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10/4/2015 Mensuration

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
2. RIGHTPRISM
1. CUBOID
2. CUBE
3. CYLINDER
3. RIGHTPYRAMID
1. CONE
2. FRUSTUMOFACONE
3. CONSTRUCTINGACONEFROMTHESECTOROFACIRCLE
4. SPHERE
5. HEMISPHERE

Mensuration

1. INTRODUCTION

Mensurationisabranchofgeometrywherewestudymeasurementsoftheperimeter,areaand
volumeofgeometricalfiguresandsolidobjects.

Wehavecoveredmeasurementsofperimeterandareaoftwodimensionalfigureswhilelearningthe
conceptsoftriangles,quadrilateralsandcircles.Inthislesson,wewillfocusonthemeasurementsof
solidsorthreedimensionalobjects.

Asolidisaportionofspaceboundedbysurfaces,knownasfaces.Theintersectionofthesurfaces
giveslinesknownasedges.Theintersectionoftheedgesgivespointsknownasvertices.

REMEMBER:

InasolidwithFfaces,VverticesandEedges,accordingtoEulersrule:

F+V=E+2(ifV0andE0)

Forexample,

Foracube,F=6,V=8.UsingEulersrule,wecanfindthenumberofedgesasfollows.

6+8=E+2

E=12whichistrue.

Wewilldiscusstherelationsbetweenthesurfacearea,volumeanddiagonallengths.Ingeneral,
wewilldiscusstwotypesofsurfaceareasasfollows:

LateralSurfaceArea(LSA):Thesumoftheareasofallthevertical/lateralsurfaces
(excludingthetopandbottom)isknownasthelateralsurfaceareaofthesolid

TotalSurfaceArea(TSA):Thesumoftheareasofallsurfaces(includingthetopandbottom)
isknownasthetotalsurfaceareaofthesolid

TSA=LSA+Areaoftopandbottomsurfaces

Inthecaseofarectangularroom,theareaofthefourwallsistheLSA.Ifweaddtheareasof
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theroofandthefloortotheLSA,wegettheTSA.

2. RIGHTPRISM

Asolidinwhichthetopandbottomsurfacesareidenticalpolygonsandthelateral(vertical)surfaces
arerectangularinshapeandperpendiculartothetopandbottomsurfacesisknownasarightprism.In
arightprism,thecorrespondingsidesofthetopandbottompolygonsareparallel.

Arightprismwithatriangularbaseisshowninthediagram.

Ingeneral,therelationsapplicabletoallkindsofrightprismaregivenby:

LSA=Perimeterofbaseheight

TSA=LSA+2Areaofbase

Volume(V)=Areaofbaseheight

1. CUBOID

Arightprisminwhichallthesixsurfacesarerectangularinshapeisknownasacuboidora
rectangularparallelepiped.

Foracuboidwithbaselengthl,basebreadthbandheighth:

LSA=2(lh+bh)

TSA=2(lh+bh+lb)

Volume(V)=lbh

Example1:
Findthelateralsurfacearea,totalsurfacearea,volumeandbodydiagonalsofacuboidwith
dimensionsoflength,breadthandheightof5m,4mand3mrespectively.

Solution:

LSA=2(lh+bh)=2(53+43)=54m2

TSA=LSA+2lb=54+254=94m2

Volume(V)=lbh=543=60m3

Example2:
Asquaretinsheetofside12inchesisconvertedintoaboxwithopentopinthefollowingstepsthe
sheetisplacedhorizontally.Then,equalsizedsquares,eachofsidexinches,arecutfromthefour
cornersofthesheet.Finally,thefourresultingsidesarebentverticallyupwardsintheshapeofabox.
Ifxisaninteger,thenwhatvalueofxmaximizesthevolumeofthebox?

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[CAT2003ReTest]

(1)3 (2)4

(3)1 (4)2

Solution:

Whenthetinsheetiscutacrossitscornersasshowninthefigure,theboxformedwillhaveaheight
ofxinchesanditsbasewillbeasquareofside(122x)inches.

Letthevolumeofthebox,V=(122x)2x

=4x348x2+144x

i.e.12x296x+144=0

12(x6)(x2)=0

x=2orx=6

However,xcannotbe6asthelengthofthesideis(122x).

x=2

Hence,option4.

Alternatively,

SinceV=(122x)2x=[2(6x)]2x

=4x(6x)2,

Substitutingvaluesofxfrom1to5,wegetVmaximumwhenx=2(i.e.V=128)

Hence,option4.

Example3:
Thelength,breadthandheightofaroomareintheratio3:2:1.Ifthebreadthandheightarehalved
whilethelengthisdoubled,thenthetotalareaofthefourwallsoftheroomwill

[CAT2006]

(1)remainthesame

(2)decreaseby13.64%

(3)decreaseby15%

(4)decreaseby18.75%

(5)decreaseby30%

Solution:
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Lettheoriginallength,breadthandheightoftheroombe3x,2xandxrespectively.

Thenewlength,breadthandheightare6x,xandx/2respectively.

Areaoffourwalls=(2lengthheight)+(2breadthheight)

Originalareaoffourwalls=6x2+4x2=10x2

Newareaoffourwalls=6x2+x2=7x2

Areaofwalldecreasesby[(10x27x2)/10x2]100

=30%

Hence,option5.

2. CUBE

Arightprisminwhichallthesixsurfacesaresquareinshapeisknownasacube.Itisaspecialcase
ofthecuboid.

Foracubewithsidea:

LSA=4a2

TSA=6a2

Volume(V)=a3

Example4:
Threemetalcubesofbodydiagonalsaremeltedandrecastintoabiggercubeofbodydiagonal
withoutanylossofmetal.Findx.

Solution:

Letthesidesofthethreesmallercubesbea,bandc.Thenthebodydiagonalsofthesecubeswillbe
whicharegivenasHencea=6,b=8andc=10.

Sincethecubesarerecastwithoutanylossofmetal,thevolumeofthebiggercubewouldbesameas
thetotalofthevolumesoftheindividualcubes.

Now,sincethebodydiagonalofthebiggercubeis,itssidewillbexanditsvolume=x3

x3=a3+b3+c3

=63+83+103=216+512+1000=1728

x=12

Example5:
IfthelengthsofdiagonalsDF,AGandCEofthecubeshownintheadjoiningfigureareequaltothe
threesidesofatriangle,thentheradiusofthecirclecircumscribingthattrianglewillbe_______.
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[CAT2004]

(1)equaltothesideofthecube

(2)timesthesideofthecube

(3)

(4)impossibletofindfromthegiveninformation

Solution:

Letthesideofthecubebeaunits.

DF,AGandCEarebodydiagonalseachoflengthaunits.

Thetriangleisanequilateraltriangleofsideaunits.

Circumradiusofthisequilateraltriangle

Circumradius=sideofcube.

Hence,option1.

3. CYLINDER

Arightcircularcylinderisaspecialcaseoftherightprism.Thetopandbottomsurfacesareidentical
polygonswithinfinitenumberofsides,orarecircles.Itslateralsurfacesarecurvedhencetheconcept
ofLSAisreplacedbytheconceptofCSA(curvedsurfacearea).

Foracylinderwithheighthandradiusofbasecircler:

CSA=2rh

TSA=2rh+2r2

Volume(V)=r2h

Example6:
Arectangularsheet4cminlengthand6cminwidthcanbefoldedtomakeacylinderintwodifferent
ways.Findthecurvedsurfacearea,totalsurfaceareaandvolumeofboththecylinders.

Solution:

Refertothediagramsabove.

Incase(1),heighth1=6cmandcircumferenceofthebase=2(R1)=4,

Forcase(2),heighth2=4cmandcircumferenceofthebase=2(R2)=6,

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CSAofboththecylinders=areaofthegivenrectangularsheet=46=24cm2

TSAforcase(1)CSA+2(R1)2

TSAforcase(2)CSA+2(R2)2

Volumeforcase(1)(R1)2h1

Volumeforcase(2)(R2)2h2

Example7:
Fromacylinderofheight5cm,acylindricalringofthickness2cmisformedbyremovingtheinner
concentriccylindricalportion.Iftheradiusoftheremovedportionis3cm,findthetotalsurfacearea
andvolumeofthering.

Solution:

Acylindricalringofthickness2cmismadebyremovingacylinderofradius3cm.

i.e.theradiusoftheoriginalcylinderis(2+3)=5cm.

Alsoheightofthecylinder=5cm

Volumeofthering

=VoriginalcylinderVremovedcylinder

=(52)5(32)5

=80cm3

Surfaceareaofthering

=Lateralsurfaceareaoftheoriginalcylinder+Lateralsurfaceareaoftheremovedportion+2(Top
surfaceareaoftheoriginalcylinderTopsurfaceareaoftheremovedportionofthecylinder)

=(255)+(235)+2(5232)

=112cm2

Example8:
Thewaterfromaroof,9sq.metresinarea,flowsdowntoacylindricalcontainerof900cm2base.To
whatheightwillthewaterriseincylinderifthereisarainfallof0.1mm?

[SNAP2008]

(1)0.1cm (2)0.1metre

(3)0.11cm (4)1cm
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Solution:

Forconvenience,weconverttheareaoftherooftosq.cm.andtherainfalltocm.

Hence,option4.

3. RIGHTPYRAMID

Arightpyramidisasolidinwhich:

Thebottomsurface(i.e.base)isapolygon,eachvertexofwhichisjoinedwiththehelpofslanted
edgestoasinglevertexatthetop

Thelateral(slantedvertical)surfacesaretriangularinshape

Thelinejoiningthetopvertextothecentreofthepolygonwhichformsthebottomsurface(also
knownastheheight)isperpendiculartothebottomsurface

Intheabovefigure,arightpyramidwithasquarebaseisshown.

Ingeneral,therelationsapplicabletoalltherightpyramidsaregivenby:

TSA=LSA+Areaofbase

Example9:
Aregularpyramidhasasquarebasewithside10cmandaverticalheightof20cm.Iftheheight
increasesby10%ofitsoriginalvalueandthevolumeisconstant,thepercentagechangeinthesideof
thesquarebasewithrespecttoitsoriginalvalueisapproximately:

[JMET2010]

(1)+5% (2)+10%

(3)5% (4)10%

Solution:

Volumeofsquarepyramid

Originalbase=10cm

Originalheight=20cm

Newheight=22cm

Newbase=b

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Asvolumeremainsconstant,

b9.5

Percentagechangeinsideofbase

Hence,option3.

1. CONE

ARightCircularConeisaspecialcaseoftherightpyramid,inwhichthebottomsurfaceisapolygon
withaninfinitenumberofsidesacircle.ItslateralsurfacesarecurvedhencetheLSAgeneralizesto
theconceptofaCSA(curvedsurfacearea).

Thefigureaboveshowsarightcircularcone,withsomeimportantparametersmarked.

Foraconewithheighth,slantheightlandradiusofthebasecircler:

CSA=rl

TSA=rl+r2

Example10:
Findtheareaofcanvasrequiredtomakeaconicaltentofheight3mandbaseradius4m.

Solution:

Slantheightl==5m

Areaofcanvasrequired=CSAoftheabovecone=rl=45=20m2

Example11:
Whatistheareaofthecoppersheetrequiredtoprepareaconeofbaseradius30cmwiththeheight40
cm?

[FMS2009]

(1)7543cm2 (2)5146cm2

(3)5432cm2 (4)7246cm2

Solution:

Theareaofthecoppersheetrequiredtoprepareaconeofbaseradius30cmandheight40cmwillbe
equaltothetotalsurfaceareaofthecone.

TotalSurfaceareaofcone=r(r+l)

Wherelistheslantheightoftheconeandristheradiusofitsbase.
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Usingr=30andh=40,wegetl=50cm

Hence,option1.

2. FRUSTUMOFACONE

Iftheupperpartofthecone(thepartcontainingthetopvertex)iscutoffbyaplaneparalleltothe
base,theremainingpartoftheoriginalconeisknownasthefrustumofthecone.Theupperpartso
removedwillalsobeacone,similartotheoriginalcone.

IfthedimensionsoftheoriginalconeareR,HandLandthoseoftheremovedconearer,handl,we
canusethepropertyofsimilarity(asstudiedearlierfortriangles)tosaythattheratioofthe
correspondingdimensionsoftheconeswillbeequal.

Applyingthispropertyofsimilaritytotheconeinthefigureabove,weget

Theratioofthevolumesofthetwoconeswillbe

LetLfbetheslantheightofafrustumofaconeandHfbetheheightofthefrustumofthecone.{In
theabovecase,Lf=(Ll)andHf=(Hh)}Then,

REMEMBER:

IftheupperpartofthePyramid(thepartcontainingthetopvertex)iscutoffbyaplaneparallel
tothebase,theremainingpartoftheoriginalpyramidisknownasthefrustumofthepyramid.

IfLftheslantheightofafrustumofapyramid

Hftheheightofthefrustumofthepyramid

Pperimeterofthebottomsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid

pperimeterofthetopsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid

Abareaofthebottomsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid

Atareaofthetopsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid

Then,

Example12:
Findtheheightofabucketofvolume168squareinches,iftheradiiofthetopandbottomsurfacesare
6inchesand3inchesrespectively.
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Solution:

Abucketcanbemodelledasthefrustumofacone.Weusetheconceptofsimilarityoftheoriginal
coneandtheconeremovedtogetabucketlikeshape.

SincetheratiooftheradiiR/r=6/3=2/1,theratiooftheheightsH/hwillalsobeequalto2/1andthe
ratioofthevolumesV/vwillequal(2/1)3=8.

(Here,R,HandVcorrespondtothedimensionsoftheoriginalcone,andr,handvcorrespondtothe
dimensionsofthesmallerconeremovedtogetthebucket)

V/v=8meansthatthevolumeofthebucket

=(Vv)=(8vv)=7v

Hence,168=Volumeofthebucket

=7(1/3)(3)2h

h=8inches

Theheightofthebucket=(Hh)=(2hh)=h=8inches

Example13:
Achildconsumedanicecreamofinvertedrightcircularconicalshapefromthetopandleftonly
12.5%oftheconeforhermother.Iftheheightoftheicecreamconewas8cm,whatwastheheight
oftheremainingicecreamcone?

[JMET2010]

(1)2.5cm (2)3.0cm

(3)3.5cm (4)4.0cm

Solution:

Coneleftforthemotherafterthechildconsumes=12.5%=1/8

Now,thechangeinthevolumeofthecoinisproportionaltothecubeofchangeinheight.

Theheightoftheconethatisleft=originalheight(1/8)1/3=81/2=4

Hence,option4.

Example14:
Considerarightcircularconeofbaseradius4cmandheight10cm.Acylinderistobeplacedinside
theconewithoneoftheflatsurfacerestingonthebaseofthecone.Findthelargestpossibletotal
surfacearea(insq.cm)ofthecylinder.

[CAT2008]

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Solution:

Asshowninthefigure,ABCisthecrosssectionofaconeofheight10cmandradiusofbase4cm.

PQRSisthecrosssectionofacylinderwhichneedstobefittedinsidetheconesuchthatoneofthe
flatfacesofthecylinder(representedbyRS)coincideswiththebaseofthecone(representedbyBC).

ABDandPBRaresimilartriangles.

Totalsurfaceareaofthecylinder=S

DifferentiatingSwithrespecttor,weget,

tozero

Maximumtotalsurfaceareaofthecylinder

Hence,option1.

3. CONSTRUCTINGACONEFROMTHESECTOROFACIRCLE

IfwecutasectorofanglefromacircularpieceofpaperwithradiusRandtrytomakeaconeoutof
it,byjoiningthetworadii:

Thecentreofthecirclewillbecomethetopvertexofthecone

Theradiusoftheoriginalcirclewillbecometheslantheightofthecone

Thelengthofthearcofthesectorwillbecomethecircumferenceofthecircleatthebaseofthecone

So,forthecone:slantheightL=R,Circumferenceofthebasecircle2r=2R(/360).

Hence,r=R(/360)

Example15:
Findthevolumeoftheconeformedbyjoiningthetworadiiofasemicirclewhichhasradius14cm.

Solution:

Refertothefigureabove.

Slantheightofthecone,l=14cm(=radiusofthesector)

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4. SPHERE

Asphereisasolidforwhicheverypointonthesurfaceisatthesamedistancefromitscentre.The
distancefromthecentretoanypointonthesurfaceisknownasitsradius.

Foraspherewithradiusr:

CSA=TSA=4r2

Example16:
Eightsmallsolidsphericalmetalballsaremelted,andthismaterialiscastintoabiggersphericalball
withoutanylossofmetal.Findthepercentagechangeinthetotalsurfacearea.

Solution:

LettheradiusandvolumeofthesmallerballberandvandthoseofthebiggerballbeRandV
respectively.

Sincenometaliswasted,thetotalvolumeofthe8smallerballsmustequalthevolumeofthebigger
ball.

Thus,V=8v

4R3/3=84r3/3

R3=8r3i.e.R=2r

TheTSAoftheeightsmallerballs=84r2andtheTSAofthebiggerballis

4R2=4(2r)2=44r2.

Hence,wecanseethattheTSAofthebiggerballisreducedtohalfthatoftheoriginal8balls.

Thepercentagechangeisequalto50%(decrease).

Example17:
LetAandBbetwosolidspheressuchthatthesurfaceareaofBis300%higherthanthesurfacearea
ofA.ThevolumeofAisfoundtobek%lowerthanthevolumeofB.Thevalueofkmustbe

[CAT2003LeakedTest]

(1)85.5 (2)92.5

(3)90.5 (4)87.5

Solution:

Ratioofareasoftwospheres=s1:s2=4:1

Ratiooftheirradii=r1:r2=2:1

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Ratiooftheirvolumes=v1:v2=8:1

VolumeofAis12.5%(1/8th)ofthevolumeofB.

But,volumeofAisk%lessthanB.

k=(10012.5)=87.5%

Hence,option4.

5. HEMISPHERE

Ifasphereiscutintotwohalvessymmetrically,eitherofthepartsthusformediscalledahemisphere.

Forahemispherewithradiusr:

CSA=2r2

TSA=3r2

Example18:
Asphereiscutintotwohemispheresfindthechangeinthetotalsurfacearea.

Solution:

Totalsurfaceareaoftheoriginalsphere=4r2

Totalsurfaceareaofthetwohemispheres=2(3r2)=6r2

ThenewTSAis1.5timesthatoftheoriginal,hencethepercentagechangeisequalto50%(increase).

Example19:
Acylinder,aHemisphereandaconestandonthesamebaseandhavethesameheights.Theratioof
theareasoftheircurvedsurfaceis:

[IIFT2008]

(1)2:2:1

(4)Noneoftheabove

Solution:

SinceincaseofHemisphere,radiusissameasheight,itimpliesthattheheightforallthethree
shapesissame,i.e.equaltor.

Assumingthebaseradiustoberinallthethreecases,wethenhave,

Incaseofcylinder:Thecurvedsurfacearea

=2r2

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Incaseofhemisphere:Thecurvedsurfacearea

=2r2

Hence,option4.

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