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B
BeamSystems
S
ASHRAE R i IV C f
ASHRAERegionIVConference
Milwaukee,WI
M 14 2010
May14,2010
DarronRempel
darronr@pricehvac
darronr@price hvac.com
com
Introduction
Topicscovered:
o Theoryofusingwatervsair
o Discussionofwaterbasedtechnologies
Di i f t b dt h l i
Radiantpanels
Passivebeams
Active beams
Activebeams
Chilledsails
o Applicationexamples
Introduction
Panelresearchstartedin~90yearsago
o Initiallywithheatedsurfaces
o Coolingstarted~50yearsago
C li t t d ~50
DiedoffinNorthAmerica
UsagecontinuedinEurope
Seekingmorecapacity
o Passivechilledbeams
o Integrationwithventilationsystem
Activechilledbeams
Active chilled beams
Introduction
THEGOAL
Reduceenergyconsumption
Maintainthermalcomfort
TheOpportunity
Roth, K. W., et al., Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Volume III: Energy Savings
Potential, Technical Report, prepared by TIAX, LLC for U.S. DOE, July 2002. (NTIS Order No. PB2002-107657)
Theory
Whywater?
Abilityoffluidtotransferenergy:
q=mCpT
Cp Sum
[kg/m] [kJ/kgK] [kJ/mK]
Air 1.23 1.005 1.236
Water 999 4 186
4.186 4182
Waterholds~3400xmoreenergypervolumethan
air.
Theory
Whywater?
Sizeofpipingvsduct
o Compare100,000Btu/hroftransportedenergy
Tbasis Volumeflowrate Duct/pipesize
Ai
Air 20F 4600 f
4600cfm 26 (1200fpm)
26
Water 6F 33gpm(US) 2(<4fps)
Energyconsumption
E ti
Volumeflowrate Energyconsumption
Air 4600cfm 2.5 3.0kW
Water 33gpm(US) 0.27 0.33kW
Theory
Sensibleonlyapplication
Designtoavoidcondensation why?
o Avoiddrippingintotheoccupiedzonebelow
o Avoiddustbuilduponwetsurfaces
o Avoidcondensatetrays/piping/pumps
y /p p g/p p
Theory
Sensibleonlyapplication
Designtoavoidcondensation how?
o Unitisdesignedforsensiblecoolingonly
o Latentremovalthroughventilationaironly
o Positivepressure
p
o Commissioningofinfiltration
o Designcontrolstohandlehumiditychange
o Design system based on expectations
Designsystembasedonexpectations
Theory
Sensibleonlyapplication
Designtoavoidcondensation how?
o Design:
Dewpoint+2F
Avoidordesignforhighlatentloadapplications
Usedryair DOAS
o Exceedingdewpointlimit
Condensationprocessbeginsatdewpoint>surfacetemperature
d b d f
Speedofprocessdependsonenvironmentalconditions
Mumma, Stanley; 2002; Chilled Ceilings in Parallel with Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems: Addressing the
Concerns of Condensation, Capacity, and Cost; ASHRAE Transactions 2002, Vol 108, Part 2; pp220-231
Theory
Sensibleonlyapplication
Designtoavoidcondensation how?
o Sensing:
Roomhumiditysensors
Condensationdetectiononpiping
o Strategies
Wateron/off
Enteringwatertemperaturereset
Supplyairwatercontent
l
Systems RadiantPanels
Purpose:
Passivecoolingorheating
deviceusingsurface
temperaturemodification
to provide thermal comfort
toprovidethermalcomfort.
y
Primarilyradiantheat
transfer.
Systems RadiantPanels
Whatisradiantheattransfer?
o Electromagneticwaves
o Intensitybasedontemperatureanddistance/viewfactor
I t it b d t t d di t / i f t
o Space/distanceisthemedium
o Exchangeisbasedonrelativesurfacetemperature
Systems RadiantPanels
Background
o Romanhypocaust radiantheating ~300BC
o MiddleEast
Middl E t radiantcooling
di t li ~800 AD
~800AD
o SouthwestUS adobehouses thermalmass
o Modernresearch
Heating
Cooling
o Moderncoolinginitiallyfailed
o Resurgenceforenergyandthermalcomfort
Systems RadiantPanels
RadiantThermalComfort
Comfortperception
o Radiantplayskeyroleincomfort
o Optimumat60%radiant,40%convection(ASHRAEApp.ch 53)
o Averageofmeanradiant&airtemperatures
g p operative
p
temperature
Systems RadiantPanels
MeanRadiantTemperature
MRT4 =T14F1 +T24F2 +Tn4Fn 60F
T=surfacetemperature[R] 80F
F=anglefactor
MRT(coolingexample)=72F
MRT (cooling example) 72F 75F
forTo =75F,Tair =78F
77F
Limitation: 75F
o 2Danalysis,providesgoodcheck
o Bestmethodisviewfactors(Fundamentals)
o Significantanalysiswithmodellingprograms
Systems RadiantPanels
MeanRadiantTemperature
MRT4 =T14F1 +T24F2 +Tn4Fn ??F
T=surfacetemperature[R] 68F
F=anglefactor
forTTo =75F,T
for 75F Tair =70F
70F 72F
MRT(heatingexample)=80F
70F
Panel surface temperature = 105FF
Panelsurfacetemperature=105 72F
Systems RadiantPanels
RadiantAsymmetry
o Limitedbasedonthermalcomfort(ASHRAE55)(<5%PPD)
Heating
Heating 9F
Cooling 25F
Cooling
60F
60 F
80F 75F
80F
77F
75F
RadiantAsymmetry
o Heatingcanbemoreofachallenge
Heating
105F 110F 72F
68F 68F
70F 70F
72F 72F
RadiantAsymmetry
o Heatingcanbemoreofachallenge
110F 72F
68F 72F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
70F
72F
12 78
10 77
Asymmetry
y
8
76
MRT
6
75
4
2 74
0 73
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Asymmetry MRT Location
Systems RadiantPanels
RadiantPanelPerformance
o Standardizedtestmethods
ASHRAE138
ASHRAE 138 notcataloguedbyanyone
not catalogued by anyone
EN14037 heating
EN14240 cooling
o Standardized tests not catalogued by many
Standardizedtestsnotcataloguedbymany
ENstandardisEuropean
Standardizedtestsunderperformrealperformance
Nosurfacetemperaturevariations
No surface temperature variations
Minimalnaturalconvectiononly
Conservativeperformanceforsafety
Systems RadiantPanels
RadiantPanelPerformance
Calculations
o ASHRAESystems PanelHeatingandCooling
Radiant
Convective
Heatedceiling(natural)
Cooledceiling(natural)
Basedon
noforcedairconvection(ie:displacement,non
no forced air convection (ie: displacement, nonoccupied
occupiedhours)
hours)
PanelsurfacetemperaturesandAUST
Systems RadiantPanels
RadiantPanelPerformance
Calculations
o Forcedconvection
Radiant
Convective
Novoselac A., Burley B.J., Srebric J., New convection correlations for cooled ceiling panels in
room with mixed and stratified airflow, HVAC & Research, Vol 12, n 2, April 2006, pp 279-294
Basedon:
Highinductiondiffusersthrowingbetween(notover)thepanels
Airchangerates
PanelsurfacetemperaturesandAUST
Systems RadiantPanels
Systemresponse
o Dependsonlayout,flowrate
o T i l
Typicalresponse 5 i
5min.
TimelapseIRvideo 25minutes,0.5gpm,12panelsat2x64pass
Systems RadiantPanels
Systemresponse
o Surfacecontactofcomponents
Systems RadiantPanels
TypicalOperatingConditions
Cooling Heating
EWT Dew point + 2F 90-140-200F
Water T 2 6F 10-20F
Seriesorparallelpiped
Seriespipedbetweenmultiplepanels
Systems RadiantPanels
GeneralGuidance
o Heating
High
Highheatingsurfacetemperaturescanbeuncomfortable
heating surface temperatures can be uncomfortable
Generallyaceilingsurfacetemperatureofmax120F
Highsurfacetemperaturesacceptablewithlittleoccupancy
Perimeters
Spacedouttopreventablanketedhotsurface
Airtemperatureacrosspanel<paneltemperature
o Coolingg
Radiantasymmetryproblemsrare
Maintainsurfacetemperaturesabovedewpoint
Spreadouttheload
Airtemperatureacrosspanel>paneltemperature
Systems RadiantPanels
GeneralGuidance
o Useoperativetemperatureforthermalcomfort
MinimizeSATT,or
Minimi e SAT T or
Minimizeairvolume
o Offsetvariationsinsurfacetemperatures
Hot/coldwalls/ceilings
Hot/cold walls/ceilings
Highsolargain
o Usepanelstoactivatebuildingmass
o Off h
Offhourtemperaturestabilization
t t t bili ti
o Requires46ofclearance
o Integrateceilingcomponents(sprinklers,PA,lighting)
Systems RadiantPanels
Minimizeventilation
Workwithoperable
windows
Offsethighsolar
gain
Activatebuilding
Activate building
mass
Systems RadiantPanels
Lowventilation
requirement
Maintaincomfort
Systems PassiveBeam
Purpose:
Passivecoolingdeviceusing
naturalconvectiontoprovide
cooling.
Dependentontemperature
Dependent on temperature
differentialbetweenairand
water.
Systems PassiveBeam
Background
o Firstinstallationsin1980s
o Concentratedpassivecooling
C t t d i li
o Displacementventilation
Systems PassiveBeam
Operation
o Warmairpoolsinceiling
space
o Aircoolsoncontact
o Coolingisdensitydriven
o Velocityrelatedto
cooling capacity
coolingcapacity.
Systems PassiveBeam
Passivebeam
o 12x48beamin24x48gridceiling
Systems PassiveBeam
Application
o Atleastofwidthabove
b
beamforairflow
f i fl
o Freeareatheareaof
thebeamface
o Perimeterapplications
Offsetfromtheheatsource
Mayneedtocapturethe
warmcurrent
Systems PassiveBeam
Application
o Perforatedceiling
Offsetspreadsoutcoolair,
Offset spreads out cool air
reducesvelocity
Metalceilingcools,actslike
radiant panel
radiantpanel
Freeareashouldbewithin20
ofbeam
Systems PassiveBeam
GeneralGuidance
o Allowwarmairtorise
o Highertemperatureair=highercapacity
Hi h t t i hi h it
o Velocitiesabove50fpmat~250Btu/hrft
o Avoidlocatingoverheatsources
Offsettopreventcollisions
Maychillsedentaryoccupants
o ActslikeDVair
o Avoiddisturbingairflowpatterns
Movecooledbelowbeam
o Maintaincoolingwithoutprimaryair
g p y
Systems PassiveBeam
TypicalOperatingConditions
Cooling Heating
EWT Dew point + 2F n/a
Water T 2 6F n/a
Parallelorseriespiped
Systems PassiveBeam
PassiveBeamPerformance
o Standardizedtestmethods
EN14518
EN 14518
o CataloguedbasedonMWT Tair
RelatestoBtu/hrft
o C
Capacitycorrections:
it ti
Skirtheight
Unitwidth
Free space above unit
Freespaceaboveunit
Returnbelowtheunit>50%freearea nocorrection
Freearea>60%forsupply nocorrection
Perforation hole size (larger is better)
Perforationholesize(largerisbetter)
Systems PassiveBeam
Lowersupplyair
requirement
Maintaincoolingwithhigh
temperaturesourcewater
Systems PassiveBeam
Workstogetherwith
g
DVtoprovidecooling
Providescooling
minimumvisibility
i i i ibilit
Systems ActiveBeam
Purpose:
Activecoolingdeviceusing
minimalprimaryairinducing
secondaryairtoprovide
cooling/heating.
Dependentontemperature
differentialbetweenairand
water.
Systems ActiveBeam
Background
o Originaltheorywithinductionunits old
o Installationsin1990sinEurope
I t ll ti i 1990 i E
o Extensionofthepassivebeam
Systems ActiveBeam
Operation
o Primaryair
Minimalamounts
Forcedthroughnozzles
o Secondary air
Secondaryair
Drawnupthroughcoil
o 2or4pipe
pp
Systems ActiveBeam
Activebeam
o 12x48beamin24x48gridceiling
Systems ActiveBeam
Application
o Typically3540Btu/hrft
withoutdraft
ith t d ft
o Flexibledesign
o Types
1way
2way
4way
o Usethermalplumesfor
capacity
Systems ActiveBeam
ActiveBeamPerformance
o Standardizedtestmethods
EN
EN15116
15116
ASHRAE indevelopment
o CataloguedbasedonMWT Tair
Basedonnozzleconfiguration
Based on nozzle configuration
o Capacityconsiderations
Nozzles
Pressuredrop
Pressure drop
Tradeoff:
Smallnozzles=highBtuh/cfm,lowBtuh/ft
Largenozzles=lowBtuh/cfm,highBtuh/ft
Primaryairtemperature
Highprimaryairtemperature
Systems ActiveBeam
GeneralGuidance
o Minimizeair,maximizewater
o Increasingair/ftincreasescapacity
increasedinduction=increasedcooling/heatingcapacity
increasedthrow=increasedP=increasednoise
o Constantvolumetypical,VAVpossible
o Location
12ceiling
Thermalplumes
o Temperaturecontrolwithwater
p
o EWT<140F
o Lowheight
Systems ActiveBeam
GeneralGuidance
o Maintenance
Systems ActiveBeam
GeneralGuidance
Condensationtrays?
o ConsiderASHRAE62.1
Inspectedforgrowth
p g min1xannually(+$)
y ( $)
Cleanedifgrowthfound(+$)
Connectedtoaremovalsystem(+$)
Fieldtestedorcertifiedslope
CoilsexpectedtobewetneedMERV6filter lossofcapacity
Wetcoilsattractdustcakingandrequiredcleaning(+$)
o Considerhealth
Biologicalgrowthcanleadtohealthissues
Systems ActiveBeam
TypicalOperatingConditions
Cooling Heating
SAT 55 65F 60 90F
AirflowRate 3 25cfm/ft
EWT Dewpoint+2F 90140F
WaterT 2 6F 1020F
WaterFlow Rate min 0.4gpm
gp
max 2gpm
WaterP 0 10
Air P
AirP 0.2 0.75
0.75
target0.40.6
Parallelpiped
Systems ActiveBeam
Installation
Threadedrodtohangers
Speedrailforadjustment
Horizontalductentrance
typical
Systems ActiveBeam
Systems ActiveBeam
Installation
Coilconnections
Coil connections
Options:
Bare Solder,Braze,
presson,pushon
h
NPT
Connection
Hardpipe
Flexhose
Systems ActiveBeam
Designexample
o 800ftopenofficespace
o 8
8people
l
o Load
Sensible 28,000Btu/hr
Latent 1,600Btu/hr
/
o Designpointconditions
75Fdb/50%RH(65gr/lb)
Minventilation(ASHRAE55)=88cfm
l ( ) f
Systems ActiveBeam
Designexample
o Latentload:
Supply
Supplyair
air
RTU:55Fdb/53.5Fwb;w=58.7gr/lb
DOASw/heatrecovery:58Fdb/54Fwb;w=55.9gr/lb
1,600=0.68xcfmx(65
, ( w))
RTU:atw=58.7gr/lb,cfm=373
DOAS:atw=55.9gr/lb,cfm=258
Systems ActiveBeam
Designexample
o Roughinginthebeams:
Use
Useanexamplebeam,noprimaryaircooling
an example beam no primary air cooling
8beam
Troom =75F
SAT=75F
EWT=dp +2F=57F
Waterflowrate=1.5gpm
Pair=0.5
Designexample
o Roughinginthebeams:
Add
Addairsidecooling
air side cooling
55Fdb
GettotalBtu/hr
Designexample
o Roughinginthebeams:
Findcapacitypercfmandperlength
Find capacity per cfm and per length
Designexample
o Roughinginthebeams:
Convert
Converttototalcfmandlengthusingload
to total cfm and length using load
28,000Btu/hr
Designexample
o Roughinginthebeams:
Compare
Comparetooriginalmincfm
to original min cfm
StdRTU:mincfm=373
Designexample
o Roughinginthebeams:
Compare
Comparetooriginalmincfm
to original min cfm
DOASw/heatrecovery(higherprimaryairtemp)
mincfm=258
Designexample
o Compareanddecide
Systems ActiveBeam
Operatesaslinearslot
p
diffuser
Integrateswithtile
grid,drywall
id d ll
Systems ActiveBeam
1waythrow
y
Locatedatbulkhead
Systems ChilledSail
Purpose:
Passivecoolingdevice
combinedradiantand
convectivecooling
Crossbetweenradiantpanel
Cross between radiant panel
andpassivebeam.
Systems ChilledSail
Background
o Installationsfromlate1990
o Blendofradiantandconvection
Bl d f di t d ti
Morecooling
Reducedraftrisk
Systems ChilledSail
Operation
o Warmaircontactscool
elements
o Surfacetemperature
activated for radiant
activatedforradiant
exchange
Systems ChilledSail
Chilledsail
o 24x48exposedsail
Systems ChilledSail
Application
o Combinedwithotherventilationsources
o Flexibledesign
Fl ibl d i
o Types
Exposed
Concealed
o Increasestotalcoolingcapacityinarea
Systems ChilledSail
GeneralGuidance
o Minimizeair,maximizewater
o Takesadvantageofoperativetemperature
o Activebuildingmass
g
o Locateoveroccupants
o Highersurroundingtemperaturesincreaseconvection
o Ventilation
WorksbestwithDV
BlowO/Hcoolairelsewhere
o Heatingisapplicationspecific
Heating is application specific
o >60%ofceilingspacereducescapacity
Systems ChilledSail
TypicalOperatingConditions
Cooling Heating
EWT Dew point + 2F Application specific
Water T 2 6F Application specific
Parallelorseriespiped
Systems ChilledSail
DesignExample
o Singleoccupantoffice
10x10
Exposedceilingdeck,sailsat9
Latentload=220Btu/hr
Sensible load = 3 500 Btu/hr
Sensibleload=3,500Btu/hr
Minventilation=20cfm
SAT=45Fdb/45Fwb (w=44.3gr/lb)
Troom =77Fdb/63.6Fwb
/ ((w=67.1gr/lb,dp
g / , p =56F))
Toperative =75F
EWT=58F
Systems ChilledSail
DesignExample
o Sailcapacity=50.7Btu/hrft
Troom =77F
77F
EWT=58F
o Airsensiblecapacity
Q=1.08xcfmxT=1.08x20x(7745)=691Btu/hr
Q 1 08 x cfm x T 1 08 x 20 x (77 45) 691 Btu/hr
o Airlatentcapacity
Q=0.68xcfmxw=0.68x20x(67.144.3)=310Btu/hr
o DP<EWT
DP < EWT
o Remainingsensibleload
3,500 691=2809Btu/hr
At50.7Btu/hrft=55ft
/h f f
Use3@2.5x8(60ft)
Systems ChilledSail
Classroomenvironmentwithoperablewindows
Maintaincomfortwithminimumair
Systems ChilledSail
Highradiantexchangewithceilingsail
Displacementventilationairsupply
Reviewoftechnology
Comparisonoftechnologies
Basedoncommonoperatingconditions
Reviewofapplications
Lowgradeenergysources
Coolingwater HeatingWater
Groundsourceheatpump Groundsourceheatpump
Zonetozoneheatpump Condensingboiler
Dehumidificationleavingwater Solar
Economizer
p g
EvaporativeCooling
Openpond
SystemsDesign
CostingComparisons
Variationsfromaveragedesign
Higher Lower
Piping Ducting
Valving Fananddehumidification equip.
Hydroniccomponents Plenumdepth (fl.tofl.height)
Additionalchiller (?) Supportinfrastructure
Cooling/heating technology(?) Riser/mechanicalspace
Chiller operatingcost
g gy g
lowgradeenergyusage
Annualmaintenance
Architecturalceiling(visiblesail)
SystemDesign
Piping sharedchiller
SystemDesign
Piping stagingtank
SystemDesign
Piping supplyandcontrol
SystemDesign
Ducting
SystemDesign
Commissioning
o Waterflowrates
o N l
Nozzleconfiguration(activebeam)
fi ti ( ti b )
o Plenumpressure=cfm(activebeam)
QUESTIONS?