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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Application Protecting Tube Material

Heat Treating
Annealing
Up to 704C Black steel
Over 704C Inconel 600, Type 446 SS

Carburising hardening
Up to 816C Black steel, Type 446 SS
816 to 1093C) Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Over 1093C Ceramic*
Nitriding salt baths Type 446 SS
Cyanide Nickel (CP)
Neutral Type 446 SS
High speed Ceramic*

Iron and steel


Blast furnaces
Downcomer Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Stove dome Silicon carbide, LT-1
Hot blast main Inconel 600
Stove trunk Inconel 600
Stove outlet flue Black steel
Open hearth
Flues and stack Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Checkers Inconel 600, LT-1
Waste heat boiler Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Billet heating slab heating and butt welding
Up to 1093C Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Over 1093C Silicon carbide, ceramic*
Bright annealing batch
Top work temperature Not required (use bare Type J thermocouple)
Bottom work temperature Type 446 SS
Continuous furnace section Inconel 600, ceramic*
Forging Silicon carbide, ceramic*
Soaking pits
Up to 1093C Inconel 600
Over 1093C Silicon carbide, ceramic*

Nonferrous metals
Aluminium
Melting Hexoloy, Syalon*, 1100, Cast, Iron
Heat treating Black steel
Brass or bronze Not required (use dip-type thermocouple)
Lead Type 446 SS, black steel
Magnesium Black steel, cast iron
Tin Extra heavy carbon steel
Zinc Extra heavy carbon steel

* Due to the susceptibility to cracking, sudden thermal shocks should be avoided. 11/04

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Application Protecting Tube Material

Nonferrous metals (cont)


Pickling tanks Chemical lead

Cement
Exit flues Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Kilns, heating zone Inconel 600

Ceramic
Kiln Ceramic, and silicon carbide*
Dryers Silicon carbide, black steel
Vitreous enamelling Inconel 600, Type 446 SS

Glass
Fore hearths and feeders Platinum thimble
Lehrs Black steel
Tanks
Roof and wall Ceramic*
Flues and checkers Inconel 600, Type 446 SS

Paper
Digesters Type 316 SS, Type 446 SS

Petroleum
De-waxing Types 304, 310, 316, 321, 347 SS, carbon steel
Towers Types 304, 310, 316, 321, 347 SS, carbon steel
Transfer lines Types 304, 310, 316, 321, 347 SS, carbon steel
Factioning column Types 304, 310, 316, 321, 347 SS, carbon steel
Bridgewall Types 304, 310, 316, 321, 347 SS, carbon steel

Power
Coal-air mixtures 304 SS
Flue gases Black steel, Type 446 SS
Pre-heaters Black steel, Type 446 SS
Steel lines Types 347 or 316 SS
Water lines Low carbon steels
Boiler tubes Types 304, 309, or 31 0 SS

Gas producers
Producer gas Type 446 SS
Water gas
Carburetor Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Superheater Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Tar stills Low carbon steels

* Due to the susceptibility to cracking, sudden thermal shocks should be avoided.


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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Application Protecting Tube Material

Incinerators
Up to 1093C Inconel 600, Type 446 SS
Over 1093C Ceramic (primary), Hexoloy (secondary)*

Food
Baking ovens Slack steel
Charretort, sugar Slack steel
Vegetables and fruit Type 304 SS

Chemical
Acetic acid
10 to 50%, 21C Type 304, Hastelloy C, Monel
50%, 100C Type 316, Hastelloy C, Monel
99% 21 to 100C Type 430, Hastelloy C, Monel
Alcohol, ethyl, methyl
21 to 100C Type 304
Ammonia
All concentration 21C Types 304, 316 SS
Ammonium chloride
All concentration 100C Types 316 SS, Monel
Ammonium nitrate
All concentration 21 to 100C Type 316 SS
Ammonium sulphate, 10% to saturated 100C Type 316 SS
Barium chloride, all concentration, 21C Monel, Hastelloy C
Barium hydroxide, all concentration, 21C Low carbon steels
Barium sulphite Nichrome Hastelloy C
Brines Monel
Bromine Tantalum, Monel
Butadiene Type 304 SS
Butane Type 304 SS
Butylacetate Monel
Butyl alcohol Type 304 SS
Calcium chlorate, dilute 21 to 66C Type 304 SS
Calcium hydroxide
10 to 20%, 100C Type 304 SS, Hastelloy C
50%, 100C Type 316 SS, Hastelloy C
Carbolic acid, all, 100C Type 316 SS
Carbon dioxide, wet or dry 2017-T4 Aluminium, Monel, Nickel
Chlorine gas
Dry, 21C Type 316 SS, Monel
Moist, -7 to 100C Hastelloy C
Chromic acid, 10 to 50% 100C Type 316 SS, Hastelloy C (all concentrations)

* Due to the susceptibility to cracking, sudden thermal shocks should be avoided.


Monel is a registered trademark of INCO Alloys International Inc.
Hastelloy- is a registered trademark of Haynes International

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Application Protecting Tube Material

Chemical (cont)
Citric acid
15%, 21C Type 304 SS, Hastelloy C (all concentrations)
15%, 100C Type 316 SS, Hastelloy C (all concentrations)
Concentrated, 100C Type 316 SS, Hastelloy C (all concentrations)
Copper nitrate Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Copper sulphate Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Cresols Type 304 SS
Cyanogen gas Type 304 SS
Dow therm Low carbon steels
Ether Type 304 SS
Ethyl acetate Monel, Type 304 SS
Ethyl chloride, 21C Type 304 SS, low carbon steel
Ethyl sulphate, 21C Monel
Ferric chloride, 5%, 21C to boiling Tantalum, Hastelloy C
Ferric sulphate, 5%, 21C Type 304 SS
Ferrous sulphate, dilute, 21C Type 304 SS
Formaldehyde Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Formic acid, 5%, 21 to 66C Type 316 SS
Freon Monel
Gallic acid, 5%, 21 to 66C Monel
Gasoline, 21C Type 304 SS, low carbon steel
Glucose, 21C Type 304 SS
Glycerine, 21C Type 304 SS
Glycerol Type 304 SS
Hydrobromic acid, 98%, 100C Hastelloy B
Hydrochloric acid
1%, 5% 21C Hastelloy C
1%, 5% 100C Hastelloy B
25%, 21 to 100C Hastelloy B
Hydrofluoric acid, 60%, 100C Hastelloy C, Monel
Hydrogen peroxide, 21 to 100C Types 316 SS, 304 SS
Hydrogen sulphide, wet and dry Type 316 SS
Iodine, 21C Tantalum
Lactic acid
5%, 21C Type 304 SS, 316 SS
5%, 66C Type 316 SS
10%, 100C Tantalum
Magnesium chloride
5%, 21C Nickel, Monel,
5%, 100C Nickel
Magnesium sulphate, hot and cold Monel
Muriatic acid, 21C Tantalum
Naptha, 21C Type 304 SS

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Application Protecting Tube Material

Natural gas, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS, 317 SS


Nickel chloride, 21C Type 304 SS
Nickel sulphate, hot and cold Type 304 SS
Nitric acid
5%, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
20% 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
50% 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
50% 100C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
65% 100C Type 316 SS
Concentrated, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Concentrated, 100C Tantalum
Nitrobenzene, 21C Type 304 SS
Oleic acid, 21C Type 316 SS
Oleum, 21C Type 316 SS
Oxalic acid
5% hot and cold Type 304 SS
10%, 100C Monel
Oxygen 21C Steel
Palmitic acid Type 316 SS
Pentane Type 340 SS
Phenol Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Phosphoric acid
1%, 5%, 21C Type 304 SS
10%, 21C Type 316 SS
10%, 100C Hastelloy C
30%, 21 to 100C Hastelloy B
85%, 21 to 100C Hastelloy B
Picric acid, 21C Type 304 SS
Potassium bromide, 21C Type 316 SS
Potassium carbonate, 1%, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Potassium chlorate, 21C Type 304 SS
Potassium hydroxide
5%, 21C Type 304SS
25%, 100C Type 304SS
60%, 100C Type 316SS
Potassium nitrate
5%, 21C Type 304 SS
5%, 100C Type 304 SS
Potassium permanganate, 5%, 21C Type 304 SS
Potassium sulphate, 5%, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Potassium sulphide, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Propane Type 304 SS, low carbon steel
Pyrogallic acid Type 304 SS
Quinine bisulphate, dry Type 316 SS
Quinine sulphate, dry Type 304 SS

Hexoloy is a registered trademark of Carborundum Company.


Syalon is a registered trademark of Cookson.
Dow therm is a registered trademark of Dow Chemical Corp
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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

Application Protecting Tube Material

Chemical (cont.)
Seawater Monel, Hastelloy C
Salicylic acid Nickel
Sodium bicarbonate
All concentration, 21C Type 304 SS
5%, 66C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Sodium carbonate, 5%, 21 to 66C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Sodium chloride
5%, 21 to 66C Type 316 SS
Saturated, 21 to 100C Type 316 SS, Monel
Sodium fluoride, 5% 21C Monel
Sodium hydroxide Types 304 S, 316 SS, Hastelloy C
Sodium hypochlorite, 5% still Type 316 SS, Hastelloy C
Sodium nitrate, fused Type 316 SS
Sodium peroxide Type 304 SS
Sodium sulphate, 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Sodium sulphide, 21C Type 316 SS
Sodium sulphite, 30%, 66C Type 304 SS
Sulphur dioxide
Moist gas, 21C Type 316 SS
Gas, 302C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Sulphur
Dry molten Type 304 SS
Wet Type 316 SS
Sulphuric acid
5%, 21 to 100C Hastelloy B, 316 SS
10%, 21 to 100C Hastelloy B
50%, 21 to 100C Hastelloy B
90%, 21C Hastelloy B
90% 100C Hastelloy D
Tannic acid 21C Type 304 SS, Hastelloy B
Tartaric acid
21C Type 304 SS
150C Type 316 SS
Toluene 2017-T4 aluminium, low carbon steel
Turpentine Types 304 SS 316 SS
Whisky and wine Type 304 SS, nickel
Xylene Copper
Zinc chloride Monel
Zinc sulphate
5% 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
Saturated 21C Types 304 SS, 316 SS
25% 100C Types 304 SS, 316 SS

Inconel is a registered trademark of INCO Alloys International Inc.


Incoloy is a registered trademark of INCO Alloys International Inc.
Nichrome is a registered trademark of Driver-Harris Co.

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

Carbon Steels 446 Stainless Steel


Low cost materials with little corrosion Ferritic stainless steel with excellent resistance to
resistance. Used in low temperature and stress sulphurous atmospheres at high temperature,
applications where the measured medium protects however due to its low strength at high
it from corrosion, oils, petroleum, tars etc. temperature, thermowells made from this material
Maximum temperature: 530o C. should be mounted vertically. Used in heat
treatment processes, iron and steel furnaces, gas
Chrome/Moly Steels (F11, F22) production plant and it has some useful resistance
High strength steels used in pressure vessels and to molten lead. Good corrosion resistance to nitric
industrial boiler plant. Resistant to chloroform, acid, sulphuric acid and most alkalis gives it some
cleaning agents, food products and carbon limited use in chemical plant.
disulphide. Maximum temperature: 1150o C.
Maximum temperature: 600o C.
Duplex Stainless Steel
304 Stainless Steel These grades combine high strength with
Low cost corrosion resistant material, used excellent corrosion resistance, especially to
extensively used in food, beverage and chemical chloride stress corrosion cracking, however a
processing where good corrosion resistance is tendency to brittleness limits their use to approx
required. A low carbon grade, 304L is available 300 to 315o C maximum, sub- zero use is also
which can be welded without impairing it's restricted to approx 50o C because of brittleness
corrosion resistance. due to the ferrite content. Main uses include
Maximum temperature: 900o C. offshore piping, chemical tanks, flue gas
scrubbers and chimneys.
321 Stainless Steel
Similar properties to 304SS above, except that Super Duplex Stainless Steel
this grade is titanium stabilised to prevent Similar qualities and limitations to duplex grades
intergranular corrosion when welded. above. These grades are widely used to handle
seawater and other brackish waters, marine
316 Stainless Steel pumps, oil and gas production and desalination
Best corrosion resistance of the austenitic plants are typical applications.
stainless steels due to the addition of
molybdenum, widely used in chemical Inconel 600
processing, offers useful resistance to H S. As A very widely used nickel-chromium- ion alloy
with 304, a low carbon grade, 316L is available with excellent high temperature strength and
for welded applications. oxidation resistance, however it is very
Maximum temperature: 900o C. vulnerable to attack in sulphurous atmospheres
above 500o C. Good resistance to chloride-ion
310 Stainless Steel stress corrosion cracking and nitriding
Heat resistant material, which can be used up to environments. Use extensively in chemical
1150o C with useful resistance in sulphur bearing industries for its strength and corrosion
atmospheres. Corrosion resistance is slightly resistance. Easily welded, can normally be used
better than 304SS, but not as good as 316SS. Can without post weld heat treatment.
be welded with caution. Maximum temperature: 1212o C.

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

Inconel 625 Monel 400


A nickel-chromium alloy with excellent Nickel-copper alloy with very good corrosion
resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, resistance, commonly used to handle sea water,
unaffected by radiation embrittlement, widely hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric
used in aerospace applications and in marine acid and most alkalis. Typical applications
environments. Good weldability, can be used in include marine fixtures, chemical processing
the as-welded condition. equipment, gasoline and water tanks, process
Maximum temperature: 1093o C. vessels and piping and boiler feedwater heaters.
Maximum temperature: 538o C.
Incoloy 800
Superior to alloy 600 in sulphur, cyanide salts Hastelloy C276
and neutral salts. Extensively used in Nickel- molybdenum-chromium alloy with
steam/hydrocarbon reforming plants for pigtail excellent corrosion resistance especially in
piping, manifolds and waste heat boilers and in chlorinated environments. Widely used in
the internal components of secondary reformers. chemical plant where it tolerates ferric and cupric
Widely used in heat treatment equipment and as a chlorides, solvents, chlorine, formic acid, acetic
heater sheath material. acid, brine, wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite.
Maximum temperature: 1093o C. Can be easily welded and maintains its properties
in the as-welded condition.
Incoloy 825 Maximum temperature: 1093o C.
A nickel- iron-chromium alloy with exceptional
resistance to many corrosive environments, it is Hastelloy B3
superior to almost all metallic materials for A development of the well- established B2 alloy
handling sulphuric acid and shows excellent with improved thermal stability, fabricability and
resistance to phosphoric acid. It is widely used in stress corrosion cracking resistance. It is the alloy
chemical processing, oil and gas recovery, acid of choice for handling hydrochloric acid in all
production, pickling operations, nuclear fuel concentrations and temperatures; it also
reprocessing and handling of radioactive wastes. withstands hydrogen chloride, sulphuric, acetic,
Maximum temperature: 540o C. hydrofluoric and phosphoric acids.
Maximum temperature: 538o C, up to 816o C in
Incoloy MA956 reducing or vacuum environment.
An iron-chromium- aluminium alloy produced by
mechanical alloying, it features great strength at Hastelloy C22
high temperatures with excellent resistance to A nickel-chromium- molybdenum- tungsten alloy
oxidation, carburisation, and hot corrosion. These with outstanding resistance to pitting, crevice
properties make it especially suitable for gas- corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. It shows
turbine combustion chambers and other exceptional resistance to a wide range of
aggressive environments containing sulphur and chemical process environments, such as ferric and
chloride salts. cupric chlorides, chlorine, hot contaminated
Maximum temperature: 1350o C. solutions, formic and acetic acids and seawater or
brine solutions. The material has superior
weldability, and retains its properties in the as-
welded state.

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

Hastelloy X Haynes alloy HR160


A high temperature alloy with excellent A high temperature alloy with outstanding
resistance to oxidising, reducing and neutral resistance to high temperature corrosion, it has
atmospheric conditions. Is widely used in aircraft excellent resistance to sulphidation, and chloride
jet engine components. Very good high attack in both reducing and oxidising
temperature strength makes it ideal for furnace atmospheres. Its resistance to attack by the
applications. Resistant to stress corrosion products of combustion of low- grade fuels makes
cracking in petrochemical applications. it particularly useful in municipal, industrial,
Maximum Temperature: 1204o C. hazardous and nuclear waste incinerators.
Maximum temperature: 1204o C.
Haynes alloy 214
Excellent high temperature material, with the Titanium
highest resistance to oxidation and carburisation A lightweight material with good strength in the
of almost any alloy, it is recommended for 150 to 470o C range. Excellent resistance to
temperatures of 950o C and above, it shows useful oxidising acids such as nitric or chromic, it is also
resistance up to 1315o C but its strength is resistant to inorganic chloride solutions,
severely reduced. Applications include ceramic chlorinated organic compounds and moist
firing furnace parts, automotive catalytic chlorine gas. Its good resistance to seawater and
converter internals and in the industrial heating salt spray allows it to be used in offshore
industry furnace flame hoods and rotary calciners. installations. Can be welded with special
Has good resistance to chlorine contaminated precaut ions to protect from atmospheric
environments, which allows its use in hospital contamination.
waste incinerators.
Maximum temperature: 1204o C. Tantalum
Refractory metal that is very ductile. Use only in
Haynes alloy 230 inert atmospheres or very good vacuums. <10(-3)
Excellent high temperature strength, oxidation torr. Hydrogen and nitrogen will react with
resistance and long term thermal stability. Used tantalum above 750 F (400 C) resulting in
in aerospace, chemical processing and high nitride and hydride formation that will affect life.
temperature heating applications. Recommended Tantalum is almost completely immune to
for use in nitriding environments. chemical attack at temperatures below 150o C,
Maximum temperature: 1149o C. and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic
solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free
Haynes alloy 556 sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At
A multipurpose alloy which offers good high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more
resistance to sulphidising, carburising and reactive. It is normally used by cladding a thin
chlorine bearing atmospheres. Common layer onto a less expensive material, such as steel
applications include waste incinerators, petroleum or stainless steel
processes where sulphur is present, chloride salt
baths, exhaust gas probes, the alloy is one of very
few that can survive in molten zinc, making it
ideal for galvanising processes.
Maximum temperature: 1093o C.

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THERMOWELL MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

Tanatalum (cont)
Tantalum's corrosion resistance is similar to that acid plating solutions and operations involving
of glass, making it the material of choice in chlorine, bromine, iodine and their compounds,
critical chemical and pharmaceutical processes high purity product manufacturing (cosmetics,
requiring maximum corrosion resistance and soaps, perfumes) and separation of high boiling
minimum contamination. Typical applications organic acids
are: Chemical production (HCl, H2 SO4,
insecticides, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals,
explosives, plastics, dyestuffs, condensation of
phosgene derivatives, synthetic fibres, chromic

THERMOWELL METAL PROPERTIES

Pressure - Temperature rating - lbs. per square inch

Temperature in Celcius
Material
20 95 205 315 425 540 650
Brass 5000 4200 1000 - - - -
304 S/S 7000 6200 5600 5400 5200 4500 1650
316 S/S 7000 7000 6400 6200 6100 5100 2500
Carbon 5200 5000 4800 4600 3500 1500 -
Steel
Monel 6500 6000 5400 5300 5200 1500 -

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STANDARD THERMOWELL SPECIFICATIONS

SCREWED FLANGED NOTES


Bore 6.5mm 6.5mm Other as Specified
Instrument 1/2"NPSM or 1/2"NPSM or
Other as Specified
Connection 1/2"BSPP 1/2"BSPP

Process BSPT or NPT


Other as Specified
Connection
Standard Head 44mm 50mm Other as Specified
Length
Std 1/2" Taper 25NB Taper
Major/Minor 16/12mm 22/16mm
OD for 3/4" Taper 40NB Taper
Tapered Wells 22/16mm 22/16mm
1" Taper 50NB Taper
27/16mm 22/16mm
Std OD for 1/2" Parallel 25NB Parallel
Parallel Wells 16mm 20mm
3/4" Parallel 40NB Parallel
19mm 20mm
1" Parallel 50NB Parallel
22mm 20mm
Step 64/12.7mm 64/12.7mm
Length/OD

? All Fabricated thermowells to be used with RTD's are supplied with drilled solid tip
? Weld Procedure and qualifications on request
? All well can be supplied with lagging extensions
? If hex bar is unavailable for material specified, 2 spanner flats milled
? Plug and Chain available for all constructions
? Maximum machined thermowell length: 1200mm

Pyrosales Pty Ltd


A.B.N. 32 001 378 070
04/07
www.pyrosales.com.au
4 Wordie Place Factory 4, Enterprise Way, Unit 1,(Lot3), 70 Flanders Street
Padstow NSW 2211 Bayswater, Vic 3153 Salisbury QLD 4107
PO Box 309, Padstow, NSW 2211 Australia PO Box 553, Bayswater, Vic, 3153 Australia PO Box 182, Salisbury QLD 4107 Australia
Tel (02) 9790 1988 Fax (02) 9790 1040 Tel (03) 9729 2100 Fax (03) 9720 5559 Tel (07) 3277 9400 Fax (03) 3277 9495
sales@pyrosales.com.au vicsales@pyrosales.com.au qldsales@pyrosales.com.au

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