PHYSICS LAB REPORT ON THE STUDY OF

BASIC OPAMP CONFIGURATIONS AND SIMPLE

MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

31st January 2017

Daphisha Mary Nonghuloo

MSc (2nd semester)
Roll no :16510021
Email Id:daphisha.nonghuloo@iitgn.ac.in

1
Contents
1 Objectives 3

2 Requirements 3

3 Theory 3
3.1 Schematic Symbol of Operation Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Procedure 5
4.1 Inverting Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1 Observation Table For Inverting Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2.1 Observation Table For Non Inverting Amplifier . . . . . . . 7
4.3 Summing Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3.1 Observation Table For Summing Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Difference Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4.1 Observation Table For Differential Amplifier . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5 Differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.7 Low Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8 High Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 Conclusion 15

6 References 16

2
1 Objectives
In this experiment we will try to understand the inverting and non-inverting
amplifier configurations along with their gains, the study of various mathematical
operations of OPAMP such as a comparator, differentiator and integrator and
to find low pass and high pass OPAMPS.

2 Requirements
OPAMP 741 chip, Resistors, Oscilloscope, DC voltage source, Breadboard, Dig-
ital Multimeter, DSO, DC power supply, Function generator

3 Theory
An Operational Amplifier (OPAMP) are building blocks of Analogue Electronic
circuits and performs different mathematical operations. An ideal OPAMP ba-
sically consists of three terminals two input impedence, with inverting input
having a (-) sign and the (+) sign for the non-inverting terminal which
principally results in what is known as the common ground or low impedence
output.
Operating on a constant DC power supply with two identical biased transistors
connected to their emitters, the output voltage is the difference between the two
input signals.An OPAMP is a multistage amplifier.An OPAMP amplifies d.c. as
well a.c. signals. Input is differential amplifier followed by a high gain amplifier
followed by class B Push-Pull amplifier where the signal gets amplified and then
gives output .
OPAMP is a DC coupled voltage amplifier having a high voltage gain, very high
input impedance which is ideally infinite and a low output impedance which is
ideally zero.
Due to very high input impedance amplifier draw very small current ideally zero
and due to very low output impedance we get constant voltage output indepen-
dent of the current drawn from source.In OPAMP we get very high Open Loop
Gain ie Without feedback, and Close Loop Gain ie With feedback. Ideally gain
is infinite.Mostly OPAMP are operated with negative feedback to increase the
bandwidth as well as the gain stability. In case of positive feedback gain is more
high but bandwidth and gain stability will decrease.

There are two basic rules :(1) the current rule whereby no current flows into
either of the input terminals
(2)the voltage rule where the differential input offset voltage is zero.These rules
determines the gain of the OPAMP circuit
So the difference between the voltages along the two input terminals known

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as the Differential Input Voltage is taken and it is amplified and we get the
output. If the same voltage potential is applied to both the input terminals, the
resultant output will be zero.

3.1 Schematic Symbol of Operation Amplifier

When a signal is applied to the (+) terminal the output signal will be in the
same phase while if the input signal is applied at (- ) terminal the output signal
will be out of phase by 180 deg.
The supply voltages are Voltage (+v) and (-v) in our case +15V and -15V.The
supply voltage determine the limit of the output voltage which is called as the
Saturation voltage.
There are diferrent types of OPAMPS depending on the operations they
perform they are : inverting, non-inverting, summing, differential, differentiator
and intergrator amplifiers.

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4 Procedure
4.1 Inverting Amplifier

The figure shows an inverting amplifier where the input is applied to the
inverting terminal with the feedback also applied at the negative terminal to
complete the circuit.The non-inverting terminal is grounded.Also it is to be
noted that no current flows across the input and also V1 is equal to V2.In an
ideal OPAMP, the Differential input voltage will be 0.
V () V (+) = 0
V () = V (+)
As V () = 0 so V (+) = 0 This is called a Virtual ground. The feedback terminal
is at the same potential as that along the (+) input terminal which is at zero
potential so it can be assumed that input current is equal to the output current.
We will apply Kirchoff s current law to the circuit below as follows:
It is the law of conservation of charges ie the total current flowing into and out
should be equal ie:
Ii n = Io ut
Vi n/Ri n = Vo ut/Rf
Vi n 0/Ri n = 0 Vo ut/Rf
Vi n/Ri n = Vo ut/Rf
So Voltage Gain,
A = Vo ut/Vi n = Rf /Ri n
There is a negative sign showing that there will be a phase difference between
the input and output signal,or it inverts the output signal.

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4.1.1 Observation Table For Inverting Amplifier
Sl no Vi (volt) Vo (volt) Ao
1 0.0048 -0.0578 -12.0417
2 0.0418 -0.429 -10.263
3 0.1116 -1.132 -10.1437
4 0.2497 -2.52 -10.0567
5 0.3699 -3.72 - 10.0567

Thus, Gain (A) is basically Output/Input. So if the value of the feedback signal
from the
Rf is10K
and the input value of
Ri nis1K
Theoretical Gain

A = Vo ut/Vi n = Rf /Ri = 10/1 = 10

From the results obtained we can see that for every positive input signal supplied
to the inverting terminal,we get a negative (inverting) output.Hence it verifies
the formula obtained.

4.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier

inverting.png
In the figure the input signal is applied to the non-inverting terminal ie(+)
while the inverting terminal(-) is grounded.The feedback is applied to the
inverting terminal(-). In this type of amplifier the input signal and the output
signal will be in phase with each other.Here too we will find the voltage gain.

For an ideal OPAMP the gain A = .Since Vo ut = A (Vs Vi n). As A = so

Vs = Vi n.This is known as virtual short.
Applying Kirchoff s current law we get:

Ii n = Io ut

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or,
IR i = IR f
(0 Vi n)/Ri n = (Vi n V0 ut)/Rf
Vo ut/Vi n = (Rf + Ri n)/Ri n
V0 ut = Vi n[Rf /Ri n + 1]
A = 1 + Rf /Ri n

4.2.1 Observation Table For Non Inverting Amplifier

Sl no Vi (volt) Vo (volt) Ao
1 0.148 0.1544 10.4324
2 0.07567 0.826 10.9158
3 0.2166 2.388 11.0249
4 0.3435 3.79 11.03348
5 0.557 6.15 11.04129

From the table , it can be verified that for every positive signal supplied to the
non-inverting terminal, we get a corresponding positive amplified signal. The
Gain (A) of the circuit follows the equation, Gain(A) = 1 + Rf /Ri n = 11.5

4.3 Summing Amplifier

The figure shows a summation amplifier which is a circuit where the output is
proportional to the sum of the input .Here a number of input voltages is
connected to the inverting terminal or (-) terminal.But for our convenience we
take only two input whereby the output obtained will be the sum of the input
voltages applied.

Mathematical Proof:
In a summing operational amplifier circuit,the output voltage is proportional to
the sum of the input voltages V1 ,V2 . Applying Kirchoff s current law we get:

I0 ut = Ii n(ieI1 + I2 )

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 If = I1 + I2 = (V1 /R1 + V2 /R2 )
VO ut = (Rf /R1 V1 + Rf /R2 V2 )
where
Rf = R1 = R2
Thus we get,
V0 ut = (V1 + V2 )
V0 ut = (sumof theinputvoltages)
Simillarly, in the same manner if we take more number of inputs the output
will be the sum of all these inputs.

4.3.1 Observation Table For Summing Amplifier

Summation operation using inverting amplifier. Hence, gain

A = Rf = 10KandR1 = R2 = 15K

Sl no V1 (volt) V2 (volt) Vo Vt
1 0.557 0.591 -0.766 -0.7653
2 0.685 0.692 -0.919 -0.9179
3 0.790 0.808 -1.067 -1.065
4 0.908 0.932 -1.229 -1.2265
5 1.075 1.079 -1.437 -1.4358

From the table obtained , it can be shown that the summing of the two input
signals is amplified to give the corresponding output signal for this particular
amplifier circuit.

4.4 Difference Amplifier

As we see in the circuit diagram it consists of many input signal applied to the
inverting terminal and the non-inverting terminal.In this case inverting as well
as non-inverting operations takes place simultaneously.The feedback is applied
across the inverting terminal.The output of the difference amplifier will be

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equal to the difference between the input signals.In our case we consider only
two input signals.So we can say that the difference amplifier perform the
function of subtraction.

Differential amplifiers will amplify the difference between the applied input
voltages to provide the output signal.
Mathematical Proof:

I1 = V1 /R1 , I2 = V2 /R2 , If = Vo ut/Rf

I0 ut = I1 + I2
Vo ut = (V1 + V2 )
V0 ut = (V1 + V2 ) = V1 V2

4.4.1 Observation Table For Differential Amplifier

Gain
A = Vo ut/Vi n = Rf /Ri = 10/10 = 1

Sl no V1 (volt) V2 (volt) Vo Vt
1 1.517 2.012 0.430 0.495
2 1.937 3.634 1.453 1.697
3 0.812 1.758 0.867 0.946
4 0.953 0.552 -0.454 -0.401

Thus ,it can be verified that the difference between the two input signal will be
close to the output voltage obtained experimentally.

4.5 Differentiator

The circuit diagram is as shown where the input voltage is applied to the
inverting terminal through a capacitor Ci n and a resistor R1 .The non-inverting
terminal connected to a resistor R2 and is grounded.It is given a negative
feedback through a resistance Rf and a capacitor Cf .

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Connecting the circuit accordingly with values of : R1 and R2 = 1K each,
Rf = 10K,Ci n = 0.1F and Cf = 0.01F and feeding the input as triangular wave
with 1K frequency we will obtain a square wave as output signal. This was
clearly shown by the osilloscope as seen below:

This is the output obtained for a differentiator where the input signal fed is a
triangular wave and we get output as rectangular wave.The top shows the
input and the one below is the output.

Mathematical Proof:
We know that

Q = CV
taking d/dt we get:
dQ dVi n
=C
dt dt
where
Vi n
= I(current)
dt
hence,
dVi n
I=C
dt
or,
Vo ut = R I
dVi n
Vo ut = RC
dt
Hence, the output voltage will be equal to the differential of the input voltage.

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4.6 Integrator

In this circuit diagram we see the input signal is applied to the inverting
terminal across a resistor and a capacitor is applied across the negative
feedback.The non-inverting terminal is earthed.

Connecting the components of the given amplifier circuit with values of R1 ,

R2 = 10K each, Rf = 100Kand Cf = 0.01F .
When a rectangular wave is fed in the input terminal the resulting output would
be a triangular wave and this can be seen on the osilloscope as below:

This is the figure taken by the osilloscope for an integrator where we feed
rectangular wave along the input terminal and we obtain output as triangular
wave.The top is input and the one below is the output.

Mathematical Proof :
We know
V = Q/C

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where, V=voltage C=capacitor Q=charge Now from ohms law V=IR or,I=V/R
Thus, Z
Vo ut = 1/C V dt
This type of amplifier thus provides an output voltage which is proportional to
the integral of the input voltage.

4.7 Low Pass Filter

This isthe circuit connection for low pass filter.A lowpass filter is one which
allows only low frequency to pass and attenuates higher frequencies and also to
study the frequency response of an integrator.
The Voltage gain

Av = Vout /Vin = R2 /(R1 ||Xc )whereXc = 1/(2f C)

Connecting the components of the given filter circuit with values of R1 , R2 =

10K each and a capacitor of Cf = 0.01F , the gain and cut-off frequency were
obtained for every input voltage that we feed into the circuit for different fre-
quency values. Below is the tabulated results obtained.

Input voltage=1.9V
Sl n Input frequency output voltage gain gain in dB
in Hz Vout /Vin 20log(Vout /Vin )
1 10.40 21.8 1.1237 1.013007617
2 105.139 19.2 0.9896 -0.090806268
3 2253 2.73 0.14072 -17.03411805
4 5148 0.692 0.03567 -28.95393781
5 7472 0.337 0.0173 -35.23907794
6 12934 0.280 0.0144 -36.83275016
7 13740 0.271 0.0139 -37.13970399

The graph plotted for low pass filter corresponding to the values from the table
above is as shown below:

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 This graph is plotted between gain and frequency which shows the frequency
response curve.

Rf = 10K, C = 0.1F
Theoretical Cut-off frequency is :

F = 1/(2RC)Hz

and so the cut-off frequency is, Fc = 1/2R2 C = 1/2(100X103 )(0.01X10 6) =

159.23Hz Cut off frequency calculated from graph is 338.71Hz while the cor-
responding gain is -1.013dB

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4.8 High Pass Filter

This is the circuit diagram for connections for high pass circuit.High pass filter
of a differentiator is one which allows only high frequency to pass and
attenuates lower frequencies ie only frequencies higher than a certain Fc utof f
cut off frequency and it attenuates the frequencies lower than Fc cutoff
frequencies. The input signal is amplified by the amplifier at the output where
the amount of amplification depends on the gain of the amplifier.
The Voltage gain

Av = Vout /Vin = R2 /(R1 ||Xc )whereXc = 1/(2f C)

By connecting the components of the given filter circuit with values of R1 ,

R2 = 10K each and a capacitor of Cf = 0.01F , the gain and cut-off frequency
are found for every input voltage that we feed into the circuit for different
ranges of frequency values.
Sl n Input frequency output voltage gain gain in dB
in Hz in Volts Vout /Vin 20log(Vout /Vin )
1 6472 5.3199 2.313 7.2835
2 10010 6.909 3.004 9.553
3 13900 10.103 4.393 12.855
4 16470 12.75 5.545 14.870
5 17540 13.629 5.926 15.455
6 18940 14.639 6.365 16.075
7 20200 15.130 6.582 16.36
8 22000 15.2789 6.623 16.447

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 The graph plotted for high pass filter corresponding to the values from the
table above is as shown below:

This graph is plotted between gain and frequency which shows frequency
response for hign pass filter.
Rf = 10K, C = 0.1F
Theoretical cutoff frequency
F = 1/(2RC)Hz
F = 1/2 10 103 0.1 10 6
F = 15293Hz
Cut-off Frequency from the graph is 14548.4Hz and corresponding gain is
13.447dB.
Voltage Gain for High Pass filter
q
Vo /Vi n = Am (F/Fc )/( 1 + (F/Fc )2

5 Conclusion
Therefore, from this experiment the main idea was to study the behavior of the
different types of amplifiers and filters of the OPAMPS.In most of the
experiment we obtained favourable results which corresponded to the theory
behind the study of OPAMPS.

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 6 References
1)IITGN Physics Lab Manual
2) Modern physics by Kiruthiga Sivaprasath and R. Murugeshan
3) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, P.C.
Rakshit
5)graphs plotted in python.

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