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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -3) May 2015, pp.56-60
ABSTRACT
This Paper Presents The Starting Time Calculation For A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. The Importance Of
Starting Time Lies In Determining The Duration Of Large Current, Which Flows During The Starting Of An
Induction Motor. Normally, The Starting Current Of An Induction Motor Is Six To Eight Time Of Full Load
Current. Plenty Of Methods Have Been Discovered To Start Motor In A Quick Time, But Due To Un-Economic
Nature, Use Are Limited. Hence, For Large Motors Direct Online Starting Is Most Popular Amongst All Due To
Its Economic And Feasible Nature. But Large Current With Dol Starting Results In A Heavy Potential Drop In
The Power System. Thus, Special Care And Attention Is Required In Order To Design A Healthy System.
A Very Simple Method To Calculate The Starting Time Of Motor Is Proposed In This Paper. Respective
Simulation Study Has Been Carried Out Using Matlab 7.8.0 Environment, Which Demonstrates The
Effectiveness Of The Starting Time Calculation.
Index Terms: - Induction Motor, Starting Time, Direct Online Starting
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Abhishek Garg Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applicationswww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -3) May 2015, pp.56-60
However, this large starting current will produce So if we are changing X1& X2, then starting time
large drop in line-voltage [2]. Table 1 represents the will also change. If this time is more than limit value,
minimum allowable voltage levels required, when this large current will adversely affect the other
motor starting is taken into consideration. electrical equipment connected to the same bus.
Figure 2 shows the equivalent circuit of induction
Table 1- motor.
Summary of representative critical system voltage
levels when starting motors (IEEE 399-1997)
Voltage drop location or Minimum 1 Xs 2 Xr
Rs
problem allowable m
c
voltage (%
R2/s
rated) Rc Xm
At terminals of starting motor a80%a 2
1
All terminals of other motors 71%a
that must reaccelerate
AC contactor pick-up (by 85%
standard) (see 9.8, NEMA
standards)
DC contactor pick-up (by 80%
Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit of induction motor
standard) (see 9.8, NEMA
standards)
Contactor hold-in (average of 6070%b Therefore, it is desirable and necessary to reduce
those in use) the magnitude of stator current during starting.
Solid-state control devices 90%c Several methods have been discovered to reduce the
Noticeable light flicker 3% change starting current. Some of popular starting methods
amongst all are-
1) Direct-on-line starting
(a)- Typical for NEMA design B motors only. Value
2) Stator resistance starting
may be higher (or lower) depending on actual motor
3) Autotransformer starting
and load characteristics.
4) Star-delta starting
(b)-Value may be as high as 80% for certain
5) Rotor resistance
conditions during prolonged starting intervals.
In practice, any one of the first four methods is
(c)- May typically vary by depending on available
used for starting squirrel cage motors, depending
tap settings of power supply transformer when
upon the size of the motor. But slip ring motors are
provided.)
mostly started by rotor resistance starting.
The starting torque and starting current also
depends on motor class as shown in Table 2. This
change is due to change in value of X1& X2 with III. STATOR RESISTANCE STARTING
different class of motors as shown in figure 1. In stator resistance starting, external resistances
are connected in series with each phase of stator
Table 2 winding during starting. This causes voltage drop
Empirical distribution of leakage reactance in across the resistances so that voltage available across
induction motors.( IEEE 112) motor terminals is reduced and hence the starting
Mot Description Fraction of X 1 + current. The starting resistances are gradually cut out
or X2 in steps (two or more steps) from the stator circuit as
class the motor picks up speed. When the motor attains
rated speed, the resistances are completely cut out
X1 X2
and full line voltage is applied to the rotor.
A Normal starting torque, 0.5 0.5 This method suffers from two drawbacks. First,
normal starting current the reduced voltage applied to the motor during the
B Normal starting torque, 0.4 0.6 starting period lowers the starting torque and hence
low starting current increases the accelerating time. Secondly, a lot of
C High starting torque, 0.3 0.7 power is wasted in the starting resistances.
low starting current
D High starting torque, 0.5 0.5 IV. AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTING
high slip This method also aims at connecting the
Wou Performance varies 0.5 0.5 induction motor to reduced supply at starting and
nd with rotor resistance then connecting it to the full voltage as the motor
rotor picks up sufficient speed. The tapping on the
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Abhishek Garg Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applicationswww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -3) May 2015, pp.56-60
autotransformer is so set that when it is in the circuit, starting time at a couple of selected values such as
65% to 80% of line voltage is applied to the motor. 90% or 85% and then plot the results on the time
At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is versus current curves for the supplied motor.
thrown to start position. This puts the System designers can use these starting times,
autotransformer in the circuit and thus reduced but it is sometimes necessary to calculate the motor
voltage is applied to the circuit. Consequently, starting times using the results of a power system
starting current is limited to safe value. When the studies for the maximum voltage dip at critical power
motor attains about 80% of normal speed, the system conditions. This method can then be used,
changeover switch is thrown to run position. This using the maximum voltage dip, to avoid application
takes out the autotransformer from the circuit and problems, set motor protective devices and perform
puts the motor to full line voltage. Autotransformer coordination studies with other protective devices on
starting has several advantages few of them are low the system.
power loss, low starting current and less radiated
heat. For large machines (over 25 H.P.), this method VII. CALCULATION USING ACCELERATION
of starting is often used. This method can be used for TORQUE AND ACCELERATION TIME
both star and delta connected motors. Figure 3 shows the torque speed curve of
induction motor. By this its clear that on application
V. STAR-DELTA STARTING of voltage speed increases from zero along-with
The stator winding of the motor is designed for torque. In starting, slip is unity and with the increase
delta operation and is connected in star during the in speed there is a gradual reduction in slip. Motor
starting period. When the machine is up to speed, the comes to rated speed which is near to its synchronous
connections are changed to delta. speed and the time taken to reach this point is called
At the instant of starting, the changeover switch starting time. By this figure 3 it is also clear that if
is thrown to Start position which connects the the gap between the motor torque and load torque is
stator windings in star. Therefore, each stator phase more motors will start very fast and this gap between
gets volts where V is the line voltage. This reduces these two torques is called acceleration torque.
the starting current. When the motor picks up speed, Calculation for acceleration torque and
the changeover switch is thrown to Run position acceleration time is given below with explanation.
which connects the stator windings in delta. Now torque
each stator phase gets full line voltage V. 30000
The disadvantage of this method is: when there
is Star-connection during starting, stator phase 25000
voltage is *times of line voltage. Consequently, 20000
starting torque is *times the value it would have with Motor torque
D-connection. This method becomes rare for a large 15000
Accelerated Load torque
motor due to large reduction in starting torque. 10000 torque Rated torque
741 rpm
VI. IMPORTANCE OF STARTING TIME 5000
25000
Solution:
20000
a)Rated torque of the motor Motor torque
15000
Accelerated Load torque
9.81 Rated kW 974 Rated torque
T
T
10000 torque
motor = 741 rpm
T
Rated rpm
T
T
T
5000
T
T
T
So 0 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600 675 750 rpm
9.81400 974 S=1
= * = 5157.86 Nm (4) S=0
741
Fig. 4 torque vs. speed curve of induction motor
But at no load when is complex.
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Abhishek Garg Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applicationswww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -3) May 2015, pp.56-60
Now the acceleration times for the individual calculate the starting time using acceleration torque,
zones, which take effect in the segment are motor speed and moment of inertia of an induction
computedand added up for each and every individual motor is presented and the derived results from the
speed segments. Further to this, acceleration torque calculation has been verified against the simulation
can be calculated using equation 3. study carried on MATLAB environment. Results of
Now to calculate the starting time of non-constant both the approaches are found to be in line with each
acceleration torque is given by equation 6. other.
Three-phase Induction
Acceleration time for non-constant torques REFERENCES
[1]. Abbas, M.; Majeed, M.A.A.; Kassas, M.;
In s = 9.55 (6)
Ahmad, F., "Motor starting study for a urea
Where the meaning of each is same as in equation 2, manufacturing plant," Power Engineering,
except j* n. Energy and Electrical Drives
This shows summation of all zones with (POWERENG), 2011 International
multiplication of moment of inertia and change in Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,6, 11-13 May
speed. 2011 doi: 10.1109/PowerEng.2011.6036562
[2]. IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial
X. SIMULATION RESULT and Commercial Power System Analysis,"
Simulation study is carried out by using IEEE Std 399-1990 , vol., no., pp.1,384,
MATLAB 7.8.0 software with the same eight -pole Dec. 15 1990 doi:
SCIM motor with Nr = 741 rpm, P = 400 kW as 10.1109/IEEESTD.1990.115569
considered in the previous example. Figure 5 shows [3]. Hu Hong-ming; Mao Cheng-xiong; Ji-ming
that there is nearly six time of rated current during Lu; Yu You-xin, "The torque oscillation
motor starting which is gradually decreasing and study in the motor soft starting process with
reaches to the rated current within 1.47 sec. This time discrete variable frequency method,"
is nearly equal to the time calculated by equation 5. Electrical Machines and Systems, 2008.
Figure 6 shows the speed vs. time curve obtained by ICEMS 2008. International Conference on ,
simulation it is clear by the graph that speed is vol., no., pp.1686,1690, 17-20 Oct. 2008
increasing with time and coming to rated value in [4]. Grewal, G.S.; Pocsai, S.; Hakim, M.,
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and Commercial Power Systems Technical
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[5]. B.Venkataraman, B.Godsey, W. Premerlani,
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Fig.5 Current Vs. Time Curve for SCIM [6]. IEEE Houston Section Continuing
Education On Demand Seminar, April 3-4,
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[7]. Timothy L. O'Hearn, Calculating Motor
Start Time,
[8]. IEEE Guide for Construction and
Interpretation of Thermal Limit Curves for
Squirrel-Cage Motors Over 500 Hp," IEEE
Std 620-1987 , vol., no., pp.0_1,, 1987doi:
10.1109/IEEESTD.1987.81026.
Fig. 6 Speed vs. time curve for SCIM
XI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper the importance of induction motor
starting time has been described along-with different
type of starting methods. A mathematical formula to
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