PHYSICS

1.
MEASUREMENT
1. the action of measuring something.
"accurate measurement is essential"
synonyms: quantification, computation, calculation, mensuration; More
o the size, length, or amount of something, as established by measuring.
"his inseam measurement"
synonyms: size, dimension, proportions, magnitude, amplitude; More
o a unit or system of measuring.
"a hand is a measurement used for measuring horses"

UNIT
1.
an individual thing or person regarded as single and complete but which can also form
an individual component of a larger or more complex whole.
"the family unit"
synonyms: component, element, building block, constituent;
subdivision
"the family is the fundamental unit of society"
o a device that has a specified function, especially one forming part of a complex
mechanism.
"the gearbox and transmission unit"
o a piece of furniture or equipment for fitting with others like it or made of
complementary parts.
"a sink unit"
o a self-contained section of accommodations in a larger building or group of
buildings.
"one- and two-bedroom units"
o a part of an institution such as a hospital having a special function.
"the intensive care unit"
o a subdivision of a larger military grouping.
"he returned to Germany with his unit"
synonym detachment, contingent, division, company, squadron, corps, regiment, brigade, platoon
s: , battalion; More
o an amount of educational instruction, typically determined by the number of hours
spent in class.
"students take three compulsory core units"
o an item manufactured.
"unit cost"
o US
a police car.
"he eased into his unit and flicked the siren on"
2. 2.
 a quantity chosen as a standard in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.
"a unit of measurement"
synonyms: quantity, measure, denomination
"a unit of currency"
3. 3.
the number one.
o the digit before the decimal point in decimal notation, representing an integer less
than ten.

2.

Random vs Systematic Error

Random Errors
Random errors in experimental measurements are caused by unknown and
unpredictable changes in the experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring
instruments or in the environmental conditions.

Examples of causes of random errors are:

electronic noise in the circuit of an electrical instrument,

irregular changes in the heat loss rate from a solar collector due to changes in
the wind.

Random errors often have a Gaussian normal distribution (see Fig. 2). In such cases
statistical methods may be used to analyze the data. The mean m of a number of
measurements of the same quantity is the best estimate of that quantity, and the
standard deviation s of the measurements shows the accuracy of the estimate. The
standard error of the estimate m is s/sqrt(n), where n is the number of measurements.

Fig. 2. The Gaussian normal distribution. m = mean of measurements. s = standard

deviation of measurements. 68% of the measurements lie in the interval m - s < x < m
+ s; 95% lie within m - 2s < x < m + 2s; and 99.7% lie within m - 3s < x < m + 3s.
The precision of a measurement is how close a number of measurements of the same
quantity agree with each other. The precision is limited by the random errors. It may
usually be determined by repeating the measurements.

Systematic Errors
Systematic errors in experimental observations usually come from the measuring
instruments. They may occur because:

there is something wrong with the instrument or its data handling system, or
because the instrument is wrongly used by the experimenter.

Two types of systematic error can occur with instruments having a linear response:

1. Offset or zero setting error in which the instrument does not read zero when
the quantity to be measured is zero.
2. Multiplier or scale factor error in which the instrument consistently reads
changes in the quantity to be measured greater or less than the actual changes.

These errors are shown in Fig. 1. Systematic errors also occur with non-linear
instruments when the calibration of the instrument is not known correctly.

Fig. 1. Systematic errors in a linear instrument (full line).

Broken line shows response of an ideal instrument without error.

Examples of systematic errors caused by the wrong use of instruments are:

errors in measurements of temperature due to poor thermal contact between the

thermometer and the substance whose temperature is to be found,
errors in measurements of solar radiation because trees or buildings shade the
radiometer.

The accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement is to the true value of
the quantity being measured. The accuracy of measurements is often reduced by
systematic errors, which are difficult to detect even for experienced research workers.
3.
ENGLISH
This is basically anything that can be used in a school or
classroom. It can include school books, newspapers, articles,
textbooks and anything that has been written by someone with
experience in the field.
The term academic writing refers to the forms
of expository and argumentative proseused by university students, faculty, and
researchers to convey a body of information about a particular subject.

Generally, academic writing is expected to be precise, semi-formal, impersonal,

and objective.

Academic Reading
Reading in an academic context is different from everyday reading. Academic reading
requires a more active, probing and recursive strategy than does recreational reading.
It is an essential skill for completing a written assignment.

Reading strategically is integral to the process of understanding your topic, finding

research materials, and developing your ideas.
Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. This strategy
helps students understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then
its effects; and/or different views of a topic.

TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXT

Filipino
1. Ano ang pagsulat?
- Ang pagsulat ay pagsasalin sa papel o sa anumang kasangkapang maaaring magamit na
mapagsasalinan ng mga nabuong salita, simbolo at ilustrasyon ng isang tao o mga tao sa
layuning maipahayag ang nasa kanyang kaisipan

2.