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Avicenna
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Avicenna(/vsn/LatinizedformofIbnSn,fullname
AbAlalusaynibnAbdAllhibnAlHasanibnAli Avicenna
ibnSn[5] (IbnSn)
c.980June1037)wasaPersianpolymathwhoisregarded
asoneofthemostsignificantthinkersandwritersofthe
IslamicGoldenAge.[6]

Ofthe450worksheisknowntohavewritten,around240
havesurvived,including150onphilosophyand40on
medicine.[7]

HismostfamousworksareTheBookofHealinga
philosophicalandscientificencyclopedia,andTheCanonof
Medicineamedicalencyclopedia[8][9][10]whichbecamea
standardmedicaltextatmanymedievaluniversities[11]and
remainedinuseaslateas1650.[12]In1973,Avicenna's
CanonOfMedicinewasreprintedinNewYork.[13]

Besidesphilosophyandmedicine,Avicenna'scorpus Conventionalmodernportrait(onasilvervase,
includeswritingsonastronomy,alchemy,geographyand AvicennaMausoleumandMuseum,Hamadan)
geology,psychology,Islamictheology,logic,mathematics, Born 22August980 [1]
physicsandpoetry.[14] Afshona,Peshkunskiy,Bukhara,
SamanidEmpire
Died 21June1037(aged57) [1]
Contents Hamadn,KakuyidEmirate

1 Circumstances Residence SamanidEmpire[2]

2 Biography ZiyaridTabaristan[3]
2.1 Earlylife
2.2 Adulthood BuyidPersia[4]
2.3 Laterlifeanddeath Othernames SharafalMulkHujjatalHaq
3 Philosophy SheikhalRayeesIbnSino(Abu
3.1 Metaphysicaldoctrine AliAbdullohIbnSino)BuAl
3.2 AlBirunicorrespondence Sn()
3.3 Theology
3.4 Thoughtexperiments Academicbackground
4 TheCanonofMedicine Influences HippocratesAristotleGalen
5 TheBookofHealing NeoplatonismalKindialFarabi
5.1 Earthsciences RhazesAlBirunialMasihi
5.2 Philosophyofscience AbulHasanHankari
5.3 Logic
Academicwork
5.4 Physics
5.5 Psychology Era IslamicGoldenAge
6 Othercontributions Main MedicineAromatherapy
6.1 Astronomyandastrology
interests Philosophyandlogic
6.2 Chemistry
6.3 Poetry Kalm(Islamictheology)
7 Legacy SciencePoetry
7.1 MiddleAgesandRenaissance Notable TheBookofHealing
7.2 Modernreception
8 Arabicworks
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8 Arabicworks works TheCanonofMedicine
8.1 Listofworks
9 Persianworks Influenced AlBiruniOmarKhayym
10 Seealso AverroesShahabalDin
11 References SuhrawardiTusiIbnalNafis
12 Sources IbnTufailAlbertusMagnus
13 Furtherreading MaimonidesAquinasWilliamof
13.1 Encyclopedicarticles OckhamAbu'UbaydalJuzjani
13.2 Primaryliterature Enlightenmentphilosophers
13.3 Secondaryliterature
13.4 Medicine
13.5 Philosophy
14 Externallinks

Circumstances
IbnSinacreatedanextensivecorpusofworksduringwhatiscommonlyknownastheIslamicGoldenAge,in
whichthetranslationsofGrecoRoman,Persian,andIndiantextswerestudiedextensively.GrecoRoman
(MidandNeoPlatonic,andAristotelian)textstranslatedbytheKindischoolwerecommented,redactedand
developedsubstantiallybyIslamicintellectuals,whoalsobuiltuponPersianandIndianmathematicalsystems,
astronomy,algebra,trigonometryandmedicine.[15]TheSamaniddynastyintheeasternpartofPersia,Greater
KhorasanandCentralAsiaaswellastheBuyiddynastyinthewesternpartofPersiaandIraqprovideda
thrivingatmosphereforscholarlyandculturaldevelopment.UndertheSamanids,BukhararivaledBaghdadasa
culturalcapitaloftheIslamicworld.[16]

ThestudyoftheQuranandtheHadiththrivedinsuchascholarlyatmosphere.Philosophy,Fiqhandtheology
(kalaam)werefurtherdeveloped,mostnoticeablybyAvicennaandhisopponents.AlRaziandAlFarabihad
providedmethodologyandknowledgeinmedicineandphilosophy.Avicennahadaccesstothegreatlibrariesof
Balkh,Khwarezm,Gorgan,Rey,IsfahanandHamadan.Varioustexts(suchasthe'AhdwithBahmanyar)show
thathedebatedphilosophicalpointswiththegreatestscholarsofthetime.AruziSamarqandidescribeshow
beforeAvicennaleftKhwarezmhehadmetAlBiruni(afamousscientistandastronomer),AbuNasrIraqi(a
renownedmathematician),AbuSahlMasihi(arespectedphilosopher)andAbualKhayrKhammar(agreat
physician).

Biography
Earlylife

Avicennawasbornc.980inAfshana,avillagenearBukhara(inpresentdayUzbekistan),thecapitalofthe
Samanids,aPersiandynastyinCentralAsiaandGreaterKhorasan.Hismother,namedSetareh,wasfrom
Bukhara[17]hisfather,Abdullah,wasarespectedIsmaili[18]scholarfromBalkh,animportanttownofthe
SamanidEmpire,inwhatistodayBalkhProvince,Afghanistan.[19]Hisfatherworkedinthegovernmentof
SamanidinthevillageKharmasain,aSunniregionalpower.Afterfiveyears,hisyoungerbrother,Mahmoud,
wasborn.AvicennafirstbegantolearntheQuranandliteratureinsuchawaythatwhenhewastenyearsold
hehadessentiallylearnedallofthem.[20]

AnumberoftheorieshavebeenproposedregardingAvicenna'smadhab(schoolofthoughtwithinIslamic
jurisprudence).MedievalhistorianahraldnalBayhaq(d.1169)consideredAvicennatobeafollowerof
theBrethrenofPurity.[21]Ontheotherhand,DimitriGutasalongwithAishaKhanandJulesJ.Janssens
demonstratedthatAvicennawasaSunniHanafi.[19][21]However,the14thcenturyShiafaqihNurullah
ShushtariaccordingtoSeyyedHosseinNasr,maintainedthathewasmostlikelyaTwelverShia.[22]
Conversely,SharafKhorasani,citingarejectionofaninvitationoftheSunniGovernorSultanMahmoud
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GhazanavibyAvicennatohiscourt,believesthatAvicennawasanIsmaili.[23]Similardisagreementsexiston
thebackgroundofAvicenna'sfamily,whereassomewritersconsideredthemSunni,somemorerecentwriters
contestedthattheywereShia.[19]

Accordingtohisautobiography,AvicennahadmemorisedtheentireQuranbytheageof10.[24]Helearned
IndianarithmeticfromanIndiangreengrocer,MahmoudMassahi[25]andhebegantolearnmorefroma
wanderingscholarwhogainedalivelihoodbycuringthesickandteachingtheyoung.HealsostudiedFiqh
(Islamicjurisprudence)undertheSunniHanafischolarIsmailalZahid.[26]Avicennawastaughtsomeextentof
philosophybookssuchasIntroduction(Isagoge)'sPorphyry(philosopher),Euclid'sElements,Ptolemy's
Almagestbyanunpopularphilosopher,AbuAbdullahNateli,whoclaimedphilosophizing.[27]

Asateenager,hewasgreatlytroubledbytheMetaphysicsofAristotle,whichhecouldnotunderstanduntilhe
readalFarabi'scommentaryonthework.[18]Forthenextyearandahalf,hestudiedphilosophy,inwhichhe
encounteredgreaterobstacles.Insuchmomentsofbaffledinquiry,hewouldleavehisbooks,performthe
requisiteablutions,thengotothemosque,andcontinueinprayertilllightbrokeonhisdifficulties.Deepinto
thenight,hewouldcontinuehisstudies,andeveninhisdreamsproblemswouldpursuehimandworkouttheir
solution.Fortytimes,itissaid,hereadthroughtheMetaphysicsofAristotle,tillthewordswereimprintedon
hismemorybuttheirmeaningwashopelesslyobscure,untilonedaytheyfoundillumination,fromthelittle
commentarybyFarabi,whichheboughtatabookstallforthesmallsumofthreedirhams.Sogreatwashisjoy
atthediscovery,madewiththehelpofaworkfromwhichhehadexpectedonlymystery,thathehastenedto
returnthankstoGod,andbestowedalmsuponthepoor.

Heturnedtomedicineat16,andnotonlylearnedmedicaltheory,butalsobygratuitousattendanceofthesick
had,accordingtohisownaccount,discoverednewmethodsoftreatment.Theteenagerachievedfullstatusasa
qualifiedphysicianatage18,[24]andfoundthat"Medicineisnohardandthornyscience,likemathematicsand
metaphysics,soIsoonmadegreatprogressIbecameanexcellentdoctorandbegantotreatpatients,using
approvedremedies."Theyouthfulphysician'sfamespreadquickly,andhetreatedmanypatientswithoutasking
forpayment.

Adulthood

IbnSina'sfirstappointmentwasthatofphysiciantotheemir,NuhII,whoowed
himhisrecoveryfromadangerousillness(997).IbnSina'schiefrewardforthis
servicewasaccesstotheroyallibraryoftheSamanids,wellknownpatronsof
scholarshipandscholars.Whenthelibrarywasdestroyedbyfirenotlongafter,
theenemiesofIbnSinaaccusedhimofburningit,inorderforevertoconceal
thesourcesofhisknowledge.Meanwhile,heassistedhisfatherinhisfinancial
labors,butstillfoundtimetowritesomeofhisearliestworks.

WhenIbnSinawas22yearsold,helosthisfather.TheSamaniddynastycame
toitsendinDecember1004.IbnSinaseemstohavedeclinedtheoffersof
MahmudofGhazni,andproceededwestwardstoUrgenchinmodern
Turkmenistan,wherethevizier,regardedasafriendofscholars,gavehima
smallmonthlystipend.Thepaywassmall,however,soIbnSinawanderedfrom
placetoplacethroughthedistrictsofNishapurandMervtothebordersof
Khorasan,seekinganopeningforhistalents.Qabus,thegenerousrulerof
Tabaristan,himselfapoetandascholar,withwhomIbnSinahadexpectedto AdrawingofAvicennafrom
findasylum,wasonaboutthatdate(1012)starvedtodeathbyhistroopswho 1271
hadrevolted.IbnSinahimselfwasatthistimestrickenbyasevereillness.
Finally,atGorgan,neartheCaspianSea,IbnSinametwithafriend,whoboughtadwellingnearhisownhouse
inwhichIbnSinalecturedonlogicandastronomy.SeveralofIbnSina'streatiseswerewrittenforthispatron
andthecommencementofhisCanonofMedicinealsodatesfromhisstayinHyrcania.

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IbnSinasubsequentlysettledatRey,inthevicinityofmodernTehran,thehometownofRhazeswhereMajd
Addaula,asonofthelastBuwayhidemir,wasnominalrulerundertheregencyofhismother(Seyyedeh
Khatun).AboutthirtyofIbnSina'sshorterworksaresaidtohavebeencomposedinRey.Constantfeudswhich
ragedbetweentheregentandhersecondson,ShamsalDaula,however,compelledthescholartoquittheplace.
AfterabriefsojournatQazvinhepassedsouthwardstoHamadnwhereShamsalDaula,anotherBuwayhid
emir,hadestablishedhimself.Atfirst,IbnSinaenteredintotheserviceofahighbornladybuttheemir,
hearingofhisarrival,calledhiminasmedicalattendant,andsenthimbackwithpresentstohisdwelling.Ibn
Sinawasevenraisedtotheofficeofvizier.Theemirdecreedthatheshouldbebanishedfromthecountry.Ibn
Sina,however,remainedhiddenforfortydaysinsheikhAhmedFadhel'shouse,untilafreshattackofillness
inducedtheemirtorestorehimtohispost.Evenduringthisperturbedtime,IbnSinaperseveredwithhis
studiesandteaching.Everyevening,extractsfromhisgreatworks,theCanonandtheSanatio,weredictated
andexplainedtohispupils.Onthedeathoftheemir,IbnSinaceasedtobevizierandhidhimselfinthehouse
ofanapothecary,where,withintenseassiduity,hecontinuedthecompositionofhisworks.

Meanwhile,hehadwrittentoAbuYa'far,theprefectofthedynamiccityofIsfahan,offeringhisservices.The
newemirofHamadan,hearingofthiscorrespondenceanddiscoveringwhereIbnSinawashiding,incarcerated
himinafortress.WarmeanwhilecontinuedbetweentherulersofIsfahanandHamadnin1024theformer
capturedHamadananditstowns,expellingtheTajikmercenaries.Whenthestormhadpassed,IbnSina
returnedwiththeemirtoHamadan,andcarriedonhisliterarylabors.Later,however,accompaniedbyhis
brother,afavoritepupil,andtwoslaves,IbnSinaescapedfromthecityinthedressofaSufiascetic.Aftera
perilousjourney,theyreachedIsfahan,receivinganhonorablewelcomefromtheprince.

Laterlifeanddeath

TheremainingtenortwelveyearsofIbnSn'slifewerespentintheserviceof
theKakuyidrulerMuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyar(alsoknownasAla
alDawla),whomheaccompaniedasphysicianandgeneralliteraryand
scientificadviser,eveninhisnumerouscampaigns.

Duringtheseyearshebegantostudyliterarymattersandphilology,instigated,
itisasserted,bycriticismsonhisstyle.Aseverecolic,whichseizedhimonthe
marchofthearmyagainstHamadan,wascheckedbyremediessoviolentthat
IbnSinacouldscarcelystand.Onasimilaroccasionthediseasereturnedwith
difficultyhereachedHamadan,where,findingthediseasegainingground,he
refusedtokeepuptheregimenimposed,andresignedhimselftohisfate.

Hisfriendsadvisedhimtoslowdownandtakelifemoderately.Herefused,
however,statingthat:"Ipreferashortlifewithwidthtoanarrowonewith
length".[28]Onhisdeathbedremorseseizedhimhebestowedhisgoodsonthe Thefirstpageofa
poor,restoredunjustgains,freedhisslaves,andreadthroughtheQuranevery manuscriptofAvicenna's
Canon,dated1596/7(Yale,
threedaysuntilhisdeath.[29]HediedinJune1037,inhisfiftyeighthyear,in MedicalHistoricalLibrary,
themonthofRamadanandwasburiedinHamadan,Iran.[29] CushingArabicms.5)

Philosophy
IbnSnwroteextensivelyonearlyIslamicphilosophy,especiallythesubjectslogic,ethics,andmetaphysics,
includingtreatisesnamedLogicandMetaphysics.MostofhisworkswerewritteninArabicthenthelanguage
ofscienceintheMiddleEastandsomeinPersian.Oflinguisticsignificanceeventothisdayareafewbooks
thathewroteinnearlypurePersianlanguage(particularlytheDanishnamahyi'Ala',PhilosophyforAla'ad
Dawla').IbnSn'scommentariesonAristotleoftencriticizedthephilosopher,encouragingalivelydebatein
thespiritofijtihad.

Avicenna'sNeoplatonicschemeof"emanations"becamefundamentalintheKalam(schooloftheological
discourse)inthe12thcentury.[30]
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HisBookofHealingbecameavailableinEuropeinpartialLatintranslation
somefiftyyearsafteritscomposition,underthetitleSufficientia,andsome
authorshaveidentifieda"LatinAvicennism"asflourishingforsometime,
parallelingthemoreinfluentialLatinAverroism,butsuppressedbytheParisian
decreesof1210and1215.[31]Avicenna'spsychologyandtheoryofknowledge
influencedWilliamofAuvergne,BishopofParis[32]andAlbertusMagnus,[32]
whilehismetaphysicsinfluencedthethoughtofThomasAquinas.[32]

Metaphysicaldoctrine

EarlyIslamicphilosophyandIslamicmetaphysics,imbuedasitiswithIslamic
theology,distinguishesmoreclearlythanAristotelianismbetweenessenceand
existence.Whereasexistenceisthedomainofthecontingentandtheaccidental, GravestoneofAvicenna,
essenceendureswithinabeingbeyondtheaccidental.ThephilosophyofIbn Hamedan,Iran
Sn,particularlythatpartrelatingtometaphysics,owesmuchtoalFarabi.The
searchforadefinitiveIslamicphilosophyseparatefromOccasionalismcanbe
seeninwhatisleftofhiswork.

FollowingalFarabi'slead,Avicennainitiatedafullfledgedinquiryintothequestionofbeing,inwhichhe
distinguishedbetweenessence(Mahiat)andexistence(Wujud).Hearguedthatthefactofexistencecannotbe
inferredfromoraccountedforbytheessenceofexistingthings,andthatformandmatterbythemselvescannot
interactandoriginatethemovementoftheuniverseortheprogressiveactualizationofexistingthings.
Existencemust,therefore,beduetoanagentcausethatnecessitates,imparts,gives,oraddsexistencetoan
essence.Todoso,thecausemustbeanexistingthingandcoexistwithitseffect.[33]

Avicenna'sconsiderationoftheessenceattributesquestionmaybeelucidatedintermsofhisontological
analysisofthemodalitiesofbeingnamelyimpossibility,contingency,andnecessity.Avicennaarguedthatthe
impossiblebeingisthatwhichcannotexist,whilethecontingentinitself(mumkinbidhatihi)hasthe
potentialitytobeornottobewithoutentailingacontradiction.Whenactualized,thecontingentbecomesa
'necessaryexistentduetowhatisotherthanitself'(wajibalwujudbighayrihi).Thus,contingencyinitselfis
potentialbeingnessthatcouldeventuallybeactualizedbyanexternalcauseotherthanitself.Themetaphysical
structuresofnecessityandcontingencyaredifferent.Necessarybeingduetoitself(wajibalwujudbidhatihi)
istrueinitself,whilethecontingentbeingis'falseinitself'and'trueduetosomethingelseotherthanitself'.
Thenecessaryisthesourceofitsownbeingwithoutborrowedexistence.Itiswhatalwaysexists.[34][35]

TheNecessaryexists'duetoItsSelf',andhasnoquiddity/essence(mahiyya)otherthanexistence(wujud).
Furthermore,Itis'One'(wahidahad)[36]sincetherecannotbemorethanone'NecessaryExistentduetoItself'
withoutdifferentia(fasl)todistinguishthemfromeachother.Yet,torequiredifferentiaentailsthattheyexist
'duetothemselves'aswellas'duetowhatisotherthanthemselves'andthisiscontradictory.However,ifno
differentiadistinguishesthemfromeachother,thenthereisnosenseinwhichthese'Existents'arenotoneand
thesame.[37]Avicennaaddsthatthe'NecessaryExistentduetoItself'hasnogenus(jins),noradefinition
(hadd),noracounterpart(nadd),noranopposite(did),andisdetached(bari)frommatter(madda),quality
(kayf),quantity(kam),place(ayn),situation(wad),andtime(waqt).[38][39][40]

Avicenna'stheologyonmetaphysicalissues(ilhiyyt)hasbeencriticizedbysomeIslamicscholars,among
themalGhazali,IbnTaymiyya,andIbnalQayyim.[41]Whilediscussingtheviewsofthetheistsamongthe
Greekphilosophers,namelySocrates,Plato,andAristotleinAlMunqidhminadDalal("Deliverancefrom
Error"),alGhazalinotedthattheGreekphilosophers"mustbetaxedwithunbelief,asmusttheirpartisans
amongtheMuslimphilosophers,suchasIbnSinaandalFarabiandtheirlikes."Headdedthat"None,however,
oftheMuslimphilosophersengagedsomuchintransmittingAristotle'sloreasdidthetwomenjustmentioned.
[...]ThesumofwhatweregardastheauthenticphilosophyofAristotle,astransmittedbyalFarabiandIbn
Sina,canbereducedtothreeparts:apartwhichmustbebrandedasunbeliefapartwhichmustbestigmatized
asinnovationandapartwhichneednotberepudiatedatall.[42]
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AlBirunicorrespondence

CorrespondencebetweenIbnSina(withhisstudentAhmadibn'AlialMa'sumi)andAlBirunihassurvivedin
whichtheydebatedAristoteliannaturalphilosophyandthePeripateticschool.AbuRayhanbeganbyasking
Avicennaeighteenquestions,tenofwhichwerecriticismsofAristotle'sOntheHeavens.[43]

Theology

AvicennawasadevoutMuslimandsoughttoreconcilerationalphilosophywithIslamictheology.Hisaimwas
toprovetheexistenceofGodandHiscreationoftheworldscientificallyandthroughreasonandlogic.[44]
Avicenna'sviewsonIslamictheology(andphilosophy)wereenormouslyinfluential,formingpartofthecoreof
thecurriculumatIslamicreligiousschoolsuntilthe19thcentury.[45]Avicennawroteanumberofshorttreatises
dealingwithIslamictheology.Theseincludedtreatisesontheprophets(whomheviewedas"inspired
philosophers"),andalsoonvariousscientificandphilosophicalinterpretationsoftheQuran,suchashow
Quraniccosmologycorrespondstohisownphilosophicalsystem.Ingeneralthesetreatiseslinkedhis
philosophicalwritingstoIslamicreligiousideasforexample,thebody'safterlife.

ThereareoccasionalbriefhintsandallusionsinhislongerworkshoweverthatAvicennaconsideredphilosophy
astheonlysensiblewaytodistinguishrealprophecyfromillusion.Hedidnotstatethismoreclearlybecauseof
thepoliticalimplicationsofsuchatheory,ifprophecycouldbequestioned,andalsobecausemostofthetime
hewaswritingshorterworkswhichconcentratedonexplaininghistheoriesonphilosophyandtheologyclearly,
withoutdigressingtoconsiderepistemologicalmatterswhichcouldonlybeproperlyconsideredbyother
philosophers.[46]

LaterinterpretationsofAvicenna'sphilosophysplitintothreedifferentschoolsthose(suchasalTusi)who
continuedtoapplyhisphilosophyasasystemtointerpretlaterpoliticaleventsandscientificadvancesthose
(suchasalRazi)whoconsideredAvicenna'stheologicalworksinisolationfromhiswiderphilosophical
concernsandthose(suchasalGhazali)whoselectivelyusedpartsofhisphilosophytosupporttheirown
attemptstogaingreaterspiritualinsightsthroughavarietyofmysticalmeans.Itwasthetheological
interpretationchampionedbythosesuchasalRaziwhicheventuallycametopredominateinthemadrasahs.[47]

AvicennamemorizedtheQuranbytheageoften,andasanadult,hewrotefivetreatisescommentingonsuras
fromtheQuran.OneofthesetextsincludedtheProofofProphecies,inwhichhecommentsonseveralQuranic
versesandholdstheQuraninhighesteem.AvicennaarguedthattheIslamicprophetsshouldbeconsidered
higherthanphilosophers.[48]

Thoughtexperiments

WhilehewasimprisonedinthecastleofFardajannearHamadhan,Avicennawrotehisfamous"FloatingMan"
literallyfallingmanthoughtexperimenttodemonstratehumanselfawarenessandthesubstantialityand
immaterialityofthesoul.Avicennabelievedhis"FloatingMan"thoughtexperimentdemonstratedthatthesoul
isasubstance,andclaimedhumanscannotdoubttheirownconsciousness,eveninasituationthatpreventsall
sensorydatainput.Thethoughtexperimenttolditsreaderstoimaginethemselvescreatedallatoncewhile
suspendedintheair,isolatedfromallsensations,whichincludesnosensorycontactwitheventheirown
bodies.Hearguedthat,inthisscenario,onewouldstillhaveselfconsciousness.Becauseitisconceivablethata
person,suspendedinairwhilecutofffromsenseexperience,wouldstillbecapableofdetermininghisown
existence,thethoughtexperimentpointstotheconclusionsthatthesoulisaperfection,independentofthe
body,andanimmaterialsubstance.Theconceivabilityofthis"FloatingMan"indicatesthatthesoulis
perceivedintellectually,whichentailsthesoul'sseparatenessfromthebody.Avicennareferredtotheliving
humanintelligence,particularlytheactiveintellect,whichhebelievedtobethehypostasisbywhichGod
communicatestruthtothehumanmindandimpartsorderandintelligibilitytonature.FollowingisanEnglish
translationoftheargument:

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Oneofus(i.e.ahumanbeing)shouldbeimaginedashavingbeencreatedinasinglestroke
createdperfectandcompletebutwithhisvisionobscuredsothathecannotperceiveexternal
entitiescreatedfallingthroughairoravoid,insuchamannerthatheisnotstruckbythefirmness
oftheairinanywaythatcompelshimtofeelit,andwithhislimbsseparatedsothattheydonot
comeincontactwithortoucheachother.Thencontemplatethefollowing:canhebeassuredofthe
existenceofhimself?Hedoesnothaveanydoubtinthathisselfexists,withouttherebyasserting
thathehasanyexteriorlimbs,noranyinternalorgans,neitherheartnorbrain,noranyoneofthe
exteriorthingsatallbutratherhecanaffirmtheexistenceofhimself,withouttherebyasserting
therethatthisselfhasanyextensioninspace.Evenifitwerepossibleforhiminthatstateto
imagineahandoranyotherlimb,hewouldnotimagineitasbeingapartofhisself,norasa
conditionfortheexistenceofthatselfforasyouknowthatwhichisassertedisdifferentfromthat
whichisnotasserted,andthatwhichisinferredisdifferentfromthatwhichisnotinferred.
Thereforetheself,theexistenceofwhichhasbeenasserted,isauniquecharacteristic,inasmuch
thatitisnotassuchthesameasthebodyorthelimbs,whichhavenotbeenascertained.Thusthat
whichisascertained(i.e.theself),doeshaveawayofbeingsureoftheexistenceofthesoulas
somethingotherthanthebody,evensomethingnonbodilythisheknows,thisheshould
understandintuitively,ifitisthatheisignorantofitandneedstobebeatenwithastick[torealize
it].

IbnSina,KitabAlShifa,OntheSoul[37][49]

However,Avicennapositedthebrainastheplacewherereasoninteractswithsensation.Sensationpreparesthe
soultoreceiverationalconceptsfromtheuniversalAgentIntellect.Thefirstknowledgeoftheflyingperson
wouldbe"Iam,"affirminghisorheressence.Thatessencecouldnotbethebody,obviously,astheflying
personhasnosensation.Thus,theknowledgethat"Iam"isthecoreofahumanbeing:thesoulexistsandis
selfaware.[50]Avicennathusconcludedthattheideaoftheselfisnotlogicallydependentonanyphysical
thing,andthatthesoulshouldnotbeseeninrelativeterms,butasaprimarygiven,asubstance.Thebodyis
unnecessaryinrelationtoit,thesoulisitsperfection.[51][52][53]Initself,thesoulisanimmaterialsubstance.[54]

TheCanonofMedicine
Avicennaauthoredafivevolumemedicalencyclopedia:TheCanonofMedicine(AlQanunfi'tTibb).Itwas
usedasthestandardmedicaltextbookintheIslamicworldandEuropeuptothe18thcentury.[55][56]TheCanon
stillplaysanimportantroleinUnanimedicine.[57]

TheBookofHealing
Earthsciences

IbnSnwroteonEarthsciencessuchasgeologyinTheBookofHealing.[58]Whilediscussingtheformationof
mountains,heexplained:

Eithertheyaretheeffectsofupheavalsofthecrustoftheearth,suchasmightoccurduringa
violentearthquake,ortheyaretheeffectofwater,which,cuttingitselfanewroute,hasdenuded
thevalleys,thestratabeingofdifferentkinds,somesoft,somehard...Itwouldrequirealong
periodoftimeforallsuchchangestobeaccomplished,duringwhichthemountainsthemselves
mightbesomewhatdiminishedinsize.[58]

Philosophyofscience

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IntheAlBurhan(OnDemonstration)sectionofTheBookofHealing,
Avicennadiscussedthephilosophyofscienceanddescribedanearly
scientificmethodofinquiry.HediscussesAristotle'sPosteriorAnalytics
andsignificantlydivergedfromitonseveralpoints.Avicennadiscussed
theissueofapropermethodologyforscientificinquiryandthequestion
of"Howdoesoneacquirethefirstprinciplesofascience?"Heasked
howascientistwouldarriveat"theinitialaxiomsorhypothesesofa
deductivesciencewithoutinferringthemfromsomemorebasic
premises?"Heexplainsthattheidealsituationiswhenonegraspsthata
"relationholdsbetweentheterms,whichwouldallowforabsolute,
universalcertainty."Avicennathenaddstwofurthermethodsfor
arrivingatthefirstprinciples:theancientAristotelianmethodof
induction(istiqra),andthemethodofexaminationandexperimentation
(tajriba).AvicennacriticizedAristotelianinduction,arguingthat"it
doesnotleadtotheabsolute,universal,andcertainpremisesthatit
purportstoprovide."Initsplace,hedevelopsa"methodof
experimentationasameansforscientificinquiry."[59]

Logic 12thcenturymanuscriptofthe
Canon,keptattheAzerbaijan
NationalAcademyofSciences.
AnearlyformalsystemoftemporallogicwasstudiedbyAvicenna.[60]
Althoughhedidnotdeveloparealtheoryoftemporalpropositions,he
didstudytherelationshipbetweentemporalisandtheimplication.[61]Avicenna'sworkwasfurtherdeveloped
byNajmalDnalQazwnalKtibandbecamethedominantsystemofIslamiclogicuntilmodern
times.[62][63]AvicennianlogicalsoinfluencedseveralearlyEuropeanlogicianssuchasAlbertusMagnus[64]and
WilliamofOckham.[65][66]AvicennaendorsedthelawofnoncontradictionproposedbyAristotle,thatafact
couldnotbebothtrueandfalseatthesametimeandinthesamesenseoftheterminologyused.Hestated,
"Anyonewhodeniesthelawofnoncontradictionshouldbebeatenandburneduntilheadmitsthattobebeaten
isnotthesameasnottobebeaten,andtobeburnedisnotthesameasnottobeburned."[67]

Physics

Inmechanics,IbnSn,inTheBookofHealing,developedatheoryofmotion,inwhichhemadeadistinction
betweentheinclination(tendencytomotion)andforceofaprojectile,andconcludedthatmotionwasaresult
ofaninclination(mayl)transferredtotheprojectilebythethrower,andthatprojectilemotioninavacuum
wouldnotcease.[68]Heviewedinclinationasapermanentforcewhoseeffectisdissipatedbyexternalforces
suchasairresistance.[69]

ThetheoryofmotionpresentedbyAvicennawasprobablyinfluencedbythe6thcenturyAlexandrianscholar
JohnPhiloponus.Avicenna'sisalesssophisticatedvariantofthetheoryofimpetusdevelopedbyBuridaninthe
14thcentury.ItisunclearifBuridanwasinfluencedbyAvicenna,orbyPhiloponusdirectly.[70]

Inoptics,IbnSinawasamongthosewhoarguedthatlighthadaspeed,observingthat"iftheperceptionoflight
isduetotheemissionofsomesortofparticlesbyaluminoussource,thespeedoflightmustbefinite."[71]He
alsoprovidedawrongexplanationoftherainbowphenomenon.CarlBenjaminBoyerdescribedAvicenna's
("IbnSn")theoryontherainbowasfollows:

Independentobservationhaddemonstratedtohimthatthebowisnotformedinthedarkcloudbut
ratherintheverythinmistlyingbetweenthecloudandthesunorobserver.Thecloud,hethought,
servessimplyasthebackgroundofthisthinsubstance,muchasaquicksilverliningisplacedupon

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therearsurfaceoftheglassinamirror.IbnSnwouldchangetheplacenotonlyofthebow,but
alsoofthecolorformation,holdingtheiridescencetobemerelyasubjectivesensationinthe
eye.[72]

In1253,aLatintextentitledSpeculumTripartitumstatedthefollowingregardingAvicenna'stheoryonheat:

Avicennasaysinhisbookofheavenandearth,thatheatisgeneratedfrommotioninexternal
things.[73]

Psychology

Avicenna'slegacyinclassicalpsychologyisprimarilyembodiedintheKitabalnafspartsofhisKitabalshifa
(TheBookofHealing)andKitabalnajat(TheBookofDeliverance).ThesewereknowninLatinunderthetitle
DeAnima(treatises"onthesoul").Notably,Avicennadevelopswhatiscalledthe"flyingman"argumentinthe
PsychologyofTheCureI.1.7asdefenseoftheargumentthatthesouliswithoutquantitativeextension,which
hasanaffinitywithDescartes'scogitoargument(orwhatphenomenologydesignatesasaformofan
"epoche").[51][52]

Avicenna'spsychologyrequiresthatconnectionbetweenthebodyandsoulbestrongenoughtoensurethe
soul'sindividuation,butweakenoughtoallowforitsimmortality.Avicennagroundshispsychologyon
physiology,whichmeanshisaccountofthesoulisonethatdealsalmostentirelywiththenaturalscienceofthe
bodyanditsabilitiesofperception.Thus,thephilosopher'sconnectionbetweenthesoulandbodyisexplained
almostentirelybyhisunderstandingofperceptioninthisway,bodilyperceptioninterrelateswiththe
immaterialhumanintellect.Insenseperception,theperceiversensestheformoftheobjectfirst,byperceiving
featuresoftheobjectbyourexternalsenses.Thissensoryinformationissuppliedtotheinternalsenses,which
mergeallthepiecesintoawhole,unifiedconsciousexperience.Thisprocessofperceptionandabstractionis
thenexusofthesoulandbody,forthematerialbodymayonlyperceivematerialobjects,whiletheimmaterial
soulmayonlyreceivetheimmaterial,universalforms.Thewaythesoulandbodyinteractinthefinal
abstractionoftheuniversalfromtheconcreteparticularisthekeytotheirrelationshipandinteraction,which
takesplaceinthephysicalbody.[74]

Thesoulcompletestheactionofintellectionbyacceptingformsthathavebeenabstractedfrommatter.This
processrequiresaconcreteparticular(material)tobeabstractedintotheuniversalintelligible(immaterial).The
materialandimmaterialinteractthroughtheActiveIntellect,whichisa"divinelight"containingtheintelligible
forms.[75]TheActiveIntellectrevealstheuniversalsconcealedinmaterialobjectsmuchlikethesunmakes
coloravailabletooureyes.

Othercontributions
Astronomyandastrology

AvicennawroteanattackonastrologytitledReslafeblakmalnojm,inwhichhecitedpassagesfrom
theQurantodisputethepowerofastrologytoforetellthefuture.[76]Hebelievedthateachplanethadsome
influenceontheearth,butarguedagainstastrologersbeingabletodeterminetheexacteffects.[77]

Avicenna'sastronomicalwritingshadsomeinfluenceonlaterwriters,althoughingeneralhisworkcouldbe
consideredlessdevelopedthanAlhazenorAlBiruni.Oneimportantfeatureofhiswritingisthatheconsiders
mathematicalastronomyasaseparatedisciplinetoastrology.[78]HecriticizedAristotle'sviewofthestars
receivingtheirlightfromtheSun,statingthatthestarsareselfluminous,andbelievedthattheplanetsarealso
selfluminous.[79]HeclaimedtohaveobservedVenusasaspotontheSun.Thisispossible,astherewasa
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transitonMay24,1032,butAvicennadidnotgivethedateofhisobservation,andmodernscholarshave
questionedwhetherhecouldhaveobservedthetransitfromhislocationatthattimehemayhavemistakena
sunspotforVenus.HeusedhistransitobservationtohelpestablishthatVenuswas,atleastsometimes,below
theSuninPtolemaiccosmology,[78]i.e.thesphereofVenuscomesbeforethesphereoftheSunwhenmoving
outfromtheEarthintheprevailinggeocentricmodel.[80][81]

HealsowrotetheSummaryoftheAlmagest,(basedonPtolemy'sAlmagest),withanappendedtreatise"tobring
thatwhichisstatedintheAlmagestandwhatisunderstoodfromNaturalScienceintoconformity".For
example,Avicennaconsidersthemotionofthesolarapogee,whichPtolemyhadtakentobefixed.[78]

Chemistry

IbnSnuseddistillationtoproduceessentialoilssuchasroseessence,formingthefoundationofwhatlater
becamearomatherapy.[82]

Unlike,forexample,alRazi,IbnSnexplicitlydisputedthetheoryofthetransmutationofsubstances
commonlybelievedbyalchemists:

Thoseofthechemicalcraftknowwellthatnochangecanbeeffectedinthedifferentspeciesof
substances,thoughtheycanproducetheappearanceofsuchchange.[83]

FourworksonalchemyattributedtoAvicennaweretranslatedintoLatinas:[84]

LiberAboaliAbincinedeAnimainarteAlchemiae
DeclaratioLapisphysiciAvicennaefiliosuiAboali
Avicennaedecongelationeetconglutinationelapidum
AvicennaeadHasanRegemepistoladeRerecta

LiberAboaliAbincinedeAnimainarteAlchemiaewasthemostinfluential,havinginfluencedlatermedieval
chemistsandalchemistssuchasVincentofBeauvais.HoweverAnawatiargues(followingRuska)thatthede
AnimaisafakebyaSpanishauthor.SimilarlytheDeclaratioisbelievednottobeactuallybyAvicenna.The
thirdwork(TheBookofMinerals)isagreedtobeAvicenna'swriting,adaptedfromtheKitabalShifa(Bookof
theRemedy).[84]IbnSinaclassifiedmineralsintostones,fusiblesubstances,sulfurs,andsalts,buildingonthe
ideasofAristotleandJabir.[85]TheepistoladeRerectaissomewhatlessscepticalofalchemyAnawatiargues
thatitisbyAvicenna,butwrittenearlierinhiscareerwhenhehadnotyetfirmlydecidedthattransmutation
wasimpossible.[84]

Poetry

AlmosthalfofIbnSn'sworksareversified.[86]HispoemsappearinbothArabicandPersian.Asanexample,
EdwardGranvilleBrowneclaimsthatthefollowingPersianversesareincorrectlyattributedtoOmarKhayym,
andwereoriginallywrittenbyIbnSn:[87]

UpfromEarth'sCentrethroughtheSeventhGate,

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Irose,andontheThroneofSaturnsate,
AndmanyKnotsunravel'dbytheRoad,
ButnottheMasterKnotofHumanFate.

Legacy
MiddleAgesandRenaissance

Asearlyasthe13thcenturywhenDanteAlighieridepictedhimin
LimboalongsidethevirtuousnonChristianthinkersinhisDivine
ComedysuchasVirgil,Averroes,Homer,Horace,Ovid,Lucan,
Socrates,Plato,andSaladin,AvicennahasbeenrecognizedbybothEast
andWest,asoneofthegreatfiguresinintellectualhistory.

GeorgeSarton,theauthorofTheHistoryofScience,describedIbnSn
as"oneofthegreatestthinkersandmedicalscholarsinhistory"[88]and
calledhim"themostfamousscientistofIslamandoneofthemost
famousofallraces,places,andtimes."HewasoneoftheIslamic
world'sleadingwritersinthefieldofmedicine.AlongwithRhazes,
Abulcasis,IbnalNafis,andalIbadi,IbnSnisconsideredan
importantcompilerofearlyMuslimmedicine.Heisrememberedinthe
Westernhistoryofmedicineasamajorhistoricalfigurewhomade
importantcontributionstomedicineandtheEuropeanRenaissance.His
medicaltextswereunusualinthatwherecontroversyexistedbetween
GalenandAristotle'sviewsonmedicalmatters(suchasanatomy),he
preferredtosidewithAristotle,wherenecessaryupdatingAristotle's
positiontotakeintoaccountpostAristotelianadvancesinanatomical InsideviewoftheAvicenna
knowledge.[89]Aristotle'sdominantintellectualinfluenceamong Mausoleum,designedbyHooshang
medievalEuropeanscholarsmeantthatAvicenna'slinkingofGalen's Seyhounin19451950.
medicalwritingswithAristotle'sphilosophicalwritingsintheCanonof
Medicine(alongwithitscomprehensiveandlogicalorganisationof
knowledge)significantlyincreasedAvicenna'simportanceinmedievalEuropeincomparisontootherIslamic
writersonmedicine.HisinfluencefollowingtranslationoftheCanonwassuchthatfromtheearlyfourteenthto
themidsixteenthcenturieshewasrankedwithHippocratesandGalenasoneoftheacknowledgedauthorities,
princepsmedicorum("princeofphysicians").[90]

Modernreception

InmodernIran,heisconsideredanationalicon,andisoftenregardedasoneofthegreatestPersianstohave
everlived.AmonumentwaserectedoutsidetheBukharamuseum.TheAvicennaMausoleumandMuseumin
Hamadanwasbuiltin1952.BuAliSinaUniversityinHamadan(Iran),AvicennaResearchInstituteinTehran
(Iran),theibnSnTajikStateMedicalUniversityinDushanbe,IbnSinaAcademyofMedievalMedicineand
SciencesatAligarh,India,AvicennaSchoolinKarachiandAvicennaMedicalCollegeinLahore,Pakistan[91]
IbneSinaBalkhMedicalSchoolinhisnativeprovinceofBalkhinAfghanistan,IbniSinaFacultyOfMedicine
ofAnkaraUniversityAnkara,TurkeyandIbnSinaIntegratedSchoolinMarawiCity(Philippines)areall
namedinhishonour.HisportraithangsintheHalloftheAvicennaFacultyofMedicineintheUniversityof
Paris.ThereisalsoacraterontheMoonnamedAvicennaandaplantgenusAvicennia.

In1980,theSovietUnion,whichthenruledhisbirthplaceBukhara,celebratedthethousandthanniversaryof
Avicenna'sbirthbycirculatingvariouscommemorativestampswithartisticillustrations,andbyerectingabust
ofAvicennabasedonanthropologicalresearchbySovietscholars.[92]NearhisbirthplaceinQishlakAfshona,

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some25km(16mi)northofBukhara,atrainingcollegeformedical
staffhasbeennamedforhim.Onthegroundsisamuseumdedicatedto
hislife,timesandwork.

TheAvicennaPrizeforEthicsin
Scienceisawardedeverytwo
yearsbyUNESCOandrewards
individualsandgroupsinthe
AmonumenttoAvicennainQakh
fieldofethicsinscience.The
(city),Azerbaijan
prizewasestablishedin2003
ImageofAvicennaontheTajikistani
andnamedafterAvicenna.[93]
somoni
Theaimoftheawardistopromoteethicalreflectiononissuesraisedby
advancesinscienceandtechnology,andtoraiseglobalawarenessofthe
importanceofethicsinscience.

InMarch2008,itwasannouncedthatAvicenna'snamewouldbeusedfornewDirectoriesofeducation
institutionsforhealthcareprofessionals,worldwide.TheAvicennaDirectorieswilllistuniversitiesandschools
wheredoctors,publichealthpractitioners,pharmacistsandothers,areeducated.Theprojectteamstated"Why
Avicenna?Avicenna...was...notedforhissynthesisofknowledgefrombotheastandwest.Hehashada
lastinginfluenceonthedevelopmentofmedicineandhealthsciences.TheuseofAvicenna'snamesymbolises
theworldwidepartnershipthatisneededforthepromotionofhealthservicesofhighquality."[94]

InJune2009Irandonateda"PersianScholarsPavilion"toUnited
NationsOfficeinViennawhichisplacedinthecentralMemorialPlaza
oftheViennaInternationalCenter.[95]The"PersianScholarsPavilion"
atUnitedNationsinVienna,Austriaisfeaturingthestatuesoffour
prominentIranianfigures.

HighlightingtheIranian
architecturalfeatures,the
pavilionisadornedwithPersian
artformsandincludesthe
statuesofrenownedIranian
scientistsAvicenna,AlBiruni,
ZakariyaRazi(Rhazes)and
OmarKhayyam.[96][97]

The1982SovietfilmYouthof
Genius(Russian: ThestatueofAvicennainUnited
,translit.Yunostgeniya)by NationsOfficeinViennaasapartof
ElyorIshmukhamedovrecounts the"PersianScholarsPavilion"
Avicenna'syoungeryears.The donatedbyIran
AvicennastatueinMiladTower
filmissetinBukharaattheturn
ofthemillennium.[98]

InLouisL'Amour's1985historicalnovelTheWalkingDrum,KerbouchardstudiesanddiscussesAvicenna's
TheCanonofMedicine.

InhisbookThePhysician(1988)NoahGordontellsthestoryofayoungEnglishmedicalapprenticewho
disguiseshimselfasaJewtotravelfromEnglandtoPersiaandlearnfromAvicenna,thegreatmasterofhis
time.Thenovelwasadaptedintoafeaturefilm,ThePhysician,in2013.AvicennawasplayedbyBenKingsley.

Arabicworks

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ThetreatisesofIbnSninfluencedlaterMuslimthinkersinmanyareasincludingtheology,philology,
mathematics,astronomy,physics,andmusic.Hisworksnumberedalmost450volumesonawiderangeof
subjects,ofwhicharound240havesurvived.Inparticular,150volumesofhissurvivingworksconcentrateon
philosophyand40ofthemconcentrateonmedicine.[7]HismostfamousworksareTheBookofHealing,and
TheCanonofMedicine.

IbnSnwroteatleastonetreatiseonalchemy,butseveralothershavebeenfalselyattributedtohim.His
Logic,Metaphysics,Physics,andDeCaelo,aretreatisesgivingasynopticviewofAristoteliandoctrine,though
MetaphysicsdemonstratesasignificantdeparturefromthebrandofNeoplatonismknownasAristotelianismin
IbnSn'sworldArabicphilosophershavehintedattheideathatIbnSnwasattemptingto"re
Aristotelianise"Muslimphilosophyinitsentirety,unlikehispredecessors,whoacceptedtheconflationof
Platonic,Aristotelian,NeoandMiddlePlatonicworkstransmittedintotheMuslimworld.

TheLogicandMetaphysicshavebeenextensivelyreprinted,thelatter,e.g.,atVenicein1493,1495,and1546.
Someofhisshorteressaysonmedicine,logic,etc.,takeapoeticalform(thepoemonlogicwaspublishedby
Schmoeldersin1836).[99]Twoencyclopaedictreatises,dealingwithphilosophy,areoftenmentioned.The
larger,AlShifa'(Sanatio),existsnearlycompleteinmanuscriptintheBodleianLibraryandelsewherepartof
itontheDeAnimaappearedatPavia(1490)astheLiberSextusNaturalium,andthelongaccountofIbnSina's
philosophygivenbyMuhammadalShahrastaniseemstobemainlyananalysis,andinmanyplacesa
reproduction,oftheAlShifa'.AshorterformoftheworkisknownastheAnnajat(Liberatio).TheLatin
editionsofpartoftheseworkshavebeenmodifiedbythecorrectionswhichthemonasticeditorsconfessthat
theyapplied.Thereisalsoa(hikmatalmashriqqiyya,inLatinPhilosophiaOrientalis),mentioned
byRogerBacon,themajorityofwhichislostinantiquity,whichaccordingtoAverroeswaspantheisticintone.

Listofworks

ThisisthelistofsomeofAvicenna'swellknownworks:[100][101]

Siratalshaykhalra'is(TheLifeofIbnSina),ed.andtrans.WE.Gohlman,Albany,NY:StateUniversity
ofNewYorkPress,1974.(TheonlycriticaleditionofIbnSina'sautobiography,supplementedwith
materialfromabiographybyhisstudentAbu'UbaydalJuzjani.Amorerecenttranslationofthe
AutobiographyappearsinD.Gutas,AvicennaandtheAristotelianTradition:IntroductiontoReading
Avicenna'sPhilosophicalWorks,Leiden:Brill,1988secondedition2014.)[100]
Alisharatwaaltanbihat(RemarksandAdmonitions),ed.S.Dunya,Cairo,1960partstranslatedbyS.C.
Inati,RemarksandAdmonitions,PartOne:Logic,Toronto,Ont.:PontificalInstituteforMediaeval
Studies,1984,andIbnSinaandMysticism,RemarksandAdmonitions:Part4,London:KeganPaul
International,1996.[100]
AlQanunfi'ltibb(TheCanonofMedicine),ed.I.aQashsh,Cairo,1987.(Encyclopediaof
medicine.)[100]manuscript,[102][103]Latintranslation,FloresAvicenne,[104]MichaeldeCapella,1508,[105]
Moderntext.[106]AhmedShawkatAlShatti,JibranJabbur.[107]
Risalahfisirralqadar(EssayontheSecretofDestiny),trans.G.HouraniinReasonandTraditionin
IslamicEthics,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1985.[100]
Danishnamai'ala'i(TheBookofScientificKnowledge),ed.andtrans.P.Morewedge,TheMetaphysics
ofAvicenna,London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul,1973.[100]
KitabalShifa'(TheBookofHealing).(IbnSina'smajorworkonphilosophy.Heprobablybeganto
composealShifa'in1014,andcompleteditin1020.)CriticaleditionsoftheArabictexthavebeen
publishedinCairo,195283,originallyunderthesupervisionofI.Madkour.[100]
KitabalNajat(TheBookofSalvation),trans.F.Rahman,Avicenna'sPsychology:AnEnglishTranslation
ofKitabalNajat,BookII,ChapterVIwithHistoricalphilosophicalNotesandTextualImprovementson
theCairoEdition,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1952.(ThepsychologyofalShifa'.)
HayyibnYaqdhanaPersianmyth.AnovelcalledHayyibnYaqdhan,basedonAvicenna'sstory,waslater
writtenbyIbnTufail(Abubacer)inthe12thcenturyandtranslatedintoLatinandEnglishasPhilosophus
Autodidactusinthe17thand18thcenturiesrespectively.Inthe13thcentury,IbnalNafiswrotehisown

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novelFadilibnNatiq,knownasTheologusAutodidactusintheWest,asacriticalresponsetoHayyibn
Yaqdhan.[108]

Persianworks
Avicenna'smostimportantPersianworkistheDanishnamai'Alai"theBookofKnowledgefor[Prince]'Ala
adDaulah".AvicennacreatednewscientificvocabularythathadnotpreviouslyexistedinPersian.TheDne
nmacoverssuchtopicsaslogic,metaphysics,musictheoryandothersciencesofhistime.Ithasbeen
translatedintoEnglishbyParwizMorewedgein1977.[109]ThebookisalsoimportantinrespecttoPersian
scientificworks.

AndarDanesheRag"Onthescienceofthepulse"containsninechaptersonthescienceofthepulseandisa
condensedsynopsis.PersianpoetryfromIbnSinaisrecordedinvariousmanuscriptsandlateranthologiessuch
asNozhatalMajales.

Seealso
AbualQasimalZahrawi
AlQumri

AbdolHamidKhosroShahi
Avicennia,agenusofmangrovenamedafterIbnSn
AvicennaResearchInstitute,abiotechnologyresearchinstitutenamedafterIbnSn
AvicennaPrize
IbnSinaPeaknamedaftertheScientist
Islamicscholars
Mumijo
Philosophy
Easternphilosophy
Iranianphilosophy
Islamicphilosophy
ContemporaryIslamicphilosophy
ScienceinmedievalIslam
ListofMuslimscientists
Sufiphilosophy
ScienceandtechnologyinIran
AncientIranianMedicine
ListofIranianscientistsandscholars

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century(https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_rO4Z
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encyclopedia,vol.1.p.3.1367solar
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le.com/books?id=2UT89SgQHGgC&pg=PA26&dq&h
originalon28May2008.Retrieved20080611.
l=en#v=onepage&q&f=false),AmsterdamUniversity
25.KhorasaniSharaf,IslamicGreat
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Encyclopedia,vol.1.p.1.1367solar
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theoriginalonOctober7,2008.Retrieved
CompaniontoPhilosophyintheMiddleAges,p.196,
20100119.
BlackwellPublishing,ISBN0631216731.
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28.AishaKhan.Avicenna(IbnSina):MuslimPhysician
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29.Osler,William(2004).TheEvolutionOfModern
CanonofMedicine.pdf,Avicenna'sCanonOf
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Medicine,byCibelesJolivetteGonzalez
61539.
14."Avicenna",inEncyclopdiaIranica,OnlineVersion
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TransitandBodilyResurrection:TheInteractionof
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Medicine,PhilosophyandReligionintheWorksof
EncyclopdiaBritannicaOnline.2007.Archived
IbnalNafs(d.1288)",ElectronicThesesand
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20071216.
d.nd.edu/ETDdb/theses/available/etd112920061526
16.Afary,Janet(2007)."Iran".EncyclopdiaBritannica
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31.c.f.e.g.HenryCorbin,HistoryOfIslamic
Philosophy,Routledge,2014,p.174(https://books.go
ogle.ch/books?id=l9bgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174).
HenryCorbin,AvicennaandtheVisionaryRecital,
PrincetonUniversityPress,2014,p.103(https://book
s.google.ch/books?id=1P3_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103#
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32."TheInternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy,
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20060106.Retrieved20100119.
33."Islam".EncyclopdiaBritannicaOnline.2007.
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34.Avicenna,Kitabalshifa',MetaphysicsII,(eds.)G.
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1975),p.36
35.NaderElBizri,"AvicennaandEssentialism,"Review
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37.NaderElBizri,ThePhenomenologicalQuestbetween
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PublicationsSUNY,2000)
38.Avicenna,KitabalHidaya,ed.Muhammad'Abdu
(Cairo,1874),pp.2623
39.SalemMashran,alJanibalilahi'indIbnSina
(Damascus,1992),p.99
40.NaderElBizri,"BeingandNecessity:A
PhenomenologicalInvestigationofAvicenna's
MetaphysicsandCosmology,"inIslamicPhilosophy
andOccidentalPhenomenologyonthePerennial
IssueofMicrocosmandMacrocosm,ed.AnnaTeresa
Tymieniecka(Dordrecht:KluwerAcademic
Publishers,2006),pp.243261
41.IbnalQayyim,EghaathatalLahfaan,Published:Al
AshqarUniversity(2003)PrintedbyInternational
IslamicPublishingHouse:Riyadh.
42.IbnMuammadalGhazl,AbmidMuammad
(1980).alMunqidhminalDalal(PDF).Boston:
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43.RafikBerjakandMuzaffarIqbal,"IbnSinaAl
Birunicorrespondence",Islam&Science,June2003.
44.LennEvanGoodman(2003),IslamicHumanism,
p.89,OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN019513580
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45.JamesW.Morris(1992),"ThePhilosopherProphet
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ISBN9780932885074,Chapter4,Cambridge
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46.JamesW.Morris(1992),"ThePhilosopherProphet
inAvicenna'sPoliticalPhilosophy",inC.Butterworth
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pp.152198[pp.160161].
47.JamesW.Morris(1992),"ThePhilosopherProphet
inAvicenna'sPoliticalPhilosophy",inC.Butterworth
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Chapter4,CambridgeHarvardUniversityPress,
pp.152198[pp.156158].
48.JulesJanssens(2004),"AvicennaandtheQur'an:A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
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48.JulesJanssens(2004),"AvicennaandtheQur'an:A
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49.IbnSina,
(Beirut,Lebanon.:M.A.J.DEnterpriseUniversitaire
d'EtudeetdePublicationS.A.R.L)
.
IbnSina,KitabAlShifa,Onthe
Soul
50.Hasse,DagNikolaus(2000).Avicenna'sDeAnimain
theLatinWest.London:WarburgInstitute.p.81.
51.NaderElBizri,ThePhenomenologicalQuestbetween
AvicennaandHeidegger(Binghamton,N.Y.:Global
PublicationsSUNY,2000),pp.149171.
52.NaderElBizri,"Avicenna'sDeAnimabetween
AristotleandHusserl,"inThePassionsoftheSoulin
theMetamorphosisofBecoming,ed.AnnaTeresa
Tymieniecka(Dordrecht:KluwerAcademic
Publishers,2003),pp.6789.
53.Nasr,SeyyedHosseinOliverLeaman(1996).History
ofIslamicphilosophy.Routledge.pp.315,10223.
ISBN9780415056670.
54.Hasse,DagNikolaus(2000).Avicenna'sDeAnimain
theLatinWest.London:WarburgInstitute.p.92.
55.McGinnis,Jon(2010).Avicenna.Oxford:Oxford
UniversityPress.p.227.ISBN9780195331479.
56.A.C.Brown,Jonathan(2014).Misquoting
Muhammad:TheChallengeandChoicesof
InterpretingtheProphet'sLegacy.Oneworld
Publications.p.12.ISBN9781780744209.
57.IndianStudiesonIbnSina'sWorksbyHakimSyed
ZillurRahman,Avicenna(ScientificandPractical
InternationalJournalofIbnSinoInternational
Foundation,Tashkent/Uzbekistan.122003:4042
58.StephenToulminandJuneGoodfield(1965),The
AncestryofScience:TheDiscoveryofTime,p.64,
UniversityofChicagoPress(cf.TheContributionof
IbnSinatothedevelopmentofEarthsciences(http://
muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=31
9))
59.McGinnis,Jon(July2003)."ScientificMethodologies
inMedievalIslam".JournaloftheHistoryof
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inMedievalIslam".JournaloftheHistoryof
Philosophy.41(3):307327.
doi:10.1353/hph.2003.0033.
60.Historyoflogic:Arabiclogic(http://www.britannica.c
om/ebc/article65928),EncyclopdiaBritannica.
61.PeterhrstrmPerHasle(1995).TemporalLogic:
FromAncientIdeastoArtificialIntelligence.
Springer.p.72.
62.TONYSTREET(2000),"TOWARDAHISTORY
OFSYLLOGISTICAFTERAVICENNA:NOTES
ONRESCHER'SSTUDIESONARABICMODAL
LOGIC",JournalofIslamicStudies,Oxford
UniversityPress,11(2):209228
63.Street,Tony(20050101)."Logic".InPeter
AdamsonandRichardC.Taylor.TheCambridge
CompaniontoArabicPhilosophy.Cambridge
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520690.
64.RichardF.Washell(1973),"Logic,Language,and
AlberttheGreat",JournaloftheHistoryofIdeas34
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65.Knealep.229
66.Kneale:p.266Ockham:SummaLogicaei.14
Avicenna:AvicennaeOperaVenice1508f87rb
67.Avicenna,Metaphysics,IcommentingonAristotle,
TopicsI.11.105a45
68.FernandoEspinoza(2005)."Ananalysisofthe
historicaldevelopmentofideasaboutmotionandits
implicationsforteaching",PhysicsEducation40(2),
p.141.
69.A.Sayili(1987),"IbnSnandBuridanonthe
MotionoftheProjectile",AnnalsoftheNewYork
AcademyofSciences500(1),p.477482:"Itwasa
permanentforcewhoseeffectgotdissipatedonlyasa
resultofexternalagentssuchasairresistance.Heis
apparentlythefirsttoconceivesuchapermanenttype
ofimpressedvirtuefornonnaturalmotion."
70.JackZupko,"JohnBuridan"inStanfordEncyclopedia
ofPhilosophy,2014(fn.48(http://plato.stanford.edu/
entries/buridan/notes.html#48))"Wedonotknow
preciselywhereBuridangottheideaofimpetus,buta
lesssophisticatednotionofimpressedforcedcanbe
foundinAvicenna'sdoctrineofmayl(inclination).In
thishewaspossiblyinfluencedbyPhiloponus,who
wasdevelopingtheStoicnotionofhorm(impulse).
Fordiscussion,seeZupko(1997)['WhatIsthe
ScienceoftheSoul?ACaseStudyintheEvolutionof
LateMedievalNaturalPhilosophy,'Synthese,110(2):
297334]."
71.GeorgeSarton,IntroductiontotheHistoryofScience,
Vol.1,p.710.
72.CarlBenjaminBoyer(1954)."RobertGrossetesteon
theRainbow",Osiris11,p.247258[248].
73.Gutman,Oliver(1997)."OntheFringesofthe
CorpusAristotelicum:thePseudoAvicennaLiber
CeliEtMundi".EarlyScienceandMedicine.Brill
Publishers.2(2):10928.
doi:10.1163/157338297X00087.
74.Avicenna(1952).F.Rahman,eds.Avicenna's
Psychology.AnEnglishtranslationofKitbalNajt,
BookII,ChapterVI,withHistoricoPhilosophical
NotesandTextualImprovementsontheCairoedition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
AvicennaWikipedia
NotesandTextualImprovementsontheCairoedition.
London:OxfordUniversityPress,Geoffrey
Cumberlege.p.41.
75.Avicenna(1952).F.Rahman,eds.Avicenna's
Psychology.AnEnglishtranslationofKitbalNajt,
BookII,ChapterVI,withHistoricoPhilosophical
NotesandTextualImprovementsontheCairoedition.
London:OxfordUniversityPress,Geoffrey
Cumberlege.pp.6869.
76.GeorgeSaliba(1994),AHistoryofArabic
Astronomy:PlanetaryTheoriesDuringtheGolden
AgeofIslam,p.60,6769.NewYorkUniversity
Press,ISBN0814780237.
77.Saliba,George(2011)."Avicenna".Encyclopdia
Iranica,OnlineEdition.
78.SallyP.Ragep(2007).ThomasHockey,ed.IbnSn:
AbAlalusaynibnAbdallhibnSn.The
BiographicalEncyclopediaofAstronomers.Springer
Science+BusinessMedia.pp.570572.
79.Ariew,Roger(March1987)."Thephasesofvenus
before1610".StudiesinHistoryandPhilosophyof
SciencePartA.18(1):8192.doi:10.1016/0039
3681(87)900124.
80.Goldstein,BernardR.(1969)."SomeMedieval
ReportsofVenusandMercuryTransits".Centaurus.
JohnWiley&Sons.14(1):4959.
Bibcode:1969Cent...14...49G.doi:10.1111/j.1600
0498.1969.tb00135.x.
81.Goldstein,BernardR.(March1972)."Theoryand
ObservationinMedievalAstronomy".Isis.University
ofChicagoPress.63(1):3947[44].
doi:10.1086/350839.
82.MarleneEricksen(2000).Healingwith
Aromatherapy,p.9.McGrawHillProfessional.
ISBN0658003828.
83.RobertBriffault(1938).TheMakingofHumanity,
p.196197.
84.GeorgesC.Anawati(1996),"Arabicalchemy",in
RoshdiRashed,ed.,EncyclopediaoftheHistoryof
ArabicScience,Vol.3,p.853885[875].Routledge,
LondonandNewYork.
85.Leicester,HenryMarshall(1971),TheHistorical
BackgroundofChemistry,CourierDover
Publications,p.70,ISBN9780486610535,"There
wasonefamousArabphysicianwhodoubtedeventhe
realityoftransmutation.Thiswas'AbuAlialHusain
ibnAbdallahibnSina(9801037),calledAvicennain
theWest,thegreatestphysicianofIslam....Manyof
hisobservationsonchemistryareincludedinthe
KitabalShifa,the"BookoftheRemedy".Inthe
physicalsectionofthisworkhediscussesthe
formationofminerals,whichheclassifiesintostones,
fusiblesubstances,sulfurs,andsalts.Mercuryis
classifiedwiththefusiblesubstances,metals"
86.E.G.Browne,IslamicMedicine(sometimesalso
printedunderthetitleArabianmedicine),2002,
GoodwordPub.,ISBN8187570199,p61
87.E.G.Browne,IslamicMedicine(sometimesalso
printedunderthetitleArabianmedicine),2002,
GoodwordPub.,ISBN8187570199,p6061)
88.GeorgeSarton,IntroductiontotheHistoryofScience.
(cf.Dr.A.ZahoorandDr.Z.Haq(1997).Quotations
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23/10/2016 AvicennaWikipedia

FromFamousHistoriansofScience(http://www.cybe
ristan.org/islamic/Introl1.html),Cyberistan.)
89.Musallam,B.(2011)."AvicennaMedicineand
Biology".EncyclopdiaIranica.Retrieved
20111109.
90.Weisser,U.(2011)."AvicennaTheinfluenceof
AvicennaonmedicalstudiesintheWest".
EncyclopdiaIranica.Retrieved20111109.
91.1(28March2014)."HomePage".amch.edu.pk.
92.ThoughtExperiments:PopularThoughtExperiments
inPhilosophy,Physics,Ethics,ComputerScience&
MathematicsbyFredrickKennard,p114
93."UNESCO:TheAvicennaPrizeforEthicsin
Science".
94."Educatinghealthprofessionals:theAvicennaproject"
TheLancet,March2008.Volume371pp966967.
95.UNIS."MonumenttoBeInauguratedattheVienna
InternationalCentre,'ScholarsPavilion'donatedto
InternationalOrganizationsinViennabyIran".
unvienna.org.
96."PermanentmissionoftheIslamicRepublicofIranto
theUnitedNationsofficeVienna".mfa.ir.
97.MirMasoodHosseini."Negareh:PersianScholars
PavilionatUnitedNationsVienna,Austria".
parseed.ir.
98."YouthofGenius"(USSR,UzbekfilmandTajikfilm,
1982):1984StatePrizeoftheUSSR(Elyer
Ishmuhamedov)1983VKF(AllUnionFilm
Festival)GrandPrize(ElyerIshmuhamedov)1983
VKF(AllUnionFilmFestival)AwardforBest
Cinematography(TatianaLoginov).Seeannotationon
kinoteatr.ru(http://kinoteatr.ru/kino/movie/sov/8140/
annot/).
99.ThoughtExperiments:PopularThoughtExperiments
inPhilosophy,Physics,Ethics,ComputerScience&
MathematicsbyFredrickKennard,p115
100."IbnSinaAbu'AliAlHusayn".
Muslimphilosophy.com.Archivedfromtheoriginal
on2January2010.Retrieved20100119.
101.TasaneeflbnSinabyHakimSyedZillurRahman,
TabeebHaziq,Gujarat,Pakistan,1986,p.176198
102.1597(http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9718)
103."TheCanonofMedicine".WorldDigitalLibrary.
1597.Retrieved20140301.
104.http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3035
105."FlowersofAvicennaFloresAvicenne".World
DigitalLibrary.Retrieved20140301.
106.http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7429
107.Avicenna."TheCanonofMedicine".WorldDigital
Library.Retrieved20140301.
108.NahyanA.G.Fancy(2006),"PulmonaryTransitand
BodilyResurrection:TheInteractionofMedicine,
PhilosophyandReligionintheWorksofIbnalNafs
(d.1288)",pp.95102,ElectronicThesesand
Dissertations,UniversityofNotreDame.[4](http://et
d.nd.edu/ETDdb/theses/available/etd112920061526
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109.Avicenna,DanishNamai'Alai.trans.Parviz
MorewedgeasTheMetaphysicsofAvicenna(New
York:ColumbiaUniversityPress),1977.

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Furtherreading
Encyclopedicarticles
SyedIqbal,Zaheer.AnEducationalEncyclopediaof
Islam(2ed.).Bangalore:IqraPublishers.p.1280.
ISBN9786039000440.
Flannery,Michael."Avicenna".Encyclopdia
Britannica.
Goichon,A.M.(1999)."IBNSINA,Abu'Alial
Husaynb.'AbdAllahb.Sina,knownintheWestas
Avicenna".EncyclopediaofIslam.BrillPublishers.
Mahdi,M.Gutas,DAbed,Sh.B.Marmura,M.E.
Rahman,F.Saliba,G.Wright,O.Musallam,B.
Achena,M.VanRiet,,S.Weisser,U.(1987).
"Avicenna".EncyclopdiaIranica.
Herbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."Avicenna".
CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppleton
Company.
O'Connor,JohnJ.Robertson,EdmundF.,"AbuAli
alHusainibnAbdallahibnSina(Avicenna)",
MacTutorHistoryofMathematicsarchive,University
ofStAndrews.
Ragep,SallyP.(2007)."IbnSn:AbAlal
usaynibnAbdallhibnSn".InThomasHockey
etal.TheBiographicalEncyclopediaofAstronomers.
NewYork:Springer.pp.5702.ISBN9780387
310220.(PDFversion(http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RAS
I/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.pdf))
Avicenna(http://www.iep.utm.edu/avicenna/)entryby
SajjadH.RizviintheInternetEncyclopediaof
Philosophy
Primaryliterature
Foranoldlistofotherextantworks,C.
Brockelmann'sGeschichtederarabischenLitteratur
(Weimar,1898),vol.i.pp.452458.(XV.W.G.W.
T.)
ForacurrentlistofhisworksseeA.Bertolacci
(2006)andD.Gutas(2014)inthesection
"Philosophy".
Avicenna(2005).TheMetaphysicsofTheHealing.A
parallelEnglishArabictexttranslation.MichaelE.
Marmura(trans.)(1ed.).BrighamYoungUniversity.
ISBN0934893772.
Avicenna(1999).TheCanonofMedicine(alQnn
f'libb),vol.1.LalehBakhtiar(ed.),OskarCameron
Gruner(trans.),MazharH.Shah(trans.).Great
BooksoftheIslamicWorld.ISBN978187103167
6.
Avicenne:Rfutationdel'astrologie.Editionet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
AvicennaWikipedia
Avicenne:Rfutationdel'astrologie.Editionet
traductiondutextearabe,introduction,noteset
lexiqueparYahyaMichot.Prfaced'Elizabeth
Teissier(BeirutParis:Albouraq,2006)ISBN2
841613046.
WilliamE.Gohlam(ed.),TheLifeofIbnSina.A
CriticalEditionandAnnotatedTranslation,Albany,
StateofNewYorkUniversityPress,1974.
ForIbnSina'slife,seeIbnKhallikan'sBiographical
Dictionary,translatedbydeSlane(1842)F.
Wstenfeld'sGeschichtederarabischenAerzteund
Naturforscher(Gttingen,1840).
Madelung,WilferdandTobyMayer(ed.andtr.),
StrugglingwiththePhilosopher:ARefutationof
Avicenna'sMetaphysics.ANewArabicEditionand
EnglishTranslationofShahrastani'sKitabal
Musara'a.
Secondaryliterature
Afnan,SoheilM.(1958).Avicenna:HisLifeand
Works.London:G.Allen&Unwin.
OCLC31478971.
Thisis,onthewhole,aninformedandgood
accountofthelifeandaccomplishmentsofone
ofthegreatestinfluencesonthedevelopment
ofthoughtbothEasternandWestern....Itis
notasphilosophicallythoroughastheworksof
D.Saliba,A.M.Goichon,orL.Gardet,butit
isprobablythebestessayinEnglishonthis
importantthinkeroftheMiddleAges.(Julius
R.Weinberg,ThePhilosophicalReview,Vol.
69,No.2,Apr.1960,pp.255259)
Goodman,LennE.(2006).Avicenna(Updateded.).
CornellUniversityPress.ISBN041501929X.
Thisisadistinguishedworkwhichstandsout
from,andabove,manyofthebooksand
articleswhichhavebeenwritteninthiscentury
onAvicenna(IbnSn)(A.D.9801037).It
hastwomainfeaturesonwhichitsdistinction
asamajorcontributiontoAvicennanstudies
maybesaidtorest:thefirstisitsclarityand
readabilitythesecondisthecomparative
approachadoptedbytheauthor....(Ian
RichardNetton,JournaloftheRoyalAsiatic
Society,ThirdSeries,Vol.4,No.2,July1994,
pp.263264)
Gutas,Dimitri(1987)."Avicenna'smahab,withan
Appendixonthequestionofhisdateofbirth".
QuadernidiStudiArabi.56:32336.
Y.T.Langermann(ed.),AvicennaandhisLegacy.A
GoldenAgeofScienceandPhilosophy,Brepols
Publishers,2010,ISBN9782503527536
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23/10/2016
Publishers,2010,ISBN9782503527536
Foranewunderstandingofhisearlycareer,basedon
anewlydiscoveredtext,seealso:Michot,Yahya,Ibn
Sn:LettreauvizirAbSa'd.Editioprincepsd'aprs
lemanuscritdeBursa,traductiondel'arabe,
introduction,notesetlexique(BeirutParis:Albouraq,
2000)ISBN2841611507.
Strohmaier,Gotthard(2006).Avicenna(inGerman).
C.H.Beck.ISBN3406541348.
ThisGermanpublicationisbothoneofthe
mostcomprehensivegeneralintroductionsto
thelifeandworksofthephilosopherand
physicianAvicenna(IbnSn,d.1037)andan
extensiveandcarefulsurveyofhiscontribution
tothehistoryofscience.Itsauthorisa
renownedexpertinGreekandArabicmedicine
whohaspaidconsiderableattentionto
Avicennainhisrecentstudies....(Amos
Bertolacci,Isis,Vol.96,No.4,December
2005,p.649)
HakimSyedZillurRahman.ResalahJudiyaofIbn
Sina(Firstedition1971),LiteraryResearchUnit,
CCRIH,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh(Second
edition1981)CentralCouncilforResearchinUnani
Medicine,Govt.ofIndia,NewDelhi(Fourthedition
1999),CentralCouncilforResearchinUnani
Medicine,Govt.ofIndia,NewDelhi.
HakimSyedZillurRahman(1996).AIAdviaal
QalbiaofIbnSina.PublicationDivision,Aligarh
MuslimUniversity,Aligarh.
HakimSyedZillurRahman.IlmulAmrazofIbnSina
(Firstedition1969),TibbiAcademy,Delhi(Second
edition1990),(Thirdedition1994),TibbiAcademy,
Aligarh.
HakimSyedZillurRahman(1986).QanoonlbnSina
AurUskeyShareheenwaMutarjemeen.Publication
Division,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh.
HakimSyedZillurRahman(1986),Qnniibni
Snauruskeshrnvamutarajimn,Algah: (2011),222237
PablkeshanDvzan,MuslimYnvarsi
HakimSyedZillurRahman(2004).QanunIbnSina
anditsTranslationandCommentators(Persian
Translation203pp).SocietyfortheAppreciationof
CulturalWorksandDignitaries,Tehran,Iran.
ShaikhalRaisIbnSina(Specialnumber)195859,
Ed.HakimSyedZillurRahman,TibbiaCollege
Magazine,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India.
Medicine
Browne,EdwardG..IslamicMedicine.Fitzpatrick
LecturesDeliveredattheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
in19191920,reprint:NewDelhi:GoodwordBooks,
2001.ISBN8187570199
Pormann,Peter&SavageSmith,Emilie.Medieval
IslamicMedicine,Washington:Georgetown
UniversityPress,2007.
Prioreschi,Plinio.ByzantineandIslamicMedicine,A
HistoryofMedicine,Vol.4,Omaha:HoratiusPress,
2001.
Philosophy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
AvicennaWikipedia
Philosophy
AmosBertolacci,TheReceptionofAristotle's
MetaphysicsinAvicenna'sKitabalSifa'.AMilestone
ofWesternMetaphysicalThought,Leiden:Brill2006,
(AppendixCcontainsanOverviewoftheMainWorks
byAvicennaonMetaphysicsinChronologicalOrder).
DimitriGutas,AvicennaandtheAristotelian
Tradition:IntroductiontoReadingAvicenna's
PhilosophicalWorks,Leiden,Brill2014,second
revisedandexpandededition(firstedition:1988),
includinganinventoryofAvicenna'AuthenticWorks.
JonMcGinnisandDavidC.Reisman(eds.)
InterpretingAvicenna:ScienceandPhilosophyin
MedievalIslam:ProceedingsoftheSecond
ConferenceoftheAvicennaStudyGroup,Leiden:
Brill,2004.
(French) Michot,JeanR.,Ladestinedel'homme
selonAvicenne,Louvain:AedibusPeeters,1986,
ISBN9789068310719.
NaderElBizri,ThePhenomenologicalQuestbetween
AvicennaandHeidegger,Binghamton,N.Y.:Global
PublicationsSUNY,2000(reprintedbySUNYPress
in2014withanewPreface).
NaderElBizri,"AvicennaandEssentialism,"Review
ofMetaphysics,Vol.54(June2001),pp.753778.
NaderElBizri,"Avicenna'sDeAnimabetween
AristotleandHusserl,"inThePassionsoftheSoulin
theMetamorphosisofBecoming,ed.AnnaTeresa
Tymieniecka,Dordrecht:Kluwer,2003,pp.6789.
NaderElBizri,"BeingandNecessity:A
PhenomenologicalInvestigationofAvicenna's
MetaphysicsandCosmology,"inIslamicPhilosophy
andOccidentalPhenomenologyonthePerennial
IssueofMicrocosmandMacrocosm,ed.AnnaTeresa
Tymieniecka,Dordrecht:Kluwer,2006,pp.243261.
NaderElBizri,'IbnSn'sOntologyandtheQuestion
ofBeing',Ishrq:IslamicPhilosophyYearbook2
NaderElBizri,'PhilosophisingattheMarginsof
'Sh'iStudies':ReflectionsonIbnSn'sOntology',in
TheStudyofSh'iIslam.History,TheologyandLaw,
eds.F.DaftaryandG.Miskinzoda(London:I.B.
Tauris,2014),pp.585597.
Reisman,DavidC.(ed.),BeforeandAfterAvicenna:
ProceedingsoftheFirstConferenceoftheAvicenna
StudyGroup,Leiden:Brill,2003.
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23/10/2016 AvicennaWikipedia

Externallinks
Gutas,Dimitri."IbnSina[Avicenna]".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
Lizzini,Olga."IbnSina'sMetaphysics".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
McGinnis,Jon."IbnSina'sNaturalPhilosophy".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
Rizvi,SajjadH."Avicenna(IbnSina)".InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
Avicenna(IbnSina)ontheSubjectandtheObjectofMetaphysics(https://www.ontology.co/avicenna.ht
m)withalistoftranslationsofthelogicalandphilosophicalworksandanannotatedbibliography

Avicenna(http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00855lt)onInOurTimeattheBBC.(listennow(http://w
ww.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00855lt/In_Our_Time_Avicenna))

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