Saep 1143 2009

Engineering Procedure
SAEP-1143 19 May 2009

Radiographic Examination
Non-Destructive Testing Standards Committee Members
Qadeeb, Fathi Essa, Chairman
Subaii, Ghazzay Mohammed, Vice Chairman
Gahtani, Moraya Saif
Wescott, Edward Anthony
Perez, Jaime Paunlagui
Motairy, Motlaq Saleem
Carswell, Raymond J.
Scales, Thomas Edward
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents
1 Scope............................................................ 2
2 Conflicts and Deviations............................... 2
3 References.................................................... 2
4 Precautions for Personnel Safety................. 4
5 General Requirements.................................. 4
6 Equipment and Materials.............................. 5
7 Examination.................................................. 8
8 Radiographic Exposure Requirements......... 9
9 Radiographic Film Interpretation.................. 15
10 Film Viewing................................................. 16
11 Final Interpretation of Radiographs.............. 16
12 Documentation............................................. 16
Figure 1 Single Wall Radiographic
Techniques................................................. 19
Figure 2 Double Wall Radiographic
Techniques................................................. 21
Figure 3 Identification for Film Marker
Locations & Arrows.................................... 23
Appendix I Acceptance Criteria...................... 24
Attachment 1 Radiographic Request/Report
Forms........................................................ 31
Previous Issue: 1 July 2008 Next Planned Update: 1 July 2013

Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin Page 1 of 31
Primary contact: Qadeeb, Fathi Essa on 966-3-8720262
CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2009. All rights reserved.

Document Responsibility: Non-Destructive Testing SAEP-1143
Issue Date: 19 May 2009
Next Planned Update: 1 July 2013 Radiographic Examination
1 Scope
1.1 This Engineering Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for

performing radiographic examination conducted in accordance with the
requirements of the referenced codes/standards.
1.2 This Engineering Procedure applies to Saudi Aramco NDT personnel and to
contract personnel seconded to Saudi Aramco on an In-Kingdom Inspection
Contract conducting radiographic examination on behalf of Saudi Aramco.
1.3 This Engineering Procedure shall apply to NDT subcontractors on Saudi

Aramco projects to the extent specified in Contract Documents.
1.4 This Engineering Procedure does not apply to radiography performed by out-of-
kingdom vendors.
2 Conflicts and Deviations
2.1 Any conflicts between this procedure and other Saudi Aramco Engineering
Standards (SAES's), Materials System Specifications (SAMSS's), Standard
Drawings (SASD's), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in
writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager,
Inspection Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
2.2 Direct all requests to deviate from this procedure in writing to the Company or
Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302
and forward such requests to the Manager, Saudi Aramco Inspection
Department.
3 References
3.1 Saudi Aramco References
Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures

SAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a
Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering
Requirement
SAEP-1140 Qual. and Cert. of Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel
SAEP-1141 Industrial Radiation Safety
SAEP-1142 Qual. of Non-Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel
Saudi Aramco General Instruction

GI-0150.003 Ionizing Radiation Protection
Page 2 of 31
Saudi Aramco Engineering Form

SA 4719-A-ENG Radiography Request/Report Sheet
3.2 Industry Codes and Standards
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture
ASME SEC I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers
ASME SEC V Nondestructive Examination
ASME SEC VIII D1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
ASME SEC IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
American Welding Society

AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel
American Petroleum Institute

API STD 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API STD 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
American Society for Testing & Materials

ASTM E-94 STD Guide for Radiographic Testing
ASTM E-747 STD Test Method for Controlling Quality of
Radiographic Exam Using Wire Penetrameters
ASTM E-1079 STD Practice for Calibration of Trans. Densitometers
International Organization for Standardization

ISO 5580 Industrial Radiographic Illuminators - Min.
Requirements
Unless otherwise noted, the referenced codes and standards shall be the latest
edition.
Page 3 of 31
4 Precautions for Personnel Safety
4.1 The materials and/or equipment used during radiographic examination shall
comply with SAEP-1141 and GI-0150.003.
4.2 Protective measures shall be taken by radiographic personnel to insure that no

individual is exposed to radiation in excess of the prescribed limits as mandated
in SAEP-1141 and GI-0150.003.
4.3 All personnel performing radiography for Saudi Aramco or on Saudi Aramco
property or concessionaire areas shall have passed the Radiation Safety
examination administered by the Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Department
and be in possession of a current Saudi Aramco Radiographer Permit issued by
the Inspection Department prior to commencement of radiography.
5 General Requirements
5.1 All industrial radiography shall be performed in accordance with this procedure.
Where radiographic techniques not covered by this procedure are developed, the
technique shall be submitted to a Saudi ARAMCO Inspection Department
recognized NDT RT Level III for approval prior to implementation.
5.2 Personnel Qualifications
5.2.1 Saudi Aramco Personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

accordance with SAEP-1140.
5.2.2 Contractor personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

accordance with SAEP-1142.
5.2.3 All personnel performing Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI) shall

be certified to level II and have met the requirements of SAEP-1140 or
SAEP-1142 as applicable. Personnel performing RTFI or having an
influence on the results of RTFI shall have passed the Saudi Aramco
RTFI examination and be in possession of a valid RTFI Certification
Card.
5.3 Surface Preparation
5.3.1 The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where
accessible) and outside may be removed by any suitable process to such
a degree that any such irregularities appearing on the resulting
radiographic image do not mask nor are confused with the image of any
discontinuity.
Page 4 of 31
5.3.2 Welds shall be visually examined and found acceptable prior to release
for radiography.
5.3.3 If the weld is ground flush, markers, such as arrows or V's, pointing
toward the centerline of the weld shall be placed on both sides of the
weld approximately 6 mm (.25 inch) away from the toe of the weld. At
least two sets of arrows or V's shall appear on each film; one set near
each end of the interpreted area of the film.
5.4 Backscatter Radiation
A lead letter "B" with minimum dimensions of 13mm (0.5 inch) in height and
1.5mm (0.0625 inch) in thickness shall be attached to the back of each film
holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the
film.
5.5 When the time of the examination is not specifically stated in the referenced
code or project specification, final radiography for acceptance of the
weld/material shall be performed after final post weld heat treatment.
6 Equipment and Materials
6.1 Acceptable Radiation Sources
X-ray generators (up to 6 MeV)

Iridium 192 (Ir-192) (up to 200 Ci)
Cobalt 60 (Co-60) (up to 100 Ci)
Selenium 75 (Se-75) (up to 50 Ci)
6.2 Film
6.2.1 Radiography shall be conducted with industrial radiographic film. Film

shall be either Type I or Type II. Film shall be selected to produce
radiographs possessing acceptable sensitivity, density, and contrast.
Type I film shall be used for radiography of pipe diameters of 8 inch
nominal pipe size (NPS) or less.
6.2.2 Radiographic film can be processed either manually or automatically.

Processing shall be done in accordance with procedures written to the
requirements of ASTM E-94, the chemical manufacturer's
recommendations, and time and temperature charts. Variation to the film
manufacturer's processing recommendations to compensate for exposure
is not permitted.
Page 5 of 31
6.2.3 Unexposed film shall be stored on its side or end and protected from the
effects of light, pressure, excessive humidity, damaging fumes, vapors,
or penetrating radiation. Expired film shall not be used.
6.3 Intensifying Screens
6.3.1 Only lead intensifying screens shall be used.
6.3.2 For radiography using gamma ray sources, the minimum thickness of the
front lead screen shall be 0.13 mm (0.005 inch) for Ir-192 and Se-75 and
0.25 mm (0.010 inch) for Co-60 or the linear accelerator.
6.3.3 Lead screens which are an integral part of "ready pack" (i.e., Pb contact
pack) film are acceptable.
6.3.4 Special techniques involving the use of intensifying screens of materials

other than lead may be utilized provided the technique is qualified and
the density and penetrameter requirements of this procedure are met.
Such special techniques shall require prior written approval by a
designated Saudi Aramco NDT RT Level III before employed in
production radiography.
6.4 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
6.4.1 DIN type IQI as described in DIN 54 109, ISO type IQI as described in
ISO 1027, EN type IQI as described in BS EN 462.1, or ASTM type IQI
as described in ASTM SE-747 shall be used. Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 shows
the standard identification numbers found on the IQI packs and the wire
sizes found in the DIN, ISO, EN, and ASTM type typical packs.
Table 1 DIN Wire Type IQI

DIN Pack Wire Diameter mm (inch)
Designation Corresponding Wire Number
1 FE DIN 3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80
(0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 FE DIN 1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
(0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 FE DIN 0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.1
(0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.004 (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Page 6 of 31
Table 2 ISO Wire Type IQI

ISO Pack Wire Diameter mm (inch)
1 ISO 7 3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80
(0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 ISO 12 1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
(0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 ISO 16 0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.1
(0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Table 3 ASTM Wire Type IQI

ASTM Set
Designation Wire Diameter mm (inch)
A .081 (.0032) .102 (.004) .127 (.005) .160 (.0063) .203 (.008) .254 (.010)
B .254 (.010) .330 (.013) .406 (.016) .508 (.020) .635 (.025) .813 (.032)
C .813 (.032) 1.016 (.040) 1.27 (.050) 1.6 (.063) 2.03 (.080) 2.54 (.100)
D 2.54 (.100) 3.2 (.126) 4.06 (.160) 5.08 (.200) 6.35 (.250) 8.13 (.320)
Table 3 EN Wire Type IQI

EN Pack Wire Diameter mm (inch)
3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80
W 1 FE (0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
W 6 FE (0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.100
W 10 FE (0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0.20 0.16 0.125 0.100 0.080 0.063 0.050

W 13 FE (0.008) (0.006) (0.005) (0.004) (0.0032) (0.0025) (0.0020)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6.4.2 Damaged IQI's shall not be used (e.g., bent wires). IQI's shall not be
modified in any way.
6.4.3 IQI's shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade
as identified in ASTM SE-747 or from an alloy material group or grade
with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed.
Page 7 of 31
6.5 Viewing Facilities
6.5.1 The viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an

intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare
on the radiograph.
6.5.2 Radiographic viewers shall meet the minimum requirements set forth in
ISO 5580 and shall provide a variable light source for the essential
designated wire to be visible throughout the specified density range.
6.5.3 Light coming from the outer edges of the radiograph or through low
density portions of the radiograph shall not interfere with interpretation.
6.5.4 Densitometers shall be used to measure the density of the film. The
densitometer shall be calibrated annually in accordance with ASTM
E-1079. Performance shall be verified before each use with a density
film strip traceable to a national standard.
7 Examination
7.1 A single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever
practical. When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall
technique shall be used. (See Table 4 for Technique and Exposure
Requirements)
Table 4 Technique and Exposure Requirements

Nominal Technique Type of Exposure Min. Num. of Location
Pipe Size and Viewing Exposures Figure
3-1/2" Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. 2 2F
Dbl. Wall Viewing (0,90)
3-1/2" Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. 4 2E or F
Sgl. Wall Viewing (0,90,180,270)
3-1/2" Superimposed Dbl. Wall Exp. 3 2G
Dbl. Wall Viewing (0,60,l20)
3-1/2" Contact Dbl. Wall Exp. 3 2D or E
Sgl. Wall Viewing (0,120, 240)
3-1/2" Panoramic Sgl. Wall Exp. 1 1A
Sgl. Wall Viewing
3-1/2" Single wall Single Wall Viewing 4 1B or 1C
(0,90,180,270)
Notes:
1. Techniques other than those described in Table 4 may be used with the approval of the Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department, NDT Unit, Dhahran.
2. If the minimum number of exposures as shown above is not adequate to demonstrate the required
coverage, additional exposures shall be made as specified by the certified Saudi Aramco film interpreter.
Page 8 of 31
7.2 Single Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (SWE/SWV) Technique - the
radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed
on the radiograph for acceptance. (Figure 1)
7.3 Double Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (DWE/SWV) Technique-

Radiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film side
wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. For full weld coverage of
circumferential welds a minimum of 3 exposures shall be taken at 120
intervals. (Figure 2)
7.4 Double Wall Exposure - Double Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV) Technique -

radiation passes through two walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance on
the radiograph. These techniques shall only be used for materials and welds in
piping 3.5 inch NPS or less. (Figure 2)
7.4.1 Only a source side IQI shall be used for the double wall viewing
technique.
7.4.2 For the elliptical DWE/DWV technique the radiation beam shall be
offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to separate the
images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so that there
is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. The elliptical technique
requires at least 2 exposures 90 to each other for each weld to be
radiographed to achieve complete coverage.
7.4.3 In the superimposed DWE/DWV technique, the source shall be at right

angles to the weld and the images of both walls are superimposed. The
superimposed technique, as a minimum, requires three (3) exposures
taken either 60 or 120 to each other for each weld to be radiographed
to achieve complete coverage.
8 Radiographic Exposure Requirements
8.1 Selection of Radiation Energy
8.1.1 The voltage for examinations with x-ray tubes shall be selected to insure
that the required wire is visible on the radiograph.
8.1.2 Gamma Radiation of Ir-192, Se-75 and Co-60 may be used for any
material thickness provided the radiographic technique used
demonstrates that the required radiographic sensitivity has been
obtained. Use of Co-60 is only permitted when the thickness of the
material exceeds the practical limits of Ir-192 or Se-75.
Page 9 of 31
8.2 Geometric Unsharpness
8.2.1 Geometrical unsharpness, "Ug", equals source size times thickness

divided by the object-to-source distance.
Ug = Ft/D (1)
Ug = Geometrical Unsharpness
F = Source size, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating

source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the
distance (D) from the weld or object being radiographed.
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or other object being

radiographed.
t = Distance from source side of the object being radiographed to

the film.
8.2.2 The minimum source to object distance, D, shall be great enough to

insure that geometric unsharpness, Ug, of the radiograph does not exceed
the values listed in Table 5.
Table 5 Geometrical Unsharpness

Material Ug
Thickness, mm (Inches) Maximum mm (Inch)
Under 50.8 (2 in.) 0.500 (0.020 in.)
50.8 - 76.2 (2 in. through 3 in.) 0.760 (0.030 in.)
Over 76.2 - 101.6 (> 3 in. through 4 in.) 1.010 (0.040 in.)
Greater than 101.6 mm (> 4 in.) 1.780 (0.070 in.)
8.2.3 The following formula should be used to determine the minimum source
to object distance, D, necessary to insure that the Ug does not exceed the
values listed in Table 5.
D = (Ft/Ug) + t (2)
8.3 Location Markers
8.3.1 Each radiograph shall exhibit location markers which shall appear as
radiographic images on the film. The markers shall be placed on the part
being examined and not on the exposure holder/cassette. Figures 1 and 2
indicate the recommended placement of location markers. Location
markers shall not intrude into the area of interest. Regardless of the
technique used, the area of interest of the radiograph shall be accurately
traceable to its location on the part until acceptance.
Page 10 of 31
8.3.1.1 The starting point and the direction of numbering shall be

identified adjacent to the weld.
8.3.1.2 Number belt spacing around the circumference of the piping

shall not exceed the requirements of Table 6. Number belts
shall be in "inch" units of measure unless specifically noted on
the report.
Table 6 Number Belt Spacing

NUMBER SPACING
Nominal Pipe Size Spacing
Over 3 inches through 8 inches 1 inch (2.5 cm) apart
Over 8 inch through 20 inches 4 inches (10 cm) apart
Over 20 inches Up to the discretion of the RTFI
Film Interpreter or Field Supervisor
8.3.1.3 Station or location markers (i.e., numbers) shall be spaced in

inches or centimeters, with the unit of measure clearly
identified on the RT report.
8.3.1.4 For pipe or tube welds greater than 3.5 inch NPS, a number
belt shall be used. The number belt shall consist of lead
numbers between 6 mm (0.25 inch) and 12 mm (0.5 inch) in
height.
8.3.2 When using a DWE/DWV technique for pipe or tube welds 3.5 inch
NPS or less in diameter, the first exposure shall be identified with a lead
letter "A" and the second exposure shall be identified with a lead letter
"B". ("C" for the third exposure when required).
8.4 Film Identification
8.4.1 Each radiograph shall be permanently identified using lead numbers

and/or letters. Other methods of Identification may be used with the
approval of a Saudi Aramco Inspection Department recognized NDT RT
Level III for approval prior to implementation. In any case, this
information shall not obscure the area of interest. The radiographic
identification shall include the following information:
JO number or BI number
Component, vessel, or piping identification
Seam or weld identification
Page 11 of 31
R1 for Repair, if necessary; R2, etc., if more than one repair.

Cutouts shall be identified as a new weld, e.g., NW1, etc.
Date of radiography
8.4.2 Radiographs misidentified may be re-identified, utilizing a permanent

marking method, only when the Saudi Aramco film interpreter or field
supervisor has determined that it is impractical to re-radiograph.
Re-identification of radiographs shall be noted on the inspection report.
8.5 IQI (Penetrameter) Selection
8.5.1 IQI's shall be wire type and shall be selected to insure that the designated
wire required by Table 7 or Table 8 as applicable, shall be included in
the penetrameter pack used. When possible the IQI shall be selected to
insure that there exists a wire both above and below the designated wire.
8.5.2 Welds with Reinforcement - Selection of the IQI shall be based on the
nominal thickness of the base material plus the estimated weld
reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing
code section. Internal protrusion of single bevel welds, backing rings or
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection. In
general, the following applies:
8.5.2.1 SWE/SWV or DWE/SWV techniques - the required wire size

is based on the wall thickness plus one reinforcement where
such reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.2 DWE/DWV elliptical technique - the required wire size is

based on one wall thickness plus one reinforcement where such
reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.3 DWE/DWV superimposed technique - the required wire size is

based on one wall thickness plus one reinforcement where such
reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.4 Welds without Reinforcement - the thickness on which the IQI

is based is the nominal single wall thickness for SWE/SWV
and the nominal single wall thickness for DWE/DWV
technique.
Page 12 of 31
Table 7 IQI Selection ASME

Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQI's
shall be selected as shown in the following columns.
Source
Nominal Material Thickness Film Side
Side
Wire Wire
inch mm
Number Number
Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, inclusive 13 14
Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 12 13
Over 0.375 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through l2.7 11 12
Over 0.50 through 0.75 Over l2.7 through 19 10 11
Over 0.75 through 1.00 Over 19 through 25.4 9 10
Over 8.00 through 10.00 over203.2 through 25 1 2
Table 8 IQI Selection API

Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQI's
shall be selected as shown in the following columns.
Nominal Material Thickness
inch mm Wire Number
Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, inclusive 13

Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 12
Over 0.375 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through l2.7 11
Over 0.50 through 0.75 Over l2.7 through 19.1 10
8.6 IQI Placement
8.6.1 Source side IQI(s) shall be used at all times unless placement of the
IQI(s) on the source side of the object is not possible.
Page 13 of 31
8.6.2 When film side IQI's are used, the IQI shall be in contact with the part
being examined. A lead letter "F", as least as high as the IQI
identification numbers, shall be placed adjacent to or on each IQI and
shall not interfere with the IQI or be in an area of interest.
8.6.3 When configuration or size prevents placing the IQI(s) on the part or
weld, the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block of radiographically
similar material. The block shall be placed as close as possible to the
item being examined, and the resulting radiographic density of the block
image shall be within the prescribed IQI/area of interest density variation
tolerances as stated in paragraph 9.4. The IQI on the source side of the
block shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the part
being radiographed. Refer to an Inspection Department recognized NDT
RT Level III for evaluation of radiographically similar material.
8.6.4 The IQI(s) shall be placed perpendicular across the weld. ID numbers
and, when used, the lead letter "F", shall not be in the area of interest.
Where placement of the IQI across the weld or area of interest is not
possible refer to the paragraphs above and/or refer to an Inspection
Department recognized NDT RT Level III for clarification.
8.6.5 IQI Location for Materials other than welds The IQI(s) with the
penetrameter identification number(s), and, when used, the lead letter
"F", may be placed in the area of interest.
8.6.6 When using the DWE/SWV technique, only that portion of the weld
adjacent to the film, when the IQI is placed on the film side of the object,
may be viewed for acceptance for the radiographic technique.
8.7 Number of IQI's
8.7.1 For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV techniques requiring multiple exposures

for complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of the film to
be interpreted is greater than 127 mm (5 inches), two IQI's placed across
the weld and perpendicular to the weld length shall be used. One IQI
shall be within 25.4 mm (1 inch) of the end of the film length to be
interpreted and the other IQI shall be at the center of the film length to be
interpreted. When the film length to be interpreted is 127 mm (5 inches)
or less, one IQI shall be placed across the weld and perpendicular to the
weld length at the center of the length to be interpreted.
Note: For placement of the IQI as mandated above, the IQI is defined
as the required wire within the wire pack placed on the weld.
Page 14 of 31
8.7.2 If more than two IQI's are used because of density requirements, one IQI
shall be placed in the lightest area of interest and the other IQI in the
darkest area of interest. The intervening densities on the radiograph shall
be considered as having acceptable density.
8.7.3 When a complete circumferential weld is radiographed in a single

exposure using a source inside the piping, i.e., panoramic radiography, at
least four (4) IQI's shall be used and placed perpendicular to the weld
and spaced equally around the circumference.
8.7.4 When an array of objects in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI

shall show on each radiograph.
8.7.5 Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld

are being examined simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
additional IQI's shall be placed on the longitudinal weld at the ends of
the welds being radiographed.
9 Radiographic Film Interpretation
9.1 All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to
the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any
discontinuity in the area of interest. Such blemishes include, but are not limited
to; fogging, processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains,
scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirt, static marks, smudges, or false indications
due to defective screens.
9.2 One sheet of film shall be used for each exposure. If an area of interest contains
an artifact a second exposure shall be made.
9.3 Radiographic Film Density - For Gamma radiography the minimum density
shall be 2.0. For X-radiography, the minimum density shall be no less than 1.8.
Radiographic film density through the area of interest or adjacent to the
designated wire type IQI shall be no greater than 4.0 for radiographs produced
by Gamma Rays or X-rays.
9.4 Density Variation
Radiographic density anywhere through the area of interest shall not vary more
than -15% and +30% from the measured density next to the designation wire of
the IQI. If the density variation exceeds the permissible -15% and +30% ranges,
additional IQI's shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the area of
interest re-radiographed.
Page 15 of 31
9.5 IQI Sensitivity - Acceptance of the radiograph for sensitivity is based on ability
of the radiograph to display the required wire on the IQI, viewed across the
weld, and the penetrameter identifying numbers and letters. Radiographs not
meeting this requirement shall be re-radiographed.
9.6 Back Scatter Radiation - Radiographic film displaying a light image of the letter
"B" on a darker background shall be cause for rejection of the radiograph. No
image of the letter "B" or a dark image of the letter "B" on a lighter background
shall be considered acceptable.
10 Film Viewing
10.1 Film shall be viewed in an area with subdued lighting as required by paragraph
6.5.1.
10.2 Personnel interpreting radiographs shall allow 3 minutes in any darkened area
for their eyes to adjust if coming into the darkened area from normal room light
and at least 5 minutes if coming in from full sunlight.
10.3 Radiographs shall be interpreted only in those areas in which the IQI(s) have
established that a suitable radiographic technique has been used.
10.4 Composite viewing of double film exposure is not permitted unless approved in
writing by a Saudi Aramco Inspection Department approved NDT RT Level III.
10.5 Each exposed film shall be properly stored to prevent damage to the film.
11 Final Interpretation of Radiographs
11.1 The radiographs shall be examined and interpreted for film quality and for
discontinuities by personnel certified to perform RTFI by Saudi ARAMCO.
11.2 The film interpreter shall record on a review form (Attachment 1) accompanying
the radiographs, the type of defects present on each radiograph and the area(s)
rejected.
12 Documentation
12.1 Radiography reports shall be issued using Saudi Aramco form 4719-A-ENG
"Radiography Request & Report Sheet" (Attachment 1). Alternate report
formats including all of the information required by this procedure may be used
when approved in conjunction with third party NDT supplier Procedures. As a
minimum, the report shall include:
Page 16 of 31
12.1.1 Report number, date, BI or JO number, names and Saudi Aramco

badge numbers of the radiographers, and the governing acceptance
criteria.
12.1.2 Weld Identification number and orientation of individual films which

clearly shows the sequence of exposures, location of weld and
component designation.
12.1.3 Radiation source, type, strength, and size.
12.1.4 The radiographic interpreter's full name and Saudi Aramco badge
number.
Note: Any individual interpreting or reviewing the film shall insure

that their identification, meeting the requirement of this
paragraph, is recorded on the form. Initials, either on Saudi
Aramco Form 4719-A-ENG or on the film envelope, are not
acceptable.
12.1.5 Film brand, type, and processing method,
12.1.6 IQI and designated wire.
12.1.7 Legible signature of all personnel interpreting or reviewing the film.
12.2 The following information shall either be provided on each film jacket or on the
final report noted above.
12.2.1 Shooting sketch showing the geometric arrangement of source, weld,

film, penetrameters, shims, and location markers, or technique
shooting sketch may be listed from this document.
12.2.2 Exposure time.
12.2.3 Source to weld or object distance.
12.2.4 Effective focal spot of the radiation source.
12.2.5 Calculated geometric unsharpness when required.
12.2.6 Weld thickness.
12.3 Final disposition of the radiographs and records shall be in accordance with the
following.
12.3.1 Radiographs shall be turned over to the proponent upon completion of

the work.
Page 17 of 31
12.3.2 The radiographs may be retained at the proponent's facilities or turned

over to Saudi Aramco's Management Records Group. Refer to
"Records Management Manual, Part II, Section 2.
Revision Summary
29 May 2002 Major revision.
1 July 2008 Revised the "Next Planned Update:. Reaffirmed the contents of the document and reissued
with no other changes.
19 May 2009 Minor revision.
Page 18 of 31
Figure 1 Single Wall Radiographic Techniques

Exposure Radiographic IQI Location
Technique P
Viewing End View Side View Placement Marker
Side Placement
i
p
e
OD
12" Single Single Source side Either
Wall Wall if accessible, Side
film side if
not
12" Single Single Source Source

Wall Wall Side Side
Page 19 of 31
Any Single Single Source Source

Wall Wall Side Side
Note: The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made provide the Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department, NDT Unit, approves them.
Page 20 of 31
Figure 2 Double Wall Radiographic Techniques
Exposure Radio- IQI Location

Technique P
graphic End View Side View Placement Marker
Viewing Side Placement
i
p
e
OD
Any Double Single Either Film
Wall, at Wall Side Side
least 3
exposures
120 to
each other
for
complete
coverage
Any Double Single Either Film

Wall, at Wall Side Side
least 3
exposures
120 to
each other
for
complete
coverage
Page 21 of 31
3-" Double Double Wall: Source Either

or Wall, at (Ellipse) Side Side
less least 2 Read offset
exposures source side
at 90 to and film side
each other images
for
complete
coverage
Note: The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made with documented Saudi
Aramco Inspection Department NDT RT Level III approval.
Figure 2 (Con't) Double Wall Radiographic Techniques

Exposure Radio- IQI Location
Technique P
graphic End View Side View Placement Marker
Viewing Side Placement
i
p
e
OD
3-" Double Double Wall: Source Either
or Wall, at Read Super- Side Side
less least 3 imposed
exposures source and
at 60 or film side
120 to images
each other
for
complete
coverage
Note: The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made with documented Saudi
Aramco Inspection Department NDT RT Level III approval.
Page 22 of 31
Figure 3 Identification for Film Marker Locations & Arrows
Page 23 of 31
Appendix I Acceptance Criteria
The following tables are provided as a guide only. Code or contract governs.
ASME SEC I, Paragraph PW-51, ASME SEC VIII D1, ASME B31.1,
Paragraph 136.4.5, API STD 650
Table 1-1 Maximum Discontinuity Size Allowed
Defect
ASME SEC I; ASME SEC VIII D1, Para. ASME SEC VIII D1,
ASME B31.1 UW-51; API STD 650 Paragraph UW-52
Crack None None None
Lack of Fusion None None None
Incomplete None None None
Penetration
Elongated 6.0 mm (") for t up to 6.0 mm (") for t up to 2/3 t where t is the
Indications 19.0 mm (") inclusive; 19.0 mm ("); thickness of the weld
1/3t for t from 19.0 mm (") 1/3t for t from 19.0 mm (") excluding allowed
to 57.0 mm (2") inclusive; to 57.0 mm (2") inclusive; reinforcement
19 mm (") for t over 19 mm (") for t over
57 mm (2") 57 mm (2")
Group of aggregate length greater aggregate length greater the sum of the longest
Aligned than t in a length of 12t, than t in a length of 12t, dimensions of all such
Indications except when the distance except when the distance indications is < t in a length
between successive between successive of 6t & the longest
indications exceeds 6L indications exceeds 6L indications are separated
where L is the longest where L is the longest by 3L where L is the length
indication in the group indication in the group of the longest indication.
The maximum length of
acceptable indication shall
be ". Any such indication
shorter than " shall be
acceptable for any plate
thickness.
Porosity & Refer to Table 2-2 of this Refer to Table 2-2 of this Round indications are not a
Rounded Appendix Appendix factor unless 100%
Indications examination is required.
Tungsten Refer to Table 2-2 of this Refer to Table 2-2 of this Rounded tungsten
Appendix Appendix. inclusions are to be
evaluated as rounded
indications per UW-51.
Elongated and aligned
tungsten inclusions are
unacceptable.
Root Concavity Unacceptable if the
density is greater than that
of the parent material.
Rounded Indications shall be judged against the standards set forth in ASME SEC VIII D1, Appendix 4.
Page 24 of 31
ASME B31.3
The type of weld joints and service conditions shall be considered to determine the method of
NDE required. Table 2-1 is to be used with all notes and is included with this SAEP for
radiographic film interpretation.
Porosity - Refer to Table 1.1 of this appendix.
Page 25 of 31
Table 2-2 Acceptance Criteria for Table 2-1

Symbol Measure Acceptable Value Limits (Note 6)
A Extent of imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)
B Depth of incomplete penetration 0.8 mm (1/32 in.) and 0.2Tw
Cumulative length of incomplete penetration 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
C Depth of lack of fusion and incomplete 0.2Tw
penetration
Cumulative length of lack of fusion and 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
incomplete penetration [Note (7)]
D Size and distribution of internal porosity See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4
E Size and distribution of internal porosity For Tw 6.4 mm ( in.), limit is same as D
For Tw > 6.4 mm ( in.), limit is 1.5 X D
F Slag inclusion or elongated indication
Individual length Tw/3
Individual width 2.4 mm (3/32 in.) and Tw/3
Cumulative length Tw in any 12Tw weld length
G Slag inclusion or elongated indication
Individual length 2Tw
Individual width 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) and Tw/2
Cumulative length 4Tw in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
H Depth of undercut 0.8 mm (1/32 in.) and Tw/4
I Depth of undercut 1.6 mm (1/16 in.) and Tw/4 or 0.8 mm (1/32 in.)
J Surface roughness < 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1
K Depth of root surface concavity Total joint thickness, incl. weld reinf., Tw
L Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion For Tw mm (in.) Height, mm (in.)
[Note (8)] in any plane through the weld shall 6.4 () 1.6 (1/16)
be within limits of the applicable height value > 6.4 (), 12.7 () 3.2 (1/8)
in the tabulation at right. Weld metal shall > 12.7 (), 25.4 (1) 4.0 (5/32)
merge smoothly into the component surfaces. > 25.4 (1) 4.8 (3/16)
M Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion Limit is 2L
[Note (8)] as describe in L
** Tungsten Inclusions To be evaluated as rounded indications. Elongated
or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.
Tw = Nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
Notes:
(1) Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. See also
paragraphs. 341.5 and 341.5.3 of ASME/ANSI B31.3
(2) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance
with a standard listed in Table A-I or Table 326.1 of ASME B31.1.
(3) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment for slip-on flanges and branch reinforcement.
(4) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.
(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds 5 mm (3/16 in.) in nominal thickness.
(6) Where two limiting values are separated by "and", the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of
values are separated by "or", the larger value is acceptable.
(7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.
(8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components. For fillet
welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig. 328.5.2A, of ASME/ANSI B31.3 internal protrusion does not
apply.
Page 26 of 31
API STD1104, ASME/ANSI B31.4, ASME/ANSI B31.8

Table 3-1 is applicable in determining the size and type of discontinuities when viewing
radiographs for final acceptance in accordance with API STD 1104, ASME/ANSI B31.4,
Paragraph 434.8.5, and ASME/ANSI B31.8.
Table 3-1 Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104

Indication/Defect Unacceptable if any of the following conditions exist:
Inadequate Penetration (IP) 1. Length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 25.4 mm (1.0").
(without high-low) 2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 304.8 mm (12")
length of weld exceeds 25.4 mm (1.0").
3. The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld length in
any weld less than 304.8 mm (12") in length.
Inadequate Penetration due 1. Length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 50.8 mm (2.0").
to High-Low (IPD) 2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 304.8 mm (12")
Incomplete Fusion (IF) 1. Length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 25.4 mm (1.0").
2. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 304.8 mm (12")
3. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the weld length in
any weld less than 304.8 mm (12") in length.
Incomplete Fusion due to 1. Length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 50.8 mm (2.0").
Cold Lap (IFD) 2. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 304.8 mm
(12") length of weld exceeds 50.8 mm (2.0").
3. The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of the weld length.
Internal Concavity (IC) Any length of IC is acceptable provided the density of the radiographic image of
the IC does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent base metal. For areas that
exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent base metal, the criteria for burn
through are applicable.
Burn-Through (BT) Pipe OD 2-3/8" Pipe OD < 2-3/8"
1. Maximum dimension exceeds 1. Maximum dimension exceeds
6.35 mm (") and the density of 6.35 mm (") and the density of
the BT's image exceeds that of the BT's image exceeds that of
the thinnest adjacent base metal the thinnest adjacent base metal
2. Maximum dimension exceeds the 2. Maximum dimension exceeds the
thinner of nominal wall thinner of nominal wall
thicknesses joined, and the thicknesses joined, and the
density of the BT's image density of the BT's image
exceeds that of the thinnest exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent base metal adjacent base metal
3. Sum of maximum dimensions of 3. More than one BT of any size is
separate BTs whose image present and the density of more
density exceeds that of the than one of the images exceeds
thinnest adjacent base metal that of the thinnest adjacent base
exceeds 12.7 mm (") in 304.8 metal.
mm (12") of weld or the total weld
length, whichever is less.
Page 27 of 31
Table 3-1 Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104 (Cont'd)

Indication/Defect Unacceptable if any of the following conditions exist:
Slag Inclusions Pipe OD 2-3/8" Pipe OD < 2-3/8"
Elongated (ESI) Unacceptable if: Unacceptable if:
Isolated (ISI) 1. ESI length > 2" 1. ESI > 3 X nominal WT of the
Note: ESI indications 2. ESI width > 1/16" thinner thickness joined.
separated by approx. 3. Sum of the lengths of ISI > " in 2. ESI width > 1/16"
width of root bead 12" of weld. 3. Sum of ISI lengths > 2 X nominal
(wagon tracks) to be WT of thinner thickness joined
considered as a single 4. Width of ISI > 1/8"
and ISI width > nominal WT of
indication unless the 5. > 4 ISI with maximum width of thinner thickness joined.
width of either > 1/32". 1/8" in any 12" of weld.
In that event, they 4. Aggregate length of ESI & ISI >
6. Sum of the lengths of ESI & ISI > 8% of weld length.
shall be considered as 8% of weld length.
separate indications.
Porosity - individual / Unacceptable if:
Scattered (P) 1. Size of individual pore > 1/8"
Note: Size based on 2. Size of individual pore > 25% of thinner WT joined
maximum dimensions
3. Distribution of Porosity exceeds API STD 1104 Porosity Charts.
Porosity - Cluster (CP) Unacceptable if:
1. CP dia. > "
2. Aggregate length of CP > " in any continuous 12" of weld
3. An individual pore within a cluster > 1/16" in size.
Porosity - Hollow-Bead (HB) Unacceptable if:
1. Length of individual HB > "
2. Sum of HB lengths > 2" in any continuous 12" of weld
3. Individual HB > " separated by < 2"
4. Sum of HB lengths > 8% weld length.
Cracks (C) Any size or location of cracks are unacceptable except for shallow crater or
star cracks. Shallow crater or star crack length > 5/32" is unacceptable.
Undercutting Unacceptable if:
Adjacent to cover pass (EU) 1. Any combination EU & IU length > 2" in any continuous 12" of weld.
Adjacent to root pass (IU) 2. Sum of EU & IU lengths in any combination > 1/6 of weld length.
Tungsten Inclusions Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as rounded indications
(Porosity). Elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.
Accumulation of Unacceptable if:
Discontinuities 1. Sum lengths of indications > 2" in any continuous 12" of weld.
Excluding IPD, EU & IU
2. Sum lengths of indication > 8% of weld length.
Pipe / Fitting Discontinuities Arc burns, long seam discontinuities and other discontinuities in the pipe or
fittings detected by RT shall be recordable.
Page 28 of 31
AWS D1.1
Radiographic acceptance criteria for AWS D1.1 is different for Statically Loaded and
Dynamically Loaded structures. This SAEP covers only statically loaded structures. For
Dynamically loaded structures, refer to the appropriate sections of AWS D1.1. If there is doubt
as to the designation of statically or dynamically loaded, refer to the project engineer for
determination. The radiographic film interpreter should confirm the loading classification prior
to proceeding the interpretation of film. Rejection criteria for Statically loaded structures are
provided below. Note that to determine the allowable and rejectable size of discontinuities, the
use of both the tables and charts are required.
Statically Loaded Structures
Table 4-1 (AWS D1.1 Paragraph 8.15.3.2) and figure 4-1 together establish the rejection
criteria for radiographic indications of statically loaded structures. Discontinuities exceeding
the following limitations shall be unacceptable. (E = weld size; T = material thickness)
Table 4-1 Rejection Criteria for Statically Loaded Structures, AWS D1.1 Para 8.15.3.2
Indication Rejection Criteria
Cracks None permitted
Elongated Discontinuities > maximum size of chart 4-1
Clearance between discontinuities < minimum clearance allowance of fig 4-1
Rounded Discontinuities > E/3 or > " for T 2"
> E/3 or > 3/8" for T > 2"
Minimum clearance between a rounded discontinuity > 3/32" to an
acceptable rounded or elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end
of an intersection shall be three (3) times the larger discontinuity.
Isolated Discontinuity, i.e., a cluster Sum of greatest dimension > maximum size of a single discontinuity
of rounded indications permitted in Fig. 4-1.
Minimum clearance to another cluster or elongated discontinuity or
to an edge or end of an intersecting shall be three (3) times the
larger discontinuity.
Sum of Individual Discontinuities shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8" which ever is less in 1" of weld.
each being < 3/32"
In-Line Discontinuities Sum > E in any length of 6E. Where length of weld is < 6E,
permissible sum shall be proportionately less.
Tungsten Inclusions Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as rounded
indications (Porosity). Elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are
unacceptable.
Page 29 of 31
Figure 4-1 Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities as

Determined by Radiography for Statically Loaded Structures
(see AWS D1.1 Paragraph 6.15.3.2)
Page 30 of 31
Attachment 1 Radiographic Request/Report Forms
Saudi Aramco Form 4719-A-ENG (09/98)
Saudi Aramco Form 4719-A1-ENG (09/98)
Page 31 of 31

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Engineering Procedure

SAEP-1143 19 May 2009

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Previous Issue: 1 July 2008 Next Planned Update: 1 July 2013

CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2009. All rights reserved.

1.1 This Engineering Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for

1.3 This Engineering Procedure shall apply to NDT subcontractors on Saudi

2 Conflicts and Deviations

3.1 Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures

Saudi Aramco General Instruction

Saudi Aramco Engineering Form

3.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

American Welding Society

American Petroleum Institute

American Society for Testing & Materials

International Organization for Standardization

4 Precautions for Personnel Safety

4.2 Protective measures shall be taken by radiographic personnel to insure that no

5.2 Personnel Qualifications

5.2.1 Saudi Aramco Personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

5.2.2 Contractor personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

5.2.3 All personnel performing Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI) shall

5.3 Surface Preparation

5.4 Backscatter Radiation

6 Equipment and Materials

6.1 Acceptable Radiation Sources

X-ray generators (up to 6 MeV)

6.2.1 Radiography shall be conducted with industrial radiographic film. Film

6.2.2 Radiographic film can be processed either manually or automatically.

6.3 Intensifying Screens

6.3.1 Only lead intensifying screens shall be used.

6.3.4 Special techniques involving the use of intensifying screens of materials

6.4 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)

Table 1 DIN Wire Type IQI

Table 2 ISO Wire Type IQI

Table 3 ASTM Wire Type IQI

Table 3 EN Wire Type IQI

0.20 0.16 0.125 0.100 0.080 0.063 0.050

6.5 Viewing Facilities

6.5.1 The viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an

Table 4 Technique and Exposure Requirements

7.3 Double Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (DWE/SWV) Technique-

7.4 Double Wall Exposure - Double Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV) Technique -

7.4.3 In the superimposed DWE/DWV technique, the source shall be at right

8 Radiographic Exposure Requirements

8.1 Selection of Radiation Energy

8.2 Geometric Unsharpness

8.2.1 Geometrical unsharpness, "Ug", equals source size times thickness

F = Source size, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating

D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or other object being

t = Distance from source side of the object being radiographed to

8.2.2 The minimum source to object distance, D, shall be great enough to

Table 5 Geometrical Unsharpness

8.3 Location Markers

8.3.1.1 The starting point and the direction of numbering shall be

8.3.1.2 Number belt spacing around the circumference of the piping

Table 6 Number Belt Spacing

8.3.1.3 Station or location markers (i.e., numbers) shall be spaced in

8.4 Film Identification

8.4.1 Each radiograph shall be permanently identified using lead numbers

R1 for Repair, if necessary; R2, etc., if more than one repair.