UnderstandingVectorGroupofTransformer(2)

electricalengineeringportal.com/understandingvectorgrouptransformer2

6/4/2012

220kVClass110kVClassSinglePhaseTractionTransformer

ContinuedfromfirstpartUnderstandingVectorGroupofTransformer(part1)

PointstobeconsiderwhileSelectingofVectorGroup
VectorGroupsaretheIECmethodofcategorizingtheprimaryandsecondarywindingconfigurationsof3
phasetransformers.Windingscanbeconnectedasdelta,star,orinterconnectedstar(zigzag).Winding
polarityisalsoimportant,sincereversingtheconnectionsacrossasetofwindingsaffectsthephaseshift
betweenprimaryandsecondary.
Vectorgroupsidentifythewindingconnectionsandpolaritiesoftheprimaryandsecondary.Fromavector
grouponecandeterminethephaseshiftbetweenprimaryandsecondary.

Transformervectorgroupdependsupon:

1.Removingharmonics:Dyconnectionywindingnullifies3rdharmonics,preventingittobe
reflectedondeltaside.
2.Paralleloperations:Allthetransformersshouldhavesamevectorgroup&polarityofthe
winding.
3.EarthfaultRelay:ADdtransformerdoesnothaveneutral.torestricttheearthfaultsinsuch
systems,wemayusezigzagwoundtransformertocreateaneutralalongwiththeearthfault
relay..
4.TypeofNonLinerLoad:systemshavingdifferenttypesofharmonics&nonlinearTypesof
loadse.g.furnaceheaters,VFDSetcforthatwemayuseDyn11,Dyn21,Dyn31configuration,
wherein,30deg.shiftsofvoltagesnullifiesthe3rdharmonicstozerointhesupplysystem.
5.TypeofTransformerApplication:GenerallyforPowerexporttransformeri.e.generatorside
isconnectedindeltaandloadsideisconnectedinstar.ForPowerexportimporttransformers
i.e.inTransmissionPurposeTransformerstarstarconnectionmaybepreferredbysomesince
thisavoidsagroundingtransformerongeneratorsideandperhapssaveonneutralinsulation.
Mostofsystemsarerunninginthisconfiguration.Maybelessharmfulthanoperatingdelta
systemincorrectly.YdorDyconnectionisstandardforallunitconnectedgenerators.

Thereareanumberoffactorsassociatedwithtransformerconnectionsandmaybeusefulindesigninga
system,andtheapplicationofthefactorsthereforedeterminesthebestselectionoftransformers.

Forexample:

ForselectingStarConnection:

Astarconnectionpresentsaneutral.Ifthetransformeralsoincludesadeltawinding,thatneutralwillbe
stableandcanbegroundedtobecomeareferenceforthesystem.Atransformerwithastarwindingthat
doesNOTincludeadeltadoesnotpresentastableneutral.

Starstartransformersareusedifthereisarequirementtoavoida30degphaseshift,ifthereisadesireto
constructthethreephasetransformerbankfromsinglephasetransformers,orifthetransformerisgoingto
beswitchedonasinglepolebasis(ie,onephaseatatime),perhapsusingmanualswitches.

Starstartransformersaretypicallyfoundindistributionapplications,orinlargesizesinterconnectinghigh
voltagetransmissionsystems.Somestarstartransformersareequippedwithathirdwindingconnectedin
deltatostabilizetheneutral.

ForselectingDeltaConnection:

Adeltaconnectionintroducesa30electricaldegreephaseshift.
Adeltaconnectiontrapstheflowofzerosequencecurrents.
ForselectingDeltaStarConnection:

Deltastartransformersarethemostcommonandmostgenerallyusefultransformers.
Deltadeltatransformersmaybechosenifthereisnoneedforastableneutral,orifthereisa
requirementtoavoida30electricaldegreephaseshift.Themostcommonapplicationofadeltadelta
transformerisastanisolationtransformerforapowerconverter.

ForselectingZigzagConnection:

TheZigZagwindingreducesvoltageunbalanceinsystemswheretheloadisnotequallydistributed
betweenphases,andpermitsneutralcurrentloadingwithinherentlylowzerosequenceimpedance.Itis
thereforeoftenusedforearthingtransformers.

Provisionofaneutralearthpointorpoints,wheretheneutralisreferredtoeartheitherdirectlyorthrough
impedance.Transformersareusedtogivetheneutralpointinthemajorityofsystems.Thestaror
interconnectedstar(Z)windingconfigurationsgiveaneutrallocation.

Ifforvariousreasons,onlydeltawindingsareusedataparticularvoltagelevelonaparticularsystem,a
neutralpointcanstillbeprovidedbyapurposemadetransformercalledaneutralearthing.

ForselectingDistributionTransformer

Thefirstcriteriontoconsiderinchoosingavectorgroupforadistributiontransformerforafacilityistoknow
whetherwewantadeltastarorstarstar.Utilitiesoftenpreferstarstartransformers,buttheserequire4
wireinputfeedersand4wireoutputfeeders(i.e.incomingandoutgoingneutralconductors).

Fordistributiontransformerswithinafacility,oftendeltastararechosenbecausethesetransformersdonot
require4wireinputa3wireprimaryfeedercircuitsufficestosupplya4wiresecondarycircuit.Thatis
becauseanyzerosequencecurrentrequiredbythesecondarytosupplyearthfaultsorunbalancedloadsis
suppliedbythedeltaprimarywinding,andisnotrequiredfromtheupstreampowersource.Themethodof
earthingonthesecondaryisindependentoftheprimaryfordeltastartransformers.

Thesecondcriteriontoconsideriswhatphaseshiftyouwantbetweenprimaryandsecondary.Forexample,
Dy11andDy5transformersarebothdeltastar.Ifwedontcareaboutthephaseshift,theneither
transformerwilldothejob.Phaseshiftisimportantwhenweareparallelingsources.Wewantthephase
shiftsofthesourcestobeidentical.

Ifweareparallelingtransformers,thenyouwantthemtohavethesamethesamevectorgroup.Ifyouare
replacingatransformer,usethesamevectorgroupforthenewtransformer,otherwisetheexistingVTsand
CTsusedforprotectionandmeteringwillnotworkproperly.

Thereisnotechnicaldifferencebetweentheonevectorgroups(i.e.Yd1)oranothervectorgroup(i.e.Yd11)
intermsofperformance.Theonlyfactoraffectingthechoicebetweenoneortheotherissystemphasing,ie
whetherpartsofthenetworkfedfromthetransformerneedtooperateinparallelwithanothersource.Italso
mattersifyouhaveanauxiliarytransformerconnectedtogeneratorterminals.Vectormatchingatthe
auxiliarybusbar.

ApplicationofTransformeraccordingtoVectorGroup

1.)Dyn11,Dyn1,YNd1,YNd11

Commonfordistributiontransformers.
NormallyDyn11vectorgroupusingatdistributionsystem.BecauseGeneratingTransformerareYNd1
forneutralizingtheloadanglebetween11and1.
WecanuseDyn1atdistributionsystem,whenweareusingGeneratorTransformerareYNd11.
Insomeindustries6pulseelectricdrivesareusingduetothis5thharmonicswillgenerateifweuse
Dyn1itwillbesuppressthe5thharmonics.
Starpointfacilitatesmixedloadingofthreephaseandsinglephaseconsumerconnections.
Thedeltawindingcarrythirdharmonicsandstabilizesstarpointpotential.
AdeltaStarconnectionisusedforstepupgeneratingstations.IfHVwindingisstarconnectedthere
willbesavingincostofinsulation.
ButdeltaconnectedHVwindingiscommonindistributionnetwork,forfeedingmotorsandlighting
loadsfromLVside.

2.)StarStar(Yy0orYy6)

Mainlyusedforlargesystemtieuptransformer.
MosteconomicalconnectioninHVpowersystemtointerconnectbetweentwodeltasystemsandto
provideneutralforgroundingbothofthem.
Tertiarywindingstabilizestheneutralconditions.Instarconnectedtransformers,loadcanbe
connectedbetweenlineandneutral,onlyif
(a)thesourcesidetransformersisdeltaconnectedor
(b)thesourcesideisstarconnectedwithneutralconnectedbacktothesourceneutral.
Inthistransformers.Insulationcostishighlyreduced.Neutralwirecanpermitmixedloading.
Tripleharmonicsareabsentinthelines.Thesetripleharmoniccurrentscannotflow,unlessthereisa
neutralwire.Thisconnectionproducesoscillatingneutral.
Threephaseshelltypeunitshavelargetripleharmonicphasevoltage.Howeverthreephasecore
typetransformersworksatisfactorily.
Atertiarymeshconnectedwindingmayberequiredtostabilizetheoscillatingneutralduetothird
harmonicsinthreephasebanks.

3.)DeltaDelta(Dd0orDd6)
 Thisisaneconomicalconnectionforlargelowvoltagetransformers.
Largeunbalanceofloadcanbemetwithoutdifficulty.
Deltapermitsacirculatingpathfortripleharmonicsthusattenuatesthesame.
ItispossibletooperatewithonetransformerremovedinopendeltaorVconnectionmeeting58
percentofthebalancedload.
Threephaseunitscannothavethisfacility.Mixedsinglephaseloadingisnotpossibleduetothe
absenceofneutral.

4.)StarZigzagorDeltaZigzag(YzorDz)

Theseconnectionsareemployedwheredeltaconnectionsareweak.Interconnectionofphasesin
zigzagwindingeffectsareductionofthirdharmonicvoltagesandatthesametimepermits
unbalancedloading.
Thisconnectionmaybeusedwitheitherdeltaconnectedorstarconnectedwindingeitherforstepup
orstepdowntransformers.Ineithercase,thezigzagwindingproducesthesameangular
displacementasadeltawinding,andatthesametimeprovidesaneutralforearthingpurposes.
Theamountofcopperrequiredfromazigzagwindingin15%morethanacorrespondingstarordelta
winding.Thisisextensivelyusedforearthingtransformer.
Duetozigzagconnection(interconnectionbetweenphases),thirdharmonicvoltagesarereduced.It
alsoallowsunbalancedloading.ThezigzagconnectionisemployedforLVwinding.Foragiventotal
voltageperphase,thezigzagsiderequires15%moreturnsascomparedtonormalphase
connection.Incaseswheredeltaconnectionsareweakduetolargenumberofturnsandsmallcross
sections,thenzigzagstarconnectionispreferred.Itisalsousedinrectifiers.

5.)Zigzag/star(ZY1orZy11)

Zigzagconnectionisobtainedbyinterconnectionofphases.4wiresystemispossibleonbothsides.
Unbalancedloadingisalsopossible.Oscillatingneutralproblemisabsentinthisconnection.
Thisconnectionrequires15%moreturnsforthesamevoltageonthezigzagsideandhencecosts
more.Henceabankofthreesinglephasetransformerscostabout15%morethantheir3phase
counterpart.Also,theyoccupymorespace.Butthesparecapacitycostwillbelessandsinglephase
unitsareeasiertotransport.
Unbalancedoperationofthetransformerwithlargezerosequencefundamentalmmfcontentalso
doesnotaffectitsperformance.EvenwithYytypeofpolyphaseconnectionwithoutneutral
connectiontheoscillatingneutraldoesnotoccurwiththesecores.Finally,threephasecores
themselvescostlessthanthreesinglephaseunitsduetocompactness.

6.)Yd5

MainlyusedformachineandmainTransformerinlargePowerStationandTransmissionSubstation.
 TheNeutralpointcanbeloadedwithratedCurrent.

7.)Yz5

ForDistributionTransformerupto250MVAforlocaldistributionsystem.
TheNeutralpointcanbeloadedwithratedCurrent.

ApplicationofTransformeraccordingaccordingtoUses
StepupTransformer:ItshouldbeYd1orYd11.
StepdownTransformer:ItshouldbeDy1orDy11.
GroundingpurposeTransformer:ItshouldbeYz1orDz11.
DistributionTransformer:WecanconsidervectorgroupofDzn0whichreducethe75%ofharmonicsin
secondaryside.
PowerTransformer:VectorgroupisdeepenonapplicationforExample:GeneratingTransformer:Dyn1,
FurnaceTransformer:Ynyn0.

ConvertOneGroupofTransformertoOtherGroupbyChanningExternal
Connection

GroupI:Example:Dd0(nophasedisplacementbetweenHV&LV)

TheconventionalmethodistoconnecttheredphaseonA/a,YellowphaseonB/b,andtheBluephaseon
C/c.

Otherphasedisplacementsarepossiblewithunconventionalconnections(forinstanceredonb,yellowonc
andblueona)BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,an
internalconnectedDd0transformercanbechangedeithertoaDd4(120)orDd8(+120)connection.The
sameistrueforinternalconnectedDd4orDd8transformers.

GroupII:Example:Dd6(180displacementbetweenHV&LV)

BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,aninternalconnected
Dd6transformercanbechangedeithertoaDd2(60)orDd10(+60)connection.

GroupIII:Example:Dyn1(30displacementbetweenHV&LV)

BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,aninternalconnected
Dyn1transformercanbechangedeithertoaDyn5(150)orDyn9(+90)connection.
GroupIV:Example:Dyn11(+30displacementbetweenHV&LV)

BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,aninternalconnected
Dyn11transformercanbechangedeithertoaDyn7(+150)orDyn3(90)connection.

Pointtoberemembered
ForGroupIII&GroupIV:Bydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyonbothsidesofthe
Transformer,aninternalconnectedGroupIIIorGroupIVtransformercanbechangedtoanyofthese
twogroups.
ThusbydoingexternalchangesonbothsidesoftheTransformeraninternalconnectedDyn1
transformercanbechangedtoeithera:Dyn3,Dyn5,Dyn7,Dyn9orDyn11transformer,Thisisjust
trueforstar/deltaordelta/starconnections.
ForGroupI&GroupII:Changesfordelta/deltaorstar/startransformersbetweenGroupIand
GroupIIIcanjustbedoneinternally.

Why30phaseshiftoccurinstardeltatransformerbetweenprimaryandsecondary?

30degphaseshiftbetweenlinevoltageandphase
voltage

Thephaseshiftisanaturalconsequenceofthedelta
connection.Thecurrentsenteringorleavingthestarwinding
ofthetransformerareinphasewiththecurrentsinthestar
windings.Therefore,thecurrentsinthedeltawindingsare
alsoinphasewiththecurrentsinthestarwindingsand
obviously,thethreecurrentsare120electricaldegreesapart.

Butthecurrentsenteringorleavingthetransformeronthe
deltasideareformedatthepointwheretwoofthewindings
comprisingthedeltacometogethereachofthosecurrents
isthephasorsumofthecurrentsintheadjacentwindings.

Whenyouaddtogethertwocurrentsthatare120electrical
degreesapart,thesumisinevitablyshiftedby30degrees.

TheMainreasonforthisphenomenonisthatthephase
voltagelagslinecurrentby30degrees.consideradelta/star
transformer.Thephasevoltagesinthreephasesofbothprimaryandsecondary.youwillfindthatinprimary
thephasevoltageandlinevoltagesaresame,letitbeVRY(takeonephase).But,thecorresponding
secondarywillhavethephasevoltageonlyinitsphasewindingasitisstarconnected.thelinevoltageof
starconnectedsecondaryanddeltaconnectedprimarywonthaveanyphasedifferencesbetweenthem.so
thiscanbesummarizedthatthephaseshiftisassociatedwiththewaveformsofthethreephasewindings.

ThisistheHVSideortheSwitchyardsideoftheGeneratorTransformerisconnectedinDeltaandtheLV
SideorthegeneratorsideoftheGTisconnectedinStar,withtheStarsideneutralbroughtout.

TheLVsidevoltagewilllagtheHVsidevoltageby30degrees.Thus,inageneratingstationwecreatea
30degreeslaggingvoltagefortransmission,withrespecttothegeneratorvoltage.

Aswehavecreateda30degreeslaggingconnectioninthegeneratingstation,itisadvisabletocreatea30
degreesleadingconnectionindistributionsothattheuservoltageisinphasewiththegeneratedvoltage.
And,asthetransmissionsideisDeltaandtheusermightneedthreephase,fourwireintheLVsideforhis
singlephaseloads,thedistributiontransformerischosenasDyn11.

ThereismagneticcouplingbetweenHTandLT.Whentheloadside(LT)sufferssomediptheLTcurrenttry
togooutofphasewithHTcurrent,so30degreephaseshiftinDyn11keepsthetwocurrentsinphase
whenthereisdip.

SothevectorgroupatthegeneratingstationisimportantwhileselectingdistributionTransformer.

VectorGroupinGeneratingTransmissionDistributionSystem

GeneratingTCisYd1transmittedpowerat400KV,for400KVto220KVYyisusedandbyusingYdbetween
e.g.220and66kV,thenDyfrom66to11kVsothattheirphaseshiftscanbecancelledout.AndforLV
(400/230V)suppliesat50Hzareusually3phase,earthedneutral,soaDynLVwindingisneeded.Here
GTside30lag(Yd1)canbenullify+30byusingdistributionTransformerofDy11.

AreasonforusingYdbetweene.g.220and66kV,thenDyfrom66to11kVisthattheirphaseshiftscan
canceloutandItisthenalsopossibletoparallela220/11kVYYtransformer,at11kV,withthe66/11kV(a
YYtransformeroftenhasathird,delta,windingtoreduceharmonics).

IfonewentDy11Dy11from220to11kV,therewouldbea60degreeshift,whichisnotpossibleinone
transformer.Thestandardtransformergroupsindistributionavoidthatkindoflimitation,asaresultof
thoughtandexperienceleadingtolowestcostovermanyyears.

GeneratorTCisYd1,canweuseDistributionTCDy5insteadofDy11?

Withregardstotheory,therearenospecialadvantagesofDyn11overDyn5.

InIsolationApplication:InisolatedapplicationsthereisnoadvantageordisadvantagebyusingDy5or
Dy11.IfhoweverwewishtointerconnectthesecondarysidesofdifferentDnytransformers,wemusthave
compatibletransformers,andthatcanbeachievedifyouhaveaDyn11amongagroupofDyn5sandvice
versa.

InParallelConnection:Practically,therelativeplacesofthephasesremainsameinDyn11comparedto
Dyn5.

IfweuseYd1TransformeronGeneratingSideandDistributionsideDy11transformerthan30lagof
generatingside(Yd1)isnullifyby+30LeadatReceivingsideDy11)sonophasedifferencerespectto
generatingSideandifweareontheHVsideoftheTransformer,andifwedenotethephasesasRYBfrom
lefttoright,thesamephasesontheLVsidewillbeRYB,butfromlefttoRight.
ThiswillmaketheTransmissionlineshavesamecolor(foridentification)whetheritisinputtooroutputfrom
theTransformer.

IfweuseYd1TransformeronGeneratingSideandDistributionsideDy5transformerthan30lagof
generatingside(Yd1)ismorelagby150LagatReceivingside(Dy5)soTotalphasedifferencerespectto
generatingSideis180deg(30+150=180)andifweareontheHVsideoftheTransformer,andifwe
denotethephasesasRYBfromlefttoright,thesamephasesontheLVsidewillbeRYB,butfromRight
toLeft.

ThiswillmaketheTransmissionlineshaveNosamecolor(foridentification)whetheritisinputtooroutput
fromtheTransformer.ThedifferenceinoutputbetweentheDyn11andDny5andistherefore180degrees.