You are on page 1of 3

Chapter 4 Tutorials 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7 4.18, 4.20, 4.

21

Hints

4.2 From table 4.1 CD = 1.17

4.4 From table A3 interpolate to find = 1.06 km/m3


From figure 4.3 CD = 1.18 (or interpolate from table 4.1 CD = 1.19. This is more accurate but
your answer will be slightly different to that in the text 28,02kN)

4.5 a) Sides parallel so CD = 2 from table 4.1. Sketch the gate and and determine the projected
area. I took the projected area of the frame to be [6.1x2 + (2x2)] x 0.038. To this are we must
add the projected area of the bars 34 x 2 x 0.025.

To determine the number of bars we determined first that the space taken by one bar and
the required gap following it is (0.025 + 0.15). The total number of bars then is the gate
length minus the first gap and the width of the two frames (6.1 0.15 2 x 0.038)/ (0.15 +
0.025). This requires 33.56 bars, which we round up to 34 bars, taking in mind that the gap
between the bars is now slightly less than 150mm, but this is irrelevant for the calculation
required

b) Orientation changed so CD = 1.5 from table 4.1. The projected are of the bars has now
changed to 34 x 2 x 0.03535 (using Pythagoras)

4.7 The answer in the text is calculated using sea level conditions. I chose to use conditions at
10000 feet where the aircraft operates. In reality we should look at both scenarios. At
operating altitude we would be interested in drag from a power and fuel consumption
perspective. At sea level where FD would be greater we would be interested in drag from a
force perspective (ie can the aircraft structure withstand the drag forces ). The question asks
about power so I chose to use cruising altitude.

FD1 = 38.34N

FD2 = 1.59

Power = (FD1 FD2)U

Calculate Re = 1.575 x 104 for cruising speed, assuming altitude of 10 000 m and using table
A3. From figure 4.8 CD = 1.2 for both rough and smooth cylinder. Calculate FD using CD = 1.2
then using CD = 0.05 to determine difference in force.

4.8 The question should read derive an equation similar to 4.7. The base equation becomes
mg gVs* + 0.5CDAV2 = 0 (The Drag force is now +ve as it acting in the opposite direction to
the buoyancy force)

Continue as per the derivation of eqn 4.7

4.9 Same as example 4.2 but using diameter of 25mm. From figure 4.9 CD = 2 then iterate as
required.

4.10 As per example 4.2

4.11 Solve as per example 4.2 and determine V = 1.816 (this is the velocity of the petrol drops
relative to the moving airstream) add this value to the airstream velocity to get the absolute
velocity

4.12 From fig 4.9 CD = 0.5. Draw force diagram and determine that = tan-1 FD/mg

4.13 Use L = 0.1 (average dimension of pole) in Re = vL/.


a) From table 4.1 CD = 2, find FD and treating pole as cantilevered beam substitute FD for W
in BM = WL/2
b) CD = 1.5 and Area = 9 x 1.414 (from Pythagoras)
4.14 For Cylinder calculate FD = 34.99 kN. For sphere calculate FD = 24.539kN.
BM = FDcyl x 15/2 + FDsphere x (15 + 12.5/2)

4.15 Use eqn 4.4 to determine frequency.


From fig 4.8 determine CD = 1.3 and hence FD = 516 N per m

4.16 To get answers in text use = 1.22 m3/s and = 18.2 x 10-6 Pa.s. Using Re min and Max
calculate V min and V max. Substitute into Str eqn to determine frequency.

4.17 a) Let FL = mg then solve for CL.


b) FD wings = 0.4 x total Power/Velocity. Now solve for CD

4.18 Determine and hence velocity ratio a/U (on fig 4.15) where a = radius = 1 and U = 30m/s.
Use fig 4.15 to find CD Actual = 3.6 and CL actual = 8.6
CD theoretical = 0 and CL theoretical = 39.5
4.20 Projected area =12.4 m2. I used = 1.22
When CD = 0.96, FD = 3585,18. Work = F x D but engine is 25% inefficient so energy supplied
= 2,868 x 1012 J
When CD = 0.75, FD = 2800.9 and energy supplied = 2,2407 x 1012 J

The energy saved is thus 6,273 x109 J. Using specific energy determine the mass then the
volume 22.79 x 103 l and cost saving.

4.21 Power = Forces x V and Forces = FD + FRolling, so find FD (V remains unknown) and FRolling =
Crolling x mg

Power = (FD + FRolling)V rearranges to 39,65 x10-3V3 +16,92V 200 = 0


Solve by substitution (ie guess a number and substitute into equation above, if the result is >
0 then your guess was too big, so substitute a smaller number in and repeat as necessary)

You might also like