BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 9

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Chapter 9 : Endanger Ecosystem 2014
The impact of human activities on the ecosystem
Diagram show the human activities that may threaten the ecosystem
Explain the impact of these human activities on the ecosystem

F1 Air pollution 1
P1 Exhaust fume released by the vehicle contain carbon dioxide/ carbon monoxide/ sulphur 1
dioxide
P2 Smoke release by the factory contain dust / soot / lead 1
P3 Gases released by the factory contain carbon dioxide/ carbon monoxide/ sulphur dioxide / 1
nitrogen oxide
P4 Nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide dissolve in water in the clouds 1
P5 Forming nitric acid and sulphuric acid 1
P6 Form acid rain 1
1
P7 Destroy photosynthetic tissues in leaves
1 10
P8 Reduce rate of photosynthesis
No Marking scheme Marks
(c) P9 Increase carbon dioxide concentration 1
P10 Heat is trapped by green house gases 1
P11 Causes green house effect // lead to increase in temperature // global warming 1
1
P12 Leads to climatic change// increase sea level// flash flood
1
F2 Water pollution
1
P13 Disposal of waste matter from industrial // domestic source into the water
1
P14 Causes eutrophication // increase BOD level 1
P15 Aquatic organism die 1
F3 Land pollution 1
P16 Disposal of domestic waste on the ground 1
P17 Increase the number of pest/ rat / cockroach / flies 1 10
1 1
P18 Increase disease transmission\
Diagram Shows evidence of development urbanization and industrial practices. TI needed to
(d) develop the rises of human population
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Justify the effect of unplanned development into the ecosystem 10

1
F1-Industries/factories /vehicles contributes to air pollution
1
P1-Smoke /fine solid particles can cause respiratory problem
1
P2-Oxides of nitrogen /sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain to produce acid rain
1
P3-(acid rain ) causing the soil become acidic/unsuitable for cultivation of crops/leaching of 1
mineral/corrosion of metal
P4-Increase carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes the green house effect. global warming 1
F2-Industrial /domestic /agricultural activities produce waste to contribute water pollution n 1
P5-Agro chemical /pesticides/insecticide/used by the farmer flow into the river /lead to the 1
poisoning of aquatic organism
P6-Agricultural run-off contain excess nitrate/Phosphate lead to eutrophication 1
P7-(eutrophication ) cause the BOD value will increase thus may harm the aquatic organism 1
P8-Effluent from electronic from electronic factories contain heavy metals/mercury/cadmium 1
kill the aquatic organism /disturb food chain
1
F3-Diacharged of hot water from industries/glass building cause thermal pollution
1
P9-Increase the water temperature in the river causing dies of aquatic organism / increase the
atmosphere temperature any 3F and any 7 P
(e) Development that is not planned and managed properly has brought
negative effects to the ecosystem such as land erosion, flash flood, landslides, global warming,
thinning of the ozone layer, climate change and the extinction of certain species
P1: The leave canopy in the forest protects the soil from excess rain water. 1
P2: When the forest is cleared, the soil is exposed to rain (water) / wind. 1
1
P3: this will cause soil erosion
1
P4:The soil that is exposed to wind will be blown to another area,
1
P5: while soil that is exposed to rain water will be eroded and deposited at the bottom of the 1
river / pond /lake.
P6:The soil at the hill slopes can (also) be washed away by heavy rain water 1
P7: resulting in land slides. 1
P8: (The deposited soil will) cause the water level to increase rapidly when it rains and 1 2
P9: this will in turn cause flash floods. 1
P10:Wild life species will also be threatened 1

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P11: when their habitat is destroyed. 1

P12: Global warming will occur 1
P13:due to an increase in the Earth's temperature, 1
1
P14:which is caused by excess emissions of carbon dioxide/ methane/ CFC /nitrogen dioxide
(into the atmosphere). 1
P15:These gases trap the heat that is reflected by the Earth.

1
P16:The thinning of the ozone layer occurs
1
P17: when the ozone layer (that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation) is destroyed by 1 10
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
(f) Diagram shows a human activity and forest in a developing country
Discuss the effect of the activity to the environment

F-The diagram shows human activity which is deforestation
1
P1-Deforestation is the main cause for increasing the CO2 amount in the air
1
P2-this lead to greenhouse effect phenomenon 1

(a) -Forest play an important role as carbon sink of earth which absorb vast amount of carbon 1
dioxide for photosynthesis
-Greenhouse effect phenomenon promotes global warming 1
-As the temperature of world is increasing ,severe climatic change/drought occur in a certain 1
country/melting of ice at arctic /Antarctic
-Forest also act as water catchment area where rain water is absorbed and released back as 1
water vapour to the atmosphere
-Deforestation will cause soil erosion, because there are no more root to hold the soil 1
1
-Deforestation damages the water catchment area and leads to flash flood
1
-Deforestation also cause loss of biodiversity by
1
-destruction of natural habitat
1
-That leads to extinction of many animal and species 3
-there also destruction of recreational sites any 1 10

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(c) Diagram show a man walking past the dry lake bed of tasik Pedu in Kedah
Name the environmental problem shown in the diagram and how it occurs
Explain ways overcome the environmental problem that you have stated 10
Drought /global warming
Criteria:
C1-increase in the carbon dioxide in atmosphere
C2-Factor which contribute to increase of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere
C3-Increase in global temperature
C4-Factors which contribute to the increase in global temperature
1
E1-Extensive cutting down of trees increases the earth temperature
1
E2-More carbon dioxide brings about green house effect
1
E3-incraese carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere 1
E4-Carbon dioxide trap heat 1
E5-Building with glasses reflect heat 1
E6-Increase in surrounding temperature 1
E7-Increase the frequency of drought 1
Step to overcome the environmental problem 1
1
C5: reducing burning
1
C6: control deforestation
1
E1-Replacing energy of fossil fuel en energy generate form wind water
E2-Limit opens burning 1
E3-Limit deforestation 1
E4-Replacing after deforestation 1
E5-Promotes green world 1
Skill to synthesize
Q1-Ability to relate carbon dioxide content with the increase in atmospheric tempearture and 4
means to decrease the carbon dioxide content and temperature in the atmosphere
10
W\Explain C1,C3,C5,C6

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(d) Diagram show a large area of forest involved in the building of a dam
Discuss the good and bad economical and environmental effect of this development
Good effect
G1-Generate hydropower electricity 1
G2-Aas reservoir / to store water /supply fresh water 1
G3-Supply water for agricultural / industries 1
G4-Place/site for recreation /tourism 1
1
G5-Reduce the flood problem at the down stream
Bad effect
1
B1-Flooded.submerged trees /habitat of the fauna and flora
1
B2-Less tree /plants to carry out photosynthesis 1
B3-Amount of CO2 n the atmosphere increase
B4-Incraese teh impact of green house effect / global warming 1
B5-Many species of fauna and flora extinct//reduce the biodiversity 1
B6-Reduce the flow of water at the downstream 1
B7-Cause the populations of aquatic life st the downstream reduce 1
1
B8-Reduce the land used for residential /agricultural
1
B9-Flooded /destroy/loss of historical building /site
1 10
(e) The world population is now growing drastically
In order to fulfill the needs of the increasing population ,area of land have to be developed into
housing areas,school,factories and highways
Give an evaluation on the statement with impacts in the environmental
E-Evaluation
1m-Impact on environment
Evluation (E)
1
E1-Bring more bad impact to the environment
Impact on environment (I)
I1-Deforestion will lead to flash flood .land slide 1
5
I2-Open burning will lead to air pollution /formation of haze 1
I3-More carbon dioxide ( from open burning ) trap heat 1
I4-Lead to green house effect /Global warming 1

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I5-Lead to changes in world climate 1

I6-Greenhouse effect /global warming incrass the earth temperature 1
I7-Destroying flora and fauna 1
1
I8-Migration of fauna/birds
1
I10-No more/Disrupted water catchment area
1 10
(E+any 9I)
Acid rain
(a) Diagram shows s phenomenon X which caused by air pollution
Based on the diagram name the phenomenon and explain how it occurs 4
F -acid rain
1
The formation of acid rain
E1-Burning of fossil fuel coal and oil in factories/power generator station /vehicles 1
E2-Produces sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide 1
E3- sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide dissolve in the water vapour 1
-to to form sulphuric acid/nitric acid/carbonic acid
E5-Fall to the earth with less than 5.0 ( This called acid rain ) Any 3 E 1 4
(b) Describe the effect of the phenomenon on agriculture and aquatic ecosystem and suggest ways
to prevent this phenomenon
effect: acid rain :
On agriculture
E1-Acid rain will increase the acidity of the earth//soil become acidic leaching of minerals 1
1
E2-Not suitable for cultivation /grow of crops
1
E3-cause some minerals to become insoluble and cannot be absorbed by the plants
1
Any 2E
On aquatic ecosystem
E1-Accumulation of insoluble aluminum ion /ions in water sources //will increase the acidity of 1
water //reduce the water pH
6
E2-Kill aquatic organism /threatens aquatic life 1
The ways that can be taken:

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S1-Reduce teh burning of fossil fuel ( which acontains sulphur) 1

S2-Use alternative power source which is nature friendly instead of using the fossil fuel//use 1 10
solar energy/wave energy

(c) A group of farmers planned to develop an agriculture
nearby the lake. Besides to obtaining a high
agriculture yield, they suggested that the area be
made into a ecotourism area. The following are
a part of the details of their planning
State the phenomena shows in both diagrams

Discuss the differences of both environmental
phenomena shown in diagram A and B based on the following aspect
-The cause
-the effect
-the ways to overcome10
criteria
1. State the type of phenomena
C: Differences in the causes
E: Differences in the effects
S: Differences in the ways to overcome
F1-( the phenomena is) acid rain
The causes
C1-Combustion /burning of fossil fuels in power station /factories/motor/vehicles
C2-Release sulphur dioxide SO2 and in power stations factories/ motor vehicles
C3-Form sulphuric acid and nitric acid when combine with water vapour
C4-Fall to the earth as acid rain/hail/fog/frost/dew
The effect
Agriculture
E1-Leaching of minerals//the soil become acidic 1
Aquatic ecosystem : 1
E2-Incrase acidity in the aquatic ecosystem // kill phytoplankton //destroyed photosynthetic 1
tissues//accumulate insoluble aluminum ions in lakes and river which kill aquatic organism 1
Health :
E3-Acidicsoil release ions of certain heavy metals/ contaminate the supplynof drinking water 1
//irritate the lungs make breathing difficult/asthma/bronchitis 7
E4-Corrode metal railing bridges/damage buildings/statues/ automobiles/structures made of
stone /metal historical building 1
The ways to overcome /solution

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S1-Use scrubbers ( to clean up emission from power station and industrial plants)
S2-use catalytic converters ( to clean up emission form vehicle exhausts) 1
1
1 10
(a)
z
Based on the diagram explain the phenomenon and its effect and its effect to the environment
Facts (F) : Name of phenomenon
Explanation (E): Formation of phenomenon
Effects (Ef)
F-( the phenomenon ) is acid rain 1
E1-Factories /motor vechicles released large amount of oxides of nitrogen to the atmosphere 1
1
E2-and sulphur dioxide
1
E3-Oxides of nitrogen combines woth wter vopuor (in the atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid
E5-The rian falls as acid rain
1
Effect:
Ef1-May corrode buildings 1
Ef2-Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water /low pH 1
Ef3-Mineral in soil will be dissolved 1
Ef4-Soil become infertile /not suitable for agriculture 1
Ef5-Plants may die due to infertile soil/acidc soil 1
Ef6-The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupted

1
8
10

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(d) Diagram 9 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development.
Based on the Diagram 9, explain the phenomenon and its effect to the environment.
Factor + Explanation:
F (Name the effect) (The phenomenon) is acid rain 1
E1 Factors / motor vehicles / factory released large amount of nitrogen oxyde 1
E2 - and sulfur dioxyde 1
1
E3 oxyde of nitrogen combine with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form nitric acid.
1
E4 sulphur dioxyde combined with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid.
E5 the rain fall as the acid rain.
1
Effect:
E1: may corrode the building 1
E2: acidic water cause aquatic animal died. 1
E3: minerals in soil dissolved/washed into river. 1
E4: soil becomes infertile / not suitable for plant to growth. 1
E5: Less yield / plant become die because the infertile soil. 1
1
E6: The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupt
1 10

F2-Acid rain cause the leaching of mineral such as potassium / calcium /magnesium which 1
affect the growth of crops
Aquatic ecosystem:
F3-Acid rain cause insoluble aluminum ions to accumulate in the lakes and river. An
increase in the accumulation of these ion can kill aquatic organism (such as fish/ and 1
invertebrates) 9
Health:

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F3-Acid rain releases the ions of certain heavy metals such as cadmium/ lead/ mercury which 1
may contaminate / harm the supply of drinking water
F5-Increased acidity in the aquatic ecosystem also kills phytoplankton (which changes the 1
food chain)
F6- Photosynthetic tissue is destroyed. Plant leaves turn yellow and fall off. The root are 1
damaged and cannot absorb minerals
Building
1
F7-Metal railing and bridge corrode
1
F-Limestone/stonework/marble monument are corroded due to chemical weathering
Suggestion to overcome the problem: 1

F1-Cleaning up emission form power station and industrial plants with scrubber. This process
involves the spraying of water trap pollutants
F2-Aleaning up emission form vehicles exhausts through the use of catalytic converters .The 1
pollutants react with one another in the catalytic converter. The pollutant reacts with one 10
another in the catalytic converter to produce less harmful products
Water pollution
10

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(a)
Diagram shows huamn activities which are carried out near a river
Explain one type of pollution that occurs at site Q
F1-water pollution 1
E1-Effluent /phosphate /any suitable pollutant are released from the factory release into 1
the river
F2-Thermal pollution 1
1
E2-Hot water form teh factory is released into the river which reduce dissolves oxygen
2
in the river
(b) The farmer at site P spray a large amount of pesticide in their agriculture activity
Diagram show a food chain at site R
Explain why the tissue in the food contain a higher level of pesticide molecule compared to the
algae
P1-Algae absorbs the contaminated water /chemicals 1
P2-The tadpoles feeds on the algae 1
P3-The chemical in the algae will accumulate in the tadpole body tissue 1
P4-The fish feeds on the tadpole 1
P5-Will cause the chemical (accumulated) in the body tissue of the tadpole 1
P6-The fish will have a higher concentration of chemical in their body tissues 1
4
11
(c) (d) Explain the impact of human activities at site Q on humans

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Impact 1 : lack of clean water supply 1

P1-Water effluent form factories contain numerous containmination /pollution .chemicals 1
P2-Leads to disease example diarrhea /cholera/any suitable example which threaten health 1
1
Impact 2 : reduction of fresh water fish/food /aquatic organism /natural resources
1
P1-Lack of food/protein for human /any suitable impact and explanation
1
P2-Destruction of food chain //aquatic organism die
1
4
Eutrophication
(a) Diagram show the changes that occurs in a lake due to the human activities
Based in the diagram ,explain how the activities cause the changes in a lake
1
F-The condition of river is the result of eutrophication
1
P1-Farmers use fertilizer that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
P2-Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate /phosphate may washed out in water 1
when they are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
1
P4-( they may grow sa much ) that they completely cover the water 1
P5-Block out the light intensity for plants growing beneath them 1
P6-Photosyntehsis rate reduced 1
P8-Plant on the top of water and beneath water eventually die 1
P9-Their remains are good source of food becteria//bacteria decomposed the dead plant rapidly 1
//bacteria breed rapidly
P10-The large population of bacteria repires, using up oxygen , si there is very little oxygen left 1
for other living organism
P11-BOD increase 1
P12-Those fosh /aquatic animal which need oxygen move to other areas or die any 10 P 12
1 10

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(b)
Explain the differences in BOD value between site P and Site R? 4

P1-the BOD value in site P is lower than site R 1
P2-Becayuse R is at the down stream 1
P3-More pollutants accumulated in R 1
P4-The river water flow from agriculture area /P to palm oil factory 1
P5-The higher/increase in organic substances in the river will increase the population f bacteria
1
decomposition //more aquatic organism die //less oxygen dissolved in the river water (at R)
/resulting the BOD to increase
impact 3: Destruction of food chain
1
P1-Accumulation of chemical in human
1
P2-Through food chains/taking fresh water food 1
P3-Caner /mutation /disease 1
When sewage is released into the pond gradually, the number and the size of aquatic animals 4
increase but when more sewage into the pond all the aquatic animals die
(c) Explain how this affect the pond ecosystem and the balanced of nature
sewage released gradually
E1-Sewage has nitrate and phosphate salts which encourages algae growth 1
1
E2-Algae is the main produce of food for aquatic organism will increase Sewage content
increase
1
E3-Aquatic animal will get enough food encouraging their growth and reproduction
1
E4-The size and numbers o aquatic organism will thus increase
Sewage content increase
E5-Sewage increase will cause algae to grow and reproduce rapidly 1
E6-Algae will cover the pond surface this prevent sunlight from reaching aquatic plants at the 1
bottom of pond
E7-The submerged aquatic pl ants will die as they cannot photosynthesis 1
E8-The decomposition by bacteria will take place using oxygen 1
1 13
E9-The dissolve oxygen level will drop
E10-Aquatic animal will die to lack of oxygen in water 1 10


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(d) Diagram show a pond nearby a factory area
Based on diagram, describe the effect of this activity to the pond, Explain the effect of this
condition on the aquatic organism in pond 10
Condition of the pond is the result of eutrophication
P1-Caused by nitrate form the factories leach into the pond P2-(caused by ) leaching of
1
nitrate/phosphate form palm oil estate
P3-Excess nutrient encourages the rapid growth of algae/algae bloom
1
P4-Algae grow water than their consumes , so many die 9 without being consumed form 1
organic matter)
P5-Algae covered the surface of pond 1
P6-restrict the penetration of light into water cause the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants 1
reduced /aquatic plant die
F2-Water pollution caused by sewage /domestic waste/human faces/garbage from rubbish 1
dumps form residential area
P6-Pond contains a lot of organic matter 1
P7-The decaying organic matter 1
P7-The decaying organic matter is broken down by decomposing microorganism /aerobic 1
bacteria
P8-Incrasing in the BOD result in a depletion of oxygen // reduction in the amount of dissolve 1
oxygen in the pond
F3-Imvalance to the aquatic food web 1
P9-( the low level of oxygen dissolve) kills aquatic organism like fresh water shrimps/mayfly
1
nymphs
P1o-If grow and release toxic gases / hydrogen sulphide/kill fish/tubifex worms /sludge worm
1 10
appear 14

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(e)
Type of plants : Strawberry and rose plant.
Location : Near a natural lake.
Type of fertilizers used: Compost, lead nitrate salt, potassium nitrate, magnesium ,nitrate
and phosphate
Based on the detail above, explain the effect on the lake if their planning is not
managed properly.
F1 - the leaching of chemical fertilizer/phosphate/nitrate from agriculture area to the lake
1
E1 - Increase the fertility of the lake 1
E2 - Encourages eutrophication (encourage algal growth) 1
F2 - The growth alga prevent the light from reaching the base of the lake 1
E3 This reduces and prevents photosynthesis by aquatic plant. 1
E4 Reduce the oxygen release 1
E5 Aquatic plants and animals die due to lack oxygen. 1
1
F3 decomposition of dead plants, animals and organic matter by saprophytic bacteria accurse
1
E6 This will decrease the dissolved oxygen content
1
F5 BOD increase the water polluted
E7 This cause the aquatic animals die. 1 10
(d) Diagram 8.2 shows a section of a river that flows through rural and urban areas
People live in residential area complained that the river water has turned green and many
Fishes die.
Explain the phenomenon 15
F1 : Eutrophication occur
1
P1 : Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
1

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P2: Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate/phosphate 1

may washed out in water when it rains/leaching/run into the river. 1
P3: Increase the nutrient content in the river 1
1
P4 : Algae in the river grow faster (when they are supplied with extra
1
nitrate/(phosphate)/ Algal bloom
1
P5: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the water.
1
P6: block the sunlight to reach the plants in the water. 1
P7: Rate of photosynthesis decrease/ not occur 1
P8 : The aquatic plants die 1
P9 : Bacteria decomposed dead plant 1
P10: Population of bacteria increase 1
P11: oxygen in the water used up by the bacteria 1
P12: Dissolve oxygen also reduced/ BOD increase

1
P13: Caused aquatic plants and fish die
1
Thermal pollution
(a)
Explain the effect of the phenomenon on the organism in the river

F1-The phenomenon is thermal pollution 1
E1-Thermal pollution occurs when there is an increase in the temperature of water source or
excessive heat in the environment 1
E2-High temperature /heat reduces the level of dissolved oxygen in water

1
E3-Aerobic aquatic organism will die
1
E4-Highg temperature can cause some aquatic organism die 1
16
E5-Increase in temparature encourage some algae to grow rapidly 1
E6-Lead to high BOD value F + any 3E 1 4
The greenhouse effect

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(b) The following statements are human activities in an ecosystem
The use of chlorofluorocarbon in air conditioners and refrigerator
Combustion of fossil fuel in the factories
Based on the statement, discuss how the activities endanger the ecosystem
F1-(CFC) cause depletion of ozone layer
1
E1-Penetration of excess /more UV rays
1
E2-Skin cancer/melanoma/sunburns/cataract//any suitable example 1
E3-Reduce body immune system 1
E4-Leaf cells and chlorophyll are easily damaged //lower rate of photosynthesis 1
E5-Kill microorganism/phytoplankton 1
E6-Distruption /destruction of food chain /web 1
E7-Climatic changes//any suitable example 1
1
E8-Surrounding temperature increases
F2-(combustion of fossil fuel) causes acid rain //air pollution
1
E7-Factories release a large amount of nitrogen oxide/nitrogen dioxide/sulphur dioxide/carbon 1
monoxides/dust in the atmosphere
E8-Acid rain soil become acidic (so less suitable for the cultivation of food chain /food web 1
E10-Photosynthetic tissue are destroyed//root damaged and cannot absorb mineral /water lower 1
rate of photosynthesis
E11-Metal railing /bridges corrodes / any suitable example 1
E12-Health problem: asthma/bronchitis/and any suitable respiratory problem 1
E13-Skin and eye irritation /conjunctivitis 1 10
(c)
(d) Figure shows an environment phenomenon
Describe how the phenomenon in figure occurs

P1-The phenomenon is the greenhouse effect 17
1
P2-Carbono dioxide ,chlorofluocarbon ( CFCs) methane , nitrous oxide and water vopour make
1
up the green house gases
1

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P3-Greenhouse gases produces by burning of fossil 1

P4-Also produced belching from cattle and anaerobic respiration in paddy field 1
P5-Effect of deforestation 1
1
P6-Sunlight enter the earths atmosphere
1
P7-Most of the radiation is absorb by the earth
1
P8-Some radiation is absorbed by th earth
1
P9-Accumulated/imcreased concentration of green house gases trapped the radiated heat 1
P10-Warm the atmosphere 1 8
Suggest ways to minimize the effect of this phenomenon
P1-Reduce burning of fossil fuel 1
P2-Use alternative energy sources 1
1
P2-Slow down deforestation for farming ot rice growing
1 3
P4-Replant trees which have been cut down
(e) As an environmental activist, explain the green house effect and discuss some human activities
that can lead to the greenhouse effect. Give suggestion to the public on measure to be taken to
reduce the greenhouse effect 10
Phenomenon of green house effect:
F1-the greenhouse effect is an effect in the at atmosphere as a result of presence of certain
1
gases known as green house gases
E2-Carbon dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) methane, nitrous oxide and low level ozone
and water vapour make up the green house gases 1
E3-As the earth is warmed, heat in the form of infrared radiation is radiated back into the
space. However. Much of this heat does not escape, instead remains trapped by the green 1
house gases
E4-At the same time, greenhouse also radiated heat ( in form of infrared radiation ) back to 1
the earth
E5-This similar to the glass planes of a green house which traps heat and warm the green 1
house, hence the term greenhouse effect MAX 4marks
Factors contributing t o the greenhouse effect s
F1-Burning of fossil fuel coal-fired power stations/vehicle exhausts/open burning / industrial 1
effluents like to an increase in the amount of atmospheric co2
F2-logging /deforestation causes abundance amount of co2 in the atmosphere is not for 1
photosynthesis
F3-As the concentration of green house gases rises the green house effect become more 1
pronounced
1 18
F4-Biuliding with planes reflects more heat, thus worsen the green house effects
1
F5-As more heat is trapped, the earths average temperature rises leading to global warming
10
MAX 4

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(f) Suggestion on measure to be taken to minimize the problem

E1-Reduce the burning of fossil fuels to conserve energy 1
E2-Develop alternative sources of energy such as wind/solar/biogas/and geothermal energy 1
1
E3-Reduce deforestation for farming purposes
1
E4-Replanting after deforestation
E5-Polocies that control the emission of green house gases form industrial site must be
1
reinforced and strictly implemented
E6-Promotes green world Max 2 marks 1 2
(g)
Explain how the phenomenon happens and its effect on the environment
C: causes of the phenomenon 1
E: Effect of the phenomenon 1
F1-this s phenomenon is called green house effect 1
1
C1-combustion of fossil fuel from vehicles/factories/forest burning/coal fire power station
1
C2-excessive deforestation
C3-Increase carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere caused by industries
1
C4-Pollutant/CFC/methane 1
E1-Carbon dioxide traps heat /infra red light /long wave radiation 1
E2-Increase in global/ world atmospheric temperature/ cause a rise in earth temperature/global
1
warming
1 10
E3-melting of polar ice/rise in the sea levels
(h) Suggests measure needed to be taken to overcome the phenomenon
P1-use alternative source of energy to reduce the usage of fossil fuel energy generated from 1
wind /water solar
19
P2-Restrict open burning/forest burning /use incinerator 1
P3-Reduce deforestation for farming/other development projects 1
P4-Selective harvesting /logging/cut matured tree only 1
1

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P4-Replanting more trees which have been cut down 1 4

P6-The use of technology/unleaded petrol/catalytic converter
The thinning of ozone layer
(a)
(i) State the phenomena shows in both diagrams

Discuss the differences of both environmental phenomena shown in diagram A and B based on
the following aspect
-The cause
-the effect
-the ways to overcome10
criteria
1. State the type of phenomena
2. C: Differences in the causes
3. E: Differences in the effects
4. S: Differences in the ways to overcome
Diagram B
F2-( the phenomena is) thinning depletion of ozone layer
The causes 1
P1-Coolant in air conditioners and refrigerators/ propellants in aerosol cans/insulating foam
P2Release chlorofluorocarbon / CFC molecule 1
P3Ultraviolet radiation ( strikes a chlorofluorocarbon /CFC molecule and ) causes a chlorine 1
atom to break away//break the bond to release the chlorine atom
P4Chorine atom ( collides and destroys the ozone molecule ( to form chlorine monoxide and 1
oxygen molecule)
P5Leaf cell and chlorophyll are damaged by ultraviolet rays// lower the rate of 1
photosynthesis//reduce crop yield
P6Ultraviolet rays kill microorganism .phyplankton//destroy//disrupt the marine food chain
1
P7Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation lead to skin cancer / melanoma/cataract
/weakened the immune system 1
P8-Green house effect/ global warming //damage the eggs of certain amphibians //wind patterns 20
change //climatic changes 1
P9-The ways to overcome /solution 1
P10-Reduce/stop/ban the use of Chlorofluorocarbon /CFC 1

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P11-The world comply with the Montreal protocol to reduce the use of CFCs ( to cut the use of 1
CFCs in half of CFC in half by the year 1997) Any 10 11

(b) Diagram 8.2 shows another environmental phenomenon which has become a current topic
discussion
Name this phenomenon and discuss the effect of the phenomenon on human and ecosystem
The phenomenon is known as thinning/depletion of the ozone layer
1
P1-More ultraviolet ray reaches the earth surface
1
P2-Ultra-violet ray will deteriorate/weaken thee humans body immune system
1
P3-An increase in the number of people suffering from skin cancer/melanoma/cataract
1
P4-High ultraviolet rays destroy phytoplankton 1
P5-break the food chain of marine life/the aquatic ecosystem 1
P6-The number of stomata/chlorophyll of leaves will be reduced 1
P7-Rate of photosynthesis decreases 1
P8-Changes in climatic pattern F with any 5P 1 6

(c) Explain the concept sustained development and need for it to protect our environment
F-(sustainable development refers to the measure undertaken to ensure that human activity 1
optimally utilize Earth natural resources such that they can be replenish naturally//suitable
explanation
P1-Sustainable development is necessary as the rate at which man is using the finite natural 1
resources will compromise future generations demands //suitable explanation
Necessary to exploit natural resources and at at the same time measure taken so that these 1
resource can be replenish and be available for the future generation
P2-Ultimately, the natural resources, if continued to be depleted, will no longer be able to 1
21
sustain human society//suitable explanation
P3-Which make up the surrounding we live in and survive upo n 1
1
P5-Includes proper usage of renewable resources

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P6-Inorder to maintain a stable ecosystem

F + ant 3P 1 4
The importance of proper management of development activities and the ecosystem

(a) Explain the important of preservation and conservation of tropical rainforest in Malaysia for the
purpose of sustainable management of ecosystem
1. Sustainable management of tropical rainforest
2. Explain the importance o conservation and preservation
1
F1-replanting trees in areas that have been logged//reforestation
E1-To keep the ecosystem in their natural state (which provides aesthetic value for
1
humans)//preserve natural resource for outdoor/recreational; activities//eco-tourism //reduce
stress//promotes healthy life style
E2-To maintain soil fertility
1
E3-T prevent food / soil erosion/landslide/(muddy) float/(flash) flood
1
E4-To avoid species extinction //to prevent extinction of flora and fauna/organism /species 1
E5-As an economic resource//source of raw material for construction industry/piling. 1
Furniture/boats/houses /production of charcoal/tannin /food / other suitable example //provide
foods to human // resources for study /education /research
F2-Selecive logging E5-To maintain a balanced ecosystem / to allow maximum interaction 1
among teh living organism /biotic and abiotic factors
E6-To maintain major sources of human biotic and abiotic factors 1
E7-Ti sustain n food web /food chain in the ecosystem 1
E8-To prevent disruption of natural cycle of water /carbon balance oxygen between CO2 in the 1
atmosphere.//provide O 2 reduce CO2
E9-to decrease the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere// to reduce the green house effect 1
global warming
E10-to maintain the biodiversity of the forest // maintaining /increasing biodiversity 1
/complexity/veriety of organism /species /flora and fauna
E11-To avoid lost of wildlife/ potential resources E12-To avoid loss of water areas //provide 1
natural water catchment area
1
E13-Maintaining (normal) weather (pattern) by minimize climatic changes drought / harsh
climate / maintain temperature
1 22
E14-As a site for breeding feeding of flora and fauna serving as valuable nursery area for
organism 9

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(b)
Based on th above information ,Explain how recycle practice able to preserve the balance of
environment 10
The tree
F1-Less tree will be chopped/felled
P1-More CO2 absorbed by the trees for photosynthesis
1
P2-Avoid the increasing o CO2 in the atmosphere 1
P3-Reudce the impact of green house effect/. Global warming
P4-Less habitat of fauna and flora will be destroyed 1
P5-Reduce /avoid the extinction of fauna and flora 1
P6-To maintain /preserve the biodiversity 1
the oil .fuel //save energy
F2-Reudce the burning of oil /fuel 1
P7-More fuel energy can be preserved for future 1
1
P-Less green gases /acidic gases released
1
P9-Reduce/avoid the impact of green house effect /acid rain
1
The landfill will be opened F3-Less land fill will be opened
P10-Landfill cause leaching /.ground water pollution 1
P11-Less disease /health problem caused by the improper managed landfill 1
The Water
F4-Less used water/effluent/ untreated seawage released into river 1 23
P12-Reduce .avoid the impact of water pollution /avoid the extinction of aquatic organisms 1
any 10
10

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(c) Diagram show an ecosystem
Explain why the ecosystem in diagram 8.2 has to be preserved and conserved 10
F-Ot provides human with necessities of life 1
1
P-Is a resource for food /timber to build shelter/ as a fuel/fibers for clothing
1
F-Many plant species are original sources of pharmaceutical drugs/medicines
P-New commodities, for example, new crop plants or medicinal material could be in the forest 1
F-Allow for biological control to maintain stable population 1
P-Regulate climatic conditions biogeochemical cycles, prevent flooding 1
Natural ecosystem and species in the wild are beautiful 1
P-there is much pleasure to be derived form unspoilt natural environment 1
F-Ecotourism 1
1 10
P-Could provide income for some countries
A paddy field area is developed into an industrial area as shown in Diagram
Discuss the good and the bad social, economic and environmental effects of this development.
Good Effect (G) Explanation (P)
G1: Provides job opportunity P1: Improve economic status
24
G2: Provides infrastructure basic needs P2: Build up schools/ clinics to upgrade quality/ better
opportunity in education

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G3: Provides better living condition/ P3: Have good sanitation system/ hygienic water
convenient place for settlement supply/ better electric supply
G4: Convenient transport system P4: Faster transportation/ save time to move from one
place to another
Bad Effect (B) Explanation (P)

B1: Area/ paddy field exposed to land P5: During heavy rain, soil particles are washed away
reclamation to the river/ water source leads to muddy flood/
leaching
B2: Habitat for flora/ fauna/ paddy field P6: Extinction of flora/ fauna in the area// less
are destroyed agricultural productivity in the area
B3: Air/ water/ thermal/ sound pollution P7: Due to the release of pollutants into the
environments// causes diseases/ bronchitis/ asthmatic/
stress// leads to decrease in health quality
B4: Increase population in the area P8: Leads to social problems

(d) Most of the human activities cause a lot of problems to the ecosystem.
Discuss the importance of planned activities to avoid destruction of the ecosystem 10
Logging
A uncontrolled logging can cause destruction of the habitat
1
E also can caused the'extinction of flora and fauna
1
- destroy the water catchments-area so, it disturb the fresh water supply
1
- can caused the muddy flood, flash flood, soil erosion and global warming 1
P - So the logging activities should be planned to avoid t hose effect
- Planned logging can be done by replanting logging at the certain area which contain only old 1
timber tree.
Motor vehicles
A - can caused air pollution because the smoke contain Plumbum, carbon monoxide, carbon d 1
ioxide,
E carbon monoxide can caused death if inhaled in large amount, because it reduced the 1
ability of oxygen transportation by red blood cells
- Plumbum can cause cancer 1
- Carbon dioxide and heat from the smoke,it will increase the world temperature so it can cause 25
global warming 1
P - So using of motor vehicle can be reduce by using car pool, use the public transportation and
1

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filter the smoke released
Open burning
A - can cause hazard 1
E - it will decrease the distance of vision can increases the health problem related w ith lung 1
and respiratory tract
P - So it can be reduce by avoid the open burning or burn the garbage in the specific place( in 1
close area)/incinerator
Farming and A agriculture
1
A Farmer used chemical fertilizer it can cause the eutrophication
1
E - can cause extinction of flora and f fauna
1
P - Use organic fertilizer or increase the fertility of the soil
OR
A_use pesticide to kill the pest, it can caused air pollution and water pollution 1
E-can cause extinction of flora and fauna 1
P-use biological control to control the population of pest 1 10
26

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SULIT 4551/2

Chapter 9 : Endanger Ecosystem 2014

The impact of human activities on the ecosystem

Explain the impact of these human activities on the ecosystem

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Justify the effect of unplanned development into the ecosystem 10

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P11: when their habitat is destroyed. 1

P15:These gases trap the heat that is reflected by the Earth.

Discuss the effect of the activity to the environment

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I5-Lead to changes in world climate 1

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S1-Reduce teh burning of fossil fuel ( which acontains sulphur) 1

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State the phenomena shows in both diagrams

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Ef6-The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupted

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Suggestion to overcome the problem: 1

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Impact 1 : lack of clean water supply 1

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Explain the differences in BOD value between site P and Site R? 4

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(d) Diagram show a pond nearby a factory area

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Location : Near a natural lake.

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P2: Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate/phosphate 1

P12: Dissolve oxygen also reduced/ BOD increase

Explain the effect of the phenomenon on the organism in the river

E2-High temperature /heat reduces the level of dissolved oxygen in water

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Describe how the phenomenon in figure occurs

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P3-Greenhouse gases produces by burning of fossil 1

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(f) Suggestion on measure to be taken to minimize the problem

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P4-Replanting more trees which have been cut down 1 4