The z-transform and Its Applications

Finding z-transforms of signals.

Characteristics Analysis of different signals and systems using z-transform.
Designing digital filters using z-transform

FINDING Z-TRANSFORMS OF CAUSAL DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS IN CLOSED

FORM USING ztrans FUNCTION:

1. Find the z-transform of .

FINDING IMPULSE RESPONSE OF CAUSAL LTI SYSTEM FROM :

2. Consider the causal LTI system with transfer function:

Show the pole-zero plot of the system transfer function Cross check the result with
your manually obtained result.

>> zplane( [1 2 1], [1 -3/2 1/2] ), grid on

Use MATLAB function tf2zp() to find the pole, zero and gain of the system.

>> [z,p,k] = tf2zp( [1 2 1], [1 -3/2 1/2] )

z=
( )
-1
-1

p= ( )

1.0000
0.5000

k=

Use MATLAB function zp2tf() to cross check the pole-zeros of the system.

>> [b,a] = zp2tf( [-1; -1], [1; 1/2],1 )

b=
1 2 1
a=

1.0000 -1.5000 0.5000

Use MATLAB function residuez() to find the analytic expression of the impulse response of
the system.

>> [A,p,c] = residuez( [1 2 1], [1 -3/2 1/2] )

Analytic Calcuations:
A=

8
-9 The system is causal,
( )
p=

1.0000
0.5000

c=
2
Use MATLAB function impz() to plot the impulse response of the system.

>> impz( [1 2 1], [1 -3/2 1/2] )

Find the difference equation that represents this system and use MATLAB function filter()
to implement the same system.

n = -10:1:10;
delta_n = (n==0) ; % impulse input
h_n = filter( [1 2 1], [1 -3/2 1/2], delta_n ); %impulse response
stem(n,h_n)

Notice that, you can implement the filter (LTI system) using MATLAB function filter() directly
form .
Use MATLAB function freqz() to plot the frequency response of the system.

>> freqz( [1 2 1], [1 -3/2 1/2])

Time Domain Characteristics of Causal Signals from Pole positions:

Consider,

The system has a pole at and a zero at . We will watch the impulse response and the
frequency (magnitude) response for different values of

Code:
p = 2;
[b,a] = zp2tf(0,p,1);
impz(b,a)
 Unstable
Low-
pass
Filter

Unstable
High-
pass
Filter

Stable
-
Low-
pass
Filter
 Stable
High-
pass
Filter

Margina
lly-
stable
Low-
pass
Filter

Margina
lly-
stable
High-
pass
Filter

Exercise: Sketch the pole-zero plot and write the difference equations for all the six cases and
comment.
DESIGNING BANDPASS FILTER (RESONATOR) WITH POLE PLACEMENT:

Consider a system with two complex poles at and

( )( )

Code:
clear all; close all; clc

r = 0.7; w_p = pi/3;

p1 = r*exp(1j*w_p);
p2 = r*exp(-1j*w_p);

[b,a] = zp2tf(0,[p1;p2],1);

figure(1),subplot(121),zplane(b,a)
figure(1),subplot(122),impz(b,a)
figure(2),freqz(b,a)

For and :

A stable band-pass filter around frequency.

For and :
A stable band-pass filter around frequency. The filter selectivity increases
with .

Exercise: Verify that, for the filter becomes unstable.

DESIGNING NOTCH FILTER WITH ZERO PLACEMENT:

Consider a system with two complex zeros at and

Code:
clear all; close all; clc
r = 0.9; w_z = pi/3;
z1 = r*exp(1j*w_z);
z2 = r*exp(-1j*w_z);

[b,a] = zp2tf([z1;z2],0,1);

figure(1),subplot(121),zplane(b,a)
figure(1),subplot(122),impz(b,a)
figure(2),freqz(b,a)
For and :