Why kitchen light becomes a bit dimmer when a

toaster is turned on.?

The toaster and the room lights are on the same circuit. While not really bad, it should be of some
concern. You might try finding a different circuit that is being supplied by a different breaker, or fuse,
and move the toaster to that circuit. I am going to guess, since this is widely done, that the circuit
that the kitchen is on, the lamp as well as the toaster, are in an over lap circuit from a different room.
That can be found by turning off other loads in an adjacent room to see if the brightness of the lamp
improves.
Plugging in a laptop will never improve available power. Buying a more "green" toaster is a waste of
money. All toasters use resistance heating to toast the bread. The extra time needed for a lower
wattage toaster would offset any savings, or reduction of power used.
If, and only IF the wiring can with stand the extra current available, have the breaker that serves the
kitchen increased to no more than 20 amps. An electrician can determine that. If the kitchen already
has 20 amp service, then you need to reduce the power demand on it that hasn't been mentioned.

What is the significance of negative values of voltages and

currents?
A negative current means the current actually flows in the opposite direction to the way you had
assigned it. A negative voltage at a point means that it current would spontaneously flow to that
point from your chosen reference (ground) of zero volts. (I'm assuming you are using conventional
current -- taken as flowing from + to -).

How does maxwell mesh equation differ from nodal

equations?
Maxwell mesh equations otherwise known to most engineers as "loop analysis" is taking the sum of
the voltages around closed loops in the circuit and setting them to zero (conservation of energy),
then solving for the currents. Nodal equations otherwise known as "nodal analysis" is taking the sum
of the currents entering and/or leaving the circuit at any particular node and setting them to zero,
then solving for the currents.

If the superposition theorem is used to solved an electric

circuit, how do you determine the actual direction?
By the + and - signs, and the magnitudes.
It's just like reading a thermometer: It is 20 degrees out, then the temperature goes up 7, down 14,
up 2, down 15, up 3, down 8. End result: -5 degrees.
20 amps forward, 7 amps backward, 14 forward, etc....

When do we use the thevenin's theorem and norton's

theorem?
Thevenin's thm gives you the equivalent representation of a network in terms of an ideal VOLTAGE
source with a SERIES impedance and Norton's thm gives you the equivalent representation of a
network in terms of an ideal CURRENT source with a PARALLEL impedance. These equivalent circuits
are "duals" of each other and can be used interchangeably. Where to use which one is a fairly
general/vague question and you will have to determine if you need the network equivalent with a
current source [could be required in transistor circuits based upon "current mirrors" or while
designing for current sensing/current limiting applications, working with constant current loads
(heavily inductive loads)etc.] or voltage source; as an example, the standard equivalent circuit of a
battery with a small series resistance is technically a Thevenin's equivalent circuit which models the
complicated chemical phenomenon into an ideal voltage source and series resistance.
The current source based model of a well known electrical source is the model of a silicon solar
cell...but beware! it is not a Norton equivalent and includes diode (active element). The point is to
illustrate that both sources (V and I) find use in modeling.
So remember:
current source, parallel impedance - Norton
voltage source, series impedance - Thevenin
NOTE: These models are applicable to dc and single frequency ac.

Difference Between Thevenin and Norton

Thevenin vs Norton Theorem

Thevenins theorem and Nortons theorem are two important theorems used in fields such as electrical

engineering, electronic engineering, physics, circuit analysis and circuit modeling. These two theorems are

used to reduce large circuits to simple voltage sources, current sources and resistors. These theories are very

useful in calculating and simulating changes for large scale circuits. In this article, we are going to discuss the

applications of Thevenins theorem and Nortons theorem, their history, definitions, similarity between these

two theorems and finally the differences between them.

what happens to a thermal voltage of a norton's equivalent

circuit when a load resistor is connected
Thevenins Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no
matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and
series resistance connected to a load. The qualification of linear is identical to
that found in the Superposition Theorem, where all the underlying equations must
be linear (no exponents or roots). If were dealing with passive components (such
as resistors, and later, inductors and capacitors), this is true. However, there are
some components (especially certain gas-discharge andsemiconductor
components) which are nonlinear: that is, their opposition to current changes with
voltage and/or current. As such, we would call circuits containing these types of
components, nonlinear circuits.

Thevenins Theorem is especially useful in analyzing power systems and other

circuits where one particular resistor in the circuit (called the load resistor) is
subject to change, and re-calculation of the circuit is necessary with each trial
value of load resistance, to determine voltage across it and current through it.
Lets take another look at our example circuit:

Lets suppose that we decide to designate R2 as the load resistor in this

circuit. We already have four methods of analysis at our disposal (Branch
Current, Mesh Current, Millmans Theorem, and Superposition Theorem) to use
in determining voltage across R2 and current through R2, but each of these
methods are time-consuming. Imagine repeating any of these methods over and
over again to find what would happen if the load resistance changed (changing
load resistance is very common in power systems, as multiple loads get
switched on and off as needed. the total resistance of their parallel
connections changing depending on how many are connected at a time). This
could potentially involve a lot of work!

Thevenins Theorem makes this easy by temporarily removing the load

resistance from the original circuit and reducing whats left to an equivalent
circuit composed of a single voltage source and series resistance. The load
resistance can then be re-connected to this Thevenin equivalent circuit and
calculations carried out as if the whole network were nothing but a simple series
circuit:
. . . after Thevenin conversion . . .