Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Rizals Life, Works and Writings
Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course
Republic Act of 1425
Or
Rizal Law
Jose P. Laurel
Objectives of Rizal Law (1956)
Goals by the Board of
National Education
(Capino et al, 1997)
Constantino (1969)
Taft Commission of 1901
Contenders of the Title of
National Hero
Act No.137
Act No. 243
Act No. 345
Agoncillo (1986)
Factors according to
Constantino (1969) that
affected Rizals acceptability as
official hero of the Philippines
Guerrero (1998)
Guerreros Conclusions
Mandates the teaching of the life, works and writings of Rizal in all schools in
the country.
Sponsored the law because Rizal was the founder of Filipino nationality and
the architect of the Filipino nation.
Believed that by reading and studying Rizals life, teachings and writings,
Filipino youth will gain incorruptible confidence, direction, courage and
determination.
To rededicate the lives of the youth to ideals of freedom and nationalism.
To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping
the Filipino character.
To gain an inspiring source of patriotism thru the study of Rizals life, works
and writings.
To recognize the relevance of Rizals ideals, thoughts, teachings and life values
to present condition in the community.
To apply Rizals ideas in the solution of day-to-day situations and problems in
contemporary life.
To develop an understanding and appreciation of the qualities, behavior and
character of Rizal.
To foster the development of moral character, personal discipline, citizenship
and vocational efficiency among the Filipino youth.
Rizal, An American Sponsored Hero
Claims that Rizal was an American-sponsored hero.
Not the Filipino people chose Rizal to become our countrys national hero.
Rizal, Aguinaldo, Bonifacio and Mabini
Organized a politico-military district and named it as the province of Rizal in
honor of the most illustrious Filipino.
Authorized a public subscription for the erection of a monument in honor of
Rizal at Luneta.
Set aside the anniversary of Rizals death as a day of observation.
Rizal was accepted as a national hero to the Americans because he was the
symbol of assimilation, which was the American policy then in the Philippines.
Rizal was already dead when the Americans began their aggression in the
Philippines.
No embarrassing anti-American quotation could ever be attributed to Rizal.
Rizals dramatic martyrdom had already made him the symbol of Spanish
oppression.
Asserts that it is the Filipinos who have chosen Rizal to be the symbol of our
nationalism as a people even before he died.
Rizal was the first Filipino.
Since the Filipinos love peace, they have chosen to magnify a man of peace
above the men of war.
Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justice, they have given their
worship to a man who gave up all comforts and pleasures of the peace for
their sake.
Filipinos prize virtue more than victory and sacrifice above success.
Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader
 De Ocampo (1969)
Fisher (1962)
Major Periods in the Life of Rizal (Celedonio, 1982)
First Period (1861-1872)
Second Period (1872-1882)
Third Period (1882-1892)
Fourth Period (1892-1896)
Chapter 2: The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal
Nationalism
Rizal was the first exponent of Asian nationalism since he was the source of
inspiration for the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Called Rizal the Pioneer Exponent of Liberal Democracy in Asia.
Said even before Gandhi and Sun Yat-Sen began their political career, Rizal
had already spoken out with firmness and courage ideas on liberal democracy
by his writings.
o Worth and dignity of the individual.
o Inviolability of human rights
o Innate equality of all men and races
o Necessity for constitutional government
o Due process of law
o Popular sovereignty as basis of all political authority.
o Faith in human reason and enlightenment
o Rights of the masses to public education.
o Belief in social progress through freedom
Rizal learned how to read, write and listened to stories that triggered
imaginative and critical thinking on his part.
He developed industriousness, creativity, rationality and dignity.
First turning point in the life of Rizal.
He was 11 and enrolled in Ateneo Municipal despite his mothers objection.
It was the period when Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were unjustly
executed by the Spanish government.
Their martyrdom made Rizal aware of the abuses of the regime and led him to
devote himself in the future to avenge injustices and cruelties of the Spanish.
Strengthening of his religious foundation.
Cultivation of the drive toward excellence
Conception of the Philippines as his fatherland.
Envisioning the Philippines receiving light thru education.
Perception of the intimate alliance between religion and education.
Second major turning point in Rizals life.
He decided to leave the Philippines to escape persecution.
He traveled and everywhere he went, he was always an observer and a
student, learning from everything he saw, read and heard.
He took part in the Propaganda Movement based in Europe.
The last turning point of his life before his martyrdom in December 30, 1896.
Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.
He detached his connections with politics and devoted more of his time in
practical service and usefulness to the community.
Growth and Development of Nationalism
(Jackson & Jackson, 2000) A sense of loyalty or psychological attachment
members of a nation share, based on a common language, history, culture and
desire for independence.
It is a feeling that drives a people together as a nation.
McKay et al, 1995
o Has evolved from a real or imagined cultural unity, manifesting itself
in a common language, history and territory.
o Nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity into
 political reality so that the territory of each people coincides with its
state boundaries.
o Nationalists believe that every nation has the right to exist in freedom
and develop in character and spirit.
It can lead to aggressive crusades and counter-crusades and can stress
differences among people.
Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy
Black,1999 The rise and spread of Liberalism and Democracy was actually a consequence
of the growth and development of nationalism.
Liberalism Principle ideas are liberty and equality.
Demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy,
equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes.
Also meant specific individual freedom: freedom of the press; freedom of
speech; freedom of assembly; and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Democracy Was gradually established thru the following means:
o Promulgation of laws that advance democracy
o Undertaking of reforms thru legislation
o Abolition of slavery
o Adoption of a liberal constitution
o Providing the citizens the opportunity to propose laws
o Adoption of manhood suffrage and granting of political, economic and
social rights to the people
The ecclesiastical and civil authorities then were not inclined to grant basic
human rights to the Filipinos as it will be disadvantageous to the Spains
colonial administration of the Philippines fearing that it will motivate the
Filipinos to work for independence and bring down the Regime.
The Industrial Revolution
Stearns et al, 1991 One of the most crucial developments in the 19 th century was the Industrial
revolution.
Industrial Revolution Refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought about by the invention
and use of machines.
Positive Effects Rise of the factory system.
Mass production of essential and non-essential goods.
Improvement of peoples standard of living.
Greater Urbanization of Society.
Beginnings of specialization or division of labor.
Invention of labor-saving devices.
The beginning of industrial capitalism
Fostering of liberalism and nationalism.
Encouragement of peoples mobility.
Negative Effects Widening the gap between the rich and poor
Unending economic warfare between labor and capital
Pollution and other environmental problems
Beginning of child and women labor
Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and among industrialized
countries.
Doreen, 1991 To solve the evils created by the industrial system, different measures were
proposed by concerned sectors of world society.
Liberals Laissez-faire policy or governments non-interference in the conduct of trade
and business has to be sustained for the continuous expansion of the
economy.
 Socialists Assert that the government has to control vital industries and resources.
Necessary in promoting equality of opportunity and peoples welfare in
society.
Communists Suggest that all factors of production be owned and controlled by the
government.
Equality can be achieved if social classes are destroyed and dictatorship of the
proletariat is established.
The Advances of Science
Consequences Everyday experience and innumerable scientists impressed the importance of
science on the minds of ordinary citizens.
As science became more prominent in popular thinking, the philosophical
implication of science spread to broad sections of the population. Technical
advances led people to develop optimistic faith in mans capability to achieve
progress.
The methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850. For many, the
union of careful experiment and abstract theory was the only route to the
truth and objective reality.
The Upsurge of Western Imperialism
Industrializing West In the 19th century, they entered the third and most dynamic phase of its
centuries-old-expansion into non-Western lands.
Consequences of Western The world became in many ways a single unit.
Expansion Diffused the ideas and techniques of a highly developed civilization. Yet the
west relied on force to conquer and rule and treated non-western people as
racial inferiors.
Non-western elites launched national, anti-imperialist struggle for dignity,
genuine independence and modernization.
Colonized people started to assert their right to self-determination or the right
to choose the kind of government under which they would live.
Optimism and Confidence in Progress
Chodorow et al,1994 Optimism or faith in society and mans ability to progress was brought about
by the advancement of science, the coming of steam-powered industry and
the spread of liberalism and socialism.
Marquis de Condorcet Summed the optimism of the century in his work Sketch for a Historical
Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind.
Saw that the strongest reasons for believing that nature has set no limit to
realization of our hopes and foresaw the abolition of inequality between
nations, the progress of equality within nations and the true perfection of
humanity. Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to
halt it and will never be reversed.
Achievements Extension of human rights to many people
Promotion of higher education for men and women
Education for nationalism in schools
Investment in science to serve mankind
Improvement of public health thru the establishment of numerous hospitals
Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time
Chapter 3: Spain and the Philippines in the 19 th Century

Spain in the 19th Century

Zaide, 1994 The 19th century was a turbulent century of politics
in Spanish history.
o Frequent rise and fall of ministries and
constitutions.
o Force to abandon the policy of
mercantilism and adopted the laissez-faire
policy.
Maguigad et al, 2000 To save the country from political disunity, the
Spanish crown worked out the canovite system or
rotativism.
Canovite System or Rotativism The liberals and conservatives in Spain took turns
in administering the affairs of the country.
Mercantilism An economic doctrine based on the idea that a
countrys wealth and power can be measured in
terms of its stock of gold and silver.
Romero et al, 1978 Spain was forced to abandon this policy on
account of her felt need to follow the trend of
economic development in Europe and at the same
time speed up the growth of her commerce and
trade.
Capino, 1977 Spains adoption of laissez-faire policy affected the
Philippines in several ways.
o Spain ended the Galleon Trade or the
Manila-Acapulco trade in 1873.
o This directly opened the Philippines to the
world commerce
o Ended the economic isolation of the
Philippines from the rest of the world.
o Created a middle class imbued with civic
courage and personal independence which
started the questioning the abuses of the
Spanish Regime.
The Philippines During Rizals Time
Consequences of the Spanish Conquest The Filipinos lost their ancestral lands on account
of Spains institution of the encomienda system.
Forced to accept Spanish culture and religion.
This change was evident in the administrative
organization of the country, social structure and
educational system of the Philippines and
economic situation in the 19th century.
Administrative Organization
Ministry of Colonies Thru this, the Spanish Crown was able to govern
the Philippines.
Governor-General Appointed by the Spanish monarch
The head of the Spanish colonial government in
the country.
Represented the Crown in all governmental
matters.
Vice Royal Patron over religious affairs meaning he

Actos Acordados
Alcaldias
Alcalde Mayor or Provincial Mayor
Indulto de Commercio
Gobernadorcillo or Town Mayor
Romero et al, 1978
Cabeza de Barangay
Ayuntamiento
Spanish friar
could nominate priests for ecclesiastical
administration of the parishes.
Commander in chief of the colonial army.
Chief executive of the colonial government, he was
an ex-officio president of the Royal Audiencia, the
Supreme Court in the Philippines during those
times.
Had legislative powers.
Had the power of cumplase or the power to decide
which law or loyal decree should be implemented
or disregarded in the colony.
Laws enacted by the governor-general.
The provinces during the Spanish Regime.
Divided into towns or pueblos.
Each one headed a province who exercised
executive and judicial functions.
The provincial government was the most corrupt
unit in local government then, owing to the
privilege to engage in the monopolize trade called
______.
Each one headed a pueblo.
At first, he was elected by all married males.
Then, he was voted by 13 electors, chaired by the
outgoing gobernadorcillo.
His principal responsibility was tax collection.
To ensure collection and remittance of these taxes,
he was required to mortgage his properties to the
government at the beginning of his term.
Each town was divided into barrios or barangays.
Headed a barangay, the smallest unit of
government.
His function was to maintenance of peace and
order and collection of taxes and tributes in the
barangay.
City government during the Spanish Regime.
Governed by a cabildo or city council composed of
a city mayor (alcalde en ordinario), councilors
(regidores), chief constable (aguacil mayor) and a
secretary (escribano).
A key figure in the local administrative set-up
(Schumacher,1997)
Because of the union of the church and state in the
Philippines, a principle upon which the Spanish
colonial government in the country was founded.
Supervising representative of the Spanish
government for all local affairs.
Practically the ruler of the town as he was the local
school, health, prison, inspector and inspector of
accounts of the gobernadorcillos and cabeze de
barangays.
His approval was required in census lists, tax lists,
lists of army conscripts, and register of births,
 deaths and marriages.
Frailocracia Friars became more powerful and influential that
even civil authorities feared them.
Termed by Lopez Jaena.
Guardia Civil Another institution feared in the Philippines.
Organized in1867, as a corps of native police under
the leadership of Spanish officers for the purpose
of dealing with outlaws and renegades (Maguigad
et al,2000)
Filibusteros Enemies of the government.
Erehes Enemies of the Catholic Church.
Audiencia Real Vested the judicial power of the government.
The Supreme Court during those times and the
lower courts (De Leon,2000).
Highest court in the Philippines.
Also served as a forum for settling important issues
on governance and an auditing agency of the
finances of Spanish colonial administration in the
country.
Residencia The trial of an outgoing governor-general to
account for his acts during his tenure of office.
Visitador Investigating officer to probe on complaints against
the governor-general, he was not able to resist
corruption for his personal advantage.
Capino, 1977 Another source of weakness and abuse of Spanish
government was the widespread selling of lower
position to highest bidders.
The Social Structure of Filipino Society
Romero et al, 1978 Philippine society then was feudalistic as a
consequence of the encomienda system imposed
by the colonizers.
polo y servicio Forced labor to the government and the Catholic
Chruch.
Limpieza de sangre Purity of Blood
The social structure implemented by Spain was
pyramidal due to the colonizers adherence to the
doctrine(Maguigad, 2000).
Social Pyramid:
Peninsulares Spaniards born in Spain.
Insulares Spaniards born in the Philippines.
Spanish and Chinese Mestizo
Principalia Ruling class of native elites.
Indios Masses
Educational System
Weakness of the Educational System: Over-emphasis on religion
Limited and irrelevant curriculum
Obsolete classroom facilities
Inadequate instructional material
Absence of academic freedom
Racial prejudice against the Filipinos in school.
Chapter 4: The Dawn of Filipino Nationalism
Unification of the Philippines Under Spanish Era
Reduccion Plan
Results of the Reduccion Plan
Early Resistance to Spanish Rule
Revolts caused by the desire to regain their lost freedom:
Revolts caused by resistance to Spanish-imposed
institutions:
Revolts caused by the agrarian unrest:
Revolts caused by the desire to revert to their native
religion:
Divide et Impera Policy
The Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Nationhood
Cause of the Development of Nationalism
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
John Lockes Theory of Revolution
The Rise of Clase Media
Clase Media or New middle class
Implemented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia
Required the natives to live in the area near the
church.
Spanish encomenderos found it easier to collect
taxes.
Transformed the Filipinos into law-abidding
citizens.
The independence of the barangays was lost
because of the relocation of the natives under the
influence of the church.
Revolt of Raha Sulayman and Lakan Dula (1574)
Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588)
Revolt of Malong (1660-1661)
Dagohoys Revolt (1744-1829)
Revolt of Diego Silang (1762-1763)
Revolt of Palaris (1762-1764)
Magalat Revolt (1596)
Revolt of the Irrayas (1621)
Cagayan Revolt (1639)
Sumuroy Rebellion (1649-1650)
Maniago Revolt (1660)
Provinces of Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Pampanga
and Bulacan.
Igorot Revolt (1601)
Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)
Revolt of Lanab and Alababan (1625-1627)
Tapar Revolt (1663)
Revolt of Francisco Rivera (1718)
Revolt of Hermano Apolinario dela Cruz (1840-
1841)
Revolt of the Muslims in Southern Philippines
Factor for the failure of the revolts.
They failed to realize that their common enemy
was the Spanish
Opening of the Philippines to world commerce
Rise of clase media
Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
Racial Discrimination
Secularization controversy
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
People can overthrow a government that is not
working for the good of the governed.
Can be traced to the prosperity of a relatively small
class of mestizos and the principalia or ruling elite
 who benefited from the opening of the country to
foreign commerce and trade.

Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre

Carlos Ma. Dela Torre Was appointed governor-general after the fall of
Queen Isabella and the triumph of liberalism in
Spain.
Encouraged the aspirations of the reformists and
abolished the censorship of the press.
During his term, freedom of speech and of the
press as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution
were recognized.
Rafeal de Izquierdo Replaced Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
Boasted that he came to the Philippines with a
cross on one hand and a sword on the other.
Racial Discrimination
Indios What the Spanish called the Filipinos
Means inferior race
Fray Miguel de Bustamante Portrayed the Filipino as an individual with low
mental ability, incapable of acquiring European
education and fitted only to work in the field and
tend a carabao in his pamphlet called Si Tandang
Basyong Macunat.
Secularization Controversy
Secularization of Parishes The transfer of the monitories established by
regular Spanish clergy to Filipino seculars.
Fr. Pedro Pelaez An insulares, who rose to the position of vicar
capitular of Manila in1861.
Led the fight against royal decrees turning secular
parishes over to the friars.
Appealed to the Queen Isabella II for ecclesiastical
equality between the Spanish regulars and Filipino
seculars.
Fr. Burgos Continued the struggle later after the death of Fr.
Palaez.
He exerted all efforts to defend the Filipino clergy
from all the attacks by the Spanish regulars.
Applead to the Spanish queen that the Filipino
priests the chance to prove that they can equal the
Spanish regulars.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Sgt. La Madrid Lead a mutiny with Filipino soldiers in the arsenal
of Cavite on the night of January 20,1872 brought
about by Izquierdos abolition of their exemption
from tributes and forced labor.
Rizal and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Execution of Gomburza When Rizal heard of the martyrdom of Gomburza
when he was 11 years old, he changed his mind of
becoming a priest and become a Jesuit father and
dedicated his life to avenge the victims of the
Spanish government.