Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RIGHTPRISM
1. CUBOID
2. CUBE
3. CYLINDER
3. RIGHTPYRAMID
1. CONE
2. FRUSTUMOFACONE
3. CONSTRUCTINGACONEFROMTHESECTOROFACIRCLE
4. SPHERE
5. HEMISPHERE
Mensuration
1. INTRODUCTION
Mensurationisabranchofgeometrywherewestudymeasurementsoftheperimeter,areaand
volumeofgeometricalfiguresandsolidobjects.
Wehavecoveredmeasurementsofperimeterandareaoftwodimensionalfigureswhilelearningthe
conceptsoftriangles,quadrilateralsandcircles.Inthislesson,wewillfocusonthemeasurementsof
solidsorthreedimensionalobjects.
Asolidisaportionofspaceboundedbysurfaces,knownasfaces.Theintersectionofthesurfaces
giveslinesknownasedges.Theintersectionoftheedgesgivespointsknownasvertices.
REMEMBER:
InasolidwithFfaces,VverticesandEedges,accordingtoEulersrule:
F+V=E+2(ifV0andE0)
Forexample,
Foracube,F=6,V=8.UsingEulersrule,wecanfindthenumberofedgesasfollows.
6+8=E+2
E=12whichistrue.
Wewilldiscusstherelationsbetweenthesurfacearea,volumeanddiagonallengths.Ingeneral,
wewilldiscusstwotypesofsurfaceareasasfollows:
LateralSurfaceArea(LSA):Thesumoftheareasofallthevertical/lateralsurfaces
(excludingthetopandbottom)isknownasthelateralsurfaceareaofthesolid
TotalSurfaceArea(TSA):Thesumoftheareasofallsurfaces(includingthetopandbottom)
isknownasthetotalsurfaceareaofthesolid
TSA=LSA+Areaoftopandbottomsurfaces
Inthecaseofarectangularroom,theareaofthefourwallsistheLSA.Ifweaddtheareasof
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 1/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
theroofandthefloortotheLSA,wegettheTSA.
2. RIGHTPRISM
Asolidinwhichthetopandbottomsurfacesareidenticalpolygonsandthelateral(vertical)surfaces
arerectangularinshapeandperpendiculartothetopandbottomsurfacesisknownasarightprism.In
arightprism,thecorrespondingsidesofthetopandbottompolygonsareparallel.
Arightprismwithatriangularbaseisshowninthediagram.
Ingeneral,therelationsapplicabletoallkindsofrightprismaregivenby:
LSA=Perimeterofbaseheight
TSA=LSA+2Areaofbase
Volume(V)=Areaofbaseheight
1. CUBOID
Arightprisminwhichallthesixsurfacesarerectangularinshapeisknownasacuboidora
rectangularparallelepiped.
Foracuboidwithbaselengthl,basebreadthbandheighth:
LSA=2(lh+bh)
TSA=2(lh+bh+lb)
Volume(V)=lbh
Example1:
Findthelateralsurfacearea,totalsurfacearea,volumeandbodydiagonalsofacuboidwith
dimensionsoflength,breadthandheightof5m,4mand3mrespectively.
Solution:
LSA=2(lh+bh)=2(53+43)=54m2
TSA=LSA+2lb=54+254=94m2
Volume(V)=lbh=543=60m3
Example2:
Asquaretinsheetofside12inchesisconvertedintoaboxwithopentopinthefollowingstepsthe
sheetisplacedhorizontally.Then,equalsizedsquares,eachofsidexinches,arecutfromthefour
cornersofthesheet.Finally,thefourresultingsidesarebentverticallyupwardsintheshapeofabox.
Ifxisaninteger,thenwhatvalueofxmaximizesthevolumeofthebox?
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 2/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
[CAT2003ReTest]
(1)3 (2)4
(3)1 (4)2
Solution:
Whenthetinsheetiscutacrossitscornersasshowninthefigure,theboxformedwillhaveaheight
ofxinchesanditsbasewillbeasquareofside(122x)inches.
Letthevolumeofthebox,V=(122x)2x
=4x348x2+144x
i.e.12x296x+144=0
12(x6)(x2)=0
x=2orx=6
However,xcannotbe6asthelengthofthesideis(122x).
x=2
Hence,option4.
Alternatively,
SinceV=(122x)2x=[2(6x)]2x
=4x(6x)2,
Substitutingvaluesofxfrom1to5,wegetVmaximumwhenx=2(i.e.V=128)
Hence,option4.
Example3:
Thelength,breadthandheightofaroomareintheratio3:2:1.Ifthebreadthandheightarehalved
whilethelengthisdoubled,thenthetotalareaofthefourwallsoftheroomwill
[CAT2006]
(1)remainthesame
(2)decreaseby13.64%
(3)decreaseby15%
(4)decreaseby18.75%
(5)decreaseby30%
Solution:
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 3/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Lettheoriginallength,breadthandheightoftheroombe3x,2xandxrespectively.
Thenewlength,breadthandheightare6x,xandx/2respectively.
Areaoffourwalls=(2lengthheight)+(2breadthheight)
Originalareaoffourwalls=6x2+4x2=10x2
Newareaoffourwalls=6x2+x2=7x2
Areaofwalldecreasesby[(10x27x2)/10x2]100
=30%
Hence,option5.
2. CUBE
Arightprisminwhichallthesixsurfacesaresquareinshapeisknownasacube.Itisaspecialcase
ofthecuboid.
Foracubewithsidea:
LSA=4a2
TSA=6a2
Volume(V)=a3
Example4:
Threemetalcubesofbodydiagonalsaremeltedandrecastintoabiggercubeofbodydiagonal
withoutanylossofmetal.Findx.
Solution:
Letthesidesofthethreesmallercubesbea,bandc.Thenthebodydiagonalsofthesecubeswillbe
whicharegivenasHencea=6,b=8andc=10.
Sincethecubesarerecastwithoutanylossofmetal,thevolumeofthebiggercubewouldbesameas
thetotalofthevolumesoftheindividualcubes.
Now,sincethebodydiagonalofthebiggercubeis,itssidewillbexanditsvolume=x3
x3=a3+b3+c3
=63+83+103=216+512+1000=1728
x=12
Example5:
IfthelengthsofdiagonalsDF,AGandCEofthecubeshownintheadjoiningfigureareequaltothe
threesidesofatriangle,thentheradiusofthecirclecircumscribingthattrianglewillbe_______.
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 4/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
[CAT2004]
(1)equaltothesideofthecube
(2)timesthesideofthecube
(3)
(4)impossibletofindfromthegiveninformation
Solution:
Letthesideofthecubebeaunits.
DF,AGandCEarebodydiagonalseachoflengthaunits.
Thetriangleisanequilateraltriangleofsideaunits.
Circumradiusofthisequilateraltriangle
Circumradius=sideofcube.
Hence,option1.
3. CYLINDER
Arightcircularcylinderisaspecialcaseoftherightprism.Thetopandbottomsurfacesareidentical
polygonswithinfinitenumberofsides,orarecircles.Itslateralsurfacesarecurvedhencetheconcept
ofLSAisreplacedbytheconceptofCSA(curvedsurfacearea).
Foracylinderwithheighthandradiusofbasecircler:
CSA=2rh
TSA=2rh+2r2
Volume(V)=r2h
Example6:
Arectangularsheet4cminlengthand6cminwidthcanbefoldedtomakeacylinderintwodifferent
ways.Findthecurvedsurfacearea,totalsurfaceareaandvolumeofboththecylinders.
Solution:
Refertothediagramsabove.
Incase(1),heighth1=6cmandcircumferenceofthebase=2(R1)=4,
Forcase(2),heighth2=4cmandcircumferenceofthebase=2(R2)=6,
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 5/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
CSAofboththecylinders=areaofthegivenrectangularsheet=46=24cm2
TSAforcase(1)CSA+2(R1)2
TSAforcase(2)CSA+2(R2)2
Volumeforcase(1)(R1)2h1
Volumeforcase(2)(R2)2h2
Example7:
Fromacylinderofheight5cm,acylindricalringofthickness2cmisformedbyremovingtheinner
concentriccylindricalportion.Iftheradiusoftheremovedportionis3cm,findthetotalsurfacearea
andvolumeofthering.
Solution:
Acylindricalringofthickness2cmismadebyremovingacylinderofradius3cm.
i.e.theradiusoftheoriginalcylinderis(2+3)=5cm.
Alsoheightofthecylinder=5cm
Volumeofthering
=VoriginalcylinderVremovedcylinder
=(52)5(32)5
=80cm3
Surfaceareaofthering
=Lateralsurfaceareaoftheoriginalcylinder+Lateralsurfaceareaoftheremovedportion+2(Top
surfaceareaoftheoriginalcylinderTopsurfaceareaoftheremovedportionofthecylinder)
=(255)+(235)+2(5232)
=112cm2
Example8:
Thewaterfromaroof,9sq.metresinarea,flowsdowntoacylindricalcontainerof900cm2base.To
whatheightwillthewaterriseincylinderifthereisarainfallof0.1mm?
[SNAP2008]
(1)0.1cm (2)0.1metre
(3)0.11cm (4)1cm
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 6/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Solution:
Forconvenience,weconverttheareaoftherooftosq.cm.andtherainfalltocm.
Hence,option4.
3. RIGHTPYRAMID
Arightpyramidisasolidinwhich:
Thebottomsurface(i.e.base)isapolygon,eachvertexofwhichisjoinedwiththehelpofslanted
edgestoasinglevertexatthetop
Thelateral(slantedvertical)surfacesaretriangularinshape
Thelinejoiningthetopvertextothecentreofthepolygonwhichformsthebottomsurface(also
knownastheheight)isperpendiculartothebottomsurface
Intheabovefigure,arightpyramidwithasquarebaseisshown.
Ingeneral,therelationsapplicabletoalltherightpyramidsaregivenby:
TSA=LSA+Areaofbase
Example9:
Aregularpyramidhasasquarebasewithside10cmandaverticalheightof20cm.Iftheheight
increasesby10%ofitsoriginalvalueandthevolumeisconstant,thepercentagechangeinthesideof
thesquarebasewithrespecttoitsoriginalvalueisapproximately:
[JMET2010]
(1)+5% (2)+10%
(3)5% (4)10%
Solution:
Volumeofsquarepyramid
Originalbase=10cm
Originalheight=20cm
Newheight=22cm
Newbase=b
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 7/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Asvolumeremainsconstant,
b9.5
Percentagechangeinsideofbase
Hence,option3.
1. CONE
ARightCircularConeisaspecialcaseoftherightpyramid,inwhichthebottomsurfaceisapolygon
withaninfinitenumberofsidesacircle.ItslateralsurfacesarecurvedhencetheLSAgeneralizesto
theconceptofaCSA(curvedsurfacearea).
Thefigureaboveshowsarightcircularcone,withsomeimportantparametersmarked.
Foraconewithheighth,slantheightlandradiusofthebasecircler:
CSA=rl
TSA=rl+r2
Example10:
Findtheareaofcanvasrequiredtomakeaconicaltentofheight3mandbaseradius4m.
Solution:
Slantheightl==5m
Areaofcanvasrequired=CSAoftheabovecone=rl=45=20m2
Example11:
Whatistheareaofthecoppersheetrequiredtoprepareaconeofbaseradius30cmwiththeheight40
cm?
[FMS2009]
(1)7543cm2 (2)5146cm2
(3)5432cm2 (4)7246cm2
Solution:
Theareaofthecoppersheetrequiredtoprepareaconeofbaseradius30cmandheight40cmwillbe
equaltothetotalsurfaceareaofthecone.
TotalSurfaceareaofcone=r(r+l)
Wherelistheslantheightoftheconeandristheradiusofitsbase.
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 8/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Usingr=30andh=40,wegetl=50cm
Hence,option1.
2. FRUSTUMOFACONE
Iftheupperpartofthecone(thepartcontainingthetopvertex)iscutoffbyaplaneparalleltothe
base,theremainingpartoftheoriginalconeisknownasthefrustumofthecone.Theupperpartso
removedwillalsobeacone,similartotheoriginalcone.
IfthedimensionsoftheoriginalconeareR,HandLandthoseoftheremovedconearer,handl,we
canusethepropertyofsimilarity(asstudiedearlierfortriangles)tosaythattheratioofthe
correspondingdimensionsoftheconeswillbeequal.
Applyingthispropertyofsimilaritytotheconeinthefigureabove,weget
Theratioofthevolumesofthetwoconeswillbe
LetLfbetheslantheightofafrustumofaconeandHfbetheheightofthefrustumofthecone.{In
theabovecase,Lf=(Ll)andHf=(Hh)}Then,
REMEMBER:
IftheupperpartofthePyramid(thepartcontainingthetopvertex)iscutoffbyaplaneparallel
tothebase,theremainingpartoftheoriginalpyramidisknownasthefrustumofthepyramid.
IfLftheslantheightofafrustumofapyramid
Hftheheightofthefrustumofthepyramid
Pperimeterofthebottomsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
pperimeterofthetopsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
Abareaofthebottomsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
Atareaofthetopsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
Then,
Example12:
Findtheheightofabucketofvolume168squareinches,iftheradiiofthetopandbottomsurfacesare
6inchesand3inchesrespectively.
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 9/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Solution:
Abucketcanbemodelledasthefrustumofacone.Weusetheconceptofsimilarityoftheoriginal
coneandtheconeremovedtogetabucketlikeshape.
SincetheratiooftheradiiR/r=6/3=2/1,theratiooftheheightsH/hwillalsobeequalto2/1andthe
ratioofthevolumesV/vwillequal(2/1)3=8.
(Here,R,HandVcorrespondtothedimensionsoftheoriginalcone,andr,handvcorrespondtothe
dimensionsofthesmallerconeremovedtogetthebucket)
V/v=8meansthatthevolumeofthebucket
=(Vv)=(8vv)=7v
Hence,168=Volumeofthebucket
=7(1/3)(3)2h
h=8inches
Theheightofthebucket=(Hh)=(2hh)=h=8inches
Example13:
Achildconsumedanicecreamofinvertedrightcircularconicalshapefromthetopandleftonly
12.5%oftheconeforhermother.Iftheheightoftheicecreamconewas8cm,whatwastheheight
oftheremainingicecreamcone?
[JMET2010]
(1)2.5cm (2)3.0cm
(3)3.5cm (4)4.0cm
Solution:
Coneleftforthemotherafterthechildconsumes=12.5%=1/8
Now,thechangeinthevolumeofthecoinisproportionaltothecubeofchangeinheight.
Theheightoftheconethatisleft=originalheight(1/8)1/3=81/2=4
Hence,option4.
Example14:
Considerarightcircularconeofbaseradius4cmandheight10cm.Acylinderistobeplacedinside
theconewithoneoftheflatsurfacerestingonthebaseofthecone.Findthelargestpossibletotal
surfacearea(insq.cm)ofthecylinder.
[CAT2008]
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 10/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Solution:
Asshowninthefigure,ABCisthecrosssectionofaconeofheight10cmandradiusofbase4cm.
PQRSisthecrosssectionofacylinderwhichneedstobefittedinsidetheconesuchthatoneofthe
flatfacesofthecylinder(representedbyRS)coincideswiththebaseofthecone(representedbyBC).
ABDandPBRaresimilartriangles.
Totalsurfaceareaofthecylinder=S
DifferentiatingSwithrespecttor,weget,
tozero
Maximumtotalsurfaceareaofthecylinder
Hence,option1.
3. CONSTRUCTINGACONEFROMTHESECTOROFACIRCLE
IfwecutasectorofanglefromacircularpieceofpaperwithradiusRandtrytomakeaconeoutof
it,byjoiningthetworadii:
Thecentreofthecirclewillbecomethetopvertexofthecone
Theradiusoftheoriginalcirclewillbecometheslantheightofthecone
Thelengthofthearcofthesectorwillbecomethecircumferenceofthecircleatthebaseofthecone
So,forthecone:slantheightL=R,Circumferenceofthebasecircle2r=2R(/360).
Hence,r=R(/360)
Example15:
Findthevolumeoftheconeformedbyjoiningthetworadiiofasemicirclewhichhasradius14cm.
Solution:
Refertothefigureabove.
Slantheightofthecone,l=14cm(=radiusofthesector)
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 11/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
4. SPHERE
Asphereisasolidforwhicheverypointonthesurfaceisatthesamedistancefromitscentre.The
distancefromthecentretoanypointonthesurfaceisknownasitsradius.
Foraspherewithradiusr:
CSA=TSA=4r2
Example16:
Eightsmallsolidsphericalmetalballsaremelted,andthismaterialiscastintoabiggersphericalball
withoutanylossofmetal.Findthepercentagechangeinthetotalsurfacearea.
Solution:
LettheradiusandvolumeofthesmallerballberandvandthoseofthebiggerballbeRandV
respectively.
Sincenometaliswasted,thetotalvolumeofthe8smallerballsmustequalthevolumeofthebigger
ball.
Thus,V=8v
4R3/3=84r3/3
R3=8r3i.e.R=2r
TheTSAoftheeightsmallerballs=84r2andtheTSAofthebiggerballis
4R2=4(2r)2=44r2.
Hence,wecanseethattheTSAofthebiggerballisreducedtohalfthatoftheoriginal8balls.
Thepercentagechangeisequalto50%(decrease).
Example17:
LetAandBbetwosolidspheressuchthatthesurfaceareaofBis300%higherthanthesurfacearea
ofA.ThevolumeofAisfoundtobek%lowerthanthevolumeofB.Thevalueofkmustbe
[CAT2003LeakedTest]
(1)85.5 (2)92.5
(3)90.5 (4)87.5
Solution:
Ratioofareasoftwospheres=s1:s2=4:1
Ratiooftheirradii=r1:r2=2:1
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 12/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Ratiooftheirvolumes=v1:v2=8:1
VolumeofAis12.5%(1/8th)ofthevolumeofB.
But,volumeofAisk%lessthanB.
k=(10012.5)=87.5%
Hence,option4.
5. HEMISPHERE
Ifasphereiscutintotwohalvessymmetrically,eitherofthepartsthusformediscalledahemisphere.
Forahemispherewithradiusr:
CSA=2r2
TSA=3r2
Example18:
Asphereiscutintotwohemispheresfindthechangeinthetotalsurfacearea.
Solution:
Totalsurfaceareaoftheoriginalsphere=4r2
Totalsurfaceareaofthetwohemispheres=2(3r2)=6r2
ThenewTSAis1.5timesthatoftheoriginal,hencethepercentagechangeisequalto50%(increase).
Example19:
Acylinder,aHemisphereandaconestandonthesamebaseandhavethesameheights.Theratioof
theareasoftheircurvedsurfaceis:
[IIFT2008]
(1)2:2:1
(4)Noneoftheabove
Solution:
SinceincaseofHemisphere,radiusissameasheight,itimpliesthattheheightforallthethree
shapesissame,i.e.equaltor.
Assumingthebaseradiustoberinallthethreecases,wethenhave,
Incaseofcylinder:Thecurvedsurfacearea
=2r2
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 13/14
10/4/2015 Mensuration
Incaseofhemisphere:Thecurvedsurfacearea
=2r2
Hence,option4.
file:///C:/Cat/Mensuration.mht 14/14