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FUNDAMENTAL

S OF COMPUTER.
4/4/2017

BASIC CONCEPT.

NADEEM KHAN.
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER.
PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM.
1. Monitor.
2. Keyboard.
3. Mouse.
4. Computer Tower.
5. External Speakers.
6. Inkjet, LaserJet & Desk Jet Printers.

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Computer is electronic Device. It is used to calculate and manipulate data. If
we give any instruction to the computer it gives us output in result.

KEYBOARD MONITOR

MOUSE CPU PRINTER


DATA INFORMATION

OTHER INPUT SPEAKER


MEMORY
OTHER INPUT OTHER OUTPUT

FULL FORM OF COMPUTER?


C Commonly
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Particularly
U Used For
T - Technical
E - Educational
R Research

FATHER OF COMPUTER.
o Charles Babbage, British Mathematics Professor regarded as the father of the
computer.
o He was born in England in 1972as a son of Rich Banker.
o He began to design a different engine in 1821.
o It was very complicated machine for doing calculation automatically.
o He began to design another machine The Analytical Machine which could carry
out different types of calculation.
o His machine was too ahead of the time of development.
o Lack of technology Baggage could not complete their work and passed away in
1871 before he had completed his work.

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GENERATION OF COMPUTER.
1) First Generation. (1940 1956)
Vacuum Tube.
2) Second Generation. (1956 1963)
Transistors.
3) Third Generation. (1964 1971)
Integrated Circuits.
4) Fourth Generation. (1971 Present)
Microprocessor.
5) Fifth Generation. (Present Beyond)
Artificial Intelligence.

MICRO-PROCESSOR.
November 15, 1971 Advertisement in Electronic News Introduced Intel 4004 First
Micro-processor.
The brain of the computer, Microprocessor drive technology.
They are used in each type of computer from super-computer to micro-computer.
In addition many electronic device have Central Processing Unit embedded.
The CPU perform computer processing task by executing software instructions relative
to the data it contains.

LATEST PROCESSOR FROM INTEL.


There are only two processor manufacturers. They are
INTEL
ADM

INTEL.
Intel the world leader is silicon innovation, develops technology. From Intel we have
several processor, such as
Pentium.
Pentium 1.
Pentium 2.
Celeron.
Pentium 4.
Dual Core.
Core 2 Duo.
Quad Core.
i7 & more.

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PROCESSOR FROM ADM.
o From ADM we have processor such as Phenom, Athlon and more.
o ADM was the worlds second largest supplier of x86 based processor.
o Advanced Micro Device, Inc.

CATEGORY OF COMPUTER.

PERSONAL
COMPUTER.

SUPER
SERVERS.
COMPUTER

CATEGORY OF
COMPUTER.

MAIN
MINI-
FRAME
COMPUTER
COMPUTER

1) PERSONAL COMPUTER.
Personal Computer are Desktop Computer designed for an individual use.
They run program design to run individual accomplish their work more
productively.

2) SERVERS.
Servers are not designed to be used directly.
They make programs and data available for people hooked up a computer
network.
A collection of computers that are connected together so that they can exchange
data.

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3) MINI-COMPUTER.
Min-computer are multi-user system that can handle the computing need of the
smaller corporation or organization.
Many people use them simultaneously by means of remote terminal or Personal
Computer.

4) MAIN FRAME COMPUTER.


Main Frame are huge, multi-user system designed to handle gigantic processing
job in Large Corporation or Government Agencies.

5) SUPER COMPUTER.
Super Computer are ultra-fast computer designed to process amount of scientific
data then display them underlying pattern that have been discovered.

INPUT DEVICES.
All machines that feeds data into computer are called Input Device.
o Keyboard.
o Mouse.
o Track Ball Mice.
o Light Pen

OUTPUT DEVICES.
An Output Device is any piece of Computer Hardware Equipment used to
communicate the result of data processing.
o Monitor.
o Printer.
o Speaker.
o Projector,
o Disc, etc.

TYPES OF MONITOR.
CATHOD RAY TUBE.
Best picture quality.
Give more radiation.
Its still negligible.
More affordable than LCD Monitor.
CRT Monitor price in India is above 4000rs.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY.


Smaller size/lighter weight.
Less eye strain.
Low power consumption.
Less heat generation.
Better image contrast.
Energy saver.
LCDs more expensive than CRT.

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THIN FLIM TRANSISTOR.
Saves lots of Desk Space.
Less risk of eye strain.
Colour are more varied.
Visual Sharpness.
They are just like LCDs.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.


Lowest power consumption.
Thin form factor.
Light weight.
Sharpness text rendering.
Good colour fidelity.
Lowest radiation.

PRINTER.
Printers produce the hard copy. The information is printed on a paper and can be used
when the device is off. It is also called a Printout.

PRINTER.

IMPACT. NON-IMPACT.

DOT MATRIX. INKJET. LASERJET.

DOT MATRIX PRINTER.


Use metal pen to strike an inked ribbon to make dot on a piece of paper.
Can see the dots that make up letters or image.
Lowest print quality of all the printers, very low in cost per page to use.
Rarely used today because of the poor print quality but still used in business to print
multi part form.

INKJET PRINTER.
Use drops of magnetic ink to produce dots on a page to produce texts or image.
The print quality is almost the same as the laser printer.
Problem with the ink.
It is very expensive and water soluble that will run if the paper gets wet.
Highest cost per page among all the printers.

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For producing colour document it has the highest quality at a reasonable price.

LASERJET PRINTER.
How the laser printer produce an image.
o Atoner (very tiny particles of plastic) stick to the drum where the dots were
made.
o Laser or LED made dots on a light sensitive drum.
o Paper is processed against the drum and the toner is placed on the paper.
o The paper is heated and the toner melts into the paper.
Produce the highest quality printout.
o For Black and White Printout, very low cost per page.
o Printout is permanent.
o Colour laser printer is still fairly expensive.

TYPES OF MOUSE.
MECHANICAL MOUSE.
A hard rubber ball rolls as the mouse is moved. Sensor inside the mouse body track
the movement and translates it into information that computer interprets.

OPTICAL MOUSE.
Use an led sensor to detect table top movement and then sends of the information to
the computer for merry munching.

CORDLESS MOUSE.
A cordless mouse frees you from cord problem. It connect to your computer with
radio signal. We can also say it as wireless mouse.

KEYBOARD.
There are different types of keyboard available such as
QWERTY KEYBOARD & AZERTY KEYBOARD.
The Qwerty Keyboard are most commonly used nowadays and have a six alphabets
Q, W, E, R, T, Y in the first row.
The Azerty Keyboard are used in French Countries.
The PS/2 and USB are the two wired connection that connect to the keyboard.
The PS/2 Keyboard are very commonly used and they the are called so because they
use PS/2 connection.
They are one of the cheapest keyboard that are available in the market.
The USB use a USB (Universal Serial Bus) to connect to the CPU.
The USB and PS/2 Keyboard are usually plug and play.

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COMPUTER BINARY LANGUAGE.
o Computer understand only binary language. It accept data in 0, 1.
o A binary code is a way of representing text or computer processor instruction using
Binary Number System two binary digit 0 & 1.

1 CHARACTER 1 BYTE
1024 Bytes 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1024 Kilobytes 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 Megabytes 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1024 Gigabytes 1 Terabyte (TB)

STORAGE DEVICE.
The data storage device that are used in computer to store the data are
DVD.
CD.
PENDRIVE.
FLOPPY DISC.
HARD DISC.

DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC. (DVD).


o A DVD is an optical disc storage media format invented and developed by
Phillip, Sony, Toshiba, Panasonic in 1995.

COMPACT DISC. (CD)


o CD stands for compact disc. It is firstly developed by Phillip and Sony Company.
o The storage capacity of CD is 700MB.

PENDRIVE. (PD)
o The Pendrive is portable USB flash memory device.
o It is used for quickly transfer of audio, video and data files from hard disc of one
computer to another.
o With a construction that is small enough to fit into a pocket.

FLOPPY DISC. (FDD)


o A Floppy Disc is a disc storage medium composed of a disc which is thin and
flexible.
o It is invented by IBM.
o Capacity of FDD is 1.44MB.

HARD DISC DRIVE. (HDD)


o Hard Disc Drive was introduced in 1956as data storage for IBM.
o The HDD is largest data storage device in a computer. The Operating System,
Software files and Other Files are stored in HDD.
o The Hard Drive is referred as C Drive due to the fact that Microsoft Windows
designates the C Drive.

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o For Example: Some computer have multiple drive letter (i.e. C, D, E) representing
area across one or more Hard Drive.

TYPES OF MEMORY.

MEMORY.

PRIMARY. SECONDARY.

RAM ROM HDD PD DVD CD

RANDAM ACCESS MEMORY. (RAM)


o RAM can be compared as a persons short term memory.
o The data in RAN stays there as long as your computer is running.
o When you turn your computer off it loses its data.
o When you turn your computer on again your Operating System and Other Files are
once again loaded into RAM.
o Its much smaller than your hard disc.
o That is also called as Volatile Memory.

READ ONLY MEMORY. (ROM)


o One major type of memory that is used in PCs is ROM.
o ROM is a type of memory that normally can only read as opposed to RAM which can
do both read and write.
o There are two main reason that read only memory is used for certain function within
the PCs.
o That is also called Non-Volatile Memory.

BOOTING.
In computer Booting is the process that starts the Operating Systemwhen the user turn on
the computer system.
A boot sequence is the initial set of operation that the computer oerfoirm when the power
is switched on.

WARM BOOTING.
o One method of resetting the computer that is already power on commonly used to
recover from error that cannot be recovered when a computer locks.
o A warm boot can be accomplish by pressing the CTRL ALT DEL keys.

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COOL BOOTING.
o Alternatively referred to as a hard boot a cold boot is a term used to describe the
process of turning on the computer after it has been powered off.
o For Example: When you first turn your computer on after being off for the night
that is referred to as a cold booting the computer.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM.

CONTROL UNIT.

ARITHMATIC
INPUT. AND OUTPUT.

LOGICAL UNIT.

MEMORY.

INTRODUCTION TO BILL GATES / MICROSOFT.


William (Bill) H. Gates is Chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader
in software, service and solution.
He was born on October 28, 1955.
In his Junior Year, Gates left Harvard University to devote his energies to Microsoft.
Microsoft Company he had begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen.
Paul Allen is the first programmer of Microsoft Corporation.
In 1999, Gates wrote Business @ The Speed Of Thought a book that show that how
computer technology can solve business problems.

IBM / MICROSOFT.
o IBM has been present in India since 1992.

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o IBM, Acronym for International Machines, is a Multinational Computer Technology
and Consulting Corporation.
o Microsoft Corporation is American Public Multinational Corporation.
o Head quarter in Redmond, Washington.
o In 1980, IBM first approach Bill Gates of Microsoft to discuss the state of home
computers and what Microsoft products could do for IBM.
o IBM called Microsoft in July1980, inquiring about programming languages for its
upcoming PCs line after failed negotiation with another company IBM give
Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PC.

SOFTWARE.
Software is the general term for the information that recorded onto some kind of
medium.
For Example: When you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD what
you are really getting is the software thats stored on that tape or disc.
Your VCR or DVD player are hardware device that are capable of reading the
software from a tape or disc and projecting it onto your TV screen.
Software is also called programs.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE.

SOFTWARE.

SYSTEM. APPLICATION.

MICROSOFR CORPORATION.
BILL GATES

APPLE COMPUTER INC.


STEVE JOBS

REDHAT TNC.
BOB YOMARC EWING

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USER INTERFACE.
There are two kinds of User Interface.

GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE. (GUI)


o Present information to the user in the form of pull down menus and icon.
o It has pull down menu the user click on the display the menu icon.
o For Example: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Mc OS.

COMMAND USER INTERFACE. (CUI)


o Present information to the user in the form of text.
o Have to type in command or select command from the menu display as the text on the
screen.
o It is hard to use or learn. Because the user must memorize and type in command.
o For Example: Ms Dos (Microsoft Disc Operating System)
Pro-Dos (Professional Disc Operating System)

SYSTEM SOFTWARE OR OPERATING SYSTEM.


SYSTEM SOFTWARE.
o Used by a computer to accomplish a task. It controls the internal function of the
computer. It controls other device connected to the CPU.
o It directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the hardware and software
works together.
o Ms-Dos and Microsoft Windows are examples of System Software or Operating
System Software.

OPERATING SYSTEM.
o The Operating System is usually located on a disc.
o It can be either on the Hard Disc Drive or Floppy Disc Drive or CD-ROM Disc.
o An Operating System works with Application Software
o Does basic Task like Printing a Document or Saving a file.
o The Operating System starts (launch) the application software so that it can be used.

INTRODUCTION.
Microsoft Windows is an Operating System Introduced by Microsoft Corporation;
United States Of America.

WINDOWS.
Windows is the area on the screen having the border on al four sides to perform a
specific task.

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GRAPHICAL OPERATING SYSTEM.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS OS.
1) Desktop.
2) Icon.
3) Start Button.
4) Quick Lunch.
5) Task Bar.
6) Time Indicator.

ICONS.
A small graphical picture on the screen is called Icon.

TYPES OF ICON.
o FOLDER ICON.
o PROGRAM ICON.
o FILE ICON.

COMMAND BASED OPERATING SYSTEM.

MICROSOFT DISC OPERATING SYSTEM.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE.
Application Software Programs work with the Operating System Software to help you
use your computer to do specific types of word processing to type a letter.

SOME COMMON KINDS OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE ARE


Word Process Software.
Data Base Software.
Spread Sheet Software.
Games.
Webpage Browser.

EXECUTABLE (EXE) FILE.


o A file in a format that a computer can directly execute unlike source file into an
executable files cannot be read by humans.
o To transfer a source file into an executable file you need to pass it through a complier
or assembler.
o Some Examples of EXE files.
1) WinWord for Microsoft Word.
2) Mspaint for paint software.
3) Powerpnt for PowerPoint.

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EXTENSION.
A file name extension is a Suffix (Separated From The Base File Name By A Dot) to
the name of the computer file applied to indicate the end coding (File Format) of its
content or usage.

EXTENSION FILES.
.
.TXT Text File.
.RTF Rich Text File.
.BMP Bitmap Picture.
.JPG Joint Photography Expert Group.
.DOC Document Text File 2002, 2003.
.DOCX Document Text File 2007.
.XLSX Excel Work Book 2007.
.XLW Work Book In Work Space Mode.
.MDB Data Base. (Ms Access)
.ZIP Compressed File.
.RAR Compressed File.
.PSD Photoshop File.

WHAT IS VIRUS?
o A computer virus attaches itself to a program or file enabling it to spread from one
computer to another, leaving infection as it travels.

o Like a human virus, a computer virus can range in severity. Some may cause only
mildly annoying effects while others can damage your hardware, software and files.

o Almost all virus are attached to a executable file, which means that the virus exist on
the computer but it actually cannot infect your computer unless you run or open the
malicious program.

o It is important to note that the virus cannot be spread without a human action (such as
running an infected program) to keep it going because the virus is spread by human
action people will unknowingly continue the spread of a computer virus by sharing
infected files or sending E-mail with virus as attachment in the E-mail.

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CPU PARTS.
MOTHER BOARD.
o The Mother Board is the main circuit of the micro-computer.
o It is also called as main board or system board.

CPU.
o The CPU is The Central Electronic Chip that determines the processing power of the
computer.
o
MEMORY.
o Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily stores application, document and
system operating information.

EXPANSION SLOT.
o Expansion Slot appear on the mother board.
o They are sockets onto which adapter are connected.

PORTS AND CONNECTOR.


o A Port is the Connector located on the Mother Board or on a separate adapter.

BAYS.
o A Bay is a space inside the computer case where a hard drive, floppy disk or CD-
ROM drive sits.

POWER SUPPLY.
o A power supply changes normal household electricity into electricity that a computer
can use.

SOUND COMPONENTS.
o A sound card lets a computer play and record high quality sound.

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