FEU Institute of Architecture & Fine Arts ARCH. ANNIE C.

PUGEDA

PART 1: ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS

1. Electrical Power and Lighting Supply, Distribution and Fixtures
2. Electrical Power Source and Alternative Power Sources

1. ELECTRICITY
2. ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
2.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
2.2.1.1 Direct Current (DC)
2.2.1.2 Alternating Current (AC)
2.2 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
2.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2.2.2 TYPES OF CIRCUITS
3. OHMs LAW
3.1 Voltage (Volts) ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
3.2 Amperes (Amps)
3.3 Ohms
4. OTHER ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
4.1 DEVICE
4.2 WATTS
4.3 ALTERNATOR
4.4 GENERATOR
4.6 MOTOR
4.6 BATTERY
5. ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCES and ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES
POWER DISTRIBUTION
6. ELECTRICAL POWER and LIGHTING SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION, and FIXTURES
SERVICE ENTRANCE
SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
6.1. Category 1. WIRINGS AND RACEWAYS
6.2 Category 2. POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
SERVICE DISTRIBUTION
6.3 Category 3. UTILIZATION EQUIPMENTS
6.3.1 BRANCH CIRCUITS
6.1.3.1 LIGHTING CIRCUITS
6.1.3.2 SMALL-APPLIANCE CIRCUITS
6.1.3.3 INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS
6.1.1 CATEGORY 1: WIRES AND CABLES AND RACEWAYS
6.1.1.1 COMMON WIRES AND CABLES
6.1.1.1.1 Flexible Metal Clad (FMC)/Metal Clad (MC)/Armored Cable (AC)
6.1.1.1.2 Nonmetallic Sheated Cable (NMC/NM)
6.1.1.1.3 General Wiring: THERMOPLASTIC (PEC)
6.1.1.1.4 Mineral Insulated (MI)
6.1.1.1.5 Shielded Nonmetallic Sheated Cable (SNM)
6.1.1.1.6 Service Entrance (SE/USE)
6.1.1.1.7 Underground Feeder (UF)
6.1.1.1.8 Power & Control Tray Cable (TC)
6.1.1.1.9 Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)
6.1.1.1.10 Flat Conductor Cable (FCC)
6.1.1.1.11 Busbar
6.1.1.1.12 Cablebus
6.1.1.2 TYPES OF RACEWAYS
6.1.1.2.1 Floor Raceways
6.1.1.2.2 Ceiling Raceways
6.1.2 CATEGORY 2: POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
6.1.2.1 TRANSFORMER

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FEU Institute of Architecture & Fine Arts ARCH. ANNIE C. PUGEDA

6.1.2.2 SWITCHBOARD/SWITCHGEAR
6.1.2.3 PANEL BOARD
6.1.2.4 SERVICE SWITCH/SAFETY SWITCH
6.1.2.5 CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
6.1.3 CATEGORY 3: UTILIZATION EQUIPMENTS
6.1.3.1 FIXTURES/LUMINAIRES
6.1.3.1.1 INCANDESCENT BULB
6.1.3.1.2 FLUORESCENT LAMP
6.1.3.2 CONDUITS
6.1.3.3 CONDUIT FITTINGS
6.1.3.4 CONDULETS
6.1.3.5 ELECTRICAL BOXES
6.1.3.6 SWITCHES
6.1.3.6 ELECTRICAL OUTLETS
7. DEVELOPING AND DRAWING ELECTRICAL PLANS
8. ELECTRICAL WORKING DRAWINGS
9. ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
11. INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

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FEU Institute of Architecture & Fine Arts ARCH. ANNIE C. PUGEDA

MODULE 2A: ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS

1. ELECTRICITY: phenomenon; manifestation

Principally made up of atoms (electron, proton, neutron)

2 General Classes:
Dynamic Electricity (Electrodynamic)
Static Electricity (Electrostatic)
2. ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES

2.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT flow in an electric circuit

Classifications:

2.1.1 DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

Flows in one direction (- to +)

Uniform in strength
Battery/dry cell
2 types: continuous/pulsating (fluctuating)

2.1.2 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) - reverses direction of flow at regular intervals

Reverses in direction
Frequency: 60 cps (60 Hertz)
Phase: SP/3P
230VAC, 60Hz, SP
Full-Wave Rectified Single-Phase AC:
This rectified alternating current for which the rectifier is so connected that
the reverse half of the cycle is turned around, and fed into the circuit
flowing in the same direction as the first half of the cycle. This produces
pulsating DC, but with no interval between the pulses (referred to as single-
phase full-wave DC).
Full-Wave Rectified Three-Phase AC:
When three-phase alternating current is rectified the full-wave rectification
system is used. The result is DC with very little pulsation - in fact only a
ripple of varying voltage distinguishes it from straight DC.
Half-Wave Rectified AC:
When a single-phase alternating current is rectified in the simplest manner,
the reverse half of the cycle is blocked out entirely. The result is a pulsating
unidirectional current with intervals when no current at all is flowing (referred
to as half-wave or as pulsating direct current).
Single-Phase Alternating Current:
This term refers to a simple current, alternating in direction. Commercial

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single-phase current follows a sine wave. Such a current requires only two
conductors for its circuit. Most common commercial frequencies are 25, 50
and 60 cycles per second.
Three-Phase Alternating Current:
Commercial electricity is commonly transmitted as three single-phase
currents, that is, three separate currents following separate sine curves,
each at 60 cycles (or other frequency) per second, but with the peaks of their
individual curves one-third of a cycle apart. At least three (sometimes four)
conductors are required for three-phase alternating current.
Pulsed and Impulse Current - Magnetization:
A magnetization technique utilizing short circuited AC or condenser
discharged DC. Very high magnetizing currents are possible for short
durations. (1/100 to 1/1000 sec) without the use of transformers. A Pulsed
magnetization applies high fields for brief periods. A slight variation of pulsed
magnetization is impulse magnetization (flash magnetization).

COMPARISON: DC & AC

Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

Fixed polarity Reverses polarity

Steady (Continuous); Vary in magnitude Varies between reversal

(Fluctuating)

Steady value Stepped up or down

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FEU Institute of Architecture & Fine Arts ARCH. ANNIE C. PUGEDA

Easier to measure: Easier to amplify: 110V+

1.5 volts

2.2 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT path for electric current w/ EMF applied

2.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM electrical layout
Close Circuit complete; continuous path
Open Circuit broken, incomplete, and disconnected
2.2.2 TYPES OF CIRCUITS
1. Parallel Circuit
2. Series Circuit
Short Circuit: bridging
Shunt: circuit branching

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

SERIES CIRCUIT

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3. OHMs LAW relationship of EMF, Current, Resistance

Formula: I = V/R V=IR R=V/I

I = Current (Amperes)
V = EMF (Volts)
R = Resistance (Ohms)

Voltage (Volts) pressure or force; unit of electrical pressure or potential. Pressure makes
electricity flow through a wire. For a particular electrical load, the higher the voltage, the greater will
be the amount of electricity that will flow. (Voltmeter)
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) force which causes movement of electricity in a conductor
Amperes (Amps) inherent in wires (conductor); term for flow of electricity is current; unit used to
measure the magnitude of an electric current; the specific quantity of electrons passing a point in
one second. The amount of current, in amperes, that will flow through a circuit must be known in
order to determine proper wire sizes and the current rating of circuit breakers and fuses. (Ammeter)
Ampacity - current-carrying capacity (w/o undue heating)
Ohms friction; inherent in insulator; Electricity flowing through a material always meets with some
resistance. Insulators like wood, glass, and plastic have a high resistance. Copper, aluminum, and
silver have low resistance and are therefore good conductors of electricity. (Ohmmeter)

AMMETER, OHMETER, VOLTMETER

4. OTHER ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES

4.1 DEVICE does not consume electricity
4.2 WATTS rate of power; power consumption; The amount of power required to light lamps,
heat water, turn motors, and do all types of work is measured in watts. Wattage depends on
both potential and current. Current (in amperes) multiplied by potential (in volts) equals power
(in watts).
amperes x volts = watts (ampere + heat volts)
Watt Meter any one time
Watt-Hour Meter periodic; KWH
Meter/Electricity Meter

The actual energy used (the watts utilized) for work performed is the basis for figuring the cost
of electricity. The unit used to measure the consumption of electrical energy is the kilowatt-
hour. A kilowatt is 1000 watts. An hour, of course, is a unit of time. A 1000-watt hand iron
operating for one hour consumes one kilowatt-hour (1 kWh). The device used to measure the
kilowatt-hours consumed in the watt-hour meter.

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FEU Institute of Architecture & Fine Arts ARCH. ANNIE C. PUGEDA

KILOWATT-HOUR METER

4.3 ALTERNATOR AC generator

Producing alternating current AC
In electrical power generation and use alternating current is the preferred and natural form of
electricity. Power as AC can be transformed to a high voltage which enables low loss transmission from
power stations to towns and industry where it is transformed down for homes, offices and factories.
An electrical alternator/generator produces 'alternating current' (AC) at 50 cycles per second (hertz).
4.4 GENERATOR Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy

PORTABLE GENERATOR, GENSET/GENERATOR ROOM

4.5 MOTOR Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy
4.6 BATTERY electrochemical; electrolysis
Types of Batteries:
1. Primary nonrenewable
2. Secondary rechargeable

COMPONENTS OF A BATTERY

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FEU Institute of Architecture & Fine Arts ARCH. ANNIE C. PUGEDA

ALTERNATOR

The power driving the rotor, from a power source, eg a steam or gas turbine, is transferred to electrical power in
the stator winding. In the case of a large generator in a coal or nuclear power station, to achieve 50 hertz the 'rotor'
has two poles of a magnet N & S which rotate past the top red winding of the 'stator' 50 times a second (or 3000
revs per minute - rpm.) Each time the N passes the R (for red stator winding see diagram above) electrical current
is induced into the red winding. The current builds up to a maximum when N is under R , it then decreases and
when the S passes the R it is a maximum in the reverse direction. This is single phase AC.

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