, q. v.

reprove. Also spelt aretten.

retteii, O.F. "
Ravage, sb., plunder.(F.-E.) F.
'
reter,rateir,areter, aratter, to
'
accuse, to ravage, ravage ; Cot. F. ravir,to bear"

impute; Norman
dial, reter, retter, to away suddenly. Folk-E. E. rapere,
rapJre.
"

blame. L. ad, to ; and reputdre,to count.

" to seize. See Rapid. Der. ravage, vb.,
See Repute. % Not from rate (i). F. ravager.
Rath, early; Rather, (E.) Rave. (F. L.^ M. E. raven. "^O. Y
sooner. "
.

leather \s the compar. of j-ath,

early,
soon. raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rever, as a Eor-
A. S. hralie,adv., quickly,hf-ced, adj.,raine word ; hence the derivative ravasser,
quick, swift; hence hraSor,sooner.-f-Icel.
'to rave, talk idly;'Cot. Godefroy has
hra^r, swift ; M. H. G. rad, hrad, quick; O. F. resver, raver, rever, to stroll about,
Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ir. crofhim, I shake. also to rave cf.F. rdver,dial, de la Meuse
;
Ratify. ';F.-L.) F. r"/?/^r.Eate - L. (Eabourassej. Allied to Span,rabiar,to
ratificdre,to confirm. E. 7-ati-,for ratus, "
rave, a verb formed from the sb. rahia,
settled ; -ficdre,iov facere,to make. See rage, allied to E. rabies,rage. E. 7abe7'e, "

Rate ^i). to rage; see Rabid. ^ This is the

ratio. (E.) L. r^/z'^, calculation. E. " solution given by Diez ; but see Korting,
ratus, ])p. of reor, I think,deem. s. V. rabia.
ration, rate orallowance of provisions. Ravel, to entangle.
untwist,unweave,
(F. E.)" ". ration. '^'L. rationem,ace. of (M. Du.) orig.sense has reference to
The
ratio above;. Doublet, reaso7i. of a stringor woven
the untwisting texture,
Ratlines, Ratlins, Rattlings, the ends of threads of which become wards
after-
the small transverse ropes crossing the entangled.To unravel is to tangle
disen-
shroudsof ; to ravel out is to unweave.
M.
ship.(E.; a"a?F.
a E.) Now "
"

turned into rat-lines, as if affording ladders Du. ravelen,to ravel ; mod. Du. rafelen,
for rats to get up by. But the old term E. Fries, rafehi, to fray out, unweave ;
was raddelities, or raddelyng of the Eow G. reffeln, fray out. Cf. Du.
to

shrozodes, Naval Accounts (1485-97),ed. 7-afel, F^. Fries, rafel, rdfel, a frayed edge.
Prob. the Also Norman dial. 7-aviler, to ravel ;
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207.
to ravel out.
same as prov. E. raddlings, longpiecesof Pomeran. rabbeln,uprabbehi,
underwood twisted between upright stakes Of unknown origin ; but cf. A. S. drafia7i or

(hence.cross-Muts oi the shrouds) drdfia7i'"),to unravel,Gregory's Pastoral

; cf, Du.
weeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov. Care, ed. Sweet, p. 245, 1. 22. % The
Y.. raddle,a hurdle ; perhapsallied to rod. M. Du. ravelen, to dote (from O. F. rdver,

Palsgravehas radyllof a carte.' '

see Rave), is a differentword. Der, ttn-

Rattan, a Malacca cane. (Malay.)ravel.

433
 RAVELIN REAM

Ravelin, a detached work in fortifica-

tion, Re-, "SuQdi-^prejix,
again.(F. " L. ; or
with two raised before
embankments commonly re-, except L.) L. 7-e-, red-;
the counterscarp. (F. Ital.) Y ravelin. in red-eem, red-olent,
" red-dition,
7'ed-ound^
.

I'evellino (Ital.
M. Ital. ravellino,
"
rivel-
red-icndant. % Hence a largenumber of
lind),a ravelin. Originunknown ; thought compounds,such as re-address, re-arrange,
to be from L. r^-, back, uallum^ a ram-
part which cause no difficulty.
; which is unlikely. Reach (i), to attain. (E.) M. E.
(i),a bird. (E.) M. E. raven.
Raven 7'cchen,pt. t. raghte,ranghte,pp. 7-aught.
A. S. hmfn, hrefn.-\'T)w. raaf,Icel. hrafn., A. S. riecan, racean, pt. t. riehte.'\-Y)y^. "

Dan. ravn, G. rabe. Tent, type ^hrabnoz^ reiken,O. Friesic reka ; G. reichen. The
m. Perhaps allied to Gk. K6p-a^, a raven, A. S. riecan is closelyallied to the sb.
L. cor-iuis. ; givingas
ge-riec,opportunity the orig.
Raven (2),to to devour.
plunder, (F. " sense
'
to seize an opportunity.'Teut.
ravin. From M. E. ravine, type ^raikjan-.
L.) Better spelt (Distinct from A, S. reccan,
sb.,plunder. O. F. ravine, rapidity,
" petuosity
im- to stretch.) Der. reach,sb.,which also
(oldestsense as in L.). means
plunder,' 'a stretch in a river.'
'

" L. rapina, plunder; see Rapine. Reach 1 2),to try to vomit ; see Retell.
ravine, a hollow gorge. (F. L.) " F. Read. (,E.)yi.Y,.reden. K.^. r"dan
ravine, a hollow worn by floods,also a (strongverb),to counsel,consult,inter-
pret,
great flood ; O. F. ravine (above). read ; with the remarkable pt. t.
ravish, seize with violence. (F.
to " reord. [Alsoas a weak vb., pt. t. r"dde ;
L.) M. E. rauischen.'^Y. raviss-,stem prob. by confusion with r"dan, to dispose
of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish. Folk-L. "
of,to govern.] Allied to Goth, garedan,
raptre, for L. rapere, to seize. to provide,Icel. rdQa (pt. to advise,
t. red),
Raw. (E.) M. E. raw. K.^.hreaw, G. to advise.
t. rieih),
hen i^pt.
rat Teut.
kriew. -^'Du. raairw ; Icel. hrdr, Dan. raa, type "^r^dan-. Perhaps allied to L. re-i'i,
Swed. ra ; O. H. G. rdo, G. roh. Teut. to think. Der. riddle (i),q. v.
types *hratuoz,'^hrawoz. Allied to L. Ready. (E.) M. E. redi ; with change
crudtis,raw, Skt. krura-,
sore, cruel,hard ; of suffix from A. S. riede,ready ; orig.
also to Gk. Kpkas(for^Kpefas), raw flesh,' equipped for riding,'
or preparedfor '
a

Skt. kravya-, raw flesh ; Lat. cruor, blood ; raid' ; [ready

=^^ fullydressed,'is common
Russ. krove,Lith. kraiijas, Irish cril,W. in Tudor F,.];usual form ^^-r^^^^.A. S. "

^r"7", blood. Brugm, i." 492. (y'KREU.'i rdd, 2nd stem of rldan,to ride. So also
Ray(n. (F.-L.) O. F. ray, F. rai. G. be-reit,ready, from reit-en, to ride ;
" L. radium, ace. of radius,a ray. See Goth, garaids,Icel. g-reiQr, ready; cf.
Radius. Goth, raidjan,to order, appoint. And
Ray (2), a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. raye, cf. G. fertig,ready,ixomfahren, to go.
F. raie. " L. rdia,a ray. See Ride.
Ray (3),a dance. (Du.) M. Du. rey, Real (1),actual. (F. "
L.; ^rL.) Either
a dance ; Du. rei,a chorus. from from
O. F. reel {". r4el),or directly
Rayah., a person, not a Mohammedan, Late L. redlis,belongingto the thingitself.
who pays the
capitation-tax, a word in use "L. 1-es,a thing. Der. real-ist.
in Turkey. (Arab.) It may be explained Real (2),a small Spanish coin. (Span.
'
as
'
subject,' though the orig. sense is a L.) Span,real, lit.a royal coin. L.
'
"
'
"

flock,' or pasturedcattle. Arab, rdiyah, regdlis. " royal; see Regal.

rdiyaif), a flock,subject, peasant; from Realgar, red arsenic. (F. Span." "

ray, pasturing, tendingflocks. Cf. Ryot. Arab.) F. r/a/^"r. Span,rejalgar, red "

Raze, the same as Rase (above). sulphuret o f arsenic. Arab, rahjal-ghdr, "

razor. (F. L.) F. rasoir,a razor, powder of the mine, mineral powder.
"
"

lit. a shaver, F. raser, to shave; see

" Arab, rahj, powder ; al, the ; ghdr, a
Rase. cavern, mine.
sudden raid. (F. Algiers.) Realm.
Razzia, a (F. L.) " " M. E. roialme,
F. razzia,
razia ; borrowed from the Alger- reabne. K.Y reabne "
. (F. royatime),a
ine razia,
which is a peculiarpronunciationkingdom ; answeringto a Late L. '^regdli-
of Arab, ghdzta,a raid,expedition
against men. " L. regdlis,royal; see Regal.
infidels(Devic). Arab. ghdzT,a hero, a " Ream. (F. Span. Arab.) M. E.
" "

leader of an expedition. rceme.~'0. F. raime (F. rame^, a ream or

434
 REAP RECEPTACLE

bundle of paper. Span,rcsma, a ream.

" " Rebel. (F.-L.) The verb is from the
Arab. rizajii,
i'isma{t),Y)\. a bundle. sb., and the sb. was orig.an adj. M.E.
Reap. (E.) M. E. repe?i(pt.t. rep,pp. rebel, rebellious. Y.rebelle,
adj., rebellious. "

i-open\ O. Merc, reopan, A. S. repan, L. rebellcm,ace. of rebellis,

"
renewing
pt. t. rcrp,pt. t. pi.TiBpon. [But a com-
moner war. - L. re-, again; belhim,war = O. L.
form is A. S. rfpan (pt.t. rap, pp. dticIliitn,\\^T; Duel. T^qt,
sec ih.
rebel,
ripen); whence A. S. 7'ip,E. ripe; see and vb. ; rcbell-ion,
-ions.
Ripe. The co-existence of these two Rebound; see Bound (1).
strong verbs is remarkable.] The A. S. Rebuff, a repulse. (Ital.)In Milton,
repan is from a Teut. base ^rep-,whence P. L. ii. 936. Ital. relmffo, ribuffo, a -

Du, 7'epel,a flax-comb (seeRipple (i)), check. Ital. ribziffare,to check,chide "
' '
;
and Swed. repa, to ripup (seeRip). The Florio. Ital. I'i-fL. re-), back ; bziffarc, a "

A. S. ripan is from a Teut. base ^reip-,word of imitative origin, like E. puff; see
whence Ripe and Rope. Puflf.
Rear (i\ to raise. (E.) M. E.
Rebuke, to reprove. (F.-L.) M.E.
reren.
A. S. rceran, to rear ; the exact equivalent7'ebnkcn; A.F. rebuker.-~-0.". (Picard)
rebuker,to defeat (aplan); O. F. rebukier,
of Icel. reisa,to raise. Teut. type "^raizjdn-
(cf.Goth, tir-raisjan, to raise up); whence rebuchier (Godefroy). O. F. i-e- (L. re-), "

A.S. ricran, by Verner's law. See Raise. again, back ; and O. North. F. biuqiier,
Causal form of risan, to rise (pt.t. rds = O.
buskier, F. buschier,to beat,orig.to
Goth. rais). Doublet, raise. cut This verb is from U. F.
trees, to lop.
Rear (2\ the back part.(F.-L.) M.E. btische, btlche,a log ; Late L. busca,a
F.
rere, chiefly
in adv. arere,
arrere, in the log. Cf. Picard busker,bukcr, to strike,
rear. " O. F. riere, backward; whence beat (Corblet); \\'alloon busquer, buquery
ariere (F.arriere),behind, backward." to strike,buqiie,
a log (Sigart)
; Norm,
L. retro,backward; whence ad retro^p-Y dial, .
bilquette,
a billet. Orig. '
tolop,to
arriere. See Retro-. cutback.' For rebuker.,
see O. F. Chardry,
Rear cooked.
(3),insufficiently (E.) Vie des Set Dormans, 1. 15S9.
M.E. rere. A. S. hrer, half-cooked.
Rebus, a representation of a word by
Rearmouse pictures.(L.) Thus Bolton was repre-
; see Reremouse. sented
Rearward, the rear-guard.(F. L. of a bolt and a tun.
by pictures " L. "

and G.) The old spellingis rereward, rebus,by things, i.e. by mean^ of things ;
M. E. rerewarde,i.e. guard in the rear. abl. pi.oij-es,
a thing. See Real (i).
See Rear (2) and Ward. Rebut. (F.-L.a;/^M.H.G.) O. F.
Reason. (F,-L.) M.
r^Z'ciz"/ifr,to E.
repulse. "L. re-, again; M.H.G.
resoun,
reisim. A. F. and O. F. reison (F.raison). bozen,to beat ; see Beat.
"

'"'L. ratione?n,ace. of raiio, calculation,Recall. (L. and Scand.) From L.

reason. See Ratio. re-, back ; and of
call, Scand. origin.
Reave, to rob.
(E.) Recant. M. E. 7'euen (L.) L. recant are,to sing
( =
reven); pt.t. rafte,
refte,
pp. reft.
raft., back, echo ; also,to recant, recall. " L. re-,
A.S. reafia7z, to despoil, lit.to strip ; cf. back ; cantdre, to sing. See Cant (i).
A. S. reaf,clothing, a robe,spoil, plunder. Recede. (L.) L. 7-ecedere, to go back.
" A. S. reaf 2nd grade of strong verb L. re-, back ; cedere, to go ; see Cede.
"

reofan, to break. + Icel. raufa,to reave, Receive. (F. L.) A. F. receiv-,a "

raiif,spoil, from ratf,2nd gradeoirj'ufa, stem of 7'eceivre, O. F. recoivre Y,.reci- .

"

to break violate G. rauben, to rob, pere, to take back. L. re-, back; capere,
up, ; "

raub, plunder. The strongverb is of the to take. See Capacious.

Teut. type *reuhan- (pt. t. ^raiib). Cf. L. Recent. (F." L.) M.F. 7-ecent (F.
rumpere, to break. i.
Brugm. " 701. ?rcent).'-~L. recent-,stem of recens, fresh,
Rebate, to blunt a sword's edge.(F. new. orig.' b eginning
"
anew.' L.r^-,again; "

L.) O. F. rebatre, to beat back again." -cent-, a stem allied to Kus?,.po-chin-ate, to

F. re- L. re-),back ; O. F. batre,F. battre,begin,O. Irish cet-,first; and to Gk. Kaivos,
to beat ; see Batter (1). new (Prellwitz).
Rebeck, a fiddle. (F."
three-stringed Receptacle. (F. - L.") F. receptacle.
Arab.) O. F. rebec,also spelt rebebe; " L. receptdculum,a placeto store away.
M. Ital. ribecca,
also ribebba,a rebeck. " " L. 7'ecept-us,
pp. of ; see Re-
recipere ceive.
Arab, rabdb,rabdba{t),a rebeck (Devic).
435
 RECEPTION RECOUP

reception (F. L. ) F. r keptmi

.
"

.
" Recluse. (F.-L.) M.E. rechiscy
L. ace. receptionem^a takingback. " L. orig.fcm. O. F. recluse,fem. of reclus,
"

recepUis; as above. pp. of reclorre,

to shut up. L. recliidere, "

IteceSS. (L.) L. recessits,a retreat. " to unclose ; but in late Lat. to shut up. "

L. recessits, pp. of re-cedere,

to recede. L. re-, back ; claudere,to shut. See
See Beeede. Clause.
in hunting. Recognise.
Reclieat, a signalof recall, (F. L.) Formed from "

(F. L.)
- A. F. rechet,
From variant of O. F. the sb. recognisance
(Chaucer,C. T. 1 3 260).
recet^a place of refuge,a retreat (Gode- O. F. recognisatice,
an acknowledgment. "

froy). L. reception,ace. of recepiiis,

" a -"O.Y recognis-ajit,
Y"xes. part, oi recog- .

retreating,retreat. " L. {Y.reconnattre).-^]^.

receptus, pp. re-cognosceie, of noistre
to receive
yecipere, ; see again. See Cognisance.
Receive. Der. to know
recipe. (L.) L. thou; recognit-ion (from
recipe, take
L. pp. recognit-tis).
imp. of rccipere, to receive (above). Recoil, vb. (F. L.) M.E. recoilen. "

'
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem A. F. recuiller;F. reculer, to recoyle, "

of pres. pt. of rccipere, to receive. retire;'Cot. Lit. to go backwards. F. "

Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro-re-, back ; ciil,the hinder part. L. re-, "

'
ctis, returning, alternating. Lit. directed back ; cilhwi,ace. the hinder
of ciiliis,
'
backwards and forwards ; from L. *?'e-co-,
part.
backwards (fromre-, back) ; and ^pro-co-,Recollect, to remember. (F. L.) "

'
afar
forwards,vjYiQnce procul, off. Brugm. Lit. to gatheragain; from '
re-, again,
ii. ^ 86. and collect; see Collect.
Recite. (F. L.) M. F. reciter. L.
" -
Recommend, to commend to another.
recitdre, to recite. L. re-, again; citdre,
" to (F. "
L.) From Re- and Commend;
'
quote ; see Cite. imitated from F. recommander, to recom-
mend
'
Reck, to regard. (E.) M. E. rekken ; ; Cot.
often recchen. A. S. reccan, reccean (for Recompense, to reward. (F. "
L.)
'

*rak-jait)
; but the pt. t. in use is rdh-te, M. F. recompenser, '
to recompence ; Cot.
from an infin.7'ecan from
(for ^rok-jan')^ " h. re-, again; compensdre,\.o compen-
sate
the strong grade *rok-. + Icel. 7-cekja
; ; see Compensate.
O. Sax. rokjan,to reck, heed. (F.-L.) Formed
F. recon- Reconcile. O^
from sb. with base rac-, strong grade cilier. L.. re-, again; conciliare,
a to con-
ciliate "

roc-, care, which exists in the cognate ; see Conciliate.

M. H. G. ruoch, O. H. G. ruoh, care, heed Recondite, secret. (L.) L. reconditus,
(whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G. put away, hidden,secret ; pp. oirecondere,
riiohhjan, to reck),p.The Teut. stem "^rok- to put back again. L. re-, back ; condere, "

is the strong grade of *rak-,as seen in to put together,p. The L. condere (pt.t.
Icel. rok,a reason, A. S. racii, condidi) is from con- with, and the
{cuj?i),
account,
reckoning, O. Sax. raka, a
business, weak grade of -^DHE, to place,put.
affair,O. H. G. rahha. Der. reck-less, Brugm. i, " 573.
A. S. rece-leas ; cf. Du. roekeloos,G. Reconnoitre, to survey. (F.-L.)
riichlos. O. F. reconoistre, M. F. recognoistre, to '

reckon. (E.) M. E. rekenen. A. S. recognise, to take a precise view of;' Cot.

ge-recenian, to explain; allied to ge-reccan, L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See "

r^"r(:";^, rule,
to order,
direct,explain, ordain, Recognise.
tell.+Du. rekenen ; (whence Icel. reikna, Record. (F. L.) M.E. recorden." "

to reckon, Dan. regne, Swed. rdkna, are O. F. recorder. I^.recorddre,recorddri,to "

borrowed); G. rechnen,0. H. G. rehhanon, recall to mind. L. re-, again; cord-,stem "

to compute, reckon, p. All secondary of cor, heart. See Heart.

verbs ; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. racu, Recount. (F. L.) F. raconter, to "

an account, Icel. rok, neut. pi.,a reason, teil, relate. F. re- again; aconter,
(L.r"j-), "

ground, origin,O. H. G. rahha, a thing, to account ; from a (L. ad),to, and conter,
subject. See Reck. to count. See Count (2). Recount =

Reclaim ; from Re- and Claim. re-ac- count.

Recline. (L.) L. redlndre, to lean Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F.-L.
back, lie down. L. "
re-, *clindre, and Gk.) Lit. to secure a pieceor shred.
back;
to lean. See Lean (i)and Incline. F. recoupe,a shred. F. recouper,to cut
" "

436
 REDRESS REFRESH

Redress. ^F. L.) F. redresser,to A. S. gerefa,

"
an officer; orig.sense perhaps
put straight a gain, F. re-,"
again ; d/esser, numberer,' registrar'
^of soldiers); for
to erect, dress ; see Dress. *ge-rcfja.From -7'cf,
a host (,as in secg-
Redstart, a bird with a red tail. (E.) "rif. a host of men) ; cf. O. H. G. rnova^
From Red ; and start, a tail S.
'^A. steort).a number. % Xot allied to G.grif. Der.
Reduce. (L.^ Orig. bring
to back. borough-7-eeve
"
; port-reeve; sheriff,q. v.
L. reducere, to bringback. L. 7-e-, back ;
" Refection, refreshment. [^b\ L.) "

dilurc,to lead. See Duke. Der. reduction M. F. refection, a repast. L. ace. refec- "

(from the pp. reduct-us). tioneni,lit.a remaking. L. rcfectns, pp. of "

Redundant. (L.^ From stem of pres. reficere,

to remake, restore. L. re-, again; "

pt. of L. rediijiddre,
to redound. See facere, to make. See Fact.
Hedound. Refel. vL.) L. refellere, to refute,
Reechy, dirty.(E.) Lit. 'smoky;' shew to be false. L. re-, back ; fallere, "

palatalisedform of reeky\ cf. Low. So. to deceive ; see Fallible.

reekie. smoky. See Reek. Refer, to assign. ,F. L.) O. F. referer "

Reed. (E.) M. E. reed. A. S. hreod, (F.r^firer).^!^. referre,to bear back, re-

late,

a reed.-l-Du. riet; G. riet,ried. Teut. refer. L. re-, back ; ferre^to bear ;

"

type ^h?-cudom, neut. see Fertile.

Reef U \ a ridge of rocks. (Du.") merly
For- Refine. (F." L.) Coined from ;r- and
riff.Du. 7-if,
" a reef. 4- Icel. 7-7/, a fine(,1), but imitated from F. raffner, to

reef,allied to rifa, a fissure, rift; Dan. rev, refine,comp. of L. re-, again,L. af- ad^ =

a sand-bank {revie, a shoal,revue, to split);to, and F.Jin.fine. Der. refine-fu ent ; cf.

Swed. refva, ref. sand-bank,

a a cleft,gap. F. raffin^ment.
The Du. and Icel. riv, Dan. rev, may Reflect. .L.) 'L.r effectere, \\\..ioh^i\^
represent a Teut. type *rebjom. n . ; perhaps back, hence to return rays, "c. L. re-, "

allied to Rib. Cf. Norw. ribbe,a tain-ridge.

moun- back ; ffectere,
to bend ; see Flexible.
Reform. (F. L.) F. reformer,to "

Reef 2\ portionof a sail. (Du.) shape anew.

a L. re-, again ; formdre, to
"

M. E. r/^ Du. reef,

" 'a riff in a sail,'form ; see Form.
Sewel ; ISL Du. rif, iHft. a reef.+Icel. rif, Refract, to bend back rays of light.
a reef in a sail ; Dan. reb,Swed. ref,reef; i^L.) L. refractus, pp. of refringere, to
Low G. rcff, riff, a small sail ; Pomeran. bend back. L. re-, back; frangere,to
"

raff, a littleextra sail,bonnet. break ; see Fragile. Der. refract-or-y^

Reek, vapour, (E.) W.Y^.reke. O.Tylerc, a mistaken form for refractary, from L. re-
rec, vapour ; O. Fries. reykr,fractdrius,
;-"?/('.+Icel. stubborn, obstinate. Also re-
Swed. r'ok, Dan. r'og; Du. rook,G. ranch ; f-angible, a mistaken form for refringible.
Teut. base '^rauk-. From '^rauk,2nd grade Refrain (i\ to restrain, forbear, (F. "

of Teut. *reiikan-,\.o smoke; as in A. S. L.) M. E. refreinen.O.Y refretier,to "

.

reocan, Icel. rjnka,O. H. G. riohhan,G. repress ; Cot. L. refrcitare, to "

bridle,
riechen. Brugm. i. " 217. hold in with a bit. L. re-, back ; frenum, "

Reel (i),a small spindle for winding a bit,curb. The orig.sense oifemim is
yarn, (E.) ^L E. 7r/t?; A.S. //;v^/, a reel. prob. due to a derivation from L. frend-
"4-E.Fries. rel\ N. Fries, reel. Kluge ere, to champ ; as if for *frend-num. If
derives A. S. hreol from a form '^hroehil, so, it is allied to Grind. % Prob.
but this would giveA. S. hrel\ see Eng. sometimes confused with M. F. refreindre,
Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel,vb., to wind, to bridle,' '
Cot. ; this is from L. refringere,
turn round, stagger. to break back (below).
Reel (2), Highland
a dance. (Gael.) Refrain (2),the burden of a song.
Gael, righil, riiithil.a reel.
riiidhil, (F. L.) F. refrain ; so also Prov.
"

Reest, the wood on which a plough- refranks,a refrain, refranker, refrenker,to

coulter isfixed. (E.) Also wrif^j/ (wrongly),repeat. So called from frequentrepetition ;
rest. A. S. reost. the O. F. refreindre, to pull back, is the
Reeve (i^,to pass a rope througha same word as Prov. refrenker,to repeat ;

ring.(Du.") Du. reven. to reeve. Du. both

" are from L. refringere,to break back

reef, a reef in a sail ; because a reeved rope hence, to repeat^.- L. re-, back;
refract, "

is used for reefing ; see Reef (2). frangere,to break ; see Fragile.
Reeve (2% an officer,steward. (E.) Refresh. (F.-L, ajid G.) M. E. re.
43S
 REFRIGERATE REGRET

\ Cot.
freschen.^O.Yrefreschir .
" L. r^-, IF. L.
to look, look at, view.
regarder^ "

again ; O. H. G. frisc(G.frisch),fresh. re-, back ; F. garder,to t^uard,observe ;

See Fresh. of O. II. (t. origin
; see Guard.
Refrigerate. ''L.)From pp. of L. 7-e- Regatta. (Ital.)Grig,a strife,
tention,
con-

to make
frlgerdre. cool again. L. re-, " a race, rowing-match. hence "

to cool,
again; frJgei-dre^ from frtgus, Ital. regatta, rigatta,a strife for the '

cold. See Frigid. maistne;' Florio, M. Ital. rigattare,

" to
Reft, Reave.
pp. of reave ; ?ee contend for the mastery, to wrangle,to
Refuge. (F. L.) M. E. refuge. ^Y. "
haggleas a huckster docs. So also .Span.
refuge. L. refugium, an escape.
" L. haggle,retail provisions, to "
regatear,to
refugere,
to flee back. L. r^-, back ; sailing.Of unknown
"
origin. rival in
fugere,to flee ; see Fugitive. Regenerate. (L.; From pp. of r^-
refugee (F. L.) M
.
F. refugiS,
pp. generdre,
- to prodixeanew.,
L. re-, again; "

of se rejugier, to take refuge. F. refugegenera re, to produce, from gener-, for

"

(above . '^"genes-,
stem of genus, kindred. See
Refulgent. (L.) From L. refulgent-,
Genus.
stem of pres. pt.of refulgere,to flash back Regent. ^F.-L.i M. F. regeyit, a

" L.
re-, h2Lc\i; ftilgereto shine. See I L.
regent, vice-gerent. regent-,stem of "
,

Fulgent. pres. pt. of regere, to rule. Allied to Gk. j

Refund,
to repay. (L.) 'L.refu7idere, \ opiynv, to stretch,Goth, uf-rakjan, to
to pour back, also to restore,give back jstretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, rdj, to
^see below;. I govern. (y'KEG.jSee Eight. Brugm.
refuse, to deny a request. (F.-L.) [i. "47^.
M. E. refusen.'^O. F. i-eftiser (thesame as regicide,slayerof a king; slayingof
Port, refusar, Ital. refusare,io reject). It a king. F. L.) M.F. regicideMin- " i

answers to a Late L. type *refusdre, formed sheu). L. regi-^for rex^ king,allied to "

as a frequentative of refundere, to pour regere, to rule ; -cida, a slayer,from

back, also to restore, give back ^whence cadere,to slay. Also: from L, rigi-;as
to reject), L. re-, back ; fundere,
" to pour ; before -cidium, a slaying, from ccedere. ,

see Fuse (i). p. We may also note E. h.

regimen. (L.) regimen, guida.nce.
refuse, sb., O. F. refus,refuse ; cf. O. F. L. regere, to rule,direct. "

mettre en refus, fairerefusa, to abandon, regiment. (F. L.) M.F. regiment, "

reject(Godefroy;. a regiment of souldiers,' Cot. ; also, a '

refute, to oppose, disprove.(F. L.) government. L.r^^z'w^w/z/w, rule,

"
govern-
ment. "

M.F. refuter.'h.refictd^'e, " to repel, rebut. L. regere, to rule. "

'
The orig.sense was prob. to beat back ; region. (F. L.) ^\.Y region.'"
'
Y.. "
.

see Confute. regionem, ace. of regio,territory.L. "

Regain. rF.-L. a"^ O.H. G.) F. regere, to rule, govern.

regagner." 'L. re-, back; and F. gagner, Register. (F.-L.) M.F. registre,
'
to gain. See Gain ''i). '
a record ; Cot. " Late L. registrutn,
more

Regal. (F. L.) M.F. ^^^^a/, Cot. correctly

royal;
"
regestum, a book in v\ hich things
" L. adj.,from
regdlis, reg-, stem of rex, are recorded (L. regeruntur lu. reges-
tum. .
"

a king. Allied to L. regere, to rule. Cf. neut. of pp. of r"?^^r^r^,tobringback,

Skt. rdjan-, a king ; O. Irish ri. Erugm. record. L. re-, back; gerere, to carry. "

j- "" J 35) 549 c. Der. regal-ia, insignia See Gerund. Cf. L. regesta,pi., a register.

of a king; neut. pi.oiregdlis. (L.) \..regnant-,

Regnant, reigning.
Regale,entertain. (F. Ital.?)
to M.F. stem, ol pres. pt.of 7-egnare, to reign. L.
"
"

regaler,t o entertain. Not allied to regal,regnum, kingdom. L. regei'e, to rule. "

as Cotgrave suggests; but the same as See Regent.

Span,regalar, to make much of,pamper ; Regress, return. ;L.) L. rcgrcssus,
orig.to melt CDitz). 1. Diez derives it sb.-L. regressus, pp. of regredi, to go
from L. regeldre,to melt, thaw ; from L. back. L. re-, back ; gradl,to go. See -

re-, back, geldre, to freeze (see Gelid). Grade.

2. Hatzfeld derives F. rigaler(ultimately)Regret, sorrow. (F. L. and Scand.) "

from Ital. regalare,to give presents to ; F. regret,grief to lament (Cot.).

; regretter,
from Ital. gala,mirth. See Gala. The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
Regard, vb. (F.-L. and O. H. G.) Of disputedorigin
; see Scheler. The

439
 REGULAR RELIC

most solution
likely is that which derives ex, much, very, and gaudere,to rejoice.
O, F. regrater from L. re-, again,and the See Gaud.
verb which appears in Icel. grata, Swed. Lit. to joinagain; Rejoin. (F.-L.)
grata, Dan. grcede, A. S. grktan,Lowl. Sc. legallanguage,to answer to a reply. in "

greit,to weep, bewail. See Greet (2). F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin.
Cf. I mone
*
as a chylde dothe for the L. reiungere, join again. L. re-,
to " "

wantyng of his nourse or mother, je again; iungere,\.o']o\a.. See Join. Der.

'
regrete; Palsgrave. rejoinder,which is the F. infin. mood used
Regular. (L.) L- regularis, accordingas a sb.,as in the case of attainder.
to rule. L. "
regula,a rule ; regere, to rule. Relapse, to slide back into a former
See Regent. state. (L.) From L. relapstis,
pp. of re-
Rehearse. (F. L.) W.^.^-ehej-sen. "
IdbT,to slide back. " L. re-, back ; Idbt,to
" rehercer,to harrow over
O. F. reherser, slide ; see Lapse.
again; hence, to go over the same ground. Relate, to tell, (F. L,)
describe, " F.
'
" L. re-, again; O. F. hei'cer,
to harrow, to relate ; Cot,
1-elater, '
" Late L. reldtdre,
from herce,sb.,a harrow. See Hearse. to relate. L, reldtus,
"used as pp. of referre,
Reign, sb. (F.-L.) M. E.
regne.- to relate (but from a different root). L. "

M. F, regne.'-l^.
regniim, kingdom." L. re-, again; Idtus,for tldtus,borne, pp. of
regere, to rule. See Regent. tollere,
to bear. See Tolerate.
Reimburse, to refund. (F. L. " and Relax. (L.) L, r^/a.;t:ar(?,
to relax. " L,
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by re-, again ; laxdre, to slacken ; see Lax,
L. re-im-
substituting rem- for F.
(with Doublet, release.
the force).
same re-, again; zw-
" L.
relay (i),a set of fresh dogs or horses,
(for ifi), ;
in F. botirse, purse.
a See a fresh supply, (F, L,) Orig,used of "

Purse. dogs and horses. F. relais,a relay; "

Rein. (F.-L.) M. E. reine.-O. F. chiens de relais,chevaux de relais, dogs or

reine,rein of a bridle. (The same as Ital. horses kept in reserve ; Cot. The orig.
rediiia,Span, rienda,transposed form of sense is a rest,' and chiens de relais are '

redtJia.)Late L. *retina, " not found, but dogs kept at rest ; cf.a relais ' at rest,that
a short form allied to L. retindctilu7ii,a is not used,'Cot.; and see relais in
rein. L. retinere,to hold back.
" L. re-, Godefroy. O. F. relaissier,to relinquish.
" "

back ; tenere,to hold. See Retain. to loosen, let loose,allow

L. relaxdre, "

Reindeer, Raindeer, a kind of deer. to rest ; see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by rilasso,dogs kept in reserve (lateedition
adding deer (see Deer) to Icel. hreinn, of Florio by Torriano, 1688).
a reindeer ; cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein-
deer, Relay (2),to lay again. (L. and "..)
A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan. From re- and lay. See Lay (i).
rensdyr,Du. rendier,G. rennthier.'] Teut. Release. (F." L.) yi.Y.. relessen,re-
type *hrainoz ; a true Teut. word, as the lesen.^O. F. relessier (M. F. I'elaisser),to
forms shew. p. Diez refers us to Lapp relax. L. relaxdre,to relax ; see Relax. "

raingo,but this is merely a bad spellingRelegate, to consign to exile. (L.)

of Swed. renko, i.e. rein-cow. The true From pp. of L. to send away,
7'elegdre,
Lapp word is patso, a reindeer ; nor can remove. " L. re-, again,back; legdre,to
the Icel. word have been suggestedby send, appoint; see Legate.
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer ; Relent. (F. L.) Altered from F. ra- -

Ihre,Lexicon Lapponicum,p. 374. lentir,to slacken,to relent (cf.L. relen-

Reins, the lower part of the back. (F. tescere,to slacken). F. ra-, for re-a- (L, "

"

L.) O. F, reins. L. renes, pi,, kidneys, re-ad)

"
; L, lentus,slack,slow, allied to
reins. lenis,gentle, and to E, lithe. See Lenient
Reject. (F.-L.) yi.Y.rejecter{\(i\\\and Lithe.
cent. ; F. rejeter ; oldest spelling regeter). Relevant. (F. L.) The orig.sense "

'
" O. F. re-, back ; geter,getter,to throw, is helpful; hence, of use for the matter '

from L. tact are ; see Jet (1). in hand. F. relevant,pres. part,oirelever, "

Rejoice. (F." L.) M. E, reioisen." to raise up, assist,help. L. releudre,to "

O. F. resjdis-, stem of pres, pt, of resjdirraise again. L. re-, again; leudre, to raise, "

(mod. F. r(/otnr)^io gladden,rejoice. L. from leuis,light. See Levity. "

re-, again; O. F. esjo'ir, to rejoice,from L. Relic, a memoriaL (F. L.) Chiefly "

440
 RELICT REMUNERATE

in the pi.; M. E. relikes.^Y. reliques, s. word. L. re-, back; vianddre,\.osend; "

'
pi.,reliques;' Cot. L. reliquids, ace. of see Mandate.
"

pi.,remains. "L. relinqiiere,

reliqiiicB, to Remark, to take notice of. (F. L. "

leave behind. L. 7'e-, back; linquo'e,

" to and Teut.) F. reniarqtier to mark, ,

leave. See Belinquish, Licence. note, heed. L. re-, again; viarqtier, to "

relict,a widow. (L.) L. relicta, fern, mark, from marque, sb., a mark ; see
of relicius, pp. of relinqiiere.,to leave Mark (1).
behind (above). Remedy. (F. L.) " yV.Y. rcmedie."
Relieve. (,F. L.~ M. E. releueu ( " = A. F. reviedic,O. F. reniede, mod. F.
F. relever,
re/even).-~ to raise up, relieve. " rt-fHt'dc."!.. remeditan,a remedy; that
L. relciiare,
to raise again ; see Relevant which heals again. L. r^-, again; inederi, "

Der. relief,
relef, O. F. relief
M. E. {Y. to heal. See Medicine.
reliefs,
a sb. due to the verb relever. Remember. (F.-L.) O.Y. remem-

Religion. (F. L.) F. religion ; Cot. brer.'^Y,. re?"ienwrdrT,

" to remember. L. "

" L. ace. ivom religio,

7-eligidjiefn, ; 1-e-,again; inemordre
\i\tX.y ,
to make mention of,
allied to religens,fearingthe gods,pious. from memor, mindful. See Memory.
]\e-ligens is the oppositeof neg-ligens,Remind, to bringto mind again. (L.
negligent ; see Neglect. Allied also to and E.) \ rom Re- and Mind,
di-Iigent, and to Gk. dA.676tr,
to reverence. Reminiscence. (F.-L.) M. F. r^-
Relinquish. (F.-L.) O.Y. relen- viiniscence. " L. reminiscentia,remem-
brance.

qttis-,
pr. pt. stem to leave
of relenquir, L. remitiiscent-,
" stem of pres. pt.
to leave be-
(Godefroy). L. relinqiiere, " hind of reniiniscT,to remember. L. re-, again; "

; see Relic. and base oivie-min-i. I remember. Allied

casket for relics.(F. L.)
reliquary,a " to Gk. I
ixk-yLov-a,yearn, Skt. man, to
F.reliqiiaire,casket wherein reliques'
be
a think. (VMEN.)
kept; Cot. Late L. reliqziidriiim
'

" ; same Remit, to abate. (L.; L. remittere

sense)."L. reliquid-,orig.stem oi reli- f send back,slacken,
pp. re?nissiis),to abate.
QidcE,relics ; see Relic (above .
" L. re-, back; mittere, to send; see
relique; the same Relic.
as Missile. Der. remiss, adj.,from pp.
Relish, orig.an after-taste. (F. L.)
" remissus : remiss-ion.
M. E. reies,an (F. L.) M. E. rejuan-
Sir
after-taste. Cleges, Remnant. "

208. O. F. reles,
"
relais,that which is left aiint. O. F. remanant. L. remanent-, " "

behind ; also a relay;see Relay (i). stem of pres. pt. of remattere, to remain ;
Reluctant. (L.) From stem of pres. see Remain.
pt. of reliictdre, reluctdrt,to struggle Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
against.L. "
re-, back ; lucidrJ, Late L. remonstrdre,to expose,
to struggle, to produce
from hicta, a wrestling.Allied to Gk. arguments against. L. re-, again; vion- "

Xv-^-'i^f^iv,
to bend, writhe in wrestling;strdre,to show, from 7nonstrum, a portent;
Lith. lugnas,flexible, Skt. ruj,to bend, see Monster.
break. (VLEUG.) Remorse. (F. L.) M.F. remors ; "

Rely, to repose on trustfully.

(F. L.) " Cot. " Late L. remorsus, remorse. " L.
AVe find 'to relye their faithe upon'; remorsus, pp. of j'emordere,
to bite again,
where relye = fasten. " F. relier,to bind to vex. " L. re-, again; mordh'e, to bite ;
up, or together.L. religdre, to fasten. L.
" see Mordacity.
re-, back ; Hgdre, to bind ; see Ligament. Remote, distant. (L.) L. remotus,
^ But much influenced by E. lie,vb.,to pp. of remouere, to remove ; see Remove.
repose, though this would have required Or from M. F. remote, f. remove, moved,'
re-
'

a pp. relain. Der. reli-ance. Cot. ; from L. pp. f. rejnota.

Remain. (F.-L.^ O. F. pres. s. (" Remount, to mount again. (F.-L.)
reynain ; cf. M. F. impers.vb. il remain-t, F. remonter. F. re-, again ; monter, to "

it remains. [The infin. remaitidre is mount; see Mount (2).

preserved in E. retnainder,used as a Remove. (F. L.) M..Y .remouvoir, "

sb.] " L. reman-eo, I remain; reman-et, Cot. See Re- and Move.
it remains rentanere, to remain.
; L. re-, "
Remunerate, to recompense. (L.)
behind ; manere, to stay. See Mansion. From pp. of rejniinerare, remiinerari,
Remand, to send back. (F. L.") M.F. "
to reward. " L. r^-, again ; munerdre, to
remander.'^'L. remanddi-e,to send back bestow a from
gift, muner- (for*miines-),
44 I
 RENAISSANCE REPEAT

stem of miinus, a gift,

also,an office. See Der. renunciat-ion,F. renonciation,
from
Municipal. L. pp. retiuntidtiis.
Renaissance, revival of learning. Renovate. (L.) From L. renoudtus,
(F. L.)" M. F. renaissance,'a. new birth,'pp. of renoudre, to renew. " L. re-, again;
Cot. " L. re-, again; nascentia,birth,from nozidre,to make new, from notius, new.

nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be See Novel.

born. See Natal. Renown, fame. (F. "
L.) M. E.
Benal. (F. -
L.) M. F. renal - L. renoiin." K. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
adj.; from
rendlis, renes, s. reins.
pi., See renon (12thcent.).[Cf. Port, rename,
Keins. Span.renoJ7ibre, renown.] O. F. renotner, "

Renard ; see Eeynard. to make famous. L. re-, again; noini- "

Rencounter, Rencontre. (F." ndre, to name, from ndmen, a name ; see

L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. F, rencon- Noun. "

trer, to meet. F. r^-, again; encotttrer, Rent

"
(1),a tear; see Rend.
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter. Rent (2),annual payment. (F. L.) "

Rend. (E.) M. E. renden. A. S. M. E. rente. Y. rente. [Cf.Ital. rendita, "

rendan, to cut or tear.+O. Fries, renda, rent.] Late L. rendita,nasalised form of "

to tear ; North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear L. reddita, fern,of pp. oif-eddere,
to render; I
apart. Der. rent, sb.,from pp. rent. see Render.
Render. Renunciation.
(F. L.) " yi.Y..rendren.
(F.-L.) ^l.Y.re- " Y.
'
rend?'e."'\^. reddere, to give back." L. nonciation, renunciation ; Cot. L. ace. "
"

red-,back; dare,to give; see Date (i). remmtidtionem, prop, an announcement.

rendezvous. (F. L.) Y.^-endezvons, L. renuntidt-us pp. of renuntidre,orig.
" "
,
'
a rendevous, place appointed for the Renounce. to announce ; see
assemblie of souldiers ; ' Cot. F. rendez Repair (i),to restore,amend. (F. L.) " "

vous", L. reddite vos, render yourselves ; M. F. reparer. Y.. repardre,to recover, "

imperativepi. of reddere (above). make

repair, ready anew. L. re-, again; "

Renegade, Renegade. (Span. L.) pardre,

- to get ready ; see Pare. Der.
Span,renegado,
an apostate,one who has L. repardbilis
M. F. reparable,
repar-able, ;
denied the faith ; orig.pp. of renegar, to M. F. reparation.
repar-at-ion,
forsake the faith. " L. re-, again; negdre, Repair (2),
to resort to. (F.-L.) M.F.
to deny. See Negation. repairer, to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
Renew. ',L.and E.) From L. re-, L.
pairier(Burguy). repatridre, to repair
"

again ; and E. neiu. to one's own country. L. re-, back ; patria, "

Rennet (i),the preparedinner brane

mem- native country, from for pater,
patri-, a
calf's stomach, used to make
of a father.
milk coagulate.(E.) M. E. renet; from wittyreply.(F. L.) F. Repartee, a -

'
M. E. rennen,
run ; pro v. run, repartie, reply; Cot. Orig. fem. of
to E. to '
a

congeal, coagulate.See Run. Hence reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir,to re-divide,

rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken- to answer thrust with thrust,to reply. F. "

ticisms) ; also erning (Derbyshire), from re-, again ; partir,to part, also to rush,
A. S. irnan, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel, dart off,burst out laughing. L. re-, "

runsel, renninge, curds, or milk-runnet,'again; partire, to share,from parti-,

'
for
'
from rinnen, to presse, curdle; Hexham. '
pars, a part. See Part.
Cf. G. rijDien,to run, curdle, coagulate. Repast, a meal. (F. L.) O.F. repast, "

Rennet (2),a sweet kind of apple. (F. later repas.^'L.re-, again;pastuni, ace.
"
L.) Formerlyspeltr^"a/^, from an odd oi pasttis, food,from pascere,to feed. See
notion that it was derived from L. 7'endtiis, Pastor.
born again! F. reinette, rainette, a rennet
"
; Repay. (F. L.) O. F. repaier.O. F. - -

the same as rainette,a little frog; from re- (L. re-),back; paier,to pay; see
the speckledskin. Dimin. of F. raine, a Pay.
frog. L. rdna, "
a frog. Cf. Ranunculus. Repeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
Renounce. (F. L.) Y.rejioncer."~ rapeler,Y. rappeler, to repeal. O. F. re-
" "

L. renuntidre,to bringback a report, also (L. r^-); apeler,later appeler,to appeal.

to disclaim, renounce. L. re-, back, See Appeal. Repeal" re-appeal. "

again; nuntidre,to tell,bringnews, from Repeat. (F. L.) Formerlyr^//?/^. " "

nimiius, a messenger. See Nuncio. M. F. repeter,Cot."-L. repctere,to attack

443
 REPEL REPTILE

reseek,
again, repeat. L. re-,a.gain;pe^ere,
lay up, store. L. re-,
" "
again ; pone re, to
to attack; see Petition. Der. repet-it-place; see Position.
io7i. Reprehend, to reprove. iL.) L. re-
Biepel.(L-)L. repellere,
to drive back. preliendere,
to hold back, check,blame."
" L. re-, back ; pellere,to drive ; see L. re-, back; preJiendere,
to seize,
to hold.
Pulse. from pp.
Der. repulse, reptdsus. See Prehensile.
Hepent, to me. (F. L.) " F. repentir, Represent. (F.-L.) o.F. rcpre-
to repent. L. "
re-, again; poenitere,
to senter.'^'L,. repraseittdre,
to bringbefore
cause to repent; see Penitent. again,exhibit. L. re-, again;p?-cisentdre,
"

Repercussion. (L.) From Re- and to present; see Present (2).

Percussion. iF.-L.) From F. re-, Repress.
Repertory, a treasury. (F.-L.) M.F. again,and presser,to press ; but used with
repertoire. L. repertorium,
" an inventory. sense of L. reprimere(pp.repressus]to
" L. repertor, a finder,discoverer. L. press back,check. L. re-, back ; pre7nere, " "

repertre,to find out. L. re-, again; parlre to press ; see Press.

"

( Fnnius),usually parere, to produce; see Reprieve, vb. (F. L.) [A doublet "

Parent, of 7'eprove.'] M. E. repreve7i, to reprove,

Repine. (I-) Compounded of L. re-, disallow

reject, ; to 7-eprieve
a sentence is
again ; ar\d pine,to fret ; seePine (2). to disallow it. " O. ". repreuve,3rd pres.
Replace. (F. L. and -
Gk.) From 7'e- sing,indie, of 7-ep7'over
(F. rip7-ouver),
to

(F.re-, L. re-),again; and Place. reprove; see Reprove. Cf. Schwan, "
Replenish. (F.-L.) O.Y.repleniss-, 34^4).
stem of pres. pt. of replenir,
to fill up Reprimand. (F. L.) F. 7-ipri77ia7ide "
,
'
again; obsolete.
now L. r^-, again ; Late foimerly7-ep7'i77iende,
'
a reproot;
" Cot."
to fill,
L. *plentre, from L. plenus,full. L. 7'Cp7-i77ie7ida,
a thing that ought to be
replete, full. (F.-L.) M. F. repressed;h ence, check. Fem. of the
a
repjei,
masc. ; replete, fem., full. L. repletus,gerundiveof 7'eprii?iere, to repress; see"

filledup ; pp. of replere,to fillagain. L. " Repress.

re-, again; plere,to fill; see L.) M. F. ;v-
Plenary. Reprisal. J. - Ital. -

Replevy, to get back detained goods

presaille, taking seizing on, a reprisal. a or

on a pledgeto try the rightin a suit. (F.

[The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
"
Teut.) F. re- (L. re-),again; O. F. rep7-ise, to seize in return ; from F. i'ep7-is,
plevir, to be surety. See Pledge. pp. of 7'epre7id}-e " L. 7-ep7-ehe7idere, (here)
Reply. (F. L.) ]\L E. replien. to seize again.] Ital.7-ipresaglia,
-
booty. - " "

O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re- placed M. Ital.7'ip7-esa, a taking again; fem. of ?7-
'
by the learned form
'
ripliqtier, p7'eso,pp.
to of ripre7ide7'e, to reprehend, also
reply. L. replied
"
re, lit. to fold back ; as a to retake. L. to seize
rep7-ehe7ide7-e, again, "

law term, to reply. L. re-, back ; plicdre,also,to reprehend

"
; see Reprehend.
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition; from Reproach. (F. L.) F. reprocher, to "

Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to reproach. Cf. Span.7-eprochar, Prov. 7-e-
repeat,reply. propchar,to reproach; answeringto Late
Report. (F. L.) M. E. reporten.
- F. L. '^rep7'opidre, to bringnear to, impute -

reporter, to carry back. L. reportdre, to, reproach. L. "

;'"?-,again; propi-tis, "

to carry back. L. re-, back ; portdre, to

"
nearer, of prope, near.
comp. See Pro-
pinquity.
carry; L-ee Port (i). The E. sense 'to translation of L. obicere
"[ A
relate' is due to F. rapporter, O. F. to bringnear
{objice7-e., or cast before one,

raporter ; with prefix ra- " L. re-ad. to reproach.

Repose. (F. L. andGk..) F. reposer, Reprobate. (L.) L. rep7-ohdtus,

" xz-

to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre, to pause, proved,rejected ; pp. of reprobare,

to reject
rest. L. re-, again; pansdre, to pause,
"
upon trial. L. 7-e-,back; p7-obdre,\.o test. "

from pausa, sb., due to Gk. "navai^, a pause. See Probable.

^ Important; this is the verb which seems reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
to have given rise to poser and its com- pounds. also 7'ep7-eve7t.0 F. 7'ep7'over(F.riprmi- "

See Pose. vc7-^\to reprove, condemn. L. reprobdre, "

Repository, storehouse. (F. L.^ to reject,

reprove (above).
a "

M. F. repositoire,
a storehouse. L. reposi- Reptile, crawling; usually, as a " sb.
'
torium. 'L, repositus,
"
pp. of reponere,to (F. L.) F. ;r////(f, ; Cot.
crawling "
'
" L.

443
 REPUBLIC RESIST

reptilem,ace. reptilis,creeping. L. scinder,

of to cancel ; Cot. L. rescindei-e,
" to "

reptus,pp. of repere,to
creep.+Lithuan. cut off,annul. L. re-, back ; scindere, to "

repioti,to creep. cut. Allied to Schism. (-/SKHEID.)

Republic. (F." L.) M. F. repubUque, Rescript. (F.-L.) W.". rescript, ^.

the commonwealth
'
; Cot. L. respublica, replyin writing. L. rescriptu??i,
'
" neut. of "

a republic.L. res, a matter, state ; ptib- pp. of rcscribere,

" to write back. L. re-, "

lica,fem. oi pub lieus, public. See Real. back ; scribere, to write ; see Scribe.
Repudiate. (L.) From pp. of L. re- Rescue, vb. (F. L.) '^l.Y. rescouen. "

pudidre,to reject.L. repudium,a casting O. F. rescourre, to rescue, save.

"
[The "

off,divorce. Perhaps from L. re-, away; same word as Ital. r/j'"^^/^r^.] Late L. "

pud-, base of pudere,to feel shame ; cf. rescutere (a.d. i 308) ; for re-excutere,to
pudor, shame, pro-pudium, a shameful drive away again. L. re-, again; ex, "

action. away ; quatere, to shake ; see Quash.

Repugnant, (F.-L.) Vl.Y. repugn-
ant, % The M. E. sb. was rescous, from O. F.
pres. pt. of repugner, to repugne,
'
rescotisse " Late L. pp. fem. rescussa.
thwart;' Cot. L. re-pugndre, to fight Research.
"
(F.-L.) Compounded of
against. " L. re-, back ;
pugndre, fight; Re-, again, and Search. Cf. Norman
to
see Pugilism. dial, rccerche, research.
Repulse. (L.) From L. repulsa, sb., Resemble. (F. L.) O.Y. resembler. "

a refusal ; or repulsdre,vb. L. repuls-tis, O. F. re-, again ; se?nbkr, to seem,

" be "

pp. of repelle7X; see Repel. Cf Norman like. L, re-, again; simuldre, to make "

dial, to repulse.
repulser, like ; see Simulate.
Repute. (F.-L.) M. F. reputer. L. - Resent. (F. L.) M.F. se
"
resentir (or
reputdre, to repute (lit.
reconsider).L. " to have
ressentir), a deep sense of. " L. 7'e-,
re-, again; putdre, to think ; see tative. again;
Pu- sentire,to feel. See Sense. Der.
resentment .

Request. (F.-L.) O.Y. requeste.- Reserve. (F.-L.) O.Y.reserver.'~l..

L. requTsTta,a thing asked, fem. of pp. reserudre, to keep back. L. re-, back; "

of requtrere, to ask back. L. re-, back ; " serudre, keep ; see Serve.
to
and qucsrere, to seek. See Quest. reservoir. (F.-L.) F. reservoir."
require. (F. L.) " M. E. requeren, Late L. reserudtorium, a store-house,
but also requircn.-^yi.Y. O. F.
reqicerir; formed from reserudre, to reserve. Cf.
requerre, with i pr. s. requier. L. " Late L. seruatorium, a store-house
requTrere (above). Der. requis-ite,from (Lewis).
pp. requisitus. Reside. (F. L.) M. F. resider,to re-
side, "

Requiem. (L.) The Mass for

stay. L. residere,to sit or remain the "

Dead was called requiem,because

it began behind. L. re-, back; sedere,to sit; see "

'
Requiem seternam dona eis.' L. reqtiiem, Sedentary. Der. residence.
"

ace. of requies,repose. L. re- ; quies, residue. "

(F. L.) O F. residu. L. -

.
-

rest. See Quiet. residuum, a remainder,neut. of residuus,

Requite. (F. L.) "
Also speltr^^wzV,remaining. " L. residere (above).
Temp. iii.3. 71. From r^- and quit; see Resign, yieldup. (F.-L.) M.F.
to
Quit. resigner. L. resigndre,to unseal,annul,
"

ReredoSy a screen at the back of a resign. L. r^-, back; signdre,to sign,

"

thing,esp. of an altar. (F. L.) " From from signiim,a sign,mark. See Sign.
M. E. rere, rear ; and F. dos,back, from L. Resilient. (L.) L. resilient-,
stem of
dorsum, back. See Rear (2)and Dorsal. pres. part, of resilire, to leap back. L. "

Reremouse, Rearmouse, a bat. re-, back ; salire,to leap. See Salient.

(E.) A. S. hreretnus,a bat ; from the Resin, Rosin. (F.--L.-Gk.) M.E.
' '
flappingof its wings. A. S. hreran, to recyn, recine. M.F. resine, rosin ; Cot.
" "

agitate,allied to hror,adj., quick; Norman

stirring, dial, rosine. L. resina, Jer.li.8 "

mus, a mouse. Cf. prov. Y.Jlitier-mouse,

(Vulgate). Gk. pijTivT}, resin,gum from "

a flutter-mouse or bat. And cf. Uproar. trees. See Prellwitz.

^ Perhapsa popularetymology; cf. early Resist. (F.-L.) O. F. resister.-L.
A, S. hreatha-mus,a bat ; EpinalGl. 978. resistere,
to stand back, withstand. L. re-, "

Rere ward ; see Rearward. back ; sistere,to stand, from stdre, to

Rescind, to repeal.(F.-L.) F, re- stand ; see State.

444
 RET RETROSPECT

citatus,pp. of restisctfdre,io
revive. " L. rete7m, pp. of 7-ete7iir,
to retain ; see tain.
Re-
re-, again,siis-, up, and citdre,
to rouse ;
see Cite. Retire. (F.-Teut.) yi.Y retirer, 'to .

Bet, steep flax. (M. Du.) M. Du.

to retire,withdraw;' Cot. F. re-, back; "

reten, reeten, to steep flax; Du. 7'eten. tirer,to pull; see Tier, Tirade.
Cf. Pomeran. rote?i, Swed. 7-dta,Norw. Retort, a censure returned ; tube for
7vyta, to ret ; also Du. rete, rente, Low distilling.(F. L.) M. F. reto7't, pp. "

G. rate, E. Fries. rdtte,2iretting-pit. Lit. twisted,violently returned,' '

7-etorte, a
'

' '
to make rotten ; formed by mutation lymbeck,'Cot. ; lit.a thing twisted back.
from Teut. ^rant; for which see Rotten. " M. F. reto7't,pp. of retordre,to twist
Cf Du. rooten, to ret. back. " L. 7'etorque"-e,to twist back. "

Retail, sb. (F. L.) To sell by retail - L. 7'e-, back ; torque"'e, to twist ; see
is to sell by small pieces. O. F. retail,a " Torture.
small piece.
shred,paring, " O. F. retailler, Retract. M. F. ret7-acter,
(F. L.) "

to shred, cut small. " O. F. re- ( =L. re-), '

to revoke L. 7'etractdre,
;'Cot. frequent,
"

again; tailler,
to cut ; see Tailor. of retrahere,to draw back. L. re-, back ; "

Retain. (F. L.)

" F. 7-etenir. 'L. re- " to draw:
t7-ahe7-e, see Tract (i).
tinere,to hold back; pp. retentus.^l^. retreat, sb. (F." L.) M. E. r^/r(?/^. -

i-e-, back ; tenere,to hold ; a retreat,fem.

O. F. retrete,later 7'etraite, see Tenable.
Der. retent-ion (from the pp.). of 7'etret, to withdraw.
pp. of 7'et7'aire, L. "

Retaliate, to repay. (L.) From pp. I'etrahere, to draw back (above).

of L. retdlidre, to requite; allied to tdlio, Retrench. (F.-L. ?) ^L F. ;r/r^"-
'
retaliation in kind, as in lex tdlionis, the cher,'to curtail,diminish ; Cot. L. 7-e-, "

law of retaliation. L. tali-, deal, stem

" of back; and O. F. trencher, to cut; see
talis,such, of such a kind. Cf. Gk. Tr]- Trench.
Xlko?, of such an age. From the Idg.base Retribution. \l.Y.retri- (F-_-L.)
td-, allied to Gk. to, E. t/ia-t. See That. requital."
7-etributionc7)i, butio7t.'-l^. z.Q,z.
Retard, to delay.(F. L.) F. retarder, L. 7'etributus, pp. of retribue7'e,
- to pay
to hinder. L. retarddre,to delay. L. re-, back.
" L. re-, back ; tribuere,
to pay ; see " "

again; tarddre,to make slow,from tardus, Tribute.

slow. See Tardy. Retrieve, to recover. (F. L. atid "

Retch, Reach, to try to vomit. (E.) Gk.) Formerly retreve.'-O.Y 7-etreuve, .

A. S. hnecan, to clear the throat,hawk, 3rd pers. sing,indie, of retrover, later

spit. A. "S. hrdca,spittle; cf. hracgebrcec
, retrouver, to find again. "L. again;
;-(?-,
hoarseness. 4" Icel. hrcekja, to spit; from O. F. t7vver, to find ; see Trover.
hrdki,spittle. Prob. of imitative origin. Retro-, backwards. (L.) L. retro,
Retention. (F. L.) yi.Y. " retention. backwards ; a case of a form
comparative
'
'
retention ; Cot. " L. ace. retentionejii,
a red-, back.
from re- The suffix -tro
or

holdingback. L. "
retent-ns,held back, {-trd),in ci-t7'd,
ci-trd,answers to Goth.

pp. of retinere ; see Retain. -p)-o thence; see Brugm. ii." 75.
in pa-J))'d,
Reticent, silent. (L.) From stem of See Rear (2).
pres. pt. of L. reticere,to be very silent. Retrocession. (F.-L.) F. r^t7-o- "

L. re-, back, very; and tacei'e, to be silent. cessio7i. Late L. 7'etrocessionem, ace. of "

See Tacit. a going back.

ret7'ocessio, L. retrocess-us , "

Reticule. (F.-L.)
F. riticule,a net to go further back.
pp. of ret7-dcedere, L. "

for the hair,a reticule. L. reticuhun, 7-etrd, backwards ; cedere,to go ; see Cede.
"

a littlenet ; double dimin. of I'ete,a net. Retrograde, going (F. backward.^ -

% Formerlyalso ridicule (bothin Y. and L.) O. F. reti'ograde.L. 7'etrogradus, "

E.),by confusion with Ridicule (Littre). retrograde (usedof a planet).L. retro- "

Cf. prov. F. rMictile, a reticule,dial, of gradi, to go backwards. L. ret7'd, wards

back- "

Verdun (Fertiault). ; g7-adi,

to go ; see Grade.
retina, the
innermost coating of the retrogression. (L.) Coined from
eye. (L.) Neo-Lat. 7'etina ; so called pp. of L. (above).
retro-gradi
because resembling network. Coined from Retrospect. (L.) From L. retro-
7-eti-,
for rete,a net. spectus, (unused)pp. of 7'etrospicere,
to
Retinue. (F. L.) M.E. 7-ete7zt{e." " look back. L. ret7-d,back; spece"-e,
" to
O. F. 7-ete7iue,
a body of retainers ; fem. of look.

446
 RETURN RHAPSODY

Return, vb. (F. L.) F. retoumer

"
revert. (F. L.) M. " F. revertir,to *

(Cot.). F. " re- ( = L. r^-),back; tourner, revert, returne;' Cot. " E. retiertere
to turn ; see Ttirn. (above\
Reveal. (F. L.)
Review. -

(F.-L.) From M. F.
reveler,to
Re- and '

'
reveale Cot. L. ; " View. to draw back
reiieldre.,
a veil. L. re-, back; ueha/i,\t\\; see Veil.
" Revile. ^F. L.) M. i:. reuilen - ' -

Reveille, an alarum at break of day. revilcn); F. reviler (Gower

A. F. r^-, .
"

(F. -L.) [Cf. F. r^veil,a reveille,M. F. again ; and F. vil (L. tiilis),
cheap; .=ee
resvcil, *a hnnt's-iip, or inorning-soni,^ for Vile. Lit. 'to cheapen.'
a new married wife, the day after the mar-riage Revise. (F.-L.) O.Y.reviser."!..
'

; Cot.] The E. reveille \N2LS a tri- reuisere, to look back

syllable, upon, revisit. L. "

and F. reveillez,
represented wake re-, again; Jiisere^to survey, from tusiis,
ye, impel,pluralof riveiller, to awaken ; pp. ot nidere,to see ; see Vision.
O. F. resveiller. O. F. r"?- (L.re-, again); Revisit. " (F.-L.) From Re- and
and esveiller,to awaken, from L. ex, out, Visit.
and xiigildre,to watch (fromuigil, awake). Revive. (F. L.) " F. revivre.^-l^. re-

See Vigil. ^ The E. word is also spelt nmere, to live again, revive. " L. ;y-,
reveillez ; Brand, Pop. Antiq., ed. Ellis,ii. again; inuere, to live ; see Vivid.
1 76. The F. reveillez is used as a sb. (in Revoke. (F.-L.) O.Y.j-evocqueriY.
the E. sense)in the dialect of Forez, near rdvoqitcr).L. retiocdre,to
" recall. " L. re-,
Lyons (Graz). back ; iiocdre,to call ; see Vocal.
Revel, a noisyfeast. (F.-L.) M. E. L.) Revolt, a rebellion. (F. Ital.-
"

'
bellion,M.
O. F. revel,pride,re- F. revolte,a revolt ; Cot. W. Ital. '
reuel sb.
{revel), " "

sport, jest, disturbance, disorder revolta (Ital.rivolta), a revolt; fern, of

(Roquefort).O. F. reveler,
t o rebel,
hence, " t
revolto, urned,overthrown, pp. of rwol-
to riot. L. rebelldrs,to rebel ; see Eebel.
"
vere, to turn, roll back, overturn. L. re- "

Der. revell-er ; whence rcvel-r-y. icoluere,to roll back (below).

Revenge. (F. L.) 0.". revengier, revolve. (L.) L. retwlnere,
"
to turn
also revencher, to avenge oneself (F.re- again,revolve. L. r^-, again;uoluere,to "

va9icher).~'".
re- ( = L. again; O. F.
re-), turn ; see Voluble. Der. revolut-ion. from
vengier, venger, from L. uindicdre, to pp. reuohlius.
vindicate ; see Vindicate. Revulsion. (F. L.) M.F. revulsion, "

Revenue, income. (F. L.) M. F. re- " 'a pluckingaway; also the drawing of
'

venu, m., and revenue, f. * revenue, rent ; humours from one part of the body into
another;' Cot. L. reiiulsiojtem, of
Cot. From revenu, pp. of revenir,to " ace.

come F. re-, back ; venir, to come.

back. " reiiulsio,
a plucking back. L. retaclsus, "

" L. re-, back ; Jientre, to come ; see pp. of reiiellere,to pull back. L. re-, "

Venture. back ; uellere,to pull,pluck. Cf. Con-

vulse.
Reverberate. (L.) From pp. of L.
to beat back
7'eiierberdre, (hence,to re-echo)."!..Reward, vb. (F.-L. ^"^0. H. G.)
back; tterberdre^to beat, A. to look
F. rezvarder; O. F. regarder,
;-^-,
from tierber,
a scourge. back upon, regard (with favour) ; see
Revere. (F. L.) W.Y reverer {" Regard. Doublet, regard.
"
. .

rev"er), to reverence. " L. reuereri, to Reynard, Renard, a fox. (F.-

revere, awe L. re-, again; Teut. ) O. F. renard,regnard(F. renard).
stand in of. "

tiererJ, to fear,feel awe, allied to E. Low G. (M. Flemish) Reinaert,the "

Wary. Der. reverence, O. F. reverence, name given to the fox in the celebrated
L. reuerentia ; also rever-end. M. Flemish epicso called. Cognatewith
Reverie, Revery. (F. L.) F. O. H. G. Reginhart,lit.'strong in coun-
sel -

7-everie,a raving, a vain fancy,a revery. ; from O. H. G. regin-,ragin-, swering

an- "
'

F. formerlyresver, raver,
rever, to rave. to Goth, ra^'w,judgment,counsel,
See Bave. and hart (E.hard),strong.
Reverse. (F. L.) M. E. reuers Rhapsody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.m/-
"

revers.'^L,. reuersns, lit. sodie,Cot. L. rha/sodia.Gk. paifwdia,

{revers).-'0.". " "

turned backwards ; pp. oireuertere, to turn the reciting epicpoetry,part of an epic

of
backward. L, re-, back ; ueriere,to" turn ; poem, a rhapsody,tirade. Gk. ^ai^o^So?, "

see Verse. one who stitches)

strings(lit. songs to-

447
 RHETORIC RICKETS

a reciter of epicpoetry.
gether, Gk. pad/-, Perhapsallied to G. rebe,a tendril ; from "

stem of fat. of pa-miiv, to stitch together, the idea of clasping (Kluge).

fasten together ; whij, an ode ; see Ode. Ribald. (F. -Teut.) yi.Y.. ribald,
Rhetoric. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. rhe- ribatid. O. F. ribald (F.riband). LowL.
-
- " "

toriqiie; Cot. L. rhetorica, i.e. rhetorica

"
7-ibaldiis,
a ruffian ; cf. Low L. j-ibalda,
a

arsj the art of rhetoric ; fern, of prostitute.Of

r/ieforicus, Teut. origin. O. - H. G.
adj. " Gk. /JT/Topttfo?,rhetorical ; adj.from hrlpa,M. H. G. rJbe, a ; cf. O. F.
prostitute
prjTojp, an orator,speaker. For fpij-Tcxjp.
riber,to be wanton. The suffix -aid
related by gradationto O. H. G. wait, power. ('ipeiv,
to speak is due
Cf. to

(for*/^6/)-jj/etv).Allied to 4019. Verb. Korting,"

Itheuin. (F. L. Gk. ) M.F. rhenme. "

Riband, Ribbon.
"
(F.) \\. E. liban,
" L. rkeuuia.^GX^. ^cC/xa (stempevp-ar-),reban. [Also Irish i-ibin, a ribbon ; Gael.
a flow,flux, rheum. Gk. p"v-aopai, fut. of ribean,a ribbon,fillet;from E.] O. F.
" "

pieiv, to flow; (for*"tps f -dv). -^Sktsru, 7-iban (F. ruban),a ribbon (Littre) ; Gas-
con
to flow. Allied to Stream. (VSREU.) and Languedoc ribaii ; Norman dial.
Der. rhetimat-ic. riban. Low L. rubdnus (a.D. 1367).
I"llinoceros. (L. Gk.) 'L.rhTnoceivs. Originunknown ; cf. Dan. vride-baatid,
"
a
" Gk. piv6K(poj"5,\\L nose-horned.' Gk. twisted band. '
"

pivo-, for pis, nose; Kepas, a horn,allied Rice. (F. Ital. L. Gk. O. Pers.) - - - -

to Horn. O. F. ris, rice; F. W2;. " Ital. riso.-^L.

Hhizome, (F. Gk.) oryza. Gk. opv^a,
a rootlike stem. opv^ov,rice,grain.From " "

F. rAizo//ie. pi^cvpa,root.
" Gk. Gk.
an O. Pers. form, preserved in the Pushto "

pLCovf, to cause to take root. Gk. pi^a, (Afghan)wrijzey, wrijey.,rice ; ivrijzdh, "

root. See Root. a grain of rice (Raverty). Hence also

Rhododendron. (L -Gk.) L.r/iodo- Arab, tiriizz, ruzz, whence Span, arroz,
dendron. "Gk. poSodevdpov, the rose-bay,rice. Allied forms are Pers. birinj, Armen.
oleander. Gk. poSo-, for p65ov,rose; brinj,
" rice ; Skt. vrihi-,rice. (Horn," 208;
Sevdfjoi',
tree. Gk. p68ov is of Armenian Yule.)
origin; see Rose. Rich.
(E.) M. E. I'lchc K.^. rice, "

Rhodomontade ; see tade.

Rodomon- powerful,rich. [We also find O.F. riche,
from O. Sax. 7-iki,allied to O. H. G. rihhi,
Rhomb, Rhombus. (L.-Gk.) L. M. H. G. 7'iche (G. reich), powerful.]+
rhombus (F.rhombe)." Gk. pop^os,a thing Du. rijk, Icel. rikr,Swed. rik,Dan. ng^
twirled round,whirling spindle,a thingin Goth, reiks. Teut, type *rTkiz, powerful,
the shape of a whirlingspindle, a four- from the base rik- as seen in Goth, reiks,
sided figure with equalsides but unequal a ruler ; cognate with the Celtic base rig-,
angles. Gk. ^e/ijSeti',
" to revolve. Allied as in Gaulish rix, a king (cf.O. Irish ri,
to "Wrinkle (Prellwitz).See also gen. 7-ig, a king,W. rhi, a chief) ; unless
Rumb. the Teut. base rJk- is merely borrowed
Rhubarb. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) O. F. from the Celtic rig-. Cf. L. i-ex, gen. reg-is,
reiibarbe; F. rhubaybe.''\jdXt L. rheti- a king. All from VREG, to rule (L.reg-
barbartim (= rheum barbanun\ Gk. " ere). See Regent. Brugm. i."" 135,549 c.
rhubarb ; lit.' Rheum
pr]ov /3ap)3a/)oj' from riches. (F. " O. H.G.) M. E. richesse,
,
the barbarian country.'Gk. prjov is an a sing.sb. ; the pi.being richesses. Y. "

adj. from p\, the rha-plant,rhubarb,which wealth.

richesse, M.
O. H. G. j-Thhi, - H. G.
was also called Rhd Poniiaim. Rhd rich (above).
rlche (G. reich), The suffix
took its name from the river Rha, i.e. the is F. -esse, L. -itia.
Volga. And see Barbarous. Rick. (E.) Rick hirora K.S. hrycce,
Rhumb ; see Rumb. as in corn-rick.
corn-hrycce, We also find
Rhyme; Rime see(0. M. E. reek,A.S. hreac. a heap,a rick.+
Rhythm. (F.-L.-Gk.) yi.Y.rithme, Icel. hraukr, a rick ; Du. rook. Cf. O.
Cot. "
h.rhylhj/ius. Gk. pvOpos.measured Irish c7-nach.a rick ; and see Ruck
"
(2).
motion,time,measure. " Gk. penv, to flow. Rickets, a disease of children, ac-
companied
See Rheum. by softness of the bones and
Rib. (E.) M. E. rtbbe. A.S. r/bb.'\- great weakness, (E.) A prov. E. word
Du. r/b,Ice], rif,
Swed. ref-been
(rib-bone),firstnoticed about A. D. 1620 ; whence the
Dan. rib-been \ G. rippe\ Russ. rebro. medical term rachitis was coined about
448
 RICOCHET RIG

1650,with allusion to Gk. ^ax'?,tliespine. (^North-riding A^orth-thriding). Icel.= "

Cf. prov. E. rickety^i.e. tottery,weak, PriSjtingr,the third part of a thing,

third
unstable. Formed from M. E. luj'ikken,part of a shire. Icel./rzdz,
" third ; cognate
to twist,wrest, still in use in the phrase with A. S. pridda, third. See Third,
*
to wrick one's ankle,' Allied to A.S. Three. So also Norw. tridjung, a third

7vriftgan,
to twist ; see Wring and part.
Wry. Du.
Cf. wrikken, Svved. ricka, Rife. (Scand.) M. K. r//,late A.S.
; Swed.
to be rickety rickug,rickety. ;-//",Icel. rifr,
munificent,abundant; M.
"

Biicochetjthereboundof a cannon-ball. Swed. rif,rife; Norw. riv.-\-'^\. Du. rijf,

(F.) F. ricochet,'
the sport of skimming a abundant ; Low G. rive,abundant, munifi-
cent,
thinne stone on the water, called a Duck extravagant. Cf. Icel. reifr,
glad;
'
and a Drake ; Cot. Originunknown.
reifa, to bestow.

Rid (i), (E.)

to M. E. riddeii,
free. Riff-raff, refuse. (F.-Teut.)M.E. 77/
7-eddeu. A. S. hreddan, to snatch away, and raf,thingsof small value,hence every
deliver.+ O. Fries. Jiredda,Du. redden, bit. M. F. rif et raf,every bit ; also
"

Dan. redde,Swed. rddda; G. retten. Teut. 1-ifIeet rafle.' II ne luy lairra rifny raf,

type *hradja7z-. Cf. Skt. crath, to untie. lie will striphim of all ;' Cot. Here rif
Rid (2),to clear, esp. land. (Scand.) or rifle i s a thing of small value, from
Prov. E. rid. M. E. ruden (pp. rid)." rifler, to rifle, ransack ; and rafle is from
hrytija\to clear,clear
Icel. rydja (orig. M. F.
raffler, to rifle, ravage. Both are
out; Dan. rydde,to clear,grub up land. words
of Teut. origin, drawn together by
Teut. type Virudjan-^ from *-hrtid-, weak their sound,thoughof different origin.F.
grade of ^hrenthan- (Icel.hrjoda),to rifler is from Icel. hrlfa (see Rifle (i));
strip.^ Coni'used with rz^(i). M. F. raffler is from G. raffeti, to seize.

Riddle (I), enigma. (E.)

an Properly Rifle ( I ) to spoil,) plunder. (F. "
Teut.)
riddles ; and the pi.should be riddles-es. M. F, rifler, 'to rifle, spoile ;'Cot. Norm,
M. E. redels.-'K. S. radels,radelse,a dial, rifler(Dumeril). Formed, with
riddle, ambiguity,something requiringfrequentative -/-,from Icel. hrtfa,rifa,
explanation. A. "S. rckdan, to discern, plain
ex- to catch, grapple,grasp ; allied to Icel.
; see Read.+Du. raadsel, f or *raad- hrifsa, plunder.
is-lo-,the A. S. -els being for -isl; G. Rifle (2),a kind of musket. (F."
rdthsel,a riddle. ^ We stillsay to read Teut.) Short for rifled gun, from the verb
a riddle,i.e. to explain it. rifle, to groove. O. F. rifler,
" to scratch,

Riddle (2),a largesieve. (E.) M. E. graze (Godefroy). Low G.

" rifeln,to
ridil. A vS.hridder,
.
a vessel for winnowing furrow, chamfer; E. Fries, riffeln(the
com older form hrlder (Sweet); the same),riffel, a groove; Dan. rifle, to rifle,
;
suffixed -er and -z7 {-le) beingequivalent. groove, rifle, a groove ; Swed. refla, to

Gael. rifle. So also G. riefe, a furrow; riefefi,

4-0. H. G. ritera ; Irish creathair,
criathar ; L. cribrum. Lit. sense sepa- riefeln,
'
to rifle(from Low G.). All allied
rater.' All from Idg. root '^krei,to to Rival, and to Rive.

separate ; cf. Gk. Kpl-veiv. See Critic. rift. (Scand.)Dan. and Norw. rift,
Ride. (E.) M. E. ridetj, pt. rood,pp. rift,
t. rent. Norw. "
riva,Dan. rive,to tear.
riden. A. S. ridan,pt. t. rdd, pp. ride?z. Cf. Icel. ript, a breach of contract. See

+Du, rijden, Icel, rl6a, Dan. 77^.?, S wed. Rive.

rida ; G. reiten. Also O. Irish riad-aim, Rig (i), to fitup a ship.(Scand.) Spelt
I drive, ride. (V^EIDH.) Brugm. i. rygge in Palsgrave. -Norw. rigga,to bind
also to rig a ship; i-igg,
" 210. Der. road, read-y. up, wrap round,
Ridge. (E.) yi.Y..rigge,rugge. A.S. sb.,rigging. Cf. Swed. dial, riggapa, U
the back of beast. +Du. harness horse. Also Westphal.riggen,
hrycg, a man or a

Dan. Swed. Du. rijgen, G. reihen, to stitch together,

rug, back, ridge, ryg, rygg,
Icel. hryggr;G. riicken, O. H. G. hrucki. orig.to put in a row ; cf. E. Fries, rige,
Cf. O.Irish croccenn, (1)hide,(2)the back. ris^e,a row. See Row (i).
Ridiculous. (L.)'L.ridicul-t/s,]a.ugh- JElig (2),a frolic,prank.(E.?) We also
able ; with suffix -ous. L. ridere,to "
find rig,to be wanton ; riggish, wanton,

p^or %vrig, and allied to wriggle ; see

laugh.
Cf. Norw. rigga, to rock ; E.
Riding, one of the three divisionsof the Wriggle.
(Scand.)Yox thridiug Fries, wriggen, wriggle; to Du. wrikken,
county of York.
449
 RIG RIP

to stir to and fro^icriggelen, to wriggle; which is a different word from M. H. G.

and see Rickets. rim, O. H. G. rim (A. S. rfw), in the
Rig (3% a ridge. (E.) M.E. rig, sense of 'number.' From F. i-iine came
Northern form of rigge,rugge, a ridge.also Ital. Span. Port, rima; also Du.
See Ridge. 7'ijm,Icel. ri7"ia,G. rei7}i.
Right. (E.)right A. S.
M. E.
riht, Rime (2),hoarfrost. (F.) For hrime.
.

ryJit;O. Merc. reht.-if-V)yx. regt, recht, A. S. hrijn,hoarfrost. + Du. riji"i, Icel.

Icel. rettr (for *rehtr),Dan. 7'et,Swed. hrlm, Dan. riim^ Swed. ri7n. Allied to
rat, G. recht,O. H. G. reht,Goth, raihts. Du. 7-ijp, G. reif, hoar-frost.
Teut. type '^rehtoz; Idg. type ^rektos^ as Rim.er, a tool for enlarging holes in
in L. rectus. Cf. W. rhaith,sb., right,metal. (E.) From A. S. ry77ia7i, to en-
large.

O. Ir. recht; Pers. rdst. See Regent. " A. S. 7'U7n, wide. See Room.
^VRKG.) ripple, as the surface of Rimple, to

righteous. (E.) Corruptionof M.E. water. (E.) To ri7npleis to shew

rightzvis ; A. S. rihtwis, i. e. wise as to wrinkles. A. S. hry77ipel, a wrinkle. " "

v/hat is right. A. S. 7'iht, "

right; zvis, A. S. hi-u77ip-, riwip-, weak grade of
wise. hri77ipa7i or ri7Jipa7i,to wrinkle. + Du.

Rigid. (L.)'L.rigiihis,s\.\^.~''L.rigere, rimpel,a wrinkle,ri77ipelc7i, to wrinkle ;

to be stiff. Brngm. i. " 875. O. H. G. hri77ifa7i, M. H. G. 7-i77ipfen (cf.
Rigmarole. (Scand.; and F. L.) G. 7'ii77ipfeii) to crook bend, wrinkle. (See
"

, ,

Well i";nown to be a corruptionof ragmaji- Franck.j See Rumple.

roll,orig. a deed with many signatures, a Rind. (E.) M. E. rind, ri7ide. A. S.
long list of names ; hence, a longstupid rinde, bark of a tree,crust (of bread).
+
story.Lit. coward's roll.' Icel.ragmcniii,M. Du. and G. bark.
rijide, Allied
'
" to
a coward, from ragr, a coward, and madr Rim.
{ jnaiiiir),a
= with the addition of
man; Ring (i),a circle. (E.) M. E. ring.
for which
roll, Roll. The Icel. ragr
see A. S. h7'ing.-\-'Dvi. Low
ri7ig. G. ri7ig,riyik^
seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward, Icel. hringr, Swed. Dan. G. ring,O. H. G.
A. S. eafg. hri7tc. Teut. type '^hre7tgoz ; Idg. type
Rigol, a circlet. (Ital.-O. H. G.) In *kre7ighos ; also *kro72ghos,as in O. Bulg.
Shak.-Ital. rigolo,a little wheel (Tor- krq,gii, Russ. krtigie),
a circle. See Rank
riano); cf. riga,a line,a stripe.O. " H.G. and Harangue.
riga,riga, a line,the circumference of a Ring (2),to sound a bell. (E.) M.E.
circle (G. reihe).See Row (i). ringen. A. S. hringan,to clash,ring; a
Rile ; see Roil. weak verb,as in Scand. ; but Englishhas
Rill,a streamlet. (Low G.) Cf. Low G.
by analogy with satig from pt. t.
rang,
rifle,
E. Eriesic Dan. and
rille, dial,
hringja,Dan. ri7ige, a Swed.sing.+ Icel.
* rithele
streamlet. Apparentlyfor ; cf. 7'itiga.Cf. Icel. //r"z"!^,a din ; 'L.cla7ige7'e,

A. S. riQe, a stream ; Low G. ride, a to clang.

stream ; G. -reide (in place-names).See Rink, a course for the game of curling,
Phil. Soc. Trans. 188S, p. 166. "[ Norm, "c. (E.) A peculiar form of ritig, in the
dial, risk, rille,the name of a river, sense oi prize-i-ing, "c. Cf. Low G. 7-ink,
written Ridula, Risila, Risla in old a ring.
tharters (Robin,p. 432). Rinse. (F.) M. F. ri7iser,to reinse '

'
Rim. (E.) M. E. ri7n. A. S. rinia,a linnen clothes ; Cot. F. rincer ; from
verge, edge ; cf. W. I'hiin, rhimp,rhimyn, O. F. rdincer (Littre). Cf. O. F. reiytcier^
a rim, edge.+ Icel. 7'imi,a stripof land. to rinse (Godefroy).Of unknown origin.
Perhaps allied to G. rand, a rim, and to Riot. (F. O. H. G. ?) O. F. rioie,a -

Rind (Kluge). Brugm. i. " 421. brawling. The same as Prov. 7'iota, Ital.
Rim.e (i),verse, poetry, "c. (F. L. 7-ioita, dispute, strife. Of unknown
"
origin ;
"
Gk.) Usuallyspeltrhyjtie, by confusion see Korting.
with rhythm, but not before A. D. 1550. Rip. (Scand.;or F. Scand.) M.E. "

'
M, E. rime. F. rime, ' rime, or meeter
"
; ripeti,to grope, search into ; 7ypeizvp, to
'
Cot. Cf. M. F. rithme, ' rime, or meeter ; seek out (cf. E. 7-iptip).Cf. O. F. 7'iper,
id. Prob. from L. rhythmus, rhythm ; to scratch (Godefroy). Norweg. rz^a,to "

of Gk. origin; see Rhythm. ^ Hence scratch, Swed. dial. 7'ipa,

to scratch,pluck
*
also M. H.G. rim, in the sense of verse,'asunder (likeE. ripope7i)
; Dan. oprippe,
450
 RIPE ROAD

*o ripup ; Swed. rcpa upp, to ripup, repa., Rite. (L.) L. rilus, a custom. + Skt.
to scratch. Allied to Du. repel,G. riffel,rid-, a going,way, usage; fiom rl, to go,
a flax-comb; see Bipple (i). The Taut. flow. Cf Ijrugm. ii." 498. Der. 7~itu-al,
base takes a double form ; see Reap ; of. from L. ritn-, deck stem oiriins.
Ripe below)and Rope.
;^ Rival. (F. L.) F. rival. L. rJudlis, - -

Ripe. (E.) M. E. ripe. A. S. ripe,fit sb.,one who uses the same brook as another,
for reaping; of.rip,harvest. A. S. rlpan, a near "
neighbour,a rival. L. riutis,a "

to reap. + Du. rijp,G. reif,ripe. See stream. Cf Skt. rJ,to go, flow.
Rip, Reap, Rive, to tear. (Scand.) M. E. riuen
Ripple (i\ to pluck the seeds from {ti v).-''[ct\. rifa,pt, t. reif,\^^. ri/inn
=

flax-stalks. (E.) M. E. ripplen, ripelen, ("-E. riven", to rive; Dan. i-ive, Swed.
to ripple ; from the sb. ripple,a llax-comb rifva. Cf Gk. kpuvnv, to dash down;
(Jamieson).Formed, with suffix -le, of L. rfpa,a bank (shore).See Reef.
the agent, from the weak grade,^rip-, of Rivel, to wrinkle. (E.) M.E. riiielen
A. S. ripan, to reap, cut ; see Reap. Cf. {21 v). A. S. ri/eled, wrinkled
=
(Eng.
Swed. repa, to ripple flax,orig. to scratch, Stud, xi, 66); cf ge-rijlian, to wrinkle ; a

rip; see Rip (above). + Du. repelen, to frequent, form from the weak grade of
ripple, from repel, a ripple, from M, Du, Teut. *reifan-, as seen in Icel. rifa,to
repen, to beat flax ; G. riffeln, to ripple,rive; see Rive fabove). Ci. K.'^.gej'ifod
from riffel, a ripple. wrinkled; JEM. Horn. i. 614.
Ripple (2),to cause or shew wrinkles River. (F. L.) M. E. riuer {u v). " =

on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) A A. F. rivere,O. F. riviere. (F. rivih'e.)

"

late word ; the same as Ripple (3)below. The same as Span, ribera,a shore,strand,
The older word Riraple, q. v.
was sea-coast,Ital. rivicra,shore,bank, also
Ripple (3),to graze slightly, (Scand.) a river;Late L. ripdria,(i)shore,bank,
*
Ripple,rescindere ;'Levins (1570). Fre-
quentative
(2) river, Late L. ripdrius,belonging -"^

of Rip (above). to a shore. "L, ripa, shore,bank. Allied

Rise. (E.) '^.Y.. risen.
K.^. risan, to Rive,

pt.t. rds, pp. risen.'\-Y)yx.

rijzen,orig.to Rivet. (F. Scand.) F. rivet, * the
"

move, also in M. Du. to fall (contrary to welt of a Cot. ; also a rivet (Littre).
shoe,'
the E. sense); Icel. risa ; O. H. G. risan, " F. 7-iver, clench,fasten back.
to rivet, "

to move up or down, to rise,to fall ; Goth. Icel. rifa,to tack,sew

looselytogether ;
ur-reisan,
to arise. Teut. type *reis-an-,
rifasai7ian, to stitch together.Cf. Shet-
land
to slipaway. Der. raise,rear, vb. riv, to sew coarsely, Aberdeen riv,
Risible. (F. L.) F. risible. L. risi- to rivet.
-
-

bilis, laughable.L, risus, pp. of ridere, Rivulet. (L.) Dimin.fiom

"
L.m"//?^j-,
to laugh. See Ridiculous. a small stream ; dimin. oi7'itnts, a stream;
'
Risk. Ital. L.) F. peril lit, flowing.' Cf Ital. 7-ivoletto
(Torriano'
_(F. -
risque,
-
; .

Cot. Orig.a maritime word. Ital. risco, See Rival.

"

peril ; Florio ; the same word (probably) Rix-dollar, a coin, (Du.-G.) Du,
as Span,risco, a steep abruptrock ; whence rijks-daalder, a rix-dollar, G. reichs- "

the sense of peril,' '

as shewn by Span,ar- ihaler,a dollar of the empire, G. 7'eic/iS, "

riesgar, O. Span, arriscar, to venture into gen. case of 7-eich, empire,allied to G.

danger (lit. go againsta rock).
t o The rich
7-eich, ; and thaler, a dollar; see Rich

orig. sense of risco is cut off, sheer, like a and Dollar.

sharprock. L. resecdre,to cut back, cut
" Roach, a fish. (F." Teut.)M.'E.7'ocJie.
off short verified by
(curiously the use of -O. North, F. and Walloon O, F.
7-oche,
the Como word resega, a saw, also risk ; roce {7'osse in Cot,\ M. Du, 7'och, a skate ; "

Diaz); and cf Port, risco,(i) rock, (2) cf Dan, 7-okke, Swed. rocka, a ray ; Low
danger. L. re-,
" back ; secdre, to cut ; see G. w^hence
7-Hclie, G. 7-oc/ie,
a roach, ray.
Section. ("See further in Diaz and Kort- Originunknown. There is a remarkable
ing.''' roach, skate, ray, and
confusion between
Rissole, a minced-meat A. S. reohhe,a fish.
fritter. (F. " thornback. Cf
L.) F, rissole ; O. F. roissole,
roiissole.'^ Road. (E.) M. E. rood, rode (bothfor
Late L. type *7'usseola; from L. russens, ships and horses), A. S. rdd, a road,also "

reddish,or rather brownish; from the a raid. A. S. rdd, 2nd stem of rido7i, to "

colour. "L, russus, red. See Russet. ride. See Ride, Doublet, raid.
451
 ROAM RODOMONTADE

JELoSilH. (P- "

L.) M. E. rouieji. O. H. G.Ruodperht (G. Rziprecht, 1. e.
Coined from O. F. romier, a pilgrimto Rupert). Lit. fame- bright,'illustrious
*

Rome ; cf. O. F. routed,

a pilgrim,
romeree, in fame." O.H.G. mod-, allied to Icel.
a ; Span,
pilgrimage romero, a pilgrim; hrodr, fame; O. H. G. E. bright.
/i?;'/// =

M. E. Ronie-yennere, a runner to Rome, See Hobgoblin.

pilgrim; also Late L. rojiieus, Ital. Romeo, Robust. (F.-L.) ". robuste. ^l..
one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All robnstns,strong. O. L. robns (L.7-obnr),
"

from L. Roma, Rome. ; orig.a tough tree, oak.

strength
Roan. (F.) "M.Y.roiien; 'cheval rouen, rock Roc, a huge bird. .F. Pers.) F. "

'
a horse ;
roane Cot. Mod. F. roiian, (LittreJ.Pers. rukh, the name of a huge "

Span,roano^ Ital. rovano, roano (F'lorio).bird ; also a hero.

Origin unknown. "[ Sometimes derived Rocbet, a fine white linen robe, like a
from the town of Rouen, with which surplice, worn by bishops.(F. M. H. G.) "

'
Ital. rovano nothingto do.
can have '
F. 7'ochet, a frock ; a prelate's
rochet ;
Hoan tree, Ro-wan-tree, the moun-
tain Cot. M. H. G. roc (G.rock),
" a frock,coat.
ash. (Scand.) Speltroitn-tree, roan- 4-L)u.rok,O. Fries, rokk,A. S. rocc, Icel.
tree,roivan-tree in Jamieson. Swed. --
fonn, rokkr, the same ; Teut. type *7-nkkoz.
M. Swed. rami, rdnn, roan-tree; Dan. Rock (i),a largemass of stone. (F.)
ron, Icel. reynir. The Icel. reyniris foi- O. F. 7-oke(13thcent.), also jvque, rocqne\
*reyinir"J^rau^nir, a derivative of raiibr, commonly roche, a rock. The same as

red ; from the colour of the berries (No- Walloon 7'oc, Languedoc 7'oqtw, f.,Prov.
reen). See Red. roca. Span. 7'oca, Port, roca, 7-ocha,Ital.
Itoar. (E.) yi.Y..roren. KS.rdrian, 7'occa, 7'occia,
a rock. Cf. Low L. rocc a
to bellow. + M. H. G. rcren ; cf. Lith. (Ducange). We also find Ir. and Gael.
r'ejii,scold, Brugm.
I ii. "" 465, 741. 7-oc (prob.from E.),and Bret. 7-och (prob.
Perhapsof imitative origin. from F.). K\.%o K.'". stdn-7'occ (nth c).
Roast. (F.-G.?) M.E. rosten.-O. F. Originunknown.
'

rostir,to '
rest ; Cot. Rock (2),to shake,totter. (E.) M.E.
(F.7-oiir.
) - O.H.G.
rosten,to roast. " O. H. G. Hall); N. Fries.
grate, rokketi. A. S. I'occia/i(^C.
rost, a

-|~Dn.roosten, to roast; rooster, 7'ocke.+ Dan.

gridiron. rokke, to rock, shake,
a gridiron.Cf. also Irish rost,roast meat, Swed. dial. 7-nkka, to wag. Allied to
Gael, rost, roist,W. rykke,to pull,ryk, a pull; Icel.
rhostio,from E. ; Dan.
Bret, rosta,from 7ykkr,a hastypull; G. 7'uck,
F. jolt;
a pull,

Rob (i).(F.-O. H. G.) M.E. robhen. Du. 7-uk,a jerk. Teut. types *rukkdjan-,
" O. F. robber,more commonly rober,to ^rukkjaji-, jerk (Franck). The
to jolt,
disrobe,spoil, plunder.base ^rukk- may be related to *7-e7tka7i-,
stripoff clothing,
" F. robe,a robe ; see Robe. to shake,as dial. 7-i7ika,
seen in Swed.
to
Rob (2),a (F. Span.
conserve of fruit. "
shake rank, supine7'U7ikit)
(pt.t. ; Swed.
"
Arab.) F. juice of black
rob, 'the riinka,to shake. See Rietz.
whortleberries preserved;'Cot. Span. " Rock a distaff. (Scand.)
(.^), \z"i. rokkr,
}-ob,thickened juiceof fruit with honey. Swed. 7'ock, Dan. 7-ok, a distaff.+G. 7-ockcn ; "

Arab, rubb, a decoction of the juiceof Du. 7-0 k, 7-okke7i.

'

citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice, rocket (i),a kind of fire-work. (Ital.
'
rob ; Richardson. G.) M.Ital. 7'occhetto, a bobbin towinde "
'

; Florio.
'
Robbins, Robins, ropes for fastening silke upon ; a squib of wilde fier
sails. (E.) Lowl. Sc. ra-bajid, rai-band. So named from its shape,resembling that
E. Fries, rd-batid;where m=yard of a of a bobbin or a distaff. M, H. G. rocke, "

ship. Cf. Icel. r(7, Dan. ?'aa, Swed. ra, G. G. 7-ocke7i, a distaff (above).

rahe, yard; and Band. Rocket (2),a plant. (F.-Ital.-L.)F.

Robe. "F.-0. II.G.-) F. merly r^^"^//^. Ital. ruchetta,dimin.
robe, for- " of riica,
also robbe. - M. H. G. O.
roiib, H. G. garden-rocket. " L. eruca, a sort of cole-
raup (G. raiib\,booty,spoil ; hence, a wort : whence also G. 7'anke,rocket.
garment taken from the slain,clothing.
+ Rod, a wand, (li.) See Rood.
A. S. reaf,
Icel. ran/,
sb. ; see under Reave. Rodent, gnawing. (L.) From ro-

Der. dis-robe. of pres. part, of rddere,

dettt-,steTn to gnaw.
Robin. (F. -O.H.G.) F. Robin, Allied to Rase.
proper name; pet name for Robert. " Rodomontade, vain boasting.(F. -

452
 ROOT ROULETTE

dropped,as is usual in Icelandic in the and Irish roth,W. rhod, Lithuan. ratas ; G.
combination wr (latervr). See below. rad, a wheel. Also Skt. ratha-,a chariot,
And see Radix and "Wort. car. All from Idg. root RET, as in
Root (2),Rout, vb., to grub up, as O. Irish reth-i?n,
I run ; Lith. ritt-ti,
I roll,
a hog. (E.) A. S. wrotan, to grub
up turn round. Brugm. i. " 159. Der. rotate,
vb.); whence
(strong prov. E. wroiit^ t!ie from pp. of L. rotdre,to turn round.
same. Cf. A. S. wrot, sb.,a swine's snout ; Rote (i),routine,repetition. (F. L.) "

G. rilssel,
a snout. -^M. Du. ivroeten, the M. E. bi 7-ote,with repetition, by heart ;
same ; Icel. rota, to grub up, Dan. 7-ode,lit.in a beaten track. O.F. rote (F.route), "

Low G. wrdteji,O. H. G. ruozzait. a way, a beaten track. See Route.

Rope. (E.) M. E. roop. A. S. rap, a Rote old musical instrument. (F.
(2),an
cord,rope.+Da. reep,lct\. reip,
Swed. rep, -G.-C.) O.F.
rote^a kind of fiddle;
Dan. reb ; Goth, skauda-raip,
shoe-latchet ; answeringto O. H. G. hi'Ota,
rota, a rote ;
G. reif, circle,hoop, ring,sometimes a Low L. chrotta. Of Celtic origin. W,* "

rope. All from Teut. base '^raip-,

with crzvth,a violin ; Gael, cruit,a harp; O.
the sense of ' strip,'
hence * string.'
Per-
haps Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes-Fick, p. 99.)
from the 2nd grade of Teut. '^reip- See Crowd (2).
an-, to cut ; see Reap (Franck). And Rother, an ox. (E.) M.E. rtiQer.
cf. Ripe, Rip. Der. ous
glutin-
stringy,
j-op-y, Late A. S. hrHderti,pi.; orig.hryQer,
; stir-riip. hrider',and (incomp.) h7'id-. Hi'i8'",
Roquelaure, a short cloak.
(F.) //r/;z9'-,
cognate with G. 7-ind. Cf. alsoDu.
Named after the duke of Roquelaure(ab. 7-u7id. See Kluge and Franck.
1 71 5)." Todd. Rotten, putrid.(Scand.)M. E. 7-oten.
Rose. (L. " Gk. " Armenian .) A.S. rose. Swed. 7-utte7t,
Icel. 7'oti7i7i, " Dan. 7'aade7i,
" L. rosa;borrowed from Gk. pohov, a rotten. The Icel. roti7i7tis the pp. of a
rose (whence a form *
p^hio." rosd\ ; lost strong verb '^7'jdta,to decay,orig.to
iEolic ^pohov (for ^^fpodov). Armen. soak, wet, allied to A. S. 7'eotan,O. H. G.
"

zvard, a rose ; whence also Pers. gill. 7'iitza7i,to weep, shed tears ; cf. Lith.
See Julep. Dsr. rhododendron (Gk. bev- raudoti,Skt. rud, to weep. (-y'REUD.)
bpov,a tree). See Rot. Brugm. i. " 594.
Rosemary. (F.-L.) M.E.?wwar/". Rotundity. (F." L.) Y.7'oto7tditi.~-
" O. F. rosmarin (Cot.). L. ros77iarmiis,
" L. rotunditate77t,
ace. ness.
round-
of 7'otiinditds,
rosmarinum, rosemary, lit.sea-dew; called L. rotundits,
" round ; see Round.
7-dsmaris in Ovid. L. ?w, dew ; manmis,
"
Rouble, Ruble, a Russian coin.
marine. Named from some fancied con-
nexion (Russ.) Russ. 7-uble,a
rouble, 100 pecks.
co-
with sea-spray ; altered to rosemary Perhaps from Pers. 7'iip7ya,a ru-
pee

(asif for rose ofMary). (Miklosich).See Rupee.

Rosin ; see Resin. Roue. (F. L.) F. ri?"-^,
" lit.broken
Roster, militaryregister.(Du.) on the wheel ; hence a profligate,
a supposed
From Du. I'ooster,
a grate,gridiron ; hence, to merit that punishment.Pp. oirouer,to
lines ; lit. roaster.' Du.
a list in parallel turn round
'
F. 7'oue, a wheel.
(L. 7'0td7'e). " "

roosten,to Roast.roast ; see L. 7'ota,

a wheel. See Rotary. "

Rostrum. (L.) L. rostrtim.,a beak ; Rouge, red paint.(F. L.) F. rouge, -

pi. rostra, a pulpitfor speakers in the red. L. ace. rubeiwi ,x^^; (whenceF. 7'ouge, "

forum,adorned with beaks of shipstaken like F. 7'age from L. rabie77i).Allied to

from the Antiates. For '^rod-trnf?t. 'L. L. ruber, red. See Red. "

rodere, gnaw, to peck. See Rodent.

to
Rough. (E.) ^l.Y..7-otigh,rugh.,
7'O'w,
claus-trum
(Cf. " *claud-trujn.) ruh, "c. A. S. rfih,rough,hairy; also
Rot, vb. (E.) A weak verb; the ruig,M. Du. 7-u, Dan. ru, Low
riig.'\-'Dvi.
proper pp. is rotted,but rotte?i is com-
moner, G. rutcg, O. H. G. 7'uh,G. 7'atih. Cf.
which is a Scand. form (seebelow). Lithuan. raukas,a fold,rkkti,to wrinkle.
M. E. roten,
pp. roted. A. S. rotian, pp. ^ Distinct from raw.
rotod.-^-X^xx.
rotten,to rot ; O. H. G. rozen Rouleau. F. ;w//m", a roll
(F. L.)
"

(also rozen),to rot. See further under of paper; hence,coins in a roll of paper.
Rotten. M. F. rotile,
Dimin. of O. F. 7'ole, a roll ;

Rotary, turninglike a wheel. (L.) see Roll.

Formed from L. rota, a wheel. + Gael. roulette, a game of chance. (F. L.)
"

454
 ROUN RUBBLE
F. roulette,
a game in which a ball rolls on hedge-row.Teut. type *rai^g)'wd,
fern.,
a turningtable ; dimin. of a little from
rouelle, a root-verb ^reihioan- (pt.
t. *raihw) ;
wheel ; see Rowel. whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. 7-ij, M.
Roun, Round, to whisper. (E.) Du. rij-e,a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Shak. has with
rottiid, excrescent "/. M.E. Idg. root *reikh,whence Skt. rikhd, a

roiinen. A. S. rfaiian, to
whisper. A. S. line. "

riiJi,a whisper.+G.ratincn, to whisper; Row (2), to propelwith oars. (E.)

from O. H. G. run, a secret ; see Rune. M. E. A. S. r^zev?^,
rcz"/(r;z. to row.+Du.
"

Round. (F.-L.) O. F. roond, F. roeijcn.Icel. roa, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,

rond. " Y.. round.
rotioidits, " L. rota, a M. H.G. rilejen.Allied to O. Ir. rCx)n,
wheel. See Rotary. L. remus, an oar, Skt. aritra-. a paddle,
roundel, a kind of ballad. (F. L.) rudder,Lithuan. irti,
"
to row ; Gk. (perfios,
O. F. 7'ondd, later rondeau, a poem a paddle,oar. Der. rudder.
containini; a line which recurs or comes Row (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
rt?z^"^/again. F. rond, round (above). " rouse ; for loss of final s, cf. pea, cherry,
roundelay. (F. L.) 'Sl.Y.rondelet, sherry, shay (chaise).See Rouse
"
(2).
dimin. of O. F. rondel above. ^ Prob. Rowan-tree ; see Roan-tree.
confused,in spelling, with E. lay,a song. Rowel. (F. L.) M. F. rouelle, a little -

Rouse (i), to excite,to wake up. wheel (on a bit or a spur). Late L. "

'
(Scand.) Exciter, to stir up, rowse ; rotella,dimin. of rota, a wheel. See
*

Cot. Swed. rusa, to rush, rusa

"
tcpp,to Rotary.
start up ; Dan. rzise, to Rowlock, rush. Cf. A. S.
Rollock, Rullock, the
hreosan,to rush, fall dowTi
quickly; placeof support for an oar. (E.) Spelt
to
from Teut. base *hreus-. orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
Rouse (2),a drinking-bout.(Scand.)A corruption of oar-lock. A. S. drloc,a "

In Shak. " Dan. riiits, intoxication;Dan. rowlock. " A. S. dr, oar ; loc,cognate with
sove riisen ud=to sleepout a rouse, to G. loch,a hole. The orig.rowlocks were

sleeponeself sober; Swed. n/s, ness.

drunken- actual holes,and were called also oar-

+Du. roes, drunkenness. Prob. allied holes.

'
to East Friesic rftse,noise,uproar, ' row ; Royal. (F.-L.) W.Y.. real,roiaL~
riisen,to make a noise. [G. rausch, a O. F. real, roial (F. royal). " L. regdlis,
drunken is borrowed
fit, from some other royal; see Regal. Doublet, regal.
Teut. dialect.] ^ Otherwise, roiise is short Rub. (E.) M. E. rubben. Not in A. S.
for carouse; to drittk carouse'"to drink a -\-Dan. rubbe,Norw. rubba, E. Fries.
rouse ; N. E. D. rubben,to rub,scrub; Norw. 7'ubben,xoy\^,
Rout(i)a defeat, (2)a troop or crowd. uneven ; E. Fries, rubberig, rough; Du.
(F. L.) "F. route, 'a rowt, defeature; robbelig,'rugged,' Sewel ; also (from E.)
also a rowt, heard,flock,troope ; also a Gael, rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing,
rutt,way, path ; Cot. L. rupta, pp. of W. rhwbio, to rub.
'
" Further allied to
ruptus, broken ; from riunpere. This L. Icel. riljinn, rough, Lith. rupas, rough.
rupta came to mean (i) a defeat,flying% Not allied to G. reiben ; rather to L.
mass of broken troops; (2)a fragmentof riimpere and E. Reave.
an army, a troop ; (3)a way broken or cut Rubbish, broken stones, waste matter,
througha forest,
a way, route. refuse. (F. " O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
route, a way, course. robeux, Prompt. Parv. ; pi.of an old form
(F. L.)
" F.
route,a way, route ; see the word above.
*
rebel, clearlyrepresented by mod. E.
routine, a beaten track. (F. L.) F. rubble; see below. % Rid^bish is,in fact, "

routine,usual course ; lit. small path. a corrupt form of the old pluralof rubble.
Dimin. of F. route
(above). rubble, broken stones, rubbish. (F."
Rover, pirate,(Du.) M. E.
a rover. O. H. G. 1 ^Rubble, or rubbish of old "

'
Du. roover, a robber,pirate, thief. Du. h ouses ; Baret (1 5 80) M E. robell, Pal- " . .

rooven, to rob. Du. roof,spoil. + A. S. ladius,

"
p. 13, 1. 340. This answers exactly
reaf,Icel. rauf, G. raub, spoil; see to an old form *robel, O. F. *robel, only
Reave. Der. vb., to wander; found in the pi.robeux. A grete loode '

rove,
'
evolved from the sb. of robeux ; cited by Way in Prompt.
Row (0, aline,rank. .E.) 'S[.E.rowe. Parv. A. F. robous (for'^robetis^, rubbish,
" A. S. rdzu, rcezVy a row ; hegerdiv, a Liber Albus,p. 579. Obviously the dimin.

455
 RUBICUND RUGGED

of F. robe in the sense of 'trash,'

so well from verbal
ruffle, sb. from ruffle,
vb.,
cognate Ital. Toba^ a which was in earlyuse. See RufSe (1). '
preservedin the
gowne, a robe, wealth, goods,geare, trash, Ruff (2),the name of a bird. (E.?)
pelfe,' Florio. Cf. Ital. robaccia, old Said to be named from the male havinga
goods, rubbish ; robiccia,trifles,
rubbish ; ;7(^round its neck in the breedingseason.
from roba. See Robe. But the female is called a reeve, which
Rulbicund, ruddy. (F.-L.) Y.rubi- pointsto formation by vowel-change from
cond. " L. riioiciindus^
very red. " L. some different source.

to be red.
riibere, See Ilsd. Ruff (3),a fish. (E.?) M. E. ruffe.
rubric, '^
in red.
direction printed (V . Origin unknown.
"
L.) F. rtibriqiie.L. " rtibrlca,red Ruff (4), a game at cards.
(F.) A
earth; also a title written in red. " L. modification of O. F. roffle, rotiffe,
roujle,
ruber, red (above). M. F. rojijie,'hand-ruffe, at cards,'Cot-
ruby, red gem. (F. L.) O. F. rubi, grave ; jouer h la 7'onjle,
a
'
"to play at hand-
nibis ; F. rtcbis (where s is the old sign ruffe,alsoto snore,'id. Cf. Ital. rojifa,
ruff;
of the nom. case). Cf. Span, ritbi,
rithin, ronfare, snort, trump at cards. From
t o to
Port, rubim, Ital.riibino. Late L. rubiniis, Tuscan ronfiare(F. ronjler),
" to snore,
a ruby ; from its colour. L. riibeus,red ; snort ; supposedto be from L. 7'e-iu-Jldre,
"

riibere, to be red. Allied to Red. to re-inflate (Korting).See Inflate. But

Ruck (i),a fold,crease. (Scand.) Icel. it may be of imitative origin.
hriikka, a wrinkle; cf. hrokkiii, curled, Ruffian, a bully.(F.- Ital.-Teut.)
pp. of hrokkva, to recoil,give way, curl ; Walloon roufflau, M. F. riijien,
ruffien,
Norw. rukka, a wrinkle.
'a bawd, pandar;'Cot. Cf. Swed.Ital. ruffiano,
rynka, "

'
Dan. rynke,a wrinkle. rofflano, Teut.
*a pander, ruffian,swaggrer
From ; base
*hrenk- (Noreen). Florio. For '^ruffldnus, formed with L.
Ruck (2),a heap,small pile.(Scand.) suffix -anus from Low G. ruffeln, to act
Norw. and M. Swed. riika, a heap ; cf. Icel. as pandar. See RufBLe (2).
hraukr, a rick,heap; see Rick. Ruffle (0, to disorder a dress. (E.)
Rudder. (E.) M. E. roder, rot her. M. \i. ruffelen, to entangle, run into knots;
A. S. roSer,a paddle. Here r^-5^r rowing also (apparently) to rumple. Cursor Mundi,
=

implement;from rJw-a;;,to row. (Paddles 26391 Allied to Ruff (i) above. + M. Du. .

precededrudders.)+ Du. roer (forroedcr), ruyffelen, to ruffle, wrinkle, 7'uyffel, a

an oar, rudder; Swed. roder, ror \ Dan. wrinkle,a crumple; E. Fries, ruffelen,
ror\ G. ruder. See Row (2). ruffeln, to pleat. P"om *ruf,weak grade
Ruddock, a red-breast. (E.) A.'^.rud- of Teut. *reufan-,to break, tear; see
duc. Hence W. rhuddog, Corn, ruddoc, Reave. Cf. Lithuan. ruple,rough bark
a red-breast. See below. on old trees. Der. sb.
ruffle,
ruddy. (E.) M. rody,A. S. rndig,
E. RufB.e (2),to bluster, be turbulent.
ruddy. From A. S. ^rud-,weak gradeof (M. Du.) Obsolete. Rufflers were ing
cheat-
reodan, to redden, a strong verb, whence bullies,
highwaymen,lawless or violent
also A. S. read,red ; see Red. men (Nares). M. Du. roffelejt,
roffen, to "

Rude. (F.-L.) F. rude. L. rudem, pandar (Oudemans) ; Low G. ruffeln, to"

ace. of riidis,
rough,raw, rude. pandar,ruffeler,
a pimp, intriguant; Dan.
rudiment. (F.-L.) F. rudimeiit.'^ ruffer, a pandar. A and
ruffler a rufflan
L. rudimentuDi, thing in the firstrough are much the same.
a See Ruffian.
state,a firstattempt. L. rudi-s,rude. Rug. (Scand.) Swed. rugg, rough en-
" tangled

Rue be sorry for. (E.) M. E.

(0" to hair,cf. M. Swed. rtiggig, rough,
reiven, A. S. hreoiuan (pt.t. hreaw).^ hairy; Icel. rogg, shagginess.Also Low
O. Sax. hrewajt, O. H. G. hriuwaji, G. G. ruug, rough,rugen, to be rough (like
retten. Cf. Icel. hryggr,grieved, hrygd, flocks of hair); E. P'ries.rug, rough,ruge,
ruth. Teut. type * hre'W7van- , io pity. a roughness, a rough side of a skin ; ruger,

Rue (2),a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. a rough-hided animal {e.g.a cat).

or furry
^iie. 'L. nl/a.
" Gk. pvrri, rue; whence" See Rough.
also G. raute. Cf. A. S. rude,rue. rugged. (Scand.)M. E. rugged;also
Ruff (I ),a kind of frill. (E.) 'Ruffe ruggy, Ch. C. T., A 28S3. The litter is
'
of a shirt ; Levins (1570). So called from from M. Swed. rugglg, rough, hairy."
its uneven surface; apparentlyshortened Swed. rt{gg, roughentangled hair (above).

456
 RUGOSE RUNAGATE

Rugose, full of wrinkles. (L.) L. ru- Ruminate. (L.) From pp. of L. rt'f
Irom ruga, a wringle.Cf. Lith. minare, to chew
^dsus'z.^]., the cud, ruminate. L. "

rankas,a wrinkle,runku, I grow wrinkled. rtanin- for rumen., the throat,gullet, ,

Brugm. ii." 628. Allied to L.

ru-gire, to roar, bray, Gk.
Billin. (F. L.) Y. ruine.'''L. ruTna,
"
uj-pv-yr], roaring,Cj-pv-onai,
a I roar; Skt.
an overthrow. L. ruere, "to rush, fall ru, to hum, bray. roar. (y'REU.) See
down. Brugm. ii. " 529. Rumour.
Rule, sb. (F. L.) M.Y.. i-eiile, riwle.
"
Rummiage, to search thoroughly.
" A. F. renle,O. F. rinle, reule (F. regie).(Du. ; with F. suffix.)Due to the sb.
" L. regiila, a rule. L. regere, to rule. rumffiage, i.e. stowage. Prov. (S. F.) ar-
"
"

See Regent. rumage (mod. Prov. arrimage), stowage.

Rum (0? a spirituous liquor.(Prov.E.) Prov. arrumer (mod. Prov. arrufie?-),to "

Called runibo in Smollett,Per. Pickle,c. ii stow. L. ad-; and Prov. rum, from Du. "

and c. ix ; this is short for the sailor's Ir"zw a ship's hold. See Room.
word rumhozvling,grog. Orig. called Rum.m.er, a sort of drinking-glas?.
Rnmbidlion in Barbadoes, A. D. 1651; (iJu.j Used for Rhenish wine. 'Rhenish
'
from Devonsh. rtanbtillion,uproar, pus,
rum- rummers ; Dryden, " Du. ivemer, romer,
which is prob.allied to Rumble. wine-glass ; Low G. i-'dmer,a large a

Rum (2), strange,queer. (Hindi.) ' Ktim, wine-glass ; hence G. romer, a rummer.
gallant, a cant word ;'Bailey (1737)-Rn?/! Du. roemer is prob. from Du. roem,
'
reallymeans Gypsy'; hence good' from boasting,praise
'
; as if a glassto drink
'

a Gypsy pointof view, but 'suspicious' in praise of a toast'; Franck. Cf. G.

from an outsider'spointof view. Hence rzihtn,praise; O. Sax. hrdf?2 ; also Icel.
rome bonze, rum booze,good wine. Rom hro6r, praise. % Also M. Du. roomer

means 'a husband, a Gypsy'; roynmani, (Hexham); which some explain as a

'
adj.Gypsy. This Gypsy word rom answers Romish glnss.'
,

to Hindi dom sembling Rum.Our.

(with initial cerebral d, re- (F. " L. M. E. rumour. "

r), a man of low caste ; Skt. F. rumeur.^-Y^. ace. rumorein, from rii-
domba-, 'a man of low caste, who gains mor, a noise,murmur. Cf. L. riimitdre,to
'
his livelihood by singingand dancing; spreadreports.- y'REU, to make a ming
hum-
Ben fey. noise.
See Rumble, Ruminate.

Rumb, Rhum.b, a line for directing Rump. M. E. rtimpe.-|-Icel.

(E.)
a ship'scourse
on a chart ; a pointof the rumpr, Swed. rumpa, Dan. rumpe; M.
compass. (F. Span, L. "
Gk.) See " " Du. ro77ipe,'
the bulke of a body or corps,
Rtimb in Phillips.F. rti?nb, '
a roomb, or
" or a bodie without ahead,' Hexham ; Du.

pointof the compasse, a line drawn directlyrojnp ; Low G. rump, trunk (ofthe body);
from wind to wind in a compasse, travers- G. 7-umpf.
boord, or sea-card;' Cot. Span, (and Rumiple. (E.) The M. E. form is
"

Port.)riimbo,a ship's
course representedriiHplen, to rimple. Rimp/e and rumple
lines
by spiral globe). L. rhombum,
on a are
" from the same verb, viz. A.S. hrimpan
ace. of rhombus, a magician's circle,a (pp.gehrtimpen)to wrinkle ; see Rimple. ,

rhombus. Gk. "

pofx^os,a top, a magic + M. Du. rompeleji, rovipen, to wrinkle;
wheel, whirling motion ; also a rhombus. rompel,rimpel, a wrinkle ; cf.G. riimpfen,
See Rhomb. Rhoiiib meant revolution of to wrinkle ; O. H. G. hri7)ifan, str. vb.

the sphere, Milton,P. L. viii. 134; hence Run. (E.) M. E. rinuen, pt.t. ran,
whirlingor spirallines,"c. ^ No con- nexion pp. ru7inen, 7'07t7ren\ A.S. r/wwaw, pt. t.
with Du. r?/?"//, which merelymeans ; also found m the
rat27t, pp. ge7-u7i77e7i
sometimes the hold of a transposed f orm /rwa;/, pt. t. ar7t. + Du.
room or space, or
re7i7ien, Icel. 7'en7ia, Dan. i-i7ide, .Swed.
ship,i.e. its room or capacity.
make sound. ri7i7ia, Goth. 7-i7ina7i, G. ri7iner. See
Rumble, to a low, heavy
(E.) Prov. E. rommle, ruvimle ; M. E. Brugm. i. " 67 ; ii. " 654.
rombleti (with excrescent ^). Frequent, Runagate, a vagabond (F.-L.) A
form,meaning to repeat the sound ruvi
'
; corruption of M.E. '
re7iegatan apostate, ,

cf. L. ru?nor, a rumour ; Skt. ru, to hum. villain ; Ch. C. T. 5353. [The corruption
See Rumour. + Du. rommelen, Low G. was due to a popular etymology from
and Pomeran. rummeln, Dan. rumle, to 7-u7tne a gate, run on the road, hence, to
*
rumble, buzz. be a vagabond.] " O. F. re7iegat, a rene-

457
 RUNDLET RUTH
'
gadoe; Cot. Late L. renegdtus, pp. of water)," to rustle. Cf. M. Swed. ruska,to
renegdre,to deny again,forsake the faith. rush. Perhapsthe same as A. S. hryscan,
L. 7-e, again; negdre, to deny ; see
" to be strident,to rustle.
Negation. Rush (2), a plant. (E.^r L.) M. E.
Rundlet, B"unlet, a small barrel. rusche,rische,resche. A. S. risce,resce,
(F. L.) Formerly roundlet',dimin. of a rush ; oldest form
"
rise. + Du. rusch,
O. F. a little barrel,
rondelle, named from rush, reed ; E. Fries, riiske ; Low G.
its roundness. " F. rond, round. L. rotitn-
" rusk; N. Fries, rusken, pi.,
rushes. haps
Per-
dus, round. " L. rota, a wheel ; see borrowed from L, ruscum, butcher's
Round. broom ; but this does not account for A.S.
Rune, one of the old characters used rise. More likely allied to E. rash, as if
for incised (E.) A learned
quickgrowth.
inscriptions. Sc. rash, a of Cf. Lowl.
term. A. S. run, a rune, mystery, rush ; also E. Fries, risk,quick,slender ;
secret conference,whisper. Orig. sense Low G. ruseh,quick. Der. bul-rush (prob.
'
*
whisper or murmur, hence a mystery, for bole-rush,round-stemmed rush); cf.
lastly
an incised character,because writing bull-weed, knapweed.
was known
a to few. + Goth, runa,
secret Rusk. (Span.) Span, rosea de mar,
O. H. G. runa, a secret,counsel; O. Irish sea-rusks,a kind of biscuit ; rasca, a roll
run, W. rhitt,a secret. Idg.type *rund, (twist) of bread,also a screw. Cf Port.
/em. Cf. Gk. kptwaw, I search out, rosea, the winding of a snake. Origin
epevva, fem.,an enquiry. unknown.
Rnng', a E. round of a ladder. (E.) M. Russet. (F.-L.) W.Y.. russet. -^yi.Y.
'
range, a stake.
stake of a A. S. hrung, a rousset,
'
russet,ruddy; Cot. Dimin. of
cart,beam or spar.+M, Du. range, a beam F. 7'aux reddish.
(fem.;'""z^w^), L. 7'ussus, "

of a plough; G. rujige, a pin, a bolt ; reddish. Allied to Gk. k-pv9-p6s, red;

Goth, hrugga {=^hrunga),a staff. Cf. see Red. Cf. Brugm. i. " 759.
also Icel. rang, rib in a ship. Perhaps rust. (E.) Prov. E. rowst. A. S.
allied to Ring. The sense seems to be orig.redness. Allied to A. S.
rust, rust ;
'
rounded stick.' and read,red.+Du. roest,
rudu, ruddiness,
Hunnel, a stream. (E.) A. S. rynel; Dan. rust, Swed. G. rost. Teut. type
cf. ryne, a course, allied to runn-, weak from Idg.*reudh-to- ; see Ruddy.
'^rusto-,
gradeof rinnen, to run ; see Run. Cf. Lith. rudis,rust; L. rohiga, rUbigo',
BiUnt, a bullock,heifer. (Du.) From Polish rdza,rust. Brugm. i. " 759.
Du. rund (Hexham). And see Rother. Rustic. (F.-L.) F. rustique.-l.,
Rupee, an Indian coin. (Hind. Skt.) rusticus,belongingto the country. L. " "

Hindustani rupiyah,^rupee. Skt. rilpya-, rils, the country.

" Cf Russ. 7'aviina,a
handsome, Zend
also (^as sb.) wrought silver." plain, ravan, O. Irish roe, a plain;
Skt. rupa-, beauty. see Room.
Rupture. F. rupture."^l.. Rustle.(F.-L.)(E.) Cf A. S. ge-hruxl,a
ruptiira,a breakage. L. rupt-us, pp. of noise, tumult. Frequent,of Rush
"
(i),
rmjipere,to break (pt.t. rupT). Allied to q. V. Cf M. Du. ruyselen,' to rustle,'
Reave. (VREUP.) Brugm. i. " 466. Hexham ; Low G. and Pomer. russeln ; M.
Rural, belongingto the country. F. Swed. ruska, to shake,rush ; G. ratischen, "

L.) F. rttral.^lj. rurdlis,adj. L. riir-, rusehen,to rustle, to rush. "

stem of riis,country. See Rustic. Rut (I^, a track left by a wheel. (F. -^

Rusa, a kind of deer, (Malay.) Malay L.) F. route, 'a rutt, way;' Cot. See
riisa,a deer. See Babirusa. Rout. Doublets, rout, route.
Ruse, a trick. (F. L.) "
ruse, F. a Rut (2\ to copulate,
as deer. (F. L.)
"

trick, F. ruser, " to beguile; contr. from M. E. rutien,to rut ; from rut, sb. " M. F.
O, F, reiiser, to refuse,recoil,escape, *
rut, ruit, the rut of deer or boars.' " L.
dodge. L. recusdre,to refuse,to oppose
"
riigittan,ace. of rugitus, the roaring of
a cause. L. re-, back ; caussa,
" a cause. lions ; hence, the noise made by deer in
See Recusant. rut-time. L. rUgire. to roar
"
(whence
Rush (i), to move swiftlyforward. M. F. ruir). See Rumour.
(E.) M. E, ruse hen. -f-M. H. G, ruschen Ruth, pity.(E.) yi.Y^.reuthe. Formed
(G. raiischen), to rush, rustle,roar (as from A.S. hreow, s. f, pity(cf G. reue^,
water); Du. ruischen, to murmur (as by adding-th ; suggestedby Icel.hryggQ,
458
 RYE SAD

hrygS,ruth,sorrow. From A. S. hreowan, wine. (F. L.) Formerlyalso .y^r;",

ing
mean- "

to rue ; see Rue (i). 'dry' wine. F. sec, dry; vin sec,
a "

Rye. M. E. reye. A. S. ryge, rye.

(E.) sack. Cf. Span,seco, dry. L. siccum,ace. "

+ Du. rogge, Icel. rtigr, Dan. rug, Swed. of siccus,dry. Sherris sack Span,seco =

rug, G. roggeii', O. H. G. rocco. Cf. Russ. de Xeres ; see Sherry.

rojie),rye ; Lithuan. ruggei, pi.sb.,rye. Sackbut, a kind of wind-instrument.
Ityot ; the same as Rayah,
Chaldee.)F. saquebute,a q. v. (F.-L. " Gk. "

sackbut. Substituted, by some perversion,

for L. sajnbfica, Dan. iii.5 A'ulg.), which
was a kind of harp.-Gk. aafxkvicrj
Chald. sabb(e)k/id,' a kind of harp. "[[ Cf.
Sabaoth, hosts. (Heb.) Heb. isevcCoth,
Span, sacabuche,a tube used as a pump;
armies ; pi. of tsdvcV,an Heb. also, a sackbut, trombone.
army. Explained, "

tsdva to go forth as a soldier.

, by popular etymology,as that which '

Sabbath. (L. Gk. Heb.) M. E. exhausts the chest,''

- -
from the exertion
sabat. L. sahbaUim.
" Gk. aa^^arov. used ; as if from Span,sacar, to draw out,
" "

Heb. shabbdth. rest,sabbath,sabbath-day.exhaust, the same as M. F. sacquer, to draw

" Heb. shdbath, to rest. out hastily, lit.to draw out of a sack,from
Sable, an animal. (F."Slavonic.) O.F. Heb. saq, a sack ; b7tche, maw, stomach,
sable. " Russ. sobole,the sable ; also a fur- chest.
tippet
; Polish sobol. ^ As black sable Sacrament. (L.^ L. sacrdmentum,
was best liked,the word sable (inE. and an engagement, militaryoath, vow ; in
F.) also means 'black.' late L., a sacrament. sacrdre, to
" L.
Sabre, Saber. (F.-G.-Gk.?) F. render sacred. " L. sacr-,{o\
sacer, sacred
sabre. G. sdbel
"
(olderform also sabel),(below).
a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk. sacred. (F.-L.) Sacred is the pp.
{"a^So?,
crooked (Diez).We also find Russ. of M. E. sacren, to consecrate,render holy;
sablia,Pol. szabla,Hungar. szablya, Serv. a verb now obsolete. F. sacrer, to conse-
crate. "

Wallach.
sablj'a, sabie ; all supposed be
to L. sacrdre,to consecrate.
" L. sacr-, "

borrowed words. for sacer, holy. From base sac- of L.

Saccharine. (F.- L. - Gk.
Skt.) sanclre, to make holy. Brugm. ii." 744.
-

F. saccharin,adj.; from saccharon, (VSAK.^

L.
sugar. " Gk. aaKxapov. " Skt. ^arkaj-d, sacrifice. (F.-L.) F. sacrifice. L. -

candied
gravel, sugar ; see Sugar. sacrificitivi,lit. a renderingsacred ; cf.
Sacerdotal. (F. L.) ". sacrificdre,
" to sacrifice. sacerdotal.
L. sacri-,for "

" L. sacerdotdlis,
belongingto priest. sacer, sacred ior
; -ficdre, facer e, to make.
a "

L. sacerdot-, stem of sacerdds, a priest, lit. sacrilege.(F. L.) M.F. sacrilege. "

'presenterof offeringsor sacred gifts' L. sacrilegitwi, the stealing of sacred "

(Corssen).L. saccr, sacred ; dare,to give. things. L. sac7-i-.

" for sacer, sacred;legere, "

Cf. dos (stemdot-), a dowry, from dare. to gather, steal ; see Legend.
Sack (i),a bag. (L.-Gk.-Heb.- sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sa-
Egyptian?) M. E. sak. A. S. sacc. L. cristan is rare ; it is commonly sexton, "

sacczis. Gk. (tolkkos.

" Heb. cloth, M. E. sextein,
sat/, sack- " orig.a keeperof the sacred
a sack of corn. Prob. of Egyptian vestments, after^vards a grave-digger."
'
origin ; cf.Coptic sok,sack-cloth (Peyron).A. F. secrestein, M. F. sacristain,a sexton
'
From L. saccus are borrowed Du. zak, G. or vestry-keeper ; Cot. Late L. sacrist-a, "

sack,"c. Der. sack-cloth. a sacristan;with suffix -dnus.^h. sacr-,

sack (2), to plunder. (F.-L., "c.) for sacer (above); with suffix -fsta.
From the sb. sack,pillage. F. sac, ruin, Sad. (E.) The orig. sense"
was sated ;
spoil.From the use of a sack in removing hence tired, grieved. A. S. sa^d,sated,
plunder; Cot. has h sac, ci sac, ' the word satiated.-f-0.Sax. sad, Icel. sadr, Goth.
whereby a commander authorizeth his satks, G. satt, sated, full. Teut. type
souldiers to sack a place.' Cf. Late L. sac- *sa-doz, sated ; a pp. form. Allied to O.
care, to put into a bag ; Late L. saccus, a Ir.sd-it/i sa-thech,
, satiety,
sated ; L. sa-tur,

garment, a purse, L. saccus, a sack ; see full ; Lith. so-tlis,f ull,

so-tas, satiety ; Gk.
above. a-aai, d-jj-evai,
to satiate, i V^^' ^^")
Sack (3),the name of an old Spanish Brugm. i. " 196. Allied to Sate, Satiate.
459
 SADDLE SALIC

Saddle. (E.^ M.E.sade/. A.S.saiioI. ex*"^ j^tJoj,

to urge on ships,Od. i.\.279.
-fDu. zac/j/,Icel. soSull, Swed. Dan. See Scheme.
sadel,G. sattel,O. H. G. satul. Teut. Saint.
(F.-L.^ M.E. seint,saint. ^

type *saduIoz ; possiblyborrowed from a A. F.seint;F. saint. L,. sanctum, ace. "

derivative of Idg. *sed, to sit,in some oisancttis,

holy. L. sanctus, pp. of sanctre, "

other
Idg. language. Cf O. Slav, sedlo,to render sacred ; see Sacred.
Russ. siedlo, L. sella (for*sedla,from sedere, sainfoin. (F. L.) F. sainfoin, M.F. "

to sit); but none of these exhibits the sainct-foin (Cot.); as if 'holy hay.' L. "

grade'^sad. sanctum fcEfizan,h.o\y hay. % But thought

Sadducee. (L.-Gk.-Heb.) L. pi. to rejuesent sain foin, i.e. wholesome '

Saddiiccei. Gk. pi.'S.ab'bovKa.ioi.Heb. pi. hay.' L. sdnut/i fie"iiifn

" "
; see Sane. "

tseduqi7n ; pi.of tsddoq, just,righteous. Sake. ,E.) M. E. sake,purpose, cause.

"

Heb. tsddaq,to be just. Some derive it A. S. sacu, strife, dispute, crime, law-suit;
from Tsddoq (Zadok)^ the founder of the orig. contention.' "+"Du. zaak, matter, '

sect, whose name meant the just.' affair, business ; Icel. sok,a charge,
'
crime ;
Safe. (F.-L.) M.E. sauf.^Y. saiif,Dan. sag, Swed. sak, G. sache. Teut.
safe. L. saluum, ace. of salmis,safe. See
"
type *sakd, fern., strife. From Teut.
Salvation. Cf. O. Norman dial, saf, *sakan-, to contend, as in Goth, sakan,
safe. A. S. sacan, O. H. G. sahhan, str. vb. See
Saffron, a plant.(F.-Arab.) A. F. Soke.
sajfran, ". safran. Arab,"
zdfardn, Saker, of falcon ; a small piece
a kind
saffron. of F.
artillery. Span. Arab.) ,
^The " "

Sag, to droop. (E.)

saggen. M. E. gun was called after the falcon ; cf musket.)
Not in A. S. Low G. sakken, to settle (as AL F. sacre, ' a saker ; the hawk, and the
"

'

dregs); E. Fries, sakken,Du. zakkeu,to artilleryso called ; Cot. "Span, sacre, a

sink ; Swed. sacka,to settle,sink down ; saker (in both senses).Arab, "
saqr, a

cf Dan. sakke, to have stern-way. Hardly hawk; Rich, Diet., p. 938. Engelmann
allied to siuk. has shewn that the word is not of Lat.
Saga, a tale. (Scand.) Icel. saga, origin,as said by
a Diez. (Devic; and
tale; cf. Icel. seg^a, to say. See Say (i), Korting," 1642.)
Saw (2). Salaam, Salam. (Arab) Arab.
Sagacious. (L.) From L.
sagdci-,sald/u,saluting, wishing peace ; a saluta-
tion.
deck stem, of sagax, of quickperception; Arab. J"a/;//,
saluting.+ Heb. i"/^'7/^;;/
"

with suffix -oiis. 'L.sdgtj-e,

" to perceiveby peace, from shdlam, to be safe.
the senses. A. S. secan, to
+Goth.
sok-jan, Salad. F. salade.-
(F.-ItaL-L.)
seek. See Seek. Brugm. i. " 187. M. Ital. salata, a salad of herbs ; lit.
Sage (i),wise. (F.-L.) F. sage.~ 'salted;' fem. of salato,salted,pickled,
Late L. *sabms, for L. -sapius, whence pp. oi salare,to salt. " Ital. sale,salt. "

unwise (Petronius)
7iesapius, ; see Schwan. L. sal,salt. See Salt.
" L. sapere,to be wise. See Sapid. Salamander, a reptile.(F. - L. -

Sage (2), a plant.(F.-L.) M.E. Gk. ) F. salamandre.

\-,.salajnandra. "

sauge.''O.Y.sauge. l^. sahda, sage ;" Gk.

" a kind of lizard. Of
aaXafj.dvdpa,
from its supposed healingvirtues. L. " Eastern origin; cf. Pers. samandar, a

sal liar e, to heal ; sahius,safe,hale,sound. salamander.

See Salvation. Salary, stipend.(F. L.) "
F. salaire.
Sagittarius. (L.) L. Sagittarius,
an L. saldriian,
"
orig.salt-money, given to
archer. " L. sagitta,
an arrow. soldiers to buy salt. L. sal, salt. See "

Sago, a starch.
(Malay.) Malay sdgu, Salt.
sdgu, sago, ])ithof a tree named rmnbiya. Sale. (E.) M.E. sale. A. S. sala.'\'
Sahib, sir,master; a title. (Hind." Icel.sala, fem.,sal,neut., a sale,bargain;
Arab.) Hind. j-a"^2/5.Arab, sahib, lord, Swed. sahi ; O. H. G. sala. Orig. sense
"

'
master ; orig. companion.'Rich. Diet., delivery,'
'
or a handing over ; as in ' *

p 924. O. H. G. sala. Der. sell,handsel.

Sail, sb. (E.) M. E. seil.
A. S. segel, Salic, SaUque. (F- OH. G.) F.
segl,a sail.+Du. zeil, Icel. segl,Dan. seil,Salique, belonging to the Salic tribe. This
Swed. G. segel. Teut. type *seglom, neut. was a Frankish tribe,prob. named from
Sense imknown; perhaps driver' ;
'
cf.Gk. the river Sala (now Yssel).
460
 SALVER SANHEDRIM

vb., to anoint. Teut. type *sa//'d,

fern. Sanatory. (L.) From L. sdnator, a
Allied to Gk. eXiros,oil,fat (Hesychius); healer. L. sdnd7-e,to heal. L. sdnus, " "

Skt. sar-pis, clarified butter. Brugm. i. whole, sane ; see Sane.

Sanctify. (F.-L.) Y sa7ictifiei:''\ ,

Salver, plateon which anythingis sa7itijica7-e,

a to make holy. L. sancti-, "

presented. (Span. L.) In of

place Span.
" for sanctus, holy; -Jicd7'e, for facere,to
salva,a salver, a plateon which anything make. See Saint.
is presented ; it also means the previous sanctimony. (F.-L.) M.F. sancti-
tasting of viands before they are served up. 7710717C. L. sa}icti7}idnia holiness. L. "
,
"

"
Span.salva7-, to save, free from risk,to sa7icUis,holy ; see Saint.
taste the food or drink of nobles to save sanction. (F.-L.) F. sa7ictioii.^"L.
them from poison. L. sahidre,to save sa7ictid7ie77i,
" ace. of saiictio, a rendering
(below). ^ A salver {salvo) is properly sacred. L. sa7tctus, pp. to render
oisaiici7-e. "

a plateor tray on which drink was sented sacred.

pre- See Sacred.
to the taster,and then to the drinker sanctity. (L.) From L. sanctiids,
of a health ; cf. Span, hacer la salva,to holiness ; cf. F. saintetc, L. sanctus, "

drink one's health, also,to make the holy ; see Saint.

essay. sanctuary. (F.-L.) M. E. sein-

Sambo, offspring the
of a negro and tua7-ic,a shrine. O.F. saintuarie (F. "

mulatto. (Span. L. Gk.) S^xn.zambo, sa7ictiiaire).

" L. sanctudriutn,
" a shrine. " "

formerlyfumbo (Pineda),bandy-legged ; L. sanctus,holy (above).

also as sb.,a sambo (in contempt). Late Sand. (E.) A. S. sand. '\'V)\x.zand ; "

L. sca7nbns.'-'G\i. CKajx^os,crooked,said Icel. sandr; Swed. Dan. G. sand; rian

Bava-
of the legs. sam{b')d,Teut. types '^sa?)i'
a)doz,m.,
Same. (E.) M.E. same. K.^. same, ^sa77i{^a)do}u,
n. ; Idg. type *sa7)i9dho5,
only as adv.,as in swd same swd 7nen, the Cf. Gk. a/xaOos,sand.
same as men, justlike shoe. (F.
men. L.
The Gk." Pers.)
adj.use Sandal, - -

is Scand. ; from Icel. sa7nr, Dan. Swed. F. sandale,f. L. sandalia, pi.of sanda- "

sa!?i"ie, the same.+O. H. G. sam, adj., //?/w. Gk. oavhaXiov, dimin. oi aavlaXov , "

saina, adv. ; Goth, sama, the same (cf. a wooden sole bound on to the feet with

sama/ia, together), Gk. 6p.6s,Skt. sama-, straps. Of Pers. origin ; cf. Pers. sandal^
same ; cf. Russ. samuii, same. Allied to a sandal.

Skt. i'(3;w,
with,Gk. aixa^together, L. simtil, Sandal-wood. (F. L. Gk. Pers. - - -

together, sii7iilis, like. Skt.) Y. sa7idal,safztal.^-'La.te

L. san- -

Samite, a rich silk stuff (F. L. Gk.) taht77i. Gk. aavrdkov.

.
" Pers. sandal, " " "

O. F. samit.'^'L.^A.Q.L. exa77iitu7n.'"ha.\Q. cha7idal, chanda7i. " Skt. chandana-,

Gk. "^a/x'.Tov,
a stuff woven with six kinds sandal,the tree.
of thread. " Gk. l",six; a thread
fiiros, of Sandblind, half-blind.(E.) In Shake-
speare
the woof. See Dimity. ; a corruptionof sa7n-blind,half
Samovar, a tea-um. (Russ.)Russ. blind. The prefix A. == S. sd77i-,
half,cog-
nate
sai/iova7'\ with L. Gk.
se77ii-, T]yLi-; see Semi-,
Sampan, small boat. (Malay Chin.) Hemi-.
a "

Malay jaw/^ai^. Cliin. saiipan (Yule).

" Sandwich.. Named from John (E."
Sam.phire, a herb. (F. L. ^/Z(/ Gk.)
of Sa?idivich, died
"

Montague, 4th Earl

Spelt sai7ipier
in Baret (1580). F. sai7it 1 792, who used to have sandzviches brought
"

Fierte,St. Peter; whence he7-be de saint to him at the gaming-table. "A. S. Sand-
Pio're, samphire. L. sa7ictum, ace. of wTc, Sandwich, a town
" in Kent.
holy; Petru7)i,ace.
saiicttis, of Pet7-us, Sane. (L.) L. sd/ius, of sound mind,
Peter ; see Petrel. whole, safe. Prob. allied to Icel. so7i, G.
Sample. (F.-L.) M. E. sa77iple.- siih7ie,atonement (Kluge).
O. F. essa77iple,
exemple. ""'L,. exeT7iplu7?7Sanguine. (F. L.) F. sa7iguin, -
,

an example,sample; see Example. bloody,of a sanguine complexion. L. "

sam.pler. (F. L.) O. v. exa77iplaire sattguineus,

"
(for*san-
adj.; from sa7igui]i-
(XIV cent.),the same as gucfi-),
exe7?ipla77'e,
a stem oi blood.
sa7tgjtis,
pattern. L. exe77ipldrm77i,
" late form of Sanhedrim. (Heb.-Gk.) Late Heb.
exemplar,a copy. L. exe77ipldris serving satthedrin,
" borrowed from Gk. crvvidpiov,
,

as a copy. L. exe7Jtphi77i
"
(above). a council ; lit. a sitting together.Gk. "

462
 SANS SASSAFRAS

"Tvv, together;(Spa,a seat, from ((ofxat,Sarcenet, Sarsnet, a thin silk. (F.

I sit ; see Sit. L. C;k. Arab. ) O. F. sarcenet,a sti tf "
- "

Sans. (F.--L.)F. i-awj, without ; O.F. made by the Saracens. Low L. saraceni- "

sens." L,. sine,without. L. si ne, if not, fz^w, sarcenet. " L. Saraceniis,

Saracen ; see "

except. Saracen.
Sanskrit. (Skt.) Skt, satfiskrta,
lit. Sarcophagus. (L.-Gk.) L. sarco-

'symmetricallyformed.' " Skt. savi, to- phagtis,a

gether; stone tomb ; made of a stone
lime-
ki-ta,made, from kr, to make; supposed which the was to consume
cf.L. credre, to make. See Create. corpse (Pliny). Gk. crapKocfxiyo^,
flesh- "

Sap (i), juice of plants.(E.)

A, S. consuming;hencelime-stone. Gk.aap/co-, "

seep.+ Du. sap ; Low G. sapp ; O. H. G. for (rdp^,llesh; (payuv, to eat. See
saf,cf. G. saft; Icel. safi. Not allied ^ Sarcasm.
to Gk. OTTO? ; but perhapsborrowed from Sardine fish. (F.- L.-
(i\ a small
L. sapa. Gk.) F. sardine.
L. sardJna, sarda. " "

Sap (2),to undermine.

(F. Late L.) Gk. "
aapVivT],
aapla,a kind of fish.
O.F. sapper, F. saper.-'O.Y sappe (F. Sardine (2),a gem. (L.-Gk.) L. sar-.

sape),a kind of hoe. (Cf.Span, zapa, dinns. Gk. oapdiios; Rev, iv. 3. Named "

Ital. ^a//^,mattock.) Late L. sappa,sapa, from Sardis, in Asia Minor (Pliny).

"

a hoe. Originunknown ; Diez suggested Sardins, a gem. L. Gk.) Rev. xxi. "

Gk. aKairavri, a hoe ; from CKcnrTeiVj to 20. L. sardizis (Vulgate).Gk. aapbios, " "

dig. adpmov, a gem of Sardis (above).

Sapid, savoury. (L.) Rare. h. sapidtis,Sardonic, used of grim laughter.(F.
savoury. L. sapcre,to taste ; also to be
" L. Gk.) F. sardoniqtie, formerly j-ar- " "

wise. Cf. O. H.G. int-seffen, to taste, donieti, in phrasevis sardonien, a forced '

mark. Brugm. ii." 718. Der. in-sipid.or carelesse mirth ;' Cot. L. Sardoniais, "

sapience. (F. L.) F. sapience.L. usuallySardoniiis. Gk. caphavios,also

" "- "

sapieiitia, wisdom. L. sapient-^ stem of aapdovios,

" said to be derived from aap-
pres. pt. oi sapere,to be wise. 86vioi',a plantof Sardinia (SdpSo)),said to
Saponaceous, soapy. (L. Teut.) screw up the face of the eater ; see Vergil, -

Coined, as if from L. *sapdjidc"us, from Eel. vii. 41.

L. sdponevi, ace. of sdpo, soap (Pliny). Sardonyx, a gem. (L. Gk.) L. sar- donyx. -

See Soap. Gk. oaphCvv^, i.e. Sardian onyx. "

Sapphic, a kind of metre. (L.-Gk.) Gk. aapd-,for SdpSeis, Sardis, in Lydia; "

L. sapphictis, belonging to Sappho. oi'v^,onyx. See Onyx. "

Gk. "SaiTipw, Sappho of Lesbos, died about Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span,sarza-

592 B.C. parilla,a plant. (Span.) Zarza means
Sapphire. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. bramble,'perhaps from Basque sartzia, *

saphir. L. sapphirus. Gk. odinfieipoi,

" a bramble ; par-ilia
" is generally referred to
a sapphire. Heb. sappir (with initial Parillo,the name
" of a physician who pre-
scribed
samech), a sapphire. Cf. Pars, saffir, the use of sarsaparilla.
sapphire. Sarsnet; see Sarcenet.
Saraband. (F.-Span.-Pers.) F. Sash (i),a case or frame for panes of
sarabande, Spanish
a dance. Span, zara- glass.(F.-L.) Adapted from F. f/ftfji'/j-
"

banda, a dance of Moorish origin. Pers. a frame of wood for a window,' Cot. ; or "
'

sarband, lit. a filletfor fastening a lady's from O. F. chasse (F.chdsse), a case, shrine.
'

head-dress.' " Pers. j"2r, head ; band,band. " L. capsa, a case. See Chase (3)and
Saracen. (L.-Gk.- Arab.) 'L.sara- Case (2).
cemis, lit. one of the Eastern people." Sash (2\ a scarf,girdle. (Arab.) For-
merly
Late Gk. 2a/xi/f7;i/oy. Arab, sharqin,pi. "shash. Arab, shdsk, muslin ; hence, "

of sharqiy,eastern. Arab, sharq,east, a muslin turban

" (Dozy). Cf. Arab.
risingsun. Arab, root sharaqa,it rose.
"
shdshiyaif), a littleturban (Richardson).
Sarcasm, a sneer. (F. L, Gk.) F. Sassafras, a kind of laurel. (F.-
" "

sarcasme. L. sarcasmtis.
" Gk. crapKaa/xo?, -Span. L. ) F sassafras.Span sasafras,
" "
.
"
.

a sneer. Gk. capKa^eiv,

" to tear flesh,to from O. Span, sassafragia, the herb saxi-
frage
bite the lipsin rage, to sneer. Gk. oapK-, ; sassafras was so nnmed
" from being
stem of adpf,flesh. Der. sarcastic, Gk. supposed to possess the like virtue. L. "

(TapKacTTtKos, sneering. saxifraga)see Saxifrage.

463
 SATAN SAVORY

Satan. (Heb.) Heb. sdtdjt,an satyrus.'^Qik.adrvpos,a satyr,a sylvaa

enemy.
" Heb. root sdtan, to persecute. god.
Satchel, a small bag. (F. L., "c.) Sauce. (F.-L.) F. sauce."
" L. salsa,
O.K. sachel. a little bag. L. saccelluni,a thing salted ; fem. of salsiis,salted.
"

ace. of sacccllns,
dimin. of sacciis^a sack ; See Salt. sauc-er, orig.a vessel for
Der.
sea Sack. snuce; satic-y, full of sauce, pungent.
Sate, Satiate. (L.) Sate is from Saunders, a corrupt form of Sandal-
wood.
sated,used as short form of satiate in
a

sense of *
Saunter.
satisfied.' (Suggested by L. sat (F. L.) From A. F. -

iox satis;satur, full.)" satidtus,pp.

L . of sauntrer, to adventure oneself. I find
satidre,to sate, fill full. L. sat, satis, mention of a man *
qc sauntre
" en ewe,'
sufficient; satur, full. Allied to Sad. who ventures on the water, who goes to
Brugm. i. " 196. Der. satiety,M. F. sea; Year-book of 11 Edw. IIL p. 619.
satiety,fromL. ace. satietdtem,fullness. A. F. S-, for es-, out (L. ex); and "

Satellite. (F. L.) F. satellite,

' a auntrer,
"
for aventurer, to adventure or

sergeant,catchpole ; Cot. L. satellitein,

\ enture, from '
aventtire,a n adventure.
" See
ace. oi
satelles,
an attendant. Adventure. [A mere guess.]
Satin. (F. L.) ". satin. {\t:i\.setino,
"

Saurian, one of the lizard tribe. (Gk.)

Late
Port, j-^///;/.) L. sdtTnus, setlniis, From
" Gk. cravpa, cravpos, a lizard.
satin. Late Y,. seta, silk; V.. seta, saeta,
"
Sausage. (F. L.) " or medy sausige "

a a hair.
bristle, Brugm. i. " 209. for ; cf. Guernseysauciche.
*sausice) F.
Satire. (F." L.) F. satire. L. satira, saucisse. Late L. salsicia, fem. oisalsicius,
" "

satura, a species of poetry ; orig. a adj.(Georges), made of salted or seasoned "

medley.' Derived from satura lanx, a full meat. L. salsus,salted. L. sal,salt. See " "

dish,dish full of mixed where

ingredients; Salt.
satura is fem. oi satur, full. Cf. Sate. Sauterne,awine. (F.)YxomSatttej-Tte
satisfy. (F. L.) O. F. satisfier
in France, departmentof Gironde.
"

Formed
(later satisfaire). as if from Late Savage. (F.-L.) M. E. sauage."
L. *satis/icdre,substituted for L. satis- A. F. savage ; O. F. savaige,
salvage(F.
facere, lit. 'to make enough.' L. " satis, sauvage). !-,.siludticus,belongingto a
"

enough ; facere, t o make. Der. ion,

satisfact- wood, wild. L. silua, a wood. See "

from pp. satisfactus. Silvan.

Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F. L. Savanna, a meadow-plain. (Span. " " "

Gk. Pers.)
" F. satrape.^^Y,. satraparn, Carib.) Speltzauana ; R. Eden, ed. Arber,
ncc. of satrapes. Gk. cxaTpaTnjs. O. Pers. p. 148. Span, sabana ; said to be of
" "

khsatj'a-pdvd, guardian of a province ; Caribbean origin(Oviedo).^ This sabana

from khsatra, province, and pa, to protect is differentfrom sdbana, a sheet for a bed ;
(Spiegel).Cf. Zend shoithra-pdn, tector from L. sabana
pro- pi. of sabanum, a linea y

of a region(Fick,i. 305),from Zend cloth ; used as a fem. sing. Gk. od^avov^ "

shoithra, a region, pd)i, protector; Skt. a linen cloth,towel.

kshetra-,a field,region,from kshi,to Save. (F. L.) M. E. sauuen ( "
=

dwell,and/^, to protect. sauven). A. F. saver, sauver; Y. sauver. "

Saturate. (L.) F^rom pp. of L. satur- L. saludre,to save. L. saluus, safe. " "

dre, to fillfull L. satur, full. Cf. Sate." See Salvation.

Saturnine. (F. L.) O.Y. saturnin "
Saveloy, Cervelas, a kind of
(usuallySaturnieri),under the influence sausage. (F. Ital. L.) Formerly cer-
" "

of the malignplanet Saturn ; hence,melan-

choly. velas (Phillips). M.F. ce7-velat.
F. cej-velas, "

L. Sdturnus, Saturn ; said to

" Ital. cervellato (Torriano),
" a saveloy;
'
mean
'
the sower ; as if from satum, from its containing brains. Ital. cervelio, "

supine of serere, to sow ; which

(Festus) brain.- L. dimin.
cerebellum, oi cerebrum,
is improbable. brain. See Cerebral.
Saturday. (L.ajid E.) A. S. Sater- Savin, Savine, Sabine, a shrub.
dctg,also Sceterfi-dceg,
ScBternes dceg,i.e. (L.) A. S. safine.L. sabina ; orig.Sabina "

Saturn's day; a translation of L. Sdturni herba,a Sabine herb. The Sabines were
dies ; cf. Du. Zaterdag. L. Sdturnus, " a peopleof central Italy.
Saturn ; A. S. dcBg,
a day. Savory, a plant. (F. L.) -
M. F.
Satyr. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.satyre.~\u.savorie, a popular perversionof O. F.

464
 SAVOUR SCALE

sarrie (whence F. saitireia,scatiberk,

sarrieiie).'-\^. scaberk,a scabbard ; answering
savory. to O. F. escaitberc,only found in the
Savour. (F. "
L.) O. P\ J"a^w";', later pi.escaubers (Godefroy).The F. word is
savejir. " L. saporem, ace. of sapor, taste. made up of O. F. escale,
a scale,husk,case;
" L. sapere,to taste. See Sapid. and -berc,a protection(as in O. F. hau-
Savoy, a kind of cabbage. (F.) berc,hal-berc,a hauberk^ O. H. G. scala, "

Brought from Savoy. a scale,husk, case; bergan,to hide,pro-

tect.
Saw (i), a cutting instrument. (E.) Thus scabbard scatiberk --^ " scale-
M. E. A, S. sagu, lit.a cutter ; from
saive. berk,with the reduplicated
sense of *
cover-

2nd grade of Teut. root SEG" y'SEK, to cover,'or protecting

case. See Scale (i)
cut.-f Du. zaag, \cq\.sog, Dan. sav, Swed. and Hauberk.

sag, G. sage. See Secant. Der. see-saw, Scabious. (F.-L.) Vi.Y .scabietise,i.
a reduplicated sedge.
form ; cf. scythe, "L. scabiosa {herbd),
a plantsupposed to
Saw (2),a saying. (E.) M. E. sawe. be good for skin-eruptions.L. scabies,
an "

A. S. sagu,z. saying; cf. A.S. secgati, to itch. See Scab.

say. Allied to Lith. pa-saka,a saying. Scaffold. (F.-L. ""^ Gk.? M. E.
Doublet, saga. See Say. scafo/d. O.V. *escafalt, only found as "

Saxhorn, a kind of horn. Named eschafatit

escafaut, (alsochajaut),mod. F.
after the inventor,Adolphe Sax, a French-
man echafaiid,a scaffold. Short for escadafalt
; ab. 1840. where
(Burguy), es- representsL. ex, prep. ;
Saxifrage, a plant. (F. L.) F. - cf.Span, and Ital. catafalco,
a funeral
saxifrage.L. "
saxifraga, spleen-wort; so canopy, also a stage,scaffold (whence F.
named because it was supposed to break and E. catafalque^, p. The former part
stones in the bladder. L. saxi-^for saxiun,
"
oi catafalco may be allied to Span, catar,

a stone base
; frag-, oi frangere,to break. in the sense '
to view.' The latter part
Cf. Sassafras. is perhaps due to L. fala, a kind ot

Saxon, a Teut. race. (L. Teut.) Late "

scaffold. (Doubtful.)
L. Saxones, pi.,Saxons. A.S. Seaxaji, " Scald (I), to burn. (F.-L.) M. E.
Saxons ; because armed with a short scalden. " O. F. later
*escalder, eschauder,
sword. A. S. seax, a knife,lit. ' cutter ;
"
'
to scald !.. excalddre,to
(F.^chaiider). "

O. Fries, sax', cf. L. saxum, a stone wash in hot water. L. ex, out, very ; and "

implement. Erugm. i. " 549 c. caldiis calidtis, =hot. See Caldron.

Say(i),to speak. (E.) M. E. seggen, Scald (2), scabby. (Scand.) For

s. sey-eth, sei-th. A. S. secgaii. North, scalled,i.e. afflicted with the scall;see
pr.
pr. s. seg-ed, Scan.
pt. t. sagde,pp. ges(igd.-if;V)\x.
Icel. Dan. Swed. Scald (3), a poet. (Scand.) Icel. skald,
zeggen. segja, sige, saga,
G. sagen, O. H. G. sagen. Cf. Lithuan. a poet, older form skald (Noreen).
Gk. Ivv^iri Scale
*"i'-cr"7r-6), (i), shell, flake. (F."
sakyti, say;
t o (for a a

O. L. in-sec-e, tell, See O. H. G.) M. E. scale.~0. F. escale (F.

imp. s., say.
Sweet, N. E. Gr. " 1 293. ^cale). O. H. G. scala (G.schale). + A. S. "

husk, scale Dan. and

Say (2),a kind of serge. (F. L. Gk.) scealu,scalu, shell, a "
; "

O. F. saie, say. Swed. skal, pod.

shell, From Teut. base
(Cf.Span, saya, sayo, a a

tunic; a thin stuff.)So called ''skal,

sayete, 2nd grade of str. vb. *skel-an-, to

because used for kind of coat cleave,divide to cleave ;

cf.Lith. skel-ti,
making a ;
called in Latin stirup, to hoe. (-/SQEL.)
or ; Gk. aKaKKnv,io
saga^ sagtivi, sagtis
Late L. saguni, (i)a mantle, (2)a See Shale, Shell, and Skill. kind of
cloth. Gk. soldier's mantle; scale (2), a bowl or dish of a balance.
aar^os, a
"

allied to (ya-^-q,harness, adyfia, a pack- (F. Teut.) [Formerly also ; cf.Icel.

.fr^/"? "

saddle ; see Sumpter. skal,a scale of a balance.] M E. scale. .

-

Say (3), to essay; short for assay or O. F. escale,a cup (Godefroy).Icel. skal, -

essay ; see Essay. Dan. skaal,Swed. skal,bowl ; Du. scJuml,

Scab. (Scand.) Dan. Swed. skad. -f- scale,bowl. Allied to Scale (1); being
G. schabe\ A.S. sceab,scceb,scab, itch. from Teut. base 3rd gradeof *skelan-.
skc^l-,
Lit. ' that is scratched
something cf. L. Scale (3),a ladder, gradation. ;
(L.) L.
'

scabere,to scratch, scabies, itch. See scala, a ladder. L. scd-la"*sca7i{t)-sld,

and i. e. ; from scandere,to
*scan{dysld climb.
Shave Shabby.
Scabbard. See Scan. Brugm. i. " 414.
(F.-Teut.) y[..Y..scaubert,
465
 SCALENE SCARF

Scalene. adj. as in skant, a dole, skanta, to measure

(L. Gk.) 'L.sca/enus, "

" Gk. aKa\T]t'6s,

scalene,
uneven. closely. Cf. O. H. G. skani,short. Der.
Scall, scab on the skin. (Scand.)From scant-y.
Icel. skalli,a bald head ; orig.a peeled Scantling, a cut pieceof timber, a
head. Cf. Swed. skallig,bald, from skala, pattern. (F. Teut. ; with
"
L. prefix^
to peel. Allied to Swed. skal, a husk ; From O. North F. escantillon,
for O. F.
see Scale (i), Der. scald eschantillon,a small cantle,scantling,
{2)=-scalled, '

'
afflictedwith scall. sample; Cot. O. F. es-, prefix, from L.
"

Scallion, a plantallied to garlic.(F. ex ; cantel,a cantle ; see Cantle.

" L. Gk.
" F. escalogne, Scapegoat.
" Here scape is short for
Phoenician.)O.
a scallion ;
see further under Shallot. escape; see Escape.
Scallop, Scollop,a kind of shell-fish. Scapular, belongingto the shoulder-
(F.-Tent.) M. E. skalop. O. F. escalope,blades. (L.)Late L. jra/zii/arw, adj.,
from -

a shell. schelpe(Du. schelp),

" aM. pi.shoulder-blades. Der. scapii-
scapula, Du.
shell,especially Allied to lar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over
a scallop-shell. the
Scale (i) and Shell. Der. scallop, vb., "aWouXditx^^Y Late X^.scapuldre.
.scaptilaire.
to edge into scallop-like
cut nn curves. Scar (i),mark of a wound. (F. L. " "

scalp. V Scand.) M.E.j'r^/?^ (Northern).Gk.) M. F. escare. L. eschara, a scar, "

" Icel. skdlpr,M. Swed. skalp, a sheath ; esp. of a burn. Gk. kaxapa,a hearth, place,
fire- "

Dan. dial, skalp, husk,shell of a pea; also scar of a burn.

M. Ital. scalpo, the scalp, a word borrowed Scar (2), Scaur, a rock. (Scand.)M.E.
from Teutonic. Cf. M. Du. schelpe, a scarre. Icel. sker,a skerry, isolated rock ; "

shell(hence,skull). See Scallop. Dan. Swed.

skicer, skdr. So called because
Scalpel, a small sharpknife. (L.) L. cut off from the main land ; see Shear.
dimin. of scalprum,
scalpelliityi, a knife. "
Scaramouch, a buffoon. (F. Ital. - -

L. scalpere,
to cut. O. H. G.) From Scaramoche, a famous
Scaiumony, a cathartic gum -resin. Italian zany who acted in England in 1673
(F. " L. "
Gk.) M. F. (Blount\ Also c?i\\QdScaraj?wuche,
scammonie. " L. which
scafHinoma. " G. aKa/xfxa"via,
aKa/xajvia, the F. spelling
; but his
wasreal name was

scammony, a kind of bind-weed. Scaramticcia,of which the lit.sense is ' a

Scamp. bond,
vaga- skirmish,'being the same
(F. L.)
" word as the Formerly a
or fugitive.O. North F. escamper, O. F. escarmouche,a skirmish. See Skir-
" mish.
s'csca/uper,
to flee ; O. F. eschamper, to
decamp. L. ex, out ; and campus, battle-
" field. Scarce. (F. L.) M. E. scars. O. F. - -

scamp-er^Der. fiee escars, eschars,scarce, scanty,niggard(F.to run or

away. t'c/^ar.y).Late L. scarps}is,'i^oxi form of "

Scan. (L.) ^Yioxiiox scand \ the (^ was excarpsus, used as a substitute for L. ex'-
prob.mistaken for the pp. suffix -ed.-^Y.. cerptus, pp. of excerpcre, to select; see
scandere,to climb; also,to scan a verse. Excerpt, Thus the sense was ' pickedout,'
-fSkt. skand, to springup. Brugm. i. select,scarce.

" 63.S. Scare. (Scand.)M. E. skerren,to scare;

Scandal. (F. L. Gk.) F. scandale. from skerre,adj.,timid,shy. Icel. i'/y'^rr,
"
" "

" L. scandahini. Gk. OKavhaXov, a snare ; timid,shy ; allied to skirrask,

" to shun,lit.
also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block. to sheer off;see Sheer (2).
Orig.the springof a trap,the stick which Scarf (i),a lightsash or band. (F. "

sprang up when the trap was shut,and on O. Low G.) Confused,as to sound, with
which the bait called
placed; usually was Scarf (2).
The particular sense is due to
cr/cai/SdAT/^poi/.
"^SKAND, to springup. " O. North F. escarpe,O. F. and M. F. es-
See Scan. Doublet, slander. charpe,a scarf; Cot. M. Du. scharpe, "

Scansion. (L.) From L. scansio,a (Oudemans); Low G. schrap. Ci.

a scrip

scanning. " L. scansus, pp. of scandere,to E. Fries, scherpe,a scarf,which, like G.

scan ; see Scan. schdrpe, is prob.from F. See below.
Scant, adj. (Scand.)M. E. skant,in- Scarf
sufficient. (2), to join timber together.
Icel. skamt, neut. " of skammr, (Scand.) From Swed. skarf, a scarf,seam,
short,brief; whence skamta, to dole out joint. Bavarian
-J- scharben, to cut a notch
(hence to scant or stint); Icel. skamtr, a in timber, G. scha?'ben,
O. H. G. scarbon,
dole. In Norwegian, nt appears for ;;;/,to cut small. From Teut. *skarb, 2nd

466
 SCARIFY SCIATIC

grade of *skerb-an-,
to cut, inquiring; pi.aKciTTiKoi, in A. S.
the Sceptics,
as lowers
fol-
pt. t. scearf,
sceorfan^ to scrape. of Pyrrho; 3rd century, c).
u. Gk. "

Scarify. (F. L. Gk.) F. scarifier. "

GKiTTTOfxai, I consider ; see Species.
"

L. scarificdre,
" to scarify,scratch open ; Sceptre. (F.-L.-Gk.) ". sceptre.-
from jc"ar//^;-^,
to scarify. L. sceptriwi."Gk. oKTjnTfiou. a stafito lean
Gk.cr/"-a^"(/jaojua", "

I scratch. Gk. aKapupos, a sharppointed on, a sceptre. Gk. ofcqvTdv. to

prop ; also
" "

instrument. Allied to L. scrf/'Cre,to write, to hurl. Cf. L. scdpiis, a shaft, stem.

and to E. Scribe. Schedule. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
Scarlet. (F.-Pers.) O.F. escar/aU, ccdti/e.-^'M. t'. schedtile.cedule,'a sched- ule,
scarlet. (Span, escar/afa,Ital. scar/aUo.) scrowle,' C ot. ; F. c^dzile. L. schedula, "

" Pers. saqaldt,siqaldt, suqidt, scarlet a small leaf of paper; dimin. oischeda (or
cloth. Orig,the name of a stuff,
which scida),a stripof papyrus bark. Late Gk.
was often of a scarlet colour ; cf. scarlet ox^^'V" a tablet, is borrowed '
from L. ; hence
reed,' Ch. Prol. 456. % Hence Pers. the L. word must be from the kindred Gk.
saqlattln,scarlet cloth, whence M. P2. oxihr], a cleft i^iece of wood, from ox}^iiv,
ciclatoitn (Chaucer).
The Turkish ?V/Cvr/a/, to cleave. See Schism.
scarlet,is merely borrowed from Ital. Scheme.
(L. Gk.) "om\ti\y schema. "

scarlatto (Zenker). See Sucldt in Yule. schema. L.

G\i. ax^/^a,form, apjear-
" "

scarlatina, scarlet fever. (Ital. ance, also used as a term in rhetoric.

" Gk. "

Pers.) Ital. scarlattina. " Ital. scarlatto,oxn'" as in axri-(Toj, fut. of ^x-dv, to hold,
scarlet cloth (above). have (base o^X')- ^f- ^^^- ^"^^y to bear.
Scarp. (F.-Ital.-Teut.)Y.escarpe.(VSEGH.)
'
" Ital. Scarpa, ' a curtein of a wall ; so Schism. (F. - L. "
Gk.) F. schisvie.
called because cut sharp,i. e. steep. Du, L. schisma. " " " Gk. rent, split,
ax}aixa, a

scherp;M. H. G. scharfischarpf, sharp; schism. Gk. " ox^i^iv(base "tx*S-)"to

see Sharp. cleave. + L. scindere,Skt. chhid, to cut.
Scathe, to harm.
(Scand). From Icel. Brugm, i. "" 5S6,599.
skada, Swed. skada, Dan. shade, -f-A. S. schist, slate-rock. (Gk.) Gk. ax}(i-
sceadan (pt. t. scod); G. Du. schaden ; Tos, easilycleft. " Gk. ax"C"'''
(above).
Goth, ga-skathjan Cf. Gk.
t. ga-skotli).
(pt. School (i).(F.-L.-Gk. M.E. scole. ,

unharmed.
a-aKr]Gr}s, Der. scathe,sb.,Icel. A. F. and O. F. escole,
school" L. schola.
skadi. Gk. o-xoA.77,
"
employment of
rest,leisure,
Scatter. (E.) M.E. scatere?!. ern
North- leisure time, also a school. Orig. 'a
'
form -4-Gk. cr/ceS- pause ; from axo-, a gradeof the base of
of Shatter, q. v.

I sprinkle,
dvvvfii, OKeb-aais,a scattering;'(^X'^iv,to hold; see Scheme. (y'SEGH.'
Skt. skhad, to cut. Cf. Squander. Der. schol-ar, A. F. escoler; scholi-ast.
Scavenger. (F. Teut.) Formerly from Gk. ox^^i-oor-qs,a commentator.
"

scavager ; the n is intrusive. The sense School V-),a shoal offish. (Du.")Du.
has much changed; a scavager was an school visschen, '
a shole Sewel.
of fishes,'
officer who acted as inspector of goods Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (i).
for sale,and subsequently had to attend Schooner. (Scand.)Properly scooner,
to cleansing of streets. Scavage,i. e. in- but speltas if derived from Dutch, which
spection,
is an A. F. Avord,with F. suffix is not the case, the Du. schooner being oi
-age ; from
(^L. -dticuin) O. F. escazna-er, E. origin. First called a scooner in 1713,
to examine, inspect.O. Sax. skawon, " to when the named in
first schooner wrs so

behold ; cognate with A. S. scedwian, to Gloucester,Massachusetts,from the remark

look at. See Show. that 'she scoons,''\.
e. glidesswiftly.This
Scene. (L. "
Gk.) L. scena, sccena verb is the
Clydesdaleseen or scoon, to

(whence also F.
scene).-^Gli. cK-qv-i^, a glideswiftly,
appliedto stones with which
'
sheltered place,tent, stage,scene. Der. makes ' ducks and drakes one in the water.
pro-scenhim. Icel. sknnda, to speed. See Shun. "

Scent, vb. (F. L.) A false spelling Schorl, black tourmaline. (Swed.)
"

iox sent, as in Hamlet, i. 5. 58 (ed.1623). Swed. skdrl (with sk as E. sh). Perhaps

" F. sentir,'to feel,sent;' Cot. L. scji- suggested by Swed. skor, brittle. "

tire,to perceive.See
feel, Sense. Sciatic, pertaining (F.
to the hip-joint.

Sceptic. (F. L. Gk.) F. sceptique. L. Gk.) F. sciatique,

" " adj L. sciaticns, " -
.
-

" Gk. aKenrLKos, thoughtful,

L. scepticus. " corruptionof L. ischiadicus,subject
to gout

467
 SCIENCE SCORE

in the hips. Gk. i"r\ia5iK.^, subjectto ! of Teut. *,c;{'"'."ij"-,

" to scold,blame, as seen

pains in the loins. Gk. ur^mS-. stem of! in O. Fries,

" sifJJa, Du. scheMeft \j^t.. t.

uT^mc, pain in the loins. Gk. l"T\iov, the i schcU\,G. s.heltm (.pt." t. scha^t^, to scold :
socket in which the thigh-bone turns. Der. {ci. Dan. skieUe, wk. vb., to scold. If the {
fern, of L. adj.sciaticus.
s:i^:i\--.T. orig.sense was *to to push,' it is allied to O. "
*

Science. i,F. L."^ F. .u;"""y. L. ISax.

S.ix. skr..\:.:f:.
"
push off ,a bo.it
to push "

scicntia. knowledge. L. scunt-, stem of Scollop ; "see Scallop. j

pres. pt. oi scire,to know, orig. to discern. i Sconce vi\ a small fort, bulwark. t^F.
Alii Skill. Der. con-, fre-scienct - L.^ Also a helmet, and even
appliedto
Scimetar, Cimetar. ^F.or Ital. - to the head. O. F. fsconse, a hiding-place,
"

'
Pers. ?) F. ivV/w/tWY. a *

scymitar; Cot, sconce; orig.fern, of pp. escons. 'L.ab- "

Ci. Ital. scimitarra, 'a simitar,'Florio. scoMsa. fern, oi absconsus, used i^aswell .is
Prob. from Pers. shimshir, sharfuhir, 'a abs.wsditits^ as pp. of avsccndcrf,to hide;
cimeter,'Rich. Diet.,p. 909. Lit. lion's see Abscond.
claw. " Pers. sham, nail, claw ; shc"\ sconce v-^"^ candle-stick. (^F." L.^
lion. M. E. sccncc, scons, a covered tern.
lan-
light,
Scintillation. ^F.-L.) ". scintilla-
tion. O. F. csconse, a dark " Lantern i^Roquc-
" L.scintillJtiotum,sparkling.
ace. a fort"*. Late L. absconsa, a. " dark lantern;
" L. to sparkle. L. scinti.'Ja,
scintillare., from L. absconsus. hidden. "

a spark. Scoop. v^F. Scand." " M. E. .v^'/^,

sb.
Sciolist. ,L.^ Formed, with suffix -isf, O. F. cscopc[". tfcopc'^,
" a scoop t^Hatz-
from L. sciol-us, a smatterer. " L. sciiis,feld\ Swed. skopa,a scoop, -f ^^- E)"*
"

knowing. " L. scT-re, to know. See schoepe, M. II. G. schucfc,

a scoop; cf. C".
Science. schopfen,
to draw water, to scoop. Froni
Scion. F.-L.) M. E. -fi^";/. O. F. Teut. *-skoPj 2nd grade of Teut. *skap-, as -

lion, M. F. sion,F. scion,*a scion,shoot;' in O. Sa.\. skcppiati\iox *skap/an^, Du.

Cot. Orig. a cutting.'O. F. sicr,F. schcppcn,O. II. G. schcpfan
'
t. scuof^,
'^pt.
"

rrzV;-,
to cut. L. scccirc,
to cut. (But the to draw up water.
"

Ficsrd form is chion.) Scope. V^tal.Gk." Ital. sccpo.a mark "

ScirrllOUS, pertaining hard swell- ing. to a to shoot at, scope; Florio. Gk. a/conos, a "

(^L. Gk.") From L^Xc'L. scirrhus,

"
mark, a watcher ; allied to Gk. CKfVTOfiai,
sb.,a form used for L. scirros,a.
hard swell-
ing. I see, spy, which is cognate with L.
" Gk. a Hippos, afci'pos,
CKippcufia,a hard spccere; see Species.
swelling.Gk. " afflictedwith scurvy. (Lo\f
ampos, hard. Scorbutic,
Scissors. ,F.-L.) From Low L. .c.-^;7';7/w.^
scurvy ; said
[Illspelt,and L.^
to cut.]M. E. siscures,to be Latinised from M. Du. scheur-en,
not from scindere., to
cisonres. O. F. cisoires,
" shears ; used break, tear, and bot,a bone (Weigand) ;
instead of ciseaiix,' sizars,'Cot. The which is doubtful. From L. scorbutus
latter is the pi.of O. F. cisg/,chisel ; see were formed Low G. scharbock,schar-
Chisel. Both words are due to L. ccrdey-e,
biiuk, scurvy ; M. Du. scheurbuyck(^Du.
to cut ; see Cfiesura. ^ No doubt the word scheurbuik'), scurvy. These forms are due
was confused with L. scissor, which perly
pro- to popularetymology,as the lit.sense of
cutter,'hence, a tailor ; M. Du. scheurbuyckis rupture of the
means
*
a
*

from L. scindere,to cut. from schciireu, to tear, and buyck

belly,'
Scoff. (Scand.^M. E. skof.Swed. dial. (mod. Du. buik^,^^ belly.See Scurvy.
skoff-,as in skoffs-ord, n. pi.,words of Scorch. (F. L.) Orig.to tlay; Knt. "

abuse, skoff-scra,
to abuse ; O. Fries. de la p. 6.
Tour, O. F. escorcker,lit.to "

schof. scoff ; Icel. skauf,shop,mockery. May

a (Ital.scoriicareX-"!.. ex, off;cortic-,
Cf. M. Du. schoppcn, schobbcn,to scoff,stem of cortex, bark,rind, husk. Confused
Icel. skopci,
to scoff; also Dan. skiiffe,
to with M. E. to burn,scorkncn,
scorklen, to
deceive ; Scufiae. Theseeorig.sense parch; cf. Norw. skrokkna, to shrivel,
' '
was prob. ' a rub or ' a shove ; of. Swed. skrokkcn,shrunken ; allied to Shrink.
skiiff,a push,G. schupfen, to push ; see Score. M.
(^Scand.) E. score, properly
Shove. a twenty, denoted by a long
cut ; hence
Scold. (Perhaps Frisian.) M. E. cut on a cut stick. Icel. skor,a score, cut ; "

scoldcn ; also skalde,scolde,sb.,a scold. also twenty; cf. Swed. skara, Dan. skaar,
The sb. is formed from * skald,2nd grade score, cut. From Teut. Ic^X.skor-,
*skor-,
468
 SCRATCH SCRUB

skrapa, Dan. skrabe, to scrape. + Du. Scrimmage ; see Skirmish.

schrap"tt. From Teut. 2nd grade
*skrap-, Scrip (I ),a small bag. (Scand.)A. F.
of Teut. '^skrepan-,to scrape; as in A.S. escrepe, a scarf. Icel. skreppa,Swed.
"

'
screp-an,pt. t. scrcep. Cf. Russ. skrebok\ skrdppa, a scrip. Orig. sense scrap,'
a scraper. because made of a scrap of stuff;cf. N.
Scratch. (Scand.) Due to the fusion
con- Fries, skrap,a scrip.
of M.skratten, to scratch,
E. with Scrip (2),a pieceof writing;the same
M. E. craccheji^to scratch, p. M. E. word script(below).
as

skratten stands for s-kratten, where the script. (F. L.) M. F. escript, *a "

s- (due to F. es-, L. ex-^ is intensive,and writing.' L. scriptum,

" neut. of pp. of
kratten is from Swed. /^r"^//a(below), y- scribere,
to write.
M. E. cracchen stands for *y^ra/j^". Swed. "
scripture. (F. L.) M.'Ej. scripture,
"

kratsa,to scrape, krats,a scraper. Swed. " a writing. " M.F. escriptzire.L. scriptilra, "

kratta,to rake, scrape krota,to ; cf. Icel. a writing. L. "

pp. of scribere,
scriptus, to

engrave. From Teut. *kret-an-,to cut write.

(pt. t. *krat^pp. *kroi-anoz). So also Du. scrivener. (F. "
L.) Formerly a
krassen \iox'^kratsen), G. kratzen,O. H. G. scriven ; the suffix -er, of the agent, is an
chrazzon,to scratch. And see Grate (2). E. addition. M. E. scriuein (^ scrivein). =

Scrawl. (Scand.) A contraction of " O. F. escrivain. "Late L. scribanum,

scrabble,
to write carelessly.% Confused ace. of scribdmis,a. notary. L. sc?'ibere, "

with M.E. scratikn,to crawl, a form of to write.

crawl with prefix s ( 0. F. es-",L.. ex) = L. scrofula, a little Scrofula. (L.)
used with an intensive force. pi.scrofulce, used in the pig; whence the
Scream. (Scand.) M.E.
so-emen.'" sense of scrofulous swellings ; perhaps
Icel.skrcema^ Swed. skrania^Y)-xVi,sh?'cemme, from the swollen appearance of the glands.
to scare; orig.to cry aloud. Cf. Swed. Dimin. of scrofa, a breeding sow. So also
skrdn, a scream ; Dan. skraale,to roar. Gk. x^'/wSes,scrofulous glands; from
Screech. (Scand.)Cf. M. E. scrJken ; Xor^os,a pig.
Lowl. Sc. scraik. Icel. skrakja, to shriek ;
"
Scroll, a roll of paper. (F. Teut.) "

ci.^wtd.skrika,to shriek, Dan. skrige.-^ Dimin. (with suffix -/)of M. E. scrowe, a

' '
Gael, sgreuch^ to shriek. Cf. Shriek. scroll. M. F. escroue, a scrowle ; Cot. " "

Screen. (F. Teut.) yi.Y.. scren.^

"
M. Du. schroode,a shred,strip, slipof
'
O. F. escren (Littre)
; escratt, a skreen,' paper; O. H. G. scrot (thesame). Allied
Cot. (Mod. F. icran.) Also found as to Shred.
zjiO.Y (Godefroy). G. schranne,
.escranne Scroyles, rascals. (F. L.) In K.
" "

'
arailing, grate, p. In the sense of coarse John, ii. I. 375. O.F. escroelles, later "

it
sieve,' is the same word ; so called cause
be- escrouelles, lit. the king's evil,' i.e. '

it screens (orwards off)the coarser scrofula ; Cot. Late L. '^scrobellce(only "

particles, and prevents them from coming found as scroellce), scrofula, dimin. of
through. *scrobiila,for scrofula ; see Scrofula.
Screw (i). (F. Teut.) Formerly Transferred, " a s a term of abuse, from the
seme. " M. F. escroue, 'a. scrue;' Cot.; disease to the person said to be afflicted
O. F. escroe (Godefroy).F. ^C7'0ii. Per-
haps with it. (See Korting.)
from Low G. schruve ; cf. M. Du. Scrub (I ),brush-wood. (Scand.)Dan.
schroeve, G. schraube,
Du. schroef, a screw. dial, skrub, brush-wood ; Norw. skrubba,
% The Icel. skrufa,Swed. skruf,Dan. the dwarf cornel-tree. See Shrub. Der.
skrue,are from Low G. ; and it is doubtful scrtibb-y,
mean, orig.shrubby,stunted.
whether the Du. and G. words are really Scrub (2),
to rub hard. (Scand.)M. E.
Teutonic. scrobbcn,to scrub. Swed. "
skrubba,Dan.
Screw (2),a vicious horse. (E.) The skriibbe,to scrub. + Low G. schrubben ;
North E. form of shrew, q. v. Du. schrohben ; N. Fries, skrobbe, E. Fries.
Scribble. Formed
(L.; tuith E. suffix.) schrubben. According to Franck, it is
from scribe with frequent, sufhx -le; the allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries.
suffix givingit a verbal force. schrabben, to scratch ; see Scrabble,
scribe. (L.) L. .y^rJ"^a,
a writer. " L. Scrape, p.It is also,perhaps,related to
scribere,to write, orig.to scratch or cut shrub. Cf. E. broom, from the shrub so

slightly. called ; Lowl. Scotch scrubber, '

a handful

470
 SCRUFF SCUTIFORM

of heath tied tightly togetherfor ing

clean- "c. (F. L.) - The suffix -^ ( F. -ie)
=is
'
culinaryutensils ; Jamieson. the same as in butter-y,pantr-y. The orig.
Scruif ; see Scuft. sense was that of ' keejnngthe dishes.' "

Scruple. (F. L.) F.

scruptde,'a O. F. escuelerie,
"
esculerie,the office of
littlesharpstone in a mans shooe,'Cot. ; keepingthe dishes (Godefroy).O. F. es-
. . "

hence a hindrance,perplexity, doubt, also ciielle (F. ecuelle),a dish.-L. scutella, a

a small weight. L. scrfcpulum,ace.
" of dish; dimin. oi scutra, a flat tray.
%crnpulus,a sharpstone, dimin. of scrnpus Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F. L.) "

(thesame). Minsheu explains sctillioi ns being named

Scrutiny. (L.) 'L.scrutinium.^c^xQ- eo quod scutellas curat,'thus associating
'

ful enquiry. L. scrutdri^to search into it with scullery. But there is no trace in
"

carefully, as if among broken pieces. L. O. F. of any such form. Palsgravehas :

"

'
scriita,s. pi., broken pieces. Scoulyonof the kechyn,souillon ; and '

Scud, to run quickly.(Scand.) Cf. Cotgravc explains F. souillon by *a

Dan. skyde,to shoot ; skydeover stevn^ lit. scullion.' Perhapsthis is the real
source,
'to shoot over the stem,'to scud along; the c being inserted by association with
skudsteen, a stone quoit,called in Scotch a scullery.F. soiiiller, to soil, to be dirty.
"

scudding-stane. Cf. Swed. dial, skudda, to See Soil (2)and Sully.

shoot the bolt of a door. See Scuttle (3), Sculpture. (F.-L.) Y. sculpture. ~\..
Scout (2),and Shoot. sculptura,sculpture, lit. a cutting.E. "

Scuffle. (Scand.) The frequentative sculptus, pp. of sctdpere, to cut, carve ;

of Swed. skuffa^to push, shove, jog. allied to scalpere, to cut.
Cf M. Du. schnffelen, to drive on, also Scum. (Scand.) Dan. skum, froth;
to run or shuffle off,from Du. schiciven, Swed. skuj?i, froth ; EL.Fries. J(r//?7w.-f Du.
to shove. See Shuffle, Shove. schuivi ; G. schauni (as in vieer-schaiaii).
Scuft, Scuff, Scruff, the nape of (VSKEU, to cover.) Der. skim.
the neck. (^Scand.)O. Icel. skopi{^pron. Scupper. (F.) ^Scuppers, the holes
hair
skoft), of the head, mod. Icel. skott, throughwhich the water runs offthe deck ; '

a fox's tail ; N. Fries, sktift, the nape of Coles (1684). Phillips has scoper-holes.
a horse's neck.-f-G. schopf, a tuft of hair ; Yox scoop-er, i. e. lader out of water ; from
O. H. G. sacft, hair ; Goth, skuft, hair of scoop,vb.,to lade out water. (The Du.
the head. Allied to Sheaf; cf. Icel. name is spiegat, lit. 'spit-hole.') See
skaiif,a fox's brush. Scoop.
Sculk, Skulk. (Scand.) M. E. Scurf. (Scand.) From Swed. skorf,
skulken. " Dan. skulke, to sculk, slink ; Dan. skurv, scurf; Icel. skurfur, pi.
Swed. skolka, to play the truant. A + A. S. scurf scorf;Du. schurft, G. .1

derivative of Dan. shile, to scowl ; see schoj-f. From *skorf-, weak grade of
Scowl. Allied to Icel. skolla, to sculk, ^skerfan-, as in A. S. sceoj-fan, to scarify,
keep aloof. gnaw. Der. scurv-y.
Scull (I ) Skull, the cranium. (Scand .) Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) E. scur-
,

M. E. scolle.
skulle, Named from its shell-
like adj.,fiom
rilis, scurra, a buffoon.
shape. " Swed.
skulle,variant of dial, Scurvy, scabby, shabby. (Scand.)
skolli,scull ; Norw. skolt,scull. From An {sibowe)Hence
adj.formed from sciirf .

Teut. *skol, weak grade of *skelan- (pt.t. scurvy disease,the scurvy, much confused
*skar), to cleave, divide. From the form with F. scorbut,the scurvy (Eittre).
*skal we have Swed. hufviid-skalle, the Scutage, a tax on a knight's fee. (M.
scull (also kufvud-skar), and D?ji. hjerne- Eat.) From Med. E. scillagium.-^'L. tum,
scu-

skal,scull ; see scale (2). a knight's shield,orig.a shield. See

Scull (2),a small lightoar. (Scand.?)Esquire.
Perhapsnamed from the slightly hollowed Scutch, to beat flax. (F.-Scand.)
blades. See Scull (0- Cf. M. Swed. From O. F. escotiche, escuche,a scutch or
skolla, skalla, a thin plate ; Swed. hufvud- swingle. Norw. skoka,skuku, a scutch"

skdl, scull (of the head) ; vdg-skal, scale for beating flax.
(of a balance) ; skalig,concave. Der. Scutcheon ; see Escutcheon.
scull,vb., to use sculls. Scutiform. (F. E.) M. F. scuti- -

Scull (3', a shoal of fish ; see School (2).forme,shapedlike a shield. E. scuti-, for "

Scullery, place a for swilling dishes, sciltum, shield ; forma, form.

471
 SCUTTLE SECULAR

Scuttle (i),
a or vessel. Allied to Russ. suxoi,dry ; Lith. sazfsas,
shallow basket
(L.) A Northern Icel. form.
skutill; dry ; Gk. auos (for*aavaos),dry; cf. Skt.
A. S. scutel,a vessel. L. scutella,allied fush, for *sush, to dry up.
"
Idg. type
to scutula,a small tray; cf. scutra, a tray. *sausos. See Austere. Brugm. i. " 214.
See Scullery. Search, to explore.(F. L.) M. E, "

Scuttle (2), opening

an in a hatchway serchen, cerchen. O. F. cercher (F. cher- "

of a ship. (F. Span. Teut.)

- O. F. cher) ; prov.
- F. sercher, dial, of Verdun
scuttle. Span,escetilla,
escoictille, the " hole (Fertiault).
L, circdre,to "
go round ;
in the hatch of a ship. Span, escotar,
to " hence, to explore. L. circus,a ring; "
see

cut, hollow out, or slopeout a garment Circus. Der. re-search ; cf. shark.
to fitthe neck or bosom. the
Span,escote, " Season. (F. L.) M. E, seson. O, F. " "

slopingof jacket,
a"c. " Du. schoot,
lap, seson, seison,saison. [Cf.Span, sazon,
bosom ; Low G. schoot ; Icel. skaiit ; see O. Prov, sadons,sasos, Bartsch.]Late L. "

Sheet. 5F ^*^ Diez ; but Span, escotilla sationem,ace. of satio,sowing-time, i,e.

is rather a dimin. from Low G. schott, spring,regardedas the chief season for pre-
paring
a trap-door. Cf. E. shutter. Der. scuttle^ crops. L, satus, pp, of serere, to "

a shipby making holes in it.

vb.. to sink sow. ^ The Span,word is estacion,Ital.
Scuttle (3), hurryalong. (Scand.)
to stagione; from ace, of L. statio,
a station,

Cf. Swed. dial, shitta,to take a long hence a stage (period).

jump; also prov. E. scuddle (Bailey),quent, Seat, sb. (Scand.) Icel. Si^ti,
fre- a seat ;
oi said;
Scud and Shoot.
see Swed, sate; Dan. j-"?"/"?. Icel. sat-, 3rd "

Scythe. (E.) M. E. sithe. A. S. sUe, gradeoisitja, sit;

to see Sit. Der, seat,y\".
Lit. 'cutter;'
old ioxm.sigt!)e. from -y^SEK. Secant, a line that cuts another, or that

+ Icel. sigQj-, Low G. seged, segd; cf. cuts a circle. (L.) From stem
j'^fcaw/-, of
O. H. G. segaiisa, G. pres, pt. oi secdre,to cut, + Russ. siech\
sense. See Secant. to
Se-, away, apart. (L.) L. se-, prefix ; hew, Brugm, i. " 635. (-y^SEK.) See
full form sedywithout. Saw, Scythe, Sickle.
Sea. (E.) M. E. see. A. S. see, sea, Secede. (L.) L. secedere, to go apart,
lake.+Du. zee\ Icel. seer; Dan. so; Swed. withdraw. L. se-, sed, apart; cedere,to "

sjo; G. see ; Goth, sahvs. Teut. type go. See Cede. Der. secess-ion (fromthe
*saiwiz. pp. secess-us').
(I),a stamp. (F.-L.) l\.Y..seel.
Seal Seclude. (L.) L. to shut
sechldere,
" O. F.
seel, a sij^net(F. sceau). 'L. " off, L. se (forsed),apart; claudere,
" to
sigillum, mark ; dimin. form allied
a seal, shut. See Se- and Clause, Der. ion,
seclus-
to signuntya mark. See Sign. Der. from the pp. seclus-us.
seal,vb. Second. (F. L,) " O.^. second." \..
Seal (2),a sea-calf. (E.) M. E. sele. sectmdus, second, next following, " L,
A. S. selr;Dan,
seolh.-\'\zt\. sal; Swed, sequi, to follow. See Sequence,
sjdl; O. H. G, selah. Secret. (F. L,) " M,".. secre, secree.
'
Seam (i). (E.) A. S. jmw. L. secretus,
+ Icel.
Cot. " O. F. secret,* secret ; "

satcfiir; G.satwi; zoom ; Dan. Swed.

Dn. secret,set apart ; pp. of secernere, to sepa-
rate.
som. Teut. type *saumoz, m. ; from root L. se, apart ; cernere, to separate. "

*seu-, *siw. (VSIW.) Cf. Skt. sil-tra-,See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete,vb.,
a thread. See Sew (i). from L. secretus ; secret-io?i.
Seam (2),a horse-load, (LateL. Gk.) secretary. (F. L.) O. Y. secretaire.
" "

M, E, seem, A. S. seafu. Borrowed (like Late L. secretdrium,ace, oi secretdrius , "

G, satim)from Late L. satima, late form a confidential officer. L. secret-us,secret "

of sagma, a horse-load, pack. Gk. oay[xa, (above). "

a pack-saddle. See Sumpter. Sect. (F. L,") F, secte, 'a sect or "

Seamstress, Sempstress. (E. ; faction;'Cot. Late L. secta, a set of "

with F. suffix^ A. S. seamestre, a seam-stress people,a suit of clothes, a suit at law. L, "

; with suffix -ess (" F. -esse ". Gk, sec- (as in sec-undus),base of sequi,to
-to- era).A. S.
"
seam, a seam (seeSeam) ; follow, sue. % Not from secdre, to cut.
tvith suffix -estre ; see Spinster. Section. (F. L.) F. section. L, "
"

Sear, Sere, withered. (E.) M. E. sectidtiem,ace. of sectio,

a cutting. L. "

sere, A. S. sear, dry; searian, to dry up. pp. of secdre, to

secl-2is, cut. See Secant.
+M. Du. sore, Du. zoor^ Low G. soor. Secular. (F. L.) " lA.Y.. seculere."

47
 SECURE SEIZE
'
M. F. '
seculier, secular,temporall; Cot. Seek. (E.) M. E. seken. A. S. secan,
" secular,
L. seciilaris, worldly. L. seen- "
pt. t. soh-te, to sctk, stiive after.-|-Du.
Iiim, scTcuhcm,a generation, an age, the zoeken; Icel. scekja, ; Dan.
scekja soge;
world. Swed. sbka; Goth, sokjan; G. suchen.
Secure. (L.) L- secilrus, free from Teut. type *sdk-jan-
; from *sdk- Idg. ^

anxiety. "
apart from ; ciira,anxiety.*sdg-,as
L. j"?-, in L. sdglre,to perceive,
Gk.
Doublets, sicker,sure. "q'^eopLoi, I consider; cf. O. Ir. sagim,
Sedau-chair. (F.) Named from I seek for. Der. be-seeeh.
Sedan, a town in France. Cf. F. sedan, Seel, to close up the eyes. (F.-L.)
cloth made (Littre).
at Sedan M. F. si/ler,
'to seal up the eie-lids;'
Cot.
pp. of
Sedate, quiet.(L.) L, j-rt/"/"i-, Also speltciller. O. F. cil,eye-lid.L.
" "

seddre,to settle or make calm, causal of ; which

eilinm,eye-lid is probablyallied
sedere,to sit. See below. to Gk. Ttt KvKa, the partsunder the e)es.
sedentary. (P\ L.) F. s^de^itaire. "See Supercilious.
" L. sidoitdriiis, ever sitting.L. sedent-, Seem. "
(E.) 'hi.Y..sevien. A.S. seman,
pres. i^t.of SeeSit.
j-^^/Jr^jtosit. (-^SED.) to satisfy, conciliate (hence, t o suit,a sense
Brugm. i. " 574. due to the adj.seetnly; see below). For
Sedge. I F.) M. E. segge. A. S. secge, '^som-ian, - where *so?n- is the strong grade
g., d., and ace. of secg, f.,sedge; lit. of sam-, as in E. same.-{'\ct\. seema, to
i.
'cutter,' sword-grass;
e. from the shape ; honour, bear with, conform to, allied to
cf. secg, m. a sword. The A. S. secg, f. seemr, fit, sof/ia, to befit,and to sanir,
= same.

Teut. type *sag-jd]from *sax-,2nd grade See Same.

of Teut. root *sex-,to cut. + Low G. segge, seemly, fit.(Scand.)M.E. 5-^/y///t7/."
coarse grass. Cf. Irish seisg,sedge. Icel. Si2niiligr, seemly. Icel. seeinr, fit; "

(VSEK, to cut.) See Secant. with suffix like (-ly)

-ligr, ; where scim-

Sediment. (F. L.) '^l.Y. sediment.

"
is the mutated form of *som- (as in Icel.
" settling
L. sedimentti77i,z. (ofdregs)." som-a, to befit\ strong grade of *S(j?n-,
L. sedere, settle. See Sit.
to sit, as in Icel. saina, to beseem, cognate with
Sedition. (F. L.) O. F. seditioti. L. Goth, sainjan,
" to please,lit. to be the
"
'

ace. seditionem,a going apart, dissension, same,' agree with. Icel. savir^ same ; "

mutiny. L. sed-,apart; it-Jim,

"
supineof see Same.
i"-e,to go. (VJ^I-) Seer ; see See.
Seduce, lead astray.(L.) seducere, Seesaw.
to L. (E.) A reduplicated form;
to lead aside. L. se (forsecT),
"
apart ; dil- from the verb to saw. From the motion
See Se- and Duke. Der. of a sawyer. See Sa'w (i).
cere, to lead.
seduct-ion (fromthe pp. seduct-us). Seethe, to boil. (E.) Pt. t. sod; pp. sod-
Sedulous, diligent.(L.) L. sedulus, den. M. E. sethen,pt. t. seeih (pi.
soden),
diligent.Cf. sedulo, adv. busily;from pp. soden. A. S. seoda?i,pt. t. sead, pp.
se, apart from, dolo,abl. of dolus, guile.soden.-\-lct\. sjoda,pt. t. sauS ; Dan. syde;
Brugm. i. " 244. Swed. sj'uda; G. sieden. Teut. type *seuth-
See (i), perceive
to by the eye. (E.) an-, pt. t. *satith,pp. *sud-anoz. Allied
M. E. seen, sen. A. S. seon', pt. t. seah, to Goth, saiiths, a burnt-offering.

pp. gesewen. -^-Dn.zien; Icel. sj'd;Dan. Segment. (E.) E. seguientum,a piece

see; Swed.se; G.se/ien; Goth, saihwan, cut off; for ^sec-nientmn.'-L. secdre, to
^tA.sahw. Teut. type ^j-Mzf/iZW-. Brugm. cut. See Secant.
i. " 665. Der. seer, i.e. see-er. Segregate, to separate from others.
See (2), seat of a bishop. (F. L.) (L.) From pp. of segregdre,to set apart
"

M. E. se. " O.Y. sed,^^, seat. " L. sedem, from a flock. L. se-, apart ; greg-,
- stem

ace. of sedes,a seat. L. sed-,as " in sed-l,of grex, a flock. See Se- and garious.
Gre-

pt. t. of sedere,to sit. See Sit.

Seed. (E.) A. S. seed, seed. From Seignior. (F.-L.) O. F. seignor,
A. S. sdwan, to sow.+Du. zaad, Icel. sceQi,seigneur,lord. L. seniorem,ace. oi senior, "

sad, Dan. Seed, Swed. sad, G. saat. Cf. older,hence, greater; see Senior.
Goth, mana-seths,the world, lit. ' man- Seine, a largefishing-net. (F.-L.-
seed ; ' Lat. se-men, seed. The A. S. seed Gk. ) F. seine. L. sagena. Gk. aayrjvr], - -

answers Teut. type *Sie-doTn,

to neut. See a largefishing-net.
Seize, to (F. LateL.) M. E.
Sow. Brugm. i. " 132. grasp. "

4 73
 SELAH SENESCHAL

seysen, saisen,a law term, to put one in seminary. (L.) L. seminarium,a

of a thing,
seisin or possession also,to take seed-garden, seed-plot(hencea place of
possession; hence, to seize,take, O. F. " education)."L. setnin- (above).
seisir,to put
saisir, in possessionof, to Semolina. (Ital. L.) Ital. semo-
lina, -

take possession.Late L. sacire, to put, "

m., small seed, paste for soups ;
place. ^ It is usual to refer this verb to dimin, of semola, bran. L. simila,line "

O. H. G. *sazjan, to set, put, place,but wheaten flower. See SiraneL

this is an impossibleform (itwas really Sempiternal, everlasting.(L.) F.
sezzen)
; else to Goth. satja?t,
or to set, sempiternel.L. sejupiteni-us, everlasting. "

which would have given '^sadir,*sair. See L. sempi-,for semper, always; with "

Set. Der. scis-in,O. F. seisine,saisine,suffix -ter-nus. |3.L. sejuperwas perhaps

from the verb saisir. formerly *sem-perti, where *sem- probably
Selah, a pause. (Heb.) Supposed to meant '
one,' as in L. sem-el, once, sifu-
mean
'
a pause.' plex,one-fold. Brugm. i. " 1023 (12); ii.
Seldom. (E.) A, S. seldan,seldttm, " 160(1).
seldon^seldom, lit. rarely; cf. sdd-lic, Sempster. (E.) Later forms Seam- stress,
strange, seld-sTene, rarelyseen, strange.-|- Sempstress ; with F. suffix.
Du. zelden, Icel. sjaldaUyDan. sielden^A. S. seaviestre, a sempster ; with suffix
Swed. sdllan, G. selten,adv., seldom. -ess ( F. -esse " Gk. -laaa). A. S. seavi, = "

Allied to Goth, sildalciks, wonderful. a seam (seeSeam) ; with suffix -estre ;

Select, choice. (L.) L. selectus, pp. see Spinster.
oiseligere,to choose. L. se-, apart ; legere, Senary,
"
belongingto six. _(L.) L.
to pick,choose. See Se- and Legend. sendrius, adj.,from seni, six apiece; for
Der. vb.
select, ^sex-nz. " L. sex, six ; see Six.
Self. also seolf,
(E.)
self, silf, Senate, a council of elders. (F. L.)
A. S. "

self.+Du. zelf;Icel. sjdlfr;Dan. selv, O.F. senat."L, sendtiiDi., ace. oi sendtus,

Swed. sjelf; Goth, silba ; G. selb, selb-st. council of elders. L. sen-, as in sen-ex, "

Sell (i),to deliver for money. (E.) old, sen-itim,old age. Cf. O. Gk. 'ivos,
A. S. sellan,sillan,syllan, to hand over, old,Goth, sineigs, O. Ir. sen, W. heny O.
deliver; a secondary verb, from the sb. Skt. Sana-, old. Brugm. i. " 117.
Sale.+Icel.seija, Dan. s":i;Ige,Swed. sdlja, Send. (E.) K.S.sendan.-\-'D\x.zenden',
O. H. G. and Goth, saijan,to hand over, Icel. senda ; Dan. sende; Swed. sdnda\
offer. Teut. type *saljan-. Goth, sand/an ; G. senden. Teut. type
Sell O.Y.se/le, ^sandjan-,
(2),a saddle. (F.-L.) by Verner's law,
for ^santhjati-,
seat, saddle. L. sella, seat ; for
" *sed-la. from 2nd
'^santh, gradeoi^senthan-,to go.
" L. sedere, to sit. Brugm. i. " 475. See Llence send is a causal verb, meaning ' to
Saddle. make to go.' The Teut. *sentkan- (pt.t.
Selvage. (Du.) Also selvedge.Lit. *satitli) is a lost strong verb,of which the
'
self-edge.'M. Du. selfegge, selvage." prime grade appears in Goth, sinth-s,
"

M. Du. self,self;egge, edge; [mod. Du. A.S. sl6 (for

"^sinS), a journey,way, Teut.
zelfkant,
selvage; from zelf,self,kant, type '^senthoz,m., Idg. type *sentos,as
edge] ; Low G. sulf-egge,self-edge,seen in O. Irish set (for"^sent),
W. hynt,
selvage. Bret, hent (for '^sent),
a way. Cf. G.
Semblance, appearance. (F. "
L.) gesinde,followers ; Goth, gasintlija,
a

semblance,appearance. -"F. sembler, to travelling companion.

seem. L.
siniildre,
" sinnildre,to make Sendal, Cendal, a rich thin silken
like. L. similis,
" like. See Simulate. stuff. (F. Late L. Skt.) O. F. sendal, - -

Sem.i-, half. (L.) L. semi-, half. + Gk. cendal; Late L. cendalum, cindadiis,cin-
h
?7/^(-, alf; A. S. J^;;^,half ; Skt. sdnii, half, ddtus, "c. So called because brought
prob. related to Skt. sdmya-, equality, from India. Skt. sindhu-,the Indus,also "

from sama, even, same (Benfey).Allied Scinde. Skt. syand,to flow : see Indigo. "

to Same. Der. semi-breve, "c. Cf. Gk. ffivSduv,fine Indian linen.

Seminal, relating t o seed. (F. L.) Seneschal, a steward. "
(F,-Teut.)
M.F. sejuiftal.'^lu. semindlis, relatingto O. F, seneschal. Grig,sense old servant,' '

seed. L. semin-,for semen, seed.

" L. se- Goth, sin-,old (onlypreserved
" " in superl.
as in se-nJ,pt. t. of serere, to sow ; with sin-ista,eldest,and in sin-eigs,old); skalks,
suffix -men. See Sow (i). a servant. Cf. Senate and Marshal.

474
 SENILE SERAGLIO

senile, old. (L.) L. semh's,old; cf. Gk.) L. j^za. " Gk. crTjnia,
cuttle-fish,
sen-ex, old. See Senate, sepia.
senior. (L.) L. senior,older;comp. (Pers.) Pers. sipdhl (pro-
nounced Sepoy.
of senex, old. nearly as sepoy),a horseman,
Senna. (Ital. Arab.) Ital. sefta soldier. " Pers. sipdh,supah, an army "

(Florio). Arab, sand,

" senna. (Horn, " 699).
Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. (F. Sept, a clan. (F. L.) Used in the "

"
L.) See Nares ; and Wright'snote to 16th cent, as synonymous with sect, of
K. Lear, i. i. 33. Also spelt s/neL O. ". which it is an arbitraryvariant. Ducange "

'
sinet,senet,segttei, presumably a signal; has Late L. septa for Ital. setta (" L. *

dimin. of F. signe,a sign,mark, note. L. secta); and Wedgwood cites Prov. cepte,a "

sigmwi, a signal ; see Sign, Tocsin. sect. vSee Sect.

Sennight ; short for seven night,a September. (L.) L. Septe/nber,the
week. seventh month of the Roman year. " L.
Sense. (F. "
L.) F. se?is, 'sence;' septem, seven. See Seven.
Cot. " L. seitsum, ace. of sensus, feeling. septenary. (I*) L. septmdrius,
" L. sensus, pp. of sentlre, to feel,per- of
ceive. consisting seven. " L. sepieni,pi.,
seven

apiece. L. septe?n,seven. "

sensual. (L.) Late L. sensudlis, dowed

en- septennial. (L.) From L. septe^t-
wiih feeling.L. sensii-s, feeling. nium, a periodof seven
"
years. L. septen- " "

L. to feel.
scjisus, pp. of sentlre., of seven
nis,adj., years. L. sept-em,seven ; "

sentence. (F. L.) Y .sentence. -^Y,. annus, year. "

sententia,a way of thinking; for *senii- Septuagesima. (L.)Lit. 'seventieth'

entia.-'L,. sentient-, stem of pres. pt. of (day). L. septuagesima {dies)seventieth "

sentlre,to feel,think. seventieth.

(day),fem. of septtidgcsiinus, "

sentiment. (F. L.) VL.Y.. sente- L. septudginta, seventy. L. septem,seven

"
; "

ment.'^O.V .
sentement ; as if from a related
-ginta, to Gk. -Kovra, for ^hiKovra,
Late L. *sentlmentuin. L. sentlre (above).from 5e"a, ten. "

Sentinel. (F. Ital. L. ?) M. F. sen- Sepulchre.

-
-
(F. L.) O.Y. sepukre. "

tinelle. " Ital. sentinella,'

a watch, a sen- L. sepnlcru7n,
ill-spelt sepulchrum,a "

tinell ; ' Florio. Cf M. F. sentinelle, a tomb. pp. of sepellre,

L. sepnl-tus, to "

watch-tower Etym. uncertain; bury. Der. sepult-ure,

(Godefroy). from the pp. se-
from
ultimately
apparently L. sentlre,to pulttis.
perceive.SeeKorting,"" 7365, 7377. Sequel. (F. L.) M. F. sequele, 'a "

Sentry. (F. L.) Spelt sentrie " in sequell;'Cot. L. sequela,

a result. L.
" "

Minsheu se7iteryin Milton, P.

{162'j), L. sequl,to follow. See below.
ii. 412. Minsheu also has centrie as a sequence. (F. L.) O. F. sequence, - a

short form of sancttiary. Cotgrave has : sequence. sb., following;

seqtientia,
" L. a

'
Garite, a place of refuge, a sentry,or . .
from sequent-,stem of sequens, pies. pt. of
littlelodge for sentinell ; also ' Bar-
a
'

sequl,to follow. + Lith. j"?^//, to follow;

bacatte, . .
a scout-house.'
sentrie, It meant Gk. enoixai, Irish seich-im, I follow ; Skt.
a placeof safety. See Sanctuary. sack, to follow. (VSEQ.) Brugm. i.
Sepal, leaf or division of the calyxof " 118.
a

a flower.(F. L.) F. s^pale, a " sepal. sequester. (F.-L.) yi.Y .sequestrer,

Coined to pairoff with Y petale, a petal,to sequester or lay aside. L. sequestrdre,
.
"

by taking part of the Lat. adj. sep-ar, to surrender,lay aside. L. sequester,a "

'

separate, and adding the same suffix -die mediator, trustee, agent. Prob. orig. a
(Littre).Thus sep-al is,as it were, short follower.' L. seqtil, to follow. "

for separ-al, where separ- was regardedas Sequin, a gold coin. (F. Ital. Arab.) - -

allied L. F. Cot. Ital. zecchino,a Venetian

being to separdre, to separate. sequin: "

See coin. Ital. c"f6-t-a,a mint; Florio. Arab.

Separate. "
"

coins.
Separate, to keep apart. (L.) L. sikka't),pron. sikkah,a die for
separdtus, pp. of separare, to sever. L. "
Seraglio. (ItaL-L.) Misused in E. ;
the true sense is merely'enclosure'; but
se, apart; pardre, to get ready,set. Der.
separate,adj., kept apart (not so old as it was confused with Pers. sardy or serdl,
the verb in E.). Doublet, sever. a palace,king'scourt, seraglio. Really
from the cuttlefish. (L." from Ital. serraglio, enclosure ; formed
Sepia, ink an

475
 SERAI SETTLE

("L. -dculum) from Late

with suffix -aglio Serous ; see Serum.
L. serdre,to bar,to bolt,shut in. L. sera, "
Serpent. (F.-L.) Y. serpent.
~\u.ser-
a L. serere, to join together;pentem, ace. of serpens, a serpent ; orig.
bar, bolt, "

see Series. And see below. pres. pt. of serpere,to creep, +Gk. epirfiv,
Serai, palace. (Pers.)
a Pers. serdt, to creep ; Skt. srp, to creep, sarpa-, a
a palace (Horn, " 727). snake. Brugm. i.'" 477. (ySERP.)
(Heb.) Coined from the pi. Serrated, notched like a saw.
Seraph. (L.) L.
form seraphim. Heb. seraphim,s. pi., serrdtus,notched like a saw.
" L. serra, a "

seraphs,lit.exalted ones (Gesenius). saw.

Seraskier, a Turkish general. (F." Serried, crowded together.(F'. L.) "

Turk. Pers. ajid Arab.^

"
". serrer, to compact, press close,lock."
F. seraskier,
Turk,
s^rast/iner. "
serasker,chief of the Folk-L. serrdre, for L. serdre,to bolt,"
army, with a lightsound of / after the k. L. sera, a bolt. " L. serere, to join. Cf.
Pers. sar, head (withinitial shi); and
" Seraglio.
Arab, 'askar, an army (Devic). The Pers. Serum, whey. (L.) L. serum., whey,
sar is cognate with Skt, head;
^iras, cf. -j-Gk.opos, whey ; Skt. sara{s),
serum. adj.,
Gk. Kapa, head. And see Sirdar. flowing,sb., whey. {^ SER, to flow.)
Sere; see Sear. But cf Brugm. i. " 466. Der. ser-otis, adj.
Serecloth ; see Cerecloth. Serve. (F.-L.) Y.servir. " Li.serutre,
Serene. (L.) L. j^^vwmj, bright,
clear. to serve. " L. seruus, a slave ; cf. sertidre^
Brugm. i. " g2o (4). to keep, protect. Der. serv-ant, from
serenade. Ital. (F. " "
L.) M. F. pres. pt. of F. servir ; serv-ice,F. service,
serenade. " Ital. serenaia,music beneath a L. seruititim ; serv-ile,L. seruilis ; serv-
itude,

lady's of pp.
window; orig.fem, oi serenare, Y. servitude,L, ace. seruitiidinem \
to make clear or to cheer,to be merry. " also serf,sergeant.
L. seremis, bright. Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree.
Serf. (F. - L. ) F. serf,a servant. - L. (L. and E.) Service is a corruption of
serutwi, ace. of seruus, a slave. M. E. pluralof See serv-es the
(dissyllabic),
Serve. serfox serve, the name of the fruit. A. S.
Serge. (F.-L.-Gk.- Chinese?.) F. syrf, the fruit of the service-tree ; syrf-
serge, a silken stuff. L. serica,fem. of treow, a service-tree (correctly,
"
sirf-tree).
sericus, silken,the same as Sericus,belong-
ing L. sorbus, the tree ; sorbum, its fruit. "

to the Seres. QV. ^fjpfs, Chinese ;

pi., Session.
"
(F. L.) Y. session. !^, " "

cf arjp, a silkworm. The name Seres is sessionefn,ace. oi sessio,a sitting. L. ses- "

from the Chinese se, set, silk. sus, pp. of sedere,to sit. See Sit.
Sergeant, Serjeant. (F.-L.) A. S. scttan, to set, make M.E. Set (i).(E.)
sergeant,sergant. O. F. to
sergant, serjant, sit ; causal"of sittan,to sit (derived
an officer. Late L. seriiientem,ace.
" of from the 2nd grade *sat^. + Icel. setja ;
seruiens,an officer;orig.pres. pt. of Dan. scBtte ; Swed. sdtta ; G. setzen ; Du.
serutre, to Serve. serve. zetten ; Goth, satjan
See ; all causal forms.
Series, a (L.) L. series,a row. Teut. type "^satjan-.
row. See Sit,
" L. serere, to join or bind together (pp. Set (2). When we speak of a set of
serltis) -\'Gk. . ('ipetv cf.
(for '"^'c^pj/eiv); things, this is a variant oi sect. The Late
Ivith. seris,a thread ; Icel. sorvi,
a neck-
lace. Latin word is secta, common in old wills;
for which we also find setta.
Serif, the short cross-line at the end of Seton, an artificialirritation under the
a stroke of a letter. (Du.) Adapted (with skin. (F. -
L.) F. seton, in use in the
ser- for Du. from
schr-) M.Du.
Du. schreef, 16th century ; the orig. sense is 'a thread.'
schreve,a dash, short line. Allied to Formed (as if from Late L. *setd)from
O. H. G. screvon, to scratch,incise. L. seta, a bristle,stiffhair. See Satin.
Serious. (F.-L.) O. F. serieux.- Settee, a seat with a long back ; appa- rently
Late L. seriosus,serious. " L. serins, an variation
arbitrary of sb,,
settle,
grave, earnest. Cf. G. schwer, heavy ; which see below,
Lith. swariis,
heavy. settle (i),a long bench with a high
Sermon. (F. L.) " F. sermon. " 'L. back. (E.) A.S. j^//,aseat.-fGoth,"V/j;
sermdne?n, ace. of sermo, a speech,dis-
course.
G. sessel; L. sella (for *sed-la).See
Sell (2),Sit.
4? 6
 SHAFT SHANK

G. schatten, O. seed, shallot ; fem. of Ascalonhis,

Irish scdih,Corn, belongingto '

shade: Gk. gloom. Ascalon. Gk. h-oKaK^v, Ascalon ; a chief

(Tkotos, OKOTia, "

Shaft. (EJ a. S. sceaft,shaft of a cityof the Philistines. Heb. Ashqelon. "

spear. -ficel.
skapf,skaft, Dan. Svv. shaft ; Shallow. (E.) M. E. schalowe ; cf.
G. sc/iaft,
Du. schacht (for
schaft). Further also schold,s chald, Barbour,Bruce, ix. 354:
allied to L. scdptis,a shaft,stem, stalk ; for which see Shoal. An E. word ; but
Gk. 0/crjiTTpou, Doric aKarrrov, staff,of
a doubtful origin.However, M.E. owe
schal-
sceptre. All apparentlyfrom Idg. root is allied to M. E. schal-d,shallow,as
*ska_p,
to su|)port. 2. Or else shaf-t =
they have a common base schal-. And
that which is shaven or cut smooth ; from perhaps allied to Low G. schaal,schalig,
Shave, q. v. G. schal,insipid, stale (as liquids when
Shag, rough hair. (E.) A. S. sceacga, littleis left in the vessel) ; cf. Du. ver-
hair, -f Icel. skcgg,Swed. skligg, a beard, schalefi,to grow stale or flat.
Dan. shiag,beard, awn, wattle; cf. Icel. Shalm ; see Shawm.
skaga,to jutout. The orig. sense ness.' Sham.
is ' rough- (E.) A London slangterm, due
See Shaw. Der. shagg-y^adj. to Northern E. sham, a shame, disgrace
Shag tobacco is rough tobacco. (hence,trick). '
Wheea's shatfi is it' =

Shagreen, a rough-grainedleather. whose fault is it ? Whitby Glossary.See

(F. Turkish.) F. chagrin. It was orig. Shame.
"

made of the skin of the back of the horse Shamble, to walk awkwardly. (E.)
or mule. Turk, sdghri,
"
saghrt, back of a Lowl. Sc. shammel, shamble,to rack the
horse, shagreen. limbs with long strides ; also,to distort ;
Shah, king of Persia. (Pers.) Pers. shammel shanks, crooked legs. Cf. E.
shah, a king. O. Pers. khshdyathiya, a fries. scha?nel, shamefaced, modest, also
king ; allied to Skt. kshatrayVi), dominion, poor, miserable ; O. Fries. ska7nel,poor ;
from kshi, to rule ; cf. Gk. KTaop-aL, I Du. schamel. If this connexion be right,
' '

possess. Lit. sense ruler ; Horn, " 772 ; the adj.is formed from the sb. shame ; see
Brugm.i."920. See Cheek. Dev.pa-sha. Shame.
Shake. (E.) A.S. sceacafiyScacajijpt.t.Shambles. (L.) Orig.stallson which
scoc, pp. scacen. -^Icel.skaka, Sw. skaka, butchers expose meat for
sale ; pi. of
Dan. skage. Teut. type ^skakan-. shamble,a bench, butcher's bench or stall.
Shako, militarycap. (F. Hung.) A. S. scaviel,a stool. L. sca?nellum,a
a " "

F. shako. "
Hungarian csako,a cap, shako ; stool,little bench ; allied to scamnwn,
tsdko
spelt in Dankovsky's Magyar Lexicon, step,bench, foot-stool. L. scajn-
scabellH?n,
p. 900. imm is for ^scap-tnim,allied
*scab-num,
Shale, slatyrock. (G.) G. schale,a lo scdptis,
a a stem. Brugm. i. " 241.
shell,peel,scale ; whence schal-gehirge,
a Shame. (E.) A. S. sceamu, scamti.J^
mount.iia formed of thin strata. Hence Icel. skomvi ; Dan. Sw. skam-, G. scham.
also O. F. cscale and E. scale (i). See Allied to Goth, skanda,shame, G. schande.
Ssale K 1). shamefaced, modest. (E.) Corrup-
tion
Shall. I must ;
(E.) A. S. sceal,I shall, of M.E. shamefast, modest." A. S.
I should,ought. The
pt. t. sceolde, orig, scamfcest, lit.firm in shame, i.e.in modesty.
sense was to owe,' to be liable for ; cf.
'
A. S. scannt, shame, modesty; fast, fast, "

Lith. to owe, be liable.+Icel.

skilti, skal, firm ; see Fast.
pt. skyhii;
t. Sw. skall; Dan. skal\ Du. Shammy, Shamoy, a kind of leather.
zal\ G.soll; Goth, skal,in^n.skulaJt. Cf. (F. G.) see Blount
Ong.chamois\c?i\.\-iQx; "

G. schuld,debt, guilt ; Lith. skel'eti,to be and Phillips.See Chamois.

liable. Brugm. i. " 795. Shampoo. (Hind.)Hindustani f/z^w/-
Shalloon, a lightwoollen stuff. (F.) nd, to join,to stuff,press, thrust in,sham-
poo
From Chalons,in France,E. ; from the kneading or pressure used
of Paris.
Shallop, (F.-Du.) a in the operation.Perhaps directlyfrom
lightboat. F.
chalotipe [whence Span,chahipa, '
a flat- the imperative chdmpo of the same verb ;
bottomed boat,'Minsheu (1623); Port. Yule.
chalupa'] Du. sloep,
.
a sloop.See Sloop.
" Shamrock. (C.) Irish seamrog, trefoil,
Shallot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F. dimin. of seatnar, trefoil ; Gael, seamrag.
" L. Gk.
"
Heb.) O. F. eschalote,
-variant Shank, lower part of the leg. (E.
of escalosrne,a shallot. " L. ascalonia, a A. S. sceanca, scanca, bone of the leg.
478
 SHANTY SHEAR

+Du. schonk, Dan. skank. S\ve"l. skank. skaba)!, G. schaben ; Lith. skapoti, to shave,
Further related to shank
l". schenkcl^ ; G. cut, Russ. skopiie,to castrate, Gk, a/mTTTetv,
schinken,ham. Der. skiiik. to dig. Ct. al"-o E. scabere^to scrape.
Shanty, a hut. (Irish.) Said to be (VSQAB, SQAP.) Brugm. i. "" 569,
from Irish scan, old ; tigh,a house. 701.
Shape, vb. (E.) M. E. schapen; a new Shaw, thicket. (E.) A.S. j-ca^rt'.-f
Icel.
formation from the sb. schap,A. S. ge- skogr,a shaw, wood; Swed. skog,Dan.
sceap ; or from the pp., on the analogyof skov, North Fries, skog. Allied to Icel.
sceacan, pp. sceacen. The .A..S. vb. is skagi,a ness (Noreen); N. Fries, skage,
sceppan, scieppan,with a weak infin.; pt. a nook of land ; cf. Icel. skaga,
to jutout.
t.scop, pp. scapen. + Icel. skapa,Swed. Allied to Shag.
skapa,Dan. skabe, Goth, ga-skapjaii, G. Shawl. (Pers.) Vtxs.skill{y"xo\\.
shazui],
schaffen
; Du. scheppeit
(weak). AH from a shawl, mantle.
Teut. type *skopan-^^skapjan-,pt. t. Shawm, Shalm, a musical instrument.
*skdp, Cf. Lith. skabeti^to cut, hew. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. chakmie, a
"
" reed
Brugm. i. " 701. pipe ; allied to chaiune, a straw cf. ;
Shard, Sherd, fragment.(E.) A. S. M. H. G. schalmle.'^'L. calatmis,a reed,
'
sceard,a fragment; lit. cut thing.'
From " Gk. /caA.a;/o?,a reed. See Haulm.
^skar, and grade of ^sker-an-,to shear. She. (E.) M. E. sche,scho ; aku sccEy
See Shear. Cf. Icel. skard, a notch. A. S. Chron. 1 140. In the Northumbrian
Der. pot-sherd. dialect,we find scho used as a dem. pro-
share (i), a portion. (E.) A. S. scearti, jnoun, thoughthe A. S. seo is the fem. of the
a share, part. From *skar (above). def. article. The A. S. seo would have
share (2), a plough-share. (E.) A. S. become see, but this form never occurs ;
scear, plough-share.From the same. rather,it became seo (Lind.sio,John iv.
Shark, a voracious fish. (F. L.) The 23) ; whence (perhapsinfluenced by the
"

name of the fish is from the Tudor verb Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron. sja,that),
to shark, to prowl; to shark for a dinner, came Northumb. scho or she ; and this
to try to get one ; to shark for a living ; seems to have suggested the Midland sche,
see Cent. Diet. Prob. from North F. she,s^e ; the true South, form beingheo,
vPicard) cherqtder, equivalentto O. F. he (whichcaused confusion with the masc.
cercher (E. search, later altered to mod, he). [We also find such forms as hyo,
F. chercher. Cf. cercher le broiist,to '
ho, ^ho, ^0, mod.
Iiio, Lane, hoo, all from
'
huntafter feasts ; Cot.
Godefroyhastwo heo.']The A. S. seo is the fem. of se, orig.
'

examples of the spellingcherqtiier. Cf. that ; cognate with Goth, sa, that.-f
'
Du.
Ital. cercare del pane, to shift for'
how to zip,G. sie ; Icel. su, fem. of sd, that ;
live ; ' Torriano. " L. circdre,
to go round. Goth, so, fem. of sa, that ; Gk. jj,fem. of
" L.
circus, a ring. See Search. If this b ; Skt. sd, she,fem. oi sa^ sas, he. For
be right, to shark is a variant oi to search, Icel, sjj see Noreen, " 399. See Sweet,
but was much used (formerly) in the sense E. Gr, " 1068.
of to prowl about for a living.Hence Sheaf. (E.) M. E. scheef.A. S. sccaf,
shark, sb. (i),a greedy fellow (Johnson); a sheaf,pileof corn shoved together."
(2) greedy
a fish. A. S. sccaf,2 nd grade scufan,to shove.
of
Sharp. (E.) A. S. scearp.-\-'Xy\x. scherp,+ Du. schoof, Icel. skatif,Bavar. schanb,
Icel.skarpr, Swed. Dan. skarp,G. scharf.sheaf; from Teut. *skaub, 2nd grade of
Teut. type "^skai'poz.
Prob. allied to to shove;
*sk!7ban-, see Shove.
Scrape. Der. scarp,escarpment. Sheal, a temporary summerhut. (Scand.)
Shatter. (E.) M. E. schateren, to Also speltshiel,shielin, shee/in.'- Icel.
scatter,to dash as a falling
stream ; hence skjol, shelter,
a cover, Dan. Swed. skjul,
to break
in pieces. A. S. scaterian,to a shed; Icel. skyli, a shed. Cf Skt. skii,
scatter,A. S. Chron. 1137. Cf. E. Fries. to cover.

schattern,Du. schateren,to Shear. (E.) A. S. sceran, pt. t. scar,

resound ; M.
Du. schetteren,to rattle. See Scatter, pp. scoren.-^Y"\.\. scheren,\ce\.skera, Swed.
which is a doublet ; cf. Milton,Lye. 5. skdra, Dan. skcere,G. scheren, to shear.
Shave. A.':^. scafan,^t Teut. *skeran-, t. *skar, "^skor-
(E.) sceafan, type pt. pp.
t. scof, pp. scafen.^'Dw. schaven ; Icel. anoz. Allied to O. Ir. scar-aim,I separate,
ska/a) SvN^ed.skafva,Dan. skave, Goth. Gael, sgar, to sever; W.ysgar, to part;
479
 SHEATH SHELTER

Gk. Keipdv(for*(a)K"pyeiv),
to cut ; Lith. draw, go away ; scheerje
van hier,sheer
k/rwis, an axe. (y'SQER.) Brugm. i. off! (Sewel). Cf. Low G. schere hen, get
"" 5^5, 631. out ! See Shear.
Sheath. (E.) A. S. scca5,sued, a Sheet. (E.) M. E. Scheie. Anglian
sheath,orig. that which separates,hence scete,A. S. sciete,
scyte, a sheet ; also (with-
out
a husk, shell,pod.-|-Du. scheede,Dan. mutation)sceat,sceata, a corner, nook,
skede,Swed. skida,G. scheide,a sheath ; fold of a garment, corner hence a
of a sail,
Icel. skeiHr,fern,pi,,a sheath things sheet
(lit. or rope fastened to a corner of a sail,
that separate or open). All from the called in A. S. sceat-line (sheet -line).
Teut. base *skaith ; for which see Shed Cf. A. S. sceat,2nd grade of sceoian, to
(1). Der. sheathe,vb. shoot, hence to jut out. The orig.sense
'
Shebeen, a liquor-shop.
(Irish E.) " of sheet was
'
hence
projection,' corner,'
Apparentlya dimin. (with suffix -Jti)of "c. + Icel.skaut, corner, sheet of a sail;
Irish seapa,a shop. " E. shop; see Shop. Swed. skote,the lap; Du. schoot,shoot,
Shed (E.) Orig.
to part,pour, spill.
(i), sprig,sheet; Goth, skatits, hem of a gar-
ment
*
to separate.'A. S. sceddan,scddatt,
pt.t. ; G. schooss,flap of a coat, lap,
scead,seed,pp. scedden,to shed; whence bosom. All from Teut. "^skaut, 2nd grade
M. E. seheden, weak verb (withlonge, but of *skeutan-, to shoot ; see Shoot.
the e has been shortened,the pt. t. being Sheet-anchor, an anchor to be ' shot*
shadde or shedde).+ Goth, skaidan, G. out in emergency. (E.) PVom prov. E.
seheiden, to part; O. Sax. skeSan, O. Fries. sheet,M.E. scheten,A.S. sceotan,to shoot.
skc'da,skeda. From Teut. base *skeith, See Shoot.
varyingto *skeid,to split (seeShide) ; or Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab, sheikh^
from the 2nd grade ^skaith, *skaid. The an elder,chief;orig.sense old.' '

Idg. root would, regularly,be b

*skheit, ut Shekel, a Jewish weight and coin.
we onlyfind -y^SKHElD; cf. G\i.axK^^^y(Heb.) Heb. sheqel, a shekel (weight),"
for *ox'i^yiiv, to cleave ; L. seindere,to Heb, shdqal, to weigh.
cut ; IJth. skedziti, I separate. All from Shekinah. (Heb.) It signifies the
'
an older y'SKHEI. Brugm. i."" 201,599. visible presence of God ; lit. dwelling.' "

Shed (2),
a slightshelter,hut. (E.) O. Heb. shekandh, dwelling. Heb. ^/i^/^aw, "

Kentish shed (writtenssed), shade; a to dwell.

dialectal form; Ayenbiteof Inwyt. See Sheldrake. i.e.
(E.) For shehi-drake,
Shade. variegatedor spotteddrake. Cf. Orkney
Sheen, fairness, splendour. (E.) M. E. sheld-fowl,a sheldrake (Cent. Diet.).
'
schene,adj., fair. A. S. scene, scTene,scyne, '
Sheld, flecked, party-coloured ; Coles
'
fair,showy; allied to sceaiuian,
'
to show, (1684). M.E. sheld IS a shield;and the
see. + O. Sax. scdni, adj.; Du. schoon, allusion is to the patch round the breast.
adj.; G. schon,adj. ; cf.Goth, ibna-skauns, Cf. A. S. scild,
a shield, used also of part
of like appearance. Teut. of a bird's plumage (Grein).So also Icel.
type *skau-
'
niz, showy ;
'
see Show. % Not
skjdldu7igr, allied
a sheldrake, skj'oldottr,dappled,
to shine. from skjoldr, a shield. See Shield,
Sheep. (E.) A.S. scedp,scep',Y"\.un- Shelf. (E.) U."..schelfe,shelfe. A.S.
changed.-f- O. Sax. skdp\ Du. schaap; scilfe,story (ofa building), shelf. Orig.
G. schaf.Teut. type '^sk"poni, neut. a thin piece,flake ; allied to shell and
Sheer (l),bright, pure, perpendicular. i-i?7/.-f-Low G. schelf, a board, shelf;cf.
(Scand.) A sheer descent is a clear (un- schelfern,
broken) to flake off; also E. Fries.
one. M.E. shere,bright. Icel. schalfer, schilfer,
" a chip,splinter ; Du.
skcerr,Dan. skcei% sheer,bright; Teut, type schilfer, a scale. Extended forms, from
^skairiz. Cf Icel. skirr,A. S. scir, bright; the root of Skill and Scale.
G. schier,Go\.h.. *skeiroz)\ Shell.
skeii's[TtVi\..\.ypQ (E.) M.E. shelle,sb. A.S.
from the base {^skci-) of the verb to shine ; scell,scyU.'^Y)\\.schel\ \z"\..skel; Goth.
see Shine (Noreen), % The sh (for.yi) skalj'a, a tile, Teut. type *skaljd, fern.
is due to A. S. i-^'r. Der. Sheer- Thurs-
day, The sense is ' thin flake' ; cf, Swed. skala,
the day before Good Friday; cf, Icel. to peel. See Scale, Skill. Der. shell,
ski7-a,
to cleanse,baptize. verb.
Sheer (2),to deviate from one's course. Shelter. (E.) A curious development
(Du.) Du. scheren,to shear, cut, with- of M. E, sheldtruine,a body of guardsor
480
 SHELVE SHINGLES

troops, a squadron; frequently speltshel- wheel of a pulley,Du. G. scheibe,

schijf,
troH, sheltrtin ; it came to mean a guard a siice,disc. See Shiver (2).
or protectionof any kind (P. Plovvm., Shillelagh, an oaken stick used as a
lit. shield- cudgel. I Irish.) Named
Halliwell).A. S. scildtriwia,
" from ^-^/7/,?/a^'- '

troop,'a guard. A. S. scild,shield ; a barony in Wicklow

" famous for oaks. It
'

tninia, a band of men, allied to truviy means 'descendants of Elach ; from Irish
firm. See Shield and Trim. siol,seed,descendants.
Shelve, to slopedown. (E.^ A deri-
vative Shilling. (E.) A. S. j"7//w^. + Du.
of but
shelf, the connexion is not schelli7ig',Icel. skilliyigr
\ Dan. Swed.
clear. A shelfcame to mean a slab of skilling\ Goth, skilliggs(for*skillings);
stratifiedrocks, also a sand-bank ; and G. schilling.p. The suffix -i?tgis a
the senseslope prob. refers to the
of ' '
diminutive which occurs also in H. farth-
ing,
slopingedges of the latter. Torriano and
in A. S. pen-ing,a penny. The
'
translates M. Ital, stralare by to shelve base is either *skel-,to resound, ring;or
'
or go aside,aslope,awry ; a sense haps
per- *skil-,to divide ; see Skill. Reason for
suggestedby M. Du. scheel,awry, the name uncertain ;
but cf. Swed. skil-
G. schel,scheel. jcjuynt,Dan. small
skilleviynt, change,
Shepherd. (E.) A. S. sccapkyrde,
a small money.
keeper of sheep; see Herd (2). Der. Shillyshally. (E.) Formerly shill
shepherd-ess. /,shall
I \ a reduplicated form oi shall I.
Sherbet, (Arab.) Arab.
a drink. Shimmer, to glimmer. (E.) A.S.
sharbat,a drink, draught,sherbet,syrup. scimrian,frequent,form oi scImati,scTmian,
" Arab, root shariba, he drank. Der. to shine,allied to scinaft^to shine ; see
shrub (2),syrup. Shine. -j-Du.
schcmcren; Swed, skimra;
Sherd ; see Shard. G. schi7n??ieni. Cf. O. H. G. scimo, a

Shere-Thursday brightlight,Icel. skimi, a gleam, Irish

; see Sheer (i).
Sheriff. (E. '
A. S. sgeimh,sgiamh,beauty.
For shire-reeve.
scir-gerefa, a shire-reeve ; see Shire and Shin. (E.) A. S. scinu; also scin-
Reeve. Der. sheriff-al-ty^ usuallyspelt ban, shin-bone. + Du. scheen ; G. schiejie,
shrievalty. also a splint Dan. skinne-
; Swed. sken-ben,
Sherry. (Span. L.) Formerly sher- bcen, shin-bone. "
dig. sense perhaps
ris ; sh being an old pron. of Span. x. thinlycovered bone,'and allied to Skin '

"
Span. Xercs, a town in Spain, near (Franck; doubtful). Cf. A. S. scia,shin.
Cadiz. L. Cczsai-is,
"
gen. case of Ccesar, Shine. (E.) A. S. sclnan, pt. t. scan,
proper name (Dozy). pp. scinen. + Du. schijnen,Icel. skina ;
Shew ; see Show. Dan. skinne;Swed. skina ; Goth, skeinan ;
Shibboleth, a test-word of ciation.
pronun- (J^.scheinen. (BaseSKEI.)Cf. Sheer (i),
(Heb.) Heb. shibboleth,
an ear Shimmer.
of corn, also a river ; see Judgesxii. 6. Shingle (0, a wooden tile. (L.) M.E.
Shide, a thin pieceof board. (E.) A. S. shingle,corruptionof shijtdle (Minsheu),
scTd, a billet of wood ; from the base as shewn by the correspondingG. schindel,
{*skeid)of the verb shingle,splint,
to thin piece of wood."
skid,
shed.-^-lcQX. a

a billet ; O.
G. scheit, Irish shingle,
sciath,
as if from L. scin-
a shield. L. scindula, a
See Shed, Sheath. dere, to cleave; but reallyfor scandnla,
Shield. (E.) A. S. scild,sceld.-\-T"Vi. a shingle.
the
schild, Icel. skfoldr, Dan. skiold,Swed. Shingle (2),coarse round gravel on

Goth, skildns, G. schild. Teut. sea-shore. (Scand.) Corruption of Norweg.

skold,
type *skelduz, m. Perhaps'thin board'; singlor singling, coarse gravel, shingle,
cf. Lith. skel-ti, to split. named from the crunchingor ringing noise

Shieling; see Sheal. made by walking on it. Norweg. singla, "

Shift. (E.) M. E. schiften, to divide, to ring, tinkle, Swed. dial, singla (,the

change,shift,remove ; orig. to divide.' same); frequent,

form of Swed. dial, sitiga,
'

A.S. sciftan,to divide. + Icel. skipta the same word as E. sing; see Sing. Ct.
(forskiftd), to divide,part, shift, change ; Lowl. Sc. chingle, shingle, allied to chink.
Swed. skifta, Dan. skifte, the same. Allied Shingles. (F. L.) A variant of "

pi.of the old word sengle.a girth

to Icel. skifa,
to cut into slices,sklfa,
a sengles, ;

slice,prov. E. shive, a slice,sheave, a the disease encirclingthe body like a belt.

481
 SHIP SHORE

" O. North. F. chengle,O. F. meaning shallow,'

angle, Orig.an
adj., formerly '"

shole; M.t..shold ox shald; see Shallow.

'
sangle,'a girth, a sengle; Cot. L. "

a belt.
cingiila, L. "
cutgeix, to surround; A. S. sceald,shallow ; found in place-
see Cincture. names. Cf. Pomeran. scholl, shallow
Ship. (E.) scip.
+ A. S.
schip, ; and note Du.
E. old,prov. E. ole,from water
Icel. skip,Dan. skib,Swed. skepp,Goth. O. Merc, aid,A. S. eald.
skip^G. schiff.Taut, type "^skipom,neut. Shear, a prop; see Shore (2).
Hence i""^?^,
skipper,equip. Shock (i),a violent jolt. (E.) M. E.
Shire. (E.) A.S. sar, a shire,province ; schokken,to shock,jolt. E. Fries, schok-
orig. employment,government.'
'
Cf. A. S. ken.'^Y)\x.schok,sb., schokken,vb. ; Low
scirian, appoint,
to allot ; O. H. G. scira, G. schokken, schtikken,vb. ; O. H. G.
business. ^ Not allied to Shear. scoc, sb. (whence F. choc,sb,,choquer,vb.).
Shirk. (F.-L. ?) The verb /^ ^/^zVZ- Cf. G. schaukel,a swing. See Shog.
seems be a variant of sherk or shark, to
to Shock (2),a pileof sheaves of corn.
prowl about ; hence, to act in a paltry (E.) M. E. schokke.Jcyi.Du. schocke,a
way, to keep out of danger. See Shark. shock, cock, heap; so called from being
Shirt. (E.) yi.^. shirte, s hiirte. A.S. tossed together;from M. Du. schocken, to

scyrte.^ K.'i. scort, short; see Short,+ jolt,shock,cock,heap up; see Shock (i)
Icel. skyrta,a shirt,kind of kirtle ; Swed. above. Cf. Swed. skock, a heap, flock;
Dan.
skjorta, skiorte. So called because Dan. dial, skok,N. Fries, skock,a heap of
short. Doublet, skirt. six sheaves.
Shittah - tree, Shittim - wood. Shock (E.)
(.^\ a rough-coateddog.
(Heb.) Shittim is a pi. form. " Heb. Shock- headed with shaggy
rough-headed,
Vi,

shittah,pi.shittim,a kind of acacia (thet hair. Perhapsfrom Shock (2),a heap.

is teth). Of Egypt, origin(Gesenius). Shoddy, a material obtained from ing
tear-
Shive, Sheave ; see Shiver (2). into fibres old woollen goods. (E.)
Shiver (i), to tremble. (E.) For-
merly Etym. uncertain ; but cf.Devon
shod,shed,
shever, in Baret (1580); M. E. M.E.
spilt, schoden,scheden^
to separate;
chiiieren,cheueren {chiveren, cheveren), see Shed.
where c{k),as if from
ch stands for earlier Shoe. (E.) M. E. scho. A. S. sceo, scoh ;
an A. S. *cifer,which I suppose to be a + Du. schoen; Icel. skor;
pi. sceos, j'^r^i".
variant of ^wz/"^r. See Quiver (i).^ The Swed. and Dan. sko; Goth, skohs] G.
spelling with sh was due to confusion with schnh. Teut. type "^skohoz,
masc.

the word below. Shog, to jog on. (E.) M.E. schoggen,

Shiver (2),a splinter, small pieceof to jog; variant of schokken,to jolt. See
wood. (E.) A shiver is a small piece; Shock (i) ; and cf. Jog.
hence to shiver,to break in pieces.Again, Shoot. (E.) K.^. scedtan,\2Xtxioxnx
shiver is the of shive,a thin slice,of sceotan, str. vb. [witheo for eo as in
dimin.
thesame as prov. E. sheave,a thin disc of chooseA,; pt. t. sceat,pp. scoten, of which
wood, wheel of a pulley. E. Fries, schife,only the pp. shotten is preserved(in the
schive,schlf,N. Fries, skiv,skeev. + Du. phraseshotten herring^2^. herringthat has
schijf; Icel. sklfa,Dan. skive, Swed. lost its schieten;Icel. skjota;
\o").'3f\)w.
skifva; G. scheihe,a slice. Teut. base Dan. ; G.
skyde ; Sw. skjiita schiessen.
Idg. root "^skeip
'"^skeib, ; whence Gk. pt. t. *skaut, pp.
Teut. type ^skeiitan-,
(TKoiTTos,a disc (Hesychius).See
potter's "^skutanoz. i. " 623.
Brugm.
Shift. Shop. (E.) A. S. sceoppa,a stall, booth.
Shoal (i),a multitude of fishes,
a troop, Allied to scypen, pen
a for cattle. + Low
crowd. (E.) Spenser; M. E. G. schitpp,
Speltsho/e in a shed ; G. schoppen, a. shed,

sco/e,a troop, throng,crowd. A. S. sco/u, covert whence O, F. eschoppe, a shop).

a troop.-{-O.Sax. sko/a, a troop, band; Shore ( i).strand of a lake or sea. (E,)

Du. school,a shoal. Teut. type *sktild,M.E. schore. A.S. score (Somner); cf.
fem. ; from weak
*skul-, gradeof*sket-,to A. S. scoren clif, a shorn cliff,precipice.
separate, set apart. See Skill. % The Cf. A. S. scor-, weak grade of sceran, to
sailor's phrase '
a school of fish ' exhibits shear. See Shear.
the Du. form of the same word ; it also Shore (2),Shear, a prop. (E.) M. E.
appears as saiU, Troil. v. 5. 22. schore. Not in A. S. E. Fries, schor,
Shoal (2),a shallow, a sandbank. (E.)!schore (alsoschdr,schare),a prop. Cf.
 SHORE SHRINK

A. S. sceorian, to project,jutout. + Du. sktir\Goth, skiira, a storm; G. schaucr,

schoor,a prop ; M. Dn. schooren,to under-
prop; "). II. G. scur, Bruj^m.i. " 627.
Norweg. skora, prop. Cf. also Shred. (E.* M. K. sh"ede,?b. A. S.
Icel. skorSa, a prop, stay, esp. under a sc )eade.'\-V^ schroode,
.\)\".. a shied (Kilian"):

boat; skorda,vb., to under-prop, shore up. Pomeran. schrood. trom Teut. *skrattd,
Shore (SJ, sewer;
a see Sewer. 2nd grade of *skj-eud- ; for which see

Short. (E.) A. S. sceort, short. Cf. Shroud.

Du. schorten, to lack (fallshort), Icel. Shrew, a scold. (E.) M. E. shrewe,
skorir, shoitness,O. H.G. sairz, sliort. adj., appliedto both sexes, wicked, bad.
The Teut. base would appear to be *skert-, A. S. screawa, a shrew-mouse, fabled to
to cut ; as if extended from *sker-, to cut ; have a very venomous bite. Der. shrew,
see Shear. Cf. also Icel. skard)-, ished,
dimin- to curse, talk like a shrew ; be-shrew.
cut down. % But as the G. kurz shrewd, malicious,cunning.(E.)The
is from L. ciirius, short,it is usual to old sense is ' malicious.' M. E. schrewed,
explainall these words as borrowed from accursed, depraved, hence malicious; pp.
a L.
iy^e^ex-curtus', which is improbable.oi schretven, to curse, from the adj.
schrcive,
Shot. (E.) M. E. schot. A. S. scoi,a malicious, bad (above).
shot,ge-sceot, implementsfor shooting; cf. shrew-mouse, an animal like a
A. S. scot-,weak gradeof sceotan, to shoot. mouse. (E.) A.S. screazva', see Shrew
+ Icel. skot,X)\.\.schot^ a shot, shooting; (above).
G. sc/mss,a shot. See Shoot. Shriek. (E.) A native form of
Shoulder. (E.) A. S. sculder, sculdor. screech; from M. E. schriken, to shriek.
+Du. schouder, Swed. skuldra, Dan. skid- See Screech. Imitative ; see Shrike.
der, G. schiilter. Perhapsallied to O. H. Shrievalty ; see Sheriff.
G. skerti,the shoulder; cf. also O. H. G. Shrift, confession. (L.) A. S. scrift,
harti,the shoulder-blade. confession,prescribed penance. Cf. A. S.
Shout. (E.) M. E. shouien ; Chaucer, serif-, weak gradeof scrTf-an, to shrive,to

Troil. ii. 614. Cf. Icel. skilta,skiili,a impose penance ;

a ult. of L. origin; see
taunt ; see Soout (2). Shrive. -|-Icel. skript,Swed. skHft, Dan.
Shove. (E.) M. E. shouven. A. S. skrifie; D u. and G. schrift, writing. See
senfa71, pt. t. sceaf, to shove. +
pp. scofen, Shrive.
Icel. skiifa ; Du. schuiven,G. schieben Shrike, the butcher-bird. fE.) Cf.
(pt.t. schob); Goth, skiuban. sehrik,a shrike;
Teut. type Westphalian Icel. skrikja,
*skeiiban- or *skuban-, pt. t. *skajib,
pp. a from
shrike,lit.' shrieker,' Icel. skrikja,
*skubanoz. Qi. Lich. skubus,quick,hasty, to orig.
titter, to and
shriek, allied to Icel.
industrious;Skt. ksubh,\.obecome agitated,skrcekja, to screech. See Shriek and
kshobha-,agitation. Brugm. i. " 992. Screech.
shovel. (E.) A. S. scojl, a shovel,for Shrill. (E.) M.E. shril; ci. Lowl.
liftingand shoving; cf. A.S. scof-, weaker Scotch skirl,a shrill cry, skirl, to cry
grade oi scilfan i above). 4"Du. schoffel\ G. aloud. Cf. E. Fries, schrel,Low G. schrell,
schaufel, O. H. G. skuvala ; a form which G. shrill; A.S. seralletan,X.o
j-";//rz7/, cry
makes a connexion shove doubtful.
with aloud ; Norweg. skryla, skreela,to cr}'
Der. shovel-er, a kind of duck. From
shrilly. Teut. root *skrel (2ndgrade
Show, Shew. vE.) M. E. schewen,vb. ^skral),to cry aloud.
A. S. sceaiinaft, to see, behold ; later,to Shrimp. (E.)M. E. shrimp; cf. Lowl.
Scotch scrimp,to scrim pit,dwarf-
straiten, ish.
make to see, point out, show. + Du. schou-
Dan. skue, G. schatien,to behold. A form
parallel to shrink ; cf. A. S.
wen,
Cf. Goth, zis-skaws, cautious,wakeful. serimman, shrink ; Dan. dial, skrimpc,
to
See the traces of O. Swed.
Idg.root *skau ; cf. Gk.
Teut. base "^skaw, a lean cow.
Ovo-OKoos,an inspector ; also
of an offering skrimpa,strong verb, to contract, in mod.
Swed. dialects ; and ci. M.
H. G.
L. caii-e?-e, to heed, can-tus, watchful ; (Rietz)
Gk. Koioj,I observe; Skt. kav-i-,wise. sch7-i?npfen,
to shrink, G. sehrumpfen,
From the same root we have cautious. Dan. skrumpen, shrivelled; Du. sehrompe,
Brugm. i. "" 163, 639. Der. sheen^ wrinkle. See Shrink.
a

Shrine. a box.
(L.) A.S. ^rr/";/, L. "

scavenger.
ShoWer. (E.) M. E. schour. A. S. seriniuin, chest,box.
scfir. -f Du. schoer ; Icel. skur ; Swed. Shrink. (E.) A. S. scri7uan, pt. t.
483
 SHRIVE SICCA

scranc, pp. scruncen, to contract, shrivel schiitteln,

to shake, frequent,
of O. H. G.
up. + M. Dii. schrinken, to shrink, grow skuttan.
smaller; Swed. skrynka,a wrinkle. Allied Shufi9.e. (E.) Frequentative
of shove.
to Shrimp, Shru?. E. Fries, schuffeln,
to shuffle along,
from
Shrive ; see Shrove-tide. schtifen, to shove,push. Cf. sctiffle,
which
Shrivel. (E.) In Shak. An E. word. is the frequentative
of Swed. skuffa,
to push,
+Swed. dial, skryvla,to shrivel up, to shove. See Scuffle.
wrinkle ; shyvla, a wrinkle. Perhaps Shun. (E.) M. E. shimien, shonieu.
allied to Swed, skrojiig,rough,and to G. A. S. scunian, to shun, avoid ; orig.sense
schroff, rugged. (perhaps) to hurryaway, hasten. Cf. Icel.
Shroud. (E.) A. S. scrud, garment, skiinda, skynda,Swed. skynda sig, Dan.
clothing.4-Icel.skruS, ornament, shrouds skynde,to hasten, hurry,speed. Der.
of a ship;Dan. and Swed. sknid, dress, scoundrel, schooner.
'
attire. Orig.a shred '
of stuff,
a piece
cut Shunt. (E.) Prov. E. shunt, to turn
or torn off; cf. A. S. screade (" mod. E. aside ; M. E. shunten, to start aside,
avoid.
shred). The Teut. base is *skreud, to cut ; Perhapsallied to Scuttle (3).
the 2nd grade ^skrand appears in Shrad, Shut. (E.) M. E. shut ten, shitten.
q.v. Cf. L. scnlta, broken bits? Der. A. S. scyttan, to shut ; to fasten a door
scroll. with a bolt (called shuttle).We
still
a

Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday.say Ho shoot a bolt.' The A. S. scyttan

(L.and E) The time for shriftor con-fession. is a weak verb ; cf. scut-,weak grade of
The sb. shrove is formed from sceotan, to shoot.+Du.schiitten, G. schiit-
shrove,2nd grade oi shrive (M. E. schriiien,zen (fromthe same grade). See Shoot.
pt. t. schroof).'-~A..'$,.
scrifan, to shrive, shuttle. (E.) So called from being
impose a penance, pt.t. scraf, pp. sci-if-en shot across the threads in weaving. M. E.
(whence scrif-t, +0. Fries, skrlva schitel,
shrift). also a bolt of a door ; A. S. scyttel,
(pt.t. skref); O. Sax. skridan,to write ; a bolt. Formed, with suffix-^/of the agent,
Du.schrijven (pt. t. schreef)
; Dan. sJkrive from Teut. *skut=A. S. scut-,weak grade
skrev) ; Swed. skrifva(pt.
(pt.t. t, skref)
; of sceotan, to shoot.+Dan. skytte, skyttel^
G. schreiben (pt.t. schrieb). Teut. type a shuttle ; cf. Du. schiet-spoel,a shuttle,
^skreiban-, pt. t. *skraib,
pp. *skribanoz. lit. shoot-spool.'Der. shuttle-cock*
; from
Conjugatedas a genuine Teut. verb, but its being shot backwards and forwards
probablyan earlyborrowing from Lat. like a shuttle,
and because furnished with
scribere,to write. See Scribe. feathers. ^ Not for shuttle-cork.
Shrub (0, a low dwarf tree. (E.)M. ; see above.
E. Shuttle-cock
schi'ob. A. S. ^scrob, a shrub ; M. E.
whence Shy.
shey,scheouh, said of
(E.)
scrybb, underwood. Cf. prov. E. shruff^a shy horse. A. S. sceoh,timid ; cf. E. "

lightrubbish wood, j-":r^, refuse of wood ; Fries. schdi.-\-T)2,Xi.

sky,shy ; Swed. skygg,
Norw. skrtibba,the dwarf cornel ; E. skittish,shy, coy ; Du. schuw, shy ; G.
dial, scrub,underwood ; Dan. dial, skrub^scheu,timid,shy,M. H. G. schiech, Teut.
brushwood. type *skeuhoz. See Eschew.
Shrub (2),a drink,chiefly
made with
rum. (Arab.) Arab, shirb,shurb,a drink.
" Arab, root shariba,he drank. See
Sherbet.
Si-Sy.
Shrug. (E.) M. E. shrnggen, to shiver. Siamang, a large ape. (Malay.)
The old sense to shrink,shrink
was
up. Malay sidniaiig.
Cf. Dan. skriigge, skrtikke,
to stoop ; Swed. Sib, related. (".) A. S. sibb,akin to ;
dial, skrukka, skrngga, to huddle oneself see Gossip. Cf. M. Swed. sif,akin to.
together,allied to skrinka, to shrink, Sibilant, hissing.(L.) L, sibilant-,
Norw. skrukken,shrunken. See Shrink. stem of pres. part,of sTbildre,
to hiss. L. "

Shudder. (E.) M. E. schoderen, slbilus, hissing.Imitative.

schuderen. l^ow G.schttddern;Dan. dial.
Sibyl. (L. Gk.) L. Sibylla. Gk. - -

skiiddre, to shudder. A frequentative 'SiPvWa,a Sibylor prophetess.

verb. Cf. E. Fries, schiidden,
to shake ; Sicca, in phr.sicca rupee,newly coined
O. Sax. skuddian, to shake; M. Du. rupee. (Hind. Pers. " "
Arab.) Hind.
schudden,to shake, tremble. Also G. sikka, a die for coining. " Pers. the
sikka(h),
484
 SILLY SIN
'
Silly. (E.) Orig. timely; then happy, Heb. SJmiidn,Simeon ; lit.'hearkening.'
'
"

lucky, blessed,innocent ; lastly, simple, Heb. root shd?na',to hear. "

sili ; thus sylyman

foolish. M. E. sell, in Simoom. (Arab.) Arab, safniwi, a
Seven Sages,ed. Wright,1361=^^/2 man sultrypestilentialwind ; from itspoisonous
in Seven Sages,ed. Weber, 1473. A.S. nature. Arab, root samma, he poisoned "

s^lig., ges"lig^timely; from s"l, time, (Devic).

season, happiness.+Du.zalig,G. selig, Simper, to smirk. (Scand.) From
Swed. sdll, Scand. ; cf. Norw.
blest,happy ; cf. also Icel. scell, semper, fine,smart ;
Goth. sSls,good. Dan. dial, semper, simper^affected, coy,
Silo, a pit for storinggrainor fodder. prudish; M. Swed. seniper, one who
(Span. L. Gk.) Span.silo. L. sirum,
" "
affectedlyrefrains from eating; cf. Bavar.
"

ace. of sTrus. Gk. cTpbs. Der. en-sil-

" age. zimpej'n, be affectedly
to coy (from Low
G.). Formed from M. Swed. sipp, si?np^
Silt.(Scand.) 1. Either formed, with an affected woman, Swed. sipp, adj.,
suffix -t,from sile (M. E. silen),finical,
participial prim. All from the notion of sip-
ping,
to drain. Swed. sila,to drain, strain,
" or takingonly a little at a time;
filter; sil,a filter. 2. Or from M. Swed. hence,prudish,affected,
coy, "c. Cf. Low
mud
sylta, ; Dan. a salt-marsh.
sylt, From G. sipp,prim,den Mtmd sipp trekken, to
weak grade of
*sull'j make sail- ;
a small Salt.
mouth ; and M. Du. sippen,
see

Silvan, Sylvan. spellingto sip. See note to Sip.

(L.) The
with J)/is bad. L. siludnns,belongingto
"
Simple. (F. L.) F. simple. L. sim- " -

a wood. L. silua,a wood.

" Cf. Gk. vXt], plicejn, ace. of simplex,lit. one-fold.' '
"

a wood (connexion with sihia doubtful ; L. sim- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
Brugm. i. " 102). one, sem-el, once, si?n-til, together); and
Silver. (E.) O. Merc, sylftir (Matt. plic-,ixova.plicdre, to fold ; see Simulate
X. 9); A.S. seolfor earlier sioIofr.-\-'D\\.
',
and Ply. Der. simplicity, F. simplicity,
zilver; Icel. silfr; Dan. solv ; wSwed. silfver;from L. ace. simplicitdtem ; simpli-fy, to
G. silber\ Goth. silubr\ Russ. serebro\ make simple.
Lith. siddbras. simpleton. (F. L.) I.e. simple-t-on, "

Similar. (F. L.) Y similai7-e \ 2,% \i with double suffix; formed with F. suffix
"

from L. "^siynildris, extended from similis,-on from Picard and M. F. simplet, a simple
' '
like. Cf. O. Ir. samail,Jr. samhail, W. person, fern. si77iplette, a simplewench ;
hafal,like. Allied to simul, together, and Cot. F. si77iple, simple; with suffixed "

to E. Same. Brugm. "" 438, 442.

i. -t. (So also 77msk-et-oon) Cf. Span.
simile. (L.) L. sifnile, a comparison,si77iplo7i, a simpleton.

a like thing; neut. oi similis,like. Simulate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. jzV/m-

similitude. ^F. "L.) Y similitude. Idre, also si77iild7'e, .
to make like. L. "

" L. ace. similitudinem, likeness. L. similis, like ; si77iiil,together, lit. at once.'

"
'

similis,like. From Idg. *se77i-, one; cf. Goth. sij7t-le,

Simious, monkey-like.(L.) From L. once ; Gk. tv, neut., one, fiia,i. (for
simia, an ape. L. swms (Gk.ciixos),
" flat- *a/j.-ia) ; Skt. sa-krt, once ; Gk. a-na^,
nosed. once; Brugm. ii, " 165.
Simmer. (E.) A frequentative form, simultaneous. (L.) Late L. si77ZHl-
from the base sim, to express the sound of tdneus', coined from L. si77nilt-ifn,
at the

gentleboiling.Cf. Dan. smrwie, G. sum- L. si7/iul,together. same time. "

men, Swed. dial, sumtna, to hum, buzz. Sin. (E.) A.S. syn7i{si7i7i,
senn).'\-'D\x.
Simnel, a kind of rich cake. (F. L.) zonde ; Icel. synd,sy7iQ; Dan. Swed. sy7id\ "

O. F. simenel; Late L. simenellus,simin- G. siinde,O. H. G. su7itea. Thus the A. S.

elhis, bread of fine flour ; also called sii7i- sy7in representsa Teut. type ^stmdjd, fern.,
clla in Late L. L. simila,wheat-flour of or rather an Idg.type *S97itjd
"
; where "^s^nt
the finest quality; whence siminellus,ioxis the weak grade of se7it : sont. Allied
*similellus. Allied to Gk. fine to
crffiidaXis, L. sons (stemsonf-'), sinful,
guilty, orig.
flour. Cf. Semolina. '
real.' ['Language regards
iht guiltyman
'

Simony, ment. as the man

trafficin ecclesiastical prefer- who it was ; Curtius.]Cf.
(F. L. Gk.
"
Heb.) F.simonie; Ion. Gk. k-ovT-,stem of lojv (for"^ka-uv),
" "

Late L. simdnia. Named from Simon being,pres. pt. of et/it,I am. See Sooth.
Magtis(Actsviii.18). " Gk. %]xq:v,
Simon. Der. vb.
si7t,
486
 SINCE SIRRAH

Since. (E.) Written for sins,which is intrans.,pt. t sane, pp. suncen.'\-\)yx.

short for M. E. sithens^since. This is zinken ; Icel. sokkva (lorsinkva ; Dan. .

formed,with adverbial suffix -i',from M. E. synke; Swed. sjunka; G. sinken\ Goth.

sithen, since,a modification of A. S. siddan, sigk7uan{{ox*singkivan). p.For the trans,
for Sid da7i,after that. p. The A. S. si6 form, cf. A. S. sencan, to cause to sink, G.
was orig.an adj.,meaning 'late,' but here senken. Der. sink, orig. placeinto which
a

represents the compar. after ; filthsank

adv., later, or was ct)llected;
Cor. i. i. 126.
cf. Goth, adv., late, Brugm.
late, seithii,
seithzcs, i. "" 421 3\ 677.
adv.,later.
-seiths, The A. S. dan is the Sinople, green. '
(F. L. - "
Gk.) F. sir^o-
'
instrumental of the definite article or de-
ple, green ; Cot. Late" L.
sinopis,
monst. pronoun. The G. since, greenish,
seitdeni, also reddish ; L. red
sinopis,
is similarlyformed. See Sievers,
"" 323, ochre. " Gk. atvojms, oivw-niKri, a red earth
3.^7- found in Cappadocia,and importedfrom
Sincere. (F. L.) O.Y sincere. "~'L. Sinope,
" on the Black Sea.
.

sincenis,pure, sincere. Der. sincerity, Sinus, a bend,fold,"c. (L.) L. sinus,

from L. ace. sinceri- a bosom, bend, bay, fold. Now
from M. F. sincerity, only used
idtem. in anatomy, and, in the form sine, in
Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the mathematics. Der. sinuous,L. siniiosus,
head; lit. half head.' L. sinciput,\\'x\{
'
full of curves.
"

the head." L. semi-,half; and caput \ see Sip, vb. 'E.) yi.^. sippen.It answers

Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. " 121. to A. S. sypian,

to absorb moisture,a causal
Sinder, the true spellingof Cinder, form allied to A. S. sfipan,to sup. See
q. v. Sup. % In the E. Fries, sippen,
to sip,

Sine. (L.) From L. sinus, a bosom, M. Du. sippen, to sip,Norw. sipla,to sip,

a fold, a curve; used.

peculiarly See the i suggests a connexion with Low G.
Sinus. sipen,to drip; but cf. E. Fries, siipken,
Sinecure. (L.) For sine cura, without to sip,Swed. dial, syppa, to drink. Der.

cure of souls ; hence, an office without sip,sb.

work. Y .siphon. Siphon. (F.-L.-Gk.)
^\..
Sinew. (E.) M. E. sinewe. siphonem, sFpho,
A. S. simt
a siphon,b ent pipe ace. of
for drawingoff liquids. a small
Gk. oicpajv,
(dat.sinwe), seomi.'\-T)Vi. zemiw \ Dan. "

; G. sehne ; also Icel.sin. pipeor

reed.
sene ; Swed. sena
Perhapsallied to Skt. sndva{s),a tendon. Sippet, a littlesop. (E.) Dimin, of sop,
Sing. (E.) A. S. singan,orig.to sing, with vowel-change(fromTeut. zt to j"z).
resound; pt. t.
sungen. See
sang, See Sop.
pp.
Song ; and
see singe. 4- Du. zingen; Sir, Sire. (F. L.) Sir is short for "

lce\. syng/a;Dan. sy7!ge ; Swed. sjtinga; sire. F. sir.

si)'e, L. senior,older,elder ; " "

Goth, siggwan (for ; G. singen. (the word

"^singivajt) seigniorbeing from the ace.
singe,to scorch. (E.) For senge\ seniorem). Sire is a variant of O. F. senre
M. E. sengen. A. S. sengan, to singe; lit. "L. senior (seeSchwan).
*
to make to sing,' from the hissing of a Sirdar, a commander. (Pers.)Pers.
Causal of sarddr, chief. Pers. Gk.
head (cf.
burning log, "c. singan, to a sar, "

sing (above). + zengen, Du.

sengen, G. uapa) ; -ddr, possessmg, holding.
formed.
causal verbs,similarly Siren. (L. Gk.) " L. j-/""?". " Gk-aetp??!/,
single, nymph who enticed to tion
destruc-
Single. (L.) L. singuhis, rate,
sepa- a seamen

in Plautus and in late Latin ; in by magic song. her

classical Latin,we only singuli,pi., Sirloin,Surloin. (F.-L.) M.E..f"r-
have
Allied to Simple, loyn; XV cent. O. F. surlonge (14th
one by one. q. v. -

i.
Brugm. " 441. % M.E. and O. F. sengle. cent.), the surloin. F. sur, upon, above "

singular. (F.-L.) yi.Y^.singtder.^ l^from L. super')', longe,loin; see Loin.

F. singtilier. L. singiddris^
" single.L. % The story about "turning the loin into
sir-loin by knighting it is mere trash.
singult,pi., one by one (above).
Sinister. (L.) L. sinister, on the left Sirname, for Surname, q v.
hand, inauspicious. Sirocco, a hot wind. (Ital. Arab.) "

south-east wind.
Ital.j-/r(?rr(?, Arab, sharq,
Sink. (E-) Properlyintransitive [the "

transitive form should rather end in -ch\ cf. east (Device See Saracen.
drench from drink], "A. S. sincan, Sirrah. (Prov. L.) Sirra (Minsheu)*- "

4S7
 SIR-REVERENCE SKERRY

serrha (Levins). A contemptuous pro- Size (1),an allowance

nunciation of food; also
of the F. sire by the men of magnitude. (F. L.) Short " for assize;
Provence, who called it j-mz. " O. F. sire, see Assize (i).
Prov. sira,sir. " L. senior; see Sir. Size (2),weak glue. (Ital.-L.) Ital.
' '
Sir-reverence. (L.) Short for save- sisa, syse or glew ; Florio. Short for
reverence, a translation of L. sabia reuer- assisa, size. So called from making colours
entid,i.e. reverence to you being preserved, lie flat, M. Ital. assisare,to sute [suit] "
*

'
or, by your leave. L. salud, abl. fern, well ; Florio.
" Ital.assiso,pp. oiassidere, "

of sahms, safe; and reuerentid,abl. of to sit; also, to situate. L. assidere, lit. "

reuerentia. to sit near. L. as- (forad), near ; sedere, "

Sirup ; see Syrup. to sit. See Sit.

Siskin, song-bird.(Low G. Sla-
a vonic.)Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein, a
"

Low G. zieske,ziseke,a siskin; dagger,knife. (Irish.) Irish and Gael.

Du. sijsje,where the dimin. suffix -je sgian,a knife ; O. Irish scian ; W.ysgieti,
answers to an older suffix -ken, so that a cuttinginstrument. Cf. W. ysgi, a
sijsje impliesan older form sijsken. Cf. cuttingoff; Gk. cxafti^j to slit.
l3an. sisgen,
a siskin ; Swed. siska. Of Skate (i),a largeflat fish. (Scand.)
Slavonic origin. Polish czyzik,
" dimin. M.E. scate. ^lct\. skata; Norw. skata.
form of czyz, a siskin ; Sloven, chizhek ; Cf. L. squdtiis, a skate (Pliny) ; also Irish
Kuss. chij\ See Miklosich, p. 36. sgat,a skate (from E.)
Sister. (E.) A.S. S7oeostor,simisier; Skate (2), Scate, a frame with a
M. E. siister ; affected by Icel. systir.-\-Yy\x.
steel blade,for sliding on ice. (Dn. F. " "

zuster\ Icel. systir,Swed. syster, Dan. Low G.) Properly skates ; the s being
G oth swistar ; G sch zvester. Further
sbster, . . dropped because skates looked like a pi.
allied to L. soror ; O. Ir. sitir,form.
(for^-sivesor) [Cf. scatches (another form of
W. ckwaer, Lith. sesu ; Skt. svasar-. but usuallymeaning ' stilts').]
skateses,'^\.,
Erugra.ii. " Der. cousin, q. v.
122. Du. schaatsen, skates,a pi.form, from a
"

Sit. (E.) A. S. sittan,pt. scet,pp. sing,

t. schaats, w hence schaatsryder, a skate-

zitten ; Icel. sitja

scten.-ifTyxx. ; Dan. sidde; rider,skater (Sewel); M. Du. skaeisen, pi.
Swed. sitta ; G. sitzen. Teut. type *setjati-, O. North. ". escache, Picard form of O.F.
"

pt. t. "^sat,
pp. '^setanoz. Further allied to eschace,a stilt (12th cent.);whence F.
Goth, sitan W.
seddu ; L. sedere ; Gk.
; icliasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen, lit.' to
'i^oixai, ;
I sit Skt. sad. See Sedentary. catch;' from Picard cacher,for O.F.
(VSED.) Der. set. chacerP\ Low G. schake, a shank, leg. "

Site. (F. L.) F. site ; M. F. sit, L. Thus scatches ox skates ^xq

-
shanks,'contri-
vances
-
'

ace. of situs,
sittim, place. L. situs,
a site, for lengthening
" the stride; cf. F.
pp. oisinere,to let, permit;the orig. ^chasse,
suffer, a stilt,
as above.
sense seems have been to place.Hence
to Skein, Skain, a knot (or quantity) of
Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. " 920. thread or silk. (F. C. ?) M. E. skeyne, -

Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. E. sithen; a quantityof yarn. M.F. escaigne,*a "

see Since. skain;'Cot.; Y.icagne.Perhapsof Celtic

Situate. (L.) Late L. situdtus,pp. of origin;cf. Gael, sgeinnidh, flax,thread
situdre, to place. L. situ-,for situs,a
"
(unless this is from E.). Der. (probably)
place. See Site. skainsniates, companions(Shak.),as if as-sociated

Six. (E.) A.S. j-z.r.+Icel., Dan., and in windingyarn ; but cf. Skain.
Swed. sex ; G. sechs ; Goth, saihs ; Russ. Skeleton. (Gk.) Gk. OKiXeruv, a
sheste ; \V. chivech ; Gael, and Irish se ; dried body ; neut. of a^eAeros, dried. Gk. "

L. sex ; Gk. 'i^; Lith. szeszi ; Pers. shash ; atceWeiv, to dry,parch.

Skt. shash. See Brugm. ii." 170. Der. Skelluui, a cheat. (Du.) See Nares.
six-th,M.E. sixte,A. S. six-ia; six-ty,Du. schelm,a rogue, villain ; the Du. sch
A. S.sixtig. See Sexagenarian. being rendered (asin landscape) by sk sc. =

Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees, + G. schebn ; O. H. G. scelmo, pestilence,

a

at Cambridge,than a pensioner. (F. L.) carrion,worthless rogue. "

Named from farthing's-Skeptic ; see Sceptic.

size,formerly a
worth of bread or drink (Blount).Size is Skerry, a rock surrounded by sea.
short for assize,
an (Scand.) From
allowance of provisions; Icel. sker,a skerry; see
see Assize (i). See below. Scar (2).

488
 SKETCH SKITTISH

Sketch. (Du.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Du. a thin film on milk ; E. Fries, schiimen,to

schets,a draught,sketch. Ital. schizzo,a skim. "

firstrough draught. L. schedhan, a thing Skin. (Scand.) \ct\. skinn.Sw^di.

" skinn,
made hastily; from schedius,adj., hastily Dan. skind, skin. Cf G. schinden,to skin,
made. Gk."
sudden ; allied to
ax^^'-o^j flay;also W. cen, ^\w,ysgen,dandriff.
o'xfSoi',
near ; from the base ^x^-j to hold. Skink, to serve out wine. (Scand.)
Allied to Scheme. A.S. M. E. skenken ; [alsoschenken,from
Ske'W. M. E. skewen, scencan,
(O. Low G.)
to pour out; orig.to draw off
verb, to turn aside. "M. Du. schinven, tlirougha pipe ; from A.S. scanc,^. shank,
schowwen, to avoid, shun ; Low G. shaiik-bone,hollow bone (hence,a pipe)].
schinven,scJiouen, to avoid. + O. 11. G. Icel. skcitkja. Dr.n. skienke. -4-Du. "

G. schezien,ioavoid; from scheu, schenken, G. schtnken, to skink.

sciiihen, Teut.
adj.,shy. Thus to skew is to turn ; from
aside, type *skankja7t- *skank-,a shank,
like ashyinghorse, and is derived from pipe of bone. See Nunchion.
the adj.appearingin E. shy. See Shy. Skip. (Scand.) M.E. skippen;also
Der. askew, i.e. on the skew. skeppen(CursorMundiy. Cf. Swed. dial.
Skewbald, piebald. (O. Low G. ajtd leap(as animals
to skip,
skopa, to dance ; ,

C.) Marked a skezv or in

irregular man-
ner; M. Swed. skuppa,skoppa,Rietz ; Icel.
see Bald. Ci. pie-bald.^ We find, to spinlike a top. And
skoppa, cf M. H. G.
however, M.E. ^/^^zt^^c/, pie-bald ; perhaps scuften,to gallop. (The E. i is for y,
from M. E. skewes (blotches?), used as the mutation of ".) Cf Mid. Dan. skobe,to
of
pi. sky, a cloud. If so, there is no con-
nexion dance, to skip.
with Skew (above). Skipper. (Du.) Du. schipper, a riner.
ma-

Skewer. Formerlysktier Du. a ship; cognate with

schip, E.
(Doubtful.) "

(a.D. 141 1). Etym. unknown. % Prov. ship; see Ship.

E. skiver,a skewer, is the Scand. form Skirmish. (F.-O.H.G.) Also spelt
answeringto E. shiver,a small piece; cf sci-immage. ^L E. scarmishe, sb., from
Dan. dial, skivrt,small sticks for fuel. vb.
scar7"iishen, O. F. eskermiss-,a stem"

to fence,fight.[Cf M. F". es-

of eskerniir,
See Shiver (2). ' '

Skid. (Scand.) Orig. a thin slip of cartnotuhe, a skirmish,bickering; Cot.]

wood, to put under a wheel. " Norw. skida, " also
O. H. G. sker7nan,to defend,fight,
a thin plank; cf. Icel. skltS, a billet of scirman. " O. H. G. scir7n (G. schirtn],
wood ; see Shide. a shield, screen, shelter,guard, defence.
'a To skir77iish is,properly, behind
to fight
Skiff. (F.-Ital.-G.) ls\.Y.esqtiif,
skiffe ; Cot. Ital. schifo.M. H. G.
- -
skif,cover, hence to advance, under shelter,to
G. schiff,a ship; see Ship. fight,p. Note also O. F. esker77iisor,
es-

Skill, discernment,tact. (Scand.)M.E. cre77iisseor,

a fencer; escremissevie7it,
skil,often in the sense of '
reason.' " Icel. fencing.
skil,
a distinction ; cf skilja, to part,sepa-
rate, Skirr, Scnr, to scour a country. (F.
distinguish ; Dan. skiel,Swed. skal, L.) Variants of Scour (2). Cf. M. E. "

reason ; Dan. skille, Swed. skilja, to sepa-

rate. scurrotir. a scout.

Allied to Lith. skelti, to cleave ; Swed. Skirret, the water-parsnip.Scand.)

skala, peel.
to From Teut. root *skel; see M.E. ski7-wit ; older form ^-^z'rw^//.As if
vb., as in phr.' it sheer white,'from the colour of the root ;
'
Scale (i). Der. skill,
i.e. makes difference from from Icel. sktrr,sheer,bright; white.
/^z//7r,
skills not,' no ;
Icel. often used with
impersonally, Prob. a popularform, and perverted from
skilja,
the sense 'it differs.' a skirret."
O. F. eschervis iM. F. che7~vi),
Skillet, a small pot.
(Scand.) For-
merly Span. chi7'ivia. Arab, karawld, kafuna, ;
"

skellet. A dimin.,with F. suffix-et, whence also Carraway.

of M. E. skele (prov.E. skeet",, a. milk- Skirt. (Scand.) U.Y.. sky7't.lct\. ^

pail; Cath. Angl. Icel. skjola,a pail,skyrta,a shirt,kind of kirtle;see Shirt.

"

bucket. xV doublet but restrictedto the

of shi7-t,
Skim, to take off scum. part of a garment.(Scand.)Dan. lower
skiun"ie,Swed. Skittish.
skumma, (Scand.)From Lowl. Scotch
to skim ; from
skuni, scum. The E. verb preserves an skit,to flounce,caper about. This is a
old vowel-change from ti to y, later i\ cf secondan,' verb, of Scand. origin,from the

fill And
ixomftcll. cf. Dan. dial, skimmel, verb to j--^^^/. Swed. dial, skutta, skotta, "

489
 SKITTLES SLAP

to leap about ; cf. *skut,weak grade of lap up. Of imitative : cf. slobber,
origin
Swed. skjiita,to shoot. 2. Note Swed. slubber. See Slaver.
skytt,Icel. skyti,a marksman ; whence Slack. A.S. (E.) \l.Y..slak. slac,
the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or sleac,slack, slow. -fIcel.slakr ; Swed. Dan.
reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit, slak ; prov. G. schlak,slack, loose. Teut.
an obliquetaunt. See Shoot. type '^slakoz, Orig. sense
'
fluid ' ; see

skittles, a game. (Scand.)Formerly below. Allied to Lax; Brugm. i. " 193.

skittle-pins ; so called because sJiot at by slag, dross, scoria. (Swed.) Swed.
a skittle or projectile.Dan. skyttel,a slagg,dross of metal ; so called from flow-
" ing
shuttle ; Icel. skutill, a projectile,
harpoon, over when fused ; Norw. slagga,to
bolt of a door. Cf. Icel. skut-,weak grade flow over. Cf. Icel. slagna, to flow over,
of skjota, to shoot ; see Shoot. slag,slagi,wet, damp, water penetrating
Skua, a gull, bird. (Scand.)\zt\..skufr, walls. It is a variant of slack,as seen
skilmr,the skua, or brown gull. Prob. by G. schlacke,dross,slacks,sediment,' *

from the colour. Cf. Icel. skumi, dusk ; Fliigel ; schlackern,to trickle,schlack,
Swed. and Norweg. skttm, dusky, dull (of slack,dross)'^, sloppy; Low G. slakke,
the weather), dusky (in colour);cf. Sky. slag.
Skulk; see Sculk. slake, to slacken,quench,wet. (E.)
Skull ; see Scull. A. S. slacian,to grow slack ; cf. prov. E.
Skunk, a quadruped. (N. American sleek,to quench, A. S. sleccan,to grow
Indian.) Said to be from the Abenaki slack (hence,to make slack,slacken)."
segongw, a skunk ; this is a dialect of A. ^. sleac, slbkva
slack ; see Slack. "4"Icel.
Algonquin (Lower Canada). (pp.slokinn)to slake ; Swed. sldcka,to
,

Sky. (Scand.) M. E. skye,a cloud." quench,allay, slake,from slak, adj.

Icel. sky,a cloud ; Dan. Swed. sky,a cloud. Slade, a valley.(E.) M. E. slad[e).
Mlied to A. S. sceo^ O. Sax. scio,a cloud ; A.S. .r/^^.4- Westphal. slade, a ravine;
A. S. scila,shade; Skt. skii,to cover. Dan. dial, slade,
a flat pieceof land.

(VSKEU.) Slag, Slake ; see Slack.

Slab (i),a thin slipof timber or stone. Slam. (Scand.)Norweg. slemba,slem-
(F. Teut.) M. E. slab, slabbe.
-
ina, to smack, bang, slam
parently
Ap- a door; Swed.
a weakened
of prov. E. slap, dial. sldnwia,\.o
form Icel. slamra,
pushhastily;
a slab (Halliwell). O. F. esclape, eclat ; to slam. Cf. Swed. slammer, a noise.
'
"

de menues csclapesde bois,' i.e. thin x-Vlliedto Slap. Of imitative origin.

slabs of wood ; Godefroy. Prob. of Teut. Slander, scandal. (F. L. Gk.) M.E. " "

'
origin. (Wedgwood cites Languedoc sclandre, sclaxindre. O. F. esclandre, dal.
scan-"

esclapa, to split wood, bos esclapa,split The oldest O. F. form was escandle,
logs,esclapo, a slab of wood or stone.')v/Yitnctescandre, and ^n2i\\y esclattdre,with
Cf. Ital. schiappare, to split. Perhaps from inserted /. It is merely another form of
the prefix es- (L.ex) and Low G. klappen, Scandal, q. v.
,

to clap, make an explosive sound. (Kor- Slang, vulgarlanguage.(Scand.)Nor- weg.

ting," 54.S3.) sleng,a slinging, a device,a burthen

Slab (2),slimy.(Scand.)The same as of a song, slengja, to sling, slengjakjeften,

M. Dan. slab, slippery ; also, mire. Prov. to slang,abuse (lit.'to slingthe jaw'),
E. slab, a puddle; cf. Norw. slabb,filth ; slengjenamn,a slang-name,slengjeord, a

Irish slab,slaib,Gael, slaib,mire, mud. slang word, insultingword. All from

Also M. E. slabben,to wallow ; E. Fries. slengja, to sling, causal form from the 2nd
slabben,Du. slabben, to lap up; Swed. grade of the Icel. slyngva,to sling. See
dial, slabba,to splash,to soil. And see Sling.
Slabber below. Slant, to slope.(Scand.)M.E. sle7tten,
Slabber, to slaver. (E.) M. E. slaberen,to slope,glide. Swed. dial, slenta,sldftta, "

frequent,of M. E. slabben,to wallow causal of slinta (pt. t. slant), to slide,slip

(above). -f-E.Fries, slabbern,to lap,sup, with the foot ; Swed. slinta, to slip,glance
or lick up ; Low G. slabbern, slubbern, aside. The E. adj. slant, sloping, swers
an-

to slabber,lap,sip,frequent, of slabben, to Swed. dial, slant, slippery. Der.

to lap; G. schlabbem,schlabben,to lap,to a-slant,i.e. on the slant.
slabber. Cf. prov. E. slap, to hck up food, Slap. (E.) M. E. slappe,a smart blow ;
eat quickly ; Dan. dial, slabbe,slappe, to an imitative word ; allied to Slam.+Low

490
 SLASH SLEEP

G. slapp,sound of a blow, a slap; G. slabbern,to slabber. See Slabber. Der.

schlapp,interj.,slap! schlappe^sb., a slaver, sb.,from Icel. slafr,slefa, slaver.
to slap. Der.
slap,schlappen, slap-bang, Slay (1),to kill. (E.j The form slay'i^
off hand.
; slap-dash,
violently due to the pp. slai-n ; else, the infm. would
Slash. have
(F.-Teut.) [Loyf\.Sc.slash,\.o been slee. Orig. to smite. M.E.
work in wet, is from Swed. slaska, Dan. sleen. " A. S.
slcan (contractedform of
water.] The *slahan), smite, pt. t. sloh,pp. slegeii
'
slaske,
t o dabble in sense to to
e. much (whence M. E. slein,E. .y/am).+Du.slaan ;
'
cut appears in '
sitsh and slash^ i.
cutting; Tarn. Shrew, iv. 3. 90. O. P\ " Icel. sld; Dan. slaae ; Swed, slH; Goth.
to break
esclachier, in pieces. O.K. es- " slahan ; G. schlagen.Teut. type *slah-
(L. ex),very; and Teut. type *klakjan,an- ; cf. O. Irish slig-ini,I strike.
M. H. G. klecken, to break with a clack ; slay (2),sley, a weaver's reed. (E.)
cf. F. claqtie,a clack, M, H. G. klac. A. S. slcih("; see sleahe in A. S. Diet. ;
(Korting," 4.=;4i.) orig. form *slcege,
gen. *slagan ; Camb.

Slat,a thin bar of wood. (F. Teut.) Phil. Trans. 1899,p. 139 (231). So called
"

M. E. slat,a slate ; see below. % Hardly from striking the web together.A. S. "

from Gael, and Irish slat,a rod, twig; sleatt {".*sla/ian), to strike; see Slay
though these are related to lath. (iV
Slate (i), a flake of stone. (F. Teut.) Sleave, Sleave-silk,soft floss silk.
-

M. E, slat, sclat."O. F. csciat,a splinter, (Low G.) ' Ravelled sleave,'i.e. tangled
slice of wood, "c. (hence,a thin slice of loose silk. Cf Dan. dial, slove, a knot,
slate).O.F." split,burst, twist,tangle(in thread). E. Fries, slove,
esclater,to "

shiver. This answers to a Late L. type slqfe,a bow-knot, a noose ; G. dial.

*exclapitare,to break with a clap; from schldufe( From
G.schleife). Slip,
L. ex, and Low G. klapp,a clap,loud Sled, a sledge! (Du.) ^L E. slede."
noise. (Korting," 4543.) ^ The a in M. Du. sledde (Du. slede). + Icel. sleSi,
slate was orig.short. Dan. slcede,Swed. slede,a sledge; G.
Slate criticise
(2), to bait, ridicule, a sledge. From
schlitte7i, the weak grade
abuse.
sharply, (E.) Vi.Y.. sleten\ A.S. of the verb to slide ; see Slide.
slatan,to bait,set dogs on (an animal); sledge. (Du.) This is a corrupt form ;
causal vb. from slitan,
t o slit,
t ear, rend ; apparently due to sleds pi.of sled.
^

see Slit. Sledge-hammer. (E.) A redupli- cated

a hammer.'
'
Slattern, an untidywoman. (Scand.) form ; a sledge means "

From slatter,
prov. E. to waste, to be un-tidy, slecge,
a hea\7 hammer,
A. S. slecg,dat.
to throw
about ; frequent, of slat,to smiter. For Teut. type *slag-jd, fem. ;
dash or throw about. Icel. sletta, to slap, from
" *slag,for *slah,base of A. S. slean,
dab, dash liquids about ; Norweg. sletta, to to smite. +L)u. slegge,slei,Swed, sldgga,
fling about, jerk; Icel. sletta,sb., a dab, Icel. sleggja, a sledgeor heavy hammer.
spot of ink. Allied to which are Dan. See Slay \1^.
slat^a slop; slat,slatten,slattet,loose, Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy.(E.)
to become
flabby; slattes, slack ; slatte,M. E. slike.+ Icel. slikr,sleek, smooth.
a slattern ; Low G. slatje,
a slattern. Allied to Du. North
slijk. Fries, E.
slick,
Slut is distinct. Fries, silk,slime ; G. schlick, ; cf.
9^ quite grease
Slaughter, (Scand.) ^l.Y..slaghtcr.
sb. the Low G. strong verb sliken (pt.t. sleek,
" Icel. sldtr,slaughter, whence sldtra,to pp. sleke?t)G. schleichen{^\.. t. schlich),X.o
=

slaughter cattle; cf. Noreen, " 224. The slink,crawl,move as if throughmire ; see
A. S. word is -sleaht, whence M. E. slaught. Slink. The Teut. type of the verb is
-fDu. Swed. slagt,G . schlacht (Teut.type *skikan-, pt. t. *slaik, pp. *slikanoz. Orig.
'^slah-ta). All Vrom *slah, the base of sense 'greasy,' like soft mud.

Slay, q.v. Sleep, vb. (E.) A. S. slcipan, slepan,

Slave. (F.-L.-Gk.- Slavonic.)F. Y"i.\.. slep.-\-'Dw. slapen; Ooih. slepan; G.
esclave. Late L. sclavus, a Slavonian
" schlafen, to sleep. The sb. is A. S. slap,
slave. Late Gk. 'EaKXalS-qvos, Du. slaap, Goth, steps, schlaf,
G. O. LI.G.
captive, a "

the same. The of Slavon-ian is sldf, orig. drowsiness allied to Low

' G. '

origin ;
unknown ; Miklosich,p. 308. lax,loose,flabby,unbent,
slapp,G. schlaff,
Slaver, to slabber. (Scand.) Icel. relaxed (asin sleep).Teut. type *slapan-,
to slaver
slafra, ; cognate with Low G. redupl.vb. Allied to L. Idbi, to glide;
491
 SLEEPER SLIT

Russ. slahuii, weak, slack. Cf. E. sleepy^O. H. G. slttan,to siide,G. schlitten, a

i.e. inactive. sleclge.Also Lith. slidus,slippery.

sleeper, a block of wood under rails ; Slight, adj. (O.Low G.) M. E. slight,
from the vb. above. (E.) Cf. F. dormant, a orig.sense even or flat; then plain, smooth,
sleeper; from dormir, to sleep. simple,trivial, "c. M. Du. slicht^
"
even,
Sleet. (E.) M. E. sleeL From O. plain,slecht,slight,simple, vile ; cf.
to make or plaine,'
'
Merc. *sletejA. S. *slyte,
not found. Cf. E. slichten,to slight, even

Fries, slaite,hail ; Low stones Hexham

G. sloten,pi.hail- ; O. Low G. slight,
even, simple,
(LUbben); G. schlosse, hailstone. bad.+Icel. slettr,flat,smooth, trivial ;
From Teut. type *slauti- ; orig. sense known.
un- level,bad ; Swed. slat,smooth,
Dan. slet,
Cf. also Dan. shid,sleet. % Norw. worthless,slight ; Goth, slaihts,smooth ;
sleet,
sletta, seems to be unrelated. G. schlecht,bad, schlicht,smooth, plain,
Sleeve. (E.) O. Merc, slef, sleeve ;
a homely; O. H. G. sleht,smooth. Teut.
A. S. slyf.-^M.Du. sieve,a sleeve; N. smooth.
type ^slehtoz, Root unknown.
'
Fries, slief;cf.M. Du. sloove,a veil,
cover ; Slim. (Du.) Orig. sense oblique ;
'

Du. sloof,an apron ; Low G. sluwe,a husk, thence weak, poor, thin,bad, slight
; prov.
shell. From Teut. root *i'/^"(^ ; variant form E. slim,crafty.M. Du. slim,awry,
" crafty.
o{*sletip, whence M. H. G. slotife,di cover, + G. schlimm, bad, cunning; M. H. G.
allied to M. H. G. sloufen, to let slip, cover. oblique,
slit?ip, slanting,
awry Dan. Swed.
;
Cf. Goth, sluipan (pt.t. slaup,pp. slu- stem, worthless;Icel. slcemr,vile.
pans),to slip, creep into. It is thus allied Slime. (E.) A. S. j'/z'w.+Du.slijm;
to from
slip, theslippingof the sleeve on Icel. slifH ; Swed. slejn ; Dan. sliim ; G.
and off,in dressingand undressing.See schleim. Cf. L. iTmus, mud.
Slip, and Slop (2). Sling,vb. (Scand.) From Icel.slyngva,
Sleigh. (Du.) An ill-spelt word ; slongva,to sling,throw, pp. slunginn ;
there is no final guttural.Du. slee, short Swed. slinga,
" to twist ; cf. O. H. G. schlin-

for slede,a sledge;cf. Du. sleekoets, for gan, to wind, twist,sling, Du. slingeren,
sledekoeis, '
lit. a sledge -coach.' Cf. Norw. to toss, sling. Teut. type '^slengwan- ;
slee,for slede, a sledge ; see Sled. pt.t. ^ slang. ^ A. S. slingan (rare), to

Sleigllt, dexterity. (Scand.) For creep, seems to be a variant of slincan.

sleighth ; M. E. he.
sleight Icel. slcegS, ness,
sly- See" below. Der. sling, sb. ; slang, q. v.
cunning. Icel. slcegr,
" s ly. So also Slink. (E.) A. S. slincan, to creep ;
Swed. sl'djd, dexterity, from slog, dexterous. nasalised form of A. S. *slTcan (notfound),
See Sly, Sloid. is cognate with Low G. silken,
which
to

Slender, thin,feeble. (F.-O. LowG.) (pt.t. sleek,pp. sleken),and G. creep

M. E. sdendre, slendre. O. F. esclendre, schleichen,
"
Swed.
to creep (pt.t. xr ////"://).+
'sklendre;' Palsgrave, "M. Du. dial. slank);
slinka{:^\..t. c f.Lith. slinkti,io
p. 323.
slinder,slender,thin ; as sb., a water- creep. Allied to Sleek ; also to Sling.
snake,named from its glidingor trailing.Slip. (E.) A weak verb ; due to the
" M. Du. slinderen,also slidderen,to drag, weak gradeof A. S. *sltpan ; cf. A. S. slip-
train along, trail ; Low G. slindern, to or, slipig, slippery. + Du. slippen, Swed.
slide on the ice (whenceLow G. slender, slippa,O. H. G. slip/an, to slip,weak
a trailing gown). Nasalised
forms from verbs ; allied to Du. slijpen,
G. schleifen,
the verb to slide. Cf. O. H. G. slintan in to grind smooth, whet, polish. We also
Schade. find A. S. sliipan, pp. slopen;
pt. t. sleap,
Sleuth -
hound, a slot-hound ; see cf. Goth, sliupan,
pt.t. slaup,-pp.slzipans,
Slot (2). creep into. Teut. types *sleipan-
to slipor
Slice,sb. (F. G.)
- O. H. *slet(pan-. The latter is allied to L.
M. E. slice,and
sclice. O.
" F. esclice, a shiver,
splinter, lubriciis, slippery ; see Lubricate. Cf.
of
piece split wood. O. F. esclicir,
" to slit Brugm. i. "" 553, 563. Der. slipp-er,a

(whence E. slice,v b.). O. H. G. '^slitjan,

"
loose shoe easily slipped on ; slipper-y,
slizzen, related to sclizan,slizan,to slit,from A. S. slipor, slippery,with added -y.
shiver (whence O. esclier,to shiver),And see sleeve,
F. sloop.
cognate wilh E. slit; Slit. Slit. (E.) M. E. slitten,weak
see verb;
Slick; see Sleek. from the weak grade of sliten,strong verb.
Slide, vb. (E.)A. S. slldan,pt. t. sldd, A. S. slttan,to slit, rend ; pt. t. slat,pp.
"

sliden. Cf. also A. S. slippery

slider, ; sliten.-^Jcel.
s Swed.
lita, Dan. slide,
slita,
pp.
492
 SLOW-WORM SMALL

Teut. type '^slaiwoz \ allied to L. laeuus, schhwip. Of imitative origin; cf. Norw.
Russ. lievidi,Gk. Aaios, left (ofthe hand). and Lowl. Sc. slump,the noise made by
Blow-worm. (E.) In popular ety-
mology,
an objectfalling
into water. Cf. plu7np,
it is ' a slow worm,'
but the true dump.
sense is ' slay-worm,' the snake that strikes. Slur, to contaminate,pass over lightly
A. S. sld-wyrm ; where sId seems to be with slight notice. (M. Du.) The orig.
borrowed from Icel. sld,to strike. This sense is to trail in mud, draggle ; hence,
is clearer from Swed, sla or ormsla, a to pass over slightingly. ]\L Du. sleurcn, "

slow-worm, where orm E. ivorjyi, and

= slooren,to drag,trail ; cf.sloorigh,'
filthie,'
sla is ' striker,'from sla^to strike ; so also Hexham, and M. E. slor,mud; Du. sleiwen^
Norw. onnslo, a slow-worm, also called to trail. Also Low G. sliiren, sloren,to
slo,from slaa,to strike. draggle, Swed. dial, slora,to be negligent ;
Slubber Slobber.
; see Norw. sljra,to be negligent, sully,sloda,
Sludge, soft,greasy mud. (E.) M.E. sloa,to draggle,sloda,sloe,a trail ; E.
sbuche,sliche. North Fries, slick,E. Fries. Fries, sluren,slitren,
to go about carelessly
silk,slime. -f-Du. slijk, prov. G. schlick, and noisily.
grease ; see Sleek. % The u is due to Slut. (Scand.)M. E. slutte, Cf. Icel.
conTusion with E. dial, shid,wet mud ; cf. sldttr, a heavy,loglike fellow ; Swed. dial.
Du. s ladder,a sloven. slata,a slut,slater,
an idler ; Dan. dial.
Slug, to be (Scand.) M. E. slotcr,
inactive. a slovenlyperson ; Norw. slotl,an
sluggeit,vb., shigge,a sluggard. Dan. idler. Also Icel. slofa, to droop,Norw.
"

slug,weakened form of sink,appearingin slula, to droop; allied to Dan. slat,

slatten,
shigoret,shikoret,having droopingears ; loose, flabby. Cf. slot-, weak grade of
Swed. dial, slogga, to be sluggish ; cf. Norw. sletta (strongverb),to dangle,
Norw. sloka, to slouch, Swed. sloka, to drift, idle about (Aasen).p. From the
droop. Note also Low G. slukkern,slak- 2nd grade slat{f) we have Dan. slatte, a

kern, to be loose, slukk, melancholy, slut,and slat,loose ; see Slattern. Note

downcast ; Du. sluik,slender,thin. Der. also Bavarian schlotzen, schhitzen,a slut;
with
slugg-ard, F. sufhx -ard ( = 0. H. G. schlotzen,to be careless.
-hart,cognate with E. hard^. Sly, cunning. (Scand.)M. E. sligh,
Slug-horn, battle-cry.(C.) Igno- sleih, sleh. Icel. slcegr,sly,cunning ;
a "

rantlyused by Chatterton and Browning Swed. slog, handy,dexterous ; prob.allied

to mean a sort of horn ; but really
Mid. to Slay. ^ Distinct from Swed. slug;
So, slogorm, a corruptionof slogan,a Dan. slug, shi; Du. shnv; G. schlau.
war-cry. See Slogan. Der. sleight.
Sluice, a flood-gate. (F.-L.) O. F.
(i),taste. (E.) M. E. s?nak, Smack
eschise,'a sluce,floudgate;'
Cot. Late smach. A. S. smcec, taste, flavour; cf.
"

L. exclusa,a flood-gate ; lit. shut off s?uceccan, to taste, -f-M. Du. smaeck,
(water) ; pp. of ex-cludcre,to shut out. Du. sinaak\ Dan. smag, Swed.
"
smak;
L. ex, out ; claude?-e,
to shut. G. geschmack,taste. Der. smack, vb., to
Slum; pi. slums, dirtyback streets. taste.
(E.) Cf. prov. E. slump, wet mire ; Low Sm.ack (2),a sounding
blow. (Scand.)
G. slam, mire (Liibben) ; Dan. and Swed. Confused with the word above, but per-
haps
slafn,G. schlaiiiDi,
mire. distinct ; prob. of imitative origin.
Slumber, verb. (E.) The 3 is crescent."
ex- Swed. smacka, to smack, Swed. dial.
M. E. shimeren, frequent, of st?iakka,
io throw down noisily; smdkka,
M. E. slumen ; to slumber ; from slume to hit smartly; Dan. smczkke,to rap ; E.
(alsosloumbe), sb.,slumber, A.S. sluma, Fries, smakken, to smack the lips. Cf.
sb., slumber. -|-Du. shiimeren; Dan. Dan. s/ficek, a smack, rap ; Du. smak, a
sht}7iix,
frequent,of sliimme, to slumber; loud noise.
Swed. sliimra,vb. ; G. schlumtnej-n, vb. Smack (3),a fishing-boat.(Du.) M.
The sb. sluma is from Teut. root '^sleu-,
Du. sniacke,Du. smak, a smack, hoy ;
to be silent ; 2nd
grade *slau, whence whence also Dan. smakke. Genei-ally
Goth, slawan, to
be silent (Kluge). thoughtto stand for snack ; cf. A. S. snacc,
Slump, a sudden fall or failure. (E.) a small vessel ; Icel. snekkja,a swift vessel,
Prov. E. Cf. Swed. 'Da.n.shimp, a chance, Dan. snekke, Swed. sndcka.
accident ; Low G. shimp (Danneil) Sm.all.
; G. (E.) A. S. i-w^/.+Du. Dan.
494
 SMALLAGE SMITH

Swed. sfnalynarrow, thin ; Goth, stjials,are causal forms ; cf. Westphal.smelten^

small ; G. schmal, narrow. Allied to Icel. O. H. G. smelzaji,
str. vb.,to melt. From
small, small cattle,sheep; Gk. iJ.fj\ov, a the Teut. verb *smeitaii-,to melt, pt. t.
sheep; Russ. maluii, small. % Icel. smdr, * smalt (whenceE. smalt),pp. *smultanoz.
Dan. smaa, Swtd. smd, small, are allied And cf. Gk. ^4\d"iu,to melt, render fluid.
to O. H. G. smdhi, small. Brugm. i. " 475.
Smallage, celery.(E.; and F. -L.) Sm.elt (2 ~)a fish (E. ) A S smelt,
,
.
smylt.
. .

For small ache ; from F. ache,parsley

" 4- Dan. smelt, Norw. smelta. The pro v.
L. apittni,
parsley. E. smolt means a young salmon, when it
Smalt, blue enamel. (Ttal. O. H. G.) firstassumes - its silveryscales ; and prov.
Ital. smalto,enamel. From the 2nd grade K. s?nolt means smooth and shining.' '

of O. 11. G. snielzan,str. vb.. to become Sm,ew, a small diving-bird. (E.) Also

liquid,whence also O. II. G. svieken,called smee, stneeth. Cognate with E.
G. schttielzen,
weak vb.,to smelt ; from the
Fries, sment, Du. s?nient, smew. The Du.
'
method of preparation; see Smelt (i).smient is explained as small duck '; from
See also Enamel. O. Du. *s7)iehi amid, small duck ; where

Smaragdus. (L. Gk.") l^.smaragdus.*sfnehi is cognate with O. II. G. smdhi,

"

" Gk. (jfj-apaySos,

an emerald. Cf. Skt. Icel. smd-r, Swed. jwa, small; and *anud
marakata{j)i),
marakta{77t), an emerald. {*anid)is Du, eend, A. S. ejied,G. ente,
See Emerald. duck. Cf. G. schmal-ente,small wild duck.
Smart, to feel pain. (E.) M. E. Smile, vb. (Scand.) Swed. smila, to
smerlen. A. S. smeortan.'\-'D\x.
smarten, smile, smirk ; Dan. siiiile. Allied to L.
Dan. smerte, Swed. smdrta, G. schmerzen. mirdri, to wonder at ; Russ. smiekh',a
Also allied to L. nio7-dere, to bite ; Skt. laugh; Gk. fxaSaoj,I smile; Skt. smz, to
mrdy rub,grind,
to c rush ; Gk. a^fpSaKfos, smile. (VSMEI.)
terrible. (V^MERD.) Der. smart, sb. : Sm.irch, to besmear. (E.) Extended
smart, adj., painful, also pungent, brisk,from M. E. smeren, to smear ; see

A. S.
lively, smear t. Smear.
Sm.ash. (E.) A late word. Apparently Smirk. (E.) A.S.S7?iercian,smean-iany
formed from E. fnash,to
mix up, by pre- to smile.
fixing Cf. O. Northumb. S77ierdo7i,
s- (from O. F. es-, L. ex), an in- '
tensive Mat. ix. 24.
deridebant,'
prefix. Sm.ite. (E.) K.'^. S77iita7i,
pt.t.S77idt,
Smattering, sb. (E.) M.Y.. smateren. pp. S77iitc7i.'\-T)Vi. smijte7i ; Dan. smidc, to
to make noise ; hence, to prate, talk lling
a ; G. sch77ieiss"7i, to smite, fling, cast ;

ignorantly.Cf. Swed. smattra, to clatter; O. H. G. S77uza7i, to throw,stroke, smear.

G. schmettern,to smash, to resound. Cf. Goth. bis77ieitaii, to besmear, p. The

'

From a of
repetition smat, an imitative orig, sense was to '
smear or rub over, as

sound ; see Smack (2). Cf. M. H. G. in Gothic; cf. M. Swed. S77nta,to smite, '

smelse^t,to prattle.[Parallel to prat-ile,

s7/ieta, to smear. To rub over seems to '

*
chat-ter; cf. Swed. snattra, to chatter.] have been a sarcastic expression for to

Smear. (E.) A. S. s?nirian,to smear. beaten,

beat ' ; we find ivella7toy7ited^\\t\\
" A. S. smeru, smeoru, So Romance
fat,grease. of Partenay,1. 5653.
also Icel. smyrja, Dan. sjiiore, Swed. Sm.ith. (E.) A. S. S77nd,a worker
smdrj'a, G. schmieren, to smear ; and Du. with the hammer. +Du. S77nd',lc"\.s77nSr;
Dan. Swed. smdr, G. schmeer, fat, Dan. Swed. S77ied\ G. schmied; (ioth.
smeer,
smairthr, -S77iitha. Cf. Icel. S77il6, smith's work;
grease, O. H. G. smero ; Goth,
S77iijdig, gesch77ieidig,
G. malleable
fatness. Cf. O. Irish smir, marrow ; W. Du.
mer, marrow ; Lith. smarsas, fat ; Gk. (with i). The forms ^s/"iith,*s/7iTth,
fivpov, unguent.Der. smtr-c/i. point to a lost strong verb *S77ieith-a7i-,
to

Sm.ell,odour. (E.) JSI.E. smel,smut'. forge,pt. t. *S77iaith, pp. *s77ntha7ioz,to

Allied tosmeulen, Low

Du. G. stnelen,forge, actuallypreserved in Swed. dial.
E. Fries, smdlen, to smoulder. Cf. smida, to forge,pt. t. smed, pp. smidert
Smoulder. Der. sffiell, vb. (Rietz).Hence, as weak verbs, Dan.
Sm.elt (i),to fuse ore. (Scand.) Dan. smede, Swed. S77iida,to forye. Cf. O.H.G.

smelt Swed. smdlta, to smelt. s77iJda,metal, Gk. api-Xt],a graver's tool.

smelte,to ;
M. T)\\.smilten, Brugm. i. " S49. Der. A. S.
S77iith-y,
(Properly a Swed. word.) +
smelten. G. schmelzen, to smelt. These (Icel.
S77ii6(je si7ii8ja).
495
 SMOCK SNARE

SxnOCk, a woman's shirt. (E.) M. E. G. schmuck, trim,spruce; cf. schmiicken,

sniok. A. S. smoc. For sniocc; Teut.
adorn, M. H. G. smucken, to clothe, to
^
type stmignoz, Idg. type *s??iuqnos ; adorn, derived from the weak grade of
Brugm. i. " 899. The Teut. ^smug- is re- the M. H. G. strong verb smiegen,to creep
presented

by A. S. smog-, weaker grade of into,cognate with A. S. sjuugan, to creep.

'
to creep into.
svi'tgajt, So called because p. Thus smug dressed
meant
or
' '
trim '
;
'
crept into/ or put over the head. Cf. allied to smock, attire. See Smock.
Shetland smook, to draw on a glove or Sm.Uggle, to import or export
stocki.ig.+ Icel. smokkr, a smock ; from secretly.(Scand.) Dan. smugle, to
sm?g-, weak grade of srnjilga,
to creep smuggle; cf. i smug, secretly,
stnug-
through hole, to put
a on a garment over handel, contraband trade ; Swed. smtiga,
the head. Cf. M. Swed. smog, a round lurking-hole,
a Icel. s?nuga, a hole to
hole for the head. creep through."Icel. sf?iug-, weak grade
Smoke, sb. (E.) A. S. smoca. Cf. oi smjuga,to creep, creep througha hole,
A. S. smoc-, weak grade of the strong verb cognate with A. S. smugan, to creep ; see

smeocan (pt.t. smeac), to smoke, reek.-f-Smock.

Du. smook, sb. ; G. schmauch, sb. Per-
haps Sm.ut, a spot of dirt or soot. (E.) For
Irish much, smoke, W.
mwg^ smoke, the base smiit-^cf. M. E. smotten, bi-smo-
are from Cf. Lith. smaiig-ui, I choke ;
E. teren, to smut ; G. schmutz,dirt. p. We
Gk. ajXJxeLv (2 aor. ((T/xvyr^v),
to smoulder. also iind smutch, for * smuts ; from Swed.
Der. smoke,vb.,from A. S. svtociatt, weak smuts, smut, dirt ; whence Swed. smutsa,
verb. Brugm. 849. i. " to soil ; see Smudge.
Sm30th, adj. (E.) M. E. s moot he ; Snack ; see Snatch.
also smethe. A. S. smede, Northumb. Snaffle.
(Du.) For snaffle-piece, i.e.
smocSe ; sometimes smoJ, smooth. The nose-piece.Du. snavel,a horse's muzzle ;
"

form smede represents *smoth-joz(with M. Du. snavel, snahel,bill,snout ; cf.

mutation of "? to ^j ; and further,the base O. Fries, snavel,mouth ; G. schnabel,
bill.
*.y;;/J/,^-
represents a Teut. base *.rwa;zM-,so Dimin. of M. Du. snabbe,snebbe, Du.
that^smothjoz is for *smanth-joz, bill,lit. 'snapper;'from *-snabben^
creamy.' sjieb, '

The base appears in Bohem. smant, cream form to M. Du. snappen, to snap
parallel
(Russ.svietana); whence the G. schmant, up ; see Snap. Cf. Du. snebbig,
snap-
pish
cream, is borrowed. Cf. Bavar. schviand, ; Lith. snapas, bill.
cream. HeT.smoothe, vb. Snag, a short branch, knot on a stick,
Smother, (E.) Y ormtxlysmortker; abrupt projection.(Scand.) Prob. of
sb.
M. E. sffiorther,a suffocatingsmoke, lit. Scand. origin ; cf. Norw. snage, a project-
ing
'
that which stifles; formed (with suffix tongue of land ; Icel. snagi,a clothes-
*

-ther of the agent)from A. S. smor-ian, to peg. Hence, perhaps,prov. E. snag, to

smother. 4-Du. and E. Fries, smoren,
stifle, trim,cut small branches from a tree ; Gael.
to stifle,
smother. snaigh, to hew, cut down, trim trees ; Irish
Sm.Oulder, M.E.
smolderen, snaigh,a hewing,cutting.
vb. (E.)
vb. ; from M. E. smolder,sb., a stifling Snail. (E.) M.,Y.snayle.K.S.snagl,
smoke. Smol-der " *smol-iher. Cf. Low snegel, a snail.4-Icel. snigill,
Dan. snegl\
G. smelen, smdlen, to smoulder ; sfnoln, Swed. snigel, a slug.Teut. types *snagiloz,

to give out fumes (Danneil) ; Du. smeulen. *SJiegiloz, masc. Allied to A. S. snaca,
Allied to Small. a snake (Noreen," 252). See below ; and
Smudge. (Scand.) M. E. smogen cf. Low G. siiigge,G. schnecke, a snail.

; weakened
(Hall.) form oi smtctch. " Y)a.n. snake. (E.) A. S. snaca, a snake
smtuis, smut, dirt ; smiidse, to soil. Cf. +Icel. snakr, S7tdkr;Dan. snog-, Swed.
M. E. smod, dirt ; E. Fries, and Low G. snok. From Teut. verb '^"snak-an-,
to creep,

smiidden,to soil ; Du. smoddig,dirty.See pt. t. '^sfiok,

as seen in O. H. G. snahhan,
Smut. pt. t. snuoh.

Smug, neat, spruce. (Scand. G.) For- merly Snap, vb. (Du.) Du. snappen, to snap,
"

smoog, smug; weakened form of snatch. + Dan. snappe, Swed. sjtappa,

*smuk. Dan.
" smuk, pretty, fine,fair; G. schnappen; M. H. G. snaben. Base
(South Dan. smugg, N. Fries, smock, *snap, similar to *snak. See Snafle,
schmuck, Outzen) ; M. Swed. smiick, Snatch.
elegant,fair. " Low G. smuk, neat, trim; Snare, a noose. (E.) A.S. sneare, cord,
496
 SNARL SNORT

string,
noose. "^'Du.snaar, a string;Icel. ('lip
; allied to snappen, to snap, intercept
;
sttara; Dan. j-//ar^; Swtd. snara; O.H.G. slc Snap. + E. Fries, snippen ; Low G.
snarahka, a noose. p. The O. H. G. snippeln,
to cut small ; G. schnippen, to
snarahha shews
orig.final guttural
an ; snap, allied to schnappen. Cf E. Fries.
the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in snip,sharp; snip,snippe, a small pieceof
O. H. G. S7terhan,to twist tightly; from lanil. ^ Prob. confused witli Nip. Der.
a base SNERH Idg.^SNERK, whence snip,sb. ; snipp-et,
a small
-

piece.
Gk. vapKrj^ cramp; see Narcissus. Cf Snipe, a bird. (Scand.)M.E. iwj/^.-
-V^SNER, to twi^t,wind ; see Nerve. Icel.snipa, a snipe; Dan. sneppe,a snipe
;
y. All from -y'SNE,to wind,spin; whence Swed. sncippa,a sand-piper.-f-Du. snip,
L. 7iere, tospin,G. schiitir,a string. sncp, M. Du. snippe, sneppe; G. schnepfe.
Snarl, vb. (E.) Frequentative form of It refers to the long bill ; lit.
snipper.'
'

snar, to shew one's teeth like a dog,spelt See Snip, Snap.

snarre in Palsgrave.Not found in A. S. ; Snite (i),to wipe the nose. (E.) A. S.
but cf.M. Du. snarren, 'to brawl,to scould, *snytati, whence snyting, sb.,a sneezing;
or Hexham.
to snarle,' 4- G. schnai'ren,
E. Fries, sniiten,to snite.4-Du. sniiiten,
to
growl, snarl; M. H. snar, growling. from smiit,snout, nose ; Icel. snyta,Swed.
G. a

And see Sneer, Snort. snyta, Dan. snyde, to snite ; from Swed.
Snatch. (E.) M. E. siiacchen, as if smtt, Dan. snnde, snout ; see Snout.
from *s)iak- ; cf. Lowland Sc. stiak,a Snite (2),a snipe.(E.) M. E. snite.
snap of the
jaws.-f-Du.snakken, to gasp. A. S. snite,a snite or snipe. Cf Snipe.
Base *snak, parallelto *snap. See Snivel, snuffle,
to to whimper. (E.)
Snap. Der. snack, sb.,a portion,lit. a '
M. E. snuvelen,snenelen {snevelen);
as if
bit snatched up,'a hastymeal, a share; to *-snyflian.From A. S. snofi,from A. S.
go snacks =^\.o go shares. Also Cf. Swed. snojla, E.
Dan. sndvle,to
prov. mucus.

sneck,snap or latch of a door. snuffle; Low G.sniiff,snuff, a nose, snout.

Sneak. (E.) Variant of M. E. sniken, See Snufif.

A. S. snican, to creep, Teut. type *sneikan- ; Snob. (Scand.)Prov. E. jw*?^, a vulgar

l)t.t. *sitaik, pp. *snikanoz. The A. S. person, also, a journeyman shoemaker,

pt. t. Slide would give a deriv.
*sncecan,S7tap,a lad,servant, usually in a ludicrous
E.
representing sneak.
Guernsey sne- Cf
sense ; Lowl. Sc. snah, a cobbler's boy. "

quer, to rob s\\\y. snik-inn,hanker-

-\-lce\. ing Dan. dial, sjiopp,smipp, bashful,silly ;
after,from a lost strong verb ; Swed. Icel. sndpr, a dolt,with the notion of
dial, snika (pt.t. SJtek),to hanker after; impostor,a boaster, used as a by-word;
Dan. sniga si";to sneak, slink ; Gael, Swed. dial,sndpp, a boy,anythingstumpy ;
snaigh,to creep (from E.). cf. Swed. dial, snoppa, to cut off,make
and Irish snai'g,
Sneap, to pinch,check ; see Snub. stumpy ; and see Snub. Cf. Swed. snopen,
Sneer, to scoff. (E.) M. E. sjteren. ashamed.
Cf. E. sniren,to frizzle,
Fries, to cause Snood, ribbon. (E.) A. S. snod,
a fillet,

a hissingnoise, to sneer at ; Dan. sncerre, a fillet;

orig.'a twist,'wreath. Cf. Icel.
to grin like a dog, shew one's teeth at a snuQr, a twist ; Swed. snodd, a string ;
person ; allied to Snarl. also W. ysnoden,a fillet; Irish snathe,a
Sneeze, vb. (E.) M.E.i-w^i-^?;?;
Chaucer thread. All from Idg.root *sne, *s7id,
to

(Cant.Tales,H. 62\ of which

)i:isfnesen spin,
to twist ; whence G. schnu-r,a string
;
snesen, occurringin the Camb. MS ,
is cf Icel. snua, Dan. snoe, Swed. sno, to

a modification. A. S. fneosan.,
to sneeze. twist,twine.
+Du.y"zVs^;z; Swed. ^/^zyj^z ; Vidin.fnyse. Snore, vb. (E.) M. E. snoren; for
Cf. Gk. I breathe ; see Pneumatic.
TTi/t'ct;, *f7ioren ; cf. A. S. fnora,sb., a snoring,
Base *fnetis-,
parallel form to '^hnetis-; see snore. From A. %.f7ior- {",fnus-), weak
Neese. oi
grade f7icosa7i to sneeze ; see Sneeze.
,

Sniff,to scent. (Scand.)M. E. snetiien Inlluenced by Snort.

(snevien)."'Icel. *sne//a,
to sniff,
a lost Snort, vb. (E.) M. E. s7iorte7i,to snore.

verb,-whence sna/dr,sharp-scented,
snefill,Low G. S7tu7-te7i, to make
S7ia)-te7i, an

n. noise.
slight scent ; Dan. snive, to sniff, explosive From *S7iur- ; as in Low
ijimilar to Icel. snippa,to sniff; and to hum, M. Du.
cf. G. s7iorren, to
S7in7-7-en,

woppa, a snout. Variant forms are Dan. sno7-ke^

murmur.

iosnx^, to snort ; Swed. s7iorka,

Vfw. snippen, to threaten (orig. to
Snip, vb. (Du.)
497
 SNOT SOBRIQUET

fume, be angry); Dn. snorken ; G. scJinar- candle ; Dan. sjiubbe,

to nipoff. See Snub.
chen. And see Snarl. Der.sntiff,
sb.
Snot, mucus from the nose, i E.) M. E. Snug. (Scand.)Cf. prov. E. S7iug, tidy,
snotte. A. S. ge-snot\ O. Fries, snotte ; trimmed up ; snog, the same. Icel. snoggr,
"

Du. Dan. snot. Allied to Snite (ijand smooth, said of wool or hair ; M. Swed.
snout. snygg, short-haired,
trimmed, Swed. snygg,
snout. (E.)
snoiite^E. Fries. cleanly,
M.E, neat, genteel; Dan. dial, snog,
smiit\ Swed.
siiute. "\-\)v.. snut, snout, neat, smart. Cf. E. Fries, sniigge,
snigge,
'
muzzle ; Dan. snude ; G. schnaiize. Cf. smooth, Grig. trimmed ; hence
neat. '

Dan. smie, G. snaii, prov.

to Low
sniff, comfortable.
neat, smart, tidy, Cf. Snag.
G. beak.
schnau, snout, From a base So. (E.) M. E. .y^. A. S. i-w".-fDu.
*sneti: whence Teut. vb. "^snfltan-^ pt. t. zoo, Icel. svd, svo, so ; Dan. saa, Swed. sd,
^snaut,pp. *snutauoz. From the ist grade G. so, Goth, swa ; Teut. types *i-zt'^, '^swo,
we have Swed. snilt,Du. smiit, E. snout ; *swa. Cf. Gk. "hs. p. From a case of Idg.
from the 2nd, G. schnauze ; and from the *szvos, one's own ; cf. L. suus, Skt. sva,
3rd,E. sjiot. one's own. Lit. in one's
'
own way.' See
Snow. (E.")K.^. sndiv.-\-V"\x.
sneeiiw, Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. " 362.
Icel. sHcEK, Dan. snee, Swed. sno, Goth. Soak. (E.) It also means to suck up,
snaiws, G. schnee ; also Lith. snegas, Russ. imbibe. M. E. so^en,(i) to suck, (2)to
smeg\ L. nix (gen.nuns'),Gk. ace. i//"/)a, soak. A. S. sodan, to soak ; from A. S.
Irish 5;/m.-M,W. ?/;/. (VSNEIGH.) Cf. soc- (Teut. su/e-),
weak grade oi silcan,to
'L\\.h.. to snow, L. ningit,
sfiigti, Gk. vei(pei,suck. See Suck. Cf. W. swga, soaked,
it snows. Brugm. i. " 394. sugno, to suck.
Snub, to check, reprimand. (Scand.) Soap.
(E.) yi.Y^.sope. A. S. .yrt/^.+
Also sned, snib. snibben. '~T"2ca. Du. zeep; [cf.
M.E. Icel. sdpa, Swed. sapa, from
snibbe,to reprimand; Swed. sniibba,Icel. A. S.]; G. seife.Teut. type *saipdn^
smibba, N. Fries, snubbe,to snub, chide. fern.; from '^saip, 2nd grade of *seipan-,
Grig,to ' snip off' the end of a thing; cf. to trickle (M. H. G. sifen) ; hence also
Icel. snubbotr,snubbed, nipped,with the A. S. sap, resin, pomade, allied to sdpe.
tipcut off; Swed. dial, snubba,to snipor % L. sdpo (whence F. savon, "c.) was
clip off; E. Fries, smibbeln, to snap or borrowed from Teutonic ; the true L.
snatch away. |3.Allied to obs. E. sneap, (cognate) word seems to be sebum, tallow,
to pinch, nip,answeringto Icel. sneypa, to grease.
castrate, also to disgrace, snub ; Swed. Soar. (F. L.) M. E. soren. F. essorer, - "

snopa, to castrate. Cf. also Dan. dial. to expose to air ; in M.F., 'to sore up/ Cot.
sneve, to dock, to snub, to nip. Der. " Late L. '^exaurdre, to expose to air. "

snub-nosed,i.e. with a short or stumpy L. ex, out ; aufa, breeze,air. Perhaps

nose, as if with the end cut off. L. aura was borrowed from Gk. avpa, a
snub-nosed ," see above. breeze ; formed,apparently, with suffix -ra
Snuff (i),to sniff, smell. fDu.) From from y'AVV, variant of WE, to blow. See
M. Du. cf.
smiffcn\ sniiyven (Du.snuiven), Air.
'
to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,' Sob, vb. (E.) M. E. sobben,related to
Hexham ; Du. snt(/, smelling, scent ; E. A. S. seojian,to lament. + G, seufzen,
Fries, smifen, sniiven, to snuff up.-J-Swed.to sigh, O. H. G. silfton, to sob, O. H, G.

snufva,a catarrh,sjiiifven,a sniff,

scent ; siift, sob ; all from O. H. G. sufan,
a sigh,

cf. G. schnmiben,schnatifen, schniebejt,to to sup, sup up. Allied to Sup. Der.

snuff,snort (from a Teut. base ^sneub); sob,sb.
G. schnupfen, a catarrh, to take
schtiiipfen, Sober. (F. L.) M. E. sobre. F. sobre. " "

snuff. Der. snuff, powdered tobacco ; L. sobrittm,ace. of sobrius,sober. L. so- "

also snuff-le,prov. G. schnuffeln,schniif- se-, apart, hence, not ; -briiis,drunk, as =

feln. in e-brius. See Ebriety. (Doubtful.)

Snuff to snipoff the top
(2), of a candle- Der. sobriety,M. F. sobriety,L. ace.
wick. (E.) M. E. snuffen,to snuff out sdbrietdtejH.
a candle; cf. sb., the
snuff of a
snoffe, Sobriquet, Soubriquet, a nick-
name.
candle. Parallel to '^snitppen ; cf. prov. E. (K.) F.
.J-^^rz^w^^",
surname,
'
name,
nick-
'
snop, to eat off,as cattle do young shoots a jeast broken on a man ; Cot.
Swed. dial, snoppa, to snip off,snuff a |He also spellsit sotbriquet,
soubriquet.
498
 soc SOIREE

From O. F. soubzhriqzcet,
a chuck under ibid. (Similarly
O.
F. soidde,glasswort,
the chin (14thcent.); hence, a quip,an answers L. solida ; prob.from the hard-
to ness
affront,a nickname. Here O. F. soubz,F. of the productsobtained from glass-
sous, is from L. subtus,below ; briquet has "L. solidus,
wort.) solid,hard. See Solid.
been conjectured to stand for bcqiiet,
diniin. Der. sod-iuni, a coined word.
of bee,beak, mouth ; cf. llal. soito-bccco, a Sodden ; see Seethe.
chuck under the chin. ' Percu.ssit super Soder, Solder, a firm cement from
'
mentonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet ; fusible metals. (1^ L.) 1*ormerh soder, .
"

A. D. 1335. See Korting, and Littre. sowder, sometimes soulder ; now nounced
pro-
Soc, Socage; see Soke. (sod-or). F. soudure, M. F. "

Sociable. (F. L.) F. sociable."1.. souldtire,' a souldering,and particularly

"

socidbilis, companionable. L. socid-re,to " the knot of soulder which fastens the led
'
accompany. L. socius, companion, fol-
" lower [lead]of a glassewindow Cot. O. F. ; "

to follow.
; allied to L. seqzil, See souder, soulder. io consolidate, make firm.
Sequence. Der. associate,dissociate. "L. soliddre, to make firm. L. solidus, "

social. (L.) L. socidlis, adj.,from firm. See Solid.

socitis above). Sodomy. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.
society. (F. L.) " M. F. w"V//. L. "
sodoviie,
a sin imputed to the inhabitants
ace, from
societdtcrn, nom. fellow-
ship."
societds, of Sodom. " F. Sodome, Sodom. " L.
L. socius,
a companion; see ciable.Sodoina.
So- " Gk. 'X65o/xa.Heb. " .Seddin.
^
Sofa. (Arab.) Arvih. suffat, suffah, Sl
'
Sock. (L.) A. S. socc.'-'l..soccus, a sopha; Rich. Diet. p. 936. Arab, root "

light shoe, slipper,sock, buskin of a saffa,

to draw up in line, to put a seat to a
comedian. saddle ; ibid.
Socket. (F.-L. ?) Cf. F. dial, soquette, Soft. (E.) A. S. softe, adv. ; soft, also
a stump of dead wood, patoisde la Meuse sefteadj.(with ?-mutation). + G. Sax.
(Labourasse) ; Walloon sokett,a stump. sdfto, ; G. sauft,
adv.,softly soft ; O. H. (i.
Godefroy has board. sa??ifto,
socquet,(apparently) cup-
a adv.,gently; Du. zacht,for zaft
Prob. an A. F. dimin, of O. F. soc, (whence G. sacht). Der. soft-en.
a wooden clog (a.D. 1473). Cotg. has Soil (i), ground, country. (F. L.) "

'
socquc, a sock or sole of durt, cleaving t o M. E. soile. A.". soil; (cf.F. seuil, "

the foot in a cloggyway.' Cf. Port, socco, threshold of a door " L. solium)."Late
wooden shoe or clog, mod. L. solea,soil, ground. Allied to L. solum,
F. socqtie, a
clog. p. All from L. soccus, sock,shoe, ground; whence F. sol,soil, ground (from
hence, a v.'ooden shoe or clog. I conclude which, however, the E. word cannot be
that socket is a dimin. of sock,notwith- standing directlyderived). Cf. Gk. 'il-a"pos, tion,
founda-
the change in sense ; cf. E. shoe, ground. See Sole (0.
a kind of socket, as a term in machinery Soil (2), to defile. (F.-L.) M. E.
(Webster).% O. F. soket,a small plough- share, soilen. [Not allied to M. E. sulen, E.
is from a Celtic source, being allied sullyP^ O.Y. soillier,F. souiller, t o soil
" ;
to O. Irish socc, a plouglishare. se souiller, to wallow as a sow. O. F. "

Sod. So called from the use of soil,souil,' the soile of a wild boar, the
(E.) '

turf as fuel (?); or from its frequentmire wherein he hath wallowed ; Cot.
wetness (?). The connexion with the " Late L. suil/us, a pig; L. suillus,
verb to seethe appears in
clearly zode,
Du. adj., belongingto swine. L. siis,a sow. "

sod, green turf,M. Du. also

zode,seething, See Sow. Der. soil,sb.,a stain ; quite
sod; G. j"?a^^,sod,.y^^,bubbling up of boiling distinct from soil,ground.
water; Low G. sood,a well,sode,z. turf,sod ; Soil (3), to feed cattle with green grass,
E. Fries, sod, a well ; sode, a cut turf,also, to fatten with feeding. (F.-L.) O. F.
boiling, cooking ; Dan. dial, sodd,saadd, *so"lcr,saoler, M. F. saouler, to glut,
a sod. (SeeFranck.) Cf. also A. ^.seaQ, satiate (F. soiiler) ; cf. O. F. soelement,
a well,pit, seaQ,pt. t. of seoQan, to seethe ; satiety(Godefroy). O.F. saol,full, cloyed. "

O. Fries, sdtha,sod, sdth,a well ; A. S. L. ace. satulhim ^Wtd. with food. "
L. "

ge-sod, cooking. See Seethe.

a satur, full. See Satiate.
Soda. '
a kind of
(Ital.L.) Ital. J-i7^"3:,
" Soiree, eveningparty. (F. L.) F.
an "

'
feame ashes whereof they make glasses; soiree,evening; hence,an eveningparty.
Cf. Ital. scrata,evening. L. ser-us, late in
'
Florio. Fem. '
of Ital. sodo, solide,
tough; "

499
 SOJOURN SOLITARY

the day (whence Ital. sera, F. soir,even-

ing) Sole C3\ alone. (F.-L.) O. F. sol (F.
; with suffix -dta ("F. -ee). seul). " 'L. solum, ace. oi solus,alone.
Sojourn, to dwell. (F.-L.) O. F. Solecism, improprietyin speakingor
sojorner, sojourner. L. sub, under ; diiir- writing.(F. L. Gk.) M. F. soloecisme ;
" "
"

ndre, to stay, from diurnus, daily; which Cot. L. solcecisjHus Gk. ao\oiKia\x6s, a "
.
"

is from dies,a day. See Diary. solecism. Gk. aoXoiKi^eiv, to speakincor-

rectly. "

Soke, Soc, a franchise, land held by Gk. aoKoiKos,speaking incorrectly, "

socage. (E.) The A. S. sacu meant 'a like an inhabitant of "2,6X01 (So/oi)in
'
contention,' a law-suit ; whence the Law
'
Cilicia,where the Gk. dialect w^as cor- ruptly

term sac, the power of hearingsuits and spoken. Der. solecist, sb.
administering justice within a certain pre- cinct. Solemn. (P\ L.) W.Y.. solempne.^ "

The A.S. socnraQant 'investigation,' O. F. solempne. L. solemnem, ace. of "

'
or
'
a seeking into ; whence the Law solcffinis, older forms solemiis, soUennis,
term soke, the rightof hearing disputesannual, occurringyearlylike a religious
and enquiring into complaints, also, the rite,religious, solemn. L. j^Z/wi-, entire, "

precinctwithin which such right was complete;ajinus, a year. Hence W^w"

exercised ; see Blount, Spelman, Ellis, returningat the end of a completeyear. =

Thorpe, Schmid. p. Etyniologically, sac The O. Lat. sollns is cognate with W. holl,
(A.S. sacu) is the same word as Sake, whole, entire. Brugm. i. " 417. Der.
q. V. Soke (A.S. soc-)is the exercise of soletjinity, -ise.
judicial power; and soken (A. S. socn, Sol-fa, to sing the notes of the gamut.
socen^ is an enquiry ; both allied to E. seek, (L.) It means to sing the notes by the
and derived from A. S. soc, strong grade names si,la,sol, fa, jui,re, ut (where,for
of sacan, to contend ; see Seek. Der. ut, do is now used). These names are of
soc-age, a barbarous law term made by L. origin ; see Gamut. Der. solfeggio,
adding F. -age (L.-dticum)to A. S. soc-. from Ital. solfeggio, the singingof the
(The 0 is long.) gamut ; cf.sol-mi-sation, coined from sol
Solace, a relief. (F. "
L.) '^l.'E.solas. and mi.
" O. F. solaz ^where z fs). L. soldtiuvi, Solicit. (F.-L.) M. F. i-^//VzV^r. L.
"= " -

a comfort. L. sdldttis,
"
pp. of soldri,to sollicitdre,
to agitate, arouse, urge, solicit.
console. Allied to L. sollus,Gk. oKo%, L. sollicitus, lit. wholly agitated." L. "

whole (Prellvvitz). Der. solace,vb. for sollus,

solli-, whole ; citus, aroused,pp.
Solan-goose, a bird. (Scand.and E.) of ciere,to shake, excite. See Solemn
The Y..goose is an addition. Icel. sulan, and Cite. for L. sollicittis\
Der. solicitous, "

lit.' the gannet,' where -n stands for the solicit-tt.de,

M.F. solicitude,
from L. sollici-
definite article; def. form of Icel. -sfila,tildo,anxiety.
inhaf-sula,i.e, sea-gannet, solan goose ; Solid. I F. "
L.) F. solide. " L. soliduj?i,
Norweg. sula,the same. ace. of solidus,firm. Der. solidar-i-ty,
Solar, belongingto the sun. (L.) L. '
a word which we owe to the F. com-munists,

soldris,solar. L. sol, sun. -f- Icel.

" sol, and which signifies a ship
fellow-
Goth, sanil,Lith. saule,W. haul, Irish in gainand loss, a being,so to speak,
'
sul,Gk. T]KLo"i(see Prellwitz); Skt. sura-, all in the same bottom ; Trench. Also
sun, splendour. Brugm. i. " 481. solid-i-fy,from F. solidifier.to render solid.
Solder ; see Soder. Soliloquy. (L ) Late L. soliloquium,
Soldier. (F.
sodiour, a speaking
- to oneself (Augustine).L. soli-,
L.) M. E. "

soudiour, sotddier. soudoier, for solus, alone; loqui,to speak. See

O. F. soldier, "

soiildoyer, one who fightsfor pay ; Late Loquacious.

L. solddrius. Late L, soldtwi,pay.
" Late Soliped, an animal with uncloven "

L. solidus,a piece of money (.whence O. F. hoof. (L.) Short for solidiped. L. "

sol, F. sou); orig. '

a solid piece,'L. solidiped-,
" stem of solidipes,solid-hoofed
solidus,
solid ; cf.E. hard '
cash.' See Solid. for solidus,
(Pliny).L. solidi-, solid ; pes,
"

Sole (i), under side of foot or shoe. a foot ; see Foot.

(L.) A. S. sole. Late L. sola,for L. solea, Solitary. (F. L.) M. E. soUtarie.
" " "

sole of the foot,or of a shoe. L. solum, A. F. solitarie;cf. F. solitaire.^L,. soli- "

the ground. See Soil. tdrius,solitary.Short for *solitdtdrius,

Sole (2\ a fish. (F.-L.) y\..Y..sole.~ from solitdt-,
stem oi loneliness."
solitds,
F. sole\ Cot. " L. the
solea, sole-fish. L. solus, alone.

500
 SOOTHE SORTIE

whence sod,neut. sb.,the truth. [The A.S. supreme ; highest voice in music. " Late L,
sd6 stands for *sonth-,Teut. ^santh- ; the superdnus, chief; see Sovereign.
loss o{ n followingthe lengthening of "?.] Sorcery. (F. L.) O. F. sorcerie, "

-f-Icel.
sannr (for*santkr),Swed, sami, castingof lots,magic. O. F. sorcicr, a "

Dan. sand; from Teut. base *santhoz, sorcerer. Late L. sortidrins, a teller of "

short for *es-ont-,

Idg.'^sonlos, lit. being, fortunes by lots,sorcerer. L. sorti-,from "

that which is,from -v^ES,to be. Allied sort-^stem oi sors, a lot.

to L. -sens, being,as in ab-sens sent-),Sordid, dirty,
(stemab- vile. (F. L.) " F. sor-

; Skt. dide.
prcB-sens ^stem prce-sent-) h. sordidtts, dirty. L. so7'di-,
for " "

sat-ya-,true. See Suttee and Essence. ^ixt. Cf. Russ. j-o/,

sordes, filth. Brugm. i.
i.e.
'Dex.for-sooth, for a truth ; sooth-say,
p. 1092.
to say truth. Sore, adj. (E.) M. E. sor. A. S. sdr,
soothe. (E.) The orig.sense was to painful.
+ Du. zeer, Icel. sdrr, Swed. sdr,
assent to as beingtrue,hence
to say yes to, O. H. G. ser, wounded, painful ; cf. G.
humour, flatter,
approve of. 'Is't good sehr, sorely, very, versthren, to wound.
to soothe him in these contraries ? ' Com. Teut. type *sairoz, adj. Cf. O. Irish sdeth,
Errors,iv. 4. 82. M. E. sodien,to con- firm, soeth,tribulation ; but hardlyL. scbuus, \
verify.A.S. ge-sd6ian,to confirm, dire. Der. sore, sb.,A. S. sdr (Gath.sair) ;
prove to be true. A.S. so^, true; see
" and sore, adv.,very ; see Sorry.
Sooth. Sorrel (I), a (F.-M. H. G.) 'plant.
soothsay. (E.) To say sooth,i.e. O. F. sorel (F.snrelle).^M.H. G. stir (G.
tell truth,predict. saner' sour ; from its taste. So also A. S. ,

Sop, sb. (E.) M. E. soppe. It answers siire,sorrel, from stir,sour. See Sour.
*
to aa A. S. soppe,a sop (whencesoppian, Sorrel (2),of a reddish-brown calour.
to sop up) ; regularly formed from sop- (F. Teut.) O. F. sorel ; dimin. from "

(Teut.'^sup-)weaker grade of siipan, to O.F. sor, F. saur, sorrel of colour. Low "

sup. Cf.
Icel. soppa, a sop, from the G. soor, sear, dried up, withered ; cognate
weaker grade of supa, to sup ; also Du. with E. sear. See Sear.
sop, M. Du. zoppe, M. Swed. soppa, Low Sorrow, grief.(E.) M. E. sorwe,
G. soppe,G. suppe. See Sup. sorje. A. S. sorge, gen. dat. and ace. of
Sophist, a captious reasoner. (F. L. sorh, sorg, sorrow, anxiety. -4-Du. zo7g,
"

"
Gk.) Usuallyj^/,^z"/^r in old authors, Dan. Sw^ed. sorg, G. soige, Goth, saurga,
but the final r is unoriginal. O. F. care, grief.Teut. "
type *sorgd, f. Cf.
sophiste.Late L. sophista.Gk. aoipiaTrji,O. Irish serg,. sickness,
" " Lith. sirgti, to be
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of ill, suffer. ^ Not allied to sore or sorry,
arts for money (seeLiddell) Gk. (To(pi^f:iy, though the present sense of sorry shews
.
"

to instruct. Gk. ao^os, wise. Der. sophist-

" confusion with it. See below.
r-y, sophist-ic (Gk. ao(piaTLK6s) ; sophis-vi Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved.(E.)
(Gk. aoijnafia,a device). M. E. so7y. A.S. sdrig, adj.,sorry, sad,
Sophy, a shah of Persia,A. D. 1505- sore in mind ; from sdr, sore.+Du. zeerig,
1736. (Fers. Arab.) In Shak. Merch.
" Swed. sarig,sore, full of sores, words
Ven. ii. I. 26. Pers. Sa^, a title. Arab. which preserve the orig.sense.
"
% Spelt
sa/iy,pure. % Distinct from Suji,a with two r's owing to the shortening of
Moslem mystic; from Arab, siifty, ligent. M. E. o in sory, due to the addition of the
intel-
suffix -y (A. S. -ig); but not orig. allied ta
Soporiferous, inducingsleep. (L.) sorrow.
From L. soporifer, sleep bringing ; by Sort, a kind. (F. L.) F. sorte,fem.,
- "

adding -(3//J. L.i-"?^"?;-/-,from

"
sopor-, %\."ci\of sort,kind; O.F. sorte, fem.,a company;
sopor,sleep; -fer,bringing, from ferre, to allied to F. sort, masc, luck, fate. L. "

bring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svap- sorte?n, ace. oi sors, lot. Perhapsallied to
na-, sleep(fromsvap, to sleep), Gk. vitvos, Series. Brugm. i. " 516 (i).
sleep,A.S. simfen,z. dream. (-y^SWEP.) Sortie. (F. L.) F. sortie,a going "

Brugm. i. " 551. See Somniferous. forth ; fem. of sorti, pp. of sortir,to sally
soporific, causingsleep. (L.) L. forth. Cf. Span, surtida,a sortie,from^
sopori-(above); and -fie-, tor facere,to O. Span, surtir,to rise. p. F. sortir,
make, cause. Span, surtir,answer to a Folk-L. forni
Soprano. (Ital. L.)
" Ital. soprano. "^sortire,
to rise up, from for L.
'^sortiim,
502,
 SOT SOW

survecHim^ supineof su7'gere, to rise up ; sounding-lead.Diez derives F. sondey

see Surge. The contraction of sun-ecttim from a supposed L. *sitb-7indarc,
to go
to sortum is proved to be correct by Ital. under the water ; from L. sub,under,and
sorto, occurring as pp. of sorgere, to rise ; unda, a wave ; cf. ab-ound,red-ound,and
and by Span,stirto,pp. of surgir. sombre. ^ Yet we find A. S. sund-gyrd,
Sot, a stupidfellow,drunkard. (Late a sounding-rod ; sund-lTne,sund-rdp,a
L.) (AncrenRiwle\
M. E. sot A. S. sot, sounding-line
or rope ; which point to a

soft. Late L. sottiis (Ducange); ab. a.d. derivation from Sound (2).
800. Prob. of Teut. origin ; cf. M. Du. Soup. (F.-Teut.) F. soupe. F. -

zot ; M. H. G. sate,a sot. ^ Distinct from to sup.

soiiper, Low G. supen, to drink, "

Span,zote,a blockhead ; Ital. zotico (Florio quaff.See Sup, and Sop.

has zottico). The Ital. zotico has been re-
ferred Sour. (E.) A. S. sfir. -|-Du. ztiiir,
to L.
ididticus^ in which case
idiotic, Icel. su7'r, Dan. suur, Swed. sur, G. sauer;
Span, zote may representL. idiotes, of Gk. W. sur, sour, Lith. stirus, salt ; Russ.
origin; see Idiot. Ducange \x2isJottiais, surovuii, raw, coarse, harsh, rough.
a foolish game; cf. M. "..jottes,
unlearned Brugm. i. " 114,
people. Source. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^z/r^.-O. F.
Sou. (F. - L.) F. soti, O. F. sol,a sorse, surse (F. source),
a source. Here
coin. " Late L. solidiis,
solid,also a coin ; sorse is fem. of sors, old pp. of O. F. sordre
cf I. s.d.,i.e. librce, denarii.
solidi, See (F. sourdre),
to rise. L. surgere, to rise ; "

Solid. see Surge.

Soubriquet ; see Sobriquet. Souse (i), pickle. (F.-G.) From
Souchong, a
kind of tea. (Chinese.)
O. F. soucii,pickle(Godefroy).G. sulze, "

for siao-chimg,'-\\\.\\t
^dc"L\iont%^siti-chiing, pickle; allied to Salt. Hence souse, vb.,
sort;'Yule, p. 691. to soak in brine.
Sough, a sighingsound. (E.) M.E. Souse (2), Sowse, to swoop down
swogh, swottgh,from A. S. swogan^ to upon. (F. L.) " From M.E. sours, the
resound. Cf Icel. arn-sngr, the ing
rush- upward springor the swoop of a bird of
sound of an eagle's
wings ; and see prey ; Ch. " O. F. sorse, a rise,also a
Surf. source; see Source. Phil. Soc. Trans.
Soul. A. S. sawel, sdwl. +
(E.) Du. 1888, p. 18.
Icel. sdla,sal,Dan. sicel,
ziel, Swed. sjdl, South. (E.) A.S. 5/75.+ Du. 2Z"./;
G. seele,Goth, saizvala.
Brugm. i." 200. Icel. su^r,also sunnr, south (cf.sudreyjar,
Sound (i),adj., healthy.(E.) M. E. lit.southern islands, Sodor,the Hebrides);
sound, A. S. i-z/wrt'.-f-Du. gezond; Swed. Dan. Swed, syd,Swed. szmnan, the south ;
V)?i\i.sund\ O. gestmd. Perhapsallied to O.H.G. simd, G. siid. p. The Teut.
Goth, swinths,strong. base is *stinth-, south ; perhaps allied to
Sound (2),strait of the sea. (E.)M.E. Sun, q.v. Connexion with Gk. v6to$,
sound. A. S. sund, (i)a swimming, (2) south wind (Brugmann),is doubtful ; see
power to swim, (3)a strait of the sea, that Prellwitz. i)er.south-em ; cf. O. H. G.
could be swum across. + Icel. Dan. Swed. sundroni, southern,Icel. sudrcenti.
G. sund. Probablyderived from ^swtim Souvenir. (F. L.) ". souvenir,sb., "

(A.S. swtim-), weak grade of swimman, a remembrance ; merely the verb souvenir,
to swim ; with suffix -doz
Idg. pp. to remember, used as a sb. L. subuemre,
for "

suffix -tos. Brugm. i. " 377 (2). See to occur to one's mind. L. sub,under, "

Swim. Der. sound, swimming-bladder near ; uenire, to come. See Venture.

of a fish, another use of the same word ; Sovereign. (F. L.) 'b^l.'E. sojierain "

Shetland soond,Icel. sund- magi. isoverain). A. F. soverein ; O. F. soiive- "

Sound (3),a noise. (F.-L.) The rain. Late L. stiperdnus, chief. L. super, " "

final d is added. M.E. soun. " Y. son. above. See Super-.

L. somuii, ace. oi soniis
"
(for^swenos),a Sow (i),to scatter seed. (E.) A. S.
sound. + Skt. svana-, sound ; A. S. swin, sdwan, pt. t. seow, pp. sdwen. + Du.
melody. (y^SWEN.) Brugm. ii." 519. zaaijen,Icel. sd, Dan. saae, Swed. sa,
Sound (4),to measure depth of water. O. H. G. sazven, G. sden, Goth, saian.
(F. L.) " In Palsgrave. F. scolder,to Also W. "
hau, Lith. s'eti, L.
Russ. sieiate,
sound the depthof. Cf. Span.Port, sondar, serere (pt.t. pp. sa-tum),to
se-ui, sow; Gk.
to sound ; Span. Port, sonda,F. sonde,a I send,throw.
i-qixL(for^oi-orj-ixi), (VSE,
503
 sow SPARABLE

to cast.) Brugm. i. "" 132, 310. Der. the outer mouldingsof an arch and

tween
seed; cf. season. a horizontal line above it. As if from
Sow (2), afemale pig. (E.) Also O. F. from
*espanderel, O. F. espandeur,
appliedto oblongpiecesof melted metal, that which
spreads. O. F. espandre,to "

whence smaller piecesbranch

out, called spread,expand. See Expand, Spawn.
pigs. M. E. sowe. A. S. sugu, also sii.-\- Spangle. (E.)M. E. spangel, dimin. of
Du. zog, Icel. syr, Dan. so, Swed. so, spang, a metal fastening(hence,small
sugga, G. sazi ; VV. kwch, Irish suig,L. shining ornament). A. S. spange, a metal
sfls, Gk. vs, a sow ; Zend hu, a boar. clasp.
-J-E. Fries, and M. Du. spange, a thin
Perhaps' producer,'_from the prolific nature plateof metal ; Icel. spdng; G. spange,
of the sow. (ySQ, to produce.)Der. brooch, clasp, buckle.
swine. Spaniel.
Span. L.) M. E. (F. - -

Soy, a sauce. (Japanese.)Also sooj'a,spaniel,spanejeole.O. F. espagneul,a "

'
*
which has been corrupted into soy ; Eng. spaniel, Spanish dog. Span. Espafiol, "

Cycl. Japaneseshoyn,soy, sauce ; though Spanish. Span.Espafia,Spain. L. His- " "

the name is now given to the bean {Do- pania,Spain.

lichos sojo) whence soy is made. But the Spank, to slap, move quickly.(E.) We
Jap. name for the bean is daidzu. also have spanker, largeactive man
a or

Spa, a placewhere is a springof mineral animal ; spanking^large,lusty. An E.

water. (Belgium.)Named after ^a;, S.W. word. -f- Low G. spakkern,spenkern,to
of Liege,in Belgium. run and springabout quickly ; E. Fries.
Space. (F. "
L.) F. espace. L. spatium, spenkelen,
"
spenkern, burst,flyabout;
to
a space. Allied to Span. Brugm. i. " 193. Dan. spanke,to strut about. From a base
Der. spac-ious. *spak,significant of quick action ; cf. E.
Spade (i). (E.) A. S. spcedn,spada, Fries, spaken,to split, burst with heat.
a spade.+Du. spade, Icel. spa6i, Dan. Der. spank-er, an after-sail in a barque.
Swed. spade, G. spatcn ; Gk. oiradri, Span-neVT, quitenew. (Scand.) The
broad blade, sword-blade, spathe of a a has been shortened by the stress upon it.
ilower (whenceL. spatha, F. epee).From M. E. span-netve. \ct\. spdnnyr, spdnyr, "

its flat surface. (VSPA, to draw out.) span-new, lit. 'new as a chip.' Icel. "

Der. spaddle, paddle.

a spdnn, a chip,shaving, spoon ; nyr, new.
spade (2), at cards. (Span. L. Gk.)
" See
"
Spoon.
A substitution for the Span,espada, ing
mean- Spar (i)j a beam, bar. (E.) M. E.
(i) a sword, (2) a spade at cards. spa7're. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by
Der. spad-ille, ace of spades,F. spadille.the derived verb sparrian, to fasten a door
Span, espadilla, small sword, ace of spades, with a bar.-f-Du. spar, Icel. sparri, Dan.
dimin. of Span, spada, a spade (" L. Swed. sparre ; O. H. G. sparro,G. sparren,
spatha " Gk. anaOt]). See Spade (i). spar, bar. [Irishand Gael, sparr, beam,
Spalpeen, a mean fellow. (Irish.)
Irish are from E.j Der. spar, vb.,to fasten a

spailpin,a common labourer, a mean door.

fellow,Gael, spailpean.From Ir. spailp, Spar (2),a mineral. (E.) A. S. spcer-
a beau ; 01 ig.pride. stdn, a spar-stone. Cf. G. sparkalk,
Span, to measure, grasp. (E.) M. E. plaster.*i|Distinct from G. spai,spath,
spannen. A. S. spannan, to
bind, pt. t. spar.
spcnn; gespannan, to bind, connect. +^^""^par
(3),to box, wrangle.(F. Teut.) "

O. H. G. spannan, to extend, eonnect"'^Used of fighting-cocks. M. F. ^j^/a^^r,to "

'

'
Du. spannen, to span, stretch, put horses flingor yerk out with the heels ; Cot. "

to, Dan. spu-nde, Swed. spiijina, to stretch,Low G. sparre,sb.,a struggling, striving;

span, buckle ; Icel. spenna, to clasp.G. sich sperren,to struggleagainst, resist,
Allied to Space and Spin. (^SPA.) oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur, to throb,
Der. span, sb.,stretch of the hand, 9 inches struggle; Gk. tnraipeiv,uawaipdv,to strug-
gle
in space. to quarrel,
; Russ. sporite,
convulsively
Spancel. (North E.) *
A rope to tye wrangle. (VSPER.) And see Spiir,
'
a cows hinder Ray. legs; From span, Spurn. Brugm. i. " 509 (3).
to tie,and Icel. seil (A.S. sal),a rope. Sparable, a small nail used for boots.
+ Du. spanzeel;G. spannseil. (E.) Formerly sparrow-bill', from the
Spandrel. (F." L.) The space be- shape.
504
 SPARE SPECIE

lean. (E.)
Spare, frugal, A. S. spcer, of spat-, with the sense to

quentat
spare; whence
spartan, vb., to spaie.4" throw, to splash. E. Fries, spatten, to
Icel. sparr,Dan. spar-so/n,Swed. spar-savi, burst, fly out, spirt. +Du. spatten, to
spdr-lich,
G. spa?--saf)i, thrifty. Der. spai'- throw, spatter, splash. Der. dashes,
spatter-
ing, spare-rib ; spare, vb., from A. S. gaiters,to protect against spatter-
spariaii(above); so also Du. and G. ings and dashes. See Spats.
spareji,Icel. and S)\vc"\.
spara, Dnn. spaj-e. Spatula, a broad-bladcd knife for
Spark (i),a small paiticle of fire. (E.) spreadingpinisters. (L. -Gk.) L. spatu/a,
O. Merc, spcerca(Sweet, ; A.S. spearca.'\- dimin. of spatha. Gk. oiraO-q,
a broad "

M. Du. sparcke; Low G. sparke.Perhaps blade. See Spade (1).

so called from the cracklingof a fire-brand, Spavin, a swellingnearthe jointsof
which throws out
sparks; of. Icel. spraka, horses,producing lameness. (F. Teut.) "

to crackle,Lith. to crackle like M. E. spaveyne.'"O.

sprageti, F. esparvin(13thc.
burningfire-wcod,Gk. acj^apayos,a crack-
ling. in Ilatzfeld)
; M. F. esparvain, a spavin
'

'

Brug. i. " 531. in the legof a horse ; Cot. The same as

Spark (2),a gay young fellow.

(Scand.)Span, esparavan, (1) a sparrow-hawk,(2)
The same as Wiltsh. sprack, lively.Icel. spavin; answeringto a 1 ow L. adj.*spar-
"

sparkr,sprightly, vi\%osprcekr
\ Swed. dial. vdntis, belonging
to a sparrow, parallel
to

sprdker, sprdk,s/rdg,talkative. Cf. Spark Late L. sparvdriiis,a sparrow-hawk, lit.

(i). Der. sprag, i.e. sprack,used by Sir belongingto sparrows ; cf. G. sperber, a

Hugh, Merry Wives, iv. i. 84. sparrow-hawk. Perhaps the lit. sense is
Sparkle, vb., to throw out sparks,to spnrrow-like,' '
from the hoppingor spar- row-like
glitter.(E.) Cf. Du. sparkelen, sparkle.
to motion of a horse afflictedwith
The form spark-le is frequentative. See spavin. Derived from O. 1 1 G. spaiTce,a .

Spark (i). sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, q. v.

Sparrow. (E.) A. S. spcarwa.-\-\zt\. % Generallyexplainedas 'sparrow-hawk-
like,'
^pdrr, Dan. sptcrv, Swed. spa)/,Goth. contrary to grammar and sense.

sparzva; O. H. G. sparo, G. sper-ling. However, the result is,in any C"se, doubtful,
Lit. 'flatterer;'from VSPER, to quiver. Spaw, the same as Spa, q. v.
See Spar (3). Der. sparrozv-hazvk; and Spawn, the epgs of fish or frog". (F.
see sparable,spavin. L.) l^rom M. E. spatvnen, spanen, to
"

Sparse, th.nly scattered. (L.) 1..spar- spawn, as fishes ; Prompt. Parv. For
sus, pp. of spargerc,to scatter, sprinkle. spaiind, with loss of d. See Wright's Voc.
Allied to Gk. o-neipdv ; see Sperm. i. 164 ; N. " Q. 6 S. v. 465.-M. F. espan-
Spasm. (F. L. Gk.)
" ".
"
spaspie, the dre, to shed,spill, '
pour out, scatter abroad
'

cramp. " L.
spasnnun, in great abundance
ace. of spasnivs.
; "Cot. L. expandere, "

Gk.aTratr/xoy.aspasm. " to spreadout, shed sbroad

Gk. airav ,a-na(iiv,\.Q ; see Expand.
draw, pluck.(y'SPA.) Tiev. spasju-od-ic, Speak. (E.) M. E. .r/^/rw, also (before
convulsive.
from Gk. aTraa/xco^Tjs, A. D. 1200) spreken ; the word has lost an
Spat (i),a blow, a slap. (E.) Of r. Late A. S. specan, A. S. sprecan,pt. t.
imitativeorigin; cf. s/ap, slam, pat. sprcec,pp. sprecen.4- Du. spreken; G.
of shell-fish. (E.) sprechen, spj'ach.All perhaps from
Spat (2),young pt. t.
From spat-, eject,
to the base of spatter. Teut. base SPREK, to make a noise; cf.
Cf. Dn. spat, a speckle, spot; and see \q.g\.spraka,to crackle; see Spark (i),
Spatter. and Prellwitz,s. v. aijidpafos.
river-flood. (F. Teut.) Cf. E. and A. S. spere.-^
Spear. (E.) M.
Spate, a "

Irishspcid,a great river-flood ; borrowed Du. speer,Icel. spjor,Dan. spcer,G. speer;

from E. spate. The same as North E. cf.L. spams, a small missile-weapon, dart.

spait,a torrent of rain ; also speltspeat. Perhaps allied to spar, a beam, bar (hence,
G. Douglas has spait,a torrent ; cf. Verg. a pole).
Aen. ii.496. A. F. *espeit0. F. espoit, Special. (F.
" = " L.) '^\\o\iiox especial
;
a spoutingout (Godefroy). E. Erie?. see Especial. "

speiten, W. Flem. speeten, Specie, money

speuten,spoiten, (L.) in gold or silver.
Du. sptiiten,
to
spout ; Spout. see species,
Evolved as a sb. from the old word

Spats, gaiters. dashes. 'money paid by tale,'Phillips;

(E.) Short for spatter- prob.by
confusion with L. abl. specie,
as U paid in

Spatter, to besprinkle. (E.) A fre- specie "^tiidin visible coin. =

505
 SPECIES SPENCER

species, a kind. (L.) L. species^

look, Speir, toask. (E.) Northern E, A.S.
appearance, kind, sort. " L. specere,to spyrian,to ask, track out. " A.S. spor,a
look, see.+O. H. G. spehoii, G. spdhen, foot-track ; allied to spora, a spur ; see
to spy ; Skt. pac, spac, to spy. (y'SPEK, Spur. + Du. spetiren, Icel. spyrja,G.
to see.) Brugm. i. " 551. spib'en; Low G. spd'oren,to track,from
specify. (F. L.) O.F. specifier, spaor, spoor,
\.o" a trail (Danneil).
particularise. L. specificdre. "L. speci- Spelicans, thin slipsof wood. "
(Du.)
particular. L.
fiais,specific, speci-es, Vl. Du. spelleken, " a small pin ; dimin. of
kind ; -Jic-, iox facere, to make. M. Du. spelle (Du. speld), a splinter. See
specimen. (L.) L. specitnen, an ample,
ex- Spell (4). % Distinct from Du. spalk,
something shown. "L. sped-,for A. S. spele, a splint.

specere,to see ; with suffix -7?ierz. Spell (i),an incantation. (E.) M. E.

specious,showy. (F. L.) M. F. spe- spel. A. S. spel,spell, - a saying, story,nar-
rative

cieux,fair. L. speciosus, " fair to see. L. ; hence a form of words,spell.

" + Icel.
speci-es, appearance ; with suffix -osus. spjall, a saying; O. H. G. spel,narrative ;
Speck, a small spot. (E.) A. S. specca, Goth. 5////, fable. Der. gospel.
a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spakig, spell (2), to tell the names of letters
spotted with wet, spaken,to spot with wet ; in a word. (^F. Tent.) M. E. spellen, of "

M. Du. spickelen, to speckle, frequentative spell; also, to tell."O.F. espeler, 'to

of M. Du. spicken, to spit; Du. spikkel, a spell;'Cot. Du. spellen,to spell; or "

speckle, spot. Der. speck-le, a little speck; from O. H. G. spellon, to tell, relate.+
speck-k, v b. A. S. spellian, to tell,r ecount, from A. S.
Spectacle. (F. L.) F. spectacle, a spell,
" a story (above); Goth, spillon,to
sight. " L.spectdcuhivi,
a show. L. spec- " narrate. ^ M. E. spellen,in the sense

tare, to of specere,to
behold,frequentative '
to relate,' We
is from A. S. spellian. also
see. find speldren, to in
spell, the Ormulum,
spectator. (L.) L. spectator,
a from spelder,
holder.
be- a. splinter
; see Spell (4);
L. spectd-re,to see ; with suffix but this is a differentword.
"

-tor. " \^. spcct-iwi,supine of specere,to Spell (3),a turn of work. (E.) Cf.
see. spelian, to supplyanother's room, to A. S.
spectre. (F. L.) be
"
proxy for ; allied to Du.
F. spelen,
spectre,'an act or
'
image,ghost; Cot. L. spectrum,a vision. Icel. spila,G. spielen,
" to act a part,playa

" L. spec-ere,
to see. game ; from the sb. appearingas Du. Swed.
ing
specular. (L.)L. j/^""/am.belong- Icel. Dan. spil,G. spiel,
spel, a game.

to a mirror. L. specultim,
a mirror. Spell (4),Spill,a thin slipof wood,
"

" L. spee-ere, to see. ^ But Milton uses slipof paper. (^E.)Formerlyspeld.M.E.

it with reference to L. specula, a watch- speld, a splinter. A. S. speld, a torch, spill
tower ; also from spec-ere; see below. to light a candle. Orig. a splinter; from
speculate. (L.) From pp. of L. Teut. ^spaldan-(G. spallen),to cleave;
speculdri, to behold. L. specula, a watch- a reduplicating
" verb,like O. H. G. spaltan.
tower. L. spec-ere,
" to see. Der. speoulat-+Du. speld, a pin,splinter; Icel. speld, a

ion, -ive. square tablet,orig. thin piece of board,

Speech. (E.) '^.Y.. speche.LateA.S. spilda,a slice ; Goth, spilda,a tablet ;
space, dat. of spac, earlier form sprac, M. H. G. spelte, a splinter.Cf. Shetland
speech. A. S. sprac-,3rd gradeoisprecan,speld,
" to split.

to speak. -|-Du.spraak,G. sprache, speech. Spelt, a kind of corn. (L.) A. S. spelt,

See Speak. corn. Cf Du. spelt, spelz. Apparently
G.
Speed, success, velocity.(E.) A. S. borrowed from Late L. spelta, spelt; whence
sped,haste, success. For with
'^spodiz, the also Ital. spelta, F.
spelda, dpeautre,spelt.
usual change from J to ^. A. S. spow-an, Spelter, pewter, zinc. (,Low G.) In
"

to succeed ; with suffix -diz (Idg. -tis). Blount (1674). Perhaps from Low G.
+ Du. spoed,speed; O. H. G. spuot, spialter, pewter ; cf Du. spiauter, M. Du.
spot, success, from spuoti, to succeed. speauter,O. F. espeautre. ^ This seems
Allied to Skt. sphiti-, to be the originalof Pewter,
increase,prosperity, q. v. The
ixon\ sphdy ,\.o enlarge. Brugm. i. " 156. history of these words is very obscure.
Der. speed, vb., A. S. spedan; from sped, Spencer, a short over-jacket. (F. L.) "

sb. Named after Earl Spencer,died 1845. The

506
 SPEND SPINE

name is from M.E. Spenser,also despenser.

Leechdoms, iii.42. Formed from the verb
" O.F. despencier,a spender,a caterer, to spin ; cf. prov. E. spinner,a spider.
+
clerk of a kitchen; Cot. O.F. despenser,Du. spin,Dan. spinder,Swed.
"
G. spindel,
to of despendre.L. dis- spinne,
spend ; frequent, spider
or spinner.And
" cf. Spindle.
pendere, weigh out, pay. L. dis-^
t o apart ; Spigot. (Prov.)M.E. spigot,
"
spiHrt,
pendere, to weigh. See Pendant. a peg for a cask, Cf. Irish and Gael.
spend. (L.) A.S. j//?W"7",
spend. spiocaid,
to spigot(from E.)."Prov. *espigot,
Shortened from L. dispendere, lo spend, (not found; ; but cf. Prov. espigonn,a
waste, consume. We find Late I.,spcndhcm spigot,a dimin. from L. spica, an ear of
for dispendium, spensa iox dispensa; also corn. Cf. also Walloon spigot, the peak
spendibilis moneia, money for expenses of a shoe. Also Port, espicho, a spigot,
(A. D. 922). So also Ital. spendcre, to from L. L.
spTcjihim. spica, point; see
a "

spend, spendio( " L, dispendhim),ex- pense. below.

L. dis-,away,
"
part ; pendere, to Spike (I a sharp point, a nail. ,

weigh out, pay. ^ Or (as usuallysaid^ (Scand.) From Icel. spJk,Swed. spik;
from L. expendere,which does not suit cf. Dan. spiger, Du. spijker, a nail. Appa-
rently
the F. forms ; see above. It makes no distinct from L. spica; and allied
great difference. by gradationto Spoke.
Sperm, spawn, spermaceti.(F, " L." Spike (2),an ear of corn. (L.) L.
Gk.) M.E. sperme.'^Y sperme, 'sperm, spica,an ear of corn, a point.
.

seed;' Cot. L. sperfua.'^GV.anepfxa.-^

"
spikenard. (F. L. and Gk. Pers. - -

Gk. GiTiipe.LV (for ^avep-yfij/), sow; to O. F. spiqttenard. L.

"
Skt.)
spica "

orig.to scatter with a jerk of the hand. nardi, spikeof nard ; also nardiis spTcdtus,
(-v/SPER.) Der. sperm-a^-u (Gk.aTrep/AaTi- i.e. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion
Kos) ; spermaceti, L. sperma-ceti,i.e. sperm to the mode of giowth. And see Ward.
of the whale ; see Cetaceous. Spill (i),a slipof paper for lighting
Spew, (E.) A. S. splwan, candles; see Spell (4).
Spue.
pt. spaw, pp.
t. spiwen, to vomit. +E)u. Spill (2),to destroy,shed. (Scand.)
sptmwen, Icel. spyja,Dan. spfe, iiwed.spy,(Not allied to spoil.) M. E. spillen,to
G. speien,Goth, speiwan; L. spuere,Liih. destroy, mar; also,to perish. \ce\.spilla, "

spjauti', Gk. "mvnv (for'^a-niveiv'), to spit.to destroy;Swed. spilla, Dan. spiide, to

(VSPIW.) Allied to puke (i),spit(2). spill. + A. S. spildan, to destroy ; O. Sax.
Brugm. i. " 567. spildian.Teut. type '^spelth-jan- ; allied
Sphere, a globe,ball. (F.-L.-Gk.) to G. spalien, to split.
M. E. spere.^O.F. espere,M. F. sphere. Spin, to draw out threads. (E.) A. S.
"^

L. sphccra.Gk. cr(paipa,
" a ball. spiiman, pt. t. spann, pp. sptmnen.-^-DM.
Sphinx. (L.-Gk.) L.sp/iinx.^Gk. spinnen,Icel. Swed. spinna,Dan. spinde,
ccpi-y^ (gen. aclnyyus), lit. 'the strangler,' G. spitinen,Goth, spinnan. Allied to
because the Sphinx strangled travellers Lith. pin-ti, to weave. See Span.
who could not solve her riddles. Gk. Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable.
"

(jcpiyydv, to throttle. ^ The story suggests (F. Span. Arab. Pers.) Spinage is a
"
" "

'
that this is a 'popular' etymology; and voiced '
form of spinach,O. F. espinachc,
that the word is foreign to Greek. espinage,espinace. Span, espinaca. " "

Spice. (F.-L.) M. E, j;;!"?^^,

formerly Arab, aspandkh,isfdndj ; of Pers. origin
used also in the sense of species or kind." (Devic). fiff The Ital. spijiaceand Span.
O. F. espice, spice.L. spcciem,acc= of espinacaare relerred,
"
by popularetymo-
species, a kind, which in Late L. meant loi^y, to L. spina, a thorn ; some say the
also a spice, drug. See Species. fruit is prickly, some say the leaves are so.
Spick and Span-new, whollynew. See Spine.
(Scand.) Lit. 'spike and spoon-new,' Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent
where spike is a nail, and spoon is a after n. M. E. spinel, also spindele. A. S.
splinter.See Spike and Spoon. Cf. spinl, i.e. spinner,' from spinnan, to spin.
'

Swed. dial, spik spangande ny in Rietz -f M. Du. spille (for*spinle) ; G. spinde I,

(with many variants), and Icel.spdn-nyr, O. H. G. spinnila. Der. spindl-y, thin
lit.spoon-new. splinter-new. like a spindle ; spindle-tree (Euonymus)
Spider. (E.) M. E. spitker, spidre. formerly used for spindles and skewers.
A. S. spideror *spiSer (for '^spinQer], Spine, a prickle. (F. L.) O. F. espine^ "

507
 SPINET SPLINT

a thorn. L. spina, a thorn,prickle;

" also Spit (2),to ejectfrom the mouth. (E.)
the back-bone. Observe ^
that in the M. E. spitten,A. S. spit
tan ; cf. spHtan,
'
sense of '
back-bone the word is Latin pt.t. spHtte,to spit.But we also find Dan.
only,not F. Swed. spotta,prov. G. spiitzen(cf.
spytte, G.
spinet, a kindinstrument. spHcken); fiom Teut. *sput-
of musical ; see Spout.
(F. " Ital. L.) called
" because struck
So Perhaps*spit-, *sput-
are both from *spew-,
by a spineor pointedquill.O.F. espinette.the root of Spew. Cf. Brugm. i. "" 279
" Ital. spinet
ta, aa prickle;(i),567. Der. spittle,
spinet,also formerly also spettle,
dimin. oi spina,a L. spina. thorn.spatil, A. S. spcetl,
spotil,
"
spatI.
Spink, a finch. (Scand.) M. E. spink. Spite. (F. L.) M. E. spyt, spite. -

" Swed. dial, spink, a sparrow ; gull-spijik,Merely short for despite, by loss of the
a gold-finch; Norvv. spikke (for first
'^'spinke), syllable
(asin fenceior de-fence). See
Dan. dial, spinke, small bird, -f- Gk. Despite. Der. spite-ful.
'
(TTiiyyos, a finch, i.e. chirper ; from crnl- Spittle (i),saliva; see Spit (2).
'

("ftv, to chirp. Cf. (Trri^a, a finch,amvos, Spittle (2),a hospital.(F.-L.) M. E.

a small bird. Doublet, yf/zr/i. spitel.O. F. ospital, hospital; see
" pital.
Hos-
Spinny, a thicket. (F. L.) O. F. "

espinei;M. F. espinoye, 'a thicket, grove, Splash,,to dnsh water about. (E.)
a thorny plot,' Cot. ; F. epinaie. L. Coined,by prefixing s- (" 0. F. es-, L. ex) =

splnetian,a thicket of thorns. L. jr^J'w^, used for emphasis,to plash,used in the

"

a thorn. See Spine. same sense (White Kennett). See Plash.

Spinster, orig. a woman who spins.(i); and cf. Du. piassen,to plash; E.
(E.) M. E. spinnestere. From A. S. Fries, piassen,plasken,platsken,Dan.
spinnan,to spin; with A. S. suffix -estre pladske, to splash, dabble.
(E.-ster). p. This suffix is a compound Splay, to slope, in architecture ; to dis- locate
one {-es-tre). was It used in A. S. (as in a bone. (F. L.) In both senses, "

Du.) solely with reference to the feminine it can be proved to be a contraction for
gender,but this restricted usage was soon Display, Der. splay-footed.
set aside in a great many M. E, words. Spleen. (L. Gk.) M. E. splen. - -

Cf. Du. spinster, a spinster, zangster, a L. splen. Gk. crvKrjv, the spleen.Cf. Skt."

female singer ; also E. seamst7'ess (i.e. plihan-\ L. lien. Brugm. i. " 549 (c).
seatn-ster-ess). songstress(i.e. song-ster-ess), Der. splen-ctic.
where the F. fem. suffix -ess is superadded. Splendour. (F.-L.) Y. splendenr.^
Spiracle. (F.-L.) F. spiracle, 'a L. splendorem, ace. of splendor, brightness.
'
breathing-hole ; Cot. L. spirdculuni, L. splendere,
" to shine. Der. re-splendent.
"

air-hole. L. spirdre,
" to breathe. Spleuchan, a tobacco-pouch.(Gael.)
Spire (i), a tapering stem, sprout, Gael, splinchan, Irish spliiichan, a pouch.
steeple.(E.) A. S. spir,spike, stalk. -f Splice. (Du.) M. Du. splissen, to in-
terweave
Icel. spira, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ, rope-ends ; so named from ting
split-
sprout, Swed. spira,a pistil, G. spiere, a the rope-endsbeforehand ; from Du.

-spar. ^ Distinct from Spire (2). splitsen, to splice (really an older form).
Spire (21, a coil,wreath. (F. L. Gk.) Formed from split-,
" " weak grade of Du.
F. spire. L. spira,a coil,twist,wreath.
"
splijten, split.
to + Dan. splidse, to splice
"Gk. aneipa (for*anep-ya)a coil ; allied (for*splitse), ,
allied to splitte, to split;

to airdpTou, a rope, airvpis, a basket. Swed. splissa ; G. splissen, to splice.See

(VSPER.) Der. spir-a/,F. spira/,L. Split. Der. splice, sb.

spiralis. splint,splent, a thin pieceof split
Spirit. (F. L.) M. E. spirit.A. F. wood. (Scand.) Formerly splent; from
- -

e spirit \ F. esprit. --L,. "x.cc. sph'ituni from O. F. esplente, a thin steel plate. Swed. "
,

spiritus, breath L. spirare, to breathe. splint,a kind of spike,a forelock (flat

"

Doublet, sprite. iron peg) ; Dan. splint, a splinter ; cf. Low

Spirt; see Spurt. G. splittte, an iron pin ; E. Fries, splint e,
Spit (i\ a skewer, iron prong for roast- ing splint,the same. Cf. Swed. splinta, to
meat. (E.) M. E. spite.A. S. spitu, splinter, ultimately allied to Dan. splitte,
a spit.-f-Du. spit, Dan. spid, Swed. spett; Swed. dial, splitta, to split;see Split.
M. H. G. spiz, G. spies s, a spit ; cf. spitze, Der. splinter;cf. Du. and E. Fries.
a point,top. |splinter.
508
 SPRAT SPRUCE-BEER

Cot.;
*to press, wring,' (cf.sfj-aijifrom that a cricket-bat is sprung; or to spring
O. F. estreindrc). Mod. F. dpreindre. (i. e. burst)a mine. Teut. type *spre7igan-.
"

L. exprimere,to press out (whence esprein- Perhaps allied to Gk. o-rripx^i-v, to drive
dre,by analogywith F. forms from verbs in on (Prellwitz) ; but this is doubtful. Der.
-ingere). !^. ex, out; p"-emere, to press. spring,sb.,a leap,also a burstingout of
"

See Press. Der. sprain,sb. water, also the budding time of year, also
Sprat, small fish. (E.) M. E. sprot. a crack in a mast ; sp7-inge,
a a snare made
A. S. sp7'ott. Cf. A. S. sprot,a sprout.-|- with a flexible (springing)
rod,likeO.H.G.
Du. sprot, a sprat ; also (in M. Du.) a spri72ga.
*
sprout of a tree. Sprat, a fish, Sprinkle. (Du. ?) Y oxvsxtxUsp^-enkle
small ;
'
considered as the fry of the herring; perhaps boirowed from Du. sp7'enkelen,
to

Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (Teut. sprinkle.Cf. G. sp/-e7ikcl7i,

to sprinkle,
*sprut-)^weaker grade of sp7'utaii-, to from M. H. G. sp7-ejikel,
a spot, allied to
sprout ; with the sense of fry,'
or young
* Icel. sprekla,Swed. sp7'dkla,
a littlespot.
one. See Sprout. See Kluge (s.v. sp7-e7ikel).
Sprawl, to (E.)
toss about the limbs. Sprint; see Spurt(2).
M. E. spraulen.spreawlian, to A. S. Sprit, a spar extendinga fore-and-aft
move convulsively,to sprawl."+"Norsv. sail. (E.) M.E. A.S. spreot,
.f/r^/,apole.
sprala,Dan. spmlla, sprcelde,Swed. dial. a pole; orig.a sprout,shoot, branch of a

N.
sprala,spralla, F"ies. spraivle. tree. Allied to A. S. spri~ita7i,
to sprout ;

Spray (i), foam tossed with the wind. see Sprout. +E. Yri^^. spret; Du. spriet;
(Low G.) A late word, givenin Bailey'sINI.Swed. spr'dte.
Diet. (1735). From Low G. a slight Sprite,
sprei, a spirit.(F. L.) " The false
drizzle (Schambach); in Coburg,spree; cf. spelling sp}-ightis common, and is retained
Bavar. sprceen,to drizzle (Schmeller) ; G. in the adj. sp7-ightly. M. E. sp7^it,sprite.
spruhen; M. H. G. sp7-Lejen,sprcewen ; Du. F. esprit,the spirit ; hence,a spirit. " "

(seeFranck).
sproeien L. sph'itu7fi,
ace. of splrittis
; see Spirit.
Spray (2),sprigof a tree. (E.) M. E. Sprout, to germinate. (E.) M. E.
spray ; answering to A. S. (fovmdin the
allied sp7'nte7i.A. S. '^sp7-iitan
*sp7'"Eg, pp.
to A. S. sprcEc,a shoot, spray; cf. Dan. ; O. Files, sprida, strong verb,
d-sp7-ote7i)
sprag, spray (Molbech),
a Swed. dial. pp. sp7-titen,
to sprout.+Low G. sprutcn,
spragge, a green branch, Icel. sprek,a to sprout ; Du. sp7'uite7i,G.sp7'iessen(pt.t.
stick. Cf. also Lith. sproga, a spray of spross) ; Swed. spi'uta,Dan. sp7'ude,to
from sprog-ti,
a tree,also a rift, spurt,spout. Teut. type '^spriitan-,
to crackle, squirt,

sprout, bud. (Difficult

split, and doubtful.) Compare
pp. '^sprtitajioz.
pt. t. '^sp7-aiity
Spread. (E.) A. S. toextend.
jr/n^^"?z, Spout.
Low
"4-Du. spreiden. G. G. sprei- Spruce, fine,
sprede7i, smart. (F. G.)
"
Hall's
te7i ; cf. Swed. Dan.
sp/'ida, spj'ede,to Chronicle tells us that a kind
particular
spread. Teut. type *sp7'aidjaii-
; from a of fashionable dress was that in which men

Teut. root "^spreid. '

were appareyledafter the manner of
Spree, a frolic. (Scand.?) Cf. Irish Sp7-uce; see P7'zcssia or '
Richardson's Diet.
spre, spark, flash, animation, spirit
a ; M. E. sprtue,Prussia, P. Plowman, C. vii.
Lowl. Sc. spree, a frolic, also speltspray 279, B. xiii. 393 ; also written (more
(Scott) ; cf. Swed. dial, sprag, lively usually)
versation.
con- p/'uce.^O.Y.Prtice (F. P7'usse),
Perhaps allied to Spry. Prussia. G. Pixussen, Prussia. See "

Sprig. (E.) M. E. sprigge. Allied to Spruce-beer.

A. S. sprac, a twig.+lcel.sp7-ek, a stick; Spruce-beer, a kind of beer. (G. ;
Low G. sprikk,E. Fries, sprikke,sprik,co7^used with F. and E.) The E. name
stick,twig. Allied to Spray (2). for German sprosse7i-bier,i.e. 'sprouts-
Sprightly, Spritely. (F.-L; %vith beer,'obtained from the young sprouts of
Y.. suffix.)Spiightlyis a false spelling;the black spruce fir. G."
sprosscn,pi. of
is
spritely from Sprite, q. spross, sprout (fromsp7-iessen,
v. to sprout); a

Spring, vb.
spri7igan, (E.)
and bier, A. S.
cognate with E. beer ; see Sprout
pt. t. sprang, pp. spru7tgen.+ Du. G. and Beer. p. Englishedas Spruce-bee^-,
Swed.
sp)-inge7i, sp7-inga,Dan. ; i. e. Prussian
spri7ige beer, where Spruce meant
Icel. springa, to burst, split,p. Orig. /';ussia ; see Spruce above. So also
sense to splitor crack,*as \/hen we say sp7'uccJir (substituted
'
for sprossen-fichte

5
 SPRY SQUANDER

meant Prussian fir; and spruce leather spout. Icel. sprettais for *sprenta,
*sprin-
meant Prussian leather. ia (Noreen). See Sprint.
Spry, active. TE.?) Cf. Swed. dial. Sputter. fK.j The of
frequentative
sprygg, very active, skittish ; allied to
'
spout. It means to keep on spouting
Swed. dial, sprdg, sprak,spirited, some.
mettle- out'; bence to speak rapidlyand indis-
tinctly.
See Spark (2). Cf. Du. dial. (Groningen)spot-
Spue ; see Spew. tern, to sputter; Low G. sputtem, Norw.
Spume, (L.) L. spuma, foam ; sputra, to spout. % Distinct Irom
foam. but
for *spoi?na;Brugm. i. " 791. Cf. Skt. allied to spatterand spot.
pJiena-, A. '^.fdm,foam. Spy, to see. (F.-O. II. (;.; Short for
Spunk, tmder ; a match, spark,spirit, espy ; see Espy. Der. spry,sb.
mettle. (C L. -Gk.)
"

Orig. tinder.' I Squab, (i) to fall plump ; (2) a sofa,a

'
"

Gael, spongy Irish sponc, sponge, spongy young bird. (^Scand.j See squab,squobin
wood, tinder. L. spongia,a sponge ; see
" Halliwell. And see squab,to fall plump,
Sponge. Cf. W. ysbwjig^ a
sponge, from squab, with a sudden fall,in Johnson.
Latin. 1. From Swed. dial, skvapp, a word tive
imita-
Spur. (E.) M. E. sptire. A. S. spiira, of a splash ; cf. G. schwapp,a slap,
spora, a spur.+Du. spoor,a spur (alliedE. s'cvap, to strike. 2. From Swed. dial.
to spoor, a track) ; Icel. spori,Dan. spore. skvabb, loose or fat flesh, skvabba,a fat
Swed. sporre,O. H. G. sporo,spur. From woman, skvalbig, flabby; allied to Norw.
the weak gradeof Teut. *sper-an-, to kick. skvapa,to tremble,shake, and cf. M. E.
Brugm. i. " 793 (2j. (^SPER.) See quappen, to throb, and E. quaver; see

Spar (3). The orig.sense is 'kicker'; Quaver. Cf. Icel. kvap,jelly, jelly-like
from its use on the heel; cf. Lith. spir-ti,things.
to kick. Der. spur, vb. See Spoor, squabble, to wrangle. Scand.") Swed.
Spurn. dial, skvabbel,a di--^pule.Swed.
" dial.
Spurge, plant. (F.-L.) Named
a skvappa,to chide,lit. make a splashing,
from its corroding (and so cleansingfrom the sb. skvapp,sqvapp, a splash.Cf.
away) warts. O. F. spurge, espnirge.
" Prov. E. sxvabble,to squabble, allied to "

O. ". espurger, to purge away. L. ex- swab, to splashover, swap, to strike. "

purgdre, to cleanse away. L. ex, "

away ; Squad, a small troop. (F. Ital. L.) " "

purgdre, to cleanse. See Pii:"ge. esquadre,escadre.M. F. Ital. squadra,

" a

Spurious. (L.) L. spun-US, false; squadron; see Square.

with suffix -ous. squadron. (F. - Ital. -
L.) M. F.
Spurn. (E.) M.
E. spurnen, to kick esquadroii. "lial. squadrone;
augmentative
against, hence to reject. A. S. spurjuxn, ot squadra fa.ho\e).
to kick againstfpt.t. spearn, pp. spornen). Squalid. (L.) L. squdUdus,rough,
Allied to Spur, -f Icel. spema (pt. t. dirty. L. squdlere,
to be rough,parched,
"

spam) ; Swed. spjdrna; L. spernere, to dirty. Der. sb.

squal-or,
despise,
a cognate form. (Base *spern; Squall, cr}' ouL (Scand.) Swed.
to

sqval,
sqvala,to gush out violently, a rush
y^SPER.) See Spar (3). Brugm. i. "
of water, sqval-regn, a violent shower of
plant. (F. G. Late L.) rain 'E. sqzcall,sb., a burst of rainy Dan.
Spurry, a " " ;
spurry or frank, a Dutch
M. F. sptirrie, '
sqvaldre,to clamour, sqvalder, clamour,
[German herb ; Cot. Of Teut. origin.;
'
noisytalk ; Swed. dial, sbuala, to gush
'

cf. G. spdrge/,spergel, spark,spurry." out, cry out, chatter. -J"Gael, sgal,a loud
Late L. spergula,
a. d. 1482 fWeigand). cry, sound of high wind ; allied to G.
Spurt (i),Spirt, spout out. (E.) schallen,Icel. skjalla
to (pt.t. shall), to re-
sound,

The older sense is to germinate. Spurt \ and \V. chwaht, to babble.

stands for sprut ; M. K. sprutten,to sprout Squander, to dissipate.(E.) Orig. |
or shoot. A. S. spryttan, to produce as a j to disperse, scatter abroad ; Dryden, Annus

sprout or shoot ; causal form from A. S. Mirabilis, st. 67. Nasalised i'orm allied to
spriitan.to sprout. See Sprout. Lowl. Sc. squatter, to splash about, scatter,
Spurt (3),a violent exertion. (Scand.)squander, prov. E. swatter, to throw water
Formerly jr/?"/. Icel. sprettr, a
"
spurt, about ; Swed. dial, skvdttra,to squander.
Icel. sprelta (pt.t. These are frequentativcs from Dan, sqvatte,
spring,bound, run. "

spratt) ,
to start,spring; also to sprout, to [ to splash, s purt, also to squander; Swed,
51
 SQUARE SQUIRT

sqviitta,to squirt,Icel. skvetta (for sweymous, Prompt. Parv. ; also squazmojis,

*skzvenia,perhapsallied to G. onivbuv, to skoy7nus, disdainful. A. F. escoytnous, "

pour out ; see Noreen),to squirtout water. delicate,

nice as to food (Bozon). The
Tiie d appears in M. Du. sivadderen, to form answers to L. type *schematosus or
dabble in water ; Svved. dial, skvadra,to *schefndsus ; from sche?na (Gk. axfip-o.),
gush out of a hole (aswater). Cf. scatter scheme, form, air,mien, manner. % Not
and Gk. a scattering.
OKeb-aais, related to Shame.
Square. (F. L.) M. E. square.- -
Squeeze, to crush,press tightly.(E.)
O. F. esquarrc', squared ; esqiiarre, a square, The s is due
prefixed to O. F. es- ( L. -ex), =

squareness. Cf. Ital.sqiiadrare, to square ; very ; queeze = late M. E.

queisen,to
squadra, square,
a also a squadronof men squeeze. This M. E. queisetiprobably
(orig.a square). All from Late L. *ex- representsO. *cwesan,answering to Merc.
quadnh'e,intensive (with prefixex) of L. A. S. czviesan, cwysan, to crush,chiefly in
quadrdre,to square. L. quadrus, four- the comp. td-civlesan.
"

cornered; see Quxdrats. Squib, (1) a paper tube, with com- bustibles;

Squash, to crush. (F.-L.) a. The (2) a lampoon. (Scand.) 1.

mod. E. sqicash appears to be due to quash, Squibs were sometimes fastened slightly to
with the prefixs- O. F. es- " L. ex-,
= a rope, so as to run alongit like a rocket ;
used as an intensive. O. F. esquasser," whence the name. From M. E. sqtiippen,
to break in pieces, from O. F. es-, and szvippen, to move swiftly, fly, sweep, dash.
quasser, casser, to break ; see Quash. Icel. svipa, to" flash, dart,svipr, a swift

p. But it commonly keeps the sense of movement ; Norw. svipa. to run swiftly.
M. E. squachen,to crush. O. F. esqua- 2. A squibalso means
" a political lampoon,
to the lam-
poon
'
chier,to crush,also speltescacker, to but was formerlyapplied, not

squash;'Cot. (Mo 1. F. ecacher). The itself, but to the writer of it ; see

F. cacher answers to a Late L. type '^coac- Tatler,no. 88, Nov. i, 1709. A squib
ticdre, due to L. co-actdre, to constrain, thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
force,press. The prefixes--=l^. ex, ex- tremely making a noise, but doingno harm. Squih
; L. coactdre isformed ivomcoact-tis, also means child's squirt, from itsshooting
pp. oi cogere { coigere),X.o
= drive together.out water instead of fire. Cf. G. schweif-
See Ex- and Cogent; also Con- and stern, a comet.
Agent. squash, sb.,
Der. an unripe Squill. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. squille,
'
peascod(nearly flat). squill,
'
sea-onion ; Cot. L. squilla^ "

squat, to cower. (F.-L.) Lit. to lie scilla. Gk. oKiWa, a squill.

"

flat,
as if presseddown ; the old sense is to Squinancy, old spelling of quinsy.
press down, squash. M. E.
squatten, to Squint, to look askew. (E.) The same
crush flat. " O. F. esquatir,to llatten,as prov. E. (Suffolk)squink,to wink. Of
crush. " O. F. es- (= L. ex'),extremely; obscure origin.Cf. M. 'cross,
TiVi.scJnty^i,
quatir,to beat down. Diez shows that oblique,byas-wise,' Hexham; E. Fries.
O. F. quatir (Late L. type '^coactlre) is schiin, oblique, awry ; Du. schuin,o\i\\o^t\
a derivative of L. coactus, pp. of cogere, schuinen, to slant;schuinte, a slope, quity.
obli-
to press, compel ; see above. Cf. M. Ital.
'
quattare, to squat, lie close.' Squire (i),the same as Esquire.
Squaw, a female. (W. Indian.) chusetts
Massa- Squire (2),a square, carpenter's rule.
squa,eshqua, Narragansett squdtvs, (F, L.) M.E. squire. "
O. Y. esquire, "

a female (Webster); Cree isktvezu. esquierre ; mod. F". ^querre. A variant

Squeak, to cry out shrilly.(Scand.)of O. F. esqiiarre; see Square.
M. Swed. skwceka, to squeak; Swed. Squirrel.(F. L. Gk.) M.Y^.squirel, " "

sqvdka, to croak ; Norw. skvaka, to cackle ; scurel. O. F. escu7-el (F. iaa-eicil). " "

Icel. skvakka,to sound like water shaken Late L. sciirellus, a squirrel; for *sciu7'el-
in a bottle. Allied to Quack. his, dimin. of sciurus, a squirrel.Gk. "

Squeal. (Scand.) M. Swe.l. sqwala, aKiovpos, a squirrel ; lit. a shadow-tail,'

'

Swed. dial.sqvdla, 'Norw.skve//a,to squeal.from his bushy tail. Gk. am-d, shadow ; "

Used as a frequentative of squeak,and ap- tail. ^ The explanation of the Gk.

plied oi'pd,
to a continuous cry. See Squall. word may be due to popular etymology.
Squeamish, over-nice. (F.-Gk. ?)I Squirt, vb. (E.) Prov. E. swirt. Cf.
Squainish, Baret (1580). M. E. skeymous,ILow G. swirtje7i, to squirt ; from swireUy.
12
 STAB STALE

orig. to whir, like G. schwirren ; see Stagnate, to cease to flow. (L.'iFrom

Swirl. So also E. Fries, kwirtjen,to L. stagndtns, jip. oistagndre, to be still,
squirtout, to dart about, from kwirt, cease to flow. L. stagnuvi, a still pool,
"

turningquicklyabout. stank ; see Stank. Der. stagnant,ixowx a

Stab, vb. (Scand.) Cf. Irish stob-aiju,stem of pres. pt. of stagnare.

I stab ; Gael, stob,to fix a stake in the Staid, grave. (F. -M. Du.) Forme: ly
ground,from siob,a stake,pointediron or stayed, pp. of stay,vb.,to support, make
stick,stub. Apparentlyfrom Swed. dial. steady. See Stay (i).
stabbe,a thick stick or stump ; Icel. siabbi, Stain, vb. (F." L.) Shoit for Distaiu.
a stub, stump, allied to stafr,a staff ; tliynge, Je destayns;'I'als- '1 stayne a

Dan. dial, stabb,a short peg. Allied to grave. The orig.sense was to dim the
Stub, Staff,q.v. Der. stab,sb. colour of a thing. Der. stain,sb.
Stable (i :, a stall for horses. (F. L.) Stair, a stepup. (E.) M. E. steir,
steyer. "

O. F. L. stabtihitn,a
estabk, K.S. stager, a stair,step; lit. a step to
a stable. "

stall. L. stare, to stand still. Brugm. ii. climb by. Formed

"
(withmutation to d)
"" 62, 77. See Stall. from stag, 2nd grade of stigan,to climb.
stable (2\ firm. (F.-L.) O.Y.estable. "+Du. steiger, a stair ; cf. Icel. stegi,
step,
" firm.
L. stabilis, " 1.. stare (above). Swed. stege,ladder, Dan. stige, ladder,Ci.
Stablish. (F.-L.) Short for Es- steg,a path; respectively
tablish. from Du. stijgen,
Icel. stJga, Swed. stiga,Dan. stige,G.
Stack, a largepileof wood,
(Scand.) steige7i, to mount, climb ; Teut. verb
"c.
M. E. stak. hay ; *steiga7z-,
" Icel. pt. stakkr, stack of
t. *staig,pp. *stiganoz.
a

stakka,a stump (asin our chimney-stack) ; Allied to Skt. stigh, to ascend, Gr. aru-
Swed. stack,a rick,heap,stack;Dan. stak. Xftv. (VSTEIGH.)
Teut. type *staknoz (Noreen). The sense Staithe, a landing-place. (E.) A. S.
'
rick.st(E(i,bank,
is a pile.'Cf. Russ. stog\a heap, hay- shore. 4" Icel. stbd, haibour,
Allied to Stake. roadstead; M.Du. j-Zao'i?, 'a haven.' Allied
Staff. (E.)A. S. st(sf; pi.stafas,
staves. to Stead.

+ Du. staf,Icel. stafr,Dan. stab, stav, Stake, a post,strong stick. (E.) M. E.

Swed. staf,Goth, stafsor stabs,G. stab. stake. A.S. staca, a stake. + Du. staak,
Allied to O. H. G. staben, to be stiff, E. Swed. stake. Dan. stage. From the Teut.
Fries, staf, unmoved ; cf. Skt. stambh, to base *stak,2nd gradeoi'^stek-an-yio pierce,
make firm. appearingin G. stack, pt. t. oi stechen,to
Stag, a male deer. (Scand.)Also (i). plied
ap- stick,pierce;sec Stick

(m dialects)
to rally.
gene- a male crystal
animal hanging Stalactite, a kind of
Late A. S. stagga (fromNorse). from the roof of some caverns. " (Gk.)
Icel. steggr,steggi, a he-bird, drake, tom-
cat Formed, with suffix -ite (Gk. -ittjs), from

; Norw. stegg,a cock. Icel. steggr is araKoKT'Cs, trickling. Gk. OTaXa^fiv "

said to be for *stig-joz, lit. mounter ; {=-- oTaXay-yeii'), to drip; allied to ara-
* '

from stig-, weak of

grade stiga, to mount ; kdv, to drip.
see Stair. (Noreen," 140 ; but doubtful.) stalagmite, a cone of carbonate of
Stage. (F. L.) A. F. and M. F. lime on the floor of some
-
caverns. (Ok.
Gk. ardKayfx-a, drop ; with suffix -ite
estage, a story,stage,loft,also a dwell- ing a
-

house ; - Cot. [Hence it meant

'
a (Gk. -iT7/s). Gk. araXd^fiv (above). "

the tance
dis- Stale (i)" too long kept,vapid, trite.
Stopping-place on a journey, or

between Cf. Prov.

stopping-places.] (E. ; or ". - Teut.) 1. State,as a sb.,
urine of cattle horses. Cf. E.
; answeringto
or
estatge, dwelling-place a a means

Late L. form and Low

*statictim,
a
G. st alien,Swed. stalla,
Fries,
dwelling-place. to

L. stat'nm, supineoi stare, to

"
stand. put into a stall,a lso to stale (as cattle);
stalle, to stale (as
Stagger, to reel,vacillate. (Scand.)Dan. stalde,to stall-feed,
A w-eakened form of stacker, horses). From stall, sb. 2. Stale,adj.,
(voiced)
M. E. stakeren. '^Ictl. stakra, to push,to is that which stands too long,from M. F.
of
stagger ; frequentative staka, to
punt, estaler, to display wares on a stall,from
push, also to stagger ; Norw. stakra, estal, a stall. Cf. M. Du. stel,stale.Du.
staka, to stagger; Swed. dial, stagra ; stel, a stall,place; G. stelle,a place.
Dan. dial, stagge,stagle.Allied to Icel. stellcn,to place,from G. stall, a stall.

; and
a punt-pole Stake. See Stall.
stj'aki, to

SI
 STALE STANCHION

Stale (2\ a decoy, bait ; Shak. (F. -

Stamen, male
organ of a flower. (L.)
Teut.' " A. F. estale,a decoy-bird(Bozon"). Lit. *a thread.'
L. stamen, a thread,the
"

Perhaps adapted from A. S. .vAr/-,as in warp standing up in an upright loom. L. "

stcBl-hran. a decoy reindeer,allied to M. E. stare, to stand. Der. stamina, orig.pi.

j-/^/t',then, A.S.5/^//",theft;allied to Steal. of stamen, lit.threads in a warp, a firm
Stale (3),Steal, the handle of any- thing. texture.

(F.^ M. E. stale^ stele. The latter stamin, a kind of stuff. (F. "
L.)
answers steola,a stalk,stem.
to A. S. stela, jNI.E. stamin. "W. F. esta7nine,
'"
the stuffe
'
-f-Du. steel, stalk,stem, handle ; G. stiel, tamine ; Cot. L. stamineus,consisting "

stalk, handle. Cf. Gk. (mKiuv, a handle. of threads. L. stamin-, stem of stamen,
"

Allied to still and stall; the stale being a thread (above". Also speltstammcl,
that by which the tool is held firm and ta/?u"u\ tammy.
unmoved. And see Stalk (i). Stammer, to stutter. (E). M. E. stam-
Stalk (I)j a stem. (E.) M. E. stalke, eren, vb. ; A. S. stoinrian (Shrine,p. \i) ;
of which one sense '^stem) from A. S. stamer, stamor, adj.,stammer-
is the side-piece ing
of a dimin. form, with suffix -k,
ladder. A ; where the suffix -er, -or is adjectival.
from stale, variant of stele ; see
M. E. From a base ^stam,extended from ^STA,
Stale (3"above.+Icel. stilkr,Swed. stjelk, to stand,remain fixed ; cf. prov. E. stam,
Dan. ; cf. Gk.
stilk,stalk (rTtAeyos, stem to
amaze, confound ; related by gradation
of a tree, allied to ar^K^ov, a handle. to G. stimuli, dumb. + Du. stameren^
Stalk (2), to stride. (E.) M. E. stalken. stamelen,G. stam mem, stammehi ; Icel.
A, S. stealcian,to walk warily; allied stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamma, to
to steak, steep.+ Dan. stalke,to stalk. stammer; Icel. stajur,O. H. G. stam, Goth.
The notion is that of walking cautiously. stamms, adj.,stammering. See Stem (3).
Cf. S. stellan,styllan,
perhapsA. to leap. Stamp, to tread heavily, to pound.(E.)
Der. stalk-ing-horse, a horse for stalking M. E. stampen. A. S. stempa"i (Jor*sta/?i-
game ; see Halliwell. pian).-^\)-a.stauipen, Icel. stappa, Swed.
Stall, a standing-place for cattle,"c. stampa, Dan. sta??ipe, G. stamp/en; also
(E.) M. E. stal. A. S. steall,station, Gk. (TT(ix(3ea', to stamp.
stall.+Du. stal,Icel. stallr, Dan. staid, stampede, a panic (Span. Teut.) "

Swed. stall, G. stall. Teut. tj^^e*stalloz,Stampedeis a sudden panic, causingcattle

perhaps for *stadloz ; cf. A. S. sta^idan, t o to take to a
flight nd run for many miles ;
stand, E. stead; Gk. iyraO-pLvs, a stall ; L. any sudden flightdue to panic Span, "

stab -
luiiDi (and Port.) estampido,a crash, sudden
\iox '^st^dh-lom).Allied to
Stead. Brugm. i. 593 (4). Der. stalled sound of anything burstingor falling.
ox, a fatted ox ; cf. Swed. dial, stalla.^
to Formed as if from a verb *esta/npir,akin
fatten,stalloxe,fatted ox (MoUer). to estampar, to stamp. The reference
stallion, an entire horse. (F. appears to be to the noise made
"
by the
O. H. G.^ M. E. stalon. O. F. estalou blows of a pestle
-
upon a mortar. Of Teut.
(F. etalon\ a stallion; so called because origin; see Stamp above.
kept in a stall and not made to work. "
Stanch, Staunch, to stop a flow of
O. H. G. stal (G. Stalin,a stall,stable ; blood. (". L.) O. F. estancher,to
"

see Stall. stanch ; Walloon stanchi (Remade). "

Stalwart, sturdy.(E.) For stalworth. Late L. stancdre, to stanch, a variant of

M. E. stalworth,stelewtirtSe, stcalewnrde, Late L. type *stagnicdre, to catise to stag-
nate,
stalewicrde ; A. S. stcvl-wyTSe, pi.,service-
able from L. stagndre, to cease to flow;
of
(said ships) ; A. S. Chron. an. 896. see Stagnate. "f[It is probablethat the
|3. We find A. S. gest''clan used as short sense was influenced b}'G. stangi,a pole,
for gestadclian. Hence Sievers explainsa bar (Korting," 7733). Der. stanch,
the form steel-or stSl- as being contracted adj.,firm,sound, not leaky; cf. Y.4tanche,
from stomal, a foundation [or from a water-tight.
parallelform '^stcepi\ Thus stt^l-wyr(ieStanchion, a support, beam, bar. (F.
is for *staSol loyrde, lit. ' foundation-
-
L.) O. North " F. estanchon.Norm. dial.
worthy,'i.e. firmly fixed,firm,constant ; etanchofi;M. Y .estanco}i,estanson,
'a prop,
cf. A.'S.stadol-fcest.
steadfast. The A. S stay;' Cot. Not derived from the O. F.
stabel, staSol is allied to Stead. Cf. estancher,to prop (alliedto E. stanch),
stead-fast. but a diminutive of O.F.t?j/a"c^,
a situation^

514
 STAND STARE

condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). Staple (i;,a loop of iron. ^E.) A. S. "

Late L. stantia, a chamber, a house,lit. stapol,

a post, pillar
; also,a step. Orig.
'that which stands firm.' L. staiit-,stem " sense a prop, somethingthat holds finn.
of pres. pt. oi stare, to stand. See State. " A. S. stap-, base of stappan, strong
% But the word may have been confused verb, to step, tread firmly
; tf. stamp. +
with O. F. estaiicher, to prop (as above), Du. stapel,staple, stocks, a pile; Dan.
which is the same word as estancher, to stabel,Swed. stapel; G. staffel, a step,
staunch ; for which see Stanch. The stapel,a staple (below).
ultimateroot is the same either wav. staple (2),a chief commodity of a
(VSTA.) place, (t. Low G.) The sense has "

Stand. (E.) A. S. sfandan, pt. siod, changed; formerly

t. it meant a chief market,

pp. 3tande7z.-{-lce\. siauda,Goth, stand an ; with reference to the plncewhere things

cf. Du. staan (pt. t. stand); Swed. sta were most sold. O. F. estaple, ls\.F. "

(pt. t. stod); G. stehe}i (pt.t. stand). estape,'a staple, n mart or generalmarket,

'

Teut. type *standan-,pt. t. *stdth\ base a publiquestorehouse ; Cot. (F.itape.) "

*stath, characteristic Low

the n being orig.
*stadj G. stapel,a heap ; hence a heap laid

of the pres. tense. Allied to L. stare, Gk. in

order, store, store-house ; the same
I stoiate,Skt. sthd^to wordStaple (1). The Du. j/a/"?/
eaTTjv, stood,_Russ. as means

stand. See
(v'-'^TA.j State. Tiev. stand, (1) a staple, (2) the stocks,(3; a pileor
sb. ; standisk, short for stand-dish,
a stand-
ing heap. AH from the notion of fixity
or

dish for pen and ink. firmness.

Standard. (F. L.) A.Y. estandard, Star. (E.) y[.Y. sterre. h.^.steorra.
"

a standard or ensign, O. F. estendard,a + Du. j/d-r; O.Yi.ij.sterro. Cf. Icel.

standard measure. The flagwas a large stjar7ia,Dan. stierne, Swed. stjerna, Goth.
on a fixed (standing; pole; and hence G. stern ; also L. Stella (for*ster-
St ail-no,
one,
was modified by the influence of the verb la,,Gk. aarrip, Corn.stere?!, hiet.sterenji,
to stand. The O. Y. estendard, Ital. sten- W. seren, Skt. /"""". Oiig.sense uncertain.
dardo, are unmodified forms ; from L. Cf. Brugm. i. " 473 (2).
extend-ere,to extend ; with suffix -ard Star-board, the rightside of a ship.
( 0. H. G. -hart,suffix,
=
orig.the same (E.) M. E. sterebou7-de. A. S. steorbord,
ashart,hard). wSee Extend. i.e. steer-board, the side on which the
stood ; in the firstinstance, he
Stang',a pole,stake. (Scand.) M. E. steersman

stange.^Yz^.stong ''gen.stangar),a pole, used a paddle,not a helm. Cf. Icel.

stake ; Dan. stang,Swed. stang,Du. stang, a stjorn, at the helm, or on the starboard
G. stange ; A. S. steng. From the 2nd side. A. S. steor,a rudder or paddle to "

gradeof the verb to sting. Cf. Stake. steer with ; bord. board, border,edge or
Staniel, a kind of hawk. (E." A. S. side ; see Steer (2) and Board. The
'
; lit. rock-yeller.' A. S. stdn, O. H. G. stiiira G. stetier means
stdngella "
a prop, '
,

rock (seeStone) and to (see staff,

; paddle,rudder. alUed to Icel. stazirr,
gellan, yell
Yell). a post,stake,Gk. oravpos. an uprightpole
Stank, a pool,tank. (F." L.) An old or stake. (^STEU, allied to
ySTA.)
word ; once common. " Walloon stank, + Du. stuurboord, Icel. stjoriiborti,
Dan.
O. F. estang,a pond. (The same as Prov. Swed. compounded.
siyrbord;all similarly
estanc. Span, estattque,Port, tanque, a Starch. E.) Starch is stuff that
pond,pool., L. stagnuni, a pool
I " of i^tag- stiffens; from the adj.Stark, stiff,
strong.
nant or standing water. See Stagnate, Cf. G. Starke,(1) strength, (2) starch;
Stanch, Tank. from stark,adj.. strong.
Stannary, relating to tin-mines. (L.) Stare (i), to gaze (E.) A. S.
fixedly.
Late L. stanjidria, a tin-mine. L. stan- starian; from a Teut. adj.*J-/"2r^5,
" fixed,
man, tin. in G.
appearing starr,fixed ; cf Skt. sthira-,
Stanza. (Ital.L.) " Ital. stanza, M. fixed,allied to sthd, to stand ; and Gk.
Ital. stantia,a lodging,chamber,
'
ing,
dwell- orepfios, firm. (VSTA.) + Du. staren \
also stance or staffeof verses ; Florio.
'
Icel. stara, stira,to stare ; Swed. stirra,
So called from the stop or pause at the Dan, stirre, to stare ; O.H.G. staren.
' '
end of it. Late L. stantia,an abode.
" " % Hence *
staginghair is stiff- standing
L. stant-, stem of pres. pt. of stare, to hair.' Brugm, i. " 200.
stand ; see Stanchion, State. stare (2), to glitter.E.) M. E.
51.5
 STARK STEAD

staren ; whence staring colours = bi ight stationem,ace. oi statio, still."

a standing

colours. The same word L. statuni, supineoi stare. Der. station-er,

as stare (i);
from the glitteringof staring eyes. orig.-a bookseller who had a station or
Stark, stiff, rigid, entire. (E.) A. S. stall in a market-place ; hence station-er-y,
strong.+Du. ste)-k,
stearc,stiff, Icel. sterkr, things sold by a stationer. Also station-
ary,
Dan. stcerk, Swed. and G. stark. From adj. See State.
Teut. verb *sterkan-, to stiffen; of which statist, a statesman, politician.
(F."
the weak gradeappears in Goth, ga-staurk-L. ; with Gk. suffix.') Coined from state
nan, to become Gk. -iaTr]i).
dry, Icel. storkinn, pp. by adding -ist (L. -ista,
coagulated. Further allied to Lith. str'egti,Statne. (F.-L.) O. F. ^/a/z^^' (tri-
syllabic
to become big,strong.
rigid,Pers. siitztrg, L. statua, a standingimage."
Root STERG, extension of VSTER ; see L. statu-,for status,a position,
standing. "

Stare (i). Der. stark, adv., as in stai'k L. statum, supineof stare, to stand.
mad. stature, height.(F. "
E.) F. stature.
Stark-naked, quitenaked. (E.) A " L. statura, an uprightposture, height.
substitution M. E.
for start-naked,lit. L. statuni, supineoi stare, to stand.
"

'
tail-naked,'i. e. with the hinder parts status, condition. (L.) L. status ; see
exposed,but used in the sense of wholly State.
naked. From A. S. steort, a tail ; as in statute. (F.-L.) F. stotut.-l..
red-start, i.e. red-tail, a bird.-fDu,staart, statutuni, a statute; neut. oi statntus,pp.
Icel. stertr, Dan. stiert, Swed, stjert, G. of statuere, place,set,
to causal of stare,
sterz,a tail ; cf Gk. aTopOrj, spike.
a to stand.
Starling. (E.) M, E. sterling, double Staunch ; see stanch.
dimin. of M. E. stare, a starling. A. S. Stave, pieceof a cask,part of a piece
"

star,a starling. + Icel. starri, stari,Dan. of music. (E.) Merely another form of
steer, Swed. stare, G. staar, L. stiirniis. staff, to M. E. dat. sing,staue {stave)
due
Cf. A. S. steam, a tern. and pi.staues {staves). Cf. Icel. stafr, a

Start, to move suddenly.(E.) M. E. staff,a stave ; Dan. stav, staff,stave,stave.

sterten; ^tA.stirte(Havelok,^"j'^), stzirte, See Staff.
storte (Layamon, 23951). Allied to Du. Stavesacre, the seeds of a larkspur ;
storten,to precipitate, rush,G. stiirz- Delphinium staphisagria. (L. Gk.)
fall, "

en. Also, perhaps, to M. Du. steerten, to Lat. form of Gk. aTa"^h a-^pia ; where
flee,run away. Some even connect it with dypia,wild, is from dypos,a field (E.
A.S. steort, a tail. See Stark-naked. acre).
Der. start-le : A. S. steartlian, to stumble. Stay (Ojto prop, delay,remain. (F." '
Starve. (E.) M. E. steruen isterven), M. Du.) M. F. estayer,'to prop, stay ;
to die (withoutreference to the means of Cot. " M. F. estaye,sb. fem. a prop, stay ;'
'

death). A.S. pt. t. stearf,

steorfan, pp. id. M. Du.
" stade,also staeye,'a prop,
to die
storfen, ; whence to kill
-stierfan, stay,'Hexham ; O. Flem. staey,a prop ;
(weak verb). + Du. sterven, G. sterben. allied to E. Stead. [The loss of ^ between
Teut. pt.t. '^starb. Der.
type '^sterban-, two vowels is usual in Dutch, as in broer,
doulile dimin.,expressive
starve-l-ing, of brother, teer (for teder),tender.] See
contempt ; starvation, a hybrid word,
Stay (2).
introduced from the North
1775. about
Stay (2),a rope supporting a mast. (E.)
State, a standing, position,condition, A. S. stcEg, stay (whence
a F. etai,a ship's
"c. (F.-L.) O.Y.estat.-\.. station,2izz. stay; Hatzfeld). + Du. stag, Icel. Dan.
of status,condition. L. statuni, supine Swed. G. stag. Der.
" stay-sail. ^ It is
of stare, to stand. 4-Gk. 'iarr)v. I stood ; difficult to decide whether E. stay (2) is a
Skt. sthd, to stand ; cognate with E. stand. survival of A. S. stceg, 'a. rope for a mast,'
(VSTA.) or is from O. F, estaye,a prop, for which
Statics, the science of
treating bodies see Stay (i).
at rest. (Gk.) From Gk. arariKo^, at a Stays,a bodice. (F.-M. Du.) Merely
standstill ; 77arariKT], statics." Gk. craT-os, " a pi.of stay,a support. (So also bodice =

placed,standing; verbal adj.from ara-, bodies.)See Stay (i).

allied to I
-arr]- in icrTT]fii, place,stand. Stead. (E.) M. E. stede. A. S. stede,
(VST A.) a place.+Du,stede,stee,a place;cf. Du.
Station. (F.-L.) F. station. ^L. stad,a town, Icel. sta^r, statSa,
a place;
16
 STELLAR STEVEDORE

sfeuern, to steer ; Goth, stiurjan, to con-

firm, stap^ G. stapfe,
a footstep
; Russ. stopa,
p. Weak verb ; from the sb. appear-
ing a step. Allied to Stamp.
in M. E. stere,Du. stum; Icel.siyri, Stepchild. (E.) A. S. where
steopcild;
G. steuer, rudder,still retained in siar~
a cild"E. child; see Child. We also find
board; see Star-board. The O. H. G. A. S. steopbearn,step-bairn, stepchild.
stiura meant prop, staff,support, (2)
(i) a steopfceder,
stepfather,steopmodor,step-
mother,
a rudder ; and is allied to Icel. staurr, a "c. oi steop is ' or-
p. The phaned,'
sense

stake. Noreen, " 143; Brugm. i. " 198. and steopcild is the oldest com-
pound

Stellar. starry. L.
(L.) L. 5/"?//ar/j-, "
; we find A. S. dsteapte,pi., made
Stella,
star; for
'^ster-la,a dimin. form orphans, also O. H. G. stiufan, deprive
t o

allied to E. Star. Brugm. i. " 473. stepchild

of parents.+Du. .y/z.?/7^zV/^, ; Icel.
Stem (I ),trunk of a tree. (E.) M. E. step-bairn ; Swed. styfbarn
stjupbarn, ; G.
stetn. A. S. stefn,stc/nn, (i) stem of a stiefkind.
tree ; (2) stem, prow of a vessel,for which Steppe, a largeplain. (Russ.) Russ.
is also
stefna(stcefiid) Apparently stepe,a waste, heath, steppe.
used.
allied to Staflf ; but the primitiveforms Stereoscope, an optical instrument for
are uncertain. + Du. stam, trunk, steven, giving an appearance of solidity. (Gk.)
prow ; Icel. stafn,
stani7i, stem of a vessel, From Gk. stiff;aKon-eiv,
o-repeo-s,solid, to

stofn,trunk ; Dan. staifime,trunk, stcevn, behold.

prow ; Swed. stam^ trunk,stiif^ T^xow^fram- stereotype, a solid platefor printing.
stani, fore-stem, bak-stani, back-stem, (Gk.) Gk. orepeo-s, hard,solid ; and type,
stern ; G. stamni, trunk, vorder steven,
prow-post, stem, hinter steven, stern-post. Sterile. (F.-L.) O. F. sterile.~L.
Some compare O. Irish tamon {IxJamhan), sterilem,ace of steHlis, barren. Cf. Gk.
the stem of a tree. aitipaiiox*OTep-ya), a barren cow ; Goth.
stem (2\ prow of a vessel. (E.) See stairo,a barren woman. Brugm. i. " 838.
above. Sterling. (E.) M. E. sterling, a ster-
ling

Stem (3), to check, stop. (E.) E. coin ; A. F. estej-ling.Said to be

Fries, stemmen, to check, stop, hinder. named from the E sterlings(i,e. easter-
So Icel. ste?fima. Dan. stem?ne, to dam lings; which the accent disproves. haps
Per-
up ;
G. stennnen, to dam up water, check, M. E. sterling =^ starling;with refer-
ence
resist. From Teut. '^stam,
to stop ; see to the four birds seen on many coins
Stammer. of Edward the Confessor. See Starling.
Stench, sb. (E.) A. S. stenc, a strong Stern (I ),severe, austere. (E.) M. E.
smell, often in the of fragrance." Sterne, sturne.
sense A. S. styr7ie,stern. Allied
A. S. static,2nd grade of stincan,to stink, to G. storrig,morose, stubborn ; Goth.
and-stcntrran,
-^(j.ge-stank. See
also to smell sweeily. to murmur against.
Stink. Stern (2),hind part of avesseh (Scand.)
Stencil, to paint in figuresby help Icel. stjorn,a steering, steerage, helm ;
of a piercedplate.(F. L.) From O. F. hence a name for the hind part of a vessel.
"

estenceler,to sparkle,also to cover with Cf. Icel.

stjor-i,
a steerer, allied to E.
stars,to adorn with brightcolours (Gode- steer (2).
froy). " O. F. estencele,
a spark. L. type "
Sternutation, sneezing. (L.) L. ster-
mistaken
^"stincilla, form of L. scintilla,
a nUtdtio,a sneezing. L. sternntdtus, pp.
"

spark. See
Scintillation. of sternUtdre, to sneeze, frequentativeof
Stenography, shorthand writing.sternuere,to sneeze. Allied to Gk. Trrdp-
(Gk.) From Gk. ar^vo-s, narrow, close ; vvaQai, to sneeze.

ypacp-"cv,to write. Stertorous, snoring. (L.)Coined from

Stentorian, extremely loud. (Gk.) L. stertere,to snore.
From Gk. Stentor, a
Srej/Tcup, Greek at Stethoscope, the tube used in cultation,
aus-

Troy, with a loud voice (Homer). " Gk. as applied to the chest. (Gk.)
(TT"v-"iv, to with suffix -Tojp. (y' Lit. ' chest-examiner.' Gk. chest
cttjOo-s, ;
groan; "

STEN.) See Stun. to consider.

(TKOTT-"iv,
Step, pace, degree, foot-print.
a (E.) Stevedore, one who stows a cargo.
M. E. steppe. From A. S. steppan, stcep- (Span. L.) Span, estivador,a wool-
"

tan (for^stapjan), a str. verb with a weak packer; hence a stower of wool for

present ; pt. t. stop, pp. stapen. Cf. Du. and generally,

exportation, one who stows
 STEW STILL

a cargo. "
Span,estivar,
to compress wool, a stick,E. Fries, stikke,stik ; Du. stek ;
to stow a cargo. press
" L. sfjpdre, to G. stecken.
together.Allied to Stiff. Cf. Span. stickleback, a small fish. (E.) So
estiva,O. F. estive^
stowage ; Ital. stiva, called from the stickles or small prickles on

ballast. its back. Stick-le is a diinin. of stick \2) ;

Stew, to boil slowly. (F. Teut.) AL E. cf. E. Fries, slikel,
"
a thorn.

shnven, orig.to bathe ; formed from the Stickler, one who partscombatants, or
old sb. stew in the sense of bath or hot- between two who are fight-
house settles disputes ing.
(as it was called) ; the pi.stews {K.) Now only used of one who in-
sists
generally meant brothels. An Anglicised on etiquette
or in an opinion.
persists
house Corruption of a sb. Ibrmcd
form of O. F. esttive, a stew, stove, hot- from M. E.
(F. //wz;^). O. H. G. stupa, a hot
"
stightlien,
stightlen, to dispose,order,
room for a bath (mod. G. stiibe,a ber).
cham- arrange, govern, subdue; commonly used
Allied to Stove, q. v. ^ The of a steward who arrangedmatters, acting
historyof O. F. estuve and of O. IT G. as a master of ceremonies. See Will, of
stiipais much disputed. Palerne, 1199, 2899, 3281, 3841, 5379;
Steward. (E.) K.^. stizveard,stiward, Destruction of Troy, 117, 1997, 2193,
'
a steward. Lit. a
'
sty-ward; from A. S. 13282, "c. This M. E. stightlen is a
stigit, farmyard,
a weard. a ward. The frequentative of A. S. stihlan, s tihtian, to

orig. sense was one who looked after the control. Cognate with M. Du. sticliten,
domestic animals, and gave them their food ; to build,impose a law ; Dan. stifle, to

hence, one who providesfor his master's institute,Swcd. stifta, slikta,G. sliflen,
table, or who superintendshousehold to found, institute. Cf. also Icel. stitt (for
affairs. We also find stJwita, stigzvita, a *stikti-^, a foundation, base.
steward, where the former element is the Stiff. (K.) M. r:. sti/. A. s. sir/, stiff.
same. See Sty (i)and "Ward. -f Low G. j///(Danneil) ; Du. slij/, Dan.
Stick (i),to stab,pierce, thrust in,ad-here. stiv,Swed, stjf. Allied to Lith. stiprus,
i^E.)The orig.sense was to sting,strong,stip-ti, to be stiff, I,, stipes, a stem,

stab, fasten into a thing; hence,to stipdre, pack tight, to stipiihis, firm.
pierce,
be thrust into a thing, to adhere. Two verbs stifle. (Scand.) XVI. cent. From
are confused in mod. E., viz. (i) stick, t o Icel. sttjla, to dam up, choke; Norweg.
pierce; (2)stick, to be fixed in. a. We find stivia, to stop, hem in, lit. to stiffen;
stivra, to stiffen; frequentatives of Norw.
(i) M. E. steken, strong verb, to pierce,
s liken ; answering to stiva,Dan. stive, to stiffen. All from the
pt, t. stak,pp. steken,
an A. S. *stecett adj.above.
*stecan,pt. t. *stcec,pp. ^ The prov. \L stive,to stuff,
with O. Fries, steka, from O. F. estiver, to pack tight, is ult.
(notfound); cognate
E. Fries. from the root Stevedore.
O. Sax. stekan (pt.t. stak), same ; see

steken,Low G. steken (pt.t. stak. pp. Stigmatise. (F.-Gk.) Y.stiginatiser,

brand with a hot iron, defame. Gk.
steken) ; G. stechen (pt. t. stack, pp. ge- to "

to mark, brand. Gk.

stochen).Teut. type *stekan- (pt. t. *stak) ; (XTiyfiari^dv, criy- "

transferred to the ^-series from an older juaT-, base of (niyiM, a prick, mark, brand.
type *steikan- (weakgradestik); cf. Goth. Gk. ari^eiv(= *oriy-yfiv\to prick. "

staks, a mark, stiks,a point. Further Allied to Stick (I). (VSTEIG.)

allied to Gk. ari^eiv (= (XTiy-yeiv), to Stile (i),a set of steps for climbing
L. itistlgare,
prick, to prick, to be
Skt. tij, over. (E.) 1,1.'E.stile. A.^. stigel,SisU\e.
sharp; and to E. Sting. (VSTEIG.) A.
" S. stig-, weak grade of stigan, to
climb ; with suffix -el. See Stair. + M.
p. We also find (2) A. S. pt. i. s tic-
stician,
Icel. stika, to Dn. and O.H.G. stichel.
ode, weak verb; allied to
Stile the correct of Style
spelling
drive piles,
Swed. sticka,Dan. stikke,to (2),
stab, sting,G. stecken,to stick,set, also (r\ q.v.
to stick fast,remain. dagger. (Ital.-L.) stiletto, a small
dagger;
branch dimin. of M. Ital.
of Ital. stiletto,
stick
(2), a small a tree. a

-L. stilum, of stilus^

(E.) M. E. stikke. A. S. sticca,a stick,stilo,a dagger. ace

peg, nail. So called from its piercingor an iron pin; see Style (iV
stickinginto anything; the orig. sense Still (i\ motionless. (E.' M. E. stille.
being 'peg,'also a small bit of a tree. A. S. stille,still;cf. siillan, vb.,
to re-
main

Allied to Stick (i) above. +Icel. stika, in a place or stall. For *steljoz\
5
 STILL STOCK

allied to A. S. stellaii,
toplace,from A, S. dots. (Du.) Du. stippelen, to speckle, dot
stal, place;a cf. sieall ; see Stall. + over. Du. stippel, a speckle; dimin. of "

stillen,to be still,
Du. stil,still, stellen,stip, a point. Allied to Low G. stippelen,
to place,from sfal,a stall ; Dan. siille,to dripas raindrops (Danneil), stippen, to
Swed. still; Dan.
G. si ill,
siilla, siille,to speckle; G. steppen,to stitch, stift,a tack,
still,also to place, Swed. slilla, to quiet ; peg, pin.
G. slillen, to still, stellen, to place;Dan. Stipulation, a contract. (F.-L.) F.
staid,Swed. G. stall, a stall. Der. still,stipulation. L. ace. stipuldtioneni, a "

adv., A. S. stille, continually, ever. covenant. L. stipuldtus, pp. oi stipiildrT, "

Still (2),to distil, trickle down. (L.; to settle an agreement. O. Lat. stipulus, "

07-Y. "

L.) In some cases, it represents firm,fast ; allied to stipes, a post. % Not

L. stilldre, to fall in drops; more often,it from stipiila, a straw, though this is an
is short for Distil,q. v. allied word.
still (3), sb.,an apparatusfor distilling.Stir. (E.) M. E. stii-en, sturen. A. S.
(L.) Short for M. E. stillatorie, a still,styrian, to move, stir. Allied to Icel.
from stilldt'US, of stilldre (above). styj-y, a stir ; Du. stoi-en, Swed. stora, G.
pp.
Stilt. (Scand.) M. E. ^////^. Swed. - storen, to disturb, O. H. G. storen, to
stylta, Dan. stylte,a stilt; Dan. stylie,to scatter, destroy, disturb. Teut. types
walk on 4-Du. stelt; G. stelze,
stilts. a Prob.
^stawjan-(Franck).
'^sturjan-, allied
stilt; O. H. G. stelza, prop, crutch. haps
Per- to Storm.
allied to Stalk (i); cf. E. Fries. Stirk; see Steer (i).
sttlte,a stem, stalk. Stirrup. (E.) ,
i.e.
For j-/"'-r"?/f a rope
Stimulate. (L.) by ; the orig.
From stirrupwas a looped
of L. to mount
pp.
to prickforward.
stimiildre, rope for mounting into the saddle.
L. .yZ/ww/.'/i-. "
M. E.
a goad. stirop.A. S. sti-rdp, stig-rdp. A. S. "

pt. t. stang, stig-,

Sting. (E.) A, S. stingan, weak gradeof stigan,to mount ; rap,
pp. stungen.-^lztX.
stinga,Swed. stinga, a rope; see Stair and Rope.+Icel.stig-
Dan. stinge. Teut. type *stengan-. Der. reip,Du. steg-reep,G. steg-reif.
stang. Stitch, a pain in the side,a passing
(E.) The throughstuff of needle and thread. (E.)
stingy, mean. same as a

Norfolk ping,M. E. stiche.

stingy, pronounced(stin-ji),
nip- A. S. a pricking
slice, sensa-
tion.

unkindly,ill-humoured. Merely the A. S. "

slician, prick,
to pierce. See
adj.from sting,sb., which is pronounced Stick (i).
(stinj)in Wiltshire. So also '6\Ntd,.sticken,Stith, an anvil. (Scand.) M. E. stith.
pettish, fretful,from sticka, to sting. Icel. steH, an anvil ; allied to staQr, a
"

Stink. (E.) A. S. stincan,pt. t. stanc, fixed place; named from its firmness ; see
pp. stuncen. + Du. stinken, Dan. slinke, Stead. + Swed. stdd,an anvil ; M. Du.
Swed. stinka, G. stinken. Cf. Gk. 70770?, stiet. Der. properlya smithy,but
stith-y,
rancid. also an like
anvil, M. E. stethi.
Stint, to limit, Stiver,
cut short. (E.)
restrain, penny. (Du.) Du. a Dutch
' '
shorten.' (also stiiiver,
M. E.small coin.
stititen Perhapsorig. bit
Orig. '
to a

stentan). A. S. styntan, in fof-styntan,or small piece. Franck connects it with

stumpy, Icel.stilfr,
'

properly to make dull ; formed from Low G. stuuf,

' a stump,

A. S. stunt, stupid,by vowel-change from Icel. styfa,t o cut off.

u to y. The peculiarsense is Scand. + Stoat, an animal. (Scand.) A late
Icel. stytta (for^styjita),to shorten,from word; stole,Phillips, 1706; Levins, 1570.
stuttr,short,stunted ; Swed. dial, stynta, M. E. slot, a stoat, also a bull,stallion.
to take steps, from
short stunt, short ; See Stot.
Dan. dial, stynte,to crop. StOCCata, a thrust in
See Stunted. Stoccado,
Stipend, salary.(L.) stipendiinn,fencing.(Ital.Teut.) Stoccado is an
L. "

a tax, tribute ; for *stip-pendiut7i, a ment

pay- accommodated form,as if it were Spanish.
in money. L. slip-, stem of slips,
"
Ital. stoccata, a foyne,thrust,' Florio. -
' -

small coin ; pende7-e, to weigh out, pay ; Ital. stocco, a short sword, a tuck,' Florio ; '

see Pendant. p. Slipsis supposed to with pp. suffix -ata.-~G. stock, stick,
a

'
cf. '
to heap staff,trunk, stump; cognate with E.
mean pileof money ; stipdre,
together. stock.
of small stock, a post,"c. (E.) The old sense
Stipple, to engrave by means

5
 STOCKADE STOT

was a stump ; hence a post, trunk,stem, sto/,Goth, stols,seat,chair ; G. stithi,

chair,
a fixed store, fund, capital, cattle,stalk, pillar. Lit. ' that which stands firm.'
_

butt-end of a gun, "c. A. S. stocc,stock, (V^TA.) Brugm. i. " 191.

stump. + G. stock,O. H. G. stock ; Du. Stoop (0, to lean forward. (E.) Prov.
stok, Ieel. stokkr,Dan. stok,Swed. stock. \i.st07up\ M.E. stoupen. A. S. stiipian.
Allied to A. S. stykke,G. stiick,a bit, -|-M.Du. stuypen,O. Jccl. stupa,to stoop ;
fragment. Swed.
to Steep stupa, to fall. Allied
tilt,
Stockade, a breastwork formed of {i\
stakes. (Span. Teut.) Coined
" as if Stoop (2),a beaker ; see Stoup.
from E. stock (above); but adaptedfrom Stop. (L.) Of L. origin. U.\l. stop-
Span, estacada,a palisade, fence. "Span. pen, A. S. -stoppian, to stop up ; so also Du.

estaca, a stake,pale. M. Du. stake, " Du. stoppen,to stop,stuff,cram, Swed. stoppa,
staak, a stake ; see Stake. Dan. stoppe. G. stopfcn ; Ital. stoppare,
Stocking. (E.) Stockingis a dimin. to stop up with tow, Late L. stuppdre, to
form of stock,used as short for nether-stock. stop up with \o\s,cram, stop. All from
Un bas des chausses,a stocking, oi- 7iether- L. stupa,stuppa,coarse part of flax,hards,
'

'
stock ; Cot. The clothingof the lower oakum, tow. Cf. Gk. arvvr], crrinnTT),the
part of the body consisted of a singlesame. Der. stopp-le,i.e. stopper; also
garment, called hose, in F. chausses. It A.
estop, F. es toper,from Late L. stuppdre.
was afterwards cut in two at the knees,and Storax, a resinous gum. (L. Gk.) L. "

divided tipper-stocks,
into and ttether-stocks storax,styrax. Gk. arvpa^. "

or stockings.In this case, stock means a Store, sb. (F. L.) 'isl.^.stor^stoor, "

pieceor stump, a piececut off;see Stock. provisions.O. F. estor, store, provisions "

Stoic. (L.-Gk.) L. Stoicus. Gk. (Godefroy) -

; Late L. staurum, the same
'%i(iSiKos, a Stoic ; lit. belonging to '
a as instaurufn, store.- L. instaurCire, to

colonnade,' because Zeno taught under a construct, build, r estore ; Late L. instaurdre,
colonnade at Athens. Gk. oroa, aroia
" (for to providenecessaries. L. in, in ; *stau- "

*(TTof-yd), a colonnade, row of pillars ; cf. rdre, to set up, place,also found in re-
arv-^os, a pillar.(-y^STEU.) staurdre, to restore. From an adj.
fire. (Du.) *staurus Skt. sthdvara-, fixedj cf. Gk.
Stoker, one who tends a =

Orig.used to mean one who looked after a araypoj, an upright pole. (VSTA.^ Der.
firein a brew-house (Phillips). stoker,
Du. store,
" vb., O. F. estorer, from Late L.
'a kindler, fire,'
or Hexham."
setter staurdre
on instaurdre. =

Du. stoken, to kindle a fire, stir a fire. Stork, bird. (E.) A. S. store. "\-V)yx.
Allied lo Du. stok,a stock,stick (hence, a stork,Icel. storkr, Dan. and Swed. stork;

poker for a fire) ; cognate witli Stock. Cf. G. storch. Cf. Gk. ropr^os, a largebird
Westphal.stoken.^ to poke a fire. (vulture, swan), Prob. allied to Stark.
scarf. (L. Gk.) L. Storm. (E.) A. S-.y/'^rw, storm. -f- Icel.
Stole, long robe, "

stole. Du. Swed. Dan. storm, G. sturm.

stola. ijV. aroXi],
"
equipment,robe, stornir,
" Gk. oTiWiiv, to equip. ITeut. type *stur-inoz. From the same
Stolid, stupid. (L.) I". stoliduSy firm, root as E. Stir.

stock-like, stupid. I Story (0. (F.-L.-Gk.) U."..storie.

A. F. storie (Bartsch), O. F. estoire,
Stomach. (F.- L.-Gk.) "Sl.-E.stomak. -

" O. F. estomac. l^. ace. storfiachtim.^

" a history, tale. L. historia.-^GV. Icrropia, "

Gk. mouth, gullet, stomach ; information ; see History.

OTOfiaxos,
a level or flat.
dimin. of arona, mouth. Brugm. i. " 421. Story (2),set of rooms on

Stone. (E.) M.E.stoon. A.S.stcfn.-\- (F. L.) Orig. merely 'a building'or
"

Du. steen, Icel, steznn, Dan. Swed. sten, thing built.' O. F. estorc'e,
'
a thing -

G. stein,Goth, stains. built; fem. of pp. of estorer, to build."

Cf. Gk. (Ttiol, sl
stone ; O. Bulgarian stena, Russ. stiena, Late L, staurdre, for L. instaurdre,
stan-ie/. to construct, build, "c. See Store. Der.
a wall. Der.
Stock, a shock of com. (E.) It clerestory, i. e. clear-story, s tury lighlcd
answers to A. S. *stoc,from *stok-, strong with windows, as distinct from blind-story.
grade of *stak-,as in E. Stack. +Low G. Stot, stallion,bullock. (E.) M.E.
stuke, a stook ; Swed. dial, stuke. stot. Cf. Icel. stiitr,a bull.Swed. stut,
stool. A. S. stol, Dan. stud, a bull ; allied to Swed. stota, to
Stool. (E.) M.E.
seat. + Du. Dan.
Icel. sto//,
stoei, Swed. push,G. stossen.

5 21
 STOUP STRAW

Stoup, Stoop, fiagon.(M. Du.) M. E. Strait, adj. (F, L.) - M. E. streit. -

slope. M. DiT. stoop,a largecup (Kilian)

"
; A. F. estreit (F. ^troit), narrow, strict."
Du. stoop, a gallon; cf. Icel. staup, a L. strictum,2icc. oi strictus ; see Strict.
knobby lump, also a stoup ; Low G. stoop, Strand (I ),shore. (E.) K.S.strand.-^-
a stoup (whence Swed. stop, three pints; Icel. str'dnd (gen.strandar),
margin,edge ;
Dan. dial, stob, a stoup).
-|-A. S. steap, Dan. Swed. G. strand.
a cup ; G. stauf,
a cup. Allied to A. S. Strand (2),thread of a rope. (Du.)
steap, steep ; perhapsas being high and The final d is added. Du. streen,a skein, "

upright; see (i),and Stoop.

Steep hank of thread. + G. strdhne,a skein,
Stout. hank, O. H. G. streno.
(F.-O. LowG.) M.'E.siout.- Cf. Du. striem,
O. F. esto2{t,stout, bold.-M. Du. stolt,a stripe.
A. S. stolt, Strange, foreign,
stout,stout,bold ; Low G. stolt, odd. (F.-L.) O. F.
the same. + G. stolz,proud. Perhaps all estrange. L. extrdneum, ace. of extra- "

from L.
stulttis,
foolish,foolhardy.Der. nens, foreign,
on the outside. " L. extra,
stout,sb.,a strong beer. without. See Extra and Estrange.
Stove. (E.) A. S. Du. stove,
stofa.-\-yi. Strangle, to choke. (F.-L.-Gk.)
'a stewe, hot-house, or a baine,' Hex- ham O. F. estrangler.l^, stranguldre. Gk.. " "

; Low G. stove; cf. Icel. stofa,

sttifa, aTpayyaXi^dv
GTpa'^'^aKuiiv, ,
to strangle.
a bath-room with a stove ; G. a halter.
sttibe, Gk. (TTpayydXT], " Gk. arpayyos, "

O.H.G. stupa, a room (whenceItal. stufa,twisted. Allied to String and Strict.

F. ^ticve).
See Stew. strangury. (L.-Gk.) \..stranguria.
Stover, food for cattle.
(F.-L.?) In retention of urine,
Gk. o-Tpa77oi;/3ta, "
when
Shak. ; M. E. stoiter {stover), necessaries. it falls by drops. Gk. arpa'^y-, base of "

" O. F. estover,estovoir, necessaries ; orig. (TTpdj^, a drop,that which oozes out (allied
the infin.mood of a verb which was used to (TTpayyos, twisted) ; ovp-ov, urine.
impersonally with the sense 'itisnecessary.'Strap. (L.) Prov. E. strop; A. S.
Perhapsfrom L. est opus (Tobler). stropp. L. struppus (also stropptis), " a

Stow, pack away. (E.)M. E. sfowe7i^ strap, thong,fillet. (Hence F. ^trope.)

to
lit. to put in a place. A. S. stowigan Strappado. (Ital.Teut.)A modified
" "

(Sweet); from storv,a place. as stoccado was

form of strappata (just
+ Icel. ,?/(i-i'/J, used
fire-place. Also Lith. stowa, placewhere for stoccata^.'^W.'sX.
strappata,a pulling, a

a thing stands, from stoti,to stand. wringing, the strappado. "Ital. strappare,
(VSTA.) to pull,wring. H. G. (Swiss)strapfen, "

Straddle. (E.) Formerly striddle to pull tight,allied to G. straff, tight,

(Levins) ; frequentativeof Stride. borrowed from Low G. or Du. Du. straf- "

Straggle. (E.) Formerly stragle.fen, to punish,from straf,severe ; cf. E.

For strackle;cf prov. E. strackle-braincd,Fries, strahhen,
to be stiff.

Apparentlythe frequentativeStratagem.
thoughtless. (F. - L. -
Gk.) M. F.
of M. E. strdken, to roam, wander ; P. stratageme. L. strategema. Gk,
" "
arparrf-
Plowman's Crede, 82 ; with a shortened yrjpa, the device of a general. Gk. "
arpa-
before k-l. Cf. M. Dan. wander; strage,to Gk. ffrpar-os,army,
TTjyos, general
,
leader. "

Swed. dial, strakla,to stagger, totter, may camp ; dy-"iv,

to lead. The Gk, arparos
be related. is allied to aropvvfxt, I spread. See
Straight. (E.)M. E. strei^t, orig.pp. Stratum.
of M. E. strecchen,to stretch;A. S. streht, strategy. (F. L. Gk.) Y.stratigie, " "

pp. of streccan, to stretch ; see Stretcli. L. "

arpaTrfyia,
strattgia.'-G^. ship.
general-
Der. adv.,M. E. strei^t;straight-
straight, way Gk. arpaT-qyus (above).
"

; straight-en. srath,
Strath, a fiatvalley.(C.) Gael,
Strain (i),vb. (F. L.) From estraign-,
"
a valley with a river, low-lying country be-
side
'
a stem of M. F. estraind?'e,
'
to wring hard ; a river ; Irish srath,sratka, the bottom
Cot. " L. stri;tgere, to draw tight. See of a valley, fieldsbeside a river ; W.ystrad,
Stringent. a flatvale. Allied to Stratum (below) .

Strain (2), birth.

descent, lineage, (E.) Stratum. (L.) L. strdtum, a layer,
Straiji in Shak. ; strene in Spenser. M. E. that which is spreadflat; neut. of stratus,
streen,Chaucer,C.T., CI. Tale, 157. A.S. -f Gk.
pp. of stcrnere,to spread, aTupvvjxi,
streon, gain, product,lineage,
progeny ; I spread out. (VSTER.)
whence strynan^ to beget. Straw, sb. (E.) A. S. streaw (streow).
5
 STRAW-BERRY STRIKE

+Du. stroo,Icel. strd,Dan. straa, Swed. strdcka; G. strecken, from s track,adj.,

st7-d,G. stroh. Teut. type *stratuo7n,
tight. Perhaps allied to Strong.
n. Allied to L. st?-dmen, straw, sternere,\.o Strew, Straw, vb. (E.) M. E.
strew ; see Strew, Stratum. stre-iven. A. S. strcouna)},to strew, scatter.
straw-berry. (E.) A.S. strcaw- Closelyallied to A. S. streaw,straw. +Du.
berigc, straw-berry ; perhapsfrom its pro- strooijen, to strew, allied to stroo, straw ;
by
paG[ation runners ; cf. strew. G. streuen,to strew, allied to stroh,straw ;
Stray, to wander. (F. "
L.) O. F. Goth, straujanfpt.t. straivida), to strew.
estt-aier,
to wander ; orig.to
rove about From a derivative of the root STER. as

the streets or ways. Cf. Prov.

estradicr, a in L. ster-nere i^pt.t. strain'),
to strew ;
wanderer in the streets,one who strays, cf. Gk. crvpvviu, I spread; Skt. str, to
from Prov. estrada ( O. F. cstree) ,
=a spread. See Stratum. Brugnu i. " 570.
street ; M. Ital. stradiotto,a wanderer,from Der. be-strew.
strada, street. L. strata, a street ; see
"
Stricken; see Strike.
Street. Der. stray,estray,sb. Strict. (L.) \.. St rictus,1^^. C)istrin-
Streak, a line or long mark. (E.) gere. to tighten,
draw together, "c. See
M. streke,
E. more commonly j'/r/Z'^.A. S. Stringent. Doublet, strait.
strica^f rom *stric-,weak gradeof stj-ican, Stride, vb. (E.) M. E. striden, pt. t.
to stroke, rub. Cf. E. Fries, streke,strdke, strad,strood. A. S. stridan, to stride,pt.
a stroke, streak ; 'Dw. streek ; ^\vQ^.sti-eck,t. strdd [rzLxe but cf. bestrdd. M\i. Horn, ',

a dash, streak, line ; Dan. streg,the same. ii. 136). So also Low G. striden (pt.t.
Also Goth, striks, a stroke with the pen ; sireed), to strive, to stride; Du. strijden,
G. sirich, from Teut. *i'/;7"/C\
weak grade of G. streiten, Dan. stride, strong verbs,to
*streika7i-; see Strike. Cf. also L. striga,strive,contend ; Icel. strida, Swed. strida,
a swath, furrow. weak verbs, to strive, p. Teut. type
Stream. (E.) A. S. streaiyi. + Du. pt. t. *straid,pp. *stridanoz ;
"^streidan-,
stroom, Icel. straiimr, Swed. Dan. strom, whence also Icel. strJQ,woe, strife; strlSr,
G. Strom. Teut. type *straumoz, m. hard,stubborn. Cf. Skt. sridh. to assail ;
*
Allied Russ. striiia,
to Irish sruaim, a also,an enemy. The orig. sense was to
stream. All from y'SREU, to flow, which contend,' hence to take long steps (as if
in Teut. and Russ. became STREU ; cf. in contention with another).Der. be-st
Skt. sru, Gk. pUiv {for*
a ptf-eiv), to flow. r-ide,st7-id, strive.
straddle,strife,
Cf. Bheum. strife. ^ F. Scand.)O. F. estrif. strife. -

Street. (L.) A.S.

street; O.Merc. Apparentlymodified from Icel.strJd, strife,
stret ; a very earlyloan-word ; cf. Du. contention. Cf. O. Sax. and O. Fries, strld.
straat, G. strasse. h. strata,i.e. strata
" strife ; Du. strijd; G. streit. From the
Ilia,a pavedway ; strdta\""vi\^ fem. of pp. verb Stride (above). % The connexion
oi sternere, to strew, pave. with G. streben, Du. str even, is obscure.
Strength. (E.) A. S. strengdti
; (for Der. strive,vb.,q. v.
*strang-i-tini). A. S. Strang,strong. See
" Strike, to hit. (E.) M. E. striken,
orig.
Strong. flow; hence used
to advance,
proceed, to

Strenuous. (L.) Y,. strenn-us of smooth swift motion, to strike with a

,\\gox-
ous, active; with suffix -^^^j. + Gk. aTpr]UT}s, rod or sword. The verb is strong ; pt. t.
'
allied to firm. strak, striken the phrase stricken in
strong, arepeos, pp. ;
Stress, strain. (F. L.) " Sometimes years
'
meant in years.'A. S.
*
advanced
short for distress;
see Distress. wise,
Other- strTcaji, advance
to go, proceed, and
swiftly
from O. F. estrecier, estressier,to smoothly; pt. strac, pp.
t. stricen.'^Dn
straiten, pinch, contract. This answers to strijken, smooth, rub, stroke,spread,
to

a Folk-L. type *strectiare, regularly formed strike ; G. streichen,the same. [Cf.Icel.

from L. stricttts, tightened ; see Strict. strjiika, to stroke,rub, wipe,strike;Swed.

Stretch. (E.) M. E. strecchen. A. S. - stryka, Dan. stryge,the same.] Allied to

L. stringere, with a
to graze, touch lightly
streccan, pt. t strehte, pp. streht. Formed
as a causal A. S. strcBC,hard,
verb from swift motion ; striga,
a row of mown bay.
strike,sb., the of
rigid,violent,strong. Thus stretck to = Der. name a measure,

make stiff or hard, as in straininga cord. orig.an instrument with a straight

edge
+Du. strekken,to stretch,from off) a
strak, for levelling(striking measure of

stretched, Swed.
rigid; Dan. strcekke,
tight, grain. Also streak,stroke.
23
 STRING STRYCHNINE

String. (E.)A. S. streng, cord ; from Strong. (E.) A. S. Strang, si}'07ig.-\-

its being tightlytwisted. A. S. strung, Du.
"
streng, Icel. strangr, Dan. streng,
strong, violent. Cf. Gk, orpayyaKi], a Swed. Strang; Cj. streng,strict. Cf. Gk.
halter; from arpayyos, tightly twisted. + (Trpayyos, tightly twisted.
Du. streng,string,allied to streng,severe ; Strop, a piece leather,for sharpening
of
so also Icel. st^-engr,
Dan. strceng,Swed. (L.) A. S. stropp, a strap, from
razors.

Strang, G. Strang, cord, string. See Strap. Cf. Westphal.stivp.

L. ; see

Strong. Strophe, part of a poem or dance.

String^eut.(L.) L. stringent-, stem of (Gk.) Gk. arpoc/)?;,
a turning;the turning

pres. pt. of stringere,

to draw tight, com-
press, of thechorus,dancing to one side of the
urge, also to graze, stroke; pp. orchestra,or the strain sung during this
strictus. Perhapsallied to Strike. evolution ; the strophe,
to which the anti-
Strip. (E.) M. E. stripen.A. S. strie- strophe
answers. " Gk. to
arptcpciv, turn.
pan, strypan, to plunder, ; in com
strip p. Strow; see
strew.
be-strypan.-\-T)w.stroopen,to plunder; E. Structure. (,F. L.) F.strttcture.^h. "

Fries, stropen,strdpen; G. streifen, from strnctura, a structure. L. structus,pp. of "

M. H. G. stroufejt. Teut. type '^straupjan- ; struere, to build, orig. heap together.

to
from the 2nd grade of the strong verb Struggle, vb. (F.-M.Du. ?) M.E.
*streupan-, for which cf Norw. strUpa, to strogelen, stj'ugelen ; apparently from A.F.
grip,to throttle, pt.t. straup. Der. strip,es- (L. ex) ]Drefixed to M. Du. truggelen
sb.,a piece stripped off;see below. (Du. troggelen), Low G. triiggehi, to beg

Stripe. (r)u.) Orig.a streak ; M. E. persistently, M'hich prob. also had the
stripe ; not an old word ; prob. a weaver's same sense as E. Fries. truggeln,\.o struggle
term. "M. Du. strijpe, a stripein cloth, against, as when a horse jibsor refuses to
variant of strcpe (Kilian) ; Du. streep\ move forward, also to beg persistently.
Low G. stripe, a stripe, -j-Norw. stripa,All from Teut. base '^tJwiig-, as in Icel.
Dan. stribe, a stripe, streak ; G. streifen, J"i'uga, Dan. true, to press, ultimately
M. H. G. streif. From a Teut. base *streip,related to A. S. pryccan, G. driicken^ to
allied to *streik ; Strike.
see Cf O. Irish press. (Doubtful.)
sriab,a stripe.^ Low a stripe, Strum,
G. stripe, to thrum on a piano. (E.)
also means a stripof cloth ; althoughst?'ipAn imitative word. Made by prefixing
an

belongsstrictlyto the verb above. intensive s- ( 0. F. es- = = 'L. ex),very, to

Stripling. (E.) A double dimin. from the imitative word trum (alsothrzim),
as

strip, variant of stripe ; hence a lad as thin seen in Low G. trunnjieti,Du. tro7}unen,
as a strip, a growing lad not yet filled out. to drum ; see Drum and Thrum.
Strive. (F. Scand.) M. E. striimi
"
Strumpet. (F. Teut. ?) M. E. stroni-
-

{striveti), properlya weak verb. O. F. pet. The form answers

" to O. F. "^estrotn-
estriver, to strive ; Walloon striver. O. F. pctte (notfound),
" as iffrom M.Du. strompe,
estrif, strife; see Strife. a stocking.Or (ifthe vi be an insertion)
Stroke (i), a blow. (E.) M. E. strook. it is from O. F. strupe,Late L. struptim,
From strdc, 2nd grade A. S. strican, to dishonour,violation;from L. stnpriun.
of
strike. Cf. G. stretch, a stroke. (Unexplained.)
stroke (2),to rub gently.(E.) M. E. Strut (i),to walk about pompously.
stroken. A. S. strdcian,to stroke ; a causal (Scand.)M. E. strouten, to spreador swell
verb; from strdc,2nd grade oi strican,to out. Swed. dial, strtitta,to walk
"
with
strike. Cf. G. streicheln, to stroke, from a joltingstep; Dan. strntte,strude, to

streichen, to stroke;see Strike. strut ; cf. Norw. strtit,a spout that sticks
Stroll,to wander. (F.-Teut.^ For- merly out, a nozzle. The orig.sense seems to
'
; cf. Icel. strHtr, a
'
strotde, sti'oyle.Formed by prefixingbe to stick out stiffly
s- (O. F. es-, L. ex^ to troll,used (inP. PI.) hood sticking out like a horn; Low Cj.
with the sense to '
range
'
; see TrolL strutt, rigid. + G. strotzen, to strut, be
Cf. Guernsey ^treillai [= estreuU\, adj.,puffedup ; cf. strauss, tuft,
a bunch.
idle,vagabond (Metivier; who notes that, strut (2), a support for a rafter.
at Valognes,dep.Manche, the equivalent (Scand.)Orig.a stiffpieceof wood ; from
term is treulier, i.e. 'troller'); cf. Norm, strut, to stick out or up. Cf. Icel. striltr,
dial, treuler, to rove (Moisy),dial, of Low G. strutt (above).
Verdun trSler, trauler. . Strychnine. (Gk.) From Gk. o-t/jux-

524
 STUPENDOUS SUBJECT

stupendous. (L.) For L. stupend- stile,as it is not Gk. M. E. stile.^Vl. F.

tis, amazing, to be wondered at, gerun-
dive style, a stile,
stile, manner of indicting;'
'

of stupere,to be amazed stilus, an; with suffix Cot.

iron pin for writing; " L.
-ous. writing. Der. stiletto. a way of
stupid. (F. L.) F. stupide. L. Style (2),the middle part of the pistil
" - of
stupidus, senseless. L. stiipere,to be
" a flower ; gnomon of a dial. (Gk.) Gk.
amazed. arvXo^, a pillar, long uprightbody like a
Sturdy. (F.) It formerlymeant rash pillar.Cf. Skt. sthund, a_ pillar, post.
or reckless ; hence, brave, bold. M. E. (VSTEU, by-form of -/ST A.)
sturdis stordy, rash. O. F. estoui-di,Styptic, astringent.
"
(F.-L.-Gk.) F.
amazed, also rash, heedless ; pp. of es- styptique. L. stypticus.Gk. cfrv-nriKos, " "

' '
tourdir^ to amaze ; Cot. (Mod. F. astringent. Gk. orvcp^iv, to contract,draw "

eloiu'dir,Ital. stordire, to stun, amaze.) together, to be astringent ; orig. to make

Of unknown origin; see Kortine^. firm ; allied to otvttos, a stump, stem, block.
Sturgeon, a fish. (F. 0. H. G.) Suasion, advice. (F." L.) M.'F. sua-
-
sion.
O. F. esiourgeon,esturgeon; Late L. ace. " L. ace. sudsionem ; from suasio,
sturidfiem,from nom. stiii'io. O. H. G. "
persuasion.L. sudsus, pp. of
"
snddere,
to
stujy'o,
sturo, a. sturgeon. Sometimes plained
ex- lit. ' to make
persuade, sweet.' Allied to
as
'
a stirrer,'
because
it stirs up suduis (^ ^suaduis),sweet. See Sweet. =

mud by floundering at the bottom of the Brugm. i. " 187.

water ; cf. O. H. G. storen,to spread,stir suave, pleasant.(F. L.) Y.sttave; "

(G. storeii); Stir. 4* A. see S. styria, Cot. " i^. sudziis,

(above).
sweet
styriga,a sturgeon,as if from styi'ian,
to Sub-, prefix.(L.,t?r F.-L.) L. (and
stir ; Swed. Dan. stdi%sturgeon,as if from F.) sub-, prefix.Orig.form *sup; whence
Swed. stora, to stir ; Icel. styrja; Du. the comparative form sttp-er,above, allied
steiir (seeFranck). Origindoubtful. to Skt. upari,above. The prefixs- prob.

Stutter. (E.) Frequentative

of stut,
answers to Gk. e^ ; of. s-iiperwith 1^-
once common in the
I stutte, vTTepOe,
same
'
from above.'
sense.
'
Snd seems to have
'
I can nat speakemy wordes redyly ;' Pals-
grave. meant up to ; hence it also came to mean
'

M. E. stoten. Cf. E. Fries, stut- justunder or below ; it is allied to E. Up,

tern, to stutter; Du. stotteren (whence q. v., and to Gk. i/nd ; see Hypo-. % Sub
G. s tottern). From M. E. stot- (Teut. becomes stic- before c, suf-before f, sug-
weak grade of Teut. root "^steut,
^^stiit) for before^, sum- before ;", sup- before _^,sur-
which cf. Du.
stuiten, to stop ; 2nd grade before r; and see Sus- (below).
"^staut,
as in Icel. staiita,to
beat,strike, Subaltern, inferior to another. (F. "

also to stutter, Swed. stdta., Dan. stode,to L.) P\ siibaltenie ; Cot. L. stibaltermis, "

strike against,G. stossen,Goth, stajitan, subordinate. L.i-"^, under; alter, another. "

to strike. Orig. to strike against,* '

to trip. Subaqueous, under water. (L.) L.
(y'STEUD ; from the weak grade come sub,under ; aqtia, water. See Aqueous.
Skt. tud, L. tundete, to strike.) Subdivide. (L.) L. sub, under ; and
Sty (i\ enclosure for swine. (E.) M.E. diiddere, to divide. See Divide. Der.
stie. A. S. stigH, a sty,a pen for cattle.+ subdivision (from the pp.).
Icel. stia^stl,sty,kennel,Swed. stia,pig- sty, Subdue. (F.-L.) M. 'E.sodzien (after-
wards
pen for geese, Swed. dial, sti,steg, learnedly' altered to subdue).First '

pen for swine,goats, or sheep,G. steige,used in the pp. sodiced, soderued." K. F.

pen, chicken-coop, O. H. G. stia. ^subdut, as in subduz (forsubdtits), pp.
Sty (-0 small tumour on the eyelid.pi.,subdued. Late L. *sul"dutus, for L. "

(E.) The A. S. name was stigend,lit. subditus, subdued. L. stibdere, to sub-

due." "

' '
rising ; as if from the pres. pt. of siigan, L. sub, un^er ; -de7-e, to put, weak
to ascend,climb, rise ; but this is doubtful. grade of a/ DHE, to put. % Not from
M. E. siyaiiye, as if it meant sty on eye.' L. subducere,
'
with an alien sense.
+ Low G. siieg, the eye, as if
stige,
sty on Subjacent. (L.) From stem of pres.
from stigen,to rise ;
Fries, stiger E.
; pt. of L. sub-iace?-e,
to lie under. L. stib, "

Norw. also stigkbyna(from under ; iacire,

stig,stigje^ to lie. See Jet (i).
kdytta,
a pustule). subject. (F. L.) " M.^. sugct,subj'et.
Style (i),a pointedtool for writing,
a " O. F. suiect (Isiter
suiet, mod.
subiect), F.
mode of writing.(F. L.) " It should be a suliject.
S2(jet, pp. of sub-
L. subiectzis, "

5 26
 SUBJOIN SUBURB

icere^to put under, subject. " L. allied

sub, settle, to sedere,to sit. See dentary,
Se-
under ; iacere,to cast, lirugm.i. " 882.
to put.
Subjoin. (F.-L.) W.Y. subjoign-,t).subsidy. (F. L,) A. F, subsidie "

stem oi.subjoindre."'l.. to join (Codefroy)

snl"iun"^ere^ ; F. subside. L. subsidium, "

beneath,annex, subjoin. L. sub,beneath; a body of troops in reserve, assistance ;

"

utngcre, to join. See Join. lit. that which sits in reserve. " L, sub,
subjugate, to bring under
the yoke. under, in reserve ; sedere,to sit. Der.
(L.) From pp. of L. subiitgdre, vb. L. subsidi-ary,from " L. adj.subsididrius.
stib itigo,under the yoke ; where htgo is Subsist, to live,continue. (F,-L.)
'
abl. of iuguni,a yoke. See Yoke. F. subsistcr,'
to subsist; Cot. L. sub- "

subjunctive. (L.) sistere,

l^.snbiunctTutis^ to stay, abide.
L. sub, near to ; "

lit.joiningon dependently,from the use of sis/ere,to stand, also to place,from stare,

the mood
subjunctive in dependent clause^. to stand. See State.
" L. snbiunctns^ pp. oi subiuugere,to join
sub- substance. (F. L.) Y. substance.^ "

; Subjoin (above).
see L. substantia,
substance,
essence. L. sub- "

Sublime. (F.-L.) Y. sublime. ^\.. stant-,stem of pres. pt.oisubstdre,to exist,

sttblTmis, raised on
lofty, high. Perhaps lit, ^ to stand near or beneath.' L, sub, "

'
from L. sub,and iTtiien, lintel ; up to the near; stare, to stand, Der. stibstanti-al ;
j
lintel ;' Brugm. ii, " 12. !also siibstant-ive,
F. substantif, L. sicbstan-
Sublunar, under the moon, earthly.1tiutis,self-existent,
used of the vn b esse.
(L.) Coined from L. sub, ui.der ; and E. and afterwards ap['lied. as a grammatical
lunar, belongingto the moon, from L. term, to nouns substantive,
liina,moon ; see Lunar, substitute, sb. (F,-L.) Y.substitut,
Submerge, to plungeunderwater. (F. a substitute. L. substitutus, pp. of substi- "

"
L.) F, sub merger. L, "
subrnergcre. tuere, to put in stead of. L, jw^,near, in-
" stead "

L. siib,under ; mergere, to dip ; see of; statiie}-e,

to put. place,causal of
Merge. stare, to stand.
Submit. (L.) L. to let
szibmittere, Subtend. to stretch
(L.)L.j-7^/V(?"(/i?;'^,
down, submit, bow to (pp.subinissus)."or extend beneath. " L, j-"(J,
beneath; ten-
L. sub, uncier ; mitt ere, to send. See dere. to stretch. See Tend (1).
Missile. Der. -ive.
subtniss-ion, Subterfuge. (F.-L.)'
F. subterfuge,
Subordinate, of lower rank. (L.) '
a shift ; Cot. " Late L. subtei-fugiiivi. "

From the pp. of Late L. subordindre, to L. subterf

tigere, escape by to stealtli, L, "

place in a lower rank, L. sub, below; " subter,stealthily{^fromstib,under, with

ordiftdre,to rank, from ordin-,stem of compar. ; f'gere,to
suffix) flee. See
Of do, order. See Order, Fugitive.
Suborn, to procure bribe. (F.
secretly, Subterranean, Subterraneous.
L.) F. suborner.
" " L. suhortidre. (L. From L. subterrdnc-us,underground,
" L. i

sub, secretly;
ornarc, to properly, L. sub, under; terra, ground. See
furnish, "

to adorn. See Ornament. Terrace.

Subpoena, a writ, commanding attend-

ance Subtle. (F.- L,) Formerlysotil,
sotel',
under a penalty.(L.) L. sub,under; the b was a insertion,and
pedantic is never

pand, abl. of pcena, a penalty. See sounded, sotil, soutil. later subtil.
" O. F,
Pain. L, subtilem,ace.
" of subtilis, fine,thin,
Subscribe. (L.) L. subscrlbere,
to accurate, subtle. The orig. sense oi subtilis
; from L. sub. under,
'
'
write (one'sname) under; pp. subscriptus
was finely
woven

L. sub, undei-
(whence subscription'). "
; and tela, a Aveb, for which
closely, see

to write.
scrJbere, See Scribe, Toil (2\ Der. M. E. soteltee,
subtle-ty,
(L.) of pres. from O. F, from L. ace.
subtlety,
sotillete,
Subsequent. From stem
to follow close after, L. Siditllitdter/i.Brugm. i. " 1,^4,
pt, of subseqtii, "

sub, under, near; sequi, to follow. See Subtract. L.) "\om I., subtractus,
Sequence. of subirahere, to draw away neath,
under-
pp.
Subserve. (L-) L. s^ibserulre,to serve to subtract. " L. sid).beneath ; tra-
under another. " L, sid^,under ; seruJre, here,to draw. See Trace (i).
to serve. See Serve, Suburb. (F. "
L.) A. F. suburbe
Subside. (1-) L. subsldere. to ?ettle *A. 1). 1285"). " L. subu7-biuvi,suburb.
down. " L, sub, under, down ; sTdere,to \ " L. sub. near; urbi- decl. stem of

|27
 SUBVERT SUGGESTION

tirbs,a town. Der. stibin-b-an. See \^siibitdmis,for L. sitbiUlneus, sudden,

Urbane. extended from subitus, sudden, lit. that
Subvert. (F. L.) which
"
has come stealthily,orig.pp. of
Cot.
F. subvei-ti)-;
" L. stibiiertere,to upside ^o\\n,\siibire,\.o
come turn
or go stealthily.
"L. 5z//',
overthrow. L. sub. beneath; nerfere, to under, stealthily
"
; fr"f,to go.

turn. See Verse. Sudorific.

'D^:^.siibvers-ion,ixQVii (F. L.) F. stidorifique, "

the pp. subiiers-tis. :ausing sweat ; as if from L. ^sjidorijicus.

Succeed. (F, L.) " Y.sud-or,sweat, allied to
succeder\Qot. " for
L. sfidori-,
L. succedere (pp. successus^, to sweat; -Jicus, making, from
ioWow isiidare,
to
after. L. stic-
" (sub),
next ; ccdere, to go, to make. See Sudatory. \facere,
come. Der. success, O. F. succes, L. sue Suds. i,E.)The proper sense is * things
'
f
ct'sstis,result, rom pp. successus. sodden ; pi.of stid, which is derived from
Succinct, concise. (L.) L. succinctus,A. S. Slid-,weak grade oi seo^an,to seethe.
to girdup, tuck up short.
pp. of sticcingere, Cf. prov. E. sudded,flooded ; M. Du. zode,
" L. sue- {sub),
up ; cingere, to gird. See a seething, ; Low
boiling G. sod, cooked
Cincture. broth, sode, boiling.
a Cf. Sod.
Succory; see Chicory. Sue. (F. L.) " M. E. suen, seiven.^^

Succour. (F. "

L.) W.Y. socotireu." A. F. suer', O. F. sevre, suir (F. sutvre'),
O. F. sucurre (Burguy Mod. .
F. secourir. to follow. Late L. sequere, to follow,used
"

" L. siiecur7-e7-e, to run near or to, run for L. sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
to help, aid. L. sue- (for
" sub), near; Der. en-sue, pur-sue, suit,suite.
currere, to run. See Current. Suet.
(F." L.) 1*1.Y. suet. Formed,
Succulent, juicy.(F. L.) Y.succu- "
with dimin. suffix -et,from O. F. seu, suis
kut.'-'L. suculeiitus,suceuleutus , full of (^Norman sieu,Walloon sew, Littre ; F.
sucu-s,succti-s, juice;with suffix
]\\\cQ.'-\.. suif),suet, fat. " L. sebum, tallow, suet,
-lenius. See Suck. grease.
Succumb. (,L.'L. suceuinbere,to lie Suffer. (F. L.) T^L E. soffren,
suffreu. "

under, to sink down." L. sue- (forsub), -O.F. soffrir(F. souffHf).-YoW-L.

under; *eufnbeye,to recline,allied to suffertre, for L. suffen-e,
to undergo. L. "

eubare, to lie down. See Covey. siif-\sub),under; ferre,to bear. See

Such, like kind. (E.) I^I.E. swulc, Fertile.
of a

szuich,such.
s'unle, A. S. swyle.-^'O.Sax Suf5.ce. (F. L.) From F. j7/^j--, base "

sulik,YiVi.zulk,\c"i.slikr,'D?Ln.sUg,'i\st^. pres. pt. of i'/^V.?,

oi suffis-ajit, to suffice

G. sohh,(joth. swaleiks. p.The Goth.

slik, L. sufficere,
to supply. L. suf-, for sub, " -

swaleiks like; : under ; facere,

swa, so, and leiks,
is from to make, put. See Fact.
hence such so-like;see So and Like.
= Suf5.Z. (L.) From L. sujffix-us, pp. of
Suck. (E.) M. E. souken. A. S. sucan, suffJgere, to fix beneath, fix on. L. suf- "

pt. t. seac, pp. socen. [There is an A. S. (forsub), beneath ; figcre,to fix. See
by-form siigan; cognate with Icel. sjuga, Fix.
siiga,Dan. sttge, Sv.ed. suga, G. saugen, Suffocate. (L-) From pp. of L.
Du. zjiigen.']|3. The A. S. silcaji is nate suffocare.
cog- to choke ; lit. to squeeze the
with L. sfigere,W. sugno, to suck, throat. L. st{f-( for sub), under; fauc-, "

O.Irish silg-im, 1 suck ; cf. O. Ir. and W. stem oifauc-es, sb. pi., gullet, throat.
sz"g, Gael, L. siicus,
sttgh, juice;see culent.
Suc- Suffrage,a
vote. (F.-L.) Y. suffrage.
Brugm. i. " 112. suffrdgium,
" L. a vote, suffrage.

suction. U'- L.) " "M. Y. suction. Suffusion. (F.-L.) Y. suffusion. ^l..
Formed i^as if from L. from
*suctio) L. !su^'usidnem, ace. of suffusto,a pourmg
oi sugere,\o i\\ck.
suct-us,-^'i(). over. L. suffiisus,
"
pp. of suffundere, to

Sudatory, sweating-bath.(L.) a L. ![:!Ourover. L. suf-(forsub),under,also

"

'

sudatorium, a sweating-bath;neut. of over ; yi/"^^r"?,

to pour. See Fuse (i).
for sweating.
suddtorius, ser^'ing " L. Sugar. (F. "
Span. Arab. "Pers.
" "

suddtor-,stem of suddtor, a sweater." ISkt.) F. j-z^^rr^. "

Span, acwrar. Arab. "

h. sildd-re,
to sweat; with suffix -tor (of^nssokkar;
ior al,the,sokkar,sakkar,sugar.
theagent). Cognatewith E. Sweat. "Vers, s/iakar. " Skt. carkard, gTavel,also
Sudden. (F. L.) ^l.Y.sodaifi.'-O.Y. \candied sugar.
"
Prob. allied to Skt. kar-
sodain,sudain (F. sotidain).[Cf.Ital. i km-a-, hard.
subitaneo,subitano, sudden.] Late L. ; Suggestion. -
(F. L.)
" Y . suggestion.
528
 SUICIDE SUMMONS

= 1 .
2CC. suggestionem.^'L.
suggestus,pp. Sulphur. L. L. sulphur. Cf. also
of suggerere, bring under, supply, -"^.--L. cuizdri-, sulphur.
to

suggest. L. stig- ^for sub),under ; gerere,

" Sultan. (F. Arab. F. sultan Arab. "
"

to bring. See Gerund. sultan, \ictorious, also a ruler, prince;

Suicide, self-murder; one who dies urig. dominion.' Cf. Chaldee sholtdn, "

by his own hand. (F. L.) A word coined dominion, Der." sultan-a. from Ital. sul-
tana,
in England (before A.D. 1750), but on fem. of sultano, sultan, from Arab.
a F. n odel ; yet the F. suicide was sultan.
Lorrowed from us. Like homicide, the Sultry, Sweltry, very hot and pressive.
op-
word has a double meaning, (ij answerinc: ,L. i- the older form,
^tiv//r)'
to L. *suicidium, from L. sui, of himself, and is short for from the verb
szielter-y,
and -cJdium, a slaying,from cadere, to to swelter ^^L E. swelteren,sivalteren).
slay; (2}=L. ^suicida, from L. of
x?/;", ALain, swelter ;s form from
a frei^uentative

himself,and -cida. a. slayer. See Caesvira. M. E. suelten, to swoon, faint,die. A. S. "

Suit. (F. L,} F\ jttzVif, a pursuit,

" suit sueltan, to die. + O. Sax s^celtan ; Icel.
at law, also a suite or following.' Late '
" svelta (pt. t- svalt Dan. suite. Swed. ,

L. *seqtiiia, variant of secta (L. secHia ,

svdlta : Goth, swiltan, to die. Cf. Icel.
a following,a sect, a suite, a suit at sultr,Dan. suit, hmger, famine ; from the
law, suit of clothes,set, "c. ; see Sect. weak grade *svndt '"*sult. Also O.H.G.
suite. (F. L.y Y. suite; see above. " schivelzan,to Lure, to be consumed by fire
Sulcated, furrowed. (L.) h.sulcdius, or love. The Tent, root *swelt- seems to

pp. of su'.cdre, to furrow. L. sulctts,a "

!be an extension of *swel-, to bum, as in
furrow. + Gk, oAxos, a furrow ; from I A- S. swelan, to bum, perishwith heat,
%\KiLv, to draw along; cf. A. S. sulh, a 1 Lith. swilti, to shine,bum, Skt. sz-ar,
plough. : M. Du.
splendour. zoel,' sultrie.'Hexhairt.
silently sullen. (E. total. (F. L. M. E. Sum, amount,
Sulky, obstinate, "
"

Not form,but deduced from the sb. sumvie.

an old F, somme. L. sunima, sum, i
" "

sulkiness,by dropping -ness. However, !chief part, amount ; orig.fcm. of summus

sulkiness is itselfa corrupt form for sulken- \(*sup-mus),highest, superl.form from sub
'
ness, formed by adding -tuss to the adj. ("*jw/), above. Brugm. i. " 762. Der.
sulken. This appears as A. S. solcen, suT/im-ar-y, sb.,from F sommaire, .
'
a sum-

slothful,remiss ; chietlyin the comp. mrir}/Cot., from L. summdrium, a sum-

also be-solcen,with a
d-solcen, like sense. mar\-.

The sulkiness, Siunacll, a

sb. dsolcennes, sloth,disgust, | tree. T. Span. Arab."
" "

is word. p. Further, F sumac, ^i. " sumach. Span,zumaque.

quite a common .
"

a-solcen was the pp. o: a strong verb "'a-seol- Arab, " suvinidq, a speciesof shrub,
to be slothful or languid. Cf. Skt. sumach.
can,
srj,to let flow,let loose. Summer i),hot season. (E.) M. E.
Sxilleil,morose. T. "
L. Orig.soli-
tary, soTJier. sunier. A. S. sumer. snmor.^Du.
M. E. solain,\zovier, Icel. sumar, Dan. soinmer, Swed.
hating company.
of food for G. O. H. G. sumar.
; also, a
siilain.solitary mess sommar, sommer,

one person. b.F. solain, lonely; given Further allied to O. Irish sam, samrad,
"

as
'
a pittancefor one monk in Roquefort, O. Welsh ham, W. kaf,Zend hama, sum-
' mer

and in Ducange, s. v. solatium (5 Late : Skt. samd, a year. Brugm. i. " 436. .
"

in sense to O. F. Sum.m.er 2 a beam ; see Sirmpter.

L. *sdldnus ; equivalent ,

soltain. solitary^ Late L. solitdneiis,

rare. " Siim.m.erset ; see Somersault.
Sol Sumjuit, -op. F. L.I Y.sommet,
L. solus,alone; see 3 3\ "

E.^ M. E. Dimi:.. of O. F. sovi, top of a hill."

SuUy, to tarnish, spot. top.
suiien. A. S. lit.to
defile,
sylian,to sully, L. summum, highestpoint,neut. of sum-
mus.

vwith the usual highest: Sum.

bemire. Formed change see

Teut. from A. S. Summon. F.-L.) A. F. scmmoner

from u (," A. S. o loy)
sol,mud, mire. p. But it is doubtful if Gocefroy ; O. F". somoner (Roquefort;,
And earlyaltered to semoner and semondre (F.
M. E. suiien is the same word. ifj L. summonire;
not, it must be from *
M. F. souiller, to 1 semondre^ to summon. ,
"

privily. L. sum-
remind for sub)^
soil, slurry, durty, smutch,' Cotgrave. to "

under, privily
: monere. to remind.
See further under Soil (2), which is ,

a doublet. summons, sb. (F\ L.) M. E. j^ot- "

 SUMPTER SUPERIOR

otcns. m- A. F. somons, earlier somonse, fem. ; to sup, drink in. + Du. znipen,Icel.
'
M. F. semonce, a warning,summons,' supa, Swed. supa, G. saiifen,
O. H. G.
Cot. ; orig.the fem. of the pp. of the verb sufan.
somoner, semondre (above \ % Thus the Super-, prefix.
(L.) L. sziper,
above ;
final s of summons is not due to L. stim- cf. L. superus, upper. For s-uperus ;
moneds, as some have suggested. where s- Gk. l^-; see Sub-.
corresponds
to

Sumpter, a pack-horse.(F. Low " L. Cf. Gk. vTTip, above ; vtto, from under ;
"
Gk.) Siimpter is a derivative from Skt. upari,above, allied to upara-, upper,
M. E. saner, a pack-horse, which must be comparativeoi upa, near, close to.
first considered, p. M. E. somer is from Superannuate. (L.) Formerly(and
O. F. somier,sommier, a pack-horse,the better)superannate. " Late L. superaH'
same as Late L.
sagmdrius,corruptly sal- ndttcs,orig. that has lived beyond a year.
mdrius, a pack-horse. Gk. aa."^^.^a,a L. super, beyond; annus,
"- a year." See
pack-saddle.Gk. aaTniv " (base aaK-), to Annals.
pack, fasten on a load, orig.to fasten. Superb. (F. L.) F. superbe. L. - -.

y. Hence E. siimpter,which orig.meant superbus,proud ; one who thinks himself

(not a pack-horse,but) a pack-horse- above others. For *s7iper-fu-os, one who
driver,baggage-carrier.O. F. sommetier, is above (cf.I^.fu-I,
" I was); Brugm. ii.
a pack-horse-driver; answering to a Late " 4. L. super, above. See Super-. "

L. *sagmatariiis, for which Ducange has Supercargo. (L.; and Span. C.) -

summatarhis, saumateritis. Gk. oay^iaT-, From L. super, above ; and Span,cargo, a

"

stem oi aayim (above). 8. The old word freight.vSuggested by Span,sobrccargo, a

summer, a beam, was so called from its supercargo ; where sobre " L. super. See
bearinga great weight,and is the same as Cargo.
M.E. somer (above); cf. F. sommier, 'a Supercilious, disdainful. (L.) From
summer,'Cot. Hence
E. bressomer,familiar L. supercili-u7n,
(i) an eyebrow, (2)
form of breast-Slimmer, a beam placed haughtiness,as expressedby raisingthe
breastwise,to support a superincumbenteyebrows. L. super, above; cil-ium,eye-
"
lid,
wall. "y I explainsumpter in K. Lear, ii. allied to Gk. rd KvXa, the parts under
4. 219, as meaning 'pack-horse-driver';
the eyes (Prellwitz).
a man, not a horse. Supererogation. (L.) From ace. of
Sumptuary, relating to expenses. (L.) Late L. sttpererogdtio, that which is done
L. sumptndriiis, adj.from szmiptu-s,ex- pense. beyond what is due. L. supererogdre,to "

See below. pay out in excess. L. super, beyond ; "?, "

sumptuous, costly. (F. -L.) Y.somp- out ; rogdre, to ask. (L. erogdre to lay =

tueux (Coi.)'-'1^.siimpiuoszis, costly.L. out, expend.) See Rogation.

"

siwiptus, expense. L. snmptus, pp. of

"
Superficies. (L.) L. superficies, face,
sur-

sumere, to take, use, spend; a derivative outer face. L. super, above ; fades, "

from emere, to take. Brugm. i. " 240. face.

Sun. (E.) M. E. Sonne. A. S. sunne, Superfine. (F.-L.) From L. super,
fem. sb.+Du. zon, G. sonne, Goth, snnno, above ; a.n(^fine (i).
all feminine ; Tent, type *sunndn-, fem. Superfluous, excessive. (L.)L.super-
% Cf. Icel. sol,Swed. Dan. sol, L. sol,Jlu-us,overflowing ; with suffix -ous. L. "

(joth. sanil, Lith. saule, W. haul, Gk. super, over; fiuere, to flow ; see Fluent.
Tje\ioii}\ios), Skt. siira-,surya-, the sun. Der. supejfiui-ty, F. stipe7fiuite, from L.
Der. Sun-day, A. S. sunnan-dag. ace. superjluitatefn.
Sunder, to divide. (E.) A. S. syndrian, Superinduce. (L.) 'L.super, beyond;
-sundrian,to put asunder. A. S. sundor, and in-duccre,
" to induce. See Induce.
adv., asunder,apart.-J-Icel. sujidra,Dan. Superintendent, an overseer. (F. -

sbndre, Swed. s'ondra, G. sondern, to L.) M. F. superintenda7it ; Cot. L. super-

intendent- "

sunder; from Icel. stmdr, Dan. Swed. stem of pres. pt, of superinten-
sonder,a.dv.,
apart, G. sonder,adj.,separate. dere, to superintend. L. super^ above ; "

Cf. Gk. anp ( for *s3nter),without ; allied intendere,to apply the mind to ; see
to Gk. dv(v,L. sine,without. Brugm. i. Intend.
" .Soo. Superior. (F. " L.) Formerly supe-
Sup, to imbibe, lap riour. up. (E.) M. E. " M. F. superiorem,
superieur.'^'L.
soupen. A. S. siipati t. seap,pp. sopen).
(pt. ace. of from
higher; comparative
superior,
530
 SUPERLATIVE SURCEASE

snperus,high,which is itselfan
souple,supple, pliant.L. suppiicem^ old
ace. parative
com- "

form. of supplex,with the old sense

See Super-. of bending '

Superlative. (F.-L.) Y.superlatif, under.' L. S2ip-{'p-sub,, under; piic-, as "

Cot. L. superlatmus
" as a grammatical seen m plic"re, to fold. See Ply.
,

term. L. superlotus,
" excessive,lit. borne Supplement. (F. L.) F. suppU- '
-

beyond.' L. super, beyond ; latus,pp. of t7ient ; Cot.

" 1^. supple/ftcntutn a filling "
,

toilere,
to bear. (VTEL.) See Tolerate. up. L. supplcre, to fillup. L. sup- {sub), " "

Supernal. (F. L.) lA.Y. stipernel, up ; plere,to fill. See Plenary.

"

'
'
supernall; Cot. Answeringto a Late L. Suppliant. (F. L.) F. suppliant, -

'^stiperndlis,from L, supern-ns, upper ; pres. pt. o[ supplier, to pray humbly. L. "

from super above ^ ; see Super-. supplicare

; see below.
Supernatural. (L.) From \.. super, supplicate. (L.)Frompp. of L. sup-
plicare,
beyond ; and from
7iatural,adj., nature. beseech. L. supplic-,
to stem of "

Supernumerary. (F.-L.) M. F. supplex,bending under or down, beseech-

ing
supernu})ierairc(Cot.). L. siipermtmerd- "
; see Supple.
rius, excessive in number. L. super, "
Supply. (F. L.^ Formerly sttpploy "

beyond ; nunierus, number. (Levins). O. Y, Y supplier,

supploier, " to .

Superscription. (F.-L.) M.F. supply; Cot. L. to fillup ; see

supplere, "

superscription;Cot. L. ace. superscriptSupplement.

"

tioncni. \j.superscriptus,
"
pp. oi superscrl- Support. (F.-L.) ^LE. supporten.
bere,to write above L. super, F. supporter. Y. supportare, to carry
or over. " " "

to write ; see Scribe.

above ; scribere, to a place;in Late L., to endure. L. "

Supersede. (F. L.) O.Y. superseder, sup- {sub),

"
near; portdre, to carry. See
to leave off,desist (henceto suspend or Port (1).
defer a matter). L. supersedere,
" to sit Suppose. (F. L. a7id Gk.i F. sup- "

to presideover, desist
refrain, from. poser, to imagine. L. sup- {sztb),
under,
upon, "

" L. super, upon ; sedere, to sit. See

place,put. See Pose. near ; Y. poser, to
Sedentary. Der. supersess-ion (from pp. Supposition. (F.-L.) Y. supposition.
supcrsess-tis) ; cf. sU7rease. L. ace. suppositid7ie7n. L. suppositus, " "

Superstition. (F.-L.) F. tion." Tpi^.oi

supersti- szippdne7-e.suppose.
to Y.siip- {sub), "

\^. ace. super stitionem,a standing near to

; po7ze7-e, place. See Position.

near a thing,amazement, dread,religious Suppress. (L-) From L. supp7-essus,

scruple. L. superstit-,stem of pp. ot supprit7ie7-e,to suppress. L. sup- "

awe, "

superstes,one who stands near, a witness. {sub) under ,

to
; p7-einere, press. See Press,
" L. super, above, near; statiim, supine Suppurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
oi stare,to stand. suppii7-d7'eto gather pus underneath."
,

Superstructure. (L.^ From L. per,

su- L. sup- (sub), under; pfir-, for pils,
above ; and StructuLre. matter. See Pus.
(L.) L. to above,
Supra-, prefix, i L.) L. szipi-d,
Supervene. sziperuenlre,
come upon or over, to follow, occur. " L. above,adv. and prep. ; allied to supe7-us,
super, beyond; uenlre, to come. See upper; see Super-. 'DQv.sup7-a-7nu7ida7
Venture. see Mundane.

Supervise ; see Vision. Supreme. (F.-L.) Y. suprhne. Y. "

Supine, on one's back, lazy. (L.) L. supre77ius,highest. Sup7-e-musis from

L. '^sup, *sup7-e,an adverb, with suffix -i7ius ;
supinus, lyingon one's back. "

Wrwg. ii. This '*sup7'i is allied to

orig. form of sub, up ; with suffix-inus. " 75.
L. super., above.
Supper. (F.-Teut.) yi.Y,soper,-
O. F. soper(F.souper),a supper. It is the Sur- ;I),prefix.(L.) For sub before
infin. mood used as a sb. O. F. soper,to r ; only in sur-7-eptitio\is,
" sur-7-ogate.
Low G. Icel. Sur- (2), p refix.(F.-L.) F. 5-"r, above.
sup (F.souper). supen, " silpa,
Swed. supa, to sup. See Sup. L. super, above. See Super-. "

Supplant. (F.-L.) Y suppkmter.- Surcease" to cease, cause to cease.in

.

L. supplajitare, to put something under (F. L.) Not allied to cease (except "

the sole of the foot,tripup, overthrow. popular etymology). A corruptionof "

'

L. sup- (" sub),under; planta,sole ; see O. F. su7-sis, masc, su7-sise, fern., sur-
ceased,

intermitted ;' Cot. This word was

Plant.
also used as a sb., signify
to
*
delay'; hence
Supple. (F.-L.) yi,Y.souple.^Y.
53J
 SURCHARGE SURROGATE

surcease, vb., to delay. Sursis is the pp. Surmise, an imagination, guess. (F.
*
of O. F. stirseoir, Cot.
to surcease, delay,' "

L.) O. F. surmise, an accusation,

" L. supersedere, to desist from, hence to charge; orig.fem. of surmis, pp. of sur-
delay proceedings
; see Supersede. to put upon, layto one's charge.
77ietire, "

Surcharge, sb.{".-!..and C.) F. F. sur, above ; ifiettre,

to put. L. super, "

surrharge,an "F. J'wr (-"L.

over-charge. above; mittere,to send, put. See Mis- sile.

super), above; and Charge.

Surd, having no rational root (in Surmount. (F. L.) " Y.surmonter.^
mathematics).(L.) L. stcrdus,deaf; F. sur il^.supc)-), above ; monter, to mount ;
hence,deaf to reason, irrational. Surdus see Mount vi).
also means dim ; and connexion \i\\.\i
sordid Surname. (F. L. ; and E.) From -

is possible.Brugm. i. " 362. F. sur (L. super),above, over ; and E.

Sure. (F. L.) O. F. seiir (F.st^r),Name.
-

earliest form segur. lj. securus\ see cure. Surpass.

Se-
" (F. L.) F. stirpasser, to "

Doublet, secure. excel. " F. sur (L.super),beyond ; passer,

Surf, the of the waves
foam on the to pass ; see Pass,
shore. (E.) r is intrusive
The ; spelt Surplice. (F. L.) 'M..'E.stupHs." "

suffe,w ith the sense of '

rush,'in Hak- F. surplis; Cot. Late L. superpelliceum, "

V
luyt's oyages, ed. J 598, vol. ii.pt.i. 227 : a surplice. L. super, over ; pelliceus, "

'
The suffe of the sea [sweep or rush of the made of skins, from iellis, a skin; see
inflowingwave]setteth her [araft's]lading Pelisse.
'
dry on land.' I suppose suffeto be the Surplus. (F. -
L.) F. surplus,an
same as sough '
of the sea,'also spelt over-plus;'Cot. " Late L. sttperplus,
a

souf,souch Jamieson. M. E. swough, residuum.

in L. super, above ; plUs,more. "

from swoughen,siuozueu, to make a rushing See Plural.

noise. Cf. ' the swogh of the see,' Morte Surprise, sb. (F.-L.) O.Y.sorprise,
Arth. 759. A. S. swogatt, to make
" a surprise,a takingunawares. Fem. of
rushingnoise ; see Sough. sojpris,pp. of sorprendre, surprendre,o t

Surface. L.) ". surface, upper surprise. L. SJiper,upon ; prehendere,

(F. "
"

face. " above ; face,

F. sur, face. L. super, to seize,from prce, before, " and -Jiendere,
above ; fades,face. See Pace. to seize. See Prehensile.
Surfeit, sb. ^F. L.) O. F. surfait, Surrebutter.
-
(F.-L. and O. H. G.)
sorfait, excess ; orig.pp. of sorfaire, to A legalterm, meaning an answer or reply
augment, exaggerate. L. super, above ; to a rebut.
" From F. sur (L.super), upon,
to make. See Fact. in replyto ; and M.F. rebouter, to rebut, the
facere,
Surge, the (F. L.) infin.mood beingused as a sb. See Bebut.
swell of waves. "

'
*
Surge of the Palsgrave,And see Surrejoinder.
see, uague ;
Coined from O. F. stem sourge-, as in Surrejoinder. (F.-L.) K rejoinder
'
sourge-ant,pres. pt. of soui'dre, t o rise." in reply. The plaintiff may answer him
L. surgere { sur-j'igere =i.e. '^sub-regere), by rejoinder',
a upon which the defendant
,

to rise. L. sub, up ; regere, to direct. may

"
rebut ; and the plaintiffmay answer
See Regent. him surrebutter ; ' Blackstone, Com-
by a ment,
Surgeon, contracted form of chirur- b. iii,c. 20, From F. stir, upon, in
Chirurgeon. So also Gascon replyto ; and F. rejoindre, to rejoin, used
geon; see
surgen, a surgeon ; O. F. surgien(Gode- as a sb. See Rejoin.
froy) Der.
. surgical, short for chirurgical ; Surrender. (F.-L.) O.Y.surrejidre,
surgery., corruption of M. E. surgenry., i.e. to give up. F. stir (L. super),above ; "

or of O.F. cirurgerie. rendre, to render, from L. reddere,to

surgeon-ry,
Surloiu see Sirloin. restore. See Render.
;
Surly, proud, churlish. (E.) Spelt Surreptitious. (L.)L. surrcptiti-us,
serly(^Levins) ; syrly, Spenser, Shep.Kal. better stirreptTcitts, done stealthily ; with

July,203. Prob. from A. S. *sur-llc,lit. suffix -ous.^1^. stirrepttim,s upine of sur-

'
sour-like.' We find sowre, meaning 'mo- rose' ripere, to pilfer,purloin, L. sur- (stib), "

(Baret) ; see Sour. Cf. G. sauer, under, secretly ; rapere, to seize. See
sour, surly; Swed. Dan. syrlig,sourish. Rapid.
Surrogate, a substitute. (L.) L. stir-
*
Also M. E. surdagh, sour dough ; Wrt. *

Tocab. 663. 22. rogdtus,pp. of surrogdre, to elect in place

53^
 SWAGGER SWAY

a swaddling band - lit. 'that which

; bacon, rind. Green-sward is the grassy
'
swathes ; cf. O. H. G. swedil,a bandage; coveringof the land,green turf (ofScand.
see Swathe. +Du. zwoord,rind of bacon ; Icel.
origin).
Swagger. (Scand.) Frequentativeof sv'6r6r,skin, sward, g"-assvdrdr,green-
sward
swag, to sway from side to side.
'
I szvagge, ; Dan.
Jleskesvdr,flesh sward^ -

as a fatte persons belly sivaggeth as he gr'6nsvce7'd,

green-sward;G. schwarte,xvcA^
'
goth; Palsgrave. Norw. svagga, ^ to bark,skin.
swag ; cf. Icel. sveggja, Swarm. '
to cause to sway. (E.) A. S. swearm ; lit. that
'
Swag is allied to sway ; see Sway. which hums ; from y'SWER, to hum,
Swain. (Scand.) Icel. sveinn,a boy, buzz, as in Skt. sv^', to sound,
svara-, voice,
lad, servant; Sued. sve?i, Dan. svend, a L. susurrus, a hum ; G. schwirren,to buzz.
swain, servant. +Low G. sween ; O. H. G. -f-Du. zwertn, Icel. svarmr, Dan. svmrm,
swein^a swine-herd ; A. S. swan, a herd.
swine- Swed. svdrm, G. schwarm. Cf. Lith.
Tent, type *swainoz; allied ',by surma, a pipe. Brugm. i. " 375 (8).

gradation)to *sweinom,A. S. i-z"y/;?,a

swine, Swart, Swarthy. (E.) The proper
' '
pig. Thus swine-herd was the orig.form wa.ss7varl,afterwards xz^ar///,
whence
sense. swarth-y. M.'K. sxoart. A.S.swearl.-^
Swallow (II, a bird. (E.) A. S. Du. zwart, Icel. svartr^ Dan. sort,Swed.
sweaiwe.-^Dn. zwaluw, Icel. svala,Dan. svart, G. Schwartz, Goth, swarts. Cf.
svale,Swed. svala, G. schivalbe. Teut. A. S. sweorcan, to grow dark.
type ^swalwon, f. Cf. E. Fries, srvdlke, Swarth, a quantity of grass cut down
Low G. swaalke,a swallow. at one stroke of the scythe.(E.) In Tw.
Swallow (2),to absorb. (E.) M. E. Nt. ii. 3. 162. An error for swath, as in
sweljen,swelwen, swol^hen,swolwen; A.S. Troil. V. 5. 25. See Swath.
swelgan, to swallow, strong verb, pt. t. Swash, to strike forcibly. (E.) Of
swealk, pp. swolgen. -4-Du. zwelgen,Icel. imitative origin. Cf. Swed. dial, svasska,
svelgja,Dan. sv(vlge,Swed. svdlja,G. to make a swashing noise,as when one
schwelgen.(The weak and strong fornas walks with water in the shoes. It stands
are confused.) Der. groundsel,q. v. for *svak-sa ; cf.Norweg. svakka, to make
Swamp. (Scand.)Not an old vi^ord in a noise like water under the feet ; prov.
E. " Dan. Swed. svavip,a sponge, fungus; E. sivack,a blow, fall,
swacking,crushing,
(henceappliedto swampy ground,which huge. Der. swash-buckler,
one who strikes
is the usual E. use); Icel. svoppr,a sponge. or flourishes his shield.
Cf. G. sumpf, a swamp (whence Du. Swath, a row of mown grass. (E.) A S. .

somp) ; allied to M. H.G. swam, swamp, swceS, a track ; swadu, track,foot-track,

a
G. schwamin^ a sponge, fungus; Goth. trace. E. Fries, swad, a swath. +Du.
swatfwis, sponge; Low G.swam??i, stvamp, zwad, zwade, (Sewel); G. schwad.
a swath
fungus; Du. zzvam, A. S. szvamm, fungus.The sense of '
is original
mown ; cf.
grass
'

We find also prov. E. swank, stvang, a Low G. szvad,a swath, swade, a scythe.
swamp ; Swed. dial, svank. The earliest meaning may have been
Swan. (E.) A.S. swan. '\-T"\x.
zwaan.
'
shred '
or
' '
slice ; cf. Norweg. svada,vb",
Icel. svanr, Dan. svane, Swed. svan, G. to flake
and neut.,to shred or slice off, act.
schwan. The form resembles that of Skt.
off. Franck suggeststhat swath answers
svan, to resound,sound,sing(L.sondre). to an Idg.pp. form '^swa-to-, from the root
swan-hopping, takingup swans to of the verb to sway ; with reference to the
mark them. (E.) The usual explanation,
sweep of a scythe.
that it stands for swan-upping,is right. Swathe, to enwrap, bandage. (E.)
See old tract on tipping
\n Hone, Every-day M. E. swat hen \ also swethen. From a

Book, ii. 958. From the prep. up. base swath- ; whence A. S. siveSel {sivceHl),
Swap, to strike. (E.) M. E. swappen, a ; be-swe'Qian,
swaddling-band to enwrap.
to strike; also,to go swiftly.E. Fries. Cf. O. H. G. swedil, swithel,a bandage;
swappen, to strike with a noise, from szbap, M. H. G. swede, a plaster.
a slap,noise of a blow ; cf. Low G. szvaps, Sway, to swing, rule over.
incline, (E.)
interj,
crack !,said of a slap. Imitative; M. E. siveiyen. E. Fries, swdien, swdjen,
cf. slap,whap ;
prov. E. swack,a blow. to sway about, to swing. Cf. Swed. svaja,
Sward. (E.) It orig.meant skin, rind, to jerk,Dan. svaie,Du. zwaaijen, to sway,
or covering. A. S. sweard, the skin of swing. Allied to Swagger.
534
 SWEAR SWINE

Swear. (E.)M. E. sweren. A. S. swer- sxvearf,

pp. s7uorfen,
to rub, file,
polish
iati,pt.t. swor^ pp. sworen, to + Du.
swear. (hence to move to and fro,to turn
swiftly
zweren, Icel. Dan.
sverj'a, svarge, Swed. aside in moving).+Du.""r/z'^",to swerve,
svdrja, G. schworen. Allied to Goth.
wander, riot,rove ; O, Sax. swertati,to
*
swaran, Icel. svara, to Orig. to wipe ; O. Fries, swerva,
answer. to rove ; Icel.
c
speak loudly;' f.Skt. svara-, sound, voice. sverfa(pt. svarf),
t. to file; O. H. G.
See Swarm. (y'SVVER.) Der. answer. swcrban, to run round, whirl round; Goth.
Sweat, sb. and vb. (K.) M. E. swoot, bis7vairban,\.o wipe. Teut. type *swerban-,
sweat, sb. ; whence sweten, to sweat. A. S. pt. t. *swa7'b, pp. *szvurbanoz. Cf. E.
sxvdt,sb. ; whence swCetan, vb. The A. S. Fries, swarven, to wander,Swed. svar/va,
swcetan became M. E. sweien, and should to (urn.
be mod. E. swei, the vowel having been Swift. (E.^ A.S. swt/t. Vrom swi/',
shortened ; similarly A. S. Icetan " M. E, weak giade of A. S. swi/an, to move
leten "" mod. E. let. The spelling sweat quickly: with suffix -/ (Idg. -tos). Cf.
is now unsuitable. The A. S. sb. swat Icel. svl/a,
to rove, turn, sweep ; O. H. G.
would now be sivote,but has been super-
seded srveibon,
to move or turn quickly. Teut.
by the verb. + Du. zweet, sb. ; Icel. base *s7veib.
Dan. sved,Swed.
sveiti, svelt,G. schweiss. Swill, to wash dishes,drink greedily.
Teut. stem *szvaito-. Allied to L. sudor. (K.) M. E.
swilien. A. S. swilian, to
sweat; G. Ihioj,
I sweat, iZpws,sweat ; W. wash. Der. swill, sb.,hog's-wash; whence
chwys, sweat ; Skt. sveda-, sweat, from swill,vb., to drink like a pig.Rich. Ill,
svid,to sweat. (V^WEID.) See Suda-
tory. v. 2. 9.
Brugm. i. " 331 c. Swim (i\ to move about in water. (E.)
Sweep, vb. (E.) M. E. swepen. A A. S. sivitji/nan.pt.t. szuamtn.-J^TyvL.
zwem-

weak verb, formed from the base swiep-, men, Icel. svimvia, Dan. svomvie, Swed.
as in swcepd,3 p. s. pres. t. of A.S. swdpan, sinima ; G. schwivimen. Teut. type *swe"i-
to sweep. Cf. also O. Fries, swepa, to man-, pt. t. *swamni, pp. ^siouynmanoz.
sweep ; E. Fries, swepen (pt. swepde),
t. Swim (2),to be dizzy. (E.) From
to swing,Bway, vibrate. Cf. Icel. sopa., M.E. stvivie, a dizziness. A.S. szvir?ia,
to sweep, M. Swed. sivepa, Swed. a swoon, swimming in the head. -^ Du.
sopa. From Teut. base *swaip-; seen zwijvi,a swoon ; E. Fries, swim ; cf. Icel.
also in O. H. G. sweifan (pt.t. swief), svinii,dizziness, Dan. sviiiile, giddy,
to be
whence G. schweifeu, to rove, stray,sweep besvime,to swoon ; Swed. svimvia,to be
; Pomeran. swi-
along; Icel. svetpa, to sweep along, a dizzy,swivining.swoon
weak verb, from an old verb svTpa (pt.t. men, to swoon ; Low G. swiviebi, to
sveip,pp. *svipinn).Teut. root *sweip. reel (Danneil). |3. A. S. szvivia =

i. " the real base is *swi {*swei);

See Swoop, Swipe. Brugm. swi-ma 701.
;
Sweet. (E.) M.E. sivete,with by-forms whence also O. H. G. szvinan, lo decreas-e,
S7vote,sote. A.S. swete, sweet (for*swdti-) ; disappear,allied to
Swed. svindel. G.
swote, adv. sweetly. + O. Sax. swoti, Du. schwindel, dizziness ; Sw"A.Jorsvinna, to

sod, Swed. sot, G. disappear,Icel. svina, to subside (as a

zoet.,Icel. satr, Dan.
Qto\\\.suts. p. From swelling). The orig. notion is that of
siiss^O.W.Q.siiozi',
the please; whence failure,givingway, subsidence, "c. ; see
Idg. VSWAD, to
Skt. svad,svdd,to taste,eat,jjl^^, svddu-, swindler.
sweet, Gk. 77^1;?,L. stidiiis. See Suave. swindler, a cheat. ;G.) XVIIlcent.
sweetheart. (E.) M.E.szveteherte, G. schwindkr an extravagantprojector,
"
,

lit.sweet heart,i.e.dear love ; see Chaucer, a swindler. G. schwindeln, to be dizzy, "

Troil. iii.11 81, 1210, and last line. act thoughtlessly. G. sch-winden, to decay, "

Swell. (E.) M. E. swellen,pt. t. swal. sink,vanish,h^. + A. S. sivindan,pt. t.

sivand, to languish allied to O. H. G.
A. S. swellan, pt. t. sweall,pp. swollen.'^- ;
Du. zwellen, Icel. svella,Swed. svdlla,G. stuinau, to fail. See above.
Teut. Swine, pig,pigs. (E.) M.E.
schwellen. type *swellan-, pt. t. a sow,
*swall, pp. *swullanoz. Cf. Goth, uf- szvin, both pi. A. S. swTn, a
sing,and
swalleins,a swellingup. Brugm. i. " 903. pig; pi. swin, swine. + Du. zwijn, a
Swelter ; see Sultry. swine, hog; Icel. svin, ; 1. svin ] Dan.

Swerve, to turn aside. (E.) M. E. sviin,pi.sviin ; Swed. svin,G. schwein,

pt.t. O. H. G. swTn\ Goth, swein, neut. sb.
sweruen \swei-ven). S. sweorfan,
A.

635
 SWING SYCAMORE
'

sing.
; Teut. type *swTnom^ neut. So also Du . swick, '
aswich,or a whip ; Hexham ;
Russ. svineya, a swine, svinka, a pig, cf. Low G. zwukse (Hanov. swutsche),a
svinoi,swinish. All diminutive or adjec-
tival long thin rod. The M. Du. szvick is not
forms, like L. sinniis (Varro),re-
lated Low G., but borrowed from Bavar. zzoick,
to swine,fromi-^j, a sow. See Sow. the lash of a whip, allied to G. zwecke,a
Brugm. i. " 95. tack,wooden peg (Franck).
Swing. (E.) M. E. swingen, pt. t. Swivel, a link turningon a pinor neck.
STvang, pp. swungen. A. S. swingan,pt. t. (E.) Spelt swiuell
in Minsheu (1627);
szaang, pp. swungen, to scourge, also to
suffix -el,from swif-, weakformed,with
lly,flutter, flapwith the wings.-+"Swed.
grade of A. S. swifan, to move quickly
svinga,Dan. svinge,to swing, whirl ; G. (revolve"). Allied to Swift. Lit. sense
schivingen; of. also Goth, af-swaggivja^t,that which readilyrevolves.' Cf Icel.
'

to cause to doubt
despair.Teut. type sveifla,
or to spinround ; from svifa,to turn.
*swengwan-,pt. t. ^swangw, pp. ^swujtg- Brugm. i. " 818(2).
ivanoz. Swoon, to faint. (E.) M. E. swounen,
swinge, to beat,whip. (E.) M. E. swoghenen,szuoweneti, to swoon. Formed
swengen. A. S. sivengan, to dash, strike (with formative n, usuallywith a passive
(cf.sweng, a blow) ; the causal form of sense, as in Goth, verbs in -nan) from
Swing. As if '
to flourish a whip.' M.
E. swowen, swoghen, to swoon, to sigh
swingle, a staff for dressingflax. deeply,also to sough, sigh. This is a

(M. Du.) M. E.
swinglen,to beat flax; strong verb,from A. S. szvogan, to move
sivingle,vi s vvingle. From M. Du. sivingelenor sweep along noisily, ,
to sough, to sigh
or
'
swhigen, to Iteate flax,' Hexham ; see as the wind, a strong verb, of which the
Swing. Cf. A. S. szvingele, a scourging ; pp. geswogen occurs with the actual sense
'
E. Fries, swengel,G. schwengel, a pump- of in a swoon.' Se Iseg '
geswogen he *
=-

handle. in
lay a swoon, ^Ifric's Hom. ii.336. So
swingle-tree, the bar that swingsat also A. S. geswowung, a swooning, A. S.
the heels of harnessed horses. (E.) M. E. Leechdoms, ii. 176, 1. 13. Cf Low G.
swmgle-tre. M. E. swingle,
" a beater, but swbgen, to sigh, swtigten, to swoon ;
lit.'a swinger,' or that which swings; tre, Lith. swag'eti, to resound. Allied to
a piece of wood ; see Tree. Cf. Du. Sough, q.v.
zwengel, a swing; Low G. swengel Swoop, vb. (E.) M. E. swopen, usually
(Danneil), G. schwengel, a swingle-tree. in the sense to sweep. [The o, orig.open
Swink, to toil. (E.) Obsolete ; once ("A. S. a) became close owing to the
very common. A.S. swincan, pt.t. swanc, precedingzv?\ A. S. swdpan, to sweep
pp. swuncen, to labour, work hard. From along,rush,swoop ; also,to sweep (pt.t.
the violent action ; allied to Swing. Cf sweop, pp. szvdpen).+ Icel. sveipa,to
Du. zzvenk,a swing,a turn ; G. schwenken, sweep, swoop ; sopa,to sweep ; G. schwei-
to swing,whirl about. fen, to rove. Base *swaip, allied to
Swipe, to strike with a sweepingstroke. 2nd grade of
'^swaip, Teut. ""'"sweipafi-,
as

(E.) Allied to M. E. swippen; A.S. in O. Icel. svipa, to move quickly. See

szvipian,
swzppan, to scourge, heat, from Sweep.
*swip-,weak grade of Teut. '^sweipan- ; Sword. (E.) M.'E.swerd. A.St. sweord.
cf. Icel. sveipa,to sweep, swoop. Cf "f-Du. zwaard, Icel. sve?-S,Dan. svcerd,
A. S. szvipe,a whip ; Icel. svipa, to whip, Swed. svdrd, G. schweri. Teut. type
wipa, wliip.
a In form, mod. E. swipe *swerdof?i,n eut.
answers to O. Icel. svipa,to sweep, swoop. Sybarite, an effeminate person. (L."
See Sweep. L.
Gk.) SybarJta. " an Gk. ^vl^apiTrjs,
Swirl, to whirl in an eddy. (Scand.)inhabitant of Sybaris,a town named from
Norweg. svirla,to whirl round ; frequent,the river Sybaris,
on which it was situated ;
of sverra (= Dan. to whirl, orig. in Lucania, Lower
svij-re), Italy.
to hum. [But not Norw. svervel, a whirl-
pool, Sycamine, a tree. (L. Gk. Heb. ?) - -

svervla,to swirl.]Cf. Swed. svirra, h.sycamTnus. Gk. crvKapilvos; Lukexvii.6. ""

to murmur ; G. schwi7-ren,to whir ; Skt. Prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. shiqimm,

svr, to sound. See Swarm. pi. of shiqmah, a sycamore ; that it has
Switch, a pliantrod. (M. Du.) For been confused with sycamore is cbvioas.
szvich,palatalisedform of swick. yV. Sycamore, a tree. (L. Gk. Heb. ?)
" "
"

536
 SYCOPHANT SYNDIC

Better sycomore. " L, syco7norus. " Gk. rraOfia,fellow-feeling. Gk. av/x-, for avv, "

avKu/jiopos, as if it meaiu
'
fig-mulberry;
'
with ; TraOeTv,
to suffer. See Pathos.
a mulberry]; but
[Gk. av/co-Vj fig; p.6pov, Symphony. (F.-L.-Gk.) F sym
.
-

prob.a Gk. adaptr.tion of Heb. shiqmdh, phonie, Cot. " L. sytnphdnia. " Gk, avyi-
a sycamore ; see above. Gk. avpLfpojvos, (/joji'i'a,
music (Luke XV. 25). "

Sycophant. (L. Gk.) l^.sycophanta^ harmonious. "

Gk. ck/x-,for avv, together; "

an informer,parasite. Gk. avKocpdvrijs, ^ound.

(pwi'-q, See Phonetic.
"

also an informer,a false

lit. ' fig-shewer,' Symposium, a merry feast. (L.-Gk.)
adviser. [Etymologycertain, but the reason L. symposiiun. Gk. ovuttugioi', a drinking- "

for the peculiar use is unknown. The paity, banquet. Gk. avfx- (foravv), to- gether "

usual 'informer
explanation, ; 7T0-, base of ire-nuj-Ka, againstthose
I have
who exportedsacred figs from Attica,'is drunk, noais, a drink. See Potable.
unauthorised.]Gk. avno-v, a fig;-ipavrrjs, Symptom,
" an indication of disease.
lit. '
from (paiv^iv,
shewer,' to shew. See (F. " L. "

Gk.) Properlya medical term.

Hierophant. ^L F. synipto?ne; Cot. L. sympidtna. " "

Syllable. (F.-L.-Gk.) The third / Gk. avfxvTOjfxa, a casualty,anything that

is intrusive. M. E. sillable. " O. F. siilabe,befals one. Gk. avixmvTuv, to fall in "

also sit'able.'^'L. synaba.-'G\"i.avWalSr], with. Gk. avp.- {avv),

together;-ni-nreLV, "

a syllable,lit. holdingtogether,' so much

'
to fall. (VPET.)
of a word as makes a ment. Syn-, prefix.(L.-Gk.; ^r F.-L.-
singlesound or ele-
"Gk. (TvX-,for avv, together;AojS-, Gk.) A Latinised of
spelling Gk. avv, to-
gether.
base of Xa^x^amv, to take,seize. It becomes syl- before /; sy77i-
Syllog'isui, from premises.before
a reasoning b, m, p, ph ; and sy- before
(F. " L. " Gk.)
syllogisnie.-^l^. F.
syllo- s or z.

^/smus. Gk. avK\oyiaf/.6s,

" a reasoning." Ssrnseresis, the coalescence of two
Gk.o-i;AAo7i^o/4at, I reckon together, reason. vowels into a diphthong.(L.-Gk.) L.
" Gk. (Tv\- ( avv), together; =
Xoyi^o/xai, synceresis. Gk. avvaipeats, a takingto-
gether. "

I reckon,from Xoyos, discourse, reason-

ing. Gk. avv, together ; ai'peois, a "

taking, from alpeiv, to take. See Heresy.

Sylph, an imaginarybeing inhabiting Synagogue. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. syna-

the air. (F.-Gk.) F. syl/"/ie.-'Gk.(Ti\(pT], gogite, L. synagoga. Gk. awaywy-iT, a " "

a kind of worm or grub (^Aristotle. On bringing together; congregation, Gk.aur, "

this word it would seem that Paracelsus together;d-ycuyri, a bringing, from aydv,
formed the name sylphe; he also used the to bring, drive. (y'AG.)
names ^;z^w^, salamander, and nymph (all Synal08pha, a coalescence of two syl- lables
of Greek origin), to signify, respectively, a into one. (L.-Gk.) L. synalapha.
genius of earth,fire,and water. Hence Gk. avvaXoKprj, lit.a smearing together, "

the form sylph-id, a false form, but only Gk, avv, together;d\"i"p"iv, to anoint, "

explicable on the hypothesis of a Greek allied to Xinos,grease. Cf. Skt. lip,to

origin ; as if from a nom. *(Xi\(pis (base besmear, anoint.
ai\(pi5-).^ Littre's explanation, that Synchronism, concurrence in time,
sylphis of Gaulish origin, seems to me (Gk.) Gk. avyxpoviap.v9. "Gk. avyxpovos,
futile ; Paracelsus could hardlyhave known contemporaneous. Gk. avy-, for avv, to- gether; "

Gaulish. xP'^^oj,
time. See Chronicle.
Sylvan, misspelling
of Silvan. Syncopate, to shorten a Avord by
Symbol, a sign. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dropping a (L.
syllable. "
Gk.) From
symbole. L. symbolum. Gk. avfi^oKov,a pp. of L. syncopdre, of which
" " the usual
token, pledge,a sign by which one infers sense is 'to swoon.' L. syncope,syiicopa, "

a thing. Gk. av/j-PdWeiv,

" t o throw gether,
to- a swoon; also,s\ncope. Gk, avyKo-ni], "

compare, infer. " Gk. avfi- {avv), cuttingshort,syncope,

a loss of strength.
together; l3dX\(iv,
to throw, put. Gk. avy- (writtenfor ovv, together, "

Symmetry. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. liefore k) ; kott-, base of kuvtciv, to cut.

symmetrie;Cot. L. symmelHa. Gk.avjx- See Apocope.
" "

fj."Tpta,due proportion. Gk. (TVfj./j."Tpo"",Syndic. (F. L.-Gk.) F. syndic,

" 'a. "

of like measure with. " Gk. av/x- ( crvv),syndick,censor, controller of manners;'

=

with ; /xerpov, a measure. See Metre. Cot. L. syndicus. Gk, avvhiKo^,adj,,

" "

Sympathy. (Gk.) From Gk. av^t- helpingin a court of justice; as a sb.,a

537
 SYNECDOCHE TABOUR

syndic. " together

Gk. ovv, ; h'lKr],
justice. shorteningof a syllable. (Gk.) Gk. "ru-
Allied to Diction. (VDEIK.) aroXij, a drawing together. Gk. cruaTeA- "

Synecdoche, a figure o f speech by

where- Keiu, to draw together. Gk. av-v, to-
gether "

a part is put for the whole. (L. Gk.) ; areWdv, to place,put. See "

L. synecdoche. Uk. aweKboxri, lit. a re-

" ceiving Diastole, Stole.

together. Gk. aui/, together;

" la- Syzy^y, conjunction. (Gk.) Gk. crv^v
SexoAta',I receive, from l", out, and Sf'xo^at yia,conjunction. Gk. av^vyos,conjoined. "

(Ion. biKQjxat), I receive. (V'DEK.) Gk. av-v, together; ^^^7-,

weak grade "

Synod. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. synode.^. of ^evyvvfii, I join; see Yoke, Conjugal.

L. synodiim, ace. oi synodns.''G]"..ahvo^os, (VYEUG.)
a coming together, a meeting. Gk. ovv, "

together ; oSoj, a way, a coming. See

Method. (VSED.)
Synonym. (F. L. Gk.) F. syno- "
Tabard, a herald's coat. (F.) M. E.
"

nyme.-^V..(pi.) synonyma, lit.synonyms ; tabard. U. F. tabart,tabard,also tribart "

from the adj. syndny??ius, synonymous, (Ducange),a kind of coat. Etym. un- known.

havingthe same sense as another word." Cf. M. Ital.and L. trabea,a robe

Gk. avvwvvi^os, of like meaning. " Gk. avv, of state.
together
; ovofia, mous,
synony- Tabby, a kind of waved silk. (F."
a name. Der.
from
synonymiis L.
; synonymy, Span. Arab.) A tabbycat is one marked "

from L. synonyinia, Gk. crvvcouvfiia,

ness
like- like the silk. F. tabis (15thcent.) ; also "

of name. See Onomatopoeia. atabis (Godefroy). Span, tabi,a silken "

Synopsis, a generalview. (L. Gk.) stuff; Low L. attabi. Arab, 'ntdbt,a " "

L. synopsis. Gk. ovvo^is, a seeingall rich watered

"
silk. It was the name of
together.Gk. avv, together;oxpis,
" sight.a quarter in Bagdad where the silk was
Der. synoptic-al, from Gk. adj.ovvoirTiKos. made ; named after princeAttab, great-
See Optic. grandsonofOmeyya. (SeeDozy and De vie.)
of tabby; from
Syntax. (F. L. Gk.) F. syn^axe. Der. tabi-n-et,a variety
"
"

' '
" L. syntaxes. Gk. avvra^ii, arrange-
"
ment Ital. tabin-o, tabine,tabby; Torriano.
; hence, arrangement of words. Gk. Tabernacle. (F. L.) " .tabernacle. " "

rd^i?, order, from rdacreiv, L. taberndcuhc??i,a tent ; double dimin.

ovv, together ; "

to See Tactics. of tabcrna,a booth. See Tavern.

arrange.
Synthesis. (L. Gk.) synthesis. Tabid. "
(L.) L. tdbidus,wastingaway.L. "

a putting
Gk. (7vv6eais, together.Gk. avv, L. tdbere,to waste away, languish. " "

together; deais,a juitting,from nOevai, to Table. (F. L.) F. table. L. tabula, - -

set, place. See Thesis. Der. synthet- plank, board,table. Der. tabul-ate,
a flat
ic-al,from Gk. avv9"Tif{6s, ting tabul-ar,from
skilled in put- L. tabula ; tabl-eau,from
together. F. tableau,dimin. of F. table. Also en-
tablature,

Syphon, Syren ; see Siphon, Siren. tafferel.

Syringe. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.Y.syrin- Taboo, Tabu, to forbid the use of.
'
; Cot. L. syringem, (Polynesian.) The
'
verb is formed from
gue, a sirmge,squirt "

ace. of syrinx, a reed, pipe,tube. Gk. the sb. taboo, which is the E. pronunciation "

(Tvpiy^, a reed, pipe, shepherd's pipe, of New Zealand tapu, a prohibition or

whistle. Der. syring-a, a floweringshrub, interdict ; pronouncedtambu in the Solo-

mon
so named because the stems mentions the were used for Islands. Kotzebue
making Turkish pipes. Tabu, or interdict,'
in his New Voyage '

Syrnp, Sirup. (F.- Span.-Arab.) Round the World, London, 1830, ii. 178.
M. F. syrop ; F. sirop. M. Span,xai-ope, % Not in any way connected
"
with the
a drink ; Span,jarope. Arab, shardb, custom of te pi, as erroneously "
said in
shnrdb,\^'me,beverage,syrup. Arab, root " some former editions.
shariba,he drank. See Sherbet. Tabour, Tabor, a small drum. (F.-
System, method. (L. Gk.) XVII -

Span. Arab.) M. F. tabour (mod.F. tam-

" bour^.

cent. " L. systema.''CL\^.

avaTrjixa, a plex
com- Span, tambor,
" M. Span,atambor
whole put together,
a system. " Gk. (where a al, the = Arab. def. article). "

'
to stand,pres. t. Arab, tambfir, a kind of lute or guitar
(Tv-v, together
; (XTTJ-vai,
I stand.
'idTrjixi, See Statics. with a long neck, and six brass strings,
Systole, contraction of the heart, also a drum.' Prob. of imitative origin
;

38
 TABULAR TAINT

cf.Arab, tabl^a drum, tabbdl,a drummer. taken,to grip. % The \V. tad, a tool,is
Der. tahour-et or tabrct^a dimin. form ; borrowed from M. E. takel.
also tambour. Tact. (L.) L. tactus, touch; hence,
Tabular, Tabulate ; see Table. delicacy. L. tactus,pp.
" of taitgere,to
Tache (F.-Low G.)
(i),a iastening. touch. See Tangent.
'
'
A tache,
a buckle, a claspe; Barct Tactics, the art of manoeuvring forces.
(1580),s. V. Claspe. O. F. tache,a nail,
"
Gk.) Gk. raKTLKOL, neut, pi.,tactics."
fastening (Godefroy). E. Fries, take, a " (;k. raKTiKvs, adj.,
tit fur arranging. Gk. "

point,prick,thorn; allied to tak, takke, TttfcTus, arrangecl, ordered ; verbal adj.of

a pointedthing,a twig; Low G. takk, a Taofffiv (for*Tdi{-yfiv), to arrange, order.
point,pointedthing. See Taok. Cf. at-
tach, Der. tactic-ian.
de-tach. Tadpole. (L.) Lit. a toad which is
Tache (2), a blemish. (F.) M. E. nearly all poll or head ; from its shape;
tache,also tecche,a bad habit, blemish, see Poll. Formerly called a bullhead,
vice,caprice,behaviour. F. tache, a " which was '
also the name of a small fishwith
spot, staine,reproach;'Cot. Also for-
merly a largehead.
spelttaiche,teche, teque, teke,a Tafferel,Taffrail,upper part of the
natural quality, esp. a vice,ill habit; mod. stern of a ship. (Du. L.) T"u. tafereel, "

F. tache, a stain ; Picard take. Cf. Ital. a panel, a picture, a tablet or board. For
tacca, taccia, defect, stain ; Port, and Span. ^tafel-eel, dimin. of Du. tafel, a table; cf.

tacha,defect,flaw,crack. Root unknown ; G. tdfelei, boarded work, from G. tafel,

it is difficultto connect it with Tache (i); a table." L. tabula,a table,plank,board.
yet this may be right. Ital. tacca also Doublet, tableau. % The spellmgtaffraii
' '
means notch
'
or dent ; cf. K. Fries. points
'
to confusion with rail.
takke, a notch,takje, a small notch,small Taffeta, Taffety, a thin silk stuff. (F.
twig,take (Du. tak),a twig.
'
Ital. Pers.) F. taffetas, - taffata ; Cot.
-
'

'

Tacit, silent. (L.) L. tacitus,silent. Ital.taffeth, taffeta; Florio.

- Pers. taf- '
-

" L. tacere, to be silent,-f-Goth, thahajt, tah,twisted,woven,

taftan, taffeta. " Pers.
lct\.Pegja,Swed. tiga,O.
dagat, to to twist,spin,curl (Horn, " 372).
H. G.
be silent. Der. tacit-jirn, F.
tacittaite,Tag", a point of metal at the end of a
'
L. taciturmis, silent ; tacit-urnity F\ lace,"c. (Scand.) An , aglet or tag of
L. ace. tacittirnitatem,silence;a poynt;' Baret (1580). Swed.
taciticrnitt', tagg, a "

also re-ticent. prickle,point, tooth ; Norw. tagge,a tooth,

Tack, a small nail,a fastening ; also to cog. + Pomeran. tagg,a point, tack ; Low
fasten.(E.)M.E. takke,tak, a fastening ; G. takk, point,tooth. See Tack. Der.
takken, to fasten together. Of E. or Low tag-rag,for tag and rag ^
ever}' appendage
G. origin ; cf. E. Fries. Dan. takke, a tine, and shred.
pointedthing; Low G. takk (the same) ; Tail (i),hairyappendage, appendage.
G. zacke,a tooth,tine, prong, twig. Allied (E.) M. E. tayl. A. S. tce^el,tcegl,a
'
to E. Fries, tak, a twig,bough ; the same tail.+Icel.tagl,Swed. tagel,
'
hair of mane
as Du. tak,a twig. [The Irish taca, pin, or tail;Goth, tagl,hair; O. H. G. zagel,
peg, nail, lastenmg, Gael, iacaid,tack, a tail. Cf. Irish dual, a plait, lock of
peg, are from E.] Cf. Norman dial, taqtte, hair, Skt. da^a, a skirt. Brugm. i. "
a nail. p. Hence a tack or rope fastening
a sail; also the verb tack,to sew slightly,Tail (2),the term appliedto an estate
attach. Y- The verb to tack,in saiUng, which is limited to certain heirs. (F. L.) "

refers to the shifting of the tacks in order Better spelt taille; see Todd's Johnson. "

to alter the F. taille, shred

a cutting, the same word
ship's course. ;

Tackle, equipment,gear, tools. (Scand.^)as Tally (below). And see Entail.

'
M. E. takel. - and M. Swed. tackel,
Swed. tailor. (F." L.) Properly a cutter,-
tackle of a ship; Dan. takke I, tackle, or cutter out. M.E. taylor.^O.Y.tail-
whence takle,to rig. Cf. Du. takel,a leor, later tailleur, 'a cutter;'Cot. F. "

pulley,takelen, rig.t o The suffix -el tailler,to cut ; cf. F. taille, a slitting,
an

denotes the agent ; tack-le is that which incision." Late L. tdliare,to cut; cf. L.
takes or holds firmly ; cf. M. Du. taeckel, tdlea,a thin rod,stick, slip; an agricultural
'
a rope to drawe a boate.' Icel. taka,to term for a slipor layer.
"

'
'

grasp, seize, "c., also to take cf.E. Fries. Taint, sb. (F. L.) F. teint,a stain ;
; "

539
 TAKE TAMPER

Cot. F. teint,pp. of teindre,to tinge. 1

" from Low G.^ ; cf. O. Merc, tcslg, "

L.
Take.
pp. taken.

Swed.
Goth,
to dye.
tingere, See Tinge.

taga, O. Swed. taka,Dan.

tekan, to touch.
a dye.

(Scand.)M. E. taken,pt. t. tok, Tally, a stick notched so as to match

Icel. taka, pt. t. tok, pp. another stick; an exact match.
"

tekinn, to lay hold of,seize,grasp, take ; M. E. taille,

a tally
(F. L.)
; for keepingaccounts.
tage.+
rowed "

also
F. taille,
a
a notch, cut.

tally,
or score
incision,
cutting;
kept on a piece of
"

Talc, a mineral. (F. Span. Arab.)F. " " stick by notches. F. tailler. to cut. "Late
"

Az/t". Span./a/ti?. Arab, talq,

"
talc,mica." L. tdlidre,to cut ; cf. L. tdlea,a slipof
Tale, a number, a narrative. (,E.)M. E. wood. ^ The final -y in tall-y is due
/a/^. A. S. t(Bl^a number, /a/". a narra-
tive. to the frequent use of F. tailli,pp., to
'
Du.
-4- /aa/, speech; Icel. tal,speech, signifynotched "
; cf. lev-y,jtir-y,
pun-y,
iala. number : Dan. tale,speech, Swed. where -y "
Y . -e.

tal. number, speech,G. zahl, number. Talmud, the body of Hebrew laws,with
Der. tal-k,tell. comments. (Chaldee.) Chaldee talmud,
Talent. (F. - L. -

Gk.) The sense of instruction,doctrine ; cf. Heb. talnud, a

'
''
abilityis from the ; Matt. xxv.
parable scholar,from Idmad, to learn,limmad, to
F. talent,' a talent in money will, teach. ; also
'
desire ; Cot. L. taletitum. Gk. rakav-
" Talon. (F. L.) Particularly
" used of "

Tov, a balance, weight,sum of money, a hawk's hind claw and toe. F. talon,a "

talent. Named from being lifted and heel. "Late L. tdlonem,ace. oitdlo,heel.
Aveighed; cf. Skt. tid, L. iollere,to lift, L. tdliis, heel. "

Gk. TaK-as, sustaining. (^TEL.) Allied Tamandua, an ant-eater. (Brazil.)

to Tolerate. Der. in use before
talent-ed, From Guarani tamandiid, an ant-eater
A. D. 1640. (where nasal); a is see Granada, Vocab.
Talisman, a spell.(Span. Arab." "

Rioplatense.
Gk.) Span,talisman,a magicalcharacter. Tamarind. (F. Span. Arab, and " "

" Arab, tilsamdn, pi.of tilsatn, tilisfn,Fers.)M.F. tamarifid. Span,tamarindo. "

a talisman,magical image. Late Gk, Arab, taui)-,a ripedate ; Hind, India.

" "

mystery, initiation ; Gk. rekeafia, Lit. Indian date.' p. The Arab, tamr is
'
TeXecTfia,
a payment ; T"\"a/j,ui, an accomplishment.allied to Heb. tdmdr. a palm-tree.Hind
" Gk. TeXteiv, to accomplish, end. Gk. is borrowed from Pers. (whichturns s into
"

re'Ao?, e nd ; also initiation into a mystery. h), and is derived from Skt. sindhu-,the
Talk. (E.) E. Fries, talken, to talk ; river Indus. See Indigo.
cf. talke, a short tale. The Low G. Tamarisk, a tree. (L.) L. tamariseus,
taalke means (i)a jackdaw,(2) a talka- tive also taniarix. tamarice; of foreignorigin.
woman. Extended (likestalk (i)) Cf. Gk. pLvpiKT]. a tamarisk.
from A. S. tal-,as in talu, "a. tale,talian. Tam-bour, a small drum-like frame,for
to account, with suffix -k-, which seems to embroidering. (F. Span. Arab.) F. " "

give frequentative
a force. Cf. Icel. Swed. tatnboiir, a tambour, also a drum ; see
tala, Dan. tale,to talk. See Tale and Tell. Tabour.
Tall, high in stature, lofty.(E.) [We tambourine. (F. Span.-Arab.) F.
"

find M. E. tal, which meant seemly,also a tabour, dimin.

taynbou-rin, of F. tambour,
valiant
obedient, obsequious, ; allied to a tabour or drum ; see Tabour.
A. S. tt2l. appearingin leof-tal, friendly.Tame, adj. (E.) M. E. tame. A. S.
So also Goth, un-tals, indocile,unin- ta})i,tame ; whence te?nian, to tame.-}-
structed,from which we infer tals. docile. Du. ta?n, Icel. tamr, Swed. Dan. tam, G.
Note also
A. S. ge-tal,quick, prompt; zahm. Allied to L. dotndre, Skt. dam,
O. H. G. gi-zal,quick.] The mod. E. Gk. Sayuaeti/,
\V. dofi,
to tame. (v^DAM.)
tall has in some cases been adopted in See Daunt.
Celtic. Cf. W. tal,high, Com. tal,high; Tammy, Tamine ; the same as

Corn, tal earn, the high rock ; W, taldra, Stamin.

tallness,
loftiness. to meddle,interfere with. (F. Tamper,
Tallow. (E.) M.
L.) The sameE. word
talgh. E.
as temper, used Fries. "

talg,tallig.^M. Du. talgh,talch,tallow; actively, but in a bad sense ; to influence '

I"u. talk.Low G. talg\ Dan. Swed. talg; in a bad way.' Godefroy gives tra77iperas

Icel. tolgr. So also G. talg,tallow (bor- another form of temprer ; and tempreure,

540
 TAPE TARPAULING

A.
tap-ster,
tap-root, S. tappestre,a fern, endive ; Latinised Avicenna.
as/araxfl:^o",in
form of tceppere(above) ; tampion, q. v. (Devic ; supp. to Littre.)
Tape. (L. Gk.) M. E. tape, also
"
Tardy. (F.-L.) Y.tardifAs^rdy. (Cf.
tappe. A. S. tceppe,
a tape,a fillet; closelyItal. tardivo, tardy.) From L. tard-tis,
allied to A. S. tappet,tapped,a tippet,
a slow ; with suffix ^iims.
carpet. The A, S. pi. tappan probably Tare (I ), a plant. (E.) yi.^.tare,
meant stripsof stuff or cloth. Borrowed darnel (Matt.xiii.25). Not in A. S. ; but
from L. tapete,cloth ; see Tapestry. the sense is peculiarto English,as the
Taper small wax
(Oj candle. (E.) mod. E. tare is short for tai-e-vetch,
^ i.e,
M. E. taper. A. S. tapoi-^ taper. Cf. Irish darnel-vetch. -|-M. Du. tet-we, Du. tai-we,
tapar, a taper,W. tampr, a taper, torch. Low G. tarve, wheat ; Lith. dii-wa,field
corn-

taper (2),long and slender. (E.) ; Skt. dftrvd,a kind of grass.

Taper means taper-like,shaped like the Tare (^), an allowance. (F. Span." "

tapers used in churches,which were some-

times Arab.) F. tare, loss,waste in merchandise.
thinner at the top. Holland has : Span, tara, tare, allowance in weight.
"

'
*
taper-wise, sharp-pointed in the top ; tr. Lit. 'what is thrown away.' Arab, tarha^ "

of Pliny,xvi. 16. See above. ^ The A.S. what is thrown away, detriment (Devic);
taper-ax, a kind ttirrah,thrown away.
of ax, is unallied ; cf. /z;7z, Arab, root "

Russ. topor, Pers. tabar,an ax. taraha, he threw prostrate,threw down.

Tapestry. (F.-L.-^Gk.) A corrup-
tion Target, a small shield,"c. (F. "

of the old form tapisserie.F. tapis-Scand. ; "djith F. suffix.)Formerly also

"

serie,tapestry. tapisser,to furnish tergat; the -et is the F. dimin. suffix.

" F. "

with tapestry. " F.

ings O. F. targiiete(Godefroy),
tapis,tapestry,hang- a small shield ;

; Late L. tapecius. L. tapete, cloth, dimin. of O. F. ta^-gue (as in Cot), F.

"

hangings. Gk. TairrjT-, stem of Tcntrjs, a targe."XatX. targa, a target,small shield;

"

carpet, woollen rug. Cf. Pers. tabastah, A, S. targe; O. H. G. zarga, a frame, side
a fringed carpet; tdbldan,to spin,tdftah^of a vessel,wall, G. zarge, frame, case,
taffeta ; see Tafifeta. edge,border. % Distinct from Arab, dar-
Tapioca. Brazilian
(Brazilian.) tapioka,kat, darakat, a shield,whence Port, and
the poisonousjuicewhich issues from the Span, adarga, a small square target.
root of the when
cassava pressed(Littre) ; Targam, a Chaldee paraphraseof the
hence which is also prepared
tapioca, from Old Testament. (Chaldee.) Chaldee tar-
the root of the cassava. The Tupi or gum, an interpretation. Chal. targem,\.Q "

Brazilian tipi-oca means dregssqueezed interpret.Cf. Arab, tarjumdn,an inter-

'
preter
'
out ; from tipi,residue,dregs, and the ; see Dragoman.
verbal root og, ok,to take by force,pull, Tariff. (F.- Span.-Arab.) F. tarij.
pluckoff,hence to squeeze (Cavalcanti). M. F. tariffe, a casting of accounts. Span. "

Tapir, a quadruped.(Brazilian.) Tupi tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates. "

or Brazilian tapyra, taptra,a tapir. Arab. tarJf,givinginformation, notifica-

tion
Tar. (E.) M. E. terre. A.S. teoru, (becausea tariffgivesnotice). Arab. "

teru, tar; cf. also tyrwa. + Du. teer, Icel. 'irf,knowing, knowledge. Arab, root "

tjara, Dan. tiare, Swed. tjdra. p. Cf. \irafa, he knew.

Icel. tyri, ty}-vi, resinous wood ; allied to Tarn, a pool.(Scand.)M. E. terne.-^
Lithuan. dai-wa, derwa, resinous wood, Icel. tjorn(gen. tjarnar), a tarn, pool;
particularly the parts of the fir-tree that Swed. dial, tjdrn, tarn, Norw. tjorn, a pool

readilyburn ; also to Russ. drevo,a tree, without an outlet.

derevo,wood, timber, W. de7'r{.i, an oak- Tarnish. (F.-O. H. G.) F. temiss-,
and E. Orig. wood,' esp. of pres. pt. of se ternir, to become
'
tree, tree. sense stem
resinous wood for fuel ; hence resin from dim, lose lustre (Cot.).-M.H. G. ternen,
such wood. Allied to Tree. O.H.G. tarnen, to obscure, darken; from
Tar (2),a sailor; see Tarpauling. O. H. G. tarni, secret (whence F. tenie,
Tarantella. (Ital.) A dance so called dim). + A.S. dernan. dyrnan, to hide,
(alsoa tarantula) ; so named from Ital. from derne, dyrne,adj.,ecret ; cf.O. Sax.
s
Taranto,Tarento, a town in S. Italy. derni,hidden, secret.
Taraxacum, the dandelion. (Arab.) Tarpauling, a cover of tarred canvas.
From Arab, tarasacon, explained as a (E. andl..) It means tarred pauling or
kind of succory, Pers. tarkhashqun,wild tarred palling\ a palling is a covering,
542
 TARRAGON TATTER

from the verb

pall,to cover. This verb is A perverse spelling
of Tatar, owing to a
frompall,sb., a cover ; see Pall. Der. popularetymologywhich regardedTatars
tarpaulin,an old name for a sailor as let loose out of lartarus or hell see
(Smollett),
now abbreviated to tar. below). From Tatar, a Tatar or inhabi-
tant
Tarragon, plant. (Span. Arab.
a " " of Tatary (asit should be spelt).
Gk.) Span, taragona (Diez); usually/ara- Tartar (3),Tartarus, hell. (L.-Gk.)
'
M. F. targon, tragoti).^
gontia (cf. Arab, The gates of Tartar \ Tw. Nt. ii.5. 225.
tarkhun, dragon-wort. Gk. Spa/ccuj/, a L, Tartar us. -^ViV. Ta/jrapo?,.
" Tartarus, "

dragon. See Devic, s. v. estragon ; and conceived to be a the infernal regions;

see Dragon. cold ; cf.Gk. TapTapi^fiv^ placeof extreme
Tarre, to incite, set on. (E.) In Shak. to shiver w ith cold.
Hamlet, ii. 2. 370. M. E. terren, terien, Task, sb. (F.-L.^ Lit. a tax. M.E.
tarien,to irritate, provoke. A. S. tergan tns/:e. O. North F. tasquc, Norm. dial.
" "

(rare), tirgan,to vex, provoke; N. Fries. tasqtie,a tax, O. F. tascke,a task (mod.
tarre, terre, to set on a dog. See tarry. F. Late L. tasca, a tax, another /(7t-A^). "

tarry. (E.) The present form is due foim of Late L. taxa. a tax. L. taxdre, "

to M.E. tarien,terien,to irritate,pro-

voke, to tax. See Tax.
worry, vex ; hence to hinder,delay. Tassel (i),a bunch of silk,"c., as an

[Thisis the true of the word, though ornament.

source (F." L.) 'b.l.lL. tassel."O.Y.
its meaning may have been affected and tassel, zn ornament, fringe;also a piece
fixed by the O. F. larger, to delay,from of square stuff (cf. Ital. tassello, a square,

Late L. *tardicdre, to delay, from L. tardus, a collar of a cloakV L. iaxillum, ace. of "

slow; see Tardy.] A.S. /^r^aw, usually taxillus,

" a small die; dimin. of talus, a
tirgan, to vex, provoke. + ^^- tergen. knuckle -bone, a die made of knuckle-
bone.
Low G. targen,tarren, to provoke; prov. Talus *tax-lus,as shewn by the ^

G. zergen, to provoke. dimin. taxillus, and means a bone cut or

Tart (i), acrid,sharp,severe. (E.) squared; cf. Skt. taksh. to hew, prepare,
A. S. teart,tart,severe. Perhapslit.tear-
ing, make. % The application to a tassel is

i.e. bitter. A. S. *tar {leer),

" 2nd curious ; a woodcut at p. 272 of Guillim's

gradeof teran, to tear. See Tear (i). Displayof Heraldry (1660^shews a tassel
Tart (2),a small pie. (F.-L.) M. E. with stringsand dots; these ornamented
tarte. O. F. tarte, * a tart ;
-
'
Cot. It strings divide it into squares, each of
seems to be a perverted form of O.F. torte, which (having a dot in the middle^i sembles
re-

F. totirte,a tart, Ital. tartera, toria, a pie an ace on a die. It was confused
or tart. Span, toi'ta, a round cake. L. with L. tessella (see " Tesselated) ; cf.
'

torta, fem. of tortus, of torquere, to

'
Tessera, tasol ; O. E. Texts.
pp.
twist.Perhaps confused with L. tracta, a Tassel (2); the same as Tercel.
longpieceof dough. Taste. (F.-L.) Orig.to handle, feel,
(F.- stuff. O. F.
Tatar.)the usual of M. E. fasten.
Tartan, a woollen sense "

1. Prom F. tiretaine,'linsie wolsie, or a taster, to handle, feel,taste. Cf. Late L.

kind therof,worn by French peasants ; taxta, O. F. taste,a probe for wounds ; so
'

Cot. "Span, tirilana,a thin woollen stuff. that O. F. taster answers to a Late L.

2. Otherwise,from ^L E. Tartarin,orig. *taxitdre,iterative form of toxdre, to feel,

rich cloth of Tatary,later, coloured cloth handle i^Gellius).
Again taxdre {"*tag-
of various hues, also spelt
tartarne, tnrlern. sdre) is an intensive form of L. tangere,
to touch. See Tangent.
See examplesin N. E. D.
Tartar (i), anacid salt in casks,a Tat, to make trimming. (Scand.)
concretion on the teeth. (F. Late L." "
North E. tat. to entangle.M. Swed. t"tte, -

Arab.) A term due to the alchemists ; Dan. dial, tat,Noiw. toatt, a thread, strand
called sal tartre, or tartre,in Chaucer. " of rope, whence
a Norw. tcstta, to inter-
weave.
Cot. ; Late \^.tartarum
F. tartre, ' tartar,' Swed. t"t,a strand,
Cf. Ictl.pdttr,

(by confusion with Tartarus). Arab. " fdament ; Dan. tot; G. docht. a wick.
durd, dregs,sediment, tatar of wine ; Tatter, a shred. (Scant! ) Also spelt
Cf. Arab, darad, ding
shed- Icel. toturr; pi. totrar, tottrar, totter.
durdJy,dregs. a "

of teeth ; which Devic connects with rags, ; Norw. totror, tottrur,also tatters

tartar on the teeth. taltrar, pi.,rags, tatters. + Low G. taltern,

taltrig, ragged E. Fries talte,a rag,
Tartar (2),a native ofTartary.(Tatar.)rags, ;

543
 TATTLE TEA

ragged.
Caltr-'g, Thus tatter stands for Tautology. (F. Gk.) 1..tautologia.
"

witn
talte?-, loss of /; cf. Low G. talfr, " Gk. ravToKoyia, of what has
a repetition

tadder, a rag (Danneil) ; perhaps also been said already. Gk. TavToXuyo^, re-
" peating

A. S. tcBttec, a rag. I suppose the orig. what has been said. Gk. ravro, "

sense was
* that which flapsor flutters short for to avru or to ovtov, the same
about,' and that it is closelyallied to thing; -\oyos,speaking, from Keyeii', to

totter,q.v. speak.
Tattle, (E.) '^i.'E.tatelen,toteIen,
vb. Tavern. (F. L.) F. taveme. I. " -

tateren, to tattle, prattle.We also find taberna,a hut, orig.a hut of boards ; a
M. E. titeren,to tattle, whence mod. E. tavern. Perhaps allied to L. tabula, a
tittle,in the phrase tittle-tattle. Tattle and plank, board ; see Table.
tittle are frequentative forms, from a base Taw, a game at marbles. (Gk.) Orig.
TAT or TIT, expressive o f the iteration the mark from which the marbles were

of the syllables ta, ta, ta, or ti,ti, ti,to shot, and marked (originally) with a T,
indicate constant prattling.So also Du. to denote an exact spot. From Gk.
tateren, to stammer, E. taratantara, the rax), among schoolboys ; a letter-name ot
sound of a trumpet, Low G. tateln,to Semitic origin. Cf. Tee.
tattle,titetatehi, to tittle-tattle, iaat-goos, Taw, Tew, to prepare skins,curry ;
a gabbling goose, a chatterer ; Ital. tatta- also to toil. (E.) M. E. tawen, tewan,
mella,chat,prattle.Der. tittle, weakened A. S. tawian, to prepare, dress, get ready ;
form oi tattle, as above ; whence tittletattle. also,to scourge. ments.
Cf. A.^.getawa,imple-
Tattoo (i),the beat of a drum recalling + Du. touwen, to curry leather ;
soldiers to their quarters.(Du. or Low G.) O. H, G. zonwen, to make, prepare ; Goth.
Formerlyiaptoo (Phillips) ; used as early taujan,to do, cause. See TooL
as A. D. Du, taptoe,tattoo.
1663. " Du. "
Tawdry, showy,gaudy. (E.) Formerly
tap, tap ;
a toe, to, i.e. shut, closed. Due used in the phrasetawdry lace,which meant
to the phraseappearing in Low G. tappen lace boughtat .5"/.Awdiy s fair,held in the
'
to slaan,lit. to strike a tap to,' a prover-
bial Isle of Ely (andelsewhere) on St. Awdry's
phrase(likeE. shut up) signifying to day,Oct. 17. Tawdry is a familiar con- traction

close,conclude of closingthe of 6"/.Awdry. p. Again,Awdry

; esp. used
taps of the public-houses, the sound at of is a popular form of Etheld^'ida,the
the drum. So also G. zapfenst7-eich, Latinised
form of the A. S. female name
the
' '

tattoo, is lit. and Low'

G. ^peipryS. It means
tap-stroke
;
'
noble strength;
from A.S. ^9(?/ or cepel,
tappenslag,the tattoo, is its equivalent. noble,and/r/d or
p. The Du. tap is cognate with E. tap ; prydu,strength. Cf. lct\. Prn6r,the name
and Du. toe with E. to, prep. See and the suffix in Ger-triide.^
Tap of a goddess;
and To. of O. H. G. origin.
a name

Tattoo (2),to mark the skin with figures,Tawny. (F. G.^l For tanny; spelt "

'
in
bypricking colouring
matter. (Tahitian.)
tenny in heraldry. Tanny colowre,or
'
See Cook's First Voyage, b. i. c. 17, b. iii. tawny ; Prompt.Parv. F. tanne, tawny ; "

c. 9. Tahitian tatau, tattoo-marks ; de-

" rived lit.tanned ; pp. of tanner, to tan. F. /a;/, "

from ta, a mark (Littre).The sb.,tan. G. tanne, a fir-tree. See Tan. "

Maori ta means to tattoo, to mark. Tax, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. taxe. F. taxe. -

Taunt, vb. (b.-L.) Hardly from O.F. F. taxer, to tax. L. taxd7-e, to handle,
" "

tauter (see Liitre), occasional form of value, appraise, tax. For *tag-sdre ; from
tenter, '
to tempt, prove, essay, suggest, tag-,base oitangere,to touch. Doublet,
provoke,or move unto evill ; ' Cot. L. task. "

tentare,to try, prove, attack,assail,"c. ; Taxidermy, the art of the

stuffing
see Tempt, p. Rather from the M.F. skins of animals. Gk. Ta^t-",
(Gk.) From
phrase tant po7ir taut,
'
one for another,'order (seeTactics) ; dep/x-a, skin,from a

Cot. ; cf. titfor tat. O. F. tatint, tant,so "

bip-(iv, cognate with Tear
to flay, (i).
much. L. tanttim,neut., so much.
" Tea. (Chinese.)Spelt tee in Pepys'
Taurus. (L.)L. taums, a bull.+Gk. Diary, Sept. 28, 1660; cha in Blount
TuC'pos.Allied Steer
to Ti^ (1674). From the Amoy pronunciation
Taut, tight,firm. (E.) M. for the plant,
E. togt. \te)
of the Chinese name

App. from tog- (in tog-en, pp. of A. S. which is (in other parts of the empire)
teoh-an),
to pull; with added -/. called ch'a or ts'a ; Williams, Chin. Diet.

544
 TEACH TEETOTALLER

p. 5 ; Douglas, Chin. Diet, of ihe Amoy -Low G.) M. E. tete,tctte.-^O. F. tek,

vernacular, p. 481. Hence Ital. cia,tea; tette; F. tette.^how G. titte,M. Du.
F. tU, G. thee, Malay teh,tea. titte.-\-A. S. tit (pi.tittas).
whence E. tit,
Teach. (E.) ^\.Y..techen. A.S.tacaii, a teat ; G. zitze. Cf. also W. didi,did,
to shew how to do, shew, pt. t. t('ehte, pp. a teat. (As if from an Idg. base DI.)
tie/it. Formed (with change of a to d ^ Distinct from Gk. titOt],titOo's,
a teat,
before y, as in Teut. *taikjaii-), from tac- which appears to be allied to Skt. dhe, to
(Teut. *taik-), base of tdc-en, a token. suck, Goth, daddjan.to suckle.
Allied to Gk. deiK-vvfii, I shew. See Teazle, i-e. teasel ; see teasel.
Token. Technical. fGk.) Formed with suffix
Teak, a tree. (Malayalam.)Malayalam -al (^ L. -alls: from Gk. t(x"''""S, belong-
=
ing
iekka,the teak-tree ; Tamil tekku,the same to the arts. Gk. Tf'xv?;,
art, allied to
"

(H. H. Wilson). rfKToov, a carpenter. Cf. Skt. taksha7i, a

Teal, a bird. (E.) M. E. tele (13th carpenter,from /a/'j//,

tocut wood. Allied
cent.\- not in A. S. +
taling,older to Text.
Du.
form tading (Sewel),M. Du. teelifigh, a Techy, fretful; see Tetchy.
teal (Kilian)The A.S. form would be *ti7le. Ted, to spreadmown
.
grass. Scand.)
Team, a family,set,animals harnessed Icel. teQja,to spreadmanure, from tat5,
in a row. (E.) M. E. teyn,teem. A. S. manure ; cf ta^ja,hay grown in a well-
teajji, family,
a offspring.
+ Du. ioom, a rein manured field, hay-making,
totiti-verk, lit.
(from the notion of drawingor guiding) ; ted-work.' So also Norw. tedja,Swed.
'

Low G. toom, offspring,

also a rein; Icel. dial, tdda, to spreadmanure ; from tad,
taumr, a rein ; Dan. toniine,Swed. iojn, a manure. + Bavarian zetten,O. H. G. zettan,
rein ; G. zatwi, a bridle. Teut. type to ; cf. G. ver-zettehi,
strew to scatter.
for
*taii-moz, *taug-??ioz (Noreen),from Tedious. (L.) L. tadiosus, irksome.
tank, 2nd grade of *teuk-a}i-^ to draw. L. taditim, irksomeness.
" L. tczdet, ii "

See Tow (1). (VDEUK.) Der. teem. irks one. (We also use tedium, sb.")
Tear (1),to rend. (E.) M. E. tere7z. Tee, a mark. (E.) From the use of a

A. S. teran, pt. t. tar, pp. tofen. -{-Goih. T to denote an exact spot. Cf. tee-totiim ;
ga-tairan, to break,destroy;Lith. dir-ti, and see Taw.
Gk.
to flay, ; Russ. dra-te, Teem
to flay
dep-eiv, (Oj to be prolific.
(E.) M. E.
sb., progeny, off-
spring
to tear ; Pers. daridaii,to tear ; cf. W. temen, to teem ; t'eju,
darn,a fragment; Zend dar, to cut ; Skt. ; whence mod. E. tea7)i. See Team.
daraya,to Teut. type *teran-,
tear. pt.t. The xM. E. temen answers to A. S. teman,
*/ar ; pp. *turaiioz. (yDER.) Cf. also tyfjian,older tJeman, to teem. Teut. type
G. zehren (weak verb). Brugm. i. " 594. '^taiwijan-, from *taumoz, a team.
Tear (2),a drop of fluid from the eye. Teem (2),to empty. (Scand.' Icel.
(E.) M. E.tere. A. S. tear, tcir,also t(e7?ia,Dan. tbmme, Swed. tojiwia, vb. ;
teagor ; O. Northumb. taker. -|- Icel. from the adj.toom ; see Toom.
tar, Dan. taar, taare, Swed. t"r, Goth. Teen, vexation,grief. (E.) M. E. toie.
A.S. teona, accusation,vexation. A. S.
tagr, O.Yi.Q. zahar (pi.zaheri,whence "

mod. G. O. Lat. dacruma, L. teon, contracted form of *tihan,to accuse.

zdhre). Cf.
lacrmia, Gk. 8aKpv,5dKpvfj.a,W. dagr, a to tell,
'{-Go\.h..gateiha7i, make known ; G.

der. Brugm. i. " 178. Der. zeihen,to ; cf. L. to make

dicd7-e,
tear, O. Irish accuse

train-oil. known. Allied to Diction. (VDEIK.^

Tease, card wool, to vex, plague.% Teen means
to a making known, public
(E.) M. E. tesen. A.S. tasan, to pluck, accusation, reproach,injury,vexation,
pull.
+ M. Du. teesen,to pluckwool ; Swed. harm.
grief,
dial, tesa, Dan. tcBse, Bavarian zaisen Teetotaller, a total abstainer. (F. -

(Schmeller), O. H. G. zeisan. All from L. ; with E. prefixa7id suffix.)7^ee-total

Teut. base *teis. is an emphasisedform of Total, q.v. '1he
with R. Turner,of Pres-
ton,
teasel, a plant. (E.) M. E. tesel. word originated
A. S. tcesl, lit '
tcesel, from its who, at a
teaser,' meeting about
use temperance
in teasingwool. A.S. tcesa^t, to tease. +
" 1833, asserted that nothing but te-te-total
teasel ; from zeisan, to
O. H. G. zeisala, wiirdo ; see the Staunch Teetotaller,ed.
tease. by J. Livesey, of Preston, Jan. 1867.
the female breast. (F. (Haydn.) See below.
Teat, nippleof
545
 TEETOTUM TENDER

Teetotum, Totum, a spinningtoy. Temple (2),flat portionof the side of

(L.) Formerly /^////;^ (Ash, 1775, Phillips, the head above the cheek-bone. (F. L.) "

1706), So called from the side formerly M. E. templis,pi.--0. F. temples,pi.,the

marked Z",which signified toHim, i.e. all temples (mod. F. tempes. Norm. dial.
the stake,from L. totum, neut. of totiis,temples). "-\.. temporal pi.,the temples.
the whole ; see Total. Hence the name Der. tempor-al,adj.,belongingto the
totum, or T-totiim ; which may have temples.
suggestedT-total. Temporal (i),worldly,secular. (F.-
Tegument, a covering.(L.) I., tegit- L.) M. E. ternporal. O. F. temporal, "

mentiim, a covering. L. tegere,to cover. temporel,

"-
adj. L. tevipordlis,temporal." "

-f.Gk.(TT^yfiv, Skt. sthag,to cover. Cf. L. tempor-, for ^tempos-,stem of tempus,

O. Irish tech^W. ty, a house. Allied to time.
Thatch. (VSTEG.) Erugm. i. " 632. Temiporal (2),belongingto the ples
tem-
Teil-tree, a linden tree. (F.-L. ; and : see Temple (2).
E.) O. F. teil,a lime-tree ; also,the inner Tempt. (F.-L.) O.F. /^w//^r, later
bark of a lime-tree (mod. F. tille),'^!-,. tenter, to tempt, prove. L. temptare, "

tilia,a lime-tree ; also,the inner bark of teutdre, to handle, try the strengthof,
a lime-tree. + Irish telle. assail,
tempt ; frequentative
of tendere (pp.
Telegraph. (Gk.) Modern. From to stretch (Breal).
tentus), See Tend (i).
Gk. T^/Vf afar ; ypatpeiv,lo write. Der. Ten. (E.) A. S. tyn, tien, with tation
mu-
,

telegram^coined to express
'
telegraphic ; O.
Merc. ten. The long vowel
'

message ; from ypa^jxa^ a written char-

acter. appears in 'teen. -|-Du. tien ; Icel. tiu,
Dan. ti, Swed. tio ; Goth, taihun ; G.
telescope. (Gk.) From Gk. t^A.",zehn; L. decem, Gk. Seaa, Lith. deszimtis,
afar ; okott-uv, to behold. See Scppe. Russ. desiate, W. deg, Irish and Gael.
Tell, to count, narrate. (E.) A. S. deich, Pers. dak, Skt. da(^a. Teut. type
tellan,pt. t. tealde,pp. teald; a weak verb *tek9n ; Idg. type "^dekdm. Brugm. ii.
(for^tal-jatt).
K. " wS. tain,number, tive;
narra- " 174. Der. ten-th;see Tithe.
Tale. + Du. teilen,
see Icel. telja, Tenable, that can be held. (F.-L.)
Dan. talk, Swed. tdlja,G. zdhlen ; all F. tenable, 'holdable,'Cot. F. tenir,to "

from sbs. Teut. type '^taljan-. hold. L. tenere,to hold,keep ; orig.to "

Telluric, belonging
to earth. (L.)From extend. + Skt. tan, to extend,stretch ; Gk.
L. tellur-^stem of telltis,
earth. Der. Tf/veti/ (for ^rkvyuv), to stretch. Allied
telhiri-itm,
a rare metal. to Thin.
Temerity. (F. L.) - M.F. temeritL - tenacious. Coined from L.
(L.)
L. ace. temeritdtem, rashness. -^ L. adv. tendc-i-,
decl. stem of tenax, holdingfast ;
tenure, rashly. The orig.sense of temere with suffix -("z/i-. L. tenere (above).
"

was 'in the dark'; cf. Skt. iamas, gloom. tenacity. (F. L.) M.F. te^tacite. " "

Temper, vb.
tempren. (L.) M. E. L. tetidcitdtetn, ace. of tendcitds,
a holding
A. S. tempriatt,to temper." L, temperdre^ firm. L. tendci- (above^. "

to apportion,regulate, qualify.Allied to tenant. (F. L.) F. tenant, holding, "

teinperi,tempori, adv.,seasonably, and to pres. pt. of tenir. L. tenere, to hold. "

temptis,time; see Temporal ,1).Brugm. Der. lieu-tenant, q. v.

ii. ti}
132. Tench, a fish. (F.-L.) O.Y.tenche
tempest. (F.-L.) O.F.tempesteiF. (F.tayiche).-^!,.
tinea,a tench.
tempete),
a storm ; answering to a Late L. Tend (i),to aim at, move towards,in-
cline,
tempesta,fem. of Late L. tempestits, adj., bend to. (F. L.) ". tend^-e.'^^.. "

used instead of L. tempestas, season, fit tendere,to stretch, extend, direct,tender.

time, weather, also bad weather, storm. Allied to tenere, to hold ; see Tenable.
From L. tempus, time (above).Brugm. ii. (VTEN.) Brugm. ii. " 696 (3). Der.
"" 102, 132. tend-enc-y,formed by adding-jj/to the obs.
Temple (i),a A.S. tempi, sb. tendence,
fane. (L.) coined from the stem of the
tempel. - L. temple.^ Gk. pres. part,oi tendere.
temphitn, a
W/ifvos, a sacred enclosure, pieceof ground Tend (2),to take care of. (F.-L.) A
cut off ; allied to refiveiv, to cut. (V TEM.) docked form of Attend.
Brugm. ii. " 76. Der. templ-ar,Late L. Tender (i),soft, delicate. (F.-L.) F.
templdrius. tendre. " L. teneruvi,ace. of tener,tender,

546
 TENDER TEPID

orig.thin ; allied to tenuis^ thin. (-^ Tense (1),part of a verb, indicating

TEN.) See Thin. Der. tender,vb., to time of action. (F. L.) M. ]":.temps, "

regardfondly,a word more or less con-

fused Chaucer, C. T. 16343. ^ ^emps, time " "

with tender (2); whence tender,sb., also O. F. tens). - L. tern pits, time, also
regard,care, K. Lear, i. 4. 230. a tense.
Tender (3\ to proffer,offer,shew. (F. Tense (2),tightlystrained. (L.) L.
"
L.) F. tendre, to tend, also to tender '
tcnsns, pp. of tendere, to stretch ; see
. .

'
or offer unto ; Cot. L. tendere,to stretch Tend (i). Der. tense-uess,
"
with E. suffix.
out. See Tend (i). tension, the act of straining, a strain.

tender small vessel that attends

(3),a (F. "
L.) F. tension,used in i6th cent.
a larger,a coal-carriage attached to a " L. tetisionem. ace. of tcnsio,a stretching.
locomotive engine. (F. L. ; with E. " " L. tens-nni, supine of tendere (above).
suffix^ Short for a//^"c/^r,i.e. attendant So also tens-or,a coined word.
on ; see (a)and Attend.
Tend tent (1),a pavilion. (F.-L.) V.tenie,
tendon. (F. L.) F. /r/zi/fw, a ten-
don, "Late L. tenta, a tent; fern,of L. tentus, '
"

or taile of a muscle;' Cot. From p]:).o{ tendere,to stretch, spread out.

a Late L. form ^iendo,gen. teudonis and Tent (2),a roll of lint used to dilate a
tendon, Ital. tendine, wound.
tendinis; cf. ^"^"3^-^. (F. L.) M. E. tenie. F. tente ; " "

a tendon ; Port, tendao. Lit. '

stretcher.' Cot. A verbal sb. from F. tenter ", L.
" L. to stretch.
tetidere, tentdre, to try, prove, probe. Cf. Span.
Tendril. (F.-L.) From O. F. Z^//- tienta,a probe. See Tempt.
'

pi. tendrells
drillons, '
; Cot. ; or from an Tent (3), a wine. 'Span. L.) From "

0. F. *tendrille,not recorded. We also Span, vino tinto,a deep -coloured (lit.

find O. F. tendron, ' a tender fellow,also tinted^wine. " L. tinctus,
pp. of tingere,
a tendrell ;' Cot. F. tendre,tender; see " to dye. See Tinge.
Tender (1). In Tent (4',heed, attention. (F.-L.)
Tenebrous, Lowl. Sc. tak tent.
Tenebrious, gloomy.Short for attent,i. e.
(F. L.) M. F. tcnebreux.
" L. tenebrosus,attention. "

gloomy. L." tenebrcc, d

pi., arkness. Allied Tentacle, feeler of an insect. (L.)
to Skt. tamisra-,darkness, tavias, gloom. Coined from L. tentd-re,to feel ; with
Brugm. i. " 413. (^TEM.) suffix -cn-Inm ; see Tempt.
Tenement, a holding.(F.-L.) M.F. tentative. v^L.)L. tentdtmus, adj.,
tenement. Late L. tenementwn, a fief.
" trying,tentative. L. tentdre,to try; see " "

L. tenere, to hold. Tempt.

tenet. (L.)l^.tenet, he holds; 3rd pers. Tenter, a frame for stretching cloth.
sing.pres. of tenere. (Cf.habitat, e xit.) (F\-L.) Properly tenture ; but a vb. tent
Tennis. (F. L. ) M.E. ten^tz (accentedwas coined,and from it a sb. tenter,whicli
"

on latter "?); Gower, Balade to Henry IV, supplanted M.E. /"?"///r^. ALF. tenture, "

1. 295, also tenise, teneis,teneys; whence a stretching. L. tentura, a stretching." "

Late L. tenisia, tenihidinm.^ K. F. tenetz, L. tenttis, pp. of tendere,to stretch. See

F. tenez (" L. tenete), imp. pi. of tenere, Tend (i). Der. tenter-hook.
to hold ; perhapsused to mean
"'
take this,' Tenth.. (E.) M. E. tenpe, coined (by
and ejaculated the in
player serving. analogy with seven-th, nin-th) from ten;
by
colour in heraldry. (F. G.) the E. word is tithe.
Tenny, a true "

The same as tawny oxtanny; see Tawny. Tenuity, thinness. (F. L.) M. F, "

Tenon. (F. L.) F. /"/"?",'a tenon,

"
teiinitd. L. tenuitdtem. ace. of tenuitds, "

the end of a rafter into a morteise ;

'
thinness. L. temii-s. thin ; lit.' stretched
put "

Cot. holds fast.

So called \)^zd,\x%^\X. "Y. out.' Cognate with Thin. (y'TLN.)
hold fast. L. hold. Tenure. (F.-L.) ". tenure. Lzte
tenir,
to tenere, to "
-^

tenor. L.j L. tenHra, a holding(ofland).

Formerly (^better) L. tenere,
(F. "
"

tenour. M. E. tenour, import. F. tenair, " to hold. See Tenable.

import,content of a matter. L. tenorem, " Teocalli, a temple.(Mexican.)From

ace. of tenor, a holding on ; a course, teot/,a god and cat/i,a house.
;
L. tepidiis,
(L.^ L.
tenor of a law. L. tenere, to hold. ^ The
" Tepid. warm. "

+ Skt. tap, to be
sense of tenor in music i Ital. tenore) is due tepere, to be warm.
to the notion of holdingor continuing the warm ; Russ. topite,to heat ; Irish te, hot

dominant note (Scheler). (i/TEP.)

547
 TERAPHIM TERROR

Teraphim, idols, household gods. of three. L. term, pi.,by threes. L. ter, " "

'Heb.) Heb. teraphim, s. pi.,images three times; tres,three ; see Three.

connected with magical rites. Terra COtta, a kind of hard pottery.
Terce, the same as Tierce. (Ital. L.) Ital. terracotta,hdi\i"di
earth. " "

Tercel, Tassel, the male of any hawk. L. terra,earth (below) fem. of coctits,
; cocta,
(F. L.) M. E. tercel',
" dimin. tercel-et. pp. oi coquere, to cook; see Cook.
" O.F.
tercel,tiercel;whence the dimin. terrace. (F.-Ital "
L.)M.F. terrace,
'the tassell,
tiercelet, or male of any kind terrasse,a terrace,platform, plat. M. Ital. "

of hawke ; so tearmed because he is,com-

monly, terraccia, terrazza, a terrace,longmound of
a third part lesse then the female ; '
earth. Ital. terra, earth.
" L. terra,earth. "

Cot. [Another alleged Terra *tersa,i.e. dry ground; allied

reason is, that p. =

every third bird hatched was, in popular to O. Irish tlr, W. tir,earth ; also to Gk.
opinion, sure to be a male. So also Ital. T"paea9ai,to dry up. (y'TERS.) See
'
terzolo, a tassel gentle of a hauke ;
'
Torrid, Thirst. Brugm. i. " 706 (b).
Florio.] O. F. tiers,tierce,
" third. L. ter- terreen, tureen, a largebowl for "

tius,third ; see Tierce. soup. (F. L.) Both spellings are bad; "

Terebinth, turpentine-tree. (L. Gk.) terrine would be better. F. terrine,an" "

L. terebinthus.'"Gk. the
T(pe^iv6os, earthen
pentine-tree
tur- pan. " L. terr-a,earth ; with suffix
; earlier form repfxivOos. -ina, fem. of -inus.

Tergiversation, terrene, earthly.(L.) L. terrcnus,

a ness.
fickle-
subterfuge,
(F. L.) Y .tergiversation.
"

-^X^.tergi- earthly.L. terra, earth. "

uersdtionem, ace. of tergiuersdtio, terfuge. terrestrial.

a sub- (L.)From L. terrestri-s,
"L. tergiiiersdtus, pp. of tergiue?--earthly ; with suffix -dlis. L. terra, "

sdrT, to turn one's back, turn rightround, earth ; with suffix -st-tr-.
shuffle. L. iergi-,
" for tergum, the back; Terrible. (F.-L.) F. terrible.-!.,
uersdrT, to turn about, pass, of uersdre, terribilis, causingterror.- L. terrere, to
frequent, of tcertere, to turn ; see frighten.See Terror.
Verse. Terrier (r),a kind of dog. (F. L.) "

Term. (F. L.) M. E. terme. - F. M. E. tej-rere,a burrow-dog,'one who-

'

ternie.'^Y,. tenniniiin,ace. of terminus, pursues rabbits, "c. at their holes. F. "

'

boundary, limit. 4- Gk. repfia, limit ; Skt. terrier, as in chien terrier,'

a terrier ;
'
tdraya,to cause to pass over. (-^TER.) Cot. Cf. terrier, the hole,berry,or earth
Termagant. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. E. of a conny [rabbit] or fox ; also,a little
Termagant Teriiagant, a (supposed) cen
Sara- hillock ; ' Cot. Late L. terrdrins,belong-
ing "
,

idol,hence a rantingcharacter in old to earth. " L. terra, earth. See

moralities and
[plays], finally a scoldingTerrace.
woman. " O.F. Tei"uagant,Tervagan, a terrier of landed pro-
(2),a register perty.
supposed) Saracen idol (Chanson de
(, (F. " L.) M.F.papierterrier,a roll
Roland). Ital. Trivigante,the same
" of tenants' names, "c. "Late L. terrdrius,
(Ariosto,xii. 59). Explainedas Triva- as in terrdrius liber, a book wherein
gante,the moon, wanderingunder the three landed property is described. " L. terra,
names of Selene (or Luna) in heaven, land.
Artemis {Diajta)in earth, Persephone Terriilc. (L.) L. terrificus, causing
{Frosei'pina) in the lower world." L. ter, terror. L. terri-,iox terrere,to frighten; "

thrice ; uagant-, stem of pres. pt.oiuagdrl, -ficus, causing,ixorafacere,to make.

to wander. But perhapsEastern. Terrine ; see terreen.

Termination. (F. L.) M.Y. termina-
tion."!^, Territory, domain. (F. L.) F. ter-
"
"

terffiindtionem,bounding, ritoire, a territory.L. tei'ritorium,a

ace. a "

ending. L. termindtus,pp. of ter77iindre,domain, land round a town.

" L. terra, "

to bound, end. L. terfninus, boundary. land. " Formed as if from a sb. with decl.
See Term. stem i.e.
territori-, possessor of land.
terminus, end. (L.) L. terminus Terror, dread. (F." L.) Formerly also
(above). F. terreur. L. terrorem, ace. terrour, " "

Tern, a bird.
terne, of terror, dread. L.
(Scand.)Dan. terrere, to scare, "

tame, Swed. tdrna, Icel. J"ei'na,

a tern. make afraid, orig. to tremble. Cf. Gk.
Cf. A. S. steam, a tern ; and Starling. rpUiv (for*Tpf(r"iv), to tremble ; Skt. tras,

Ternary. (L.)L. temarius, consistingto tremble, be afraid; Lith. triszeti,

to

548
 TEXT THAW

ntc7is, adj.,from Teutones,sb. pi.,the IceX.pegn;G. degen,a warrior,O. H. G.

a people of Germany ; lit. men
'
Teutons, degan. Teut. type *thegn6z, m. Allied
of the nation,'or 'the people.' Goth. to Gk. t4kvov,a child ; from
"
t""-, as in
thiiida,a people,nation (or from a dia- lectal r(K-iiv, 2 aor. inf. of t'ikthv, to beget.
variant of this word). See Dutch. (VTEK.) Brugm. ii. " 66.
Text. (F. L.) M. E. texte. F texte, Thank, Thanks.
- - .
(E.) M. E.""/",
a text, subjectof a book. L. textian, a "
a thought,kindly remembrance, goodwill;
thing woven, fabric, styleof an author, hence thanks,pi., expressionsof goodwill.
text of a book. L. textus, woven,
"
pp. of A. %. pane, pone,sb.,thought,favour,con- tent,

texere,io weave. + Skt, /a-z^j-Z^,

to cut wood, thank. + Du. dank, IceX. pdkk,Dan.
to prepare ; cf Russ. testate to hew. Further tak, Swed. tack,Goth, thagks, i.e.'^thanks,
,

allied to Technical. (^TEK.) Brugm. i. remembrance, thank. Teut. type '^thankoz,

" 594. Der. textu-al, from M. F. textu-el. m. ; from *thank,2nd grade of *therikan-^
textile. (L.) L. /^x^/7/i-, woven. "L. to think. See Think. (yTENG.) Der.
textus,pp. of texei'e, to weave. thank, vb.,A. S. pancian.
texture* (F. L.) F./^x/wr^,'a tex-
" ture, That. (E.) M. E. that. A. S. ticet,
web;' Cot. L. textfira, a web.
" L. orig.neuter of a demonstrative
"
pronoun^
textus,pp. of texere,to weave. which came to be used as the definite article.
The masc. and fem. forms in use were se

TH. {se), seo, which in late A. S. were replaced

by Se,Seo,by analogywith the neuter and
Th. This is distinct from /, and should other cases. The neut. ScEt is from
have a symbol. Formerly,the the Teut. pronominal base THA
distinct Idg. =

A.S./and flf
were used (but indiscrimin-
ately) To, meaning ' he or that.' The suffix ' '

to denote both the sounds now noted -/ is merelythe sign of the neut. gender,
de-
by th. When / degeneratedinto a like Lat. -d in i-d,illu-d,istu-d,qui-d.
symbol closely resembling was
jj/,jj/ at last p. The declension was as follows. Sing.
substituted for it; hencewe find jj-^and ^' NOM. se, seo, Scet [replaced in late A. S.
used, for
by earlyprinters, the, that ; it is by Se, Seo, Scef]; GEN. Sees,Sare, Sees;
needless (I hope) to remark that y^ man DAT. Seem, Sam, Scire,Seem, Sam ; ACC.
was never pronounced as ye man in the Sone, Sa, Scst INSTRUMENTAL (Sy,fif^w). ',

Middle Ages,as it often is now. Plural ; nom. and acc. Sa; gen. Siera,
I here use ^ for A. S. words, and ^ or Sara ; DAT, Sdm.-^T"\\.de, the,dat, that ;
th for M. E. words, beginningwith the Icel. newt. pat,the; Dan. den,nt\\t.
det,the;
sound of th in that ; and p for A. S. and Swed. den, neut. det,this ; G. der,die,das,
M. E. words, beginning with the sound of the, dass,that ; Goth, thata, neut. of def.
thin thin. Observe these facts, (i) Initial article. Cf Lith. tas,ta,that; Russ. tof ,
///is always pronounced as in thin except ta, to,that ; Gk. to, neut. of def. art. ; Skt.
(a)in words allied to that ; and (/")
in words tat, it,that ; L. -te,-ta,-tud (inis-te, is-ta,
allied to thoti. (2) At the end of a word, is-tud) .

it is pronounced th in thin, except

as Thatch, sb. (E.) M,E. pak. A.S.pcee,
when a written e follows ; compare breath thatch ; whence Pecean,to thatch. + Du.
with breathe ; exceptions are with, smooth. dak, sb., whence dekken, vb. (whence E.
(3) No word beginningwith th (exceptdeck is borrowed); \c^. pak,sb.,Dan. tag,
thurible,formed on a Greek base) is of Swed. tak,G. dach. Teut. type '^thak-om,n.
Latin origin; some (easilyknown) are From '^thak,2nd grade of Teut. root
Greek ; thummim is Hebreiu ; all the rest *thek-, to cover, cognate with L. teg-,as
are English or Scandian. in ieg-ere, to cover, -f-Gk. rk^os,OTe-yos, a
Than, conj. (E.) Frequentlywritten roof ; Irish teagh, tigh,
Gael, teach, O. Irish
then, and orig.the same word as then. tech,W. ty,a house ; Lith. stogas,a thatch,
M. E. thanne, thomie. A. S. Sonne, than. stigti,to thatch ; Skt. sthag,to cover.
Closelyallied to the def art. ; see That, Allied to Tegument.(VSTEG, TEG.)
" p. + Du. dan ; G. dajm, denn. Cf. L. M. E. thoiven ; prov.
Thaw, vb. (E.)
turn. E. thozv {ow as in snozv); h.^. pawian, to
Thane, a dignitary among the English.melt. -|-Du. dooijen,to thaw, from dooi,
(E.) M..Y..pein.A.S. pegen,pegn,pen, thaw ; Icel.peyja. from/", sb. ; Dan. toe,
a thane. Lit. * child' or 'begotten.'-f Swed. toa. Cf. G. verdauen, to digest,
66"
 THE THERAPEUTIC

concoct ; thanen, O. H, G. dotiwen, to Then. (E.) Frequently

written than in
thaw. Perhaps allied to Gk. rrjKfiv, to old books, and originally
identicalwith it ;
melt ; W. ioddi,to melt. ^ No^ allied to see Than.
dew. thence. (E.^ M. E. thennes (dissyl-
labic)
The (i),def. art. A. S. (E.) U.E. fke.
; whence thens.,
by contraction, later
Se, used as nom.masc. of def. art. in late written thence. The s is an a"lverhial
MSS., but early common as an clinablesuffix ; earlier forms were
inde- thenne,thanne,
relative ; see That, " p. in which a final n has been lost. A.S. "

the (2),in what (orthat)degree.(E.) 6a nan, thence ; formed from base Sa-, with
Only in such phrasesas ' the more, t/ie the suffix -na-n-, ox-na-na. The ba^c da- =

merrier.' This is the instrumental case Teut. base Til A ; see That. + G. dannen,
of the def. art. M.E. the; A.S. tiy\see O. H. G. dannana, thence; from base da-.
That, " p.+ Goth, the,lce\.J"vi, /"r,inst. Theocracy. (Gk.) Lit. * government
case of art. or dem. pronoun. by God.' From dto-,for 0(oj,God ; -npa-
Theatre. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. theatre; Tia, government, from Kpartip, to govern,
Cot.^'L.thedtrnm.'-Gk. Oearpov, a place which is from Kparvs, strong. Cf. aris-
ta
for seeing shows. " Gk. Ocao/Mi, I see. -

cracy, auto -
cracy, demo "

cracy. See
Cf. Oea, a
sight; see Prellwitz. Theism.
Thee (i). (E.) A. S. de, dat. and ace. Theodolite, an instrument used in veying.
sur-

of du, thou ; see Thou. F. Gk.

?) Generally
" said to be
Thee (2),to prosper, thrive. {E.) Obso-
lete. Greek. meaning * a
Formerly theodelitus,
'
M. E. theen. A. S. J"eon,}Jon (for
" circle with a graduated border ; used a. D.
pt. J)dk,J)eah,
*J"rhan), \.. pp. pigen, po,^en, 57
1 1. Also theodolet, theodclet. ently
Appar-
also gej)ungen, to thrive.4- Goth, thcihan, imitated (itis not known why) from
"
"' i
to increase
thrive, gedeihen; Tiw. gedij O. F. theodelet,
; G. theodolet.the name of a
'
en. The A. S. pp. ge-J)imgen shews that treatise, lit. a work by 7'heodulus.''^ijV.
the A. S. *J"Jhan is for *J)inhan (cf.O. Sax. QeoSoiXos, Theodulus ; lit. servant of '

'

ge-}engian, t o fulfiri. Teut. root *J"inx,God.' Ung theodelet coute viij.;

s. Gode- *

*}enx,Idg.root*tenk,as in Lith. tenka,it froy.

suffices, prosperity
O.Irish /i?"ra^, ; W. iynged, Theogony. (L. Gk.) L. theogonia. " "

luck ; cf. Lith. tekti, to suffice. Brugm. i. Gk. Bio^ovia, the originof the gods. Gk. "

" 421 (.^). Qdo-^,a god ; -"^ovia,origin, from yfv-, base

Theft. (E.) In place ///^/M.
of M.E. of yiyvofiai,1 become ; see Genus.
}efte
; for A.S. J"iefl, theft.-A. S.
J)eofJ}, theology. (F. L. Gk.) M.E. theo- - -

}eof, a thief. +Icel._]%''d', thiufthe.

O. Fries, logie. M t theologie
; C ot. L. theologia. " . .
"

See Thief. OeoXoyia, a speakingabout God." Gk. "

Their, belongingto them. (Scand.) Gk. OeoKoyos, adj.,speakingabout God.

M. E. thair. \ct\.peirra,of them, used
"
Gk. 0"o-s,a god ; Ktydv, to speak. "

as gen. pi.of hann, he, but really t he gen. Theorbo, a largelute. (Ital.) Formerly
pi. a
of dem. she\vn by A. S. theorda. Ital. tiop'ba; the th being due to
pronoun, as "

para ; see They, and That, " p. the occasional F. spelling th^orbe for tcorbe.
Coined, {Said have been named after the in-
ventor.)
Theism, belief in a God. (Gk.) to
with suffix -isjji (Gk. -lanos),from Gk.
^"-oy,a god. Perhaps for an older form Theorem. (L.-Gk.) \..thedrcvm.'^
*e"aos; cf. O. Ir. dess,God (Stokes-Fick, Gk. Oiajp-qixa, spectacle
a : a subjectfor
contemplation, theorem Gk. dfCLpfiv,to
p. 151), Gk. 9ia-(paTos,spoken by God
(Prellwitz). behold. Gk. Otoupos,a spectator. Gk.
"
"

Them, objective case of they. (Scand.) I see.

jOtdofxai, See Theatre.
-^
theory. (F.-L.-Gk.^ M.F.theone,
- - - - -

Reallyan old dat. case. dat

\ct\. Peini, "

theory; Cot. L. theoria. Gk. (Jfcupto,

'
dat.
o\ peir,they; see They. + A. S. /"f;;^, - -

pi.of def. art.; see That, " p. speculation.

beholding, contemplation,
Theme. M.E. /^w^.- Gk. a spectator fabove)
dfojpSs,
(F.-L.-Gk.) "

O.F. teme, M.F. theam ;' Cot."

' to the healing
Therapeutic, pertaining
theme, a

L. thema. Gk. " d^fia,that which is laid art. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^l.Y. therapeutique,
Gk. base [ars'^.xht
healing; Coi. -^1.. therapcutica
down, a theme
for argument. "

dhd,
I place_^+Skt.
6"-,to place;ti-Otj-jm, healing art; fem. oi thtrapcuticus.''GV.
to put ; see Do (i). (^DHE.) OepanevTiKds,tending. Gk. fle^TriuTT^y,
an "

551
 THERE THING

attendant. " Gk. Ofpawevdv, to wait on." Allied to Gael, and Irish Hugh, fat,thick;
Gk. Ocparr-,stem of Oepaxp,an assistant; W. tew, plump, from Celtic base *tegn-;
cf. 6fpdir-cov,
a servant. From y'DHER, also to Thatch. ^ Not Scand. ; see

to maintain,support ; cf.Skt. Mr, to tain,

main- below.
bear,dharitri,a supporter. thicket. (E.) A. i.e.
S.piccet, a thick
There, in that pLace.(E.) M. E. ther, set of bushes,"c. -f-D^-n.dial, tykke.
thar. A. S. ^Hr. The suffix -r seems to Thief. (E.) "\. thieves. M. E."^/, pi.
be due to a locatival formation like that Pciies.A. S. peof,pi.Peofas.-}-Du. dief,
in Skt. npa-ri,Gk. v^k-p. The bn?e is \ct\.PJofr,Dan. tyv, Swed. tjuf,G. dieb,
Teut. base THA ; That.-f-Du. daar, Goth, thitibs. Teut. type *theuboz, for
see

]cel. par, Dan. Swed. der, Goth, thar, G. ^theiifoz. Perhaps allied to Lith. tup'eti,
da. Compare Here, "Where. Hence to squat down (hence, to hide oneself).

there-,in there-by, there-tJi, there-of,

"c. Thigh. (E.) U."..pih,peh.O.Merc.
Cf. G. day- in dar-iit,
dar-aii. peh,A. S. Peoh,thigh.-J-Du. dij,Icel. PJo,
Thermometer, an instrument for mea-
suring thigh,rump, O. H. G. dioh. Teut. type
(Gk.) From Gk.
the temperature. ^theiihojn, n. The orig.sense is thick '

Oipno-s,warm (alliedto V..form us, warm, or plump part';allied to Lith. tuk-ti,to

^Vt-gharma-heat); and /xeVpor,
a measurer; become fat,Russ. tnchnite, to fatten ;
see Metre. Russ. sb.,fat ; Lith. tankas,
ttik\Pol. tiik,
Thesaurus. (L. -
Gk.) See sure.
Trea- sb.,fat (ofanimals).
(E.) Also spelt
Thill, shaft of a cart.
These. (E.) W.Y.. these,theos; Jill;whence f
thise, M.E.pi/le. A.S. //-horse.
a new pi.of this. The old pi.(A. S.^ds) pi//e,slip of wood, thin board, plank,
is the mod. E. those. See Those. flooring; allied to Pe/,n., a plank,as in
Thesis. (L.-Gk.) L. thesis.-Gk. benc-Pei,bench-board. +Icel./z^'^,
a plank,
Oiais,a thinglaid down, a proposition."Swed. ti/ja, a plank, floor ; G. die/e,plank,
Gk. base Oe- ; cf. riOrjfxi, I place. Der. board ; Du. deei,a plank. Teut. types
""
apo-thesis, para-thesis, pros-thesis, pro- the/Jon, f.,*the/om, n. Cf. Lith. ti//e,
thesis,all rare words, with prefixes dTro,a little plank in the floor of a boat. Cf.
vapa, TTpos, irpu respectively ; also ajiti- Skt. ta/a-, bottom, floor. (See Franck.)
thesis, hypo-thesis, meta-thesis par-en-the-Doublet, dea/,a thin board.
,

sis,syn-thesis, which see. Thimble. (L.) M. E.//;;z(5?7; formed

Theurgy, supernatural agency. (L.- (with excrescent b) from A.S. Pymei, a

Gk.) L. theurgia. Gk. Oeovpyia, " divine thumb-stall. A. S. pUma, thumb (with "

work, magic. Gk. Ofo-s,a god ; "py-ov, a the usual change from u to y). Cf. G.
"

work, cognate with E. "Work. ddum/ing, a thumb-stall ; from daum,

Thews, pi- sb., sinews; (formerly) thumb.
manners. (E.) Thews in Shak. means Thin. (E.) U."..pinne. A.S.pymte.
sinews or strength ; but M. E. thexves 4-Du. dujt, Icel. ptmnr, Dan. tyiid(for
almost always means habits or manners. *tynn), Swed. tunn, G. diinn, O. H. G
A. S. peawas, pi. oi peaw, habit, custom, dunni. Cf. W. teneu, Gael. Irish /a;^a,Russ.
demeanour (orig.sense '
strength').+0. tonkii,L. tenuis,Gk. ravaU, Skt. taiiu-,
dati,than, thin ; Pars, tunnk, slender. Lit. stretched
'
Sax. than, custom ; O. H. G.
discipline. C f. Skt. tavas,strong. out.' (v^TEN.) See Tend (i).
They. (Scand.)M. E. thai (gen.thair, Thine, Thy. (E.) M. E. thm, short- ened
dat. and ace.thaim, thani); chiefly in the to thy before a following consonant.
Northern dialect. This usage is Scand., A. S. ^In,thy,possessive pronoun, declined
not E.,as the A.S. corresponding forms were as an adj.; allied to A. S. 'Qu,thou.+Icel.
used as pi. of def. art. Icel. /^/r,nom.
" phin, Dan. Swed. din,G. dein,Goth, theins.
pi.,they; peij'ra, gen. pi.,their; Peim, Der. thy-se/f{=^ thine se/f).
dat. pi.,them. So also Dan. Swed. de, Thing. (E.) A. S. ping,pine,pi,.cg,
they,dem. them ; Dan. deres,Swed. deras, a thing, cause, orig.a discussion ; cf.
their,theirs.-|-A. S. /a, nom. pi.of def. pingiaji, to discuss, pingere,a pleader.4-
art. ; gen. Para; dat. pdm ; see That, " p. Du. G. ding ; Icel. ping,a thing, also an
Thick. (E.) yi."..pikke. A.S. piece,assembling, meeting, council (so also Dan.
thick. + O. Sax. thikki,Dn. dik, Icel. Swed. ting^. Kluge compares it with
lykkr,Dan. tyk,Swed. tjok, tjock; G. dick. Goth, theihs,season, time ; and even with
552
 THINK THORP

L. teinpus; but see tempiis in Brugm. i. the Teut. pronom. base TIIA. + Du. deze,
" 4T2, ii. " 132. Der. hiis-iiiigs,
q. v. \ce\.Pessi,
G. dieser.
Think. (E.) M. t:. penken,to think ; Thistle. E.) M. E.^V///. A.S. Pistel.
orig.distinct from the impers.yh.punchen, -|-Du.distel,IccX.pistill,
Dan. tidsel,
Swed.
to seem, for which see Methinks. [But tistel,G. distel. The i was once long,as
confusion between easy and
the two
was in some E, and G. dialects; cf. Somersets.
common. The M. E. penken daash-l,a thistle ; E. Fries, dissel. Teut.
pt. t. of
should have been thoghte, and of M. E. types *pistiloz^m., *PistiId,
f.
Pimchen should have been thtighte ; both Thither. (E.) M. E. thider. A. S.
were merged in the form thoughte,mod. E. dider. Cf. Icel. Padra, there ; Goth.
Peucan, to think, pt. t. thathro,thence
t/iought.~]"K.S". also Skt. tatra, there,
;
pdhte. A weak verb ; allied to k. ^.pane, thither. Formed from Teut. base THA
a thought,also a thank. + Icel. pekkja, (Idg.TO) with a suffix which is to be
Dan. tanke. Swed. tdnka,G. denken (pt.t. compared with L. -tro in nl-tro.
dachte); Goth, thagkjan,i.e. *thankjan Thole (i),Thowl, a peg to steady an

(pt.t. ihdhta). Teut. type *thankjan-

; oar. (E.) M.E. M"?/. A. S./^/(8th cent..
from *tha7ik,2nd grade of root *ihenk, -j-Du.Oi?/; \ze\.polIr^ young tree,wooden
Idg.*teng;cf.O. L. tongere,to think. See peg, thole ; Dan. tol; Swed. tall,pine-tree ;
Thank. Der. be-think, with prefix be- by. Norw. tall,
" toll,fir-tree,
toll,a thole. Orig.
'

young tree ; hence a bit of fir-wood

'
Third. (E.) Formerly thrid. M. E. sense
Pridde, Pride. A. S.pridda, third. A. S. for a"
peg. Cf. Icel. pdla,a young pine,
{or
/rz-, J"reo, three. + Du. derde, Icel.Przdi,P'oll {gtu.Pallar) a young fir. ,

Dan. iredze, Swed. tred/e, G. drzife,Goth. Thole (2), to endure. M.E. Polien.
tArzd/a,W.frj'dydd, Russ. /;r///,Gk.TpiTos, A.'6. polia7i, to suffer,endure. + Icel.^^/a,
Skt. trtiya-. Dan. taale, Swed. t"la, O. H. G. dolin
Thirl, to pierce ; see Thrill. (whence G.
gedtdd, patience), Goth, thulan.
Thirst, sb. (E.) Lit. 'dryness.' M .E. Cf. L. tollere, toleraj-e; Gk. rXfjvai,to
S. Puj'st^ pyrst, thirst whence suffer Skt. tul,to lift. See Tolerate.
Purst. A. ; ;

Pyrstan, vb.,to thirst. + T)u. dorst,Icel. Thong, a stripof leather. (E.) For
Porsti,Dan. ioj'si,Swed. tbrst, G. dtirst,thwo7ig. M. E. thivong,a thong; A. S.
Goth, thaurstei. p. Goth, thaurstei is pwang, a thong,string, cord ; also a bit.
from the Goth, weak stem thaurs-, as in + Icel. pivengr, a thong. From *Pwang,
-thaurs-aiis, pp. of -thairsan (pt. -thars),
t . 2nd grade of Teut. *pu"engan-, to constrain

to be dry ; with suffix -/^z. The Goth. (O. Fries, thwinga). See Twinge. Cf.
-thairsan (Teut.'^persan-) is cognate with O. Fries, thwong. thwang, compulsion;
Gk. TipaeaOai,to become dry. Cf. Skt. Du. dwang, Dan. tvang, Swed. tvhng,G.
to thirst ; tarsha-,thirst. (yTERS.)
/rj-/z, zwang, constraint.
Allied to Terrace and Torrid. Thorax. (L. Gk.) -
L. thorax. - Gk.
Thirteen. A. S.
(E.) Vl.Y..prettene. Qwpa^,-3. ; also
breast-plate the breast,chest.
'

"A. S. Preo, three ; tyn, ten ; with Lit. defender ; '

cf. Skt. dhdraka-, a trunk
preotyne.
pi.suffix -^.+Du. dertien^Icel. Prettdn^ to protect clothes, from dhr, to carry,
Dan. tretien,Swed. tretton, G. dreizehn. maintain, keep. (y^DHER.)
thirty. (E.) W.^.-pritti. K.^.prUig, Thorn. (E.) A. S. Pom. +'Du. doom,
h'ittig. A.
" S. pri^ also ^n^?, three ; -tig, Icel. Pom, Dan. tiorn, Swed. torn. G.
'
suffix denoting ten' ; see Ten.+Du. der- dorn, Goth, thaumus. Teut. type *Piir-

tig,Icel. /rfr figir, Dan. tredive, Swed. niiz, m. + Russ. tern, the black-thorn;
trettio,G. dreissig. Polish tar7t, a thorn ; cf.Skt. tr7ia-,a.grass-
//ztJi- blade. Perhaps 'piercer'; cf. L. terere,
This. (E.) M. E. ////j-, ; pi.these,
t/mse,thos,"c., the forms these and M^ij-i? to pierce.
being both used as pluralsof this ; the Thorough. (E.) Merely a by-form
in Ilave-
pluralof that beingtho. Graduallythese of the prep, through,speltporn
the settled pi.of this,whilst those lok, and ptiruh in the Ancren Riwle. It
became
supplantedtho as pi. of that. t\. S. 6es,
"
became an adverb, whence thoroughly,
Geos,Sis, this ; pi.das. [M. E. tho answers adv.,with added suffix. And hence,finally,
to A.S. da, pi.of def. art. ; see That, " p.] thoj'otigh, adj.
p. r"^/^ (A. S. tSe-s) is an emphaticform, Thorp, Thorpe, a village.(E.)
due to suffixing an emphatic particle to A. '^.porp,village.
a + Du. dorp,lce\.Porp.
553
 THOSE THRESHOLD

Dan. Swed. torp,G. dorf\ Go\.h..]"aurp, a of lightning ; Lith. treszketi, traszketi, to

field. Teut. type -^thurpo-. Cf. Lith. rattle,crack. Teut. base *tkresk ; Idg.
house. Also Irish treahh, root *tresk. Prob. firstused of thunder,
troba,a building,
village, hamlet ; Idg.type *trel"o-. then of the noise of the flail. Der. thresh-
W. tref^ old.
Brugm. i. " 553.
Those. (E.) A. S. das, originally the Thrasonical, vain-glorious.(L. "

pi.of A. S. (Ses,this. See This. Gk.) Coined from Thrason-,stem of

Thou. (E.) A. S. ";7,thou.+Icel./", Thraso, tlie name of a braggingsoldier in
Goth, thti,Dan. Swed. G. dii ; Irish and Terence's Eunuchus. Evidentlyfrom Gk.
Gael, tu ; VV. ti ; L. tu, Russ. tut ; Gk. cu, bold,spirited
6pa(T-vs, ; allied to Dare (1).
TV Pers. tu ; Skt. tva7?i.
; (VDHERS.)
Though. (Scand.) M. E. thogh; [also Thrave, a number of sheaves of wheat.
theigh,A. S. "
E. praue, preue {thrave,
tieah,3'^^.]Icel, pd (for (Scand.) M.
*Pauh); cf.Dan. dog,Swed. dock.'\'0.Sax. threve)."Icel. J"reji,a thrave ; Dan. trave,
thok, Du. dock,yet, but ; G. dock, Goth. a score of sheaves ; Swed. trafve, a pile of
thatth, Teut. in which
type *thatt-h, -h wood ; Swed. dial, trafve,
24 or 30 sheaves
enclitic; cf. L. que, and.' up in shocks (F. MoUer). Cf. Icel.
'
seems to be an set

Thau- is prob.from the same base as That, a loft for corn.

]"ref,
"ffIn the Du. and G. dock,"c., the shorts? Thread. (E.) yi,^. Preed,Pred.A.S.
is due to loss of emphasis. Prdd {",*Pr^-dtz) ,
thread ; lit.' that which
Thought, sb. (E.) Better is
iJioght. twisted.' A. S. prdwan, to twist.+Du.
"

M. K.poght. A. S. pohi, ge-Poht, a thought,draad, lcQ\.pra6r, Dan. traad,Swed. trad,

lit. thingthoughtof. A. S. pdht,pp. of thread ; G. draht, O. H. G. drdt^ wire,
"

Pencan,to think ; see Think. +Icel./"?///, Teut. type ^pr"-diz. See Throw.
Pottr; cf. G. gcdacht,adj.,thought of, Threat, sb. (E.)M.E.^r^/. K.^.}reat,
orig.pp. of denken,to think. a crowd, crush of people,also great pres-
sure,
Thousand. (E.) M..Y.. pousand. A.S. calamity,trouble,threat, A. S. -^i

duizend,Icel. pUsund,pUs- preat,

Pusend.-\-\yvi. 2nd gradeof str.vb./r^(?/a;z,to
afflict,
hund, pUshundrad ; Dan. tusind, Swed.- ".v^jt,.jirge.+ Goth, us'thrhitan,to vex
Goth,
tusen, G. tatisend, thusundi. Cf. greatl}V\G.verdriessen,to vex ; Russ.
also Lilh. Russ. tuisiacha,
tukstatitis, a trudite,to make one work, urge, vex ;
thousand. % Not yet explained; m Icel. L. trudere,to push, crowd, urge. (Base
PUs-hund,the syllable hiind" A. S. kund, TREUD.) Der. threat-en,vb.
a hundred, and is due to popular etymology, Three. (E.)M.E./r^. A.S.pri{Pry),
which may (however)be correct. prto{Preo),three. +Du. drie,Icel.Prir,
Thowl; see Thole (i). Dan. tre, Swed. tre, Goth, threis,
G. drei.
Thrall, a slave. (Scand.)O. Northumb. Cf Gael,
Irish, and W. tri, Russ. tri,L.
driel,borrowed from Norse, Mk. (neut.tri-a),
x, 44 ; Gk. rp^Ts(neut.rpUa),
tres
the ce was Lith. trjs, Skt. masc.
perhaps shortened in M. E. nom, pi.trayas;
Praldom,from Icoi.prceldomr. \cQ\.J"rcell,
Idg.masc. "nom. pi.*treyes.
a thrall,serf;Dan. trizl,Swed. trdl. The Threnody, a lament. (Gk.) Gk. Opr^v-
Icel. /ri?//
stands for *Prdhiloz,
m., and is wbia,a lamenting. Gk. Opiji^-os, a wailing, "

cognate with Q. H. G. dregil,drigll, a from I

Ope-ofxai,cry aloud; "^drj,
ode; see
thrall,serf ; lit. a runner,'
'
i.e. one who Drone (i) and Ode.
runs on
messages. From base of Goth. Thresh ; see Thrash.
thragjan,A. S. pragan, to run ; allied to Threshold, pieceof wood or stone
a
Gk. Tpe'xfJf,
to run. See Trochee, Feu- under an (E.) Thresh-old
entrance-door.
terer. Der. thral-doj?i,
Icel. prccldomr.
was usuallywritten thresh-wold,as if it
Brugm. i. " i'^\. were the pieceof wood threshed or beaten
Thrash, (E.) Thresh is by the tread of the foot ; but this was due
Thresh.
older; M. E. preshen,for pershen.'^K. S. to a popular etymology (suggestedby
perscan,to thrash (strong verb).-4-Du. wald, perhaps floor). A.S. Perscwald, =

dorschen,Icel. Preskja, Swed.

Dan. tczrske, late form of h.S. Perscold. A. S. Persc-
an, -^

troska,G. dreschen,Goth, thriskan (pt.t. to thresh ; with -old, suffix. + Icel.

thrask). Orig. to rattle, make a din or preskolder, threshold ; from presk-ja^ to

rattling
noise;cf.Russ. tresk-ate,to crackle,thresh. |3.The A. S. perscoldis from a
burst,tresk\a crash,O. Slav, troska, \ cf. O. H. G. drisc-u-
stroke form *persc-o-til{p)-

554
 THRICE THRUM

fii. And -Vo- represents Idg. -tro- ; see L. thronum, ace.

oUhronjis. Gk. Opoyoi, "

Princ. of E. Etym. i. " 228 [Ji). a lit.a support. (VDHER.)

seat ;
Thrice. (E.) For thris,contr. form of Throng, a great crowd of people.(E.)
M. IL.Pries, J)ryes where the
(dissyllabic), M. K.pron^. A. S. ge-Prang, a throng.
suffix -s is adverbial (orig.a mark of gen. A.'6. Prang^ 2nd grade oi Pringan,to
"

case). Earlier form /;7"'.A. S. J"rhva, crowd, press. + Du. drang, Icel. Prongs
"

thrice. A. S. J)ri,
" three. See Three. G. drang,a throng; cf. Dnn. trang, Swed.
Thrid, a thread. (E.) Another form trang, adj.,narrow, close. Allied to
oi thread (Drvden,Hind and Panther, iii. Goth, ihreihan,to throng,Lith. trenh-ti,
278). to jolt,push. Der. thiong,vb.
Thrift, frugality.
(Scand.)M. Y^.prift.Thropple, Thrapple,
wind -pipe.
thrift;"\%o Prif,the same.
^\Q."i. prift^ (E.) i s
I^hropple prob. a reduction of
" Icel. weak gradePrif-. as in prif-inn,A. S. Prot'bolla,the wind-pipe; from
pp. o{ PrJfa,
to trivelse,
thrive. Prot-ti, throat,and bolla,
Cf. Dan. prominence. See
prosperity.See Thrive. Throttle, Throat, and Bowl (2).
Thrill, Thirl, to pierce. (E.)The old Throstle, the song-thrush. (E.) M. E.
sense of thrill was to pierce; also speltprostel. A. S. prostle, a throstle.+M.H.G.

thirl,which is an older spelling. M. E. trostel. Teut. t}pe *Prustld, fern. ; Idg.

Pirlen,prillcn. A. S. Pyrlian,to pierce; type *t?}'zdld; ci. L. ttirdus, a thrush, and
shorter form oi pyreHan, the same '
; lit. to Icel./;w/ Swed. and Norw.
{gen.pj-astar),
make a hole.' A. S. Pyrel, pyrel,a hole, trast, a thrush (from the 2nd grade,*/raj/',
"

orig.an adj.with the sense 'pierced,' for of a Teut. base */;vj/..Also, with initial
as shewn
*Pyrh'il, by the cognate M. H. G. s, Lith. strazdas, {.,a
m., strazda, thrush.
durchel,
pierced. Derived from A. S.purh, See further under Thrush (i). Th'ostle
through(withchange of u io y), justas has a variant throshel (M. E. thrusshil,
M. H. G. durchel is from G. durch, Prompt.Parv.). Brugm. i. "" 818 (2),882.
through. See Through. Throttle, the wind-pipe.(E.) Dimin.
Thrive. ven), of throat ;
(Scand.)Vl.Y.. prinen {thri- cf. G. drossel,throat. Der.
Praf,Prof,pp. Prii(e)i.
pt. t. lcQ\. throttle,vb., to press on the wind-pipe;
"

prifa(pt. Preif, pp. Prifimi),

t. to clutch, M. E. throtlen.

grasp, grip, seize; hence prifask(with Through, prep. (E.) M. E. purh.

suffixed -sk -sik, self, lit. to seize for A. S.pnrh,O. Northumb./(?r/^.+Du.
= door,
oneself,to thrive. + Dan. trives,Swed. G. diirch,O. H. G. dnruh ; Teut. type
trifvas, reflex, verb, to thrive; cf. Norw. ^Purh; allied to Goth, thairh,through
triva, t o seize. Der. thrif-t,q. v. (Teut.type */^r/^). p. The Goth. ///azV/^,
the (E.) M. E./r^/^.through, is allied thairko,a hole ; from
Throat, gullet. to
A. S. protti, also -prote,throat.+O. H. G. Teut. base *pe7-k Idg, base *terg, an =

drozza,whence G. drossel, throat,throttle. extension of -^^TER, as in L. ter-ere,to

Prob. allied to Du. strot, M. Du. stroot, bore. Cf. Gk. TpojyXr], a hole. Brugm.
stroote,the throat,gullet ; Ital. strozza, i. " 527. Der. thrill.
the gullet (a word of Teut. origin^ We Throw, to cast, hurl. (E.) M. E.
also find Swed. strupe, Dan. strube, the Prowen, pt. t. pre-v, pp. Prowen. A. S.
throat. Der. throttle, v. Prdwan, to twist, h url,whirl ; pt. i.preow,
q.
Throb, forcibly,
to beat
as the heart. pp./;77T"'^". [The orig.sense, to twist,is
(E.) M. E. probben,to throb. Allied to preserved thread.'] in Allied to Du. draa-
Russ. trepete,palpitation, throbbing; L. ijen, twist,
to whirl ; O. H. G. draen,
See Trepidation. G. drehen, to turn all from Teut. base
trepidus, trembling. ;

Throe, pang. (Scand.?)

a Vi.Y.. prowe, *Pr(B Idg. base *t?-e, as =in Gk. TprjrSs,
bored through, Tprjfxa, a hole. The grade
fhrawe. [Cf.O. ^Terc. thrauu, 'argutiae,'
O. E. Texts; A. S. prea, a rebuke, afflic-tion, *ter appears in L. terere, to bore, Gk.
threat,evil ; which seem to have Tiipfiv Tor *T(pyfiv), to bore. (y'TER.)
been confused with it.] Prob. from Icel. Thrnm (i), t he tufted end of a weaver's

suffer thread. (E.) M. E. priun, not found in

/rJ,a throe. Cf. A. S. Prowian, to ;
O. H. G. droa, burden, suffering, druoen, A. S. + Icel. profur (gen.Pramar^, the
droen,to suffer. edge, verge, brim of a thing (hence the
Throne. (F. " L. "
Gk.) Formerly edge a web) ; Norw. troju, tram, triimm,
of
trone F. trone (F.trone).^
(\Vyclif).-0. edge, brim ; Swed. dial, trtitnm^ tromm,
565
 THRUM THWITE

a stump, the end of a log; M. Du. drom, donner; L. tondre, to thunder,Skt. tan,
thread on a weaver's shuttle ; G. trumm, to sound. j3.We further find K.^.tonian,
end of threads, thrum. Teut. base *pru, to thunder, prob.from L. ; but compare
weak grade of *per =
Idg. */^r. Hence Skt. Ji'aw,to sound,thunder,sigh,stanita-,
it is allied to Gk. repfia, end, L. terminus; thunder,and E.j-i'z/".(-^^STEN.)See Stun.
see Term. Thurible, a censer. (L. Gk.) English "

Thrum (2),to play noisily. (Scand.) from L. thuribulum, tiiribulum, a vessel

Icel. J"rufna,to rattle,thunder; Swed. for holdingincense. L. thilri-, decl.
tfiri-, "

trwnma, tobeat, drum ; cf. Dan. trom?ne, stem of tus, frankincense

thi'is, ; with suffix
a drum. See Drum, Strum. -bulum
(asmfundi-bulum^iromfundere).
Thrush (i),a bird, (E.) JVI."..J"rusch. L. thus is borrowed from Gk. Ovos,incense.
A. S. }rysce, a thrush ; Teut. type Gk. 6v-^iv, to burn a
" sacrifice. Allied
^thruskjon, f. Cf. O. H. G. drosca or drosca, to Fume. ("/DHEU.) See Thyme.
a thrush ; whence G. drossel. Allied to Thursday. (Scand.)M..E. purs-day ^

Throstle, q. v. pors-day. A. S. pw'es dceg,Thursday. -"

Thrush {2), a disease marked by small A. ^.prtres, gen. oipfir, Thor; dcBg, day.
ulcerations in the mouth. (E.) In Phillips Borrowed from \ct\. Porsdagr, Thursday;
(1706). (Not related to A. S. ])yri-e, from pdrs,gen. oi Porr^Thor, and dagr,a
dry.) Probably of Norse origin ; from day ; cf. Swed. Dan. Torsdag. So also
O. Norse *J"ruskr; whence M. Dan. torsk, A. S. PutiresdcBg (thenative word) ; Du.
Dan. troske, Swed. torsk, Norw. irausk, Dojiderdag, Do7inerstag. All transla-
G . tions
irosk,the thrush on the tongue. And of L. dies louis. (SeeSweet,Hist. E.
prob.the same as Norw. trausk,variant of Sounds, " 578.)
fresk,a frog,also the thrush. In like Thus. (E.) M. E. thus. A. S. Ms.
manner, both Gk. rdna + O. Fries, and O. Sax. thus ; Du. dus.
Parpaxos and L.
meant (i)frog,(2) disease of the tongue. Allied to That ; and perhapsto This.
Thrust, vId. (Scand.) M.E. J"msten, Thwack, Whack, to beat. (E.)
Pristen. Icel. prysta,
" to thrust, press, Prob. imitative. Compare IcQl.pjokka, to

compel. Allied to Threaten, and to L. thwack, thump; also pjaka, the same;
trndei-e,to thrust. prov. G. wackeln, to
cudgel.
Thud, a dull sound (E.) Thwaite, a clearing.
of a blow. (Scand.) Com-
mon
Used by G. Douglas and A. S. Burns.in place-names. Icel. pveit, pad-
a. dock,
lyddan,to strike. Cf. L. ttindere. orig.a clearing in woods, a cutting.
Thug', an assassin. (Hindustani.) Hind. Icel. *Pveit, "2nd grade of *pz'Fta, not
ihag, thug (with cerebral th),a cheat, found,but A, S. pwitan,to cut.
^ See
knave, a robber who strangles travellers ; Thwite. Cf Norw. tveit, a cutting, also
Marathi thak,thag,a thug (H. H. Wilson). a clearing : Dan. dial. tved.
Thumb. (E.) M.E.J)omde; with ex- crescent Thwart, transversely,transverse.
d. A. S. pruna, the thumb. + (Scand.) Properlyan adv. ; afterwards
Du. duim, Swed. tumme, G. daujneti ; an adj.;lastly,a verb. M. E. thwert,
also \ct\.pu7nall, the thumb of a glove, thwart, across. Icel./z/^r/, neut. oi pverr,
"

Dan. tommel -finger, thumb. Lit. 'the adj., perverse, adverse. Used adverbially
'

thick finger ; from ^TEU, to grow large.in phrases such as um Pvert, across,
See Tumid. Dor. thi77ible. athwart, taka Pvert,to take athwart, to
Thum.mim., perfection. (Heb.) Urim deny flatly,p. The Icel. pverr^adj.,is
and thummim light and perfection
=
; cognate with K.S.Pweorh, perverse, trans- verse,

though the forms are, strictly, plural. Dan. tvcer,transverse (whencetvcert,

"

Heb. tummlm, pi. of toju, perfection, adv.,across),Swed. tvdr, across (whence

truth. "Heb. root tdmaju, to be perfect. t-vdrt,adv., rudely), Du. d'waj-{s) ; Goth.
Thum.p, vb. (E.) Allied to \cQ\.dumpa, thwairhs, angry; G. zwerch, adv., across,
to thump, Swed. dial, dompa, to thump, awry. From Teut. base *Pwerh, Idg.root
dumpa, to make a noise. *twerk ; cf. L. torquere, to twist ; Skt.
Thunder, sb. (E.) For tkuner ; the d tarku-, a spindle. Brugm. i. " 593 (3).
is excrescent. yi.E.poner. A.. S. Pmior. Allied to Twirl.
" A. '$".punian, to rattle,thunder; cf ge- Thwite, to cut. (E.) Obsolete. A.S.
Pun, a loud noise. +Du. donder; Icel.Porr pwltan, pt. t. Pwdt, pp. Pwiten,to cut.
(for Ponr), Thor, god of thunder ; G. Der. thwaite,whittle, q. v.
556
 TIFF TIMID

O. F. tierz, twre, third. L. tertius, third. ga-tils, fit, convenient ; A. S, ///, sb,,
"

" L.
ter, thrice; tres, three. See Tri-, use. Der, til-th,A.S. tild, a crop,
Three. cultivation ; cf. Du. teelt, crop.
Tiff (i),to deck,dress out. (F. O.Low Till (2),to the time when.
"
(Scand.)
G ) M
.
E. tiffen. M F
. tiffer, tifer (more
- M. E. til;chiefly
. .
in the Northern dialect ;
commonly attiffer),deck,trim,
to adorn ;'
'
O. Northumb. til. Matt. xxvi. 31. Icel. "

Cotg. Du. tippen, " to cut, clip, cut off ///, Dan. til,Swed. till, prep., to. Also
the tip of the hair ; Low G. tippen,to O. Fries, til, prep. Apparentlyallied to
touch lightly.See Tip (O. Icel. tili,tlli,aim, bent, cognate with
Tiff (2),a pet, fit of ill-humour; also O. H. G. zil,aim, mark ; see Till (i).
liquor, drink. (Scand.) Orig. 'a sniff;' Till (3),a drawer for money. (E.) The
hence (i) pet, (2) sip
a a or draught of proper sense is drawer,' somethingthat '

beer. Norweg. tev^

" a drawing in of the can be pulled out. Dryden has tillerin
breath,sniff,teva, to sniff; Swed. dial, this sense, tr. of Juvenal, vi. 3S4. From
tdv,