CHAPTER 28: SOURCES OF

MAGNETIC FIELD
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge

Evaluate the magnetic field vector at a given point in

space due to a moving point charge
 Magnetic Field vs Electric Field

Electric field Magnetic field

Produced by stationary Produced by moving
or moving charges (or current)
charges/charge
distribution
 Recall: Field point and Source point

field point
Source point

Point charge moving with a constant velocity

Magnitude of B is proportional to |q| and to 1/r2
experimental result
Looks similar to E
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge

Direction is not along the

line from the source
point to the field point
B is perpendicular to the
plane containing v
B magnitude is
proportional to sin
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge

o q v sin
B
4 r 2

Proportionality constant
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge

o qv r
B
4 r 2

vector r hat points in

the direction from the
source to the field point

r
note : r
r
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge

0 qv r
B
4 r 2
EXAMPLE 28.1: Magnetic Field
An electron is moving in the -x direction with speed v. What is the magnetic field at
point P (0,d,0) at the instant when the electron is at the origin?

o qv r
B
4 r 2
B
r o ev (i j )
B
4 d 2

o ev
B
k
4 d 2
EXAMPLE 28.2: Magnetic Field + Charge
What is the magnetic field at point P?

a Magnitude:
P
o q v sin
B
4 r 2
a
0 qvo 2
B
+q
vo
4 2a 2
2

Direction:
Out of the page
EXAMPLE 28.3: Magnetic Field - Charge
What is the magnetic field at point P?

a Magnitude:
P
o q v sin
B
a
4 r2

0 (2q)vo 2
B
-2q vo
4 2a
2
2
Direction:
Into the page
EXAMPLE 28.4: Net Magnetic Field
Given two charged particles q and q (equal magnitudes) moving at opposite
directions (equal speeds). What is the direction of the net magnetic field vector at
point P if the particles are both positive? both negative? oppositely charged?

Bq Bq Bnet
r Both positive
Both negative
r '
q > 0 , q< 0 Zero

q < 0 , q> 0 Zero

28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element

Evaluate the magnetic field vector at a given point in

space due to an infinitesimal current element
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element

Consider a current carrying

conductor
A: area A
dl: length of a small segment
Adl: volume of the wire
dl
segment
n moving charges per unit
volume
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element

Total moving charge/unit volume: dQ nqAdl

o dQ vd sin
vD
dB
4 r 2

o n q vd Adl sin
dB o Idl sin
4 r2 dB
4 r 2
Current Element: Vector Magnetic Field

0 Idl r
dB
4 r 2
Current Element: Total B-field

0 Idl r
B dB
4 r 2
Current Element: Magnetic Field

Similar to the magnetic field

produced by a moving
positive point charge
EXAMPLE 28.5: Magnetic Field of Wire
Consider a loop of wire as shown. What is the direction of the magnetic field at
point P?
P
B
dL1 dL1 dL2
r B
dL2
dL3
dL4 dL4 dL3
 SW12
1. UAAP. The Final Four opens the second round of
competition with a geeky challenge. Each one of them
chooses a point charge, places them near point Q, and
let this point charge move with the same speed but at
different directions as shown. Which among the
following universities have their point charge produce a
magnetic eld directed into the page at point Q?

UP, UE

2. Saan? Consider a segment dl of a very long wire with

current I as shown. Determine the direction of the
magnetic field at points A, B, C, and D?
A: out of the page
B: out of the page
C: Zero
D: into the page
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current
Carrying Conductor

Evaluate the magnetic field vector at any point in space

due to a straight current-carrying conductor

Use superposition principle to calculate the magnetic field

due to one or more straight wire conductors
Magnetic field produced by a straight current-
carrying conductor of length 2a
0 I dl sin
a
B
4 a r 2
Where: dl dy; r x2 y 2 ;
x
sin sin
x2 y 2
0 I a xdy
B
4 3

x
a
2
y 2 2

0 I 2a
B
4 x x 2 a 2
Magnetic field produced by a infinitely long
straight current-carrying conductor (a)
When a
0 I 2a
B
x a a
2 2
4 x x 2 a 2

0 I
B
2 x
B-field near a Long and Straight Current-
carrying Wire Magnetic field around a long,

0 I
straight, current-carrying
conductor

B
Magnetic field lines always form
closed loops and never have end
points

2 r
At all points on a circle of radius (r)
around the wire, the magnitude of the
B-field is given by the equation above.
B dA 0
EXAMPLE 28.6: Two Straight Wires
EXAMPLE 28.7: Zero Magnetic Field
Consider 2 infinite wires with equal magnitudes of current at different
directions. Wires are insulated on their intersection. On which points
is the magnetic field zero? All points are equidistant from the two
wires.
Bpink Bblue
1:

2:
3:
4:
EXAMPLE 28.8: AWW
Three current carrying infinitely long wires are spaced 2R apart. What
is the net magnetic field vector at point aww?

0 I r Bmag Bdir
B
2 r BI: 3R o I 6R
B2I: R o I R
B3I R 3o I 2R
Baww: 2o I 3R
28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors

Calculate the force per unit length on a current carrying

wire due to the magnetic field produced by other current-
carrying wires
Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
0 I
B Magnitude of B-field produced

2 r
by the lower conductor

From CH. 27
Force exerted by B-field of the
F I 'LB lower conductor on the upper
conductor

F I ' LB Magnitude of the force

0 II ' L Force between two long,

F straight current-carrying
2 r conductors

Force per unit length

F 0 II

L 2r
EXAMPLE 28.9:

F
IB
Wire 1 and wire 2 have the same
current direction. Wire 2 will be
L attracted to wire 1.

Direction:
F2
I 2 B1
L k
28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current
Loop

Evaluate the magnetic field vector at any point along

the axis of a circular current loop
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Loop
r and dl 0 I dl
dB
are
4 x a
2 2

Components of vector dB:

dBx dB cos
dBy dB sin
Rotational symmetry: x-axis
y-components will cancel

0 I dl a
dBx
4 x a 1

x
2 2
2
a 2 2
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Loop
0 Ia
Bx

4 x 2 a dl
2 3/ 2

dl 2 a
0 Ia 2
Bx 3
2 x a
2

2 2
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Loop

For N number of current loops

0 NIa 2
Bx

2 x a2

2 3/ 2

0 NIa 2
Bx 3
2 x a
2 2 2
At the center of N circular loops

0 NI
Bx
2a
EXAMPLE 28.10: Electron in a Current Loop
An electron travels with a velocity v along the axis of a current
carrying loop in the xz plane. What will happen to the electron as it
passes the loop?

v || B
B
Undeflected
EXAMPLE 28.11: Waa
Consider the wire loop with current I. What is the net magnetic field?
vector at point waa? 0
2 0
Bnet B1 B2 B3 B4
4 dl || r
1 3
0 NI
Bx
2a
o I o I
Bnet
8R


4R


B2
1 o I
2 2(2R)

1 o I

Bnet
o I
B4
2 2(R)
8R
EXTRA
1.

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only

D. 4 only E. 1 and 3 only

2.

0 I 2
B ,
2d
28.6 Amperes Law
28.7 Applications of Amperes Law

Use Amperes law to calculate magnetic fields for

highly symmetric current configurations
Review: Gausss Law
Symmetric distributions

Electric Field Magnetic Field

qenc
E E dA B B dA 0
0
Amperes Law for a Long, Straight Conductor

Review:
Long straight conductor

o I
B
2r
Magnetic field lines are
circles centered on the
conductor.
Amperes Law for a Long, Straight Conductor
straight conductor carrying
current I out of the plane of
the page
take the line integral of B
along the circles
B and dl are parallel in every
point along the circle
B dl Bdl
Line integral is independent
of r

0 I
B dl B|| dl B dl 2r 2r 0 I
Amperes Law for a Long, Straight Conductor

Thus, the line integral is o multiplied by the current I

passing through the area bounded by the integration
path
The sign depends on the direction of the current
relative to the integration path
Use RHR to determine the sign of the current, curl your
fingers along the integration path the thumb points in
the direction of positive I
Currents passing in this direction is (+), currents
passing in the opposite direction are (-)
General Integration Path

Arbitrarily shaped
conductor

B dl Bdl cos
o I
B dl 2r rd
o I
B dl 2 d o I
Amperes Law: General Statement

For an integration path

enclosing several long
wires, B is the vector
sum of the
contributions of each
wire

B dl o I encl
Integration Path not Enclosing the Wire
o I
B||
B|| 0 2r1

o I
B||
2r2 B|| 0
EXAMPLE 28.13: Current Path

Find B dl for each path if I1 = 4.0 A, I2 = 6.0 A, and I3 = 2.0 A with
the directions shown. Each integral involves going around the path in
the counter-clockwise direction.

B dl 0 I encl
a: zero
b: o(-I1) = -4o
c: o(I2-I1) = 2o
d: o(I3+I2-I1) = 4o
EXAMPLE 28.14: Path Magnitude

Find the line integral B dl for each path. Path of integration is as
shown.

a: -oI
b: zero
c: oI
d: oI
Amperes Law

B dl I
o encl
Valid when:
Current is continuous and constant
Magnetic field is constant
There is high degree of symmetry
There is no symmetry
BUT:
Is not useful for calculating B if there is no symmetry
Applications of Amperes Law

B dl o Iencl
Use only for symmetric situations
Create a closed (imaginary) integration path
Assign a direction for the integration along the path
Determine the net enclosed current; be careful about
the signs
Use Amperes law to find the B
B-field of a Long, Straight Conductor
Carrying a Current I

B dl o I encl

RHR: B is || to dl
B dl o I
B(2r ) o I
o I
B ,clockwise
2r
B-field of a Long Cylindrical Conductor
Integration paths are circles (S1 & S2),
centered at the wire with radius r,
counterclockwise

Enclosed current: (r < R)

I
I enclosed JApath 2 (r 2 )
R
o Ir 2
B(2r )
S1 (circle inside the conductor R2
with radius r<R)
o Ir
S2 (circle outside the conductor
B inside the
with radius r>R) 2R 2 conductor
B-field of a Long Cylindrical Conductor

Integration paths are circles (S1 &

S2), centered at the wire with
radius r, counterclockwise

Enclosed current: (r > R)

I enclosed I
S1 (circle inside the B(2r ) o I
conductor with radius r)
S2 (circle outside the
o I outside the
conductor with radius r) B
2r conductor
B-field of a Solenoid
consists of a helical winding of wire on a cylinder

For a very long solenoid:

B (inside) is nearly uniform
B (outside) is zero

BFL similar to bar magnet

B-field of a Solenoid
B dl o I encl

I enclosed NturnsI
b
B dl B( L) o NI
a
o NI
B o nI
L
n linear turn density

B-Field strongest at the center

drops off at the ends
Toroidal Solenoid

A toroid consists of loops of

wire wound around a
doughnut-shaped form.
Negligible I around the
circumference
Negligible B perpendicular
B-field of a Toroidal Solenoid

B dl o I encl
Path 1: I enclosed 0 B 0
Path 2: I enclosed NI
B(2r ) o NI
o NI
B
2r
Path 3: I enclosed 0 B 0
o NI
Btotal
2r
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 28
Magnetic field of a moving charge

0 qv r
B
4 r 2

Magnetic field of a current carrying conductor

0 Idl r
dB
4 r 2
Magnetic field of a straight, current-carrying conductor
0 I 2a 0 I
B B
4 x x 2 a 2 2 r
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 28
Magnetic force between current-carrying conductors
F 0 II

L 2r
Magnetic field of a current loop

Amperes Law

B dl o I encl
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 28
PS7: Exercises 28.6, 28.14, 28.20, 28.31, 28.39
Due: April 5, 2016 (Tue)
SW 13
1. In the figure, one current is 8.0 A into the page, the
other current is 8.0 A out of the
page,
and each curve

is a circular path. Evaluate B dl for each path.

C1: B dl 80

C2: B dl 0


C3: B dl 80

2. (a) What is the magnitude of the magnetic eld at the

space between the conductors (a<r<b)?

(b) What is the magnitude of the magnetic eld outside

the conductors (r>c)?