Chapter 2

Application Layer

2: Application Layer 1
Some network apps
e-mail voice over IP
web real-time video
instant messaging conferencing
remote login grid computing
P2P file sharing
multi-user network
games
streaming stored video
clips

2: Application Layer 2
Creating a network app application
transport
network
data link

Write programs that physical

run on (different) end

systems
communicate over network
e.g., web server software
communicates with browser
software application

No need to write software

transport
network
data link
for network-core devices
application
physical
transport
network
Network-core devices do data link
physical
not run user applications
applications on end systems
allows for rapid app
development, propagation
2: Application Layer 3
Application architectures
Client-server
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
Hybrid of client-server and P2P

2: Application Layer 4
Client-server architecture
server:
always-on host
permanent IP address
server farms for
scaling
clients:
communicate with server
client/server
may be intermittently
connected
may have dynamic IP
addresses
do not communicate
directly with each other
2: Application Layer 5
Pure P2P architecture
no always-on server
arbitrary end systems
directly communicate peer-peer
peers are intermittently
connected and change IP
addresses

Highly scalable but

difficult to manage

2: Application Layer 6
Hybrid of client-server and P2P
Bit torrent
Skype
Instant messaging

2: Application Layer 7
Processes communicating
What is a process? Client process: process
From OS knowledge that initiates
inter-process communication
communication Server process: process
Process creative
that waits to be
contacted
Process University
applications with P2P
In this course architectures
exchanging Having client and
messages server processes?
Message

2: Application Layer: socket 8

 Sockets

process sends/receives
host or host or
server server
messages to/from its
socket controlled by
app developer
socket analogous to mail process process

box socket socket

TCP with TCP with
buffers, Internet buffers,
variables variables

controlled
by OS

2: Application Layer 9
What transport service does an app
need?
Data loss / Reliable data transfer
Throughput
Timing
Security

2: Application Layer 10
 Transport service requirements of common apps

Application Data loss Throughput Time Sensitive

file transfer
e-mail
Web documents
real-time audio/video

stored audio/video
interactive games
instant messaging

2: Application Layer 11
 Transport service requirements of common apps

Application Data loss Throughput Time Sensitive

file transfer no loss elastic no

e-mail no loss elastic no
Web documents no loss elastic no
real-time audio/video loss-tolerant audio: 5kbps-1Mbps yes, 100s msec
video:10kbps-5Mbps
stored audio/video loss-tolerant same as above yes, few secs
interactive games loss-tolerant few kbps up yes, 100s msec
instant messaging no loss elastic yes and no

2: Application Layer 12
Internet transport protocols services
TCP service:
connection-oriented: setup
required between client and
server processes
reliable transport between
sending and receiving process
flow control: sender wont
overwhelm receiver
congestion control: throttle
sender when network
overloaded
does not provide: timing,
minimum throughput
guarantees, security
UDP service:
unreliable data transfer
between sending and
receiving process
does not provide:
connection setup,
reliability, flow control,
congestion control, timing,
throughput guarantee, or
security
Q: why bother? Why is
there a UDP?
2: Application Layer 13
Internet apps: application, transport protocols

Application Underlying
Application layer protocol transport protocol

e-mail SMTP [RFC 2821] TCP

remote terminal access Telnet [RFC 854] TCP
Web HTTP [RFC 2616] TCP
file transfer FTP [RFC 959] TCP
streaming multimedia HTTP (eg Youtube), TCP or UDP
RTP [RFC 1889]
Internet telephony SIP, RTP, proprietary
(e.g., Skype) typically UDP

2: Application Layer 14
Application-Layer Protocols
We know that a socket is used to send
network data
How these data are constructed?

2: Application Layer 15
App-layer protocol defines
Types of messages Public-domain protocols:
exchanged, defined in RFCs
e.g., request, response allows for
Message syntax: interoperability
what fields in messages &
e.g., HTTP, SMTP
how fields are delineated
Proprietary protocols:
Message semantics
meaning of information in
e.g., Skype
fields
Rules for when and how
processes send &
respond to messages
2: Application Layer 16
Distributed applications
Web and HTTP
File transfers protocol
Mail
DNS
P2P applications

2: Application Layer 17
Web and HTTP
A Web page consists of objects
Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java
applet, audio file,
Web page consists of base HTML-file which
includes several referenced objects
Each object is addressable by a URL
Example URL:

www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif

host name path name

2: Application Layer 18
HTTP overview

HTTP: hypertext
transfer protocol
Webs application layer PC running
protocol Explorer

client/server model
client: browser that
requests, receives, Server
displays Web objects running
Apache Web
server: Web server
server
sends objects in
response to requests
Mac running
Navigator

2: Application Layer 19
HTTP overview (continued)
Uses TCP:
client initiates TCP
connection (creates socket)
to server, port 80
Protocols that maintain
HTTP is stateless
server maintains no
information about
past client requests
aside
state are complex!
past history (state) must
be maintained
if server/client crashes,
their views of state may
be inconsistent, must be
reconciled
2: Application Layer 20
HTTP connections
Nonpersistent HTTP Persistent HTTP
At most one object is Multiple objects can
sent over a TCP be sent over single
connection. TCP connection
between client and
server.

2: Application Layer 21
 Nonpersistent HTTP
Suppose user enters URL
www.someSchool.edu/someDepartment/home.index
1a. HTTP client initiates TCP
connection to HTTP server
(process) at
www.someSchool.edu on port 80
2. HTTP client sends HTTP
request message (containing
URL) into TCP connection
socket. Message indicates
that client wants object
someDepartment/home.index
time
(contains text,
references to 10
jpeg images)
1b. HTTP server at host
www.someSchool.edu waiting
for TCP connection at port 80.
accepts connection, notifying
client
3. HTTP server receives request
message, forms response
message containing requested
object, and sends message
into its socket
2: Application Layer 22
 Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.)

4. HTTP server closes TCP

connection.
5. HTTP client receives response
message containing html file,
displays html. Parsing html
file, finds 10 referenced jpeg
objects
time 6. Steps 1-5 repeated for each
of 10 jpeg objects

2: Application Layer 23
Non-Persistent HTTP: Response time
Definition of RTT: time for
a small packet to travel
from client to server
and back. initiate TCP
connection
Response time: RTT
one RTT to initiate TCP request
file
connection time to
RTT
transmit
one RTT for HTTP file
request and first few file
received
bytes of HTTP response
to return time time
file transmission time
total = 2RTT+transmit time
2: Application Layer 24
Persistent HTTP
Nonpersistent HTTP issues:
requires 2 RTTs per object
OS overhead for each TCP
connection
browsers often open parallel
TCP connections to fetch
referenced objects
Persistent HTTP
server leaves connection
open after sending
response
subsequent HTTP messages
between same
client/server sent over
open connection
client sends requests as
soon as it encounters a
referenced object
as little as one RTT for all
the referenced objects
2: Application Layer 25
 HTTP request message

two types of HTTP messages: request, response

HTTP request message:
ASCII (human-readable format)

request line
(GET, POST, GET /somedir/page.html HTTP/1.1
HEAD commands) Host: www.someschool.edu
User-agent: Mozilla/4.0
header Connection: close
lines Accept-language:fr

Carriage return,
line feed (extra carriage return, line feed)
indicates end
of message
2: Application Layer 26
Uploading form input
Post method:
Web page often
includes form input URL method:
Input is uploaded to Uses GET method
server in entity body Input is uploaded in
URL field of request
line:

www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana

2: Application Layer 27
HTTP response message
status line
(protocol
status code HTTP/1.1 200 OK
status phrase) Connection close
Date: Thu, 06 Aug 1998 12:00:15 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix)
header
Last-Modified: Mon, 22 Jun 1998 ...
lines
Content-Length: 6821
Content-Type: text/html

data, e.g., data data data data data ...

requested
HTML file

2: Application Layer 28
 Trying out HTTP (client side) for yourself

1. Telnet to your favorite Web server:

telnet tulip.bu.ac.th 80 Opens TCP connection to port 80
(default HTTP server port) at tulip.bu.ac.th
Anything typed in sent
to port 80 at tulip.bu.ac.th

2. Type in a GET HTTP request:

GET /~thirapon.w/ HTTP/1.1 By typing this in (hit carriage
Host: tulip.bu.ac.th return twice), you send
this minimal (but complete)
GET request to HTTP server

3. Look at response message sent by HTTP server!

2: Application Layer 29
 Cookies: keeping state
client server
ebay 8734
usual http request msg
Amazon server
cookie file usual http response creates ID
Set-cookie: 1678 1678 for user create
ebay 8734 entry
amazon 1678
usual http request msg
cookie: 1678 cookie- access
specific
one week later: usual http response msg action backend
database
access
ebay 8734 usual http request msg
amazon 1678 cookie: 1678 cookie-
spectific
usual http response msg action

2: Application Layer 30
 Web caches (proxy server)
Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server

user sets browser: origin

server
Web accesses via
cache Proxy
browser sends all server
client
HTTP requests to
cache
object in cache: cache
returns object
else cache requests
object from origin client
origin
server, then returns server
object to client
2: Application Layer 31
More about Web caching
Why Web caching?
reduce response time
for client request
reduce traffic on an
institutions access
link.
Internet dense with
caches: enables poor
content providers to
effectively deliver
content (but so does
P2P file sharing)

2: Application Layer 32
No caching
Assumptions origin
average object size =
servers
1,000,000 bits public
avg. request rate from Internet

institutions browsers to
origin servers = 15/sec
delay from institutional 15 Mbps
router to any origin server access link
and back to router = 2 sec institutional
network
Consequences 100 Mbps LAN

Traffic intensity aL/R

On access Link = 15*1M/15M = 1
On LAN 15*1M/100M = 0.15 institutional
total delay = Internet delay + cache
access delay + LAN delay
= 2 sec + minutes + milliseconds 2: Application Layer 33
Solution 1: upgrade access link
origin
possible solution servers
increase bandwidth of access
public
link to, say, 100 Mbps Internet
consequence
On access link 15*1M/100M =
0.15
100 Mbps
On LAN 15*1M/100M = 0.15 access link
Total delay = Internet delay + institutional
access delay + LAN delay network
100 Mbps LAN
= 2 sec + msecs + msecs
often a costly upgrade

institutional
Not good solution for the
cache
future

2: Application Layer 34
Solution 2: caching
origin
possible solution: install servers
cache public
suppose hit rate is 0.4 Internet
consequence
40% requests will be
satisfied almost immediately
15 Mbps
60% requests satisfied by
access link
origin server
10 msec for LAN access institutional
delay network
100 Mbps LAN
total avg delay
= Internet delay + access
delay + LAN delay
institutional
= 0.4 * 0.01 + 0.6 (2 + 0.01) cache

2: Application Layer 35
Caching summery
No caching
2 sec + minutes + milliseconds

Solution 1: the upgrade

2 sec + msecs + msecs 2 sec
Solution 2: caching
0.4 * 0.01 + 0.6 (2 + 0.01) 1.21 sec
Hit rate of 70%
0.7 * 0.01 + 0.3 (2 + 0.01) 0.61 sec

2: Application Layer 36
 Conditional GET and Caching

Goal: dont send object if cache server

cache has up-to-date cached HTTP request msg
version
object
If-modified-since:
cache: specify date of
<date>
not
cached copy in HTTP request modified
HTTP response
If-modified-since:
HTTP/1.0
<date> 304 Not Modified
server: response contains no
object if cached copy is up-
HTTP request msg
to-date: If-modified-since:
HTTP/1.0 304 Not <date> object
Modified modified
HTTP response
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
<data>
2: Application Layer 37
Example
C: GET /fruit/kiwi.gif HTTP/1.1
Host: www.exotiquecuisine.com

S: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 7 Jul 2007 15:39:29
Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix)
Last-Modified: Wed, 4 Jul 2007 9:23:24
Content-Type: image/gif
(data)

C: GET /fruit/kiwi.gif HTTP/1.1

Host: www.exotiquecuisine.com
If-Modified-since: Wed, 4 Jul 2007 09:23:24

S: HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified

Date: Sat, 14 Jul 2007 12:09:12
Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix)
(Empty) 2: Application Layer 38
FTP: the file transfer protocol

FTP file transfer

FTP FTP
user client server
interface
user
at host remote file
local file system
system

transfer file to/from remote host

client/server model
client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from
remote)
server: remote host
ftp: RFC 959
ftp server: port 21

2: Application Layer 39
FTP: separate control, data connections
TCP control connection
FTP client contacts FTP server port 21
at port 21, TCP is transport
protocol TCP data connection
FTP port 20 FTP
client server

control connection: out of

band
FTP server maintains state:
current directory, earlier
authentication

2: Application Layer 40
FTP commands, responses
Sample commands:
sent as ASCII text over
control channel
USER username
PASS password
LIST return list of file in
current directory
RETR filename retrieves
(gets) file
STOR filename stores
(puts) file onto remote
host
Sample return codes
status code and phrase (as
in HTTP)
331 Username OK,
password required
125 data connection
already open;
transfer starting
425 Cant open data
connection
452 Error writing
file
2: Application Layer 41
Electronic Mail outgoing
message queue
user mailbox
user
Three major components: agent
user agents mail
user
server
mail servers agent
simple mail transfer SMTP mail
protocol: SMTP server user
SMTP agent
User Agent
a.k.a. mail reader SMTP
mail user
composing, editing, reading agent
server
mail messages
e.g., Eudora, Outlook, elm, user
Mozilla Thunderbird agent
user
outgoing, incoming messages agent
stored on server
2: Application Layer 42
Electronic Mail: mail servers
user
Mail Servers agent
mailbox contains incoming mail
user
messages for user server
agent
message queue of outgoing
SMTP
(to be sent) mail messages mail
server user
SMTP protocol between mail
servers to send email SMTP agent

messages SMTP
client: sending mail mail user
agent
server server
server: receiving mail
user
server agent
user
agent

2: Application Layer 43
Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]

uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from client

to server, port 25
direct transfer: sending server to receiving server
three phases of transfer
handshaking (greeting)
transfer of messages
closure
command/response interaction
commands: ASCII text
response: status code and phrase

messages must be in 7-bit ASCII

2: Application Layer 44
Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob
1) Alice uses UA to compose
message and to
bob@someschool.edu
2) Alices UA sends message
to her mail server; message
placed in message queue
3) Client side of SMTP opens
TCP connection with Bobs
mail server
4) SMTP client sends Alices
message over the TCP
connection
5) Bobs mail server places the
message in Bobs mailbox
6) Bob invokes his user agent
to read message

1 mail
mail
server user
user server
2 agent
agent 3 6
4 5

2: Application Layer 45
Sample SMTP interaction
S: 220 hamburger.edu
C: HELO crepes.fr
S: 250 Hello crepes.fr, pleased to meet you
C: MAIL FROM: <alice@crepes.fr>
S: 250 alice@crepes.fr... Sender ok
C: RCPT TO: <bob@hamburger.edu>
S: 250 bob@hamburger.edu ... Recipient ok
C: DATA
S: 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
C: Do you like ketchup?
C: How about pickles?
C: .
S: 250 Message accepted for delivery
C: QUIT
S: 221 hamburger.edu closing connection

2: Application Layer 46
Try SMTP interaction for yourself:

telnet servername 25
see 220 reply from server
enter HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT
commands
above lets you send email without using email client
(reader)

2: Application Layer 47
DNS: Domain Name System

Thinking of a Domain Name System:

phonebook Distributed database
Hierarchical architecture

IP address (32 bit)

to name Service provided by DNS
Host aliasing
www.yahoo.com - used by
humans Mail server aliasing
Load distribution
Set of IP addresses returned

2: Application Layer 48
DNS
Why not centralize DNS?
single point of failure
traffic volume
distant centralized
database
maintenance

doesnt scale!

2: Application Layer 49
Types of DNS servers
Root Servers:
Entry access server
Top-level domain (TLD) servers:
responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all
top-level country domains uk, fr, ca, jp.
Authoritative DNS servers:
organizations DNS servers
can be maintained by organization or service
provider

2: Application Layer 50
 DNS: Root name servers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nameserver
Duplicated root servers

a Verisign, Dulles, VA
c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA)
d U Maryland College Park, MD k RIPE London (also 16 other locations)
g US DoD Vienna, VA
h ARL Aberdeen, MD i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus
j Verisign, ( 21 locations) 28 other locations)
e NASA Mt View, CA m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul,
f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, Paris, SF)
CA (and 36 other locations)

13 root name
servers worldwide
b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA
l ICANN Los Angeles, CA

2: Application Layer 51
Distributed, Hierarchical Database
Root DNS Servers

com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers

pbs.org poly.edu umass.edu

yahoo.com amazon.com
DNS servers DNS serversDNS servers
DNS servers DNS servers

Client wants IP for www.amazon.com

client queries a root server to find com DNS server
client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com
DNS server
client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP
address for www.amazon.com
2: Application Layer 52
Local Name Server
Does not strictly belong to the hierarchy
Each ISP (residential ISP, company,
university) has one.
also called default name server
When host makes DNS query, query is sent
to its local DNS server
Acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy

2: Application Layer 53
DNS name root DNS server

resolution example
2
Host at cis.poly.edu 3
TLD DNS server
wants IP address for 4
gaia.cs.umass.edu 5

iterated query: local DNS server

dns.poly.edu
contacted server 7 6
replies with name of 1 8
server to contact
authoritative DNS server
I dont know this
dns.cs.umass.edu
name, but ask this requesting host
server cis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

2: Application Layer 54
DNS name
resolution example root DNS server

recursive query: 2 3
puts burden of name 6
7
resolution on
TLD DNS server
contacted name
server
heavy load? local DNS server
dns.poly.edu 5 4

1 8

authoritative DNS server

dns.cs.umass.edu
requesting host
cis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

2: Application Layer 55
 http://network-tools.com/nslook/Default.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNS_record_types
DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR)
RR format: (name, value, type, ttl)

Type=A Type=CNAME
name is hostname name is alias name for some
value is IP address canonical (the real) name
www.ibm.com is really
Type=NS
servereast.backup2.ibm.com
name is domain (e.g.
value is canonical name
foo.com)
value is hostname of
Type=MX
authoritative name
value is name of mailserver
server for this domain
associated with name

2: Application Layer 56
Inserting records into DNS
example: new startup Network Utopia
register name networkuptopia.com at DNS registrar
(e.g., Network Solutions)
provide names, IP addresses of authoritative name server
(primary and secondary)
registrar inserts two RRs into com TLD server:

(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS)

(dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)

create authoritative server Type A record for

www.networkuptopia.com; Type MX record for
networkutopia.com
How do people get IP address of your Web site?

2: Application Layer 57
 Pure P2P architecture
Three topics:
File distribution
Distributed Hash Table
(DHT) peer-peer
Case Study: Skype

2: Application Layer 58
File Distribution: Server-Client vs P2P
Question : How much time to distribute file
from one server to N peers?
us: server upload
bandwidth
Server
ui: peer i upload
u1 d1 u2 bandwidth
us d2
di: peer i download
File, size F bandwidth
dN
Network (with
uN abundant bandwidth)

2: Application Layer 59
File distribution time: server-client
Server
server sequentially F u1 d1 u2
sends N copies: us d2

NF/us time dN Network (with

abundant bandwidth)
client i takes F/di uN
time to download

Time to distribute F
to N clients using = dcs = max { NF/us, F/min(di) }
i
client/server approach
increases linearly in N
(for large N) 2: Application Layer 60
File distribution time: P2P
Server
server must send one
F u1 d1 u2
copy: F/us time us d2

client i takes F/di time

Network (with
to download
dN
abundant bandwidth)
NF bits must be
uN

downloaded (aggregate)
fastest possible upload rate: us + ui

dP2P = max { F/us, F/min(di) , NF/(us + ui) }

i
2: Application Layer 61
Server-client vs. P2P: example
Client upload rate = u, F/u = 1 hour, us = 10u, dmin us

3.5
P2P
Minimum Distribution Time

3
Client-Server
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

N
2: Application Layer 62
P2P: centralized index
Bob
original Napster design centralized
1) when peer connects, it directory server
1
informs central server: peers

IP address 1

content
1 3
2) Alice queries for Hey
2
Jude 1

3) Alice requests file from

Bob

Alice

2: Application Layer 63
P2P: problems with centralized directory

single point of failure file transfer is

performance bottleneck decentralized, but
copyright infringement:
locating content is
target of lawsuit is highly centralized
obvious

2: Application Layer 64
Query flooding
fully distributed overlay network: graph
no central server edge between peer X
used by Gnutella and Y if theres a TCP
Each peer indexes the connection
files it makes available all active peers and
for sharing (and no edges form overlay net
other files)
edge: virtual (not
physical) link
given peer typically
connected with < 10
overlay neighbors

2: Application Layer 65
Query flooding
File transfer:
Query message HTTP
sent over existing TCP
connections
Query
peers forward
QueryHit
Query message
QueryHit
sent over
reverse
path
Query
QueryHit

Scalability:
limited scope
flooding
2: Application Layer 66
Hierarchical Overlay
between centralized
index, query flooding
approaches
each peer is either a
super node or assigned to
a super node
TCP connection between
peer and its super node.
TCP connections between
some pairs of super nodes. ordinary peer

Super node tracks content group-leader peer

in its children neighoring relationships

in overlay network

2: Application Layer 67
P2P Case study: Skype
Skype clients (SC)
inherently P2P: pairs
of users communicate.
proprietary Skype
application-layer login server Supernode
protocol (inferred via (SN)
reverse engineering)
hierarchical overlay
with SNs
Index maps usernames
to IP addresses;
distributed over SNs

2: Application Layer 68
Peers as relays
Problem when both
Alice and Bob are
behind NATs.
NAT prevents an outside
peer from initiating a call
to insider peer
Solution:
Using Alices and Bobs
SNs, Relay is chosen
Each peer initiates
session with relay.
Peers can now
communicate through
NATs via relay

2: Application Layer 69
Distributed Hash Table (DHT)
DHT = distributed P2P database
Database has (key, value) pairs;
key: ss number; value: human name
key: content type; value: IP address

Peers query DB with key

DB returns values that match the key

Peers can also insert (key, value) peers

DHT Identifiers
Assign integer identifier to each peer in range
[0,2n-1].
Each identifier can be represented by n bits.
Require each key to be an integer in same range.
To get integer keys, hash original key.
eg, key = h(Led Zeppelin IV)
This is why they call it a distributed hash table
How to assign keys to peers?
Central issue:
Assigning (key, value) pairs to peers.

Rule: assign key to the peer that has the

closest ID.
Convention in lecture: closest is the
immediate successor of the key.
Ex: n=4; peers: 1,3,4,5,8,10,12,14;
key = 13, then successor peer = 14
key = 15, then successor peer = 1
Circular DHT (1)
1

15 3

4
12
5
10
8
Each peer only aware of immediate successor
and predecessor.
Overlay network
 Circle DHT (2)

O(N) messages 0001 Whos resp

on avg to resolve for key 1110 ?
I am
query, when there 0011
are N peers
1111
1110

1110 0100
1110

1100
1110
1110 0101
Define closest 1110

as closest 1010
successor 1000
Circular DHT with Shortcuts
1 Whos resp
for key 1110?
3
15

4
12
5
10
8
Each peer keeps track of IP addresses of predecessor,
successor, short cuts.
Reduced from 6 to 2 messages.
Possible to design shortcuts so O(log N) neighbors, O(log
N) messages in query
Peer Churn
1
To handle peer churn, require

15 3 each peer to know the IP address

of its two successors.
Each peer periodically pings its
4 two successors to see if they
12 are still alive.
5
10
8
Peer 5 abruptly leaves
Peer 4 detects; makes 8 its immediate successor;
asks 8 who its immediate successor is; makes 8s
immediate successor its second successor.
What if peer 13 wants to join?
Chapter 2: Summary
our study of network apps now complete!
application architectures specific protocols:
client-server HTTP

P2P FTP

hybrid SMTP, POP, IMAP

DNS
application service
P2P: BitTorrent, Skype
requirements:
reliability, bandwidth,
delay
Internet transport
service model
connection-oriented,
reliable: TCP
unreliable, datagrams: UDP
2: Application Layer 77
Chapter 2: Summary
Most importantly: learned about protocols

typical request/reply Important themes:

message exchange:
client requests info or
service
server responds with
data, status code
message formats:
headers: fields giving
info about data
data: info being
communicated
control vs. data msgs
in-band, out-of-band
centralized vs.
decentralized
stateless vs. stateful
reliable vs. unreliable
msg transfer
complexity at network
edge
2: Application Layer 78
Homework
Chapter 2 Discussion questions
P8 D1
P9
D5
P16

Download instruction
from book website
Do HTTP lab
Do DNS lab

2: Application Layer 79