Chap-17 B.V.

Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

Chapter 17
Numerical Analysis

x: 0 1 2
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES f (x) = x 3 5x + 3: 3 1 1
Thus, a root lies between 0 and 1 and another root
lies between 1 and 2.
Bisection Method Choose x0 = 1 and x1 = 2. Then x2 = x0 +x 2
1
=
Example 1: Find a real root of the equation x 3
1+2
2
= 1.5, f (1.5) = 1.125 < 0.
6x 4 = 0 by bisection method. So root lies in between 1.5 and 2. So x3 = x2 +x
2
1
=
[JNTU 2006, Set No. 1] 1.5+2
2
= 1.75, f (1.75) = 0.3906 < 0.
So root lies between 1.75 and 2. Then x4 = 1.75+2
2
=
Solution: 1.875, f (1.875) = 0.2167 > 0.
x: 0 1 2 3
So root lies between 1.75 and 1.875. So the approx-
f (x) = x 3 6x 4: 4 9 8 5
imate root of the given equation is x5 = 1.75+1.875 =
... one root lies between 2 and 3. Take x0 = 2, 2
1.8125.
x1 = 3. By bisection method, the next approxima-
tion is x2 = x0 +x
2
1
= 2+32
= 2.5. Now at x2 = 2.5, Example 3: Find a real root of the Equation x 3
f (2.5) = 3.375 < 0. Thus, a root lies between 2.5 x 11 = 0 by bisection method.
and 3. So the next approximation is x3 = 2.5+3 2
= [JNTU 2007, Set No. 2]
5.5
2
= 2.75. At x 3 = 2.75, f (2.75) = 0.2968 > 0.
Thus a root lies between 2.5 and 2.75. Next approx- Solution:
imation is x4 = 2.5+2.75 = 2.625. x: 0 1 2 3
2
Now f (2.625) = 1.6621 < 0. The root lies be- f (x) = x 3 x 11: 11 11 5 13
tween 2.625 and 2.75. Then x5 = 2.625+2.75 2
= A root lies between 2 and 3. Then the rst approxi-
2.6875 and f (2.6875) = 0.7141 < 0. So root lies mation is x2 = x0 +x
2
1
= 2+3
2
= 2.5. Now f (2.5) =
between 2.6875 and 2.75. The approximate value of 2.125 > 0. So root lies between 2 and 2.5. So
the real root of the given equation is 2.6875+2.75
2
= the next approximation is x3 = 2+2.5 = 2.25. Now
2
2.71875. f (2.25) = 1.859 < 0. So next approximation is
x4 = 2.25+2.5 = 2.375. Now f (2.375) = 0.0215 >
Example 2: Find a real root of x 3 5x + 3 = 0 2
0 and f (2.25) < 0.
using bisection method.
[JNTU 2006, Set No. 2] ... Root lies between 2.25 and 2.375. So x = 5
2.25+2.375
2
= 2.3125. Now f (2.3125) = 0.946 < 0
Solution: and f (2.375) > 0.

17.1
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

17.2 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

So root lies between 2.3125 and 2.375. x6 = (2 1)

=1 [0.2817]
2.3125+2.375
2
= 2.34375, f (x6 ) = 0.4691 < 0. Root [11.778 (0.2817)]
lies in (2.34375, 2.375). So x2 = 1.329
X7 = 2.34375+2.375
2
= 2.359375.
Since f (x7 ) = 0.225 < 0, root lies between Now f (x2 ) = f (1.329) = 2.0199 > 0 and f (1) =
2.359375 and 2.375. So x8 = 2.359375+2.3752
= 0.2817 < 0 so root lies in between 1 and 1.329.
2.3671875. Take x0 = 1, x2 = 1.329.
f (x8 ) = 0.10247 < 0, root lies between (x2 x0 )
Then x3 = x0 f (x0 )
2.3671875 and 2.375. Then [f (x2 )f (x0 )]

2.3671875 + 2.375 =1 (1.3291)

[2.0199(0.2817)]
[0.2817]
x7 = = 2.37109.
2 x3 = 1.04
Approximate root is 2.37109. Now f (x3 ) = f (1.04) = 0.05 < 0.
Since f (x2 ) = 2.0199 > 0, root lies between 1.04
Example 4: Using bisection method, nd a root of and 1.329. Then
the Equation x 3 4x 9 = 0
(x3 x2 )
x4 = x2 f (x2 )
Solution: [f (x3 ) f (x2 )]
x: 0 1 2 3 (1.04 1.329)
f (x) = x 3 4x 9: 9 12 9 6 = 1.329 [2.0199]
[0.05 (2.0199)]
A root lies between 2 and 3. First approximation is
x4 = 1.08 is the required approximate root.
x0 + x 1 2+3
x2 = = = 2.5.
2 2
Example 7: Find a real root of ex sin x = 1 using
Since f (2.5) = 3.375 < 0, root lies between 2.5 RegulaFalsi method.
and 3. The second approximation is x3 = 21 (2.5 + [JNTU 2006, Supply, Set No. 1, Code No.
3) = 2.75. Since f (2.75) = 0.7969 > 0, root lies R059010202]
between 2.5 and 2.75. So third approximation is x4 =
2.5+2.75
2
= 2.625. Since f (2.625) = 1.4121 < 0,
Solution:
root lies between 2.5 and 2.625. Thus, the fourth x: 0 1
approximation to the root is x5 = 21 (2.5 + 2.625) = ex sin x 1 = f (x): 1 1.2874
root lies in
2.6875. (0, 1).
By bisection method: f (0.5) = 0.2094, root lies in
Example 5: Find a real root of xex = 2 using
(0.5, 1).
Regulafalsi method. [JNTU 2007, Set 4]
By bisection method: f (0.75) = 0.443 root lies in
Example 6: Find a real root of xex = 3 using (0.5, 0.75).
Regulafalsi method. [JNTU 2006, Set 4] Since f (0.5) < 0, choose b = 0.75. Then by
RegulaFalsi method
Solution:
x: 0 1 2 f (x0 )
x
x1 = x0 (b x0 )
f (x) = xe 3: 3 0.2817 11.778 f (b) f (x0 )
(0.20941)
... 1, = 0.5 (0.75 0.5)
... root lies in (1, 2). Take x0 = 1, x1 = 2. (0.443 + 0.20941)
Then x1 = 0.5 + 0.160 = 0.6605
(x1 x0 )
x2 = x0 f (x0 ) Now f (x1 ) = f (0.6605) = 0.1876 > 0 root lies in
(f (x1 ) f (x0 ))
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 17.3

(0.5, 0.6605). starting from an initial guess x0 , better successive ap-

Since f (a) = f (0.5) < 0; we have b = 0.6605 proximations x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . of an unknown solution
0.2094
of (1) are computed step by step.
x2 = 0.5 (0.1876+0.2094)
(0.6605 0.5) Generally, iterative methods are easy to program.
x2 = 0.5 + 0.08465 = 0.58466 The bisection method and RegulaFalsi method are
At x2 , f (x2 ) = 0.009653. two such iterative methods which are known as in-
So x2 = 0.58466 is an approximate root of the given terpolation methods or bracketing methods because
transcendental equation. the root (guess) is bracketed between two estimates
(one for f (x) > 0 and one for f (x) < 0). The other
Example 8: Using RegulaFalsi method, nd an kind of iterative methods such as xed point itera-
approximate real root of the transcendental Equation tion method, Newton-Raphson method, its vari-
x log10 x = 1.2. ant secant method are known as extrapolation
methods or open-end methods in which a single value
Solution: (initial estimate) is chosen.
x: 1 2 3
f (x) = x log10 x 1.2: 1.2 0.59794 0.23136
... a root lies between 2 and 3. Fixed-point iteration method
Take x0 = 2, x1 = 3. Then approximate root Rewriting the Equation (1) in the form
x1 x0
x2 = x0 f (x0 )
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x = g(x) (2)
(3 2)
=2 [0.59794] observe that the roots (or solutions) of (1) are same as
[0.23136 + 0.59794]
the points of intersection of the straight line y = x
x2 = 2.72102
and the curve representing y = g(x), as shown in
Now f (x2 ) = f (2.72102) = 0.0179, so root lies the gure. The exact solution (root) is which is the
between 2.72102 and 3. Then intersection of y = x and y = g(x).
x1 x2
x3 = x2 f (x2 )
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
(3 2.72102)
= 2.72102 (0.0179)
[0.23136 + 0.0179]
x3 = 2.74021

Similarly, we get x4 = 2.74024, x5 = 2.74063. Note

at x5 ,
f (x5 ) = 0.0000140385
... An approximate root is x5 = 2.74063.
Fig. 17.1

Iteration Methods Starting with an initial estimate x0 , compute the

rst approximation x1 given by
In general, there is no formula for the exact solution
of
x1 = g(x0 )
f (x) = 0 (1)
Now, treating x1 as the initial value, compute the
which may be an algebraic equation or transcen- second approximation x2 as
dental equation. In such cases the iterative method,
which is an approximation method, is used in which x2 = g(x1 )
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

17.4 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

In general the n + 1th approximation is Rewriting the given equation as

xn+1 = g(xn ) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . 1

x= (cos x + 1) = g(x).
3
The name of the method is motivated, since a solution
Observe that
of (2) is called a xed point of g.
|g  (x)| = 13 | sin x| < 1 in 0, 2 .
This method converges in an interval (a, b) if
Starting with x0 = 0, the xed point iteration meth-
|g  (x)| k < 1 ods yields the following successive approximations.
1
Example 9: Find a real root of the Equation 2x x1 = g(x0 ) = (cos 0 + 1) = 0.6667,
3
log10 x = 7 by successive approximation method.
1
[JNTU 2006, Set No. 3] x2 = g(x1 ) = (cos(.6667) + 1) = 0.5953,
3
Solution: 1
x: 1 2 3 4 x3 = g(x2 ) = (cos(.5953) + 1) = 0.6093,
3
f (x) = 2x log x 7: 5 3.301 1.4471 0.398 1
... A root lies between 3 and 4. x4 = g(x3 ) = (cos(.6093) + 1) = 0.6067,
3
Rewrite the given equation as 1
x5 = g(x4 ) = (cos(.6067) + 1) = 0.6072,
1 3
x = [log10 x + 7] = g(x)
2 1
x6 = g(x5 ) = (cos(.6072) + 1) = 0.6071.
3
Now |g  (x)| = | 21 x1 log10 e| < 1 when 3 < x < 4. Thus the approximate root is 0.6071 since x5 and x6

when x = 3, |g (3)| = | log10 e| = 0.07238
2
1 1
3
are nearly equal.
when x = 4, |g  (4)| = | 21 41 (0.4343)| = 0.0542
Example 11: Find the negative root of the equa-
Since |f (4)| = 0.398 < 1.4471 = |f (3)|, The root
tion x 3 2x + 5 = 0.
is near to 4. Now taking the initial guess as x0 = 3.6,
we apply the xed point iteration method yielding Solution: If , , are the roots of
the successive approximations as
x 3 + 0 x 2 2x + 5 = 0 (1)
1
x1 = g(x0 ) = (log10 (3.6) + 7) = 3.77815, Then the equation whose roots are , , is
2
x 3 + (1) 0 x 2 + (1)2 (2x) + (1)3 5 = 0
1
x2 = g(x1 ) = (log10 (3.77815) + 7) = 3.78863, or x 3 2x 5 = 0 (2)
2 To nd the positive root of (2), we have
1 f (x) = x 3 2x 5, f (2) = 1 < 0, f (3) = 16 >
x3 = g(x2 ) = (log10 (3.78863) + 7) = 3.78924,
2 0. So root lies between 2 and 3 and it is nearer to 2
1 (since |f (2)| = 1 < 16 = |f (3)|).
x4 = g(x3 ) = (log10 (3.78924) + 7) = 3.78927. Rewriting the Equation (2) we get
2
1
Thus the approximate root is 3.7892. x = (2x + 5) 3 = g(x)
2
Example 10: Using iteration method, nd a real Then |g  (x)| = | 13 (2x + 5) 3 2| < 1 in (2, 3).
root of the Equation cos x = 3x 1. Choosing x0 = 2.1, we apply the xed point itera-
tion method. Then
1
Solution: Here,
f (x)
 = cos x 3x + 1, and x1 = g(x0 ) = [2(2.1) + 5] 3 = 2.09538,
f (0) = 2 > 0 and f 2 = 32
+ 1 = 3.71 < 0 1
x2 = g(x1 ) = [2(2.09538) + 5] 3 = 2.09468,
1
.
. . A root lies between 0 and . x3 = g(x2 ) = [2(2.09468) + 5] 3 = 2.09457,
2
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 17.5

x4 = g(x3 ) = 2.09455, x5 = g(x4 ) = 2.09455 Since f (1) = 2.178 and f  (1) = 6.2780 are of the
Hence the approximate root of (2) is 2.09455; so the same sign, we choose x0 as 1. Then for n = 0,
negative root of the given Equation (1) is 2.09455. we have x1 = x0 ff(x(x0 )) or x1 = 1 2.178
6.278
= 0.653,
0
f (x1 ) = 0.46, and f  (x1 ) = 3.7835. Then for n = 1,
Example 12: Find a solution of x 3 + x 1 = 0 by we get x2 = x1 ff(x(x1 )) = 0.653 3.7835
0.46
= 0.5314.
iteration. 1
Now f (x2 ) = 0.042, f  (x2 ) = 3.11213. For n = 2,
Solution: we get x3 = x2 ff(x(x2 )) or x3 = 0.5314 3.11213
0.042
=
2
x: 0 1 
0.518. Then f (x3 ) = 0.000738, f (x3 ) = 3.0433.
f (x) = x 3 + x 1: 1 1 So for n = 3, x4 = x3 ff(x(x3 )) = 0.518 0.000738
3.0433
=
... A root lies in (0, 1).
3
0.5177. Since f (0.5177) = 0.000174, we take
Rewriting the given equation, x4 = 0.5177 as an approximate root.
1
x= = g(x) Example 14: Find a real root of x + log10 x 2 =
1 + x2 0 using NewtonRaphson method.
so that [JNTU 2007, Set No. 3]
1
xn+1 = . Solution: Here, f (x) = x + log10 x 2, f  (x) =
1 + xn2
1 + x1 log e10 = 1 + 2.3026
x
.
Also |g  (x)| = (1+x 2 )2 < 1 for any x.
2|x| Since f (1) = 1 < 0 and f (2) = 0.3010 > 0, a
Choosing x0 = 1, we obtain root lies between 1 and 2. Again at 1.5, we have
f (1.5) = 0.324, root lies between 1.5 and 2.
1 1 Choose x0 = 1.8. Then for n = 0, we have the rst
x1 = = = 0.5
1 + 12 2 approximation as, x1 = x0 ff(x(x0 )) = 1.8 2.2792
0.0553
,
0

x2 =
1
= 0.800, x1 = 1.7757. Then x2 = x1 ff(x(x1 )) = 1.7757
1 + (0.5)2 0
0.0251
2.2967
= 1.7648.
1
x3 = = 0.610, Now x3 = x2 ff(x(x2 )) = 1.7648 0.0015
2.3047
= 1.7598,
1 + (0.8)2 2
Again x4 = x3 ff(x(x3 )) = 1.7598 2.3084
0.0053
= 1.7575
x4 = 0.729, x5 = 0.653, x6 = 0.701 3
f (x4 ) = f (1.7575) = 0.002395, we may take x4 =
Approximate root is 0.701. 1.7575 as an approximate root.

NewtonRaphson Method Example 15: Find a real root of x tan x + 1 = 0

using NewtonRaphson method.
Example 13: Find a real root of xex cos x = 0 [JNTU 2006, Aug. Supply. Set 2]
using NewtonRaphson method.
[JNTU 2007, Set No. 1], Solution: Rewriting x sin x + cos x = 0, so
[JNTU 2006, Supply, Set No. 4, (R059010202)] f (x) = x sin x + cos x, f  (x) = x cos x. Then NR
iteration formula is
Solution: f (0) = 1 < 0, f (1) = 2.178 > 0 xn sin xn + cos xn
Here, f (x) = xex cos x. Root lies between 0 and xn+1 = xn
xn cos xn
1. Also f  (x) = xex + ex + sin x
By NewtonRaphson method: with x0 = , the successive iterations are:
n xn f (xn ) xn+1
f (xn ) 0 3.1416 1.0 2.8233
xn+1 = xn
f  (xn ) 1 2.8233 0.0662 2.7986
xn
(xn e cos xn ) 2 2.7986 0.0006 2.7984
xn+1 = xn
(xn exn + exn + sin xn ) 3 2.7984 0.0 2.7984
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

17.6 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

... Approximate (exact) root is 2.7984 Solution: Here, h = 5 , x = 52 , x0 = 45 , y0 =

0.7077, q = x45
2
= 5245
5
= 75
Example 16: Find f (2.5) using newtons forward Finite difference table
formula from the following table.
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x y = sin x Dy D2y D3y
y: 0 1 16 81 256 625 1296 x0 y0
Dy0
45 0.7077 D2y0
[JNTU: 2006, Set No. 1] 0.0583 D3y0
50 0.766 0.0051
0.0532 0.0013
Solution: Here, h = 1, x0 , y0 = 0, x = 2.5, q = 55 0.8192 0.0064
xx0 0.0468
h
= 2.50
1
... q = 2.5. 60 0.866
Finite difference table
x y Dy D 2y D3y D 4y D5y D6y Using Newtons forward differences formula
y(52 ) = 0.7077 + 75 (0.0583)
0 0


1 + 75 75 1 0.0051)
1 1 14
7
7 
7 
36
+ 5 5 1 5 2 (0.0013) = 0.7869008
2 16 15
50 24
3 81 65 60 0 Example 18: Find y(1.6) using Newtons forward
4 256 110 24 0 differences formula from the table
175 84 0
5 625 194 24
369 108
x 1 1.4 1.8 2.2
6 1296 302 y 3.49 4.82 5.96 6.5
671
[JNTU 2006, Set No. 3]
Here y0 = 1, 2 y0 = 14, 3 y0 = 36, 4 y0 = 24,
5 y0 = 0, 6 y0 = 0. Solution: Here, h = 0.4, x = 1.6, x0 = 1, y0 =
Using Newtons forward formula y = y0 + qy0 + 3.49, q = xx
h
0
= 1.61
0.4
.6
= .4 = 23
q(q1) 2
2!
 y0
x y Dy D2y D3y
+ q(q1)(q2)
3!
 3 y0 1 3.49 = y0
Dy0
+ q(q1)(q2)(q3)  4 y0 + 0 + 0. 1.4 4.82 D2y0
4! 1.33 D3y0
Substituting the values, we get at x = 2.5, 1.8 5.96 0.19
1.14 0.41
2.2 6.50 0.60
(2.5)(2.5 1) 0.54
y(2.5) = 0 + 2.5(1) + (14)
2!
Using Newtons forward differences

formula
(2.5)(2.5 1)(2.5 2) y(1.6) = 3.49 + 23 (1.33) + 23 23 1 (0.19)
+ (36) +


3! + 23 23 1 23 2 (0.4) = 5.4925.
(2.5)(2.5 1)(2.5 2)(2.5 3)
+ (24) + 0 + 0 Example 19: Show that fi2 = (fi + fi+1 )fi
4! [JNTU 2006, Set No. 4] (Question Corrected)
= 2.5 + 26.25 + 11.25 0.9375 = 39.0625.
Solution: We know that fi = fi+1 fi
Example 17: Given that sin 45 = 0.7077, Then fi2 = fi+1
2
fi2 = (fi+1 + fi )(fi+1 fi )
sin 50 = 0.766, sin 55 = 0.8192, sin 60 = 0.866, = (fi+1 + fi )fi
nd sin 52 using Newtons forward differences
formula. Example 20: Find the unique polynomial P (x)
[JNTU 2006, Set No. 2] of degree 2 or less such that P (1) = 1, P (3) = 27,
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 17.7

P (4) = 64 using Lagrange interpolation formula. Put x = 3 and substitute x0 , x1 , x2 , . . ., f (x0 ) . . ., etc.
[JNTU Aug. 2006, Supply. S 2004] (3 1)(3 2)(3 4)(3 5)(3 6)
f (3) = 1 +
(0 1)(0 2)(0 4)(0 5)(0 6)
Solution: x0 = 1, x1 = 3, x2 = 4, y(x) = P (x),
(3 0)(3 2)(3 4)(3 5)(3 6)
so y0 = P (x0 = 1) = P (1) = 1, y1 = P (x1 = 3) = + 14 +
27, y3 = P (3) = 27. By Lagranges interpolation (1 0)(1 2)(1 4)(1 5)(1 6)
formula, we get (3 0)(3 1)(3 4)(3 5)(3 6)
+ 15 +
(2 0)(2 1)(2 4)(2 5)(2 6)
(x x1 )(x x2 )
y(x) = P (x) = y0 + (3 0)(3 1)(3 2)(3 5)(3 6)
(x0 x1 )(x0 x2 ) +5 +
(4 0)(4 1)(4 2)(4 5)(4 6)
(3 0)(3 1)(3 2)(3 4)(3 6)
(x x0 )(x x2 ) +6 +
+ y1 + (5 0)(5 1)(5 2)(5 4)(5 6)
(x1 x0 )(x1 x2 )
(3 0)(3 1)(3 2)(3 4)(3 5)
+19
(6 0)(6 1)(6 2)(6 4)(6 5)
(x x0 )(x x1 )
+ y2 12 18 36 36
(x2 x0 )(x2 x1 ) = 14 + 15 + 5
240 60 48 48
18 12
(x 3)(x 4) (x 1)(x 4) 6+ 19
= 1+ 27+ 60 240
(1 3)(1 4) (3 1)(3 4)
= 0.05 4.2 + 11.25 + 3.75 1.8 + 0.95 = 10.
(x 1)(x 3)
+ 64 Example 22: If yx is the value of y at x for which
(4 1)(4 3)
the fth differences are constant and y1 + y7 =
784, y2 + y6 = 686, y3 + y5 = 1088, then nd y4 .
1
= [48x 2 114x + 72] = 8x 2 19x + 12 [JNTU 2007, Set No. 3]
6
Solution: Since 5th order differences are constant,
Example 21: Using Lagranges formula, calculate
we have 5 yn = constant for any n. Then all the
f(3) from the following table.
higher order differences are zero i.e., 6 yn = 0 and
x 0 1 2 4 5 6
7 yn = 0, etc. for any n. We know that
f (x) 1 14 15 5 6 19
[JNTU Aug. 2006, Supply. Aug. 2003] 0 = 6 y0 = y6 6y5 + 15y4 20y3 + 15y2
6y1 + y0
Solution: Here, x0 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 4,
x4 = 5, x5 = 6 and f (x0 ) = 1, f (x1 ) = 14, f (x2 ) = 0 =  y0 = y7 7y6 + 21y5 35y4 + 35y3
7

15, f (x3 ) = 15, f (x4 ) = 5, f (x5 ) = 6, f (x6 ) = 19.

From Lagranges interpolation formula, we get 21y2 + 7y1 y0


5 since n yk = yn+k n c1 , yn+k1 + n c2 yn+k2 +
(x xj ) . . . + (1)n yk .
j =0

5
j
=i Adding, we get
f (x) = f (xi )

5
i=0 (xi xj ) (y1 + y7 ) 6(y2 + y6 ) + 15(y3 + y5 ) 20y4 = 0.
j =0
i
=1
Given, y1 + y7 = 784, y2 + y6 = 686 and y3 +

5  5
(x xj ) y5 = 1088
= f (xi ) Therefore 784 6(686) + 15(1088) 20y4 = 0
(x i xj )
i=0 j =0
j
=i or y4 = 721.
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

17.8 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Example 23: Construct the difference table for the Solution: Finite differences table is
following data.
x f(x) Df D2f D 3f D4f
x 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 20 354
F (x): 0.003 0.067 0.148 0.248 0.370 0.518 0.697 25 22
332 19
41 31
30 291 12 43
and nd F (0.6) using a cubic that ts at x = 0.3, 0.5, 29 12
35 260 0 14
0.7 and 0.9 using Newtons forward formula. 29 2
40 231 2
[JNTU 2007, Set No. 2] 27
45 204

Solution: The differences table is Gausss forward (rst GI) interpolation formula (see
(1) on page 17.19)
x F(x) DF(x) D2F(x) D3F(x) D4F(x) D5F(x) f (x) = f0 + qf0 + q(q1) 2
2 f1
0.1 0.003 + (q+1)q(q1) 3
 f1 + . . .
0.064 6
0.3 0.067 0.017 Here, x = 22, x0 = 20, h = 5, q = xx h
0
= 2220
5
=
0.081 0.002
0.5 0.148 0.019 0.001 0.4, f0 = 354, f0 = 41,  f1 = 19,
2
0.100 0.003 0
0.7 0.248 0.022 0.001 3 f1 = 31
0.122 0.004 0 f (22) = 354 + (0.4)(41) + (0.4)(0.6) (19)
0.9 0.370 0.026 0.001 2
0.148 0.005 + (1.4)(0.4)(0.6)
(31)
1.1 0.518 0.031 6
0.179 = 354 16.4 + 2.28 1.736 = 338.144
1.3 0.697

Example 25: Using Gauss backward differences

Take x0 = 0.3. Here, h = 0.2, x = 0.6; so
formula nd y(8) from the following table.
x; 0 5 10 15 20 25
x x0 0.6 0.3
q= = = 1.5 y(x): 7 11 14 18 24 32
h 0.2
[JNTU 2007, Set No. 1]
with x0 = 0.3, x1 = 0.5, x2 = 0.7, x3 = 0.9 we can
Solution: Here, q = xxh
0
, x = 8, x0 = 10, h = 5
t a polynomial of degree 3.
By Newtons forward differences formula, with so q = 5 = 0.4. The Gauss backward differ-
810

y0 = 0.067, y0 = 0.081, 2 y0 = 0.019, 3 y0 = ences formula (Gauss second G2: see (2) on Page
0.003, 4 y0 = 0.001, 5 y0 = 0, we get, F (0.6) = 17.19).
0.067 + (1.5)(0.081) + (1.5)(1.51)
2!
(0.019)+ y(x) = y0 + qy1 + q(q+1)
2 y1 + q(q +
2!
+ (1.5)(1.51)(1.52)
3!
(0.003)+ 1) (q1)
3!
+ (1.5)(1.51)(1.52)(1.53)
4!
(0.001) 3 y2 +  y2
(q+2)(q+1)q(q1) 4
+ ...
4!
= 0.067 + 0.1215 + 0.0071 0.0011 + 0.000002
F (0.6) = 0.194502 x y D D2 D3 D4
0 7
4
5 11 1
Example 24: Find f (22) from the following table 3 2
10 14 1 1
x0 using Gauss forward formula 4 1
15 18 2 1
x 20 25 30 35 40 45 6 0
20 24 2
f (x) 354 332 291 260 231 204 8
25 32
[JNTU 2007, Set No. 4]
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 17.9

Using the Gauss backward differences formula with

y0 = 14, y1 = 3, 2 y1 = 1, 2 y2 = 2, we get EXERCISE
y(8) = 14 + (0.4) 3 + (0.4)(0.6) 1
+ (0.6)(0.4)(1.4)
6
(2)
y(8) = 12.792.

n1
1. Show that 2 fk = fn f0
Example 26: If f (x) = u(x)v(x) show that k=0
f [x0 , x1 ] = u[x0 ] v[x0 , x1 ] + u[x0 , x1 ] v[x1 ] [JNTU 2003]
[JNTU 2006, Aug. Supply. Set No. 4] Hint:  fk = fk+1 fk
2

 2
n1
Solution: From the denition of rst order divided  fk = 2 f0 + 2 f1 + 2 f2 + . . . + 2 fn1
differences, we have k=0
u[x0 , x1 ] = u[xx1 ]u[x0]
, v[x0 , x1 ] = v[xx1 ]v[x0]
, = (f1 f0 ) + (f2 f1 ) +
x x
1 0 1 0 . . . (fn fn1 )
and f [x0 , x1 ] = f [xx1 ]f [x0 ]
= fn f0 .
1 x0
Thus RHS  = u[x0 ] v[x0, x1 ] + u[x0 , x1 ] v[x1 ] sin x
= u[x0 ] v[xx1 ]v[x0]
+ u[xx1 ]u[x0]
v[x1 ]v[x1 ] 2. Consider the following data for g(x) = x2
.
x
1 0 x 1 0
= 1
x1 x0
{u[x0 ]v[x1 ] u[x0 ] v[x0 ] x: 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
+[u[x1 ] v[x1 ] u[x0 ] v[x1 ]} g(x): 9.9833 4.9696 3.2836 2.4339 1.9177
= 1
{u[x1 ]v[x1 ] u[x0 ] v[x0 ]}
x1 x0 Calculate g(0.25) accurately using Newtons
= 1
x1 x0
{f [x1 ] f [x0 ]} = f [x0 , x1 ]. forward method of interpolation.
[JNTU: Aug. 2003]
Example 27: Find the unique polynomial P (x) Hint: q = 0.250.1 = 1.5, h = 0.1, x = 0.25,
0.1
of degree 2 or less such that P (1) = 1, P (3) = 27, x0 = 0.1, g(0.25) = 9.9833 + 1.5(5.0137) +
P (4) = 64 using Newton divided differences for- (1.5)(0.5)
3.3277
2
mula.
[JNTU Aug. 2006, Supply. Set No. 2] + 1.50.5(0.5)
32
(2.4919)

Solution: Divided differences table + 1.50.5(0.5)(1.5)

432
1.9886
x P (x) Divided differences
Ans. g(0.25) = 3.9134.
of order
1 2 3. For x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 5; f (x) = 1, 14, 15, 5, 6. Find
x0 = 1 P0 = 1 f (3) using forward differences table.
[x0 , x1 ] = 271
31 [JNTU 2004]
= 13
x1 = 3 P1 = 27 [x0 , x1 , x2 ] Hint: x = 3, h = 1, q = 30
1
=3
= 3713
41
=8
[x1 , x2 ] = 6427
43
= 37
x2 = 4 P2 = 64 3(2) 3(2)(1)
f (3) = 1 + 13(3)+ (12)+
Here, x0 = 1, P0 = 1, [x0 , x1 ] = 13, [x0 , x1 , x2 ] = 8 2 321
(1)
Using Newtons divided differences formula
P (x) = P0 + (x x0 )[x0 , x1 ] + (x x0 )(x x1 ) Ans. 5.
[x0 , x1 , x2 ] 4. Find y(25) given that y20 = 24, y24 = 32, y28 =
= 1 + (x 1) 13+(x 1)(x 3)8 35, y32 = 40 using Gauss forward differences
= 8x 2 19x + 12 formula. [JNTU Aug. 2006, Supply. Set No. 1]
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

17.10 MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Hint: x0 = 28, x = 25, h = 4, q = 2528

4
= 43 [JNTU 2002]
Hint: x0 = 1, x1 = 7, x2 = 15, x = 10,
x y = f(x) D y D2y D3y f0 = 168, f1 = 192, f2 = 336
x 2 = 20 y 2 = 24
8 f (10) = (107)(1015)
(17)(115)
168 + (101)(1015)
(71)(75)

x1 = 24 y1 = 32 5 192+
3 7
x0 = 2.8 y0 = 35 2 + (101)(107)
(151)(157)
336
5
x1 = 32 y1 = 40 Ans. 231.005
7. Compute f (3.5) from the following data

3
3  x: 1 2 3 4


3 4 4 1 f (x): 1 2 9 28
y(25) = 35 + 3+ 2 Using Lagranges, interpolation of 2nd and
4 2!

3
3 
 3rd-order degree polynomials.
4 4 1 43 + 1
+7 Hint: x0 = 1, x1 = 2, x2 = 3, y0 = 1, y1 = 2,
3! y2 = 9, x = 3.5
Ans. y(25) = 34.4453. (a) 2nd order f (3.5) = 16
5. Use Gauss backward differences formula to nd (b) 3rd order: x0 = 1, x1 = 2, x2 = 3, x3 =
y(8) from the following table. 4, y0 = 1, y1 = 2, y2 = 9, y3 = 28, x = 3.5,
f (3.5) = 16.625.
x 0 5 10 15 20 25
8. Find a real root of x 3 x 1 = 0 by bisection
y 7 11 14 18 24 32
method.
[JNTU Aug. 2006, Supply, Set No. 4]
Solution: x0 = 10, y0 = 14, h = 5, x = 8, so q = Hint: root in (1, 2), x2 = 1.25, x3 = 1.375, x4 =
xx0
= 810 = 25 = 0.4 1.3125, x5 = 1.34375, x6 = 1.328125
h 5
Ans. 1.328125.
x y(x) D y D2y D3y D4y D5y 9. Using bisection method, nd a real root of x +
x2 = 0 y 2 = 7
4 tan x 1 = 0.
x1 = 5 y1 = 11 1
3 2 Hint: f (0) = 1, f (0.5) = 0.0463, root (0, 0.5).
x0 = 10 y0 = 14 1 1
4 1 0 Ans. 0.4795.
x1 = 15 y1 = 18 2 1
6 0
x1 = 20 y2 = 24 2 10. Find out an approximate root of x sin x = 1 using
8 bisection method.
x1 = 25 y3 = 32
Hint: f (0) = 1, f (1) = 0.158529, f (1.5) =
0.496, root in (1, 1.5); x3 = 1.125, x2 = 1.25,
(0.4)(0.6) 1 x4 = 1.0625, x5 = 1.09375, x6 = 1.109375,
y(8) = 14 + (0.4) 3 + x7 = 1.1171875, x8 = 1.11328125.
2
(0.4)(0.4 1)(0.4 + 1)2 Ans. 1.11328125.
+ 2
6 11. Use bisection method to nd a real root of 667.38
(0.4)(0.4 1) + (0.4 + 1)(0.4 + 2) (1 e0.146843x ) = 40 x.
+ (1)
24 Ans. 14.5.
Ans. y(8) = 12.7696. Hint: f (12) = 6.067, f (16) = 2.269, root in
6. Evaluate f (10), given f (x) = 168, 192, 336 at (12, 16).
x = 1, 7, 15 respectively. Use Lagranges inter- 12. Find the root of the Equation 2x log10 x = 7
polation.
Chap-17 B.V.Ramana August 30, 2007 10:15

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 17.11

which lies between 3.5 and 4 by RegulaFalsi 17. Find a real root of tan1 x x = 1.
method. [JNTU 2006, Set No. 3] Ans. 2.1323.
Ans. 3.789. Hint: g(x) = 1 + tan1 x, xn+1 = 1 + tan1 xn ,
Hint: x0 = 3.5, x1 = 4, x2 = 3.7888, f (2) = 0.10, f (3) = 0.75; choose x0 = 1,
f (x2 ) = 0.0009, f (x1 ) = 0.3979, x1 = 1.7854, x2 = 2.0602, x3 = 2.1189, x4 =
root (3.7888, 4), x0 = 3.7888, x1 = 4, 2.1318, x5 = 2.1322, x6 = 2.1323.
x3 = 3.7893 18. Using xed point
Iteration Method iteration method, evaluate ap-
proximately (a) 12 (b) 1 . 12
13. Find a real root of x 3 + x 2 100 = 0.
Ans. (a) 3.46425 (b) 0.2887.
Ans. 4.3311
Hint: (a) 12 = x, x 2 = 12 or x = 12 x
= g(x).
Hint: f (4) = 20 < 0, f (5) = 50 > 0 Since 9 and 16 are nearest numbers to 12 with

root in (4, 5), xn+1 = x10+1 = g(x), perfect squares 9 = 3, 16 = 4. Take x0 =
  n
  5  3.5, x = 3.4285, x = 3.5, x = 3.4285, x4 =
|g (x)| =  (x+1)3/2  < 1 in (4, 5). Take x0 = 4.2 1 2 3
3.5, approximate root = 3.4285+3.5
2
= 3.46425.
x1 = 4.38529, x2 = 4.30919, x3 = 4.33996, (b) x = 112 , x 2 = 12 1
or x = 12x 1
= g(x)
x4 = 4.32744, x5 = 4.33252, x6 = 4.33046, choose x0 = 3.5 = 0.285,
1
x1 = 0.2924,
x7 = 4.33129, x8 = 4.33096, x9 = 4.33109, x2 = 0.285, x3 = 0.2924, approximate root
x10 = 4.33104, x11 = 4.33106, x12 = 4.33105, = 0.285+0.2924 = 0.2887.
x13 = 4.33105 2
19. Find a real root of ex sin x = 1 using Newton
14. Find the real root of the Equation Raphsons method.
[JNTU Aug. 2006, Supply Set No. 3,
x3 x5 x7 x9 x 11
x + + + ... R059010202]
3 10 42 216 1320 Hint: f (x) = ex sin x 1, f  (x) =
= 0.4431135. x
e (sin x + cos x). f (2) = 5.7188,
f ( ) = 1; f  (2) = 3.6439.
Ans. 0.4769.
3 5 7 9 11 Since f (2) and f  (2) have the same sign
Hint: x = x3 x10 + x42 216
x x
+ 1320 + choose x0 = 2. NR formula is
0.4431135
x0 = 0.44, x1 = 0.4699, exn sin xn 1
Choose xn+1 = xn ,
x2 = 0.4755, x3 = 0.47664, x4 = 0.47686, exn (sin xn + cos xn )
x5 = 0.47690. x1 = 2 5.7188 = 0.4305, f (x1 ) = 0.358,
3.6439
15. By iteration method, nd a real root of sin x = f  (x1 ) = 2.039, x2 = 0.606, f (x2 ) = 0.044,
10(x 1). f  (x2 ) = 2.5507, x3 = 0.5887,
Ans. x = 1.088. f (x3 ) = 0.0004178. Approximate root x3 =
0.5887.
Hint: f (1) > 0 and f (2) < 0, root in (1, 2)
choose x0 = 1, x1 = 1.084, x2 = 1.088, x3 =
1.088
16. Using method of successive approximation nd
a root of x 3 3x + 1 = 0.
Ans. 0.347.
Hint: f (0) = 1 > 0, f (1) = 1 < 0, xn+1 =
xn3 +1
3
.