EE650A-Basics of Modern

Control Systems
Instructor Soumya Ranjan Sahoo
srsahoo@iitk.ac.in
WL-216A, Western Labs
Span
Consider a vector space . Suppose there is a set of vectors { } with
, for all , such that
= ,
then =span{ }.

All the vectors in the vector space can be represented as the linear
combination of vectors in the set = { }, then =span{ }.
Examples

= = = , . Is a vector space? YES (Verify??)

= , , . Is the set of 2 2 symmetric

matrices a span of ?
= {, , }. Is the set of real polynomials with degree less than or
equal to 2 a span of ?

Remember that span is for vector spaces. Is a vector space spanned

by a set of finite vectors? So, before checking span, check if its a
vector space.
Basis and Dimension
It is a set of nonzero vectors , such that
The set of vectors is a linearly independent set.
=span{ }.
It is the minimum number of vectors required to span a given vector
space.
Number of basis vectors present in the basis of a vector space is called
the dimension of the vector space.
It is like How many coordinate axes one needs to represent all
vectors in a vector space???
Examples of Basis and Dimension
{ 1,0,0 , 0,1,0 , (0,0,1)} is a basis for

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
, , , is a basis for
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1, , 2 is a basis for
Basis and Dimension
Is the basis of a vector space unique???
Basis and Dimension
Is the dimension of a vector space unique??? (Remember that a vector
space is always specified with a field. A different field makes it a
different vector space.)
Some remarks
Showing =span{ }:-
Show that { } and

Showing { } is a basis of vector space :-

Show that { } is L.I. and spans .
Some remarks
Every set of + vectors in an dimensional vector space is
linearly dependent.

A set of vectors from an dimensional vector space is a basis

if and only if it is linearly independent.
 Subspaces
A nonempty subset of a vector space is said to be a subspace if for
every pair of vectors and contained in , the linear combination
+ for all , is contained in .

The trivial subspaces are:-

set containing only the zero vector.
the vector space itself.

The intersection of any collection of subspaces is a subspace. Prove

 Examples on Subspaces
= 1 , , 1 = = = 0, < }
= ()}
A set of 2 2 real symmetric matrices.

Any other examples???

 Some remarks
Dimension of a subspace = , where dimension of the vector
space is .
The field for a subspace is same as the field for the vector space.

Given an dimensional subspace in an dimensional vector

space , we can find a basis {1 , 2 , , , +1 , , } in so that
{1 , 2 , , } is a basis of .
Linear Transformation
A linear transformation on a vector space is a correspondence that
assigns to every vector , a vector such that
+ = +
, , , .