4B AND 6

1. CRANK CASE DEFLECTION:- niti chawla first question

When taking deflection readings for the three aftmost cylinders, the turning gear should, at
each stoppage, be turned a little backwards to ease off the tangential pressure on the turning
wheel teeth. This pressure may otherwise falsify the readings.
2. Scavenge space inspection

Scavenge inspection or scavenge port inspection refers to inspection of piston,

piston rings, cylinder liner, etc. of the main engine through scavenge ports. This
helps for detecting leakages from the piston and cylinder cover, if any. Jacket cooling
water and lubricating oil pumps should be running during the scavenge port
inspection. Scavenge inspection is carried out partly from under piston area and
partly from scavenge air receiver. Inspection procedure is following.

Make sure that vessel has necessary permission from port authorities or
bridge for main engine immobilization.
Engine stop indicator cocks open.
Engage turning gear to main engine.
Enclosed space permit
Remove scavenge port inspection covers and scavenge air receiver covers.
Ventilate and clean the area.
Turn the engine to bring the piston of the unit under inspection to BDC (Bottom
Dead Center).
Check for presence of any water or fuel on top of the piston, which indicate
leakages.
Check condition of cylinder liner wall through scavenge ports using mirror.
Slowly bring the piston up from BDC.
Inspect piston top land and piston skirt for signs of scuffing or abrasion.
When piston rings are visible through scavenge ports, move piston up and
down several times to ensure that rings are freely moving in the piston
grooves.
Use a wooden stick and press the rings to ensure free movement of piston
rings. Any broken piston rings can also be found by this way.
The first piston ring is normally CPR (Controlled Pressure Relief) type. In that
case check that the CPR grooves are not clogged and gap is not enlarged.
Clearance between ring groove and rings can be measured and recorded.
Move the piston further upwards and check condition of piston rod.
 Visually inspect the condition of stuffing box.
Depend on the amount of sludge accumulated at the under piston area, the
frequency of scavenge port inspection can be varied.
In the scavenge air receiver area, check for free movement of flap valves,
auxiliary blower impeller, scavenge manifold relief valve, gratings drains are
clear etc
3. Ballast water tank plate welding water test:-

First do the ndt test hammer test visual check of weld and hose test and then ballast
thank pressure test to 2.45m above the top of the tank

4. ME and AE lo sampling points?

Sampling points are placed after the coolers mostly inlet to the engine to know the
As discussed in our article on Lube oil Properties, to maintain these
properties while in operation the lube oil must be checked time to time
both on board and in shore laboratory.

Following are the point for which lube oil tests are carried out:

To monitor the deterioration of oil with time

To check for contamination with other oil, water and bacterial attack

To avoid damage to the lubricating part of the machinery

To determine any leak or source of contamination of oil

To understand the performance of the supplied lube oil

The onboard lube oil tests are carried out by taking samples from the
sampling point, which should be located after the system, with the system in
running condition. Before taking the sample, oil must be drained so that
stagnant oil in the sampling point is removed.

Foll. Tests are carried out:

1. water content test:

 Carried by digital water monitr-5ml of sample-15ml of reagent I sachet of
hydride is added

2. ph test: with ph paper

3. viscosity test- flow stick method
4. spot test- using blotter paper
5. flash point test- by penky martins closed cup apparatus
6. water crakling test- lo heated if water present cracking noise.
the sample should be drawn with oil circulation with the system such as a
test cock on the discharge side of the LO oil pump.

raw samples from a connection that comes directly out of the

main oil supply line to the engine.
Always sample for the same point.
Sample only when the oil is up to its operating temperature with
the engine running.
Depending upon the draw off point, sufficient amount of oil
should be drained out of the line prior to drawing the sample.
The sample should be filled into a chemically cleaned container
after it is rinsed with sample oil and immediately closed.
The container should be attached with a label as follows:
Records for Sample
1. Date of sample drawn
2. Point of sample drawn
3. Type of oil
4. Type of machinery use
5. Temperature of sample drawn
6. The period of time since the last renewal of oils.

5. ME-c ENGINE FUEL OIL SYSTEM: and how 250-1000bar?

Diagram draw form the service tank-filter-supply pump-PRV-flowmetre-mixing column-

circulating pump- heaters-viscostherm-10micron filter-then to engine inlet outlet and a stop
valve in inlet line to cut off fuel in case of emergency
Pump area is more on the down side of the piston and less on the top side 4:1 so i.e p=f/a so
pressure of the fuel will be more

6. Why compressor in stages

Advantages of Multi-stage compression:

1. The work done in compressing the air is reduced, thus power can be saved
2. Prevents mechanical problems as the air temperature is controlled
3. The suction and delivery valves remain in cleaner condition as the temperature
and vaporization of lubricating oil is less
4. The machine is smaller and better balanced
5. compression approaches near isothermal
6. Compression ratio at each stage is lower when compared to a single-stage
machine
7. Light moving parts usually made of aluminum, thus less cost and better
maintenance
8. Most imp is the deterioration of lube oil if usedn in single stage as the temp wil
be very high of the outlet.

7.Why ref suction from compressor crankcase?

1. To avoid leakage of gas.
2. Keep crankcase cool
3. Unlike air compressors, it is common in reciprocating type
refrigeration compressors to take suction from crankcase.
Outlet from the evaporator coils is led to the compressor
crankcase. There are a few advantages with this design.
4. Since crankcase is pressurized, no air can enter the
system.
5. No refrigerant gas is wasted by even small blow pasts from
the compressor pistons.
6. Refrigerant gas is miscible with oil. This property helps the
gas to bring the oil in the system back to the compressor. In
some designs, oil in the refrigerant gas drips inside the
crankcase before leading it for compression.
7.
8. ME exh temp one unit high?
8. Faulty temp gauge
 9. Leaky exh valve
10. Leaky piston rings
11. Dripping fuel injector
12. Scavenge fire
13. Fuel injector faulty less automization
14. Partially block of scavenge ports
15. Less scavenge air loss of compression
16. Tappet clearance more-4s
17. Fuel rack stuckin full open position-4s

9. Effects of Air in Refrigeration Plant:

1. Refrigeration compressor outlet temperature high

2. Condenser outlet temperature high

3. Condenser discharge pressure high

4. Presence of small bubbles in the sight glass

5. Jerking pointer gauge

6. High amp drawn

7. Normal to slightly high evaporator suction pressure

Follow the procedure below to remove air from the refrigeration

system.

1. Change over the compressor to manual mode

 2. Now close the liquid stop valve after the condenser
3. Pump the entire gas into the condenser by running compressor
4. Stop the compressor when the suction pressure is just above
zero
5. Close the suction valve for compressor
6. Allow the refrigerant to cool down inside the condenser
7. Bleed air slowly by opening purging valve on condenser and
recovery tobe dowe in bottle, as soon as gas comes stop close the
vent valve,

10. Sw pipe to prepare?

1. Take measurement of pipe damage length bend flange dia and
thickness number of holes and check if u have all the material,
chck the material of the pipe
2. Then prepare a drawing accordingly
3. Then cut pipes prepare bends
4. Jig the damage pipe fix them propely by the flanges and give
strong support so that pipe doesnt bends.

11. What prevents main bearing from rotation?

4s- The lower bearing half is positioned in the bearing cap with locating lugs which prevent
rotation of the shell.
Modern built up crankshafts consist of a number of forged crankthows with the main bearing journals
shrink fitted into
holes bored in the webs. This is achieved by heating the webs or cooling the journals. The interference fit
between web and journal is between 1/570 and 1/660 of the shaft diameter. As the temperature returns to
normal and equalises, a frictional grip between web and journal exists, the material in the web being of
sufficient thickness to accommodate the tensional hoop stresses set up.
Imp:- these are insert type removable shell bearing the bearing surface
is such that when fitted in housing it is pressed up with an interference
fit. Shell dia slightly more thus it is contuinously pressed.

12.How AE exh valve rotates?

The rotocap is a mechanical means to rotate a valve during operation.
Usually fitted to exhaust valves, rotation of the valve ensures that the valve is
kept at an even temperature so it does not distort and leak by, and it helps
dislodge any build up of deposits on the valve and seat.
It should be noted that rotocaps rotate the valve as it opens.
Inclined tracks-ball with compression spring-ball race-bilevile washer- washer holds the ball race
in compression position-as the valve opens the sprng carrier pushes down and the washer flattens
The ball race no longer locks and it moves till the end of the inclined tracks and which rotates the
spindle

13. Centrifugal pum performance curve:

Refer the performance characteristics drawn above.

n-Q Efficiency Vs Flow Rate and

HP/Q Horse Power (of the prime mover)

Theoretical Discharge Head Vs Flow Rate (H/Q) plot is a straight line

as shown. When there is no flow or discharge valve is shut, loss of
head is mainly due to shock and eddy losses. As flow rate increases,
frictional losses come into picture and it dominates other losses.

Efficiency Vs Flow Rate plot is well explained down below.

From above graphs it is clear that,

1. If the pump discharge head is lesser the flow rate of the liquid is
higher and therefore pumping of the liquid is faster.
2. Pump if run at normal duty flow rate by maintaining normal duty
discharge head the liquid will be pumped utilizing least possible
rate of energy by the pump or in other word at this point efficiency
of the pump is maximum.

14. Gear pump curve:

 These pumps provide a constant flow of fluid at a given pump speed, regardless of the
discharge pressure required.

15. MCC AND MC DIFFERNECE:

The last C in MC-C stands for COMPACT. So all the improvements in
the new design are targeted to achieve reduction in weight and cost of
the engine, at the same time improving or maintaining the overall
efficiency. Major design improvements of MC-C engines over MC
engines are the following:

1. Increased power to weight ratio.

2. Increased mean effective pressure for same bore engines at
same speed.
3. All large diameter bearings are made of thin-walled bearings.
4. A simple cross head pin structure with reduced size and weight.
5. The introduction of reduced diameter twin tie bolts.
6. Bottom end of the tie rods threaded to the transverse girder of
bed plate and hence reduction in material.
 7. Reduced edge pressure of the main bearing.
8. Simplified main bearing casting.
9. High piston top land. It ensures the top piston ring is not exposed
to high combustion chamber temperatures. Along with high top
land, CPR (controlled pressure relief) piston rings are used to
reduce the pressure drop across the ring and hence prevention of
piston ring collapse.
10. Reduced height of the cylinder block and the cylinder cam box.
11. Due to the reduced mass of the moving parts the second-order
moment decreased by about 8%, improving the vibration condition.
12. A simplified frame structure makes it easier to weld.
13. Holding down bolts in a sunken structure to make compact
design.

16. Diff betn thick and thin shell:-

Thick shell
White metal bearings
Low load carrying capacity
Bi metal bearings
Temp bearing cap- max 75deg
Brng thickness -3-5mm
Low fatigue strength
Not easy to replace
Not easy to handle and store
It is made of forged steel and running
face is lined with white metal
Shims can be added
High manufacturing cost
Thin shell
Aluminum allowy bearings
High load carrying capacity
Tri metal bearings
Temp bearing cap max-110deg
Bearing thickness less than 3mm
High fatigue strength
Easy to replace
Easy to handle and store
It is made of tri-metal, they are steel
shell, copper or lead alloy and thin
layer of soft metal surface
No key so no stress concenteration
and interference fit
Low manufacturing cost

17. Fuel pump why me measure and how we measure?

Deven arana pg 240 or man manual procedure max lead adjustment by adding shims is
2mm and also can be done by rotating the cam.

18. Governor hunting means?

Incorrect adjustment of the needle valve will affect the operation of
the governor. If the needle valve is opened too far then hunting will occur. If
closed in too far then the response to a load change will be slow.
 The governor is said to huntingif the engine speed is caused to
fluctuate continually above and below the mean speed. This is
caused by over-compensation of the energy supply due to the
governor being too sensitive.
Reasons of governor hunting:
1. Over sensitivity of governor
2. Faulty or damage spring
3. Sluggish governor drive from the engine
4. Less hydraulic oil or wrong grade oil
5. Needle valve not propely adjusted
6. Worn out linkages
7. Air lock in the system
8. Leakage in the system

19. Leaky exhaust valve:

- It causes high exhaust temp
- Increase in smoke
- Pcom and pmax decrease
- Loss of scavenging
- Reduce power
- # draw the indicator card

20. Pretension means what and why?

Pretension means keeping the bolt under tension, by hydraulic elongation and then
tightening so that it remains slightly elongated
Pretension is only below the yield point after that the plastic deformation the bolt starts
Pretension is carried out to chck the elasticity of the material

21. Cast iron welding:

- Selection of electrode is imp- nickel type electrode is selected
- Preferred to weld by preheating the part to be welded
- Weld using a low current
- Then cool it slowly
-
22. Cast iron metal locking:

23. Manual operation of expansion valve?

24. Liner calibration:

normal liner wear is 0.05mm/1000hrs and 0.015mm/1000hrs for 4stroke engine, also max
liner if exceeds 0.6-0.8% of original bore dia the liner has to be renewed.
Max readings are taken at top as the oil is boundary lubricated and taken P-S, F-A, 10-11
readings are taken as the manufacturer template and 5-6 at the top land.
 25.Effect of foaming and priming ?
1. Can cause water hummer2
2. Can cause contamination and scaling.
3. Can cause fluctuation of working water level.
Foaming is one of the mechanisms of chemical carryover.
Foaming tendencies are increased with increases in alkalinity
and solids content. Stable foam bubbles contain boiler solids and
are carried forward with the steam giving rise to carryover.

Oil and other organic contaminants can react with boiler water
alkalinity to give crude surface active materials which cause
foaming and carryover

It is the formation of thick layer of steam bubbles on the top of the

water surface inside the boiler due to:
High concentration of impurities.
By the animal or vegetable fats in feed water carry over from the
oil heaters.
Increase in level of dissolved & suspended solid TDS level.
Increase in water level.
To prevent foaming, surface or scum blow down should done frequently
to expel any floating impurities for the boiler and no lube oil should be
allowed to enter the boiler.
What action do you made take in case of foaming and priming ?

1. Scum blow down

2. Reduce boiler fire rate
3. Check whether boiler chemical added are in excess
4. Detect the source of contamination
5. In case of bad priming the boiler may have to be taken out of
service, shut down

26. Overlap in ME
 Overlap is the simultaneous opening of two starting air valves during the starting air
sequence. It is necessary to start the engine in any crank position and thus this ensures
that at least one valve will open when the starting air is inducted in. If there is no overlap
provided, then the engine could stop in any position with all the starting air valves
closed, when the starting air was given.

There should be a minimum overlap of 15 degrees provided and the ideal condition
should be between 20 degrees and 90 degrees.

For a 4 cylinder 2 stroke engine the firing interval is 90 degrees (360/4) and if the
starting air period is 115 degrees then the total overlap period would be the difference
between the two, i.e. 115-90=25 degrees.

27. SFOC AND SLOC

Specific Fuel Oil Consumption (SFOC)

SFOC (g/kwh) = Mass of fuel consumed per hour / Power developed in

KW

28. CYLINDER OIL CONSUMPTION INCREASED REASONS?

1. Fouling of ring grooves and resulting ring zone deposits.
2. Consequently, loss of gas sealing effect and blow by follows.
3. Fouling of scavenge space and scavenge fire follows.
4. Also affecting combustion process.
5. Leading to breakage of piston rings
6. Fouling of exhaust system and turbocharger.
7. Increased cylinder oil consumption.
8. liner is glazed, high oil consumption rates occur.
9. Faulty quill

29. Fuel injector testing:

After the parts are cleaned and inspected the fuel valve is assembled as per the
manufacturers instructions and thereafter tested for function and performance.
2. The assembled fuel valve is installed on the test stand and after purging the pipe line
the manual handle is operated in quick succession. The nozzle should start discharging
with a sharp crackling noise at the set pressure. The pressure at which the injector is
supposed to fire depends upon the manufacturers engine design but normally is
between 250 to 350 kg/cm2 with an allowance of plus or minus 10 kg/cm2.

3. In case the lifting pressure is not correct, it can be adjusted by the adjusting screw.

4. The spray characteristics should be satisfactory and as per the manufacturers advice.

5. All the holes of the injector should be firing and can be checked by a torch light or a
filter paper can be folded as a cone and then the injector tested. The holes on the filter
paper will show the number of holes firing. In this procedure you must be careful as the
high pressure spray can enter the skin and is toxic for us.

6. The spray angle should be as stated by the manufacturer. The atomization of the fuel should take
place and solid spray should not come out.
7. Clean diesel oil should be used for the testing purpose.
8. In the case that the fuel valve is dripping the needle guide should be taken out and
repaired.
- It consists of the pressure testing pump- opening press
working press air inlet pressure
- Position the fuel v/v in test place
- Mout the unon and connect the hose and tighten the nut until the face
touch
- Pump at low pressure unti fuel comes out from the return pipe to purge
- Then raise pressure upto the opening pressure
- Flush the valve and stop the pump
- Then chck the dripping test
- Chck oil coming from all the holes
- Check the opening pressure
- Test for tightness apply pressure just below opening pressure and wait to
chck how much time it takes the pressure to drop.

30. Pmaz-pmax why should be less than 35 bar?

Ans.-If greater then 35 bar the rise of pressure would be so
great and so fst that the top piston ring will not get time to
react.
- The top CPR would immobilize and will not seal
between liner and itself
- This high pressure would act on 2nd piston and break it
 - Severe damages can be caused to piston rings\, liner
and bearings.

31. Hot corrosion and Cold corrosion?

Ans. Hot corrosion
- due to present of vanadium and sodium , which when mixed
with oxygen form vanadium pentaoxide and sodium oxide
and melting point reduces-
- theses compounds are corrosive in nature and causing
oxide layer of steel to vanish and exposing bare metal to
corrosion and hot temp.
- They affect piston crown, exh valve
- Thy causes deposits on v/v seat, nozzle ring.
Cold corrosion:
Liner temperatures must be kept high enough above the dewpoint
to prevent deposition of
sulphuric acid, and the cylinder oil must be of adequate quantity and alkalinity
(TBN) to neutralise any small amounts of acid deposited. Which will lead to cold
corrosion deposits and acidic corrosion to liner and exh vlv.

32. Latest piston ring coating:-

Ans. Top ring: - running in ALU coat
- Ceramic metal hard coating beneath
- Chrome coating at bottom
Other ring: - Alu coating from running in
- Chrome at bottom.

33. Ceramic coating is harder than cast iron of liner wear will
increase?
No coz ceramic coating as better surface fninish smooth and will assist to form a lube
oil film which will reduce wear down rate and greatly reduced wear and increase the
TBO.

34. Running in not required oin 2s and 4s why?

Ans. - Coz the psiton is preprofiled and liner deep honed
- Running at part load and full load is done to check the running gear
While in 2s running in for 24 hrs at low load and then inspect, run for 200 hrs and then
inspect
ALU coat- it is bronze base coating with alumina oxide, semi soft and wear downs very
quicky so sealing is achieved fast which reduces the running in period.

35. Function of cyl oil and lubrication:

- To neutralize the acids
- Cleaning of the combustion products
- To maintain oil film
- Reduce friction betn liner and piston

36. Alpha lubrication:

Read the nitin chawla pde 10.
The amount of oil injected can be adjusted automatically or manually as
required, e.g. at load changes, start/stop, at reduced engine load (different
modes are available), sulphur % in the fuel, temperature level on liner
surface, variation in cylinder oil BN, etc. Pre-lubrication before start can be
made manually from the HMI panel in ecr

37. How overboard connected ot the hull:

Same like a wate tight door construction

38. Main air compressor relief valve:

Fitted to outlet of each stage one before intercooler and one before
after cooler set at 10% of normal working pressure
Lp and hp relief valve.

39. What for fusible plug:

Fitted on the air bottle to discharge the air in the atmosphere in case of
fire in engine room

40. Valve plate diagram of compressor

41. Safety on air compressor:
- Relief valve
- Suctin filter
- Coolers
- Breather for crank case
- Auto drain valve
- Bursting disc
- High temp alarm and cut out
- Low lo pressure alaram and cut out
- Nrv on the discharge of the compressor
- Guard on coupling

42. Boiler survey and various questions

See nitin chawla page 17,18,
43. Why drain pipe to be cleared?
Drain pipe should be clear and with no bends, coz if water
accumulated it will cause more lifting pressure and in cold
climate freesing leading to bursting or wate hammer.
44. Hows valve lid connected to spidle
Loose fit tapered pin to spindle
45. Lift of the safety valve
For all is d/4 only how d/4= bore area/circumferential area
46. How safety valve operatin chck?
By lifting the easing gear and check the steam coming.

47. Lip clearance

Measure by lead valve should be 2-3mm
48. Diff betn full bore and high lift safety valve?
In high lift there is a floating ring along with lip clearance for
quick opening and fast pressure release
49. Diff betn MEB AND MEC?
- MEB exh v/v vamshaft controlled while dat electronic
controlled
- Meb smaller shorter less power output

50. Which is better ME or MC?

Both are better on their place except ME is electronic controlled
so fault finding is difficult but beteer fuel and lo economy
reduce nox more TBO
While MC loss of power in campshaft but simple operation

51. Latest developmens in turbocharger ?

VTA: - variable turbine are in this the nozzle ring equipped with
adjustable nozzle angle vanes electronically control, as pe the
load on the engine
- It behaves as pulse type at low laod
- So aux blower can shut off
- Reduction in emiisions
-
52. What are the limiters I=in MAN B&w?
To limit the load and to avoid damage to piston liner the
load limiters are there and
- Scavenge limiters- works on proportional to fuel index
and scavenge pressure
- Torque limiters- works on fuel pump index and the rpm of
the engine
- Load up limiter- to increase the rpm slowly

53. Boiler turn down ratio?

= max heat output/ min heat out

54. What happens air in hydraulic oil of echaust valv?

Sluggish operation

55. Centrifugal pump overload and tripping? And why overloading

on starting?

56. HOW to reduce catafines ?

- Reduce the throughput

- Drain settling regularly
- Run in series
- Decrease the desludge interval
- Clean filters more frequently
 57. Slow down in Main engine?
- Low lube oil pressure shutdown also
- Low Jacket water pressure- shut down
- High jacket water temp- shut down
- Scavenge air high temp
- Main lo high temp
- Camshaft lube low pressure
- Main bearing high temp
- Thrust bearing high temp- shutdown
- Exh gas deviation shutdown in me engines
- Omd alarm slowdon and shutdown

58. What is braking in?

It is nothing but running In of the engine bedding of the parts.

59. Firing order selection?

For 2stroke is 360/z z is number of units
For 4stroke is 720/z

60. Bearing wear monitoring?

Write wht u have seen in the last ship a sensor below the gy=uide show just when it is at
bdc the sensor measure the distance and is direct indicatin of the wear down it is combine
temp and wer sensor
For main bearing direct sensor in contaxct with bearing

61. POD VALVE:

FITTED IN THE CO2 MAIN CO2 DISCHARGE VALVE PRESSURE
OPERATED DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE

62. WHY SLOW TURNING:

IT SAME LIKE BLOW THROUGH ENINE IS TURNING ON 5-8RPM ON
SLOW WHEN ENGINE ON STANDBY AND NO MOVEMENT OF TELEGRAM
FOR 30MINS SO TO AVOID THE FLUID ACCUMULATION SLOW TURNING
VALVE IS PROVIDED

63. HOW LO PRESSURE TRIP ACTIVATED?

- IN MAN B&W IT PUNCTURES THE FUEL VALVE BY SUPPLING
SAFTEY VALE TO FUEL PPUNCTIURE VALVE
- IN ME ENGINES U HAVE A STOP VALVE IN THE MAIN LINE WHICH
WILL SHUT IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
- IN SULZER to be find out

64. Starting air line running hot? During maneuvering

Find out the concernt unit air start valve leaking and cut off the fuel to that unit to
avoid starting air line explosion
65. Working of viscotherm?
- It consists of a capillary tube inside of which a gear pump is fitted
which rotates at very slow rpm (say 40 rpm). There is an outside
casing provided for the capillary tube.

- When the oil passes through the casing, some part of the oil pass
through the gear pump and its capillary, and some part of the oil
passes over the capillary tube. Hence a flow difference occurs
inside the casing. The oil inside the tube maintains a laminar flow
and outside the tube maintains a turbulent flow.

- The pressure difference between outside and inside of the tube is

measured which is directly proportional to the viscosity of the oil.
Hence oil viscosity is maintained

66. Function of the water chamber and pairing disc in ourifier:

It is installed at lower part, it supplies operating water for control of bowl sludge
discharge, it supplies both closing or opening water.

67. Boiler water low level alarm working:

Explain about the float and chamber and the micro magenetic switches which
makes contact with alarm and trip switch.

68. Boiler suspended flame and combustion process

69. Water ring primer or vane type pump?
Eccentrically located impeller moves with a priming tank supplying sealing water it
creater low pressure area near the suction which creates vaccum and sucks the air
from the system which is trapped in the impeller vanes and then discharge.

70. Principle of refrigerant cycle?

- The refrigeration cycle is based on the long known physical principle that a
liquid expanding into a gas extracts heat from the surrounding substance
or area.
- the removal of unwanted heat from a selected object, substance, or space
and its transfer to another object, substance, or space. Removal of heat
lowers the temperature and may be accomplished by use of ice, snow,
chilled water or mechanical refrigeration.
- It woks on the principle of vapour compressor cycle.

71. Referigerant used now a days:

- R132a- odp;0
- R152a:odp-0
- R22- odp-o.o5
- R11 and r12

72. Material of piston crown of 4s

- Crwon : Forged steel with alloy of chrome and molybdenum to resist temp and
corrosion
- Skirt- modular cast iron or silicon aluminum alloy

73. Cut in and cut out pressure of refer and ac?

 refer Ac
Cut in- 1.2 Cut in 2.5 bar
Cut ou- 0.2 Cut off- 1 bar
Hp trip-22bar Hp trip- 22bar

74. Effect of incorrect tappet clearance:

- Effect if more
. valve will open late and close early
- Effect if less
. valve will open early and close late

75. Fuel injector overhauling:

Check whether all tools and spares are available or not.

b. If so, then start the Stand by generator.

c. Check all parameters are normal.

d. Now share the load with the help of synchroscope.

e. Again check all the parameters are within normal range.

f. Put full load on the Stand by generator.

g. Stop the generator on which work has to be carried out.

h. Put MEN AT WORK tag.

i. Shut the air starting valve, fuel oil inlet & outlet valves and isolate the system.

j. Let lube oil priming pump run for half hour after then stop it.

k. Remove the lock nut of the high pressure pipe.

l. Now, remove the high pressure pipe.

m. Take out the fuel injector using it tool.

n. Put it on the testing kit.

o. Check the lifting pressure, atomization, pressure falling steadily, dripping of oil.

p. Now, take out the injector from the testing kit, put in a diesel oil & clean it.

q. Make sure the workshop table should be clean, no rags or jute to be there.
 r. Put the injector on the vice and tighten it.

s. Loosen the lock nut of the injector.

t. Now loosen the compression nut to release the spring pressure, then take out the spring.

u. Open the cap nut and take out the needle and guide.

v. Put the parts on the cleaned table.

w. Check the condition of spring by dropping on the floor plate, it should jump and also check it by
tightening in the vice and then releasing. The difference in the length,no cracks to be there.

x. Check visually needle, there shouldnt be any scoring marks because it is made of Nitrite
material.

y. Try to insert the needle inside the guide at angle of 45degree, the needle should on its own
weight.

z. Check the size of injecting holes by using Go or No go gauge.

i. If go gauge is going then hole size is OK.

ii. If no go gauge going, then it means the size has increased, then nozzle needs to be changed.

iii. Now assemble the injector and do the lifting pressure setting on test kit by adjusting the
compression nut.

iv. After this check the injector again for its lifting pressure, atomization, steady fall of pressure
and dripping.

76. Compressor faults?

- Ddeven aranha page 106

77. Cylinder liner material?

- Peralite grey cast iron with alloying elements of vanadium and titanium are
added to enhance wear and corrosion resistance

78. Torsional vibration:

79. Air bottle inspection:
Tell what u written in theory

80. Rudder carrier bearing:

 The rudder carrier bearing takes the weight of the rudder on a
grease lubricated thrust face.
Support for the bearing is provided by a doubler plate and steel
chock.

81. Scavenge air drain system diagram

82. Cross section of fuel injectoer

83. Sulzer fuel pump diagram

 - Suction lever connected to the Fuel regulating shaft getting signal from the
fuel quality setting FQS acting as the vit controlling the vit
- Spill pivot linkage is connected to governor shaft controlling the endof
injection i.e quantity of fuel
- Push rods delivery high pressure oil through the delivery valve

84. Refrigerant cycle: