Digest 2008, December 2008 1231-1250

Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms

to Fit the Turkish Design Spectra1

Yasin M. FAHJAN*

ABSTRACT
Due to rapid developments in structural analysis and computational facilities, nonlinear
time-history analysis is becoming more common in seismic analysis and design of
structures. One of the crucial issues of such analysis is the selection of acceleration time
histories to satisfy design code requirements and soil type at a specific site. In literature,
there are three sources of acceleration time histories: artificial records compatible with
design response spectrum, synthetic records obtained from seismological models and
accelerograms recorded during real earthquakes. Due to the increase of available strong
ground motion database, using and scaling real recorded accelerograms is becoming one
of the latest contemporary research issues in this field. In this study, basic methodologies
and criteria for selecting strong ground motion time histories are discussed and
summarized. The time domain scaling procedure is utilized to scale the available real
records to match the proposed elastic design spectrum given in the Turkish Seismic Code
(DBYBHY, 2007) for different seismic regions and local site classes. The best fitted ground
motion time histories are selected and classified taken into account the earthquake
magnitude, focal mechanism and site conditions.
Keywords: Strong motion records, time domain scaling, spectrum-compatible records

1. INTRODUCTION
Seismic design codes generally define ground shaking in the form of a response spectrum
of acceleration and permit to use spectrally matched natural accelerograms recorded during
earthquakes, artificial records compatible with design spectrum, for example SMSIM
developed by Boore [2], and synthetic ground motions obtained from seismological
models for the linear or nonlinear analysis of structures. Due to the increase of available
strong ground motion databases, using and scaling real recorded accelerograms is becoming
one of contemporary research issues in this field. Spectral matching using real
accelerograms may be performed in either the time domain or the frequency domain in
three ways: the spectral acceleration values of the selected time history are simply scaled up
or down uniformly; an actual motion is filtered in frequency domain by its spectral ratio
with the design target spectrum; elementary wavelets are added or subtracted from the real
time history to match a target design spectrum, for example, RSPMATCH developed by
Abrahamson [3]. The spectral matching of the real accelerograms can be achieved or
enhanced by scaling in the time axis of the records [4].

* Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey - fahjan@gyte.edu.tr

Published in Teknik Dergi Vol. 19, No. 3 July 2008, pp: 4423-4444
Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

The selection criteria of proper time history records to fit the design code spectrum are also
taking into account the geological and seismological conditions at a specific site. The
seismological and geological parameters can be classified in terms of magnitude, faulting
type, distance to fault, rupture directivity, site condition and spectral content.
In this study, all the existing methodologies and criteria for selection of strong ground
motion time histories are discussed and summarized. For each seismic zone and site class
defined in The Turkish Seismic Code DBYBHY (2007) [1], the ground motion time
histories are selected and classified based on earthquake magnitude, focal mechanism,
source-to-site distance, and site classification. Response spectra of linear elastic single
degree of freedom system have been computed for all the selected records with 5%
damping. The output spectra are scaled to match the target design code spectrum for
specific seismic region and soil type and the best fitted ten records are obtained.

2. SOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAMS
There are three sources of acceleration time histories: artificial records compatible with
design response spectrum, synthetic records obtained from seismological models and
accelerograms recorded in real earthquakes.

2.1. Artificial Accelerograms

Artificial accelerograms are generated to match a target response spectrum by obtaining a
power spectral density function from the smoothed response spectrum, and then to derive
sinusoidal signals having random phase angles and amplitudes. The sinusoidal motions are
then summed and an iterative procedure can be invoked to improve the match with the
target response spectrum, by calculating the ratio between the target and actual response
ordinates at selected frequencies. In order to get other characteristics of artificial spectrum-
compatible record, such as duration, it is necessary to obtain supplementary information
about the expected earthquake motion apart from the response spectrum. Even though, it is
possible to obtain acceleration time-series that are almost completely compatible with the
elastic design spectrum, the generated accelerograms often have an excessive number of
cycles of strong motion, and consequently have unrealistically high energy content. The
difficulty of the artificial time history generation methods lies in trying to match a single
ground motion to a design response spectrum that is not intended to represent the motion
from an individual earthquake [5]. The design response spectrum is generally a result of a
statistical analysis that considers the influence of several seismic sources simultaneously,
whence the response at different periods may be driven by earthquakes in different sources
and the spectrum is the envelope of spectra corresponding to scenarios in each of the
sources [6, 7].

2.2. Synthetic Accelerograms

Synthetic accelerograms can be generated from seismological source models and
accounting for path and site effects. In general, there are actual difficulties in defining
appropriate input parameters such as the source, path, and site characteristics. To generate

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synthetic accelerograms there is a need for a definition of a specific earthquake scenario in

terms of magnitude, rupture mechanism in addition to geological conditions and location of
the site. Generally, most of these parameters are not often available, particularly when
using seismic design codes [8].

2.3. Real Accelerograms

Real Strong ground motion accelerograms contain a wealth of information about the nature
of the ground shaking and carry all the ground-motion characteristics (amplitude,
frequency, and energy content, duration and phase characteristics), and reflect all the
factors that influence accelerograms (characteristics of the source, path, and site). Due to
the increase of available strong ground motion records, using and scaling real recorded
accelerograms become one of most referenced contemporary research issues in this field.
Despite the continued growth of the global strong -motion databank, there are many
combinations of earthquake parameters such as magnitude, rupture mechanism, source-to-
site distance and site classification that are not well represented, which can make obtaining
suitable records difficult in some circumstances [8].

3. SELECTION OF TIME HISTORY RECORDS

Real earthquake records are selected to match specific features of the ground motion,
generally based on either elastic response spectrum, or an earthquake scenario with the
minimum parameters being the magnitude, distance and site classification. Guidance given
in seismic design codes on how to select appropriate real records is usually focused on
compatibility with the response spectrum rather than seismological parameters. Therefore,
records are selected on the basis of strong-motion parameters such as peak ground
acceleration, peak ground velocity, and duration to match a design response spectrum.
The ground motion time histories used to represent an intensity measure corresponding to a
particular hazard level (or return period) should reflect the magnitude, distance, site
condition, and other parameters that control the ground motion characteristics. Selection of
records having appropriate magnitudes is important because magnitude strongly influences
frequency content and duration of ground motion. It is desirable to use earthquake
magnitudes within 0.25 magnitude units of the target magnitude [9]. Selection of records
having appropriate fault-site distances is important especially for near-fault sites, because
the characteristics of near-fault ground motions differ from those of other ground motions.
Site conditions have a major effect on the characteristics and frequency content of the
strong ground motion records. Even though the ground motions are amplified in soft soils,
the high frequency motions are attenuated. Generally, the ground motions amplification
effects can be observed in spectral acceleration of the records at intermediate to long
period.

4. METHODS OF GROUND MOTION SCALING

There are two methods for modifying actual time histories to match a given design
spectrum: ground motion simulation in time domain and frequency domain.

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4.1. Ground Motion Scaling in Time Domain

In this approach, recorded motion is simply scaled up or down uniformly to best match the
target spectrum within a period range of interest, without changing the frequency content.
When dealing with more than one input time history, one can either use the same procedure
to fit each record separately, or try to best-fit the average of the produced spectra to the
target spectrum.

4.2. General Procedure for a Single Time History

The procedure is based on minimizing the differences between the scaled motions
response spectrum and target spectrum in a least-square sense. The methodology proposed
herein considers as the squared scaled-to-target Difference, evaluated by the integral,
TF 2

Difference = [ S aactual (T ) S atarget (T ) ] dT (1)

TS

where
Satarget target acceleration response spectrum,
Saactual acceleration spectrum of the given (actual) time history,
scaling factor,
T period of oscillator,
TS lower period of scaling, and
TF upper period of scaling
In order to minimize the difference, the first derivative of the Difference function with
respect to the scaling factor has to be zero:
d Difference
min Difference =0 (2)
d
By combining Equations 1 and 2, we get Equation 3 in a discrete form in terms of initial
(TS) and final (TF) periods and step increment (T) of the response spectra range:
TB

(S
T = TA
actual
a S atar get )
= TB
(3)
(S
T = TA
actual
a ) 2

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 Yasin M. FAHJAN

4.3. General Procedure for Multiple Time History

When dealing with more than one input time history, one can either use the same procedure
to fit each record separately, or try to best-fit the average of the produced motions to the
target spectrum. Multiple time history problems can be solved in three distinct ways:
(a) The average of the (N) time histories is fitted to the target using a single scaling
factor for all time histories. In this case, the matching of the produced average
spectrum to the target one is quite good, since all time histories are amplified by
the same factor.
(b) The single time history procedure is used for each one of the (N) time histories
individually. Although each motion is best-scaled, the resulting average does not
perfectly match the target spectrum.
(c) The (N) input motions are fitted using different scaling factors for each time
history. In this method, a set of scaling factors are found such that the average
spectrum of the scaled motions best fits the target. It should be noted that when
using this method, even though an optimal average spectrum can be achieved, the
outcome scaling factors for the different input time history may be very large or
very small even negative values can be achieved.

4.4. Ground Motion Scaling in Frequency Domain

This method is based on the concept of using actual records to generate time histories that
fit a given target response spectrum. The physical characteristics of the earthquake motion
are retained throughout the procedure, which makes the technique powerful in comparison
with the classical artificial record generation [10]. In this method, an actual motion is
filtered in the frequency domain by its spectral ratio with the design target spectrum. The
Fourier phases of the motions remain unchanged during the entire procedure. The technique
is repeated iteratively until the desired matching is achieved for a certain range of periods.
A frequency domain scaling methodology uses an actual record to produce a similar motion
that matches almost perfectly a target (design) spectrum. The resulting time histories should
be investigated in terms of suitability as input for linear and nonlinear time history analyses
of engineering structures. For example, in real earthquake records, average of the ductility
factor is expected to be equal to structural behavior factor at longer periods (equal
displacement rule) especially for velocity and displacement sensitive spectral regions [11].

5. SCALING OF REAL ACCELEROGRAMS TO FIT THE TURKISH DESIGN

SPECTRA (DBYBHY, 2007)
5.1. DBYBHY (2007) Design Spectrum
The design earthquake considered in the Turkish specification [1] corresponds to high
intensity earthquake for residential buildings where the probability of exceedance of the
design earthquake within a period of 50 years is 10 %. Seismic zones cited in the
specification are considered as first, second, third and fourth seismic zones depicted in the
Seismic Zoning Map of Turkey prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

and issued by the decree of the Council of Ministers [12]. The spectral acceleration
Coefficient, A(T), to be considered for determining seismic loads is given by Equation 4.
The elastic spectral acceleration, Sae(T), which is defined as the ordinate of 5% damped
elastic design acceleration spectrum, is equal to spectral acceleration coefficient times the
acceleration of gravity, g.
A(T ) = Ao I S (T )
(4)
S ae (T ) = S (T ) g

where, spectrum coefficient curve, S(T), is described in terms of local site classes
characterized by spectrum characteristic periods, TA and TB. The effective ground
acceleration coefficient, Ao, is introduced to define the peak ground acceleration of the
specified seismic zone. In Turkey, five seismic zones are defined according to the existing
seismological characteristics and faults locations. Highest seismic hazard is defined in the
first seismic zone and no hazard is assumed in the fifth zone. The building importance
factor, I, is dependent on the purpose of occupancy or type of building and defined in the
range of 1.0 to 1.5. The elastic Spectral acceleration Coefficient curves, A(T) , for all the
seismic zones and local site classes are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Turkish Seismic code (2007) elastic design acceleration spectra for 4 seismic
zones and different local site classes

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5.2. Scaling Factor for Elastic Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, A(T)

In this study, the time domain scaling procedure is utilized to scale the available real
records to match the spectral acceleration coefficient curves, A(T), for all the combinations
of seismic zones and local site classes given in DBYBHY(2007). In Equation 4, it can be
noticed that the spectral acceleration coefficient curves, A(T), have the same shape as the
spectrum coefficient curve, S(T), multiplied by a constant factor representing effective
ground acceleration, Ao, and building importance factor, I. This important feature allows
the matching procedure to be carried out for the spectrum coefficient, S(T) to obtain the
scaling factors, ST, for each of the local site classes (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4). The scaling factors,
AT, for acceleration coefficient, A(T), can be obtain by multiplying the scaling factors ,
ST, of the corresponding spectrum coefficient, S(T), by the effective ground acceleration,
Ao, and building importance factor, I:
AT = Ao I ST (5)

5.3. Limits of Scaling Factors

In the literature it is proposed that scaling on amplitude should not exceed certain limits
depending on the type of problem to which the resulting motion will be applied. For
analysis of linear elastic structures an upper limit of 4 could be accepted [13, 14], for
nonlinear analyses, scaling factors ( AT) in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 are advised. For
liquefaction problems a scaling factor ( AT) no greater than 2 should be used.

5.4. DBYBHY (2007) Criteria for Ground Motions Selection

Turkish seismic code (DBYBHY, 2007) allow the use of artificially generated, previously
recorded or simulated accelerograms as input ground motions for linear and nonlinear
seismic analyses. The following criteria and specifications should be considered:
The duration of the strong motion part shall neither be shorter than 5 times the
fundamental period of the building nor 15 seconds.
Mean spectral acceleration of generated ground motions for zero periods shall not be
less than Ao g and the mean spectral accelerations of artificially generated acceleration
records for 5% damping ratio shall not be less than 90% of the elastic spectral
accelerations, Sae(T), in the period range between 0.2T1 and 2T1 with respect to
dominant natural period, T1 , of the building in the earthquake direction considered.
The local site conditions should be considered in recorded earthquakes or physically
simulated ground motions.
At least three ground motions shall be used where the maximum of the results, and if
at least seven ground motions are used the mean values of the results shall be
considered for design.

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

5.5. Real Earthquake Records Database

The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, NGA strong motion data
base (PEER, 2005, http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat) [15] is used for this study. In all, 4062
records from 92 shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions around the world are
used.

5.6. Methodology for Selecting and Scaling the Real Time Histories
The time domain scaling for a single record procedure is utilized for selecting the best
matched real records to the target spectrum defined for a known local site class. The
methodology can be summarized in the following steps:
1. A list of time series records are prepared from PEER database simply based on
magnitude, fault type and site condition.
2. The acceleration response spectra for both of the horizontal components of the records
are computed using MatLab Code for the solution of linear elastic single degree of
freedom system of 5% damping ratio using the piecewise exact method [16].
3. Scaling procedure is used to match each horizontal component of the records to the
specified code spectrum for period range (TA=0.01 sec TB=5 sec). The scaling
factors, ST, defined in Equation 3 are calculated for both horizontal components.
4. Only one horizontal component for each record, the one which best matches the target
spectrum is selected.
5. The records with a duration less than proposed by (DBYBHY, 2007) and those with
scale factors, ST, less than 1/20 or greater than 20 are eliminated.
6. The absolute summation of relative error for each record is computed for the period
range (TS=0.01 sec TF=5 sec) as
TF
Sum Relative Errors = [( Saactual (T ) Satarget (T )) / Satarget (T )] (6)
TS

The percentage of average relative error is also calculated as follows

1
Average Relative Error (%) = Sum Relative Errors 100 (7)
k
where;
k is the number of period steps (T) defined in the period range for the spectra
k = ( TF - TS ) / T (8)
7. The first fifty (50) record components which have minimum average relative error
values are selected. The best matched ten (10) with the target spectrum are chosen for
use in the analysis.

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5.7. Effective Duration of the Time History Records

Strong ground motion duration is an important parameter to measure the potential
destructiveness of an earthquake and generally dependent on fault parameters, path from
source to station, local site effects and directivity. Many definitions were used to identify
the duration of strong ground motion as uniform, significant and bracketed duration [17].
The bracketed duration is the interval between two points in time where the acceleration
amplitude first and last exceed a prescribed level generally as 0.05 g [18]. The ARIAS
Intensity is a measure of the total energy content of seismic excitation, and is defined by the
following relation [19]
T

a (t ) d t
2
AI = (9)
2g
0

where, a(t) is the ground acceleration amplitude at time t and T is the earthquake total
duration. Husid Diagram is the time history of the seismic energy content defined in
Equation 9 scaled to the total energy content [20]. Significant duration defines as the time
elapsed between 5% and 95% of the HUSID diagram [20].
In this study, to consider the limitations defined in the Turkish seismic code (DBYBHY,
2007) for the minimum earthquake record duration, the bracketed and significant durations
for the selected records are computed and tabulated in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4. In the computations
of bracketed duration, the scaled record is used such that a 2nd seismic zone and a unity
building importance factor are considered

5.8. Discussion of the Results

The methodology for selecting and scaling the real time histories is applied to find the best
matched ten (10) real earthquake records with the spectrum coefficients, S(T), spectra
within the period range (TA=0.01 sec TB=5 sec) for the four local site classes specified in
the Turkish Seismic Code (DBYBHY, 2007). The selected records acceleration response
spectra for local site classes Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are plotted and compared with the code
spectrum coefficients spectra in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The lists of the selected
records with seismological and duration parameters and the scaling factors, ST, are
provided for local site classes Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
It should be mentioned that the scaling factors provided in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 are
computed for spectrum coefficient, S(T), therefore for engineering analyses the scaling
factor, AT, for spectral acceleration coefficient, A(T) and given in Equation 5 in terms of
ST, building importance factor I and effective ground acceleration coefficient, Ao, should
be used. In selection process, accelerograms with different fault to rupture distance are
chosen to account for the different characteristics of near field and far field earthquakes.

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

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Yasin M. FAHJAN

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

Figure 2. Response spectra for scaled earthquake records to DBYBHY (2007) Code
Spectrum Coefficient of local site class Z1

Figure 3. Response spectra for scaled earthquake records to DBYBHY (2007) Code
Spectrum Coefficient of local site class Z2

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Figure 4. Response spectra for scaled earthquake records to DBYBHY (2007) Code
Spectrum Coefficient of local site class Z3

Figure 5. Response spectra for scaled earthquake records to DBYBHY (2007) Code
Spectrum Coefficient of local site class Z4

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

5.9. Scaling Factor for Reduced acceleration Spectrum

For the linear time history analyses defined in the Turkish Seismic Code (DBYBHY,
2007), the reduced acceleration spectra are required to be used. The scaling factors, AT,
defined in Equation 5 for elastic Spectral acceleration coefficient A(T) should be divided by
the Structural behavior factor ( R) as follows:
A0 I ST
AT = (10)
R

6. APPLICATION EXAMPLES
In this section, the scaling methodology of real earthquake time history records at specific
site classes are explained with two examples. Turkish design spectrum (DBYBHY, 2007) is
used as the target spectrum. The earthquake records and corresponding scaling factors listed
in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 are utilized.

6.1. Example 1
In this example, a time history record for the analysis of a structure located at the 2nd
seismic zone (Ao = 0.3) and local site class Z1 with the building importance factor, I, (1.0)
is obtained using time domain scaling method given in Section 4.1. For this purpose,
(ABY090) component of the record number P0856 that was recorded during Landers
earthquake in 28 June 1992 is used from the list given in Table 1. The scaling factor, ST,
of this record to fit the (DBYBHY, 2007) spectrum coefficient, S(T) is given as 5.08 in this
table. The scaling factor for spectral acceleration, A(T), is computed using Equation 5 as,

AT = Ao I ST = 0.3 1 5.08 = 1.524 (11)

The acceleration time history amplitudes for the record (ABY090) are multiplied by the
scaling factor, AT, to obtain the input motion that will be used in the structural analysis.
The original and scaled time acceleration records (ABY090) of Landers Earthquake are
shown in Figure 6. The time history acceleration, velocity and displacement for the scaled
record together with the response acceleration, velocity and displacement spectra are
plotted in Figure 7. In Figure 8, the response acceleration spectrum of the records is well
matched with the spectral acceleration spectra defined by the Turkish seismic Code
(DBYBHY, 2007) for (Z1, Ao=0.3, I=1.0).

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 Yasin M. FAHJAN

Figure 6. Time acceleration record (ABY090) of Landers Earthquake and the scaled
acceleration record with factor AT

Figure 7. Scaled acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories and spectral
acceleration, velocity and displacement of (ABY090) record of Landers Earthquake

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

Figure 8. Response spectrum of (ABY090) record of Landers Earthquake scaled to fit the
Turkish elastic design spectrum (2007)

6.2. Example 2
In the second example, the structure is assumed to be located at the 1st seismic zone (Ao =
0.4), local site class Z3 and the building importance factor, I, is supposed to be (1.5). The
component (DZC180) of the record number P1096 that was recorded during 1999 Kocaeli
earthquake is selected from Table 3 where the scaling factor, ST, is given as 3.53. The
scaling factor for Spectral acceleration A(T) is computed using Equation 5 as,

AT = Ao I ST = 0.4 ( 1.5 ) 3.53 = 2.118 (12)

The acceleration time history amplitudes for the record (DZC180) are multiplied by the
scaling factor, AT, and the original and scaled time acceleration records (DZC180) are
given in Figure 9. The time history acceleration, velocity and displacement and the spectral
acceleration, velocity and displacement response for the scaled record are shown in Figure
10. In Figure 11, the response acceleration spectra of the record is compared with the
Turkish spectral acceleration spectra defined for (Z3, Ao=0.4, I=1.5).

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 Yasin M. FAHJAN

Figure 9. Time acceleration record (DZC180) of Kocaeli Earthquake and the scaled
acceleration record with factor AT

Figure 10. Acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories and spectral
acceleration, velocity and displacement of scaled (DZC180) record of Kocaeli Earthquake

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

Figure 11. Response spectrum of (DZC180) record of Kocaeli Earthquake scaled to the
Turkish elastic design spectrum (2007)

7. CONCLUSION
In this study, the existing methodologies and criteria for selection and scaling of strong
ground motion time histories to fit a target design spectrum are discussed and summarized.
The proposed time domain scaling methodology is successfully applied to obtain time
history records which are compatible with the Turkish design spectra (DBYBHY, 2007) in
the specified period range (0.01-5.0 sec). Taking into account the criteria suggested by the
Turkish code, for each local site class (Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4), the best matched ten (10) time
history records obtained from Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) database
are selected and the scaling factors are computed.

Symbols
A(T) : Spectral acceleration coefficient
AI : Arias Intensity
Ao : Effective ground acceleration coefficient
a(t) : Acceleration amplitude at time t
diff : Square of scaled-to-target difference
g : gravitational acceleration
I : Building importance factor

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 Yasin M. FAHJAN

k : Number of period steps (T) used to compute the response spectrum

N : Number of earthquake records
S(T) : Spectrum Coefficient
target
Sa : Target acceleration response spectrum
Saactual : acceleration spectrum of the given (actual) time history
T : Total duration of the record
T : Period of oscillator
TS : Lower period of scaling range
TF : Upper period of scaling range
T1 : First effective natural period
Z1, Z2, Z3 ve Z4 : Local site classes defined in Turkish Seismic Code [1]
: Scaling factor
AT : Scaling factor for Spectral acceleration coefficient, A(T)
ST : Scaling factor for Spectrum Coefficient, S(T)
T : Period step

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Ph.D. candidate Zuhal zdemir for her great contributions
to manipulate the earthquake data and to carry out the analyses used in this study.

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Selection and Scaling of Real Earthquake Accelerograms to Fit

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