Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Joist
and
Joist Girders
Catalogue
Canam specializes in the fabrication of steel joists, joist girders, steel deck, purlins
and girts, and welded wide-flange shapes. We also design and fabricate the Murox
high performance building system and Econox foldaway portable buildings. Canam
offers customers value-added engineering and drafting support, architectural
flexibility and customized solutions and services.
Another Canam solution, the BuildMaster approach, has redefined the way in
which buildings are designed and built by offering a safer, faster and greener
process that can reduce field erection time by between 15% and 25%.
Factors such as product quality, worksite supervision and construction time are
critical in the execution of any project, big or small, and Canam's reputation for
reliability simplifies these considerations for customers. In addition to a rigorous
jobsite management process that is specifically designed to ensure that deadlines
are met, our cutting-edge equipment, skilled employees and high quality products
are also key in allowing Canam to keep its promises. Whatever your project, we will
meet your requirements while also complying with all applicable building codes.
Another aspect of our exceptional service is just-in-time delivery as per customer
specifications. To eliminate delays, components are transported by our very own
fleet, which stands ready to ensure on-time delivery, regardless of the location.
Depending on the region and worksite, Canam can transport components measuring
up to 16 ft. (4.9 m) wide and 120 ft. (36.5 m) long.
Canam is one of the largest steel joist fabricators in North America.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
Although every effort was made to ensure that the information contained in this
catalog is factual and that the numerical values presented herein are consistent
with applicable standards, Canam does not assume any responsibility whatsoever
for errors or oversights that may result from the use or interpretation of this data.
Anyone making use of this catalog assumes all liability arising from such use.
All comments and suggestions for improvements to this publication are greatly
appreciated and will receive full consideration in future editions.
4
Appuisinformation
General sphriques
Shoe
5
Appuis sphriques
General information
Simple beam
Gerber system
Joist girder
Carrying system
Beam
Mechanical conduits
Joist girder
6
General information
If a larger opening is required, a diagonal member can be removed if the top and
bottom chord are reinforced.
L The building designer must consider the following to ensure the economical use of
joist girders:
Joist girder
1. Longer spans of joist girders are preferred as this reduces the number of
columns inside a building.
2. G
reater depths reduce the size of the top and bottom chords for increased
Approximately 1.5 x L
weight savings.
3. B
ay arrangement should be repetitive since designing and fabricating many
Joists identical pieces will reduce production costs.
4. R
egular joist spacing must be maintained by the building designer by lining
up the joists on either side of the joist girders.
5. Rectangular bays are recommended, in a roof or floor system using joist
girders and joists, where the longest dimension corresponds to the joist span,
while the shortest dimension corresponds to the joist girder span. An optimal
Joist girder rectangular bay would typically have a ratio of joist span to joist girder span
of approximately 1.5.
Optimal rectangular bay
6. Bearing shoes are used for economical joist girder to column connection,
usually 191 mm (7.5 in.) deep, bolted to the top of the column or on a bearing
bracket on the web or the flange of the column.
STEEL
Our joist and joist girder design makes use of high strength steel purchased in
accordance with the latest issue of the standards below:
Cold formed angles and U-shaped channels: ASTM A1011;
Cold formed angle
Hot rolled angles and round bars: CAN/CSA-G40.20/G40.21.
DESIGN STANDARDS
Joist and joist girder design is based on the latest issue of the design standards in effect:
Canada: United States:
Hot rolled angle CAN/CSA S1601 SJI
CAN/CSA S13607
NBCC 2005
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Over the years, we have established strict quality standards. All our welders,
inspectors, and quality assurance technicians are certified by the Canadian Welding
Bureau (CWB). We do visual inspections on 100% of the welded joints and
non-destructive testing if required.
Notes:
This catalog was produced by Canam, a business unit of Canam Group Inc. It is intended for use by engineers, architects, and building contractors
working in steel construction. It is a selection tool for our economical steel products. It is also a practical guide for Canam joists and joist girders.
Canam reserves the right to change, revise, or withdraw any product or procedure without notice.
The information presented in this catalog was prepared according to recognized engineering principles and is for general use. Although every effort
has been made to ensure that the information in this catalog is correct and complete, it is possible that errors or oversights may have occurred. The
Distribution CentreICornwall, Ontario
information contained herein should not be used without examination and verification of its applications by a certified professional.
7
Accessories
MATERIAL METRIC
AXES CONVENTION
Y Y Y
y
x x
X X
X y
X
Y Y
SECTION PROPERTIES x y x
ROUND AND SQUARE BARS
Material Grade
Forming
Mass Area l r Y
(in.) (MPa) (kg/m) (mm 2) (10 3 mm 4) (mm)
1/2 350 Hot rolled 0.99 127 1.28 3.2
9/16 350 Hot rolled 1.26 160 2.05 3.6
5/8 350 Hot rolled 1.55 198 3.11 4.0
11/16 350 Hot rolled 1.88 239 4.56 4.4
3/4 350 Hot rolled 2.24 285 6.46 4.8
13/16 350 Hot rolled 2.62 335 8.91 5.2
7/8 350 Hot rolled 3.05 388 11.99 5.6
15/16 350 Hot rolled 3.49 445 15.78 6.0
1 350 Hot rolled 3.97 507 20.43 6.4
1 1/8 350 Hot rolled 5.03 641 32.73 7.1
1 square 350 Hot rolled 5.06 645 34.69 7.3
U SHAPES
Axis X-X Axis Y-Y
Material Grade Mass Area y lxx r xx lyy r yy
Forming
(in.) (in.) (in.) (MPa) (kg/m) (mm 2) (mm) (10 3 mm 4) (mm) (10 3 mm 4) (mm)
1 x 5/8 x 0.090 350 Cold formed 0.84 107 5.1 2.13 4.4 9.30 9.3
1 x 0.8 x 0.090 350 Cold formed 1.01 129 7.1 4.81 6.1 12.18 9.7
1 x 0.85 x 0.090 350 Cold formed 1.07 137 7.8 5.99 6.6 13.11 9.8
1 x 1 x 0.090 350 Cold formed 1.15 146 8.7 7.71 7.3 14.25 9.9
1 x 1 x 0.118 350 Cold formed 1.49 191 9.6 10.70 7.5 17.55 9.6
1 x 1.05 x 0.090 350 Cold formed 1.28 161 10.4 11.61 8.5 16.38 10.1
1 x 1.1 x 0.118 350 Cold formed 1.68 212 11.4 16.20 8.7 20.36 9.8
1 3/8 x 1.27 x 0.118 350 Cold formed 2.11 268 12.1 28.02 10.2 52.23 13.9
1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.118 350 Cold formed 2.21 283 13.1 34.03 11.0 55.72 14.0
1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.157 350 Cold formed 2.94 374 14.3 46.87 11.2 69.47 13.6
1 3/4 x 1 1/2 x 0.157 350 Cold formed 3.45 440 14.5 66.68 12.3 138.13 17.7
1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.197 350 Cold formed 4.67 597 18.0 120.22 14.2 183.92 17.6
2 3/8 x 2 x 0.197 350 Cold formed 5.57 711 18.0 171.57 15.5 396.63 23.6
8
Accessories
9
Accessories
MATERIAL IMPERIAL
AXES CONVENTION
Y Y Y
y
x x
X X
X y
X
Y Y
SECTION PROPERTIES x y x
ROUND AND SQUARE BARS
Material Grade
Forming
Mass Area l r Y
(in.) (ksi) (plf) (in. 2) (in. 4) (in.)
1/2 50 Hot rolled 0.67 0.20 0.003 0.13
9/16 50 Hot rolled 0.84 0.25 0.005 0.14
5/8 50 Hot rolled 1.04 0.31 0.007 0.16
11/16 50 Hot rolled 1.26 0.37 0.011 0.17
3/4 50 Hot rolled 1.50 0.44 0.016 0.19
13/16 50 Hot rolled 1.76 0.52 0.021 0.20
7/8 50 Hot rolled 2.05 0.60 0.029 0.22
15/16 50 Hot rolled 2.35 0.69 0.038 0.23
1 50 Hot rolled 2.67 0.79 0.049 0.25
1 1/8 50 Hot rolled 3.38 0.99 0.079 0.28
1 square 50 Hot rolled 3.40 1.00 0.083 0.29
U SHAPES
Axis X-X Axis Y-Y
Material Grade Mass Area y lxx r xx lyy r yy
Forming
(in.) (in.) (in.) (ksi) (plf) (in. 2) (in.) (in. 4) (in.) (in. 4) (in.)
1 x 5/8 x 0.090 50 Cold formed 0.57 0.17 0.20 0.005 0.18 0.022 0.37
1 x 0.8 x 0.090 50 Cold formed 0.68 0.20 0.28 0.012 0.24 0.029 0.38
1 x 0.85 x 0.090 50 Cold formed 0.72 0.21 0.31 0.014 0.26 0.031 0.39
1 x 1 x 0.090 50 Cold formed 0.77 0.23 0.34 0.019 0.29 0.034 0.39
1 x 1 x 0.118 50 Cold formed 1.00 0.30 0.38 0.026 0.30 0.042 0.38
1 x 1.05 x 0.090 50 Cold formed 0.86 0.25 0.41 0.028 0.33 0.039 0.40
1 x 1.1 x 0.118 50 Cold formed 1.13 0.33 0.45 0.039 0.34 0.049 0.39
1 3/8 x 1.27 x 0.118 50 Cold formed 1.42 0.42 0.48 0.067 0.40 0.125 0.55
1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.118 50 Cold formed 1.49 0.44 0.52 0.082 0.43 0.134 0.55
1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.157 50 Cold formed 1.98 0.58 0.56 0.113 0.44 0.167 0.54
1 3/4 x 1 1/2 x 0.157 50 Cold formed 2.32 0.68 0.57 0.160 0.48 0.332 0.70
1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.197 50 Cold formed 3.14 0.93 0.71 0.289 0.56 0.442 0.69
2 3/8 x 2 x 0.197 50 Cold formed 3.75 1.10 0.71 0.412 0.61 0.953 0.93
10
Accessories
11
Accessories
12
Accessories
BRIDGING
SPECIFICATIONS
The CAN/CSA S16-01 standard specifies a bridging system to assure steel joist
stability. Some important points to consider are:
Maximum slenderness ratio by bridging type;
Minimum capacity of the bridging system;
Service load criteria;
Maximum unsupported lengths for the top and bottom chords of the joist;
Erection criteria;
Bridging system requirements for special support conditions.
The two types of bridging used and their maximum unsupported length are as
follows:
Horizontal bridging 300 x r z
Diagonal bridging 200 x r z
The horizontal bridging type is most commonly used to stabilize joists. Attachment
of diagonal and horizontal bridging to joist chords with a minimum capacity of 3kN
is in accordance with clause 16.7.6 of CSA S16-01. The selection tables for horizontal
and diagonal bridging angles presented herein meet the slenderness and minimum
capacity criteria.
The bridging system performs two main functions:
To assure joist stability during erection by providing lateral support to the top
and bottom chords of the joists;
To hold the joists in the position shown on the drawings, normally vertical.
In general, the bridging must be spaced along the chords so that the laterally
unsupported distance does not exceed:
Top chord 170 x r yy
Bottom chord 240 x r yy
For safety reasons, a line of cross bridging is recommended for joists having a span
longer than 12.2 m (about 40 ft.). No construction loads shall be placed on the joists
until the bridging system is completely installed.
Once installed, the steel deck generally offers sufficient rigidity to provide the
lateral stability to the top chord. The resistance of decking and joints must be
verified by the joist designer to ensure that adequate lateral support is provided to
the top chord. For the bottom chord, bridging must be designed with the maximum
slenderness ratio criterion of this tension member. If the bottom chord is subject to
compression loads, due to uplift forces or other compression causing forces, a
system with more bridging lines must be used. If uplift forces are applied to the
joist, a line of bridging is required at the first bottom chord panel point at both ends
of the joist.
The length of horizontal bridging supplied by Canam is based on a maximum lap of
150mm (6 in.).
The ends of the bridging system on a beam or masonry wall must comply with
clause 16.7.7 of the CAN/CSA S16-01 standard.
Certain joist loading conditions require special bracing systems. Note that this
reference is to bracing rather than bridging. Members supplied in these cases must
meet the criteria of clause 9.2 of CAN/CSA S16-01. Two such cases are cantilever
joists and perimeter joists that laterally support the top of wind columns.
13
Accessories
METRIC
TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES
Factored load (kN/m)
Span Service load (kN/m)
(m) 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.5 21.0 22.5
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
15 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4.5 5.4 6.3 7.2 8.1 9.0 9.9 10.8 11.7 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.3
3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.6 10.2
16 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
17 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
18 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
19 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
22 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
24 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
26 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
28 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
30 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
34 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
38 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
42 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
46 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
14
Accessories
IMPERIAL
TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES
Factored load (plf)
Span Service load (plf)
(ft.) 300 405 510 615 720 825 930 1,035 1,140 1,245 1,350 1,455 1,560
200 270 340 410 480 550 620 690 760 830 900 970 1,040
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
23 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
26 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
33 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
36 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
40 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
43 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
46 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
49 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1,020
200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680
52 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
56 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
59 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
62 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
65 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
72 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
79 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
85 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
92 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
98 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
112 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
125 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
138 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
151 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
15
Accessories
METRIC
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR HORIZONTAL BRIDGING
Bridging angle size
L 11/4 x 11/4 x 0.090 L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090 L 15/8 x 0.118 L 13/4 x 13/4 x 0.118 L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118 L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8 L 2 x 2 x 0.157
1,720 2,240 2,420 2,620 2,970
*T
o use with welded diagonal bridging or bolted diagonal bridging with maximum 10mm (3/8 in.) bolt diameter.
Note: The diagonal bridging must be tied at mid-length.
16
Accessories
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (ft.) FOR HORIZONTAL BRIDGING
Bridging angle size
L 11/4 x 11/4 x 0.090 L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090 L 15/8 x 0.118 L 13/4 x 13/4 x 0.118 L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118 L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8 L 2 x 2 x 0.157
5 - 7 7 - 4 7 - 11 8 - 7 9 - 9
*T
o use with welded diagonal bridging or bolted diagonal bridging with maximum 10mm (3/8 in.) bolt diameter.
Note: The diagonal bridging must be tied at mid-length.
17
Accessories
KNEE BRACES
To provide lateral support to the bottom chord of the joist girders, knee bracing is
used. These knee braces are installed into position where required at joist support
locations and generally on both sides of the joist girder. They join the top chord of
the joist girder to the bottom chord of the joist as illustrated below.
A knee brace selection table is provided based on a maximum allowable slenderness
ratio of 200 x r z.
In some cases, installation of knee braces can be avoided by extending the bottom
chord length of some joists when the joist girder depth is similar to that of the joist
that it supports.
When a joist girder is used to support girts instead of joists, the knee brace system
may not be recommended. Usually for girt shapes we use cross braces tied at mid-
length as lateral support to the joist girder when the spacing between joist girders
(girts span) is less than 6,000mm (20 ft.), or when the girt section thickness is
smaller than 2.3mm (3/32 in.). In all other cases, the standard knee brace system
may be used. The building designer should take into consideration that the knee
brace stabilizing the bottom chord of the joist girder induces loads on the girts at
the connection points.
TYP.
Poutrelle Poutrelle Poutrelle Poutrelle
APPROX.
Ferme 45
Ferme
Poutrelle Poutrelle
Ferme
METRIC
MAXIMUM KNEE BRACE LENGTH L (mm)
Brace angle size
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157 L 2 x 2 x 0.157 L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16 L 3 x 3 x 0.236
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 5/32 L 2 x 2 x 5/32 L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 0.197 L 3 x 3 x 1/4
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 3/16 L 2 x 2 x 3/16 L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4 L 3 x 3 x 5/16
1,470 1,990 2,480 2,980
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM KNEE BRACE LENGTH L (ft.)
Brace angle size
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157 L 2 x 2 x 0.157 L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16 L 3 x 3 x 0.236
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 5/32 L 2 x 2 x 5/32 L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 0.197 L 3 x 3 x 1/4
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 3/16 L 2 x 2 x 3/16 L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4 L 3 x 3 x 5/16
4 - 10 6 - 6 8 - 2 9 - 9
18
Accessories
MATERIAL WEIGHTS
The tables below can be used as a guide to establish in which direction the joists
should be orientated compared to the joist girders for a particular bay area and
various total uniform factored loads.
They are also a guide for the building designer to evaluate the dead load of joists
and joist girders to be used for design.
METRIC
ESTIMATED SELF-WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS (kPa)
Bay area Joist/Joist girder Factored uniform load (kPa) Joist J.G.
(m 2) Span ratio (m) (m)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
50 0.5 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 5.0 10.0
50 1 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.26 7.1 7.1
50 2 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.27 10.0 5.0
100 0.5 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 7.1 14.1
100 1 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 10.0 10.0
100 2 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.36 14.1 7.1
150 0.5 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.46 8.7 17.3
150 1 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 12.2 12.2
150 2 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.44 17.3 8.7
200 0.5 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.53 10.0 20.0
200 1 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.49 14.1 14.1
200 2 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.51 20.0 10.0
250 0.5 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.53 0.59 11.2 22.4
250 1 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.49 0.55 15.8 15.8
250 2 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.51 0.57 22.4 11.2
300 0.5 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.65 12.2 24.5
300 1 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.60 17.3 17.3
300 2 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.63 24.5 12.2
IMPERIAL
ESTIMATED SELF-WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS (psf)
Bay area Joist/Joist girder Factored uniform load (psf) Joist J.G.
(ft. 2) Span ratio (ft.) (ft.)
42 63 83 104 125 146 167 188 209
500 1/2 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.0 15.8 31.6
500 1 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.1 22.4 22.4
500 2 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.0 31.6 15.8
1,100 1/2 2.4 3.2 3.9 4.9 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 23.5 46.9
1,100 1 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.2 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.7 8.5 33.2 33.2
1,100 2 1.7 2.5 3.3 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.5 8.3 46.9 23.5
1,600 1/2 2.7 3.6 4.7 5.9 7.1 8.2 9.4 10.6 11.8 28.3 56.6
1,600 1 2.2 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.2 8.2 9.2 10.3 40.0 40.0
1,600 2 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 56.6 28.3
2,200 1/2 3.0 4.2 5.5 6.9 8.3 9.7 11.0 12.4 13.8 33.2 66.3
2,200 1 2.4 3.6 4.8 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.1 46.9 46.9
2,200 2 2.4 3.5 4.7 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.4 10.6 11.7 66.3 33.2
2,700 1/2 3.3 4.6 6.1 7.6 9.2 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.3 36.7 73.5
2,700 1 2.7 4.0 5.3 6.6 8.0 9.3 10.7 12.0 13.4 52.0 52.0
2,700 2 2.6 3.9 5.2 6.5 7.8 9.1 10.4 11.7 13.0 73.5 36.7
3,200 1/2 3.5 5.0 6.6 8.3 10.0 11.6 13.3 15.0 16.7 40.0 80.0
3,200 1 2.9 4.4 5.8 7.2 8.7 10.2 11.6 13.1 14.5 56.6 56.6
3,200 2 2.8 4.3 5.6 7.0 8.5 9.9 11.3 12.7 14.2 80.0 40.0
19
Accessories
The weight of the main materials included in a floor or roof system is reproduced
below. The density of certain materials is also indicated. This table allows the designer
to quickly evaluate the dead and live loads to specify on drawings and specifications.
20
Standard details
EXTENSIONS
An extension designates a continuation beyond the normal bearing of the joist. The
extension can be the top chord only or the full depth of the joist, in which case, it is
referred to as a cantilever joist.
The extended top chord section varies according to the following conditions: the
design loads, the extension length, the deflection criterion, and the conditions of
bearing and anchorage. The section can be reinforced if required. In a section without
reinforcement, the extension material is the same as the top chord of the joist.
A reinforced section has 2 or 4 angles as extension material, or 1 or 2 channels
having a higher capacity than that of the top chord between the bearings. Also, a
reinforced section projects into one or several interior panels such that the joist can
resist bending and shearing forces brought on by the extension of the top chord.
Variable
A B C
A B C
Appui Appui
Section A Section C
Section B
Variable
A B C
C
A B
Appui
Section A Section C
Section B
Section renforce avec quatre cornires
Bearing
Cantilever joist
A B C
C
A B
Appui
A B C A B C
A B C C
A B
Appui
Appui Section A
Section B Section A Section C
Section C Section B
Section renforce avec deux profils en C
21
Standard details
The tables below serve as a guide to determine a suitable shoe depth based on
uniform loading and a maximum extension length. The extensions are based on the
maximum capacity of a 2-channel section without any slope. This is an economical
section for this kind of condition.
The maximum top chord extension is determined by the bending and shear
resistance of the section, or by the deflection of the extension, which is limited to
L/120 with a fixed end. In fact, the joist and its extension are analyzed simultaneously
in a matrix calculation.
METRIC
MAXIMUM TOP CHORD EXTENSION (mm)
Factored load (kN/m)
Effective
shoe Service load (kN/m)
depth 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.5 21.0 22.5
(mm)
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
100 1,920 1,750 1,620 1,520 1,450 1,380 1,330 1,290 1,240 1,200 1,150 1,130 1,100
125 2,390 2,170 2,010 1,900 1,800 1,700 1,650 1,550 1,500 1,450 1,400 1,350 1,300
150 2,750 2,500 2,350 2,200 2,050 1,950 1,900 1,800 1,750 1,650 1,600 1,550 1,550
175 3,050 2,800 2,600 2,450 2,300 2,200 2,150 2,050 2,000 1,900 1,850 1,800 1,750
200 3,300 3,000 2,800 2,650 2,550 2,450 2,350 2,250 2,200 2,100 2,050 2,000 1,950
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM TOP CHORD EXTENSION (ft.)
Factored load (lb./ft.)
Effective
shoe Service load (lb./ft.)
depth 300 405 510 615 720 825 930 1035 1140 1245 1350 1455 1560
(in.)
200 270 340 410 480 550 620 690 760 830 900 970 1040
4 6 - 4 5 - 9 5 - 4 5 - 0 4 - 9 4 - 6 4 - 4 4 - 3 4 - 1 3 - 11 3 - 9 3 - 8 3 - 7
5 7 - 10 7 - 1 6 - 7 6 - 3 5 - 11 5 - 7 5 - 5 5 - 1 4 - 11 4 - 9 4 - 7 4 - 5 4 - 3
6 9 - 0 8 - 2 7 - 8 7 - 3 6 - 9 6 - 5 6 - 3 5 - 11 5 - 9 5 - 5 5 - 3 5 - 1 5 - 1
7 10 - 0 9 - 2 8 - 6 8 - 0 7 - 7 7 - 3 7 - 1 6 - 9 6 - 7 6 - 3 6 - 1 5 - 11 5 - 9
8 10 - 10 9 - 10 9 - 2 8 - 8 8 - 4 8 - 0 7 - 8 7 - 4 7 - 3 6 - 11 6 - 9 6 - 7 6 - 5
The building designer must make allowance for sufficient shoe depth when the top
flange is not horizontal or in case of bolted assembly. In this case, the clear depth
is less than the shoe depth.
Profondeur
du sige
Profondeur libre
22
Standard details
Geometry
Warren
250 250 150 120 90 182
300 305 190 150 110 232
350 305 220 175 120 258
400 610 240 220 140 410
450 610 320 265 200 420
500 610 360 290 220 454
550 610 390 315 240 484
Modified Warren Geometry
Note:
Final dimensions of free openings should be verified with Canams joist
Warren Geometry; H 350 mm (14 in.)
design sheet.
When duct-opening dimensions exceed the limits above, some web members must
610 mm (TYP)
be removed. The shear forces are then transferred to the adjacent web members of
24 in. (TYP)
the top and bottom chords. The chords will need to be reinforced; this will limit the
maximum height of the free opening as well. The maximum opening height should
H D S R
be limited to the joist depth minus 200mm (8 in.). If the opening height cannot be
limited to this value, contact Canam.
L
Because the shear forces carried by the web members increase along the joist
toward the bearing, the location of the duct opening is more critical near the
S
Modified Warren Geometry; H 400 mm (16 in.)
bearings; more shear forces must be transferred to the top and bottom chords. For
this reason, the duct-opening center must be located away from a bearing by a
distance of at least 2.5 times the joist depth. The best location (for economical
reasons) is at the mid span of the joist.
Pratt Geometry
23
Standard details
Geometry
Warren
12 in.
10 10 6.0 4.5 3.5 7.0
12 12 7.5 6.0 4.5 9.0 D S
14 12 8.5 7.0 5.0 10.0
H R
16 24 9.5 8.5 5.5 16.0 S
18 24 13.0 10.5 8.0 16.5 L
20 24 14.5 11.5 9.0 18.0
22 24 15.5 12.5 9.5 19.0
Note:
Final dimensions of free openings should be verified with Canams joist
design sheet.
When duct-opening dimensions exceed the limits above, some web members must
be removed. The shear forces are then transferred to the adjacent web members of
the top and bottom chords. The chords will need to be reinforced; this will limit the
maximum height of the free opening as well. The maximum opening height should
be limited to the joist depth minus 200mm (8 in.). If the opening height cannot be Location must be greater than:
2.5 x H
limited to this value, contact Canam. 100 mm (4 in.) min.
H
Because the shear forces carried by the web members increase along the joist
100 mm (4 in.) min.
toward the bearing, the location of the duct opening is more critical near the
bearings; more shear forces must be transferred to the top and bottom chords. Pratt Geometry
For this reason, the duct-opening center must be located away from a bearing by
a distance of at least 2.5 times the joist depth. The best location (for economical
reasons) is at the mid span of the joist. Location must be greater than:
2.5 x H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
24
Standard details
25
Standard details
Combined geometries
The panel points of a joist girder are usually located where joists are bearing.
Depending on the joist spacing, the design engineer can add intermediate panel
points to design the optimum joist girder for the loading conditions and the span.
The different panel point configurations presented below can be specified by the
building designer for architectural purposes or large duct openings.
Type G: The panel points where the joists are bearing correspond to the intersection
of the two diagonals at the top chord.
Type G configuration
Type VG: The panel points where the joists are bearing correspond to the position
of the secondary web members (verticals) on the top chord.
Type VG configuration
26
Standard details
Type BG: The panel points where the joists are bearing correspond to the position
of the secondary web members (verticals) and the intersection of the two
diagonals at the top chord.
Type BG configuration
The shape of a joist may depend on its use and the type of roofing system requested
by the customer. It can take one or more of the following shapes:
STANDARD SHAPE
Parallel chords
NON-STANDARD SHAPES **
Variable (typ.)
Variable (typ.)
Variable
2 slopes 3 slopes
2 slopes
Variable (typ.)
Variable (typ.)
4 slopes 4 slopes
SPECIAL SHAPES **
Depending on the radius of curvature, the angles composing the top and/or bottom
chord could require a rolling operation.
* The building designer must consider in the design that the shapes can produce
significant horizontal forces and/or movement on the supporting structure due
R to the deflection of the joist.
arque **
Non-standard shapes and special shapes are more expensive due to their
complexity.
ciseau
R1 tonneau *
R2
ciseau *
27
Standard details
SHOES
The standard shoe dimensions vary according to product and span:
Product Span Depth Min. length
Joist 2,450 mm (8 ft.) 15,200 mm (50 ft.) 100 mm (4 in.) 100 mm (4 in.)
15,200 mm (50 ft.) 27,400 mm (90 ft.) 125 mm (5 in.) 100 mm (4 in.)
27,400 mm (90 ft.) and over 190 mm (7 1/2 in.) 150 mm (6 in.)
Joist girder All lengths 190 mm (7 1/2 in.) 150 mm (6 in.)
12 (imperial)
250 (metric)
x
Depth at gridline
Interior shoe depth
Clearance
28
Standard details
METRIC
MINIMUM SHOE DEPTH (mm)
IMPERIAL
MINIMUM SHOE DEPTH (in.)
PARTICULARITIES
BEARING ON CONCRETE OR MASONRY WALL
The building designer shall allow for a bearing plate for the joist girder. The plate
shall be in accordance with CAN/CSA S304.1-04 Standard if used for a masonry wall
and CAN/CSA A23.3-04 Standard if used on concrete. The plate shall have minimum
dimensions in length and width to ensure a minimum bearing for the joist girder of
150 mm (6 in.) and to allow the horizontal legs of the seat to be welded to the
bearing plate.
BEARING ON STEEL
The joist girder shall be extended on the steel support to respect the minimum
bearing of 100 mm (4 in.). The building designer must ensure that the type of
connection and bearing support used respect this criteria.
29
Standard details
DETAILS
CEILING EXTENSION
A A
Section A
FLUSH SHOE
A flush shoe can be used when the joist reaction does not exceed 45 kN (10 kip).
BOLTED SPLICE
In certain cases, joists are delivered in two sections. This is usually done because
of transportation considerations, difficult installation conditions in an existing
building, or dipping tank dimension limitations when a joist receives hot galvanization
treatment. A bolted splice is usually made at mid span.
The number and position of plates and bolts can vary according to the loads to be
transferred. We use high-strength bolts that meet ASTM A325 or ASTM A490
standards.
A
B B
Section A
Bolted splice at top chord
Section B
Bolted splice at bottom chord
30
Standard details
T1 T1-1 T1-1
Erection drawing
mark tag
If multiple joists with the same mark are fabricated, placement of the male
section of the first joist must correspond with placement of the female section
of the first joist, and so forth in the same manner. Examples: T1-1 with T1-1, T1-2
with T1-2, etc.
Example of identification for a joist fabricated as two separate pieces:
T1 T1-L T1-R
Erection drawing
mark tag
If multiple joists with the same mark are fabricated, the male sections can be
arranged with any female section of the joist. They will be identified in the
following manner: T1-L with T1-R.
BOTTOM CHORD BEARING
When the joist bearing is on the bottom chord, the top chord must be laterally
supported with bridging.
CANTILEVER JOIST
A cantilever joist can have bearing on the top or bottom chord. The bottom chord
must be adequately braced to resist compression loads caused by the cantilever.
It is good practice to install a bridging row next to the joist support as well as at the
end of its cantilevers.
31
Standard details
STANDARD CONNECTIONS
Use of Canam standard connection details is strongly recommended for the
following reasons:
Standardization of fabrication information;
Faster drawing checking;
Minimized risk of error.
However specific customer requests can be accommodated.
The standard connection details can be downloaded from the Canam web site
at: www.canam-construction.com.
Below is the list of available connection details:
Joists bearing on steel structures;
Joists bearing on concrete structures;
Joist girders bearing on steel structures;
Nemaska First Nation
Joist girders bearing on concrete structures. Sports ComplexINemiscau, Quebec
32
Surface preparation and paint
PAINT STANDARDS
In 1975, The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) in cooperation with the
Canadian Paint Manufacturers Association (CPMA) published reference documents
related to the paint specifications for structural steel.
The CISC/CPMA 1-73a paint standard applies to a quickdrying one-coat paint for
use on structural steel that provides adequate protection against exposure to a
non-corrosive environment as found in rural, urban, or semi-industrial settings, for
a period not exceeding six months. Painted structural steel building components
using this standard should not be used on permanent exterior exposed applications.
Exposure of this product in coastal or high industrial areas may cause advanced
deterioration of paint applied to this specification. Surface preparation may be
limited to Solvent Cleaning (SSPC SP1) or Hand Tool Cleaning (SSPC SP2). Because
of possible noncompatibility of this paint with finish coats, this shop applied paint
is not recommended for use as a primer for the application of a multi-layer paint
system.
The CISC/CPMA 2-75 paint standard applies to a quick-drying primer for use on
structural steel. This one-coat primer provides acceptable protection when exposed
to a mainly non-corrosive environment as found in a rural, urban, or semi-industrial
settings, for a period not exceeding twelve months. Painted structural steel building
components using this standard should not be used on permanent exterior exposed
applications. Exposure of this product in coastal or high industrial areas may cause
advanced deterioration of paint applied to this specification. Final surface
preparation must be done by Brush-Off Blast Cleaning (SSPC SP7). This layer of
primer is usually covered with a finish coat according to the paintsuppliers
recommendations.
Dip coating is commonly used to apply paint for one or more of the above standards.
When compared with spraying, experts in the field recommend application by
dipping because it provides improved coverage of exposed surfaces. Although a
coat of paint applied by dipping does not create an even dry film layer, it does not
reduce its protection against corrosion.
PAINT COSTS
Canam uses a single type of paint that meets both the CISC/CPMA 1-73a and CISC/
CPMA 2-75 specifications. The cost difference is mainly the result of two factors:
surface preparation (SSPC SP2 or SSPC SP7) and the method of primer application
(dipping or spraying). The following table compares paint costs according to final
surface preparation and paint application methods for both paint standards. For
example, for CISC/CPMA 1-73a type paint using SSPC SP2 final surface preparation,
it is noted that spray painting is twelve times more expensive than dipping.
33
Surface preparation and paint
Canam may apply paint that meets standards other than those specified in this
document. Prices and delivery schedules are adjusted accordingly. For example,
certain types of paint require nearly 24 hours before handling the joists.
COLOURS
Standard paint colour is gray. Red paint is optional.
34
Vibration
35
Vibration
36
Vibration
ALTERNATIVE 1
If a slab of 140mm (5 in.) instead of 100mm (4 in.) is used, the dead load increases
and the size of the joists and beams will also increase.
Structural steel 0.25 kPa ( 5 psf)
Steel joists 0.20 kPa ( 4 psf)
Deck-slab of 140mm 2.79 kPa (58 psf)
Ceiling, mechanical & floor finish 0.50 kPa (10 psf)
Partitions 1.00 kPa (21 psf)
DEAD LOAD TOTAL 4.74 kPa (98 psf)
LIVE LOAD 2.40 kPa (50 psf)
From the Canam catalog, select a joist with a 9-meter (29 ft.-6 8 in.) span to support
3
37
Vibration
This comparison shows that the vibration characteristics improve by adding dead
weight rather than by doubling the joist non-composite moment of inertia.
One must note that the alternative 2 used did not sufficiently improve the vibration
properties of the floor to lower their amplitude to below the annoyance threshold for
offices. Additional calculations indicate that using a 125mm (5 in.) deck-slab with a
100% increase in the joist and beam sections would lower the vibration amplitude
to below the annoyance threshold of 0.5% of g.
The building designer controls the main parameters affecting floor vibration
characteristics and he or she should make the vibration calculations to find an
economical solution. The information supplied in this catalog will allow the
structural engineer to evaluate the vibration properties of the floor during the
initial design.
The structural engineer of the project should always specify the proper slab
thickness and the minimum moment of inertia of the steel joists to have a floor
with vibration characteristics below the annoyance threshold based on the type
of occupancy. The joist designer will ensure conformity to the minimum moment
of inertia required by the building designer for the joists (see clause 16.5.15
vibration).
Please note that the analysis of floors subject to rhythmic vibrations (dance floor) is
different from that performed for vibrations caused by walking (Steel Design Guide,
no. 11 Floor vibrations due to human activity, chapter 5).
Finally, here are a few tips to obtain satisfactory vibration behavior:
increase the thickness of the concrete slab;
increase beam moment of inertia;
give special consideration to perimeter beams and joists;
add shear transfer elements or shear studs between the beam and the concrete
slab to obtain a composite action;
reduce the span of joists and beams;
increase joist moment of inertia.
38
Special conditions
Maximum wheel loads Crane runway girders for crane capacity of 225 kN and over. L/800
(no impact)
Maximum wheel loads Crane runway girders for crane capacity of 225 kN. L/600
(no impact)
Notes: As mentioned in Appendix D, the designer should consider the inclusion of
specified dead loads in some instances. For example, nonpermanent
partitions, which are classified by the National Building Code as dead load,
should be part of the loading considered under Appendix D if they are likely
to be applied to the structure after the completion of finishes susceptible to
cracking.
lease note that the concrete cover at the centre line of the joist will be
P
reduced by the amount of camber provided minus the deflection realized
under self weight of the concrete alone. This must be accounted by the
designer of the building with respect to the serviceability and fire resistance,
etc.
CAMBER
Camber is specified by the building designer on the plans and specifications.
Unless otherwise indicated by the designer, the standards are applied as stated in
Clause 6.2.2.1 of the CAN/CSA S16-01 Standard and the joist girders are cambered
to compensate for the deflection due to the dead load. Joist girders with a span of
25 m (82 ft.) or more are cambered for the dead load plus one half of the service
load.
In some cases, camber must be restricted for joists and joist girders adjacent to
non-flexible walls.
39
Special conditions
A
Joist (axial)
Joist (axial)
Concentrated load
Joist (axial)
Axial load
A Lateral load
Moment load
Section A-A
40
Special conditions
A The building designer may consider a lateral factored capacity of 4.5 kN (1,000 lb)
for the joist seats for the transfer of the deck shear forces to the girder top chord.
Adding shear connectors between the joists on the girder increases the capacity to
transfer diaphragm shear forces.
Depending on the specifications of the building designer, axial loads between two
joist girders may be transferred to the top chord as follows:
By angles placed under the top chord of the joist girders (suggestion 1);
A By a transfer plate placed on the top of the top chord (suggestion 2);
By a transfer plate placed between the two angles of the top chord of the joist
girders (suggestion 3);
Supplied by the A
steel contractor
unless otherwise
noted.
Transfer of an axial load by a plate placed between the angles of the top chord
Supplied by the steel Suggestion 3
contractor unless
otherwise noted.
W ithout a transfer piece using the capacity of the joist girder shoes
(suggestion 4).
Although not illustrated, the transfer of an axial load by the base of the shoe,
usually requires bracing of the first panel of the top chord.
In the case where a joist girder has adjacent bracing, the effect is represented by an
axial load applied to the bottom chord.
and
41
Special conditions
UNBALANCED LOADS
As with a steel supporting beam, the joist girder can have an unbalanced load on
its longitudinal axis. Joists distributed on either side of the joist girder may be at Joist girder
different lengths or the loads they support may vary. This situation causes torsional
stress in the joist girder, which will be considered by the joist girder designer.
Therefore the designer could specify larger chords and web members for the joist
girder and add additional knee braces between the bottom chord of the joist girders Joist girder
and the joists bearing on them.
However, to avoid unbalanced loads, the joists must be staggered on each side of Joist girder
the joist girder:
R1
R2
Joist girder
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8
Joist girder R1 R2
2.2 m 2m 2m 2m 2m 1.9 m Unbalanced loading
7 - 2 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 2
Joist girder
New spacings for staggered joists
C
L
Joist
Staggered joists
The offsetting of joists bearing on the joist girder will be considered by Canam
during the design stage.
42
Special conditions
END MOMENTS
GRAVITATIONAL MOMENTS
The use of a joist or joist girder in a rigid frame relieves the top chord and carries
the compression loads to the bottom chord.
End moments, as specified by the building designer on the plans and specifications,
result in the analysis of a frame with defined moments of inertia. It is recommended
that the building designer specifies minimum and maximum limits of inertia to
ensure that the frame is designed according to the analysis model.
The moment of inertia of the joist girder may be estimated using the equation
below in either metric or imperial.
Gravitational moments
METRIC
I = 1,596 MfD
where I = Moment of inertia of the joist girder (mm4)
Mf = Factored bending moment (kNm)
D = Depth of joist girder (mm)
Note: Mf may be calculated by considering a uniform load applied to the joist girder.
Mf = (1.25DL + 1.5LL) x l x L2
8
where DL = Dead load (kPa)
LL = Live load (kPa)
l = Tributary width of joist girder (m)
L = Joist girder span (m)
IMPERIAL
I = 0.132 MfD
where I = Moment of inertia of the joist girder (in.4)
Mf = Factored bending moment (kip ft.)
D = Depth of joist girder (in.)
Note: Mf may be calculated using a uniform loading applied to the joist girder.
Mf = (1.25DL + 1.5LL) x l x L2
8,000
where DL = Dead load (psf)
LL = Live load (psf)
l = Tributary width of joist girder (ft.)
L = Joist girder span (ft.)
43
Special conditions
WIND MOMENTS
Horizontal wind loads on a joist or joist girder in a rigid frame may cause alternating
moments as shown beside. Consequently, the joist will be analyzed with opposite
moments.
Examples: Case No. 1 - 10 kNm and + 10 kNm
Case No. 2 + 10 kNm and - 10 kNm
JOIST OR JOIST GIRDER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The erection plans, supplied by Canam, usually instruct the erector to fasten the
bottom chord after all of the dead loads have been applied. In this way, the joist or
joist girder follows the condition for simple span condition under dead loads. In the
case of end gravity moments, Canam will assume that they are caused only by the
live load, unless otherwise specified by the building designer. Wind moments
When end moments are specified, the joist or joist girder shall first be designed
to support loads on simple span condition. Then according to the combination of
defined loads in the codes, different loading scenarios can be generated during
analysis of the joist or joist girder. Each element shall be designed for worst-case
conditions, whether simple span or with end moments.
In addition to providing the end moment values applicable to the joist or joist girder,
the building designer must pay special attention to ensure that the end connections
develop the moments for which the building was designed.
As in the case of the transfer of axial loads, the transfer of loads generated by an
end moment may require the reinforcement of the first panel at top chord or by
Connection at bottom chord
another type of reinforcement calculated according to the load. with a tie joist plate
The end moment transferred to the joist girder can divide into forces in opposite
directions (couple) applied to the top and bottom chords.
For a connection with a transfer plate, the couple is calculated as follows:
Tf = C f = Mf
de
where Tf = C f = Axial force (kN or kip)
Mf = Factored moment connection ((kNm or kip pi)
de = Effective joist girder depth (m or ft.)
de
Mf
Tf or Cf
44
Special conditions
For a connection where the loads are carried by the shoe base, the axial force
increases due to a shorter moment arm.
Tf = C f = Mf
de
where Tf = C f = Axial force (kN or kip)
Mf = Factored moment connection ((kNm or kip pi)
de = Effective joist girder depth (m or ft.)
Joist girder shoe
Tf or Cf
Mf de
Tf or Cf
Since the loads transferred by the base of the shoe create significant eccentricity,
e
normally the first panel must be reinforced by the joist girder engineer.
45
Special conditions
Deflection criterion
Adjacent joist 4th joist Criterion = 25,000 / 110 = 227 L/240 min.
Metric (mm) Imperial (ft.)
1st joist Span / 50 Span / 0.167
2nd joist Span / 70 Span / 0.229
3rd joist Span / 90 Span / 0.292
4th joist Span / 110 Span / 0.354
5th joist Span / 130 Span / 0.417
Note: In all cases, the deflection criterion (usually under the service load) must be
greater than or equal to that specified on the customer drawings or mentioned Typ.
in the specifications.
Example: Span = 25 m; deflection criterion under service load = L / 240 Wind
column
Another solution consists of placing a perimeter joist with a sliding assembly on
the supporting wind column. This also allows for easier building expansion in the
future. Given the weak lateral rigidity of a joist, when it is acted upon laterally by Wind thrust given by the designer.
the top of the wind column, the structural engineer must assure transfer of the
load into the roof diaphragm or another horizontal bracing system.
The following paragraphs explain what is required to provide resistance to the out
of plane load component for the other cases.
2
When a joist is installed with a lateral slope, a portion of the vertical load applied to
the roof acts upon the joist laterally. Therefore, the lateral load must be considered
when calculating the size of the top chord and the bridging. In this case, the bridging
system plays a more important role.
1
46
Special conditions
For slopes 15 that are symmetrical between both sides of the summit, horizontal
bracing is not required if the structural bridging rows are attached to the ridge
because the horizontal forces from each slope cancel each other.
For slopes 16, the difference between the forces generated by unbalanced loads
must be taken into consideration. The use of horizontal bracing or steel deck with a
higher gage therefore becomes necessary.
Joists
ANCHORS ON JOISTS
It is not recommended to subject joists to torsion loads. Anchors that are attached
to joists will cause significant torsion. The installation of a frame between two joists
will prevent deformation and obtain an economical design.
Anchorage
47
Special conditions
SPECIAL JOISTS
Canam can design and manufacture special joists to suit the conditions required by
the building designer. A non standard joist can have particular assembly conditions
and/or a special shape as described on page 27.
Connecting a joist to a primary support like a truss, a beam or a column by others
means than a standard shoe, or replacing some joist components to accommodate
the connection of beams or other pieces, will make a special joist.
Depending of the shape, special loading conditions may apply as per the Canadian
standards in force. The building designer must clearly provide the special loading
conditions on the specification documents and on the drawings.
A special joist, very deep for example, may also require special shipping
arrangements.
The expertise of Canam in design and fabrication goes much higher than
manufacturing only standard products.
48
Special conditions
The building designer must consider these special conditions when designing
the column.
49
Special conditions
When the joist girder bearing is facing the column, a bending moment is induced in
R
the column. However, a bracket bearing is more economical for the fabrication of the
joist girder compared to other bearing connections presented in Models 1 and 2.
As mentioned previously, even if two joist girders are bearing on either side of the
column, unbalanced reactions may cause bending stress in the column, similar to
beams framing from both sides.
C
R1
R2
The design engineer must consider the eccentricity of the position of the reaction
of the joist girder in designing the column. Generally, an eccentricity of 38 mm (1.5
in.) can be considered in the calculation of the column.
BEARING FACING THE COLUMN WITH CENTER REACTION
Although designing a column is made easier by considering that the reaction of the
joist is not eccentric in relation to the column axis, the design and fabrication of
eccentric connections is more complex. Consequently, the cost of a joist girder
increases with this type of connection.
C
It is recommended to specify on the plan joist girders with a shoe under the top
chord and to allow for the eccentricity of the joist girder reaction when designing
the column.
50
Standards
16. O
PEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
16.1SCOPE
Clause 16 provides requirements for the design, manufacture, transportation, and
erection of open-web steel joists used in the construction of buildings. Joists
intended to act compositely with the deck slab shall also meet the requirements of
Clause 17. Clause 16 shall be used only for the design of joists having an axis of
symmetry in the plane of the joist.
16.1SCOPE
Open-web steel joists (OWSJ or joists), as described in Clause 16.2, are generally
proprietary products whose design, manufacture, transport, and erection are
covered by the requirements of Clause 16. The Standard clarifies the information to
be provided by the building designer (user-purchaser) and the joist manufacturer
(joist designer-fabricator).
16.2GENERAL
Open-web steel joists are steel trusses of relatively low mass with parallel or slightly
pitched chords and triangulated web systems proportioned to span between walls
or structural supporting members, or both, and to provide direct support for floor
or roof deck. In general, joists are manufactured on a production line that employs
jigs, with certain details of the members being standardized by the individual
manufacturer. Joists may be designed to provide lateral support to compression
elements of beams or columns, to participate in lateral-load-resisting systems, or
as continuous joists, cantilevered joists, or joists having special support conditions.
16.2GENERAL
The distinction between standard and non-standard OWSJ no longer exists as
OWSJs are designed specifically for each situation by the joist manufacturer. Those
definitions related to joists that are still required are now found in Clause 2 of the
Standard.
This clause has been expanded to list functions that joists may fulfil other than the
simple support systems for floors or roofs. These include continuous joists,
cantilever joists, joists in lateral-load-resisting systems and support for bracing
members.
51
Standards
16.3MATERIALS
Steel for joists shall be of a structural quality, suitable for welding, and shall meet
the requirements of Clause 5.1.1. Structural members cold-formed to shape may
use the effect of cold-forming in accordance with Clause 5.2 of CSA Standard S136.
The calculated value of Fy shall be determined using only the values for Fy and Fu
that are specified in the relevant structural steel material standard. Yield levels
reported on mill test certificates or determined according to Clause 9.3 of CSA
Standard S136 shall not be used as the basis for design.
16.3MATERIALS
The use of yield strength levels reported on mill test certificates for the purposes of
design is prohibited here as throughout the Standard. This practice could
significantly lower the margin of safety because any deviation from the specified
value has already been accounted for statistically in the bias value the ratio of the
mean strength to the specified minimum value. Thus, all design rules have been,
and are, based on the use of the specified minimum yield point or yield strength.
For structural members cold-formed to shape, the increase in yield strength due to
cold forming, as given in Clause 5.2 of CAN/CSA-S136, may be taken into account
provided that the increase is based on the specified minimum values in the relevant
structural steel material standard.
52
Standards
live =
span
J1 600 1,300 2.4 kPa 2.6 kPa 320
Suggested lx
joint for vibration
=
10.2 kN/m =
8.9 kN 4.38 -2.4 kN/m
live
Figure 2-36
Joist schedule
Thickness
varies
When sprayed fire protection is contemplated, reduce clearance by the thickness of sprayed fire protection material.
Figure 2-37
Sizes of openings for electrical and mechanical equipment
53
Standards
Specific joist designations from a manufacturers catalogue or from the AISC and
Steel Joist Institute of the U.S.A, are not appropriate and should not be specified.
16.5DESIGN
16.5.1LOADING FOR OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
The factored moment and shear resistances of openweb steel joists at every
section shall not be less than the moment and shear due to the loading conditions
specified by the building designer in the documents described in Clause 16.4.1(a) or
to the factored dead load plus the following list of factored live load conditions,
considered separately:
(a) for floor joists, an unbalanced live load applied on any continuous portion of
the joist to produce the most critical effect on any component;
(b) for roof joists, an unbalanced loading condition with 100% of the snow load
plus other live loads applied on any continuous portion of the joist and 50%
of the snow load on the remainder of the joist to produce the most critical
effect on any component;
(c) for roof joists, wind uplift; and
(d) the appropriate factored concentrated load (from Table 4.1.6. B of the National
Building Code of Canada - 2005) applied at any one panel point to produce the
most critical effect on any component.
16.5.1LOADING FOR OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Because there is now no distinction between standard and special OWSJ only one
loading clause exists instead of two. This is the clause previously given for special
joists.
Maximum factored moments and shears are established either from the loading
conditions in the design documents or from the factored dead load plus the four
factored live loads listed in Clause 16.4.1.
The four factored live load combinations are consistent with Section 4.1 of the
National Building Code of Canada (2005). In particular, as required by the National
Building Code of Canada, roofs and the joists supporting them may be subject to
uplift loads due to wind.
Joist design documents prepared by the joist manufacturer shall show, as a
minimum, the specified loading, factured member loads, material specification,
member sizes, dimentions, spacers, welds, shoes, anchorages, bracing, bearings,
field splices, bridging locations, camber, and coating type.
54
Standards
16.5.2DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
Open-web steel joists shall be designed for loads acting in the plane of the joist
applied to the top chord, which is assumed to be prevented from lateral buckling by
the deck. For the purpose of determining axial forces in all members, members may
be assumed to be pin-connected and the loads may be replaced by statically
equivalent loads applied at the panel points.
16.5.2DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
The loads may be replaced by statically equivalent loads applied at the panel
points for the purpose of determining axial forces in all members. It is assumed
that any moments induced in the joist chord by direct loading do not influence the
magnitude of the axial forces in the members. Tests on trusses (Aziz 1972) have
shown that the secondary moments induced at rigid joints due to joint rotations
do not affect the ultimate axial forces determined by a pin-jointed truss analysis.
Maximum clear opening When sprayed fire protection is contemplated, reduce
clearance by the thickness of sprayed fire protection material.
16.5.5WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS
16.5.5.1
Width-to-thickness ratios of compressive elements of hot-formed sections shall be
governed by Clause 11. Width-to-thickness ratios of compressive elements of
cold-formed sections shall be governed by CSA Standard S136.
16.5.5.2
For the purposes of determining the appropriate width-to-thickness ratio of
compressive elements supported along one edge, any stiffening effect of the deck
or the joist web shall be neglected.
55
Standards
16.5.6.2
The bottom chord shall be designed in accordance with Clause 16.5.7.3 for the
resulting compressive forces when net uplift is specified, when joists are made
continuous or cantilevered, when end moments are specified, or when it provides
lateral support to compression elements of beams or columns. Bracing, when
required, shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.2. For
joists with net uplift, a single line of bottom-chord bridging shall be provided at
each end of the joists near the first bottom chord panel points, unless the ends of
the bottom-chord are otherwise restrained. (See also Clause 16.7.9(a).)
56
Standards
16.5.7.1
The top chord shall be continuous and may be designed for axial compressive force
alone when the panel length does not exceed 610mm, when concentrated loads
are not applied between the panel points, and when not subject to eccentricities in
excess of those permitted under Clause 16.5.10.4. When the panel length exceeds
610mm, the top chord shall be designed as a continuous member subject to
combined axial and bending forces.
16.5.7.2
The slenderness ratio, KL/r, of the top chord or of its components shall not exceed
90 for interior panels or 120 for end panels. The governing KL/r shall be the
maximum value determined by the following:
a) for x-x (horizontal) axis, L x shall be the centre-to-centre distance between
panel points and K = 0.9;
(b) for y-y (vertical) axis, Ly shall be the centre-to-centre distance between the
attachments of the deck. The spacing of attachments shall be not more than
the design slenderness ratio of the top chord times the radius of gyration of
the top chord about its vertical axis and not more than 1000mm, and K = 1.0;
(c) for z-z (skew) axis of individual components, L z shall be the centre-to-centre
distance between panel points or spacers, or both, and K = 0.9. Decking shall
not be considered to fulfil the function of batten plates or spacers for top
chords consisting of two separated components and where r = the appropriate
radius of gyration.
57
Standards
16.5.7.3
Compression chords shall be proportioned such that:
C f + Mf # 1.0
Cr M r
where
Mr = value given in Clause 13.5
Cr = value given in Clause 13.3
At the panel point, Cr may be taken as AFy and Clause 13.5(a) may be used to
determine Mr provided that the chord meets the requirements of a Class 2 section
and Mf/Mp < 0.25.
For top chords with panel lengths not exceeding 610mm, Mf resulting from any
uniformly distributed loading may be neglected.
The chord shall be assumed to be pinned at the joist supports.
16.5.7.4
Top chords in tension whose panel lengths exceed 610mm shall be designed in
accordance with the provisions of Clause 13.9.
16.5.7.5
When welding is used to attach steel deck to the chord of a joist, the flat width of
any chord component in contact with the deck shall be at least 5mm larger than the
nominal design dimensions of the deck welds, measured transverse to the
longitudinal axis of the chord.
16.5.8WEBS
16.5.8WEBS
The length of web members for purposes of design are shown in Figure 2-39. With
the exception of web members made of individual members, the effective length
factor is always taken as 1.0. For individual members this factor is 0.9 for buckling
in the plane of the web (see Clause G7 of Appendix G), but is 1.0 for buckling
perpendicular to the plane of the web.
It has been observed, on occasion, in the testing of joists that with critical chords
and webs designed to reach their factored loads more or less simultaneously using
the S16 requirements, that the first compression web member fails first even though
the joist deformations may be quite significant. This appears to happen because the
tension chord, after yielding in the panel where the joist bending moment is a
Exception:
maximum, continues to carry load into the strain-hardening range. It overloads itself For individual members when Length of
and the joist. The first compression web member with no such reserve fails by considering buckling in the plane web member
of the web, effective length = 0.9 x Length
buckling. By reducing the resistance factors for this member and its connections to
85% more ductile modes of failure are encouraged at little extra cost. This Figure 2-39
requirement is also applied to trusses in Clause 15.2.4. Length of joist web members
Vertical web members of modified Warren geometry are required to resist load
applied at the panel point plus a bracing force to preclude in-plane buckling of the
compression chord. A frequently used rule to provide full support (Winter 1960) is
for a brace to have a capacity in the order of 2% of the force in the main compression
member.
58
Standards
Web members in tension are not required to meet a limiting slenderness ratio. This
is significant when flats are used as tension members; however, attention should be
paid to those loading cases where the possibility of shear reversal along the length
of the joist exists. Under these circumstances, it is likely that some diagonals
generally near mid-span may have to resist compression forces.
16.5.8.1
Webs shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of Clause 13 to resist
the shear at any point due to the factored loads given in Clause 16.5.1. Particular
attention shall be paid to possible reversals of force in each web member.
16.5.8.2
The length of a web member shall be taken as the distance between the intersections
of the neutral axes of the web member and the chords. For buckling in the plane of the
web, the effective length factor shall be taken as 0.9 if the web consists of individual
members. For all other cases, the effective length factor shall be taken as 1.0.
16.5.8.3
The factored resistances of the first compression web member subject to transverse
shear, and its connections, shall be determined with their respective resistance
factors, , multiplied by 0.85.
16.5.8.4
The vertical web members of a joist with a modified Warren geometry shall be
designed to resist an axial force equal to the calculated sum of the compressive
force in the web member plus 0.02 times the force in the compression chord at that
location.
16.5.8.5
The slenderness ratio of a web member in tension need not be limited.
16.5.8.6
The slenderness ratio of a web member in compression shall not exceed 200.
59
Standards
Distance equal to y 1 or y
16.5.10 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES whichever is greater.
Although splices are permitted at any point in chord or web members, the splices
y1
must be capable of carrying the factored loads without exceeding the factored
resistances of the members. Butt-welded splices are permitted provided they
y
develop the factored tensile resistance of the member.
Chord
As a general rule, the gravity axes of members should meet at a common point web
within a joint. However, when this is not practical, eccentricities may be neglected (a)
if they do not exceed those described in Clause 16.5.10.4; see Figure 2-40. Continuous web member
Kaliandasani et al. (1977) have shown that the effect of small eccentricities is of
minor consequence, except for eccentricities at the end bearing and the intersection
Eccentricity e can be
of the end diagonal and bottom chord. (See also Clause 16.5.11.4.) Eccentricity limit
neglected when e e 1.
e1
16.5.10.1 e
Connections and splices shall develop the factored loads without exceeding the (b)
Non-continuous web member
factored member resistances given in Clause 16. Butt-joint splices shall develop the
factored tensile resistance, Tr, of the member.
16.5.10.4
Members connected at a joint should have their centroidal axes meet at a point.
Where this is impractical and eccentricities are introduced, such eccentricities may
be neglected if they do not exceed: Chord
web
a) for continuous web members, the greater of the two distances measured from
(c)
the neutral axis of the chord member to the extreme fibres of the chord Non-continuous web member
member; and
b) for non-continuous web members, the distance measured from the neutral Figure 2-40
Eccentricity limits
axis to the back (outside face) of the chord member.
at panel points of joists
When the eccentricity exceeds these limits, provision shall be made for the
effects of total eccentricity. Eccentricities assumed in design shall be taken as
the maximum fabrication tolerances and shall be stated on the shop details.
16.5.11BEARINGS
16.5.11.1
Bearings of joists shall be proportioned so that the factored bearing resistance
of the supporting material is not exceeded.
16.5.11.1
As required by Clause 16.4.1(c), the factored bearing resistance of the supporting
material or the size of the bearing plates must be given on the building design
drawings.
60
Standards
16.5.11.4
The joist shoe and the end panel of the joist shall be proportioned to include the
effect of the eccentricity between the centre of the bearing and the intersection of
b the centroidal axes of the chord and the end diagonal.
(a)
Normal shoe
16.5.11.5
May Bottom bearing joists shall have their top and bottom chords held adequately in
vary
position at the supports.
(b)
Deeper than normal shoe
(c)
See Clause 16.6.12.3 when
bearing is less than 65 mm.
Figure 2-43
Joists bearing on steel
61
Standards
16.5.12ANCHORAGE
16.5.12.1
Joists shall be properly anchored to withstand the effects of the combined factored
loads, including net uplift. As a minimum, the following shall be provided:
a) when anchored to masonry or concrete
(i) for floor joists, a 10mm diameter rod at least 300mm long embedded
horizontally;
(ii) for roof joists, a 20mm diameter anchor rod 300mm long embedded
vertically with a 50mm, 90 hook;
(b) when supported on steel, one 20mm diameter bolt, or a pair of fillet welds
satisfying the minimum size and length requirements of CSA Standard W59;
the connection shall be capable of withstanding a horizontal load equal to
10% of the reaction of the joist.
16.5.12.1
When a joist is subject to net uplift, not only must the anchorage be sufficient to
transmit the net uplift to the supporting structure but the supporting structure must
be capable of resisting that force.
The anchorage of joist ends to supporting steel beams provide both lateral restraint
and torsional restraint to the top flange of the supporting steel beam (Albert et al.
1992). When the supporting beam is simply supported, the restraint provided to the
compression flange likely means that the full cross-sectional bending resistance
can be realized. In cantilever-suspended span construction, the restraint provided
by the joists is applied to the tension flange in negative moment regions and is,
therefore, less effective in restraining the bottom (compression) flange from
buckling.
Albert et al. (1992) and Essa and Kennedy (1993) show that, while the increase in
moment resistance due to lateral restraint is substantial, in cantilever-suspended
span construction, the further increase when torsional restraint is considered is
even greater. The torsional restraint develops when the compression flange tends
to buckle sideways distorting the web and twisting the top flange that is restrained
by bending of the joists about the strong axis. The anchorage must therefore be
capable of transmitting the moment that develops. For welds, a pair of 5mm fillet
welds 50mm long coupled with the bearing of the joist seat would develop a
factored moment resistance of about 1.8 kN.m.
16.5.12.2
Tie joists may have their top and bottom chords connected to a column. Unless
otherwise specified, tie joists shall have top and bottom chord connections that are
each at least equivalent to those required by Clause 16.5.12.1. Either the top or
bottom connection shall utilize a bolted connection.
16.5.12.2
The function of tie joists is to assist in the erection and plumbing of the steel frame.
Either the top or bottom chord is connected by bolting and, after plumbing the
columns, the other chord is usually welded (Figure 2-44). In most buildings, tie joists
remain as installed with both top and bottom chords connected; however, current
practices vary throughout Canada with, in some cases, the bottom chord connections
to the columns being made with slotted holes. Shrivastava et al. (1979) studied the
behaviour of tie joist connections and concluded that they may be insufficient to
carry lateral loads which could result from rigid bolting.
The designation tie joist is not intended to be used for joists participating in
frame action.
Figure 2-44
Tie joists
62
Standards
16.5.12.3
Where joists are used as a part of a frame, the joist-to-column connections shall be
designed to carry the moments and forces due to the factored loads.
16.5.12.3
When joists are used as part of a frame to brace columns, or to resist lateral forces
on the finished structure, the appropriate moments and forces are to be shown on
the bullding design drawings to enable the joists and the joist-to-column connections
to be designed by the joist manufacturer.
In cantilever suspended span roof framing, joists may also be used to provide
stability for girders passing over columns. See also the commentary on Clauses
16.5.12.1, and 13.6.
16.5.13DEFLECTION
16.5.13DEFLECTION
The method of computing deflections is now based on truss action, taking into
account the axial deformation of all components rather than the former approximate
method of using a moment of inertia equal to that of the truss chords and adding an
allowance for the shear deformation of the web members.
16.5.13.1
Steel joists shall be proportioned so that deflection due to specified loads is within
acceptable limits for the nature of the materials to be supported and the intended
use and occupancy. Such deflection limits shall be as given in Clause 6.2.1 unless
otherwise specified by the building designer.
16.5.13.2
The deflection shall be calculated based on truss action, taking into account the
axial deformation of all the components of the joists.
16.5.14CAMBER
Unless otherwise specified by the building designer, the nominal camber shall be
0.002 of the span. For tolerances, see Clause 16.10.9.
16.5.14CAMBER
The nominal camber based on Clause 16.5.14 is now taken to vary linearly with the
span and is tabulated in Table 2-1 rounded to the nearest millimetre. Manufacturing
tolerances are covered in Clause 16.10.9. The maximum difference in camber of
20mm for joists of the same span, set to limit the difference between two adjacent
joists, is reached at a span of 16,000mm.
63
Standards
TABLE 2-1
CAMBER FOR JOISTS
Nominal Minimum Maximum
Span
camber (mm) camber (mm) camber (mm)
Up to 6000 12 + 4 20
7,000 14 6 22
8,000 16 8 24
9,000 18 10 26
10,000 20 11 29
11,000 22 13 31
12,000 24 15 33
13,000 26 17 35
14,000 28 18 38
15,000 30 20 40
16,000 32 22 42
16.5.15VIBRATION
The building designer shall give special consideration to floor systems where
unacceptable vibration may occur. When requested, the joist manufacturer shall
supply joist properties and details to the building designer (see Appendix E of
S16-01 Guide).
16.5.15VIBRATION
Appendix E of S16-01, Guide for Floor Vibrations, contains recommendations for
floors supported on steel joists. By increasing the floor thickness (mass), both the
frequency and the peak acceleration are reduced, thus reducing the annoyance
more efficiently than by increasing the moment of inertia (Ix) of the joists. For this
reason, the building designer should weight, at the building design stage, the
options in the Guide for Floor Vibrations to achieve the best performance.
16.5.16WELDING
16.5.16.1
Welding shall conform to the requirements of Clause 24. Specific welding procedures
for joist fabrication shall be accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
16.5.16.1
Many welded joints used in joists are not prequalified under CSA W59, therefore the
certified fabricator must have all these welded joints accepted by the Canadian
Welding Bureau (CWB).
16.5.16.2
When welding joists to supporting members, surfaces to be welded shall be free of
coatings that are detrimental to achieving an adequate weldment.
16.5.16.3
Flux and slag shall be removed from all welds.
16.5.16.3
Flux and slag are removed from all welds to assist in the inspection of the welds,
as well as to increase the life of the protective coatings applied to the joists.
64
Standards
16.7BRIDGING
Bridging welded 16.7BRIDGING
to chord.
Figures 2-45, 2-46 and 2-47 provide illustrations of bridging and details of bridging
connections.
16.7.1GENERAL
Bridging transverse to the span of joists may be used to meet the requirements of
Clause 16.6 and also to meet the slenderness ratio requirements for chords.
Bridging is not to be considered bracing as described in Clause 9.2.
Figure 2-46
Horizontal bridging 16.7.2INSTALLATION
connections to the joists top chord All bridging and bridging anchors shall be completely installed before any
construction loads, except for the weight of the workers necessary to install the
bridging, are placed on the joists.
16.7.4DIAGONAL BRIDGING
Diagonal bridging consisting of crossed members running from top chord to bottom
chord of adjacent joists shall have a slenderness ratio, L/r, of not more than 200,
A A-A
where L is the length of the diagonal bridging member or onehalf of this length when
crossed members are connected at their point of intersection, and r is the least radius
of gyration. All diagonal bridging shall be connected adequately to the joists by bolts
or welds.
65
Standards
Figure 2-49
Bracing of joist bridging
66
Standards
16.8DECKING
16.8.1 DECKING TO PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT
Decking shall bear directly on the top chord of the joist. If not sufficiently rigid to
provide lateral support to the compression chord of the joist, the compression
chord of the joist shall be braced laterally in accordance with the requirements of
Clause 9.2.
16.8.1DECKING TO PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT
When the decking complies with Clause 16.8 and is sufficiently rigid to provide
lateral support to the top (compression) chord, the top chord bridging may be
removed when it is no longer required. Bottom (tension) chord bridging is
permanently required to limit the unsupported length of the chord to 240r, as
defined in Clause 16.7.9.
16.8.2DECK ATTACHMENTS
Attachments considered to provide lateral support to top chords shall meet the
requirements of Clause 9.2.3. The spacing of attachments shall be not exceed the
design slenderness ratio of the top chord times the radius of gyration of the top
chord about its vertical axis, nor shall it exceed 1 m.
67
Standards
16.8.5.2
The installer of the steel deck to be fastened to joists by arc spot welding shall be a
company certified by the Canadian Welding Bureau to the requirements of CSA
Standard W47.1.
The welding procedures shall be accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
The welders shall have current qualifications for arc spot welding issued by the
Canadian Welding Bureau.
16.8.5.2
Arc-spot welds for attaching the deck to joists are structural welds and require
proper welding procedures.
16.10MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
16.10 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
Figure 2-50 illustrates many of the manufacturing tolerance requirements.
16.10.1
The tolerance on the specified depth of the manufactured joist shall be 7mm.
16.10.2
The deviation of a panel point from the design location, measured along the length
of a chord, shall not exceed 13mm. The centroidal axes of the bottom chord and
the end diagonals carrying transverse shear should meet at the first bottom panel
point even when the end diagonal is an upturned bottom chord (see Clause
16.5.10.4). Panel point
Lenght location +- 25 mm
16.10.3 +- 7 mm (1/4 in.) (1 in.)
The deviation of a panel point from the design location, measured perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the chord and in the plane of the joist, shall not exceed 7mm. Specified Hole
depth location
+- 3 mm (1/8 in.)
16.10.4
The connections of web members to chords shall not deviate laterally more than Nominal or specified camber (see 6.2.9).
+- 7 mm
3mm from that assumed in the design. (1/4 in.)
16.10.5
Specified
The sweep of a joist or any portion of the length of the joist, upon completion of shoe
depth
manufacture, shall not exceed 1/500 of the length on which the sweep is measured. +- 3 mm (1/8 in.)
1/50 W
max. W
Shoe
Figure 2-50
Joist manufacturing tolerances
68
Standards
16.10.6
The tilt of bearing shoes shall not exceed 1 in 50 measured from a plane perpendicular
to the plane of the web and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the joist.
16.10.7
The tolerance on the specified shoe depth shall be 3mm.
16.10.8
The tolerance on the specified length of the joist shall be 7mm. The connection
holes in a joist shall not vary from the detailed location by more than 2mm for joists
10 m or less in length or by more than 3mm for joists more than 10 m in length.
16.10.9
The tolerance in millimetres on the nominal or specified camber shall be
( 6 + L ).
4,000
The minimum camber in a joist shall be 3mm. The range in camber for joists of the
same span shall be 20mm.
69
Standards
16.12.2.1
The maximum sweep of a joist or a portion of the length of a joist upon completion
of erection shall not exceed the limit given in Clause 16.10.5 and shall be in
1/500 L1 max.
accordance with the general requirements of Clause 29. Plan view
of joists
16.12.2.2
L1
All members shall be free from twists, sharp kinks, and bends.
Lenght = L
16.12.2.3 1/500 L max.
The deviation of joists as erected from the location in the plan shown on the
erection diagrams shall not exceed 15mm.
Sweep
16.12.2.4
1/50 d
The deviation of the bottom chord with respect to the top chord, normal to the
specified plane of the web of a joist, shall not exceed 1/50 of the depth of the joist 1/5
0d
90
16.12.2.5 Parrallel
d
to roof
The maximum deviation in elevation between the tops of any three adjacent joists deck
d
shall not be greater than 0.01 times the joist spacing, and in no case greater than
25mm. The deviation is the vertical offset from the top of the centre joist to the line
joining the tops of the centres of the adjacent joists.
Figure 2-51
Joist erection tolerances
70
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
71
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
72
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
73
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
74
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
75
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
76
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
77
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
78
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
79
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
80
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
81
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
82
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
83
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
84
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
85
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
86
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
87
Joist depth selection table
Lightest joist
88
Joist girder depth selection
Selecting a joist girder can be done using graphs on pages 93 to 96 inclusive. The
horizontal axis gives the factored moment of the joist girder, while the vertical axis
indicates the joist girder weight. The various lines indicate different joist girder
depths. The building designer must calculate the factored moment of the joist
girder in order to use the graphs.
To select the depth, it is unnecessary to calculate the bending moment from the
concentrated loads of the joists bearing on the joist girder. Considering an
equivalent uniform load is sufficiently accurate. When designing the joist girders,
the designer will consider the actual loadings, as well as other forces and special
conditions, if applicable.
Unless advised otherwise, Canam will consider that the weight of the joist girders
is included in the loads specified in the documents and on the drawings.
The two following examples explain how to select the depth of a joist girder.
Note: You will find an interactive engineering tool at www.canam-construction.com,
allowing you to select the economical depth of trusses. This solution will save
you time.
IMPERIAL
Alternative 1: EXAMPLE 1 Comparisons
3 joist girders (G1), 12.2 m (40 ft.) span,
depths allowed: 0.6 to 1.1 m (24 to 44 in.)
For the building conditions below, use one or two intermediate columns on the two
12.2 m (40 ft.) 12.2 m (40 ft.) 12.2 m (40 ft.) longest exterior walls. Here is the impact comparison of the weight of joist girders
G1 G1 G1
G1 versus G2:
Uniform dead load (DL): 20 psf
Joists equally spaced at 1.5 m (50 ft.) c/c
Uniform live load (LL): 55 psf
18.3 m (60 ft.)
89
Joist girder depth selection
From the table on page 95, select the weight of the joist girders for the different
depths permitted. Then calculate the unit weight of the joist girders and the total
weight for each alternative. The results are presented below.
METRIC
JOIST GIRDER WEIGHT
Unit weight Total weight
(kg/m) (kg) (kg)
Depth (mm) Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2
610 0.99 1,234 3,701
710 0.88 1,089 3,266
810 0.71 889 2,667
914 0.66 816 2,449
1,015 0.61 1.31 762 2,449 2,286 4,899
1,120 0.58 1.23 726 2,286 2,177 4,572
1,220 1.15 2,150 4,300
1,370 1.08 2,014 4,028
1,524 0.99 1,851 3,701
1,675 0.93 1,742 3,484
IMPERIAL
JOIST GIRDER WEIGHT
Unit weight Total weight
(plf) (lb.) (lb.)
Depth (in.) Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2
24 68 2,720 8,160
28 60 2,400 7,200
32 49 1,960 5,880
36 45 1,800 5,400
40 42 90 1,680 5,400 5,040 10,800
44 40 84 1,600 5,040 4,800 10,080
48 79 4,740 9,480
54 74 4,440 8,880
60 68 4,080 8,160
66 64 3,840 7,680
90
Joist girder depth selection
Alternatives 1 and 2 can be verified to see if the maximum deflection under the
service load is respected in the worst case scenario for a depth of 0,6 m (24 in.)
(alternative 1) and a depth of 1 m (40 in.) (alternative 2).
Ialt 1 = 0.132 MfD
= 0.132 x 645 x 24
= 2,043 in.4
154,667 x 1,450 x 40
= 2.38 in. < 3.0 in. (60 x 12/240) OK
EXAMPLE 2 Special loading
Here is the weight evaluation of the joist girder for the conditions below:
Uniform dead load: 15 psf
Uniform live load: 45 psf
Maximal deflection allowed under live load: L/240
Concentrated (P.L.) dead load: 5 kip
live load: 10 kip
B
Joist girder 1 m (40 ft.)
P.L.
11 m (36 ft.)
Example 2
91
Joist girder depth selection
Solution
Contrary to the previous example, the maximum moment of the joist girder does
not occur at mid-span. Therefore the maximum moment must be located first. Then
its value is calculated and the unit weight (plf) of the joist girder is selected from
the vertical axis.
1. Calculate the loading on the joist girder:
a) uniformly distributed loads
Wf = (1.25 x 15 + 1.5 x 45) x 25 = 2,156 plf
b) concentrated loads
P f = (1.25 x 5 + 1.5 x 10) x 35 =149 kip = 14,875 lb.
50
2. Locate the maximum moment:
The maximum moment is produced at the location where shear is zero. Starting
from point A,
R A= 2,156 x 36 + 14,875 x 24 = 48,725 lb.
2 36
Lvo= 48,725 = 22.6 ft.
2,156
3. Calculate the maximum moment and determine the weight of the joist girder:
Mfmax= 2,156 x 22.6 x (36 22.6) + 14,875 x 12 x 22.6
2 36
= 438,520 lb.ft. = 438.5 kip ft.
A moment of 438.5 kip-ft. and a depth of 1 m (40 in.) result in a joist girder with a
weight of approximately 30 plf or 1,080 lb. total.
4. Verify the maximum deflection criteria under the service load:
I = 0.132 MfD
= 0.132 x 438.5 x 40
= 2,315 in.4
[ ]
= 1.10 5WL x L4 + PL x a x Lvo (L2 a2 Lvo2)
384 EI 6EI L
[
= 1.10 5 x 45 x 25 x 36 x 12 + 10 x 35 x 12 x 22.6 (362 122 22.62) x 123
]
4 3
92
METRIC Joist Girder Depth (mm) Selection Tool - Graph 1
700 1 200
165
150
135
2 150
120
2 000
105
1 800
90
Weight (kg/m)
75
60
45
30
15
0
0 300 600 900 1 200 1 500 1 800 2 100 2 400 2 700 3 000 3 300 3 600 3 900
Factored Global Moment (kNm)
Joist girder depth selection
93
94
METRIC Joist Girder Depth (mm) Selection Tool - Graph 2
420
405
390 2 450
2 300
375 2 600
2 150
360 2 000
345
Joist girder depth selection
330
315
300
1 800
1 500 1 650
285
270
Weight (kg/m)
255
240
225
210
195
180
165
150
4 600 5 200 5 800 6 400 7 000 7 600 8 200 8 800 9 400 10 000 10 600 11 200 11 800 12 400 13 000
Factored Global Moment (kNm)
IMPERIAL Joist Girder Depth (in.) Selection Tool - Graph 3
140
28 48
44 60
130 24 54
40
20
36
32
120 66
110
100
90
84
80
78
70 72
Weight (plf)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000
95
96
IMPERIAL Joist Girder Depth (in.) Selection Tool - Graph 4
280
270
96
260
90
250 84 102
240 78
230
Joist girder depth selection
220
210
200 72
60 66
190
Weight (plf)
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000
Factored Global Moment (kipft.)
Joist girder specifications
97
Checklist - joist
The following joist design information checklist was created to assist the building designer in the preparation of the building
design drawings. (Reference: CAN/CSA S16-01 clause 16.4.1)
A.2 - Gross wind uplift load at the roof: B.3 - Joist end moment connection:
Include a load distribution diagram. Indicate the magnitude and the load type for each type of load
or combination of loads (dead, live, wind or seismic).
A.3 - C oncentrated, distributed or unbalanced loads:
Break down the content of the load and specify if it applies to B.4 - Lateral
loads in joist top or bottom chord
top or bottom chord (examples: moveable partition, hanger, (wind post column, roof anchors, etc.).
roof anchor, etc.).
A.4 - S
now pile up loads: C. Design criteria
S how maximum accumulation and distribution length on
a lower roof or in area adjacent to obstructions such as C.1 - Maximum allowable deflections on roof and floor under live load
mechanical units, screen wall, etc. and (if required) total load:
Specify deflections for special conditions at mid-span and at
the end of cantilever (masonry, brick wall, cranes, etc.).
A.5 - Mechanical units and openings:
(stairs, skylight opening, etc.)
Specify the position, dimensions and load affecting the joist. C.2 - F loor vibration criteria (if any):
S pecify minimum joist inertia or maximum allowable deflection.
A.6 - Sprinkler system loads:
Specify linear load, position and (if any) obstructions C.3 - R
oof drain slopes:
clearance requirements; I dentify the joist affected and specify insulation where
E SFR sprinkler system. required.
A.7 - L oads on joist cantilever ends: C.4 - Special camber (if any):
(examples: canopy, brick wall, etc.). Specify total camber or residual camber (after installation);
Identify the joists affected.
A.8 - Ponding load on flow control drain roofs:
Indicate if the rain load is concurrent with the snow load. C.5 - U
LC Fire rating resistance requirement (if any).
A.9 - C
rane/monorail load: C.6 - Duct opening passing through joists (if any):
Pecify loads to be applied to joist; Specify dimensions. Free opening, and position.
C
onsider component weights (hoist, bridge, rail), wheel axis
c/c,capacity and impact coefficient. C.7 - M
inimal material thickness for corrosion resistance (if applicable).
Notes: All loads on plans are considered service loads unless otherwise indicated.
Pictorial representations of the items in this list can be downloaded in the Documentation center at www.canam-construction.com.
Disclaimer note
This document is provided as a customer service to facilitate the provision of information required for joist design in connection with an order for joists placed with Canam, a business unit of Canam Group Inc. This document is
not intended to provide engineering advice, and all joist orders are subject to the terms and provisions specified in the actual order, including Canams Standard Terms and Conditions for Joists and Decking. Canam shall have no
liability for the use of this document, and in no event shall Canam be liable for any direct, consequential or incidental damages or cost resulting from the use of this document.
98
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Division:
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Address:
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