IN I IH II II Ii Tit IN II I IN rU{NAI. \ .( I~llIl1~d It IN I Nt ,!N! .;-.
tNI,
frollJ 111l: lOllljlll.'!'I!'IOI wtluld llill he Illlll1l'dlilll.'i y !'I llililhk lur JlIIW IlutllI g h a
L";I rh II rc Ilur .
Thc Irall!'lll.'ni rC!'lplll1!'1C IIf 1111 [lndlargcd cnglllc!'I i .... di!'lcu!'I!'Icd ill d CI;1I1 h
~a.l~tlll 41111..1. JaUIII:! (ItJX2). Tlic prohlcl1l!'l arc Ilto!'l l scvelc wilh !'Ipar~
Ignition cnglllc!'l IhxauM.: of till'ir wide speed range and Inw inertia; till'
IHt)hl.l.'lIl!'1. ;II:C abo ~ig niJi ca lil wilh the more highl y turhocharged CO Il1-
pn:!'I:-'ltlll 1~1.1l11t1II l.',~gilh:> Thl' poor performance ulHk'r changing ~pl"l"d or
IUill.1 condllhllb dCI"I\,l'~ lrolll the nature of the clIcrgy Iran!'lfcr hetwccn Ihc
l'nglnc and Illl: turhlldwrgcr . When thc cngine ilccclcr;'ltcS or Ihc luad
IUcrC il!'lCS, only Pilrl of thc cllergy i.lvailahlc at Ih e Ilirhilll.." ilPPI..";Jl!'l il!'l
UIIIIPIt:!'I:-'tlr wI1rk, 111\: ilal'lIlCl' I!'I u~cd ill accelcrating Ihe tlirhOl:h.lrgcr
rllior . AddlllHllilllag:-. an: pruvilktl hy Ihe vulumes in the inlet afld exhall!'ll
~Y~lelll:-' hctwccfI Ihl' cllginc and turbocharger; Ihcse vulllllle~ ~huuld hl'
nlllllllll!'ll.'d lor guoJ Irall!'l lelll respIHl~e. Flirlherlllore, (hc illlel voluillc
:-.hould Ill' llIilllllll:-.cd in !'Ipark ignition cngines lu limit tht: dft..:ct of fuel
!ll)ltl-lIjl 011 Ihe fucl -wellcd surraces. Turhocharger lag l':llll1tll he l'lilll-
1Il:lIeu wllhmJl !'I\)lIh.: addJlion;iI cllefl!.Y inpul, hUI Ihe elTcl1 l:OiIl h e Imni-
~IlI SCl~ . <!"l.' ;Ippltlil lh i:-. 10 ulllkr-:-.i /.C the turhtlchargcr. !'IiJll'C the rotur
Inertia IIIl'fl' ;J!'IC:-' wi lh (Il'llglh) ', while Ihe lIuw arca innca!'lt..::-. wilh
(lenglhY . TIIl'IIIo prcvcnlllilduc hal'k -prc!lo:-'lIrc intht..' l'X hilU:-.I , an c .\IIIIII:-.1
h y- p;t!'l:-' valvl' e lll hc lilled . All ;dll.'m"llivc apprll . ICh i:-. lu repJllcc ;1 !'lIngle
tllrhuchi.lrgl'r h y IW\I ~1lIi1l1cr wlil S,
The sa~"l.' ."llIldling p~tlt.:eJIlfl.' is u~c d fur s park ignitillil l.'ngim::-. and
cOll1prCSSI~Hl ,1~llItlOll ~ ll g IllC:-' . Ilowcvcr. thc wiucr spccu alll.l !low range or
the sp ark Ignll ~on c ng ilic lIel'c~:-.ilf.lleS .greater COlllpHHni~es ill Ihe lIIal c hlng
of lurbumadlillcry It) .1 reL"lprOl.:allllg engine , If Ihe turhocharger is
malchctl for thc IllilXl/IIUIll now then {he perfurmance ;,I t luw llows will he
very pour, and the large turhoc hargcr Sill.' will give a puor tran sie nt
respun~c , When a slllaller lurbocharger i~ lilted, lhl! efficiency at luw Jlow
rate s will he gre;.ltcr ;lItU the buosl press ure will he higher Ihruughuut Ihe
r;~n ge; the lower incrtl;\ will also rcJul.'e turhuchargcr lat::. Ilowevcr, "I
higher lIow ralcs Ihc Ihll):-. I pressure woult..! bccoillc l'xl."e~!'Iivc UIlIe~S IlItHli-
fiet!; Iwo ilppruf.lche:-. <Ire :-.hown in ligure tJ.1K.
The CU l1llHcs!'lor pre!'l:-.urc Gill he uireclly contrulleu by a relid valve. 10
~ccr the buos l prcs~urc heluw the knol."k-lillliteu value , The lhJW frolll the
relief valve UOC!'I fl u t repre sc nt it cumplele luss uf wurk since Ihe turhine
work uerive s fwm ellcrt::y Ihal wuulJ l)(herwi~e be uis~ipaled during Ihe
cx hau~t hhHydowli . The hlu w-off lIuw C III he use u 10 cOtll Ihe turhinl.' alld
exhau!'I1 ~yslclII~ . If till' carhurcllor is plat:etl hchnc the COI1lI)fc:-'~{jr. Ihen
~hc hlow-off I1l)~Y ha s 10 be rClufileu to the cOllipressur inlet, which re :-. ults
II) yet high e r charge IClllper;.IIure:-. .
The exh;'lus[ wa~tc gilte sys tcm, ligure lJ,lXh, is more attrilCtivc :-.ince it
a.lsu permils a ~flla.llcr turbine 10 he used, because it no longcr ha~ 10 he
:-'Ilcd for Ihe lIlaXll1lUm lIuw . Turhochargc r lag is n ' dlh"l'd hv 1111' low
II II{IH)( IIAI{( .
111'1.1" Y,II" I'
FiglllC I) . IX (a) ('l lIlIllI l.'~~ Or pl l.':-'!'>llrc-rchd valvc cOlltrol sy:-. t l.' lII . (iI) UtltI .... t
I'Il.:s s urc -~ cllsiliv l.' wiI:-.lc t.:u llirul ~y~ICIII (Willi itd.,llowkdgl.'lIIl'1I1 10
W.thlill .llId Jill,tlt" (I'JX2))
inerti" , anJ the control ~y!'lIl.'1lI cn:-.urcs that the wa~ le gale clu:-,c!'l dUIIII)!.
ilCl.'l'Icl";lliuil . The m ai n dinil.'ult y is in de~igllillg a c heap rd iah1c :-'Y!'lic llllh' lI
will \ljlerille al Ihe high tcmpcratures . Varia hie area IUrhille~ , cOlllprc:-'!'I lIr
restriclor:-. illlt! turhim: outlel rC :-' lrit.:tors can abt t hc u:-.ed to l.'onlrtll tltl'
huu:-.I prl':-,:-,ufc , A variahle arca lurhillt.: i~ lIul sulJicicnlly hellcr Ih4l11 iI
waste ga le, so its use is nol juslilieu ; reSlriclt,rs uf any furll1 arc all
ullsali:-.fat:lory solution,
Perfurmanl.'e ligures vary, but typically it maximum boma pressure of I. )
bar wuult...l raise Ihe maximum tor4ue by JIl per ccnl ant.! lllaximulIl POWCI
hy up Il) htl pe r cenl. Figure Y. llJ shuws Ihe l.'omp<lralivc sJ1et.:ilie IlIeI
c..:onsumpliull of a lurhochargeu amI naturally aspiraleu spark ignilioll
engine , The turhocharget.l cnginc has impruved fuel t.:utlsumptiun at Itny
output~. hut an inferior consumption at higher outputs. The ertect 1111
vchide con:-,ulllplioll would uepcnLl on the particular Jriving pattern .
9.5 Cuuc.:iu!'Iiulls
Turhllcharging is a very important means of increasing Ihe outpul til
internal comhustion engin es. Signilic..:ant illCfeilses ill output arc uht;li,ll,d ,
ye t the turhocharger ~yslt:1Il leild:-. to Hnly small illl.'fea:-.es in Ihc t.: 1If!1 Ill'
weight aJllI volullIe.
The fuel ecollolllY uf compressiun ignition engines i ~ II:-.ually iIllPW\"l't!
hy turbucharging, s illt:c the mechanical losses do 1101 increa se in direct
propurtioll tu the gains in power output. The !-rOlllle is 1101 Ilct.:essarily HUl' III
spark ignition e ngine s. since turhocharging invariahly IIcl"es:-.ilatcs a rl' -
dll('lion ill nHlIpn ....... illll r:llitl til ;,vllicl klllil I . ,i lioll IIf Ihl' 11" ' 1';111