abstract

this seminar suggests a new concept of solar collection that prints the solar
cells directly onto a spherical surface, or a balloon. it can be used for
substitution of the depleting of fossil fuels in thermal applications and
electricity generation through thermal route. usually the concentrated solar
power means focusing the sun s energy from a large area into a smaller area,
which generates a lot of heat that can be used to produce electricity . solar
power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using
photovoltaic (pv), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (csp).
concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . photovoltaic convert light
into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.

content

1. introduction
2. concept
3. overview
4. diagram
5. main parts
spherical surface solar collector
dual axis solar tracking system
photovoltaic panel
ordinary panel
hybrid thermal pv panel
pv stiriling engine
storage battery
inverter
6. block diagram
7. operation
8. working
9. comparison
10.advantage
11.disadvantage
12.application
13.conclusion
 14.reference

introduction

the sun is the main energy source of the earth. all fossil fuels used today are
indirect forms of solar energy. most of the renewable energy sources, such as
winds and ocean waves, also exist because of the sun. there fore , collecting
energy directly from the sun is an intuitive approach. currently, photovoltaic
(pv) based solar module development started with rigid silicon solar cells.
there fore, flat-panel type solar energy collectors have their technology
advantages in manufacturing and installation.

however, in city or residential areas, the flat-panel solar collector has its
limitations. for examples, the solar panels should always face true south if they
are in the northern hemisphere. but the space for an ideal installation may not
always be available. even if they can face the right direction, nearby higher
buildings may block the sunrays form that direction. additionally, the suns
angles in the sky vary according to the days in the year and the inclination of
the panel can only be made optimal in certain times during the year . to most
solar collectors, the sun tracking system is too expensive and impractical, and
some cannot even adjust their inclinations manually.

concept

spherical sun power generator is the recent technique employed using solar
energy. german architect andre broessel believes that he can squeeze more
juice out of the sun. even during night hours and in low light regions, resulting
in the creation of this new type generator.

combines spherical geometry principle with dual axis tracking system. allowing
twice yield of conventional. fully rotational and suitable for inclined surfaces
and walls.

overview
renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight,
wind , rain , tides and geothermal heat- which are renewable (naturally
replenished). renewable energy tevhnologies range from solar power, wind
power, hydroelectricity/ micro hydro, biomass and bio-fuels for transportation.

main parts

the main parts of the spherical sun power generator are, spherical-surface
solar collector, dual axis solar tracking system, photovoltaic cell, storage
battery and inverter

spherical surface solar collector

it is ultra transmission ball lens. the sun light entering ball lens and concentrate
it . it available size diameter 100 cm and 180 cm . the spherical coordinate
system(r,o,--)is used , where the radius r is a constant, o is the azimuthal angle
in the x-y plane, and is the zenith angle from the positive z-axis , as shown
in fig.

at any point on the spherical surface, the unit normal vector is given by
n,n=(cos 0 sinq)i+(sin0 sinq)j+ (sinq) k, where (I,j,k,)are the unit vectors of the
x-y-z coordinate system. because of the symmetry of a sphere, the sunrays can
come in any direction and will not affect the results. assuming the sunrays
come in along the x-axis, the coefficient of incident at (r, 0,q)isgiven by cos =
cos 0 sing q

dual axis solar tracking system

the system is designed to track the movement of the sun in order to get
maximum power form the solar panels as they follow the direction of the sun.
the system employs light dependent resistors to sense the position of the sun
which is directly communicated to a micro- processing board with at mega 328
microcontroller . the micro- processing board therefore commands a set of
two stepper motor to re- orient the panel either horizontally or vertically in
order to stay perpendicular to the sun rays.
photovoltaic panel

this device is used three type electricity producing photovoltaic panels.

ordinary photovoltaic panel, hybrid thermal photovoltaic panel and
photovoltaic stirlineg engine

ordinary pv panel

solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun s rays as a source of
energy for generating electricity. photovoltaic modules constitute the
photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates the photovoltaic
array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in
commercial and residential applications. each module is rated by its dc output
power under standard test condition.

hybrid thermal pv panel

photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, sometimes known as hybrid pv/t

systems or pvt, are systems that convert solar radiation into thermal and
electrical energy. these systems combine a solar cell, which converts sunlight
into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining
energy and removes waste heat from the pv module. the capture of both
electricity and heat allow these devices to have higher energy and thus be
more overall energy efficient than solar photovoltaic (pv)or solar thermal
alone. a significant amount of research has gone into developing pvt
technology since the 1970s.

1. anti reflective glass

2. eva encapsulant
3. solar pv cells
4. eva encapsulant
5. backsheet (pvf)
6. heat exchanger (copper)
7. insulation (polyurethane)
 photovoltaic stirling engine

a solar powered stirline engine is a heat engine powered by a temperature

gradient generated by the sun . it was patented by roelf j. Meijer in 1987. his
invention relates a heat engine , such as a stirling cycle engine ., with a solar
dish collector in order to produce electricity. this apparatus consists of a large
dish aimed at the sun to reflect the rays into the focus point, which is located
at the center of the dish. solar energy is then collected in the form of heat to
fuel a stirling cycle engine, which operates by letting heat flow from a hot
source to a cold sink in order to do work. the work output of the stirling cycle is
then used to drive a generator and create electric power. moreover, in meijers
solar- powered engine, it is important that the dish always be pointed directly
at the sun so that no shadows would be present in the solar dish collector,
hence optimizing heat collection. this is where he ran into some issues
because, in order for the apparatus to have a complete range of motion ,
lubrication and rotational systems would be necessary and may compromise
structural stability.

storage battery

storage battery can also refer to rechargeable batteries which have been
developed specifically for use in photovoltaic systems. they are used especially
in stand- alone systems for storage of energy produced by solar panels and
batteries as a buffer when major consumer operation.

inverter

inverter is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (dc) to

alternating current (ac). the input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or
circuitry. the inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by
the dc source.
working

the sun light entering the ball lens and the ultra transmission ball lens provide
high potential output of sun light. he sun light focus the photovoltaic panel,
the dual axis solar tracking system is used for controlling rotation of
photovoltaic panel. the photovoltaic panel converts sun light into thermal and
electrical energy . it generates direct current (dc) and store the battery bank.
the inverter is used for converiting direct current .

advantages

reduced siklicon cell area to 25%

increased efficiency to 57%. solar panel is at 22 to 24%.
no pollution.
easy to install.
ti charges and store energy during daylight hiurs and can even collect
energy from the moon during night hours.
at night time the ball lens can transform into a high power lamp to
illuminate your location.
full environmental integration with lowest possible weather impact.
designed for off grid conditions as well as to supplement buildings
consumption of electricity and thermal circuits likehot watew.
99%transparent.

disadvantages

high capital cast

if its solid glass it would take months to cool to keep from cracking due
to liquid (molten) center

applications

used for off grid conditions

can charge electric cars
used for water heater
conclusion

due to the seasonal changes of the sun position in the sky and only a shorter
time in a day that flat- panel collector can see the sun , the advantage of the
flat-panel collector is not that much. the back- side of the spherical surface
can collect significant amount of scattered radiation and reflected solar energy
that makes it as efficient as the flat panel without occlusion. 3. Considering
the occlusion factor, the spherical- surface collector can be the better choice in
certain situations. Besides the efficiency consideration, the balloons coated
with the pv solar collectors have other features that make them attractive.