Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Energy Conversion/Creation :
Mechanical to Electrical
Submitted By
RAVINDRA LANJEWAR NABEL KHAN
Submitted By
Acknowledgement
2
We are very happy for submitting the project report on
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy.
Completing a task is never a one-man effort. It is always a result of
invaluable contribution of a number of individuals in a direct or indirect
manner. The successful culmination of our efforts reminds us of our
debtless towards our venerated guide Prof. R.K.LOHE SIR for his
valuable guidance and thought provoking encouragement throughout the
project. He has given his valuable advice in the hour of need and
provided the requisite facilities for the completion of the project work. We
are grateful to Prof. R.K.LOHE SIR Program Co-coordinator of Y.C.M.O.U
study center NYSS Nagpur, for their valuable advises and facilities
provided by them, which paved the way of successful completion of this
project. We are taking this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to
Prof. R.K.LOHE SIR for providing us with required laboratory facilities and
cooperation offered to us from time to time. Last but not least we salute
with regard and esteem to all our friends and colleagues who directly and
indirectly helped us to complete our project successfully.
Submitted with regards.
***
PROJECTEE
INDEX
3
Sr. No. Chapter Name Page No.
9. Applications 69
12. References 74
Abstract
4
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. In
concept of the project is utilized the abundant mechanical energy available in
magnets, harness it effective work output. I am also need to bring the change
in energy utilization and trying to minimize the load on conventional energy
resources. Here I am trying to use magnets to charge battery and it will be
used in various applications.
This model can utilized in all the seasons there are various drawback in
non-conventional energy i.e. solar, wind which will cannot work all the time, but
my model will work all the time 24X7X365 day non stop. The magnetic energy
is used to rotate the wheels which are connected to permanent magnet
generator the magnetic energy thus trapped and converted to electricity.
5
Introduction
6
Introduction
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. In
concept of the project is utilized the abundant mechanical energy available in
magnets. Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his
sustenance and wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years
ago. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted.
Proposal for the utilization of free energy from using magnets is very much
relevant and important for populated country like India. In this project I am
generating electrical energy by using the magnets. By using magnets &
generator we get energy from this method. This method is called magnetic
generator method in this method we get near 12 V voltages. This is more
convenient method to produce energy with no pollution.
Now we are living in a modern world. All the appliances need energy to
run. Without energy we cant do anything. Though our country is a developing
country, there is a shortage in power generation. Normally in most of the
developed country, they are using this type of magnetic generator in big size
for home appliances. But developing country like India it does not reach well.
Power cut is major problem in our country. To eliminate power cut we have to
go for this method. Some of the industries are using this method in large size.
This method plays major role because no use of fuel or energy we can
generate power. India like large country needs more energy when compared to
small country. But our power generation is low. So that our country cant give
24 hours power supply. That is what we are going for new methods to make
free energy.
My project is to design and fabricate the magnetic generator. This is very
cheapest way to make energy. Here magnets are used to drive the wheel. The
wheels are attached to generator which creates the power. This is portable and
small in size.
7
Objectives of the project
Magnetic Power Generator - Generate Electricity
Saving money:
The amount you can save by building the magnetic power generator
can vary. If you decide to build the generator as a supplement to your current
electrical installation, i.e. partially power your household, you can easily save
anywhere in the range of 30-50%. This means that your power bill will reduce
by 30-50%.If you decide to implement a magnetic power generator on a full-
scale; it will independently power your household meaning that you won't
have to pay anything to the power company. The magnetic power generator
will work by itself perpetually and generate 100% free electric energy.
9
Working
Principle
10
The Principle : Electricity Generation By Employing Repulsion
Magnetic Technique in Rotating Machines.
I. INTRODUCTION
The repulsive-type magnetic system has been employed so far in
bearing and levitation systems alone. Due to the scarcity of power generation,
much modern technique must be employed for power production in this world.
This proposed work states the new invention of producing free energy from
repulsive type magnetic system for power generation. The technique is very
effective and cost enough. This generated power can be used in all kind of
applications, specifically in this paper the generated power is fed to UPS. The
UPS is indispensable in the critical loads such as on-line system for banks,
life-supporting system, etc. This proposed work UPS are same. The input
source of the Voltage controlled voltage source inverters are widely used in
power supplies, power quality controllers, renewable energy, marine and
military applications. They are at the heart of applications requiring an AC
supply from a DC source. Therefore it is important that they are designed to
be robust and efficient, especially in remote areas and renewable energy
applications where inverter failure can cause inconvenience and the available
energy is limited. The design of inverters can be improved using software
packages suitable for this application. A repulsive-type magnet, usually the
rotor is levitated by the repulsive forces between stator and rotor permanent
12
magnets. The system is unstable in nature. The controlled Magnet is used to
keep the rotor in the desired position. The repulsive Magnet wheel system
13
Figure 1. Block diagram The machine drives any load this rotational energy
can be used as a source of free energy for power generation as a by-product.
For the generation of free energy a new technique known as repulsive
17
Preparing
Material
18
Magnets
A magnet is an object made of certain materials which create a magnetic
field. Every magnet has at least one North Pole and one South Pole. By
convention, we say that the magnetic field lines leave the North end of a
magnet and enter the South end of a magnet. This is an example of a
magnetic. If you take a bar magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will
again have a North Pole and a South Pole. If you take one of those pieces and
break it into two, each of the smaller pieces will have a North Pole and a South
Pole. No matter how small the pieces of the magnet become, each piece will
have a North Pole and a South Pole. It has not been shown to be possible to
end up with a single North Pole or a single South Pole which is a monopole.
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a
magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and
attracts or repels other magnets. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet
used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The Materials that can be
magnetized which are also the one that are strongly attracted to a magnet.
Although for many purposes it is convenient to think of a magnet as having
distinct north and south magnetic poles, the concept of poles should not
betaken literally: it is merely a way of referring to the two different ends of a
magnet.
The magnet does not have distinct north or south particles on opposing
sides. If a bar magnet is broken into two pieces, in an attempt to separate the
19
north and south poles, the result will be two bar magnets, each of which has
both a north and south pole.
HISTORY- MAGNETS
The ancient Greeks and Chinese discovered that certain rare stones,
called lodestones, were naturally magnetized. These stones could attract
small pieces of iron in a magical way, and were found to always point in the
same direction when allowed to swing freely suspended by a piece of string.
The name comes from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece. People
believed that there were whole islands of a magnetic nature that could attract
ships by virtue of the iron nails used in their construction. Ships that thus
disappeared at sea were believed to have been mysteriously pulled by these
islands. Archimedes is purported to have used loadstones to remove nails
from enemy ships thus sinking them.
People soon realized that magnetite not only attracted objects made of
iron, but when made into the shape of a needle and floated on water,
magnetite always pointed in a north-south direction creating a primitive
compass. This led to an alternative name for magnetite, that of lodestone or
"leading stone. For many years following the discovery of lodestone
magnetism was just acurious natural phenomenon. The Chinese developed
the mariner's compass some 4500 years ago. The earliest mariner's
compass comprised a splinter of loadstone carefully floated on the surface
tension of water.
TYPES OF MAGNETISM
The term magnet is typically reserved for objects that produce their
own persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied magnetic
20
field. Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most materials, however,
produce magnetic field in response to an applied magnetic field; a
phenomenon known as magnetism. There are several types of magnetism,
and all materials exhibit at loadstone of them. The overall magnetic behavior
1) Ferromagnetism
2) Diamagnetism
3) Para magnetism
There are various other types of magnetism. They are given below,
1) Spin glass
2) Super Para magnetism
3) Super diamagnetism
4) Meta magnetism
FERROMAGNETISM
21
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials
(such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In
physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished.
Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetisms) is the strongest type; it is the
only type that creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for
the
PERMANENT MAGNET
These magnets are permanent in the sense that once they have been
magnetized they retain a certain degree of magnetism. Permanent magnets
are generally made of ferromagnetic material. Such material consists of atoms
and molecules that each have a magnetic field and are positioned to reinforce
each other.
MAGNETIC MOMENT
MAGNETIZATION
24
or 1106 m3,and therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000
A/m. Iron can have amagnetization of around a million amperes per meter.
Such a large value explainswhy iron magnets are so effective at producing
magnetic fields.
DEMAGNETIZING
A. Heating a magnet past its Curie temperature; the molecular motion
destroys the alignment of the magnetic domains. This always removes all
magnetization.
N SN
Magnetism Basics
26
A year later, Davy took Faraday with him on an
extended tour of Europe. Just a decade later in 1824,
Faraday had earned the honor of being elected to the
Royal Society and a year later was appointed director
of the laboratory at the Royal Institution and would
eventually succeed Davy as a
professor of Chemistry. In his career, Faraday was the recipient of many
scientific honors such as the Royal and Rumford medals of the Royal Society.
Faraday was most known as the experimental scientist of his day was in
the fields of electricity and magnetism. In 1821, he had plotted the magnetic
field around a conductor carrying an electric current. Ten years later, Faraday
discovered Magnetic induction and demonstrated the induction of one electric
current by another.
In 1831 Faraday followed this accomplishment with the discovery of
Magnetic induction and in the same year demonstrated the induction of one
electric current by another. The famed inventor created the first electric
generator, called the dynamo, as well as the first electric motor. The
importance of these discoveries will be explained in more detail in Chapter 2
when we discuss the connection between Electricity and Magnetism.
27
Energy can't be created and it can't be destroyed; it can only be
transferred or converted. Something may be able to run itself for a while but
nothing so far has been able to run by itself forever.
There are a few successful beginning attempts at the ability to create
electricity for free using Magnets. One example is the Perepiteia machine, a
perpetual motion generator developed by the Canadian inventor Thane Heins
which is currently raising some attention as a potential perpetual motion
machine or over-uni-ty generator.
What is Magnetism?
28
The term magnetism comes from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly,
Greece. Magnetism occurs when materials attractive or repulse from other
materials. It is also often explained as a physical property of an object that
shows attraction for elements such as iron.
Magnetic Poles
It is important to understand that a magnetic force is not uniform. There is a
great concentration of force on each end of a magnet with a weak force found
in the middle. A simple demonstration to prove this is to dip a magnet into iron
fillings. You will see that these iron fillings will cling to both ends of the magnet
with very few in the middle. Each of these two ends is called the magnetic
poles. Magnets have two magnetic poles and they each have equal magnetic
strength.
Every magnet has one North Pole and South Pole. A great example of the
everyday use of magnetism is in ocean travel. Sailors use the natural magnetic
field of the earth to determine their course of direction by using a compass that
contains a freely rotating magnetized needle that points automatically towards
the North Pole of the earth. The north pole of a magnet will always be attracted
to the south pole of another magnet and will show repulsion to a north pole.
The law for magnetic poles explains that like poles repel while unlike poles
attract.
Magnetic Forces
The magnetic lines of force have many important properties. They attempt to
form closed loops from pole to pole never crossing paths with one another.
Magnetic forces all have the same strength and are considered to have
flowing direction yet no actual movement occurs.
Magnetic Fields
29
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces
act as a magnetic field that extends from one pole to another creating a loop
around the magnet.
This can be seen through a simple demonstration using a simple
magnet and piece of glass.
1. Place a piece of glass over a bar magnet and sprinkle iron fillings over the
surface of the glass. (The magnetizing force of the magnet can be felt
through the glass, and each of the iron fillings now become a temporary
magnet).
2. Next, tap the glass gently and the iron fillings will align themselves with the
magnetic field of the magnet in a definite pattern.
3. From this simple demonstration, you see that the magnetic fields near the
poles are very strong due to many more iron fillings in those areas from one
pole to the other creating a loop around the magnet.
What is an Magnet?
An Magnet is a magnet that runs on electricity and the strength of it can be
changed by changing the amount of electric current that runs through it.
Therefore, the poles of an Magnet can be reversed simply by reversing the
flow of electricity. An Magnet works because an electric current produces a
magnetic field. By using a few household items, you can create an Magnet.
1. Wrap a copper wire from one end to the other around a nail in tightly
wound circles. Make sure you leave a one each piece of wire on each end
and make sure you cover the entire nail. (You have now created a magnet!)
2. Place each end of the extra wire to the one of the diodes of a battery. This
will send an electric current through the wires and create a magnetic field.
30
Design &
Development
FABRICATION OF MODULE
31
Magnet
LED
Dynamo 12V
Wire
32
Base plate
33
Welded Frame vertical with Frame Base
Working on Design
Development -1 : Mandrill
34
Development -2 : Wheel Mounting on Mandrill
35
Development -3 : Wheel Assembly Mounting on Frame
Working on Design
36
Development -4 : Assembly on Frame
37
Development -5 : Full Assembly on Frame
38
Development -6 : Magnet Fixing
39
Development -7 : Dynamo & LED Mounting
40
Development -7 : Multimeter Reading
41
Design &
Development
SPECIFICATION OF VARIOUS
PARTS USED IN FABRICATION OF MODULE
42
A. Bearings: 04 Nos
6202Z Single Shield Ball Bearings 15mm x 35mm x 11mm
B. Dynamo : 01 Nos
RS555 DC Hobby Motor Turbine Generator 12 V
5500 RPM High Torque
43
Specifications:
Theory:
A DC machine can run either as a motor or as a generator. A motor
converts electrical power into mechanical power while a generator converts
mechanical power into electrical power. A generator must, therefore, be
mechanically driven in order that it may produce electricity. Since the field
winding is an Magnet, current must flow through it to produce a magnetic field.
This current is called the excitation current, and can be supplied to the field
winding in one of two-way: it can come from a separate, external dc source, in
which case the generator is called a separately excited generator; or it can
come from the generator's own output, in which case the generator is called a
self-excited generator. Assume that the shunt field is excited by a dc current,
thereby setting up a magnetic flux in the generator. If the rotor (or more
correctly, the armature) is rotated by applying mechanical effort to the shaft,
the armature coils will cut the magnetic flux, and a voltage will be induced in
them. This voltage is ac and in order to get dc out of the generator, a rectifier
must be employed. This role is carried out by the commutator and the brushes.
The voltage induced in the coils (and, therefore, the dc voltage at the brushes)
44
depends only upon two things - the speed of rotation and the strength of the
magnetic field. If the speed is doubled, the voltage doubles. If the field strength
is increased by 20%, the voltage also increases by 20%.
Although separate excitation requires a separate dc power source, it is
useful in cases where a generator must respond quickly and precisely to an
external control source, or when the output voltage must be varied over a wide
range. With no electrical load connected to the generator, no current flows and
only a voltage appears at the output. But if a resistance load is connected
across the output, current will flow and the generator will begin to deliver
electric power to the load.
The machine driving the generator must then furnish additional
mechanical power to the generator. This is often accompanied by increased
Noise and vibration of the motor and the generator, together with a drop
in speed. The separately excited generator has many applications. However,
it does have the disadvantage that a separate direct current power source is
needed to excite the shunt field. This is costly and sometimes inconvenient;
and the self-excited DC generator is often more suitable. In a self-excited
generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may be
connected across the output, in series with the output, or a combination of the
two.
All of the above generators can have identical construction. Self-
excitation is possible because of the residual magnetism in the stator pole
pieces. As the armature rotates a small voltage is induced across its windings.
When the field winding is connected in parallel (shunt)with the armature a
small field current will flow. If this small field current is flowing in the proper
direction, the residual magnetism will be reinforced which further increases the
armature voltage and thus, a rapid voltage buildup occurs. If the field current
flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will be reduced and
45
voltage build-up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging the shunt field leads
will correct the situation.
Self-excited shunt generators have the disadvantage in that changes in their
load current from no-load to full-load cause their output voltage to change also.
Their poor voltage regulation is due to three factors:
a) The magnetic field strength drops as the armature voltage drops, which
further reduces the magnetic field strength, which in turn reduces the
armature voltage etc.
b) The armature voltage drop (I2R losses) from no-load to full-load.
c) The running speed of the driving motor may change with load. (This is
particularly true of internal combustion engines and induction motors).The two
field windings (shunt and series) on the compound generator are connected
so that their magnetic fields aid each other.
Thus, when the load current increases, the current through the shunt
field winding decreases reducing the strength of the magnetic field. However, if
the same increase in load current is made to flow through the series field
winding, it will increase the strength of the magnetic field. With the proper
number of turns in the series winding, the increase in magnetic strength will
compensate for the decrease caused by the shunt winding. The combined
magnetic field strength remains almost unchanged and little change in output
voltage will take place as the load goes from no load to full-load.
If the series field is connected so that the armature current flows in such
a direction as to oppose the shunt field, we obtain a differential compound
generator. This type of generator has poor regulation, but is useful in
applications such as welding and arc lights where maintaining a constant
output current is more important than a constant output voltage. When the field
winding is connected in series with the armature winding, the generator is
called a series generator. The exciting current through the field winding of a
series generator is the same current the generator delivers to the load. If the
46
load has high resistance, only a minimum output voltage can be generated
because of the minimum field current. On an open circuit, the generator will
only have a minimum output voltage due to its residual magnetism. If the load
draws current, the excitation current increases, the magnetic field becomes
stronger and the generator delivers an output voltage. Therefore, in a series
generator, changes in load current greatly affect the generator output voltage.
A series generator has very poor voltage regulation and is not recommended
for use as a power.
47
48
C. Magnets : 18 X 4 = 72 Nos
N
S
Side 2 9 mm
Side 3 4 mm
Tolerance in size +/- 0,1 mm
Direction of magnetization parallel to side 3
Pole faces 12 x 9 mm
Material NdFeB (Neodymium Iron Boron)
Type of coating Nickel (Ni-Cu-Ni)
Strength approx. 1,5 kg approx. 14,7 N
Weight 1,4592 g
Manufacturing method sintered
Magnetization (Grade) N50
Max. working temperature 80C (poss. lower) *
Curie temperature 310 C
Residual magnetism Br 14000-14600 G 1.40-1.46 T
Coercive field strength bHc 10.8-12.5 kOe 860-995 kA/m
Coercive field strength iHc 12 kOe 955 kA/m
Energy product (BxH)max 47-51 MGOe 374-406 kJ/m3
49
* Based on the dimensions it is possible that this magnet has a reduced
temperature resistance.
3. Safety tips
50
Keep magnets away from devices and objects that could be damaged by
strong magnetic fields.
Caution Combustibility
When machining magnets, the drilling dust could easily ignite.
Stay away from machining magnets or use appropriate tools and sufficient
cooling water.
5. Transportation tips
Caution Airfreight
52
Magnetic fields of improperly packaged magnets could influence airplane
navigation devices In the worst case it could lead to an accident.
Airfreight magnets only in packaging with sufficient magnetic shielding.
Caution Postage
Magnetic fields of improperly packaged magnets could cause disturbances in
sorting machines and damage fragile goods in other packages.
Use a large box and place the magnet in the middle surrounded by lots of
padding material.
Arrange magnets in a package in a way that the magnetic fields neutralise
each other.
If necessary, use sheet iron to shield the magnetic field.
There are stricter rules for airfreight: Refer to the warning notice "Airfreight".
6. Disposal tips
Small amounts of used neodymium magnets can be thrown out with the regular
trash. Larger amounts of magnets need to be recycled as scrap metal.
7. Statutory provisions
Neodymium magnets are not intended for use in or export to the USA, Canada
or Japan. You are strictlyprohibited from directly or indirectly exporting the
neodymium magnets that you received from us or the endproducts that you
produced from those magnets to the countries mentioned above.
D. Belt (mechanical)
53
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more
rotating shafts, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion,
to transmit power efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped
over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need
not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys
normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be
crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite
direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor
belt is one application where the belt is adapted to continuously carry a load
between two points.
Power transmission
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may
not be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed
belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are large
and this has led to many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with
little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with
less strength than gears or chains. However, improvements in belt engineering
allow use of belts in systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.
54
Pros and cons
Belt drive is simple, inexpensive, and does not require axially aligned shafts.
It helps protect the machinery from overload and jam, and damps and isolates
noise and vibration. Load fluctuations are shock-absorbed (cushioned). They
need no lubrication and minimal maintenance. They have high efficiency (90-
98%, usually 95%), high tolerance for misalignment, and are of relatively low
cost if the shafts are far apart. Clutch action is activated by releasing belt
tension. Different speeds can be obtained by step or tapered pulleys.
The angular-velocity ratio may not be constant or equal to that of the pulley
diameters, due to slip and stretch. However, this problem has been largely
solved by the use of toothed belts. Temperatures ranges from 31 F (35 C)
to 185 F (85 C). Adjustment of center distance or addition of an idler pulley
is crucial to compensate for wear and stretch.
Selection criteria
Belt drives are built under the following required conditions: speeds of and
power transmitted between drive and driven unit; suitable distance between
shafts; and appropriate operating conditions. The equation for power is:
55
belt cross sections at particular belt speeds to find a number of arrays that
perform best. Now the pulley diameters are chosen. It is generally either large
diameters or large cross section that are chosen, since, as stated earlier,
larger belts transmit this same power at low belt speeds as smaller belts do at
high speeds. To keep the driving part at its smallest, minimum-diameter
pulleys are desired. Minimum pulley diameters are limited by the elongation of
the belt's outer fibers as the belt wraps around the pulleys. Small pulleys
increase this elongation, greatly reducing belt life. Minimum pulley diameters
are often listed with each cross section and speed, or listed separately by belt
cross section. After the cheapest diameters and belt section are chosen, the
belt length is computed. If endless belts are used, the desired shaft spacing
may need adjusting to accommodate standard length belts. It is often more
economical to use two or more juxtaposed V-belts, rather than one larger belt.
In large speed ratios or small central distances, the angle of contact between
the belt and pulley may be less than 180. If this is the case, the drive power
must be further increased, according to manufacturer's tables, and the
selection process repeated. This is because power capacities are based on
the standard of a 180 contact angle. Smaller contact angles mean less area
for the belt to obtain traction, and thus the belt carries less power.
56
E. LED for Illumination (Output)
Technical Details
Tuff LED Lights 2 X 2" Inch Square 10 Watt Linkable LED Work Light 950
Lumens - Atv, Utv, Off Road Jeep 4x4 E Series Polaris Razor, Yamaha
Rhino - INCLUDES: FREE UNIVERSAL WIREHARNESS WITH INLINE
FUSE, RELAY, AND TUFF LED PILOT TOGGLE SWITCH!!
Very Low Power Consumption
Long life: more than ordinary advanced LED light bulbs, more than
50000 hours + life
Easy to mount comes with hardware - Super Bright with 950 Lumens
57
Magnet
Terminology
58
Glossary of Magnet Terminology
Air Gap - Basically the "external" distance from one pole of the magnet to the
other though a non-magnetic material (usually air).
B/H Curve - The result of plotting the value of the magnetic field (H) that is
applied against the resultant flux density (B) achieved. This curve describes
the qualities of any magnetic material.
BHmax (Maximum Energy Product) - The magnetic field strength at the point
of maximum energy product of a magnetic material. The field strength of fully
saturated magnetic material measured in Mega Gauss Oersteds, MGOe.
59
previously been brought to saturation.
Curie Temperature (Tc) - The temperature at which a magnet loses all of its
magnetic properties.
60
Gauss meter - An instrument used to measure the instantaneous value of
magnetic induction, B, usually measured in Gauss (C.G.S.).
Induction, (B) - The magnetic flux per unit area of a section normal to the
direction of flux. Measured in Gauss, in the C.G.S. system of units.
61
can be stabilized against irreversible losses by partial demagnetization
induced by temperature cycles or by external magnetic fields.
Keeper - A soft iron piece temporarily added between the poles of a magnetic
circuit to protect it from demagnetizing influences. Also called a shunt. Not
needed for Neodymium and other modern magnets.
Magnetic Circuit - Consists of all elements, including air gaps and non-
magnetic materials that the magnetic flux from a magnet travels on, starting
from the north pole of the magnet to the south pole.
62
Magnetic Field (B) -
When specified on our site, the surface field or magnetic field refers to the
strength in Gauss. For axially magnetized discs and cylinders, it is specified
on the surface of the magnet, along the center axis of magnetization. For
blocks, it is specified on the surface of the magnet, also along the center axis
of magnetization. For rings, you may see two values. By,center specifies the
vertical component of the magnetic field in the air at the center of the ring.
By,ring specifies the vertical component of the magnetic field on the surface of
the magnet, mid-way between the inner and outer diameters. Some
depictions of magnet fields can be found here.
63
Magnetic Flux Density - Lines of flux per unit area, usually measured in
Gauss (C.G.S.). One line of flux per square centimeter is one Maxwell.
Maximum Energy Product (BHmax) - The magnetic field strength at the point
of maximum energy product of a magnetic material. The field strength of fully
saturated magnetic material measured in Mega Gauss Oersteds, MGOe.
64
Maximum Operating Temperature (Tmax) - Also known as maximum service
temperature, is the temperature at which the magnet may be exposed to
continuously with no significant long-range instability or structural changes.
Maxwell - Unit of magnetic flux in the C.G.S. Magnetic system. One maxwell
is one line of magnetic flux.
Magnetization Curve - The first quadrant portion of the hysteresis loop (B/H)
Curve for a magnetic material.
Magnetizing Force (H) - The magnetomotive force per unit of magnet length,
measured in Oersteds (C.G.S.) or ampere-turns per meter (S.I). Maxwell -
The C.G.S. unit for total magnetic flux, measured in flux lines per square
centimeter.
North Pole - The north pole of a magnet is the one attracted to the magnetic
north pole of the earth. This north-seeking pole is identified by the letter N. By
accepted convention, the lines of flux travel from the north pole to the south
pole.
Oersted (Oe) - The C.G.S. unit for magnetizing force. The English system
equivalent is Ampere Turns per Inch (1 Oersted equals 79.58 A/m). The S.I.
unit is Ampere Turns per Meter.
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Orientation - Used to describe the direction of magnetization of a material.
Orientation Direction - The direction in which an anisotropic magnet should be
magnetized in order to achieve optimum magnetic properties.
Permeance (P) - A measure of relative ease with which flux passes through a
given material or space. It is calculated by dividing magnetic flux by
magnetomotive force. Permeance is the reciprocal of reluctance.
Pull Force - The force required to pull a magnet free from a flat steel plate
using force perpendicular to the surface. The limit of the holding power of a
magnet. The pull force listed is actual data acquired by testing using our
state-of-the-art force test stand. A comprehensive table of the pull force for all
of our stock magnets is available here: Pull Force Table.
We test for two different values of pull force using two different setups. Read
more about these two pull forces here.
Rare Earth Commonly used to describe high energy magnet material such
as NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) and SmCo (Samarium-Cobalt).
Shunt - A soft iron piece temporarily added between the pole of a magnetic
circuit to protect it from demagnetizing influences. Also called a keeper. Not
needed for Neodymium and other modern magnets.
Surface Field (Surface Gauss) - The magnetic field strength at the surface
of the magnet as measured by a Gauss meter. A comprehensive table of the
surface field for all of our stock magnets is available here: Surface Field
Table.
Tesla - The S.I. unit for magnetic induction (flux density). One Tesla equals
10,000 Gauss.
Weber - The S.I. unit for total magnetic flux. The practical unit of magnetic
flux. It is the amount of magnetic flux which, when linked at a uniform rate
with a single-turn electric circuit during an interval of 1 second, will induce in
this circuit an electromotive force of 1 volt.
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Advantages
Future
scopes
Application
s
70
ADVANTAGES
1. Compact in size
2. Easy to install.
3. Economics in application
4. The required energy is free of cost.
5. Reduce the demand of conventional energy.
6. Simple supports
7. Occupy fewer places
8. Cost is low
9. Anyone can operate
10. Easy maintenance
11.Safe
12. Eco friendly,
13. Source of clean energy
14. Portable
15. Less noise.
FUTURE SCOPES
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1. Large size
2. High power generation
3. Automatically operated
4. High life
APPLICATIONS
1. Mobile charging
2. Inverter battery charging
3. Emergency light charging
4. Household appliances(Radio,Television,Fan,Computer,Video game)
5. PlayStation, IPod charging, Fluorescent lamp
Results
According to FARADAYS LAW of induction the model works properly.
We will reduce our power bills to a large extent by using this energy.
Conclusion
A prototype model of a repulsive-type Magnet wheel system using a
novel arrangement of permanent magnets has-been fabricated. Our aim is to
make this Magnet wheel system useful. By providing Magnet wheel, the plan
to achieve more energy creation implemented in near future. The proposed
technology employs the theory of magnetic repulsion to utilize the free
energy. The system uses permanent magnets to produce repulsion and this
repulsive force produces a torque which drives a DC generator of a single-
phase 2kVA UPS system based Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Inverter
with load voltage control is modeled. The inverter model was developed with
the load voltage controller was developed with the standard. Future scope of
this work is to implement in industry to generated electricity.
Ever since the world has started slipping into an energy crisis, it has
become a very important need for us to be able to reduce our dependency
on the various sources of energy which is not renewable. The clean and
renewable sources of energy keep recurring without you being able to
exhaust the energy source. There are several examples of renewable energy
are solar energy, hydro or water energy, and wind energy. These sources of
energy are freely available in the environment, and are very often overlooked
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and not used properly. The best thing we can do is to take advantage of
these sources of energy. Therefore, we will make a step towards the
independence of energy.
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Bill of Materials
Sr.
Items Qty Rate Total Price
No.
1 Magnets 12X9X4 72 35 2520
4 Favikick 1- 30ml 75 75
5 CD 4 10 40
6 Hub 2 80 160
7 Favicol tube 4 10 40
8 Hub clamp 4 10 40
15 PVC connector 2 40 80
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16 Bearings 6201 4 40 160
17 Adhesive tape 4 10 40
18 Bidding 10 10 100
19 Washers 12 3 36
20 Miscellaneous 350
Total 4991
Bibliography (References)
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1) Machine Design : R. S. Kurmi & Gupta
5) www.project.com
6) www.howstuffworks.com
7) https://www.kjmagnetics.com
8) http://www.supermagnete.de
9) www.google.com
10) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh5xa3VWdx4
11) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_YmQJc1G8E
12) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TF0ytFafWmg
13) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiIVkp7mMwE
14) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1kJ4ps88aA
15) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHffliC2whk
16) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MYZWADQYDU
17) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVAGPb0fckg
18) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9m58FyZr3w
19) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baEb5Fg5Cvk
20) http://www.practicalaction.org
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