How to install OS?
Installation of OS broadly divided into 3 steps Boot PROM -: (ok prompts)
1. Pre-installation -: In this level OS checks your System Hardware is compatibility or
not. Min. Requirement of Hardware -: CPU 100MHz ; RAM 64MB ; HDD
2GB. And which version you are installing in your environment. Sun-versions are 2.6,
2.7, 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10
2. Installation -: In this level has, Disks, FS and OS Installation methods.
Disks -: Disks are divided into 2 types, System Disks Ex: / swap Non-System
Disks Ex: usr, home, var, lib, etc. FS -: assign the FS spaces / - 100MB; SWAP -
double of the RAM; usr 1GB; var remaining space
OS Installation methods -:
Enter Distribution plus OEM Support
Enter Distribution
Developer System Support
End User System Support ok > boot cdrom
3. Post-Installation -: In this level you are install Patches & Packages
Patches -: Fix the bugs and added new futures
Packages -: Package is nothing but bundle of files
Installing OS methods CD-ROM and over-the-network.
Boot Process -:
Boot process divided into 4 phages.
1. Boot PROM phase 2. Boot Programs Phase
3. Kernel Initialization phase 4. init phase
1. When a system is turned on, PROM runs POST to verify the system hardware &
memory, then displays the system identification banner. And checks auto-boot options
& default-boot device. Then Boot loads the bootblk from boot device into memory.
2. Bootblk loads the secondary boot program, ufsboot, from the boot device into
memory. ufsboot locates & loads the kernel /platform/uname m/kernel
3. Kernel initializes itself & begins loading modules. And kernel reads its configuration
file called /etc/system. Kernel starts the init process [/sbin/init]
4. The final phase of the boot process is the init phase [/etc/init], this phase init start the
run control scripts & starts other processes. The init process executes rc scripts. Once
the init phase completes successfully, the system login prompt is shown.
Run Levels : 0 shut down the system upto ok prompt
s single usermode without network
S single usermode with network
1 single usermode with non system disk
2 multi usermode with out NFS
3 Multi usermode with NFS
5 halt
6 reboot
ok printenv display current value and default value for each variable
ok password sets the security password
ok setenv <variable><value> set variable to the given decimal or test value
ex: ok setenv auto-boot? False
ok set-defaults Reset variable values to the factory defaults.
ok nvalias <alias> <device-path>
stores the command devalias <alias> <device-path> in NVRAMRC
ok nvunalias <alias> Deletes the corresponding alias from NVRAMRC
ex: ok nvalias disk3 /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/disk@3,0
Various hardware diagnostics in Open Boot :
ok probe-scsi Identifies devices attached to a SCSI bus
ok probe-ide Identifies IDE devices attached to the PCI bus
ok test <devise-specifier> Executes the specified devices self-test
method. Tests many of the system components, Such as video, the
network interface and the floppy disk
ex: ok test all ok test floppy ok eject-floppy
ok watch-clock Test the clock function
ok watch-net Monitors the network connection
ok sifting probe Find every command name that contains the specified string
System Information Commands :
ok banner Display the CPU type, the installed RAM, the Ethernet address, the
host ID, and the version and date of the startup PROM
ok show-sbus Displays a list of installed and probed SBUS devices
ok .version Display the Open Boot version and the date of the startup PROM
ok .enet-addr display the Ethernet address
ok .speed display the CPU information
ok .idprom display ID PROM contents, formatted
ok .traps display all installed and probed devices
ok show-sbus display a list of installed and probed SBUS devices.
/etc/inittab : Contains information about run levels The inittab file describes which
processes are started at bootup & during normal operation
/etc/system : Contains system information & kernel information
# showrev a find Solaris release installed host,domain,kernel,release, etc.
# /usr/bin/isainfo kv System is running 32 or 64 bit kernel
# dmesg dis. System diagnostic messages
# prtconf dis. System configuration information, hdd,cpu,ram,pci, etc.
# sysdef dis. Device configuration information, kernel,modules,kernel parameters
# fuser c k mount-point Stop all the access to the FS.
Packages -: Ports -: Crontab -: Used to automatically execute commands or scripts repetitively, at
FTP 20, 21 regular intervals.
# pkginfo <p-name> Information of the package SSH 22 LDAP 143 Set CRONLOG=YES; in /etc/default/cron & log will be written /var/cron/log
# pkgadd <p-name> Add the package Telnet 23 Portmap 111 # /var/spool/cron/crontabs/<username> All crontab files are maintained
# pkgrm <p-name> Remove the package SMTP 25 minute [0-59]><hour [0-23]><day-of-month [1-31]><month [1-12]><day-of-
# pkgchk <p-name> Check the package install or not Nameserver 42 week [0-6]><command>
DNS 53 Ex: 10 3 * * 0 /usr/lib/newsyslog
/cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_8/product CD ROM path HDCP 67, 68 # crontab l view a crontab files # EDITOR=vi # export EDITOR
-s /var/spool/pkg Spool directory HTTP 101 # crontab e Editing a crontab files
POP2 109 # crontab e <user-name> Editing a crontab a particular user.
SUNWxyz Package format POP3 110 # crontab e <user-name> ; # crontab r <user-name>
# crontab r <username> removing a crontab
/var/sadm/install/contents Software packages map of the entire system. # /etc/cron.d/cron.deny | Controlling crontab access to users such as
/opt/pkgname Preferred location for the installation of unbundled packages. # /etc/cron.d/cron.allow | creating, editing, displaying or removing
/opt/pkgname/bin (or) /opt/bin Preferred location for the executable files of
unbundled packages. * User a/c is locked or user a/c is deleted # crontab eu <user-name> command is not
/var/opt/pkgname (or) /etc/opt/pkgname for log files of unbundled packages. work.

# admintool & browse software GUI at -: used to automatically execute commands or scripts at a specified time

# at [-m] [-r job] [-q queuename] [-t time] [date] syntax

Patches -: www.sunsolve.sun.com
# ftp sunsolve.sun.com / Name: anonymous
ftp> cd /pub/patches / ftp> bin / ftp> ls / ftp> mget <Patch Number>
101945-02.zip patch format 101945 is basecode 02 is revision number
101945-02.readme Readme file
# /usr/bin/unzip 105050-01.zip Extract the patch file
# /usr/bin/zcat 14040-01.tar.Z | tar xvf - sun 2.6
# /usr/bin/gzcat 112340-01.tar.gz | tar xvf -
# patchadd <P-number> Inatall the patch
# patchrm <p-number> Uninstall the patch
# patchadd p any patches are currently installed on your system
# showrep p
# /var/sadm/patch information about all patches currently installed on a system
# /var/sadm/patch/108277-01 patch installation logs
# at 8:45 pm Jun 6 job to run at specified times
at > <command> / at > <press ctrl+d> / #
# at l [job_id] display information about execution times of jobs
# atq display the job queued to run at specified times by ranking order.
# at r [job_id] to remove a job from the at queue.
# vi /var/spool/cron/atjobs view all the at jobs currently scheduled.
# /etc/cron.d/at.deny | Controlling at access to users such as creating,
# /etc/cron.d/at.allow | editing, displaying or removing
Device Configuration -:
SCSI (small computer system interface) 0 7 controllers
IDE ( )
SCSI -: c#t#d#s# c = controller, t = terminal, d = disk, s = slice
IDE -: c#d#s#
# /dev/dsk Logical device names (every disk device has an entry)
# /dev/rdsk Physical device names (raw disk device has an entry)
# prtconf | grep v not view only a list of attached devices on the system.
# devfsadm -c disk -c tape -c audio configure devices., -c : specify multiple
device classes.
# devfsadm -i dad / -i sd / -i st configure devices., -i : configure only those disks
Sector = 512 bytes, block = sector
User Management -:
# /etc/passwd 7 fields User a/c information
<LoginID>:<passwd>:<UID>:<GID>:<Comment>:<home_directory>:<login_shell>
# /etc/shadow 8 fields Security user a/c information
<LoginID>:<password>:<lastchg>:<min>:<max>:<warn>:<inactive>:<expire>
# /etc/group 4 fields Group a/c information
<groupname>:<group-password>:<GID>:<username-list>
# /etc/skel directory containing default files
# /etc/default/passwd setting the passwd again of all users /max, min, pas-lenth
# useradd [-u uid] [-g gid] [-G gid,gid] [-d dir] [-m] [-s shell] [-c comment]
[-k skel-dir] [-o] [-e expire] [-f inactive] <loginname>
# usermod [-u uid] [-o] [-g gid] [-G gid,gid] [-d dir] [-m] [-s shell]
[-c comment] [-l new log name] [-f inactive] [-e expire] <loginname>
# userdel r <login-name> r is Removes users home directory
# groupadd [-g gid] [-o] <group-name>
# groupmod [-g gid] [-o] [-n name] <group-name>
# groupdel <group-name> [-o is duplicated gid]
UID / GID numbers for regular users / groups range from 100 to 60000 unique.
1 99 System accounts // 60001 Nobody // 60002 No Access user
14 GID is Sys. Admin group
Password : 13 Characters *LK* is Locked account
# admintool & Browse Users, Groups, Hosts, Printers, Serial ports, Software
Edit Add, Modify, Delete
User Profiles : User initialization files
Bourne /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /.kshrc /bin/sh
Korn /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /bin/ksh
$HOME/.kshrc
C /etc/.login $HOME/.cshrc /.zshrc /bin/csh
Bash /etc/profile $HOME/.bash_profile
$HOME/.bash_login /bin/bash
$HOME/.profile
Initialization file templates are located in the /etc/skel directory
Put * infrent of the encrypted passwd temporarily stop user account
# passwd l user lock the specified user a/c
# passwd u user Unlook user a/c
# passwd d user disable/removing passwd, without passwd user login
File Management -:
# chown u_name:g_name f_name Change user & group of the file
# chown R u_name:g_name d_name Change group and sub dir & files
# chmod 755 <f_name> Change file permissions
# chgrp change the group
# umask 022 is default r4 w2 x1
SetUID -: Many executable programs must be run as root, sys or bin to work
properly
# chmod 4555 <executable_file> setuid permission [octal value is 4000]
-r-sr-xr-x 1 root sys 17156 Jan 5 17:03 /usr/bin/su
# find / -perm 4000 search for files with setuid
SetGID -:
# chmod 2555 <executable_file> setgid permission [octal value is 2000]
-r-x--s--x 1 root mail 61288 Jan 5 17:03 /usr/bin/mail
# find / -perm 2000 search for files with setgid
Sticky Bit -: File can be deleted only by the owner of the file, the owner of the directory
or by root. Others are not deleted. 1000]
# chmod 1777 <public_directory> set sticky bit permission [octal value is ^
drwxrwxrwt 6 root sys 719 May 31 03:30 /tmp
# find / -type d perm 1000search for directory with Sticky bit.
Disk Management -:
Disk, Slices and Format -:
# format select disk no. [partition, label, verify, save, quit, select, modify, name, print,
label]
<Part 0 to 7> <Tag root, swap, backup> <Flag wm/wu/rm/ru >
<Cylienders> <Size> <Blocks>
# /etc/format.dat stores partition information
# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s2 information of the disk and slice.
# prtconf | grep v not dis. The system configuration information
# devfsadm new devises added and actuated without reboot the system.
Maintaining File System -:
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s2 create a new fs
# fsck can I correct/delete/repare
# newfs NV /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5 find out bad super blocks
-N = display superblock V = verbose
# fsck o b=32 /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s0 Change super block 32 to other block.
Backup and Recovery : Restore /usr & /var file system in this example:
Repeat the steps above, except step 6.
Tap device type 8-mm Cartridge tape 40GB
4-mm DAT Cartridge tape 24GB Restore regular file system /export/home in this example:
Tap device name /dev/rmt/#tn # newfs /dev/rdsk/c#t#d#S#
# = Logical tape number [1, 2, 3 ..] # mount /dev/dsk/ c#t#d#S# /mnt
t = Tape density [ l m h c u ] # cd /mnt
n = No rewind # ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/#
rmt = removable media tape # rm restoresymtable
# cat /etc/dumpdates Show the level of the last backup. Day, date & time of backup # cd /
# umount /mnt
Backup -: # fsck /dev/rdsk/ c#t#d#S#
0 9 Backup levels v Verify
s Size estimate l Autoload Check Size of the FS:
o Offline u Update /etc/dumpdates # ufsdumo 0s fs-name Size of the file system backup can be determined
f Specify the tape device name. (or)
# ufsdump 3s fs-name Size of the file system backup can be determined
Backup /export/home directory in this example:
1. # umount /etc/home Magnetic tape control (mt):
2. # fsck /export/home # mt -f /dev/rmt/0 status Dis. Status info. About the tape drive.
3. # ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0hn /export/home (or) rewind Rewinds the tape
(destination) (source) offline Rewinds, takes the drive unit off-line by unloading the tape
# ufsdump 0uf host2:/dev/rmt/0hn /export/home fsf Forword skips count tape file.
(remote destination) (source)
Restore -: # cat /etc/dumpdates Show the level of the last backup. Day, date & time of backup
t Lists the table of contents of the backup media.
r Restores the entire fs from the backup media. Tar backup: (tar = tape archive) :
x Restores only the files named on the command line $ tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 . Backup current directory
i Invokes an interactive restore. $ tar cvf /dev/rmt/0n /etc Backup /etc directory
v Specifics verbose mode $ tar xvf /dev/rmt/0 Extract all files from tape and place them into the current
f Specifies the tape device name directory.
restoresymtable file is created whenever restoring an entire file system from a
backup tape.
Restore / (root) file system in this example:
1. ok boot cdrom s Boot single user mode
2. # newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 Create new FS
3. # mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /abc Mount FS
# cd /abc
4. # ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0 restore / (root) FS
5. # rm restoresymtable
6. # cd /usr/platform/uname m/lib/fs/ufs
# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 Install the bootblk in sectors
1 15 of the boot disk Install boot command
7. # umount /abc umount /abc
8. # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 Check the restored FS
9. # init 6
DNS : Domain Name System BIND : Berkeley Internet Name Domain
Package : SUNWinamd SMB Server Message Block
Daemons : in.named Ports : 53 (domain) 953 (rndc) Microsoft networking is based on the Common Internet File System (CIFS)
Servers : Master, Slave Package : SUNWsmbar, SUNWsmbau, SUNWsmbac, SUNWsmbas
Conf. Files : /etc/named.conf /etc/named.boot [v-4] Daemons : nmbd, smbd Ports : 137 (-ns) 138 (-dgm) 139 (-ssn)
/var/named/named.host /var/named/named.rev Conf. Files : /opt/samba/lib/smb.conf
/var/named/named.local
# in.named no display any errors, successfully/usr/sbin/in.named Global Settings
# ps ef | grep in.named checks process status workgroup = workgroup, netbios name = KICHA
# named-bootconf </etc/named.boot> /etc/named.conf hosts allow = , Hosts deny =, Guest account = pcguest,
Log file = /var/log/samba/%m.log, Max log size = 50
Client -: Security = user/domain/ server/share
Conf. Files : /etc/resolv.conf Domain name, Name server ip smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd
/etc/host.conf order host,bind
/etc/nsswitch.conf host: file dns [Softwares] [Printer] [home] [netlogon] [profile]
Check DNS : # nslookup Comment = , Path =, Guest ok =, Browseble =,
# dig ueltv.org Configuration o\p Writable =, Valid users = %S, Creat mode = 0664, Share modes = no,
# host <host-name> # host <ip-address>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - # cat /etc/passwd | /opt/samba/bin/mksmbpasswd.sh > /etc/samba/smbpasswd
- - - -
# vi /etc/named.conf # vi /var/name/named.host // named.rev # smbpasswd username or # /opt/samba/bin/smbpasswd a user-name password
options { $ TTL 86400 # smbpasswd a newuser add new smbuser
directory /var/named; @ IN SOA rhel.ueltv.org. root.rhel.ueltv.org. ( # smbpasswd e newuser Enable samba access for this user
}; 2006013001 ; Serial number # smbpasswd x tlnews Delete smb user
zone ueltv.org IN { 28800 ; Refresh // 3H # /etc/init.d/samba start/stop Service start or stop
type master; 14400 ; Retry // 1M
file named.host; 3600000 ; Expire // 2W Testing : # testparm s test smb utility
allow-update { none; }; 86400 ) ; Mimimum // 1D
} IN NS rhel.ueltv.org. SMB Client Configuration -
zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN { rhel IN A 192.168.1.1 // 1 IN PTR rhel. #smbclient L //rhserver rjnews specify name of the samba server
type master; client IN A 192.168.1.2 // 2 IN PTR client -U Specify name of the username
file named.rev; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - # smbmount //rhserver/mpnews /home/mpnews -o username=mpnews%mp123
allow-update { none; }; $TTL 86400 Time to live # vi /etc/fstab //rhserver/mpnews /hmoe/mpnews smb soft,timeout=100 0 0
} SOA Start of Authority # smbmount t smb 192.168.1.2:/c$ /mnt/win_c
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - IN Internet # pgrep smb test smb process is running / not
# vi /etc/named.boot A Address [maps hostname to ipaddress]
directory /var/named PTR [maps ip-address to hostname]
primary ueltv.org named.host CNAME Canonical name [map address DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
primary 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa named.rev aliases]
Package: SUNWdhcm, SUNWdhcsb, SUNWdhcsr, SUNWdhcsu
primary 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa named.local MX Mail Exchange record
Doemons : in.dhcpd Ports :
[map mail servers for a domain]
Conf.File : # /var/dhcp/SUNWfile1-192.168.1.0 # /var/dhcp/SUNWfiles1-dhcptab
# cd /usr/sadm/admin/bin # ./dhcpmgr # ifconfig dnet0 auto_dhcp change to dhcp
# ps e in.dhcpd # ps ef | grep in.dhcpd -f is full
NFS ( Network File System) :
Daemons: mountd : It is maintain Info. About which FS are mounted on client side
(Means the client has permitted are not)
nfsd : Handles FS exporting & File access requests from remote system
statd : Any changes or modifications is done at client side it is updating
or refreshing data. (Update the status of FS every minit)
lockd : It will allows you to open the same file simultaneously in multible
systems, multiple people access to same file
(Provides file-locking services in NFS)
# nfsstat m checks NFS version (v-3)
Conf. File : # vi /etc/dfs/dfstab
Share F <FSType> -o <options> -d <description> Pathname_name
-o -: ro, rw, root=client, rw/ro=client1:client2:
= @ netgroup , = .domain, =netgroup_name (NIS, NIS+)
NIS ( Network Information Service) :
16 Map are located in /var/yp/<domainname>
/var/yp/Makefile DIR=/etc, PWDIR=/etc
Daemons: ypserv : is a server domain maintain all clients
ypbind : communicated with ypserver
ypxfrd : it is passing massages from nis master server to nis slave server
rpc.yppasswdd : user change password on the nis server from nis client
rpc.ypupdated : updated nis info. Update file /var/yp directory
Configuration:
# vi /etc/defaultdomain or # domainname <domainname>
<domainname>
# /etc/hosts # useradd <username> Creat users
.1 <hostname> / .2 <hostname>
# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
# ypinit m reads Makefile & converts ASCII source files into NIS maps.

Service Stop/Start: # /etc/init.d/nfs.server start Service stop/Start: # /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart

Maps
Maps ::
Commands : share unshared shareallunshareall Commands for Testing: group.byname/.bygid
group.byname/.bygid
dfshares, info. About NFS # ypwhich display domain name ypservers
ypservers
dfmounts display mounted resources info. # ypwhich m display all db on master-server protocols.byname/.bynumber
protocols.byname/.bynumber
networks.byname/.byaddr
# ypcat hosts display IP Add. & Hostname networks.byname/.byaddr
Files: /etc/dfs/dfstab share local fs to others # ypmach host1 server1 hosts individual hosts services.byname
services.byname
/etc/dfs/sharetab /etc/dfs/fstypes /etc/rmtab #ypmach user1 passwd display User1 passwd hosts.byname/.byadr
hosts.byname/.byadr
/etc/nfs/nfslog.conf /etc/default/nfslogd /etc/nfs/nfslogtab ethers.byname/.byaddr
ethers.byname/.byaddr
Client -: # umount f mount-point force unmountable Client -: netgroup.byuser/.byname
netgroup.byuser/.byname
Daemons: ypserv, ypbind mail.aliases
mail.aliases
Daemons: statd, lockd
Configuration:
Commands: mount umount mount r umount -r
mountall r umountall r dfshares dfmounts # domainname <domainname> or #domainname > /etc/defautldomain
# mount F nfs o <options> server:pathname mount_point # cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf
# /etc/vfstab 7 Fields # ypinit c Initialize the system as an NIS client NIS is static and works in
<device to mount> <device to fsck> <mount point> <FS type> <fsck pass> # /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart service start single domain
<mount at boot> <mount options> # ypwhich m o/p of the NIS server & db maps NIS+ is dynamic and
mount options : - rw/ro, bg/fg, soft/hard works in multi domain
Ex :-
NIS Slave -: First config NIS Client after that
server:/path mount-point nfs yes soft,bg
AutoFS -: Master map, Direct map, Indirect map # ypinit s <name of the NIS Master> ex : ueltv.org
# /etc/auto_master # service stop/start again
+auto_master # ypwhich m
/- auto_direct Direct map # /etc/auto_direct Update Maps:
/home auto_home Indirect map # /etc/auto_home # /usr/ccs/bin/make update modify/add files to maps to NIS server.
# automount v
System Security : SWAP / Virtual Memory / swapfs / -:
# prtconf | grep Memory size Check physical RAM Size
# /etc/default/su edit monitoring su attemots Memory size : 760 Megabytes
CONSOLE=/dev/console remove the # # swap l list swap space
# more /var/adm/sulog monitoring su attemots <swap file> <dev> <swaplo> <blocks> <free>
# /etc/default/login edit restricting root access // su only. /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 136,3 16 302384 302384
CONSOLE=/dev/console remove the # rusers not login direct root, go to with # swap s list summary of the swap space
# /etc/default/passwd edit, system-wide password aging total : 31760k bytes allocated + 5952k reserved
MAXWEEKS= MINWEEKS= PASSLENGTH=6 = 37712k used, 202928k available

Managing Remote Access Issues -: Swap creation with partition :

# /etc/hosts.equiv total system security # format
# $HOME/.rhosts userlevel security partition > 5 // id tag : swap // flags: wu // starting cyl : // partition size :
hostname (or) hostname username (or) + # /etc/vfstab
# /etc/ftpusers prohibited ftp users /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 - - swap - no -
# /sbin/swapaddrun script, add the swap your system
Important Files -: # swap l
rpcinfo -: rpcinfo provides information about RPC(Remote Procedure Call) services it /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 136,3 16 302384 302384
displays the program number, version, protocol, port number service and owner of the /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 136,5 16 410112 410112
RPC service
Symbolic (soft) link -:A symbolic link is a file that points to another file. i=deferent Swap creation without partition :
Hard link -:A hard link is the association between a file name and an inode. i=same # df h check free space of your fs
init S -: # mkfile 50m /data/swapfile 50MB add swap file named swapfile.
init 1 -: # /usr/sbin/swap a /data/swapfile Activate the swap area
TOP -: Display top CPU processes # swap l
CPU Status: / Memory / Swap : [available, used, free] # /etc/vfstab
PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM TIME CPU Command /data/swapfile - - swap - no -
NI nice value; PRI Priority of task; STAT s=start; r=running; z=zombic # swap d /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 remove swap partition
ps ef -: uid pid ppid c stime tty time cmd # swap d /data/swapfile remove swap file
# rm /data/swapfile remove the swap file to recover the disk space.
# /etc/hosts.deny; .allow
/etc/hostname.<divise>
/etc/nodename /etc/defaultdomain System Performance -:
/etc/inetd.conf /etc/inet/inetd.conf # iostat
/etc/netconfig /etc/inet/protocols # vmstat
/etc/inet/services /etc/defaultrouter # sar
/etc/system /etc/inittab # netstat
/sbin/rc#
/etc/rc#.d/k* s*
/etc/init.d
/etc/vfstab
UNIX Architecture Hardware Kernel Shell User Sort :
General Commands : # sort <f-name>
# ls # sort rn <f-name> -r = Reverse order, -n = numeric order
# ls | more # sort rn <f-name> > <new f-name>
# ls l grep ^d ^ cape, Starts with 1st letter, grep is a filter command # sort un <f-name> Find duplicated entries
# ls F
# ls a awk :
# ls ltr Display last modification files, Create a new files. # awk F : {print $1 $7} /etc/passwd # vi /etc/passwd
t = Timestamp, r = Reverse order x1:x:100:100: :/home/x1:/bin/sh
# pwd $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7
# mkdir <dir-name> # ls l | awk {print $1,$6}
# cp <source> <destination>
# cp R <source> <destination> -R = Recursive, means multiply Sed :
Copy sub-directories & files. # sed e s/bash/sh/g /etc/passwd
# cp p <source> <destination> Copy same time stamp # sed e s/bash/sh/g /etc/passwd > /home/passwd Create new file passwd
# rm <f-name> # sed e 1,10p /etc/passwd print 1 to 10 lines
# rm i <f-name> # sed e 11,$d /etc/passwd deleted 11 to last line of the file print o/p only
# rm rf <dir-name> Deleted total sub directory
# mv <source> <destination> Editor :
# more <f-name> View the file line by line or page by page vi = Visual editor sed = Stream editor
# head -10 <f-name> view first 10 lines, this command used for monitoring log files 1. Command Mode 2. Insert Mode 3. Append Mode 4. Esc
# tail -100 <f-name> view last 10 lines, this command continuously monitoring Ctrl+f Forword page by page Ctrl+b Backword page by page
last lines Esc:$ End of the file Esc:1 first line
# cat > <f-name> Ctrl+d Esc:20 go to 20th line
# cat >> <f-name> add new entrees to old file b Curser moves beginning to ending ^ Curser moves ending to beginning
# cat <f-name> view file i insert mode Esc Command mode
# mkdbm <f-name.dbm> < <f-name.txt> a append mode 0 insert a new line
# mkdbm <f-name.dbm> << <f-name.txt> x delete a character dd delete a line
u undo last deleted yy copy the lines
Filters -: 10yy copy 10 lines p paste
cc cut 10cc cut 10 lines
# grep am <f-name> check the lines character by character /xyz search xyz and n next search
# grep i am <f-name> -i = ignore casesensitive :1, $ s/abc/xyz/g change abc to xyz 1=first line, $=last line, abc=from,
# grep v am <f-name> -v = negative patron xyz=to change, g=globally, s=search
# grep l am :w save :q quit :wq Save & quit
# find / -name <f-name> -print find the file
# find / -name atime+90 print not open last 90 days -atime = access time
# find / -name mtime+60 print not modify last 60 days -mtime = modify time
# find / -name atime+90 exec rm { } \ ; delete not open files last 90 days
# du h /etc # du sh * | sort rn -s = sub-directories
# ff /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 display <inode# > <path-name>
# quot af display how much disk space is being used by users
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 (/); // /dev/rdsk/c0t0s0s4 (usr); // /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5 (var)
Personal Profile :
I am Ravindranath, I am a native of Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh. I completed
my Graduation from Nagarjuna University in March 1999. And I completed my Post-
Graduation in Computer application from Madurai Kamaraj University in Sept 2002.
At present I am live at Kukatpally in Hyderabad. I have 3+ years of IT experiences.
My carrier starts with Jr. System Administrator in E-Power systems (p) Ltd.,
Vijayawada. I worked there from Feb03 to Aug04. At present I a working in
Ushodaya Enterprises Limited, Hyderabad, Since Sept04. It is an Electronic media
with 12 Regional TV Channels. And it has 180 regional centers in India. My family
background, my fathers name is N.S.C. Bose. He is a Government Employee. My
mothers name is Rajayalakshmi. She is a housewife. I have an elder brother. He is an
Electrical Engineer.
My hobbies are surfing, gardening and watching movies.
My Strengths are hardworking, Confident and Commitment
Weakness Workaholic.
Work Profile :
I am working as a UNIX administrator in Ushodaya Enterprises Limited. It is
an Electronic media with 12 Regional TV Channels. And it has 180 regional centers in
India.
My Activities / Duties / Responsibilities
1. Monitoring the Network File System (NFS), Check FS spaces. And at client
side mounted FSs from server to Linux & Windows clients. At windows
clients we are using Humming bird for mounting Unix FSs.
2. Administration of user Management Adding, Modifying and deleting users.
File management Creating files and Directories with permissions.
Disk Management Check File Systems spaces with help of df & du
commands.
3. Installation & Configuration of Operating Systems (OS) Solaris, Linux and
Windows 2K. Installing Packages & Patches in Solaris. RPMs in Linux.
4. Configuration and Maintenance of FTP Servers with anemones user.
5. Maintenance of DNS, NIS, SAMBA Servers.
6. Configuration of Hardware RAID Levels on Linux. We are you 3rd party
software Raid watch for configuration of RAID.
7. Troubleshooting of Hardware & Software problems.
Company Setup :
Our working Environment is Sun Solaris 8, Red Hat Linux and Windows 2K.
Workgroup Servers are Sun Fire V440 & E220, Sun Blade 1000 and Sun Ultra 5 & 10
we have. Workstations are Intel P4 Systems. We have 400+ workstations. Over
network is VLAN.
Actually we are received files from our regional centers through 2MB leased
lines. They are sending these files through FTP. These files are transfer automatically
from FTP servers to over production servers with help of Shell scripts. Each channel
has one desk with 40 workstations. These workstations are connected to the servers.
We have NFS, NIS, SAMBA, FTP, DNS and LDAP Servers. We are using 3rd party
softwares are Main Actor for visual editing, Leap Office & Open Office for Text
editing, Humming bard for mounting Unix FS on Windows, PGina for user
authentication purpose on Windows.
And we have play-out servers. These are Linux servers. Each channel has 4
servers. These are connected to Hardware Raid Boxes. We are implemented to RAID
5 and using Cron-tabs in this servers. And used 3rd party Softwares mirror for coping
files from production servers with Timestamp and File-size. (pyro).
Boot Process -:
Boot process divided into 4 phages.
1. Boot PROM phase 2. Boot Programs Phase
3. Kernel Initialization phase 4. init phase
1. When a system is turned on, PROM runs POST to verify the system hardware &
memory, displays the system identification banner. And checks auto-boot options
& default-boot device. Boot loads the bootblk from boot device into memory.
2. Bootblk loads the secondary boot program ufsboot from the boot device into
memory. ufsboot locates & loads the kernel /platform/uname m/kernel
3. Kernel initializes itself & begins loading modules. And kernel reads its
configuration file called /etc/system. Kernel starts the init process [/sbin/init]
4. The final phase of the boot process is the init phase [/etc/init], this phase init start
the run control scripts & starts other processes. The init process executes rc scripts.
Once the init phase completes successfully, the system login prompt is shown.
Sun Fire V440 : Hat-plug, front-accessible disk drives Sun E220 Blade 1000 Ultra 5/10
Cpu 2/4*1.28Ghz 2*450Mhz 1*750Mhz 360/360
RAM 4 to 16 GB , 4 DIMM 2 GB, 16 DIMM 1 GB 250/512[512/1]
Network 2*10/100/1000 1*10/100 1*10/100 10/100
HDD 4*73(292) ; PCI 6 2*36(72) 2*9 [36GB] [36GB]
SCSI One ultra 320 SCSI(LVD) Singl-ended 68 pin
# /etc/passwd 7 fields User a/c information
<LoginID>:<passwd>:<UID>:<GID>:<Comment>:<home_directory>:<login_shell>
# /etc/shadow 8 fields Security user a/c information
<LoginID>:<password>:<lastchg>:<min>:<max>:<warn>:<inactive>:<expire>
# /etc/group 4 fields Group a/c information
<groupname>:<group-password>:<GID>:<username-list>
# /etc/skel directory containing default files
# /etc/default/passwd setting the passwd again of all users /max, min, pas-lenth

SetUID -: Many executable programs must be run as root, sys or bin to work properly

Sticky Bit -: File can be deleted only by the owner of the file, the owner of the
directory or by root. Others are not deleted.

rpcinfo -: rpcinfo provides information about RPC(Remote Procedure Call) services it

displays the program number, version, protocol, port number service and owner of the
RPC service

Symbolic (soft) link -:A symbolic link is a file that points to another file. i=deferent
Hard link -:A hard link is the association between a file name and an inode. i=same

init S -:
init 1 -:

TOP -: Display top CPU processes

CPU Status: / Memory / Swap : [available, used, free]
PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM TIME CPU Command
NI nice value; PRI Priority of task; STAT s=start; r=running; z=zombic

ps ef -: uid pid ppid c stime tty time cmd

# /etc/vfstab 7 Fields
<device to mount> <device to fsck> <mount point> <FS type> <fsck pass>
<mount at boot> <mount options>
mount options : - rw/ro, bg/fg, soft/hard

System Performance -:
# iostat
# vmstat
# sar
# netstat