for all consumers’ computing needs.

Commercial offerings
ABSTRACT are generally expected to meet quality of service (QoS)
requirements of customers and typically offer SLAs
Cloud computing is an emerging computing technology that
uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and
applications. It is a way of computing, via the Internet, that
broadly shares computer resources instead of using software or
storage on a local PC.It allows consumers and businesses to use
applications without installation and access their personal files
at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for
much more efficient computing by centralizing storage,
memory, processing and bandwidth.

I. INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-

of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.
It is a paradigm shift from current use of PC’s, whereby details
are abstracted from the users who no longer have need of,
expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure “in the
cloud” that supports them. Cloud computing describes a new
supplement, consumption and delivery model for IT services
based on the Internet, and it typically involves the provision of
dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service
over the Internet.
Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business
applications online which are accessed from a web browser,
while the software and data are stored on servers.
A technical definition is “a computing capability that provides
an abstraction between the computing resource and its
underlying technical architecture (e.g., servers, storage,
networks), enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management
effort or service provider interaction.”
This definition states that clouds have five essential
characteristics:
*on-demand self-service,
*broad network access,
*resource pooling,
*rapid elasticity,
*and measured service.
Narrowly speaking, cloud computing is client-server computing
that abstract the details of the server away – one requests a
service (resource), not a specific server (machine). However,
cloud computing may be conflated with other terms, including
client-server and utility computing, and the term has been
criticized as vague and referring to “everything that we already
do”.
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure, as of 2009,
consists of reliable services delivered through data centers and
built on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of access
II. HISTORY
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960,
when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be
organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics
with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s. The actual term
"cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications
companies, who until the 1990's primarily offered dedicated
point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private
Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but
at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization
as they saw fit they were able to utilise their overall network
bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to
denote the demarcation point between that which was the
responsibility of the provider from that of the user. Cloud
computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the
network infrastructure.
Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud
computing by modernizing their data centers after the dot-com
bubble, which, like most computer networks, were using as little
as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave room for
occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture
resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby
small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features
faster and easier, Amazon started providing access to their
systems through Amazon Web Services on a utility computing
basis in 2005. This characterization of the genesis of Amazon
Web Services has been characterized as an extreme over-
simplification by a technical contributor to the Amazon Web
Services project.
In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked
on a large scale cloud computing research project. By mid-2008,
Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the
relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT
services and those who sell them", and observed that
"[o]rganisations are switching from company-owned hardware
and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the
"projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramatic
growth in IT products in some areas and in significant
reductions in other areas
III. ARCHITECTURE
Cloud computing sample architecture
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software
systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically
involves multiple cloud components communicating with each
other over application programming interfaces, usually web
services. This closely resembles the Unix philosophy of having
multiple programs each doing one thing well and working
together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and
the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic
counterparts.
IV. LAYERS
A .client
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer
software that relies on cloud computing for application delivery,
or that is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and
that, in either case, is essentially useless without it.
B. Application
Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)"
deliver software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the
need to install and run the application on the customer's own
computers and simplifying maintenance and support. Key
characteristics include:
• Network-based access to, and management of,
commercially available (i.e., not custom) software
• Activities that are managed from central locations
rather than at each customer's site, enabling customers
to access applications remotely via the Web
• Application delivery that typically is closer to a one-to-
many model (single instance, multi-tenant architecture)
than to a one-to-one model, including architecture,
pricing, partnering, and management characteristics
• Centralized feature updating, which obviates the need
for downloadable patches and upgrades.
C. Platform
Cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service (PaaS)"
deliver a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service,
often consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud
applications. It facilitates deployment of applications without
the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying
hardware and software layers.
D. Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure services or "Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)" delivers computer infrastructure, typically a platform
virtualization environment, as a service. Rather than purchasing
servers, software, data center space or network equipment,
clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service.
The service is typically billed on a utility computing basis and
amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will
typically reflect the level of activity. It is an evolution of web
hosting and virtual private server offerings.
E. Server
The servers layer consists of computer hardware and/or
computer software products that are specifically designed for the
delivery of cloud services.
V. Deployment models
Cloud computing types
A. Public cloud
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the
traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are
dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis
over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an
off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a
fine-grained utility computing basis.
B. Community cloud
A community cloud may be established where several
organizations have similar requirements and seek to share
infrastructure so as to realize some of the benefits of cloud
computing. With the costs spread over fewer users than a public
cloud (but more than a single tenant) this option is more
expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy, security
and/or policy compliance. Examples of community cloud
include Google's "Gov Cloud".
C. Hybrid cloud
A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal
and/or external providers "will be typical for most enterprises".
By integrating multiple cloud services users may be able to ease
the transition to public cloud services while avoiding issues such
as PCI compliance.
D. Private cloud
Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some
vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate
cloud computing on private networks. These (typically
virtualisation automation) products claim to "deliver some
benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalising on
data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns.
They have been criticized on the basis that users "still have to
buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from
lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management,
essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud
computing such an intriguing concept".
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical
sense, for example in reference to platform as a service
offerings, though such offerings including Microsoft's Azure
Services Platform are not available for on-premises deployment.
REFERENCES
[1] WWW.ieee.org

[2] www.google.com

[3] salesforce.com

[4] wikipedia.org