GS 2

MSP:recommendations
Author: agam612@gmail.com
Major recommendations contained in the Report of National Commission for Farmers (NCF) (ms swaminathan committee) are:
i) Asset Reforms covering land, water, livestock, fisheries and bio-resources.
(ii) Farmer-friendly Support Services including setting up of Bio-Technology Regulatory Authority and National Agricultural Bio-security System, thrust on extension services including agro-metrology, training
and knowledge connectivity, credit and insurance, and remunerative marketing opportunities, inputs and services.
iii) Curriculum reforms in the Agriculture Universities in order to promote entrepreneurship amongst the students.
iv) Approach towards Special Categories of Farming, increase in farmers income through cooperative farming, contract farming, promoting small holders estates in order to improve viability of
small and marginal farmers and entrusting the Panchayat Raj Institutions with responsibility for agriculture.
v) National Loan Use Advisory Service to provide timely advice to farmers about optimum use of land, taking into account the climatic and market conditions.
vi) Setting up of market Price Stabilization Fund and Agriculture Risk Fund and coverage of farmers under a comprehensive National Society Security Scheme.
vii) Creation of a National Food Security and Sovereignty Board and a well defined Food Security Policy.
viii) Rural non-farm livelihood initiatives to create non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.
ix) MSP should be at least 50% more than the weighted average cost of production. (not accepted by govt as cacp decides msp on objective basis)
wto decision on solar panels

SourceURL: file:///
Topic: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on Indias interests
3) Indias solar power programme has come under intense scrutiny by global political and business leaders, especially given its aggressive intent and extensive trade opportunities. In this regard, recently
WTO ruled against India saying Indias solar ambition is against trade rules. Critically comment on this ruling and examine the issues the ruling has given rise to. (200 Words)
Justification of the WTO's ruling has been given on the following grounds :
1) DCR (domestic content requirement) clause which provides financial assistance of Rs 1cr/MW to implementing agency in National Solar Mission (NSM) violates WTO's principle by discriminating against
the solar power developer of other countries.
2) Domestic subsidies provided for domestic solar components manufacturers under NSM can distort the free trade.
However, this ruling is opposed by India on following grounds :

1) Poverty goal under SDGs : Ruling has completely ignore that the incentives to domestic solar manufacturers are essential to achieve the Sustainable development goal's (SDG) agenda to reduce poverty.
2) Paris CC Agreement : Ruling violate the spirit of the agreement held during Paris Climate Change (CC) summit 2015.
3) No Commercial Trade : Ruling has not taken into account that India has already assured that the power generated under susidised solar panel will not be sold for commercial trade.
4) Basic Industrial nature : Ruling tends to forget that any indigenous industry require Government support during its initial days to be able to compete internationally one day.
5) Global Gain : India's solar industry can boost competiton in international market & hence can reduce solar prices for every one.
This ruling has given rise to various issues :

1) Counter Colf of all mplaint Against US : Almost haUS's states provide renewable subsidies. Ruling has create an option for India to file a counter-complaint against US which may result in bitterness in
Indo-US relations.
2) Poverty vs Free Trade :For developing and least developed nations, ruling has given rise to another debate poverty vs free trade.
3) CC vs Free trade : Recent ruling describes that a free trade can endanger the clean energy economy and undermine the efforts to tackle CC.
Certainly, a law or rule or norm in a sector can not be an absolute, in view of inter-connected and inter-dependence of various sectors. Now, it is the suitable time for WTO for course correction to include
other larger issues such as Poverty and Green Economy.
Snapshot @ Indore, Madhya Pradesh

Map
Patients
steps for urban governance
SourceURL: file:///
to improve urban governance, following steps should be taken.

Financial self-sufficiency-
* Transfer additional subjects like school education,public health, traffic management and civic policing activities etc to municipalities as recommended by 2nd ARC
* Introduce tax exemption in case of municipal bonds to make it attractive to the investors
* categories of exemption from property taxes need to be reviewed and minimized
* Tax details of all property owners should be placed in public domain to avoid collusion between owner and assessing authority
* A significant portion of grant by states must be linked to efforts made by municipalities on their own
* Land banks available with municipalities should be leveraged for generating resources
Financial accountability-
* States should enact FRBM act at the municipality level in order to ensure that finances and borrowings remain within manageable limits
* Management Information Systems should be placed to ensure that chalked out funds are put to use efficiently
* Data related to financial revenues and their subsequent usage should be put in public domain
Note @ Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh

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Sports
The need then is to invest in the system, focusing on better infrastructure, quality of coaches and support staff. It is important to ensure that the sport budget is invested in the right areas, not given away in
charity or to create an impression that 'I own you'. Sport administrators must ensure that every rupee is given to the right athlete, administrator and institution. When you stop an athlete from practising in
a stadium, pointing out that the space has been let out to organise a film function or a political meeting, it reveals your real priorities.
While individual success should be celebrated, system building is key. You need a culture where physical literacy is given importance along with academic excellence. Sports is about sportsmanship, not
petty one-upmanship. You cannot have a population which tops the country in number of diabetes cases and where 40 percent is suffering from hypertension. You have to invest in inspiring the people to
lead a healthy life. If you want to promote a sporting ethos, treat promotion of wellness as top priority.
It is not just the political class, the media too is equally to blame for focusing on the product rather than the process. Last week when I wrote the story of the role Gopi and dad PV Ramana have played in
pushing the shuttler towards excellence, a few tweeples suggested that the focus should only be on Sindhu and not the support system.
This is a typical myopic mindset that does not realise nothing is an individual effort. As Sindhu herself admits, the silver would not have been possible without Gopichand. Every student at the academy will
tell you that if their parents had not taken the difficult decision to invest in badminton, they would never pursue their dream.
But the media, hungry for instant heroes stays interested only in momentary glorification. Much of the journalistic community is not invested in the process to create champions. Which is why you have a
mischievously cheap and tabloidish headline like this one in 'Mumbai Mirror' on Monday.
'PV Sindhu has what I did not have - My husband, says Lakshmi Gopichand'. In the interview, Lakshmi, a former national badminton champion said "my husband, Gopichand as coach'' but the hunger to sell
more copies, is what converts journalists into - I hate to use this term - 'presstitutes'.
Five years back, when I pitched the idea of a biography of Saina Nehwal to one of the biggest publishing houses in India, the editor asked, "Is there a romantic angle between Gopichand and Saina?''
I replied, "No, Saina calls him Gopi Bhaiyya.'' In that case, he was not interested in a biography that had nothing non-badminton to spice it up. Fortunately for me, there were other takers for a honest look
at Saina's life and narrating, through that, the story of Indian badminton.
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33
fundamental duties and DPSP

Author: jain.rahuljunior@gmail.com
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The Fundamental Duties are an important part of Indian Constitution. The duties prescribed, embody some of the highest ideals preached by our
great saints, philosophers, social reformers and political leaders.
Background:
No Duties of the Citizen were incorporated in the original constitution of India at the time of its commencement in 1950. These duties were inserted
subsequently by amending the constitution in 1976 (42nd Amendment Act) to regulate the behaviour of the citizens and to bring about excellence in
all the spheres of the citizens.
Just as the directive Principle of State Policy lay down guidelines for the various governments, similarly the fundamental duties are calculated to
draw the attention of the citizens towards the duties they owe to the nation and to one another.
Scope:
Fundamental duties are obligatory in nature. But there is no provision in the constitution for direct enforcement of these duties. There is no
sanction either to prevent their violation. However the importance of fundamental duties can be gauged from the following facts:
As rights and duties are the two side of the same coin, it is expected that one should observe ones duties in order to seek the enforcement of ones
fundamental rights, in the context if a person approaches the court for the enforcement of any of his fundamental rights, the court may refuse to
take a lenient view of him if it comes to know that the concerned individual has no respect for what is expected of him by the state as a citizen of the
country.
They can be used for interpreting ambiguous statutes. The court may look at the fundamental duties while interpreting equivocal statutes which
admit of two constructions.
While determining the constitutionality of any law, if court finds that it seeks to give effect to any of the duties, it may consider such law to be
reasonable, and thereby, save such law from unconstitutionality.
Significance of FDs:
They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their
society and to their fellow citizens.
They serve as a warning against the anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on.
They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. They create a feeling that the
citizens are no mere spectators but active participants in the realisation of national goals.
They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the
constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be
reasonable in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.
They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfill any of
them. The importance of fundamental duties is that they define the moral obligations of all citizens to help in the promotion of the spirit of
patriotism and to uphold the unity of India.
Drawbacks:
The fundamental duties are not precisely defined. Their ambiguity and vagueness confound the citizens as to what they are supposed to do.
Most significantly, they are merely moral postulates and do not have justiciability. They are not enforced by Law.
Place in the constitution: It has been added in the Part IVA i.e. after Part IV (Which belongs to the Directive Principles of State Policy which are non-
enforceable even with the court of law). It has given the Fundamental Duties a nature of non-obligation.
Fundamental Duties prescribe duties for the citizens and not for the Government for better life and social progress.
Fundamental duties miss some important duties such as cast vote, pay taxes, family planning etc.
List of FDs:
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional
diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement.
Subsequently, another duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002: for a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education of the child or ward between the age of six and fourteen (It was added when under Article 21A Right to education was made a FR).
What needs to be done now?
The scope of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution has seen significant expansion through judicial pronouncements; the right to
free legal services to the poor, right to speedy trial and right to live in a clean and healthy environment are just a few examples. As a result, an
imbalance has been created between the current set of Fundamental Rights and Duties. Hence, to balance this few additional Fundamental Duties
should be added. This could help in balancing out the rights of its citizens and further make them more responsible towards the countrys
development.
Following duties can be considered in this regard:
Duty to vote: The state can take several steps to ensure that this duty to vote is made operational and effective. One method through which this
may be achieved is by developing a system of incentives for voters and conversely disadvantages for those who abstain from performing their duty to
vote. A very large section of people can be motivated to vote this way.
Duty to pay taxes: The incorporation of the right to pay taxes as part of Fundamental Duties in the Constitution will shift the onus onto the
taxpayer to pay taxes rather than the tax department to collect them.
Duty to help accident victims: With the increase in the number of accidents, it has become pertinent for India to recognise this duty as one owed
by its citizens towards each other.
Duty to keep the premises clean: The most effective mechanism to tackle uncleanliness is to sensitise people about this duty. Therefore, it is
imperative that a Fundamental Duty to this effect be added to the Constitution.
Duty to prevent civil wrongs: It is not enough that a citizen refrains from committing wrong; he has a duty to see that fellow citizens do not
indulge in the commission of wrongs.
Duty to raise voice against injustice: The duties of a victim or a witness can be classified into two main categories, viz. duty to report a crime and
duty to testify in court. The state must also on its part work to ensure that the fight to bring the offender to book does not become a Kafkaesque
nightmare for the victim or witness.
Duty to protect whistle-blowers: With the coming into force of the Right to Information Act, 2005, every citizen has become a potential whistle-
blower. While the state has a great deal of responsibility in providing for their protection through appropriate legislative instruments, the
responsibility to protect torchbearers of transparency vests on each one of us.
Duty to support bona fide civil society movements: Citizens have a moral duty to organise themselves or support citizen groups so that the
gaps in governance left by the executive can be filled and the rights guaranteed by the Constitution are made available to every citizen. Therefore, it
is proposed that there must be an addition to Part IV-A of the Constitution to that effect.
Reinvigorating civic responsibility: achieved by adding new duties to the existing list of Fundamental Duties while also laying emphasis on the
performance of the existing ones.
Conclusion:
The significance of Fundamental Duties is not diminished by the fact that there is no punishment prescribed for not following them. Fundamental
Duties constitute the conscience of our Constitution; they should be treated as constitutional values that must be propagated by all citizens.
National Court of Appeal

Topic: Functioning of the judiciary
2) Analyse the significance of the proposal of setting up of a National Court of Appeal to hear routine appeals in civil and criminal matters from the High Courts. (200 Words)
The proposal is significant for various reasons in present context :

1. Official data shows over 60000 odd pending cases arising out of appeals against HCs in SC
NCA would ease the burden of top court
2. NCA with 4 regional benches would reduce the time and cost borne by litigants in filing cases of appeals.This will improve accessibility to judiciary.
3. Even Bhagwati J. in of the judgement remarked that SC was never intended to be a regular court of appeal.
However, the proposal was earlier objected by Centre and successive CJIs on many grounds:
1. Setting up of NCA would dilute the constitutional superiority of SC.
2. The proposal requires amendment of article 130 which in turn would alter the constitution of SC.
3. There is a concern regarding sharing of powers under Article 136 (special leave petition)
4.Already judiciary is facing shortage of judges and staff. Adding more courts without first filling the posts will not solve the problem
media autonomy
Topic:Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
4) The union government plans to set up a National Media Analytics Centre (NMAC) to to monitor and analyse blogs, web portals of television channels and newspapers, as well as social media.
Critically comment on this move. (200 Words)
the proposed NMAC is an attempt by the Union government to monitor online blogs, articles etc. and counter any attack on it based on factually incorrect data.
The criticism against such a monitoring agency are

1. NMAC may come in conflict with SC judgement in Shreya Singhal Case which had declared Sec 66A of IT Act unconstitutional
2. Monitoring of Social media websites may rekindle protests over violation of individual privacy
3. Can be used for narrow political gains and supress genuine discontent
However, there are certain benefits to such an agency as well

1. The move is in accordance with Sec 69 of IT Act which allows government to intercept/monitor computer data in the interest of integrity, public order etc.
2. The gathered content can be used to improve government schemes as is being done by private companies to improve their services through big data analytics
3. Can be used to monitor content of unscrupulous parties such as foreign-funded NGOs attempting to sabotage Indias developmental projects
Additionally, the government has prevented any attempts to legislate any Act which infringes the privacy of people. For instance, the GCTOC Bill of Gujarat government has been rejected by three Presidents
for including provisions such as tapping of telephone conversations. Hence, the NMAC cannot be criticized outrightly as Government overbearance on peoples freedom.
definition of sedition
Under Macaulays penal code, sedition was declared, way back in the year 1898, as meaning: The bringing or attempting to bring into hatred or contempt (by words spoken or written, or by signs or by
visible representation, or otherwise) disaffection towards the government established by law.
In British India, the Federal Court had wisely said (way back in 1942) that it was not any want of affection for government that constituted the offence of sedition but only such disaffection as was
accompanied by an appeal to violence and a disruption of the public order. The essence of the offence, the Federal Court said, was the disturbance of the peace and tranquillity of the state.
When a person is dubbed anti-Indian, it is distasteful to Indias citizenry, but then to be anti-Indian is not a criminal offence, and it is definitely not sedition. (It only means that you are a freak, and that
it is high time to have your head examined!)
Our written constitution guarantees freedom of speech (loud applause). He then paused, and went on to frankly say: but it does not guarantee freedom after speech. - a prominent judge at kualalumpur
The German historian Arthur Rosenberg, in his book,Fascism as a Mass Movement , refers to two conditions as prefiguring the rise of fascism: the rise of right-wing nationalism, and an active connivance
between the state and identitarian storm troopers.
nationalism has also appeared to include an imperialistic tendency towards domination, belligerent aggression and expansion, racism and exclusion, authoritarianism and rightist radicalism, a blind and
infatuated cult of ones own. International conflicts were fought and legitimized in the name of nations natural borders, in terms of return to the homeland, of irredentism. -Andr Van De Putte, sept 1994.
Because of nationalism we tend to divide the world into an us and them; terms like freedom fighter and terrorist become secondary to our own national sympathies; and a form of moral relativism
prevails. richard white, creighton university
mains expedition
$ special category states- (all ne, sikkim, uk, hhp, jk)
- criteria-
hilly terrain
low density
location along borders
economically backward
non viable nature of state finance
-benefits for them acc to gadgil mukherjee formula- (jitna yaad reh jaye)
provided with 30% of total central assistance

special plan assistance (90% of it as grant)
united special central assistance
assistance for externally aided projects
accelerated irrigation benefit program assistance (90%)
central incentives for promotion of industry
$ naga problem- issue dhyan me rakhna h jo

-shared sovereignity bcoz of distinct socio culture.
-myanmar angle. gusse me h humne nautanki kar di to.
-greater nagalim- arunachal pradesh, manipur,assam k parts ko milakar.
$ lotteries- some states permitted, some only governmental, some banned.

-why banned- seems to extract high social cost, drags families into gambling habit.
-rules- union empowered to frame rules to regulate lotteries, states have responsibilities of conducting lotteries.
-sc permitted states to ban this saying that right to sell lotteries isnt fundamental right.
$ water tribunals problem-

-est through interstate water dispute act,1956.
-parliamentarians of that time made it as it would help in speedy resolution.
-but in the time, various amendments have diluted its essence.
-now, problems-
inefficiency of functioning of tribunals.

legal ambiguities
institutional vacuum for implementing the decision
non compliant states
politicisation
- comprehensive review of interstate water dispute resolution.
$ prasar bharti issue-

-set up in 1997 by act, covers all india radio and doordarshan
-wanted it to be like bbc but while over 70% of bbc revenue are spend in programming, in prasar bharti only 15%. rest goes for paying salaries.
-bbc is supported from the licence fee from tv owner, prasar bharti runs on govt funding.
-sam pitroda committee wanted corporation to become independent financially and to allow under utilised assets like real estate, archival material and transmitters which have outlived.
$ amendments in poca-
-ves-
-distinction should be made b/w collusive bribery and bribery under coercion.
-all offences are subsumed under 'criminal misconduct' which should be more explained.
+ves-
-punishments to individuals in charge of entities which are inducing public officials.
-trial court itself can now deal with process of attachment of property instead of distrcit court.
-fixing of time frame for grant of sanction and completion of trial.
$ educational reforms in higher education-
need to recognise that all universities are not need to be engaged in same manner. should be treated differently depending on the type of contributiuon they are making
should empower top 50 institutions inspiring from 5-100 initiative (5 insti in top 100 global insti)of russia. funding and resource providing
complete overhaul of regulatory framework. insti should be made more autonomous (recent iim bill controversy).
increase funding and help in policy management framework
internationalisation of faculty members and students. could take help from the experience of brics.
council of vice chancellors of centrsal universities to bring in common curriculum, teacher's recruitment board, transferability of students (already proposed) but critics say if implemented, it will
erode autonomy.
-key problems-
quality, equity,access and financing

shortage of faculty and use of ad hoc teachers instead deteriorating quality
good faculty are reluctant to join new insti due to lack of infra and most of them are in remote areas.
separation in teaching and research.
innovations are not encouraged. independent intellectuals are seen as troublemakers and are harassed.
undermining autonomy.
breakdown trust b/w teachers and students (cbcs for eg)
$ stages followed by left wing-

1. organisation, consolidation and preservation on regional basis
2. progressive expansion
3. conventional warfare
indian naxalism is in 2nd stage.
$ ne extremism-
nagaland- demand of nagalim by nscn (im)(k), phizo-isak-muviah-khaplang
mizoram- mizo national front, laldenga, mizo accord in 1986 b/w rajeev gandhi and laldenga
assam- ulfa, national democratic front of bodoland
manipur- meitei, kukis- kukiland
$ north east vision 2020-
1. catching up with rest of country

2. structural transformation
3. poverty eradication; maximising self governance
4. harnessing resources for benefit of people
5. creating centre of trade and commerce
6.
plan vs non plan expenditure

FFC recommend to disco
why being continued:

1. The plan and non-plan distinction was introduce to distinugish between spending on schemes under FYP and other expenditure.
1. 12th plan is already in the middle. Most of the schemes and states budgets are planned according to that. Even NITI aayog is going to take mid term appraisal of plan. So it is being continued.
Adverse impacts of distinction:
1. Non-plan expenditure is seen as non-productive and pruned. For instance, recently the budget of ministry of health is pruned to meet fiscal deficit target, where as health has already low allocations.
2. Apprisal is being done only on plan expenditure, thus, there is no appraisal and improvements in non-plan expenditure.
3. Already created assets under plan expenditure in previous plans are being negleected, as they form non-pan expenditure now. For instance, water shed maintenance is being neglected.
Because of these adverse impacts, the distinction should be down away with.
Amendments in mining laws

to eliminate the delays in getting approvals and clearances there has been devolution of further powers to provincial governments. The processes have been made simpler. In order to provide stability, the
tenure of the lease has been extended to 50 years from the current lease life of 30 years.
further powers have been vested with the state governments with 31 additional minerals being completely delegated to the provincial governments, thus enhancing the list of such minerals to 54.
National Mineral Exploration Trust has been set up to enhance mineral exploration in the country. the District Mineral Fund has been created for the benefit of the society affected
by the mineral operations.
such initiatives would help in the long-term sustainable mining ensuring inclusive growth of the society. the companies like Vedanta should come to carry on their good work and help create the brand India
across the globe.
points points everywhere..

$ jeevan reddy recommendations-
-remove the afspa and bring in some humane act
-amend afspa to punish guilty officials.
note-jaha bhi afspa se related question ho, ise mention karna hi h.
$ The Supreme Court may have upheld the constitutional validity of Section 124A in Kedar Nath Singh vs. State of Bihar (1962), but made it more than clear that sedition does not apply to mere criticism of
government action, however strongly worded.
$ concept of bal panchayat evolved in sikkim which should be replicated elsewhere too. These panchayat helps to have and persuade their friends to attend school. Also, sports meet, cultural programs.
$ regarding ordinance- an ordinance cant be invalidated by judiciary on the grounds either non application of mind or flawed motive. ordinance should be subject to judicial scrutiny.
inner line permit issue

Topic: issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure
6) Critically examine why some sections in the northeast are demanding the implementation of an Inner Line Permit (ILP) system. (150 Words)
Inner Line Permit (ILP) is a provision by a which a particular state can regulate inflow of outsiders and owning of natural resources as to to protect the cultural and socio-economic essence of the region. In
India ILP in presently required in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland. The Meitie community, tribals of Manipur is currently agitating for ILP in Manipur due to the following reasons:
1. Huge inflow of migrants from other states and Nepal, Bhutan has threatened inhabitant about alienation of land
2. Tribal community (Meitei in Manipur) have spearheaded the state in matters of culture, economy etc but inflow of migrants threatens this position
3. The socio-economic opportunities meant for tribals are lost to outsiders
4. There is a strong divide between various communities in NE. For ex Dimapur lynching pointed to the hatred of Nagas towards outsiders
5. People from NE face discrimination in other parts of India, as noted by Bezbaruah Committee, discouraging their migration thus people of NE suffer from a one-way inflow of migrants and thus are
protective about their states
6. The demand for ILP is also rooted in the evident regional disparities present in India
7. No profit sharing by companies for their resources so they want to restraint them
what went wrong-
-steps taken by manipur govt in haste in bringing in the bill where they only discussed matter with tribal MLAs but not hill areas committee.
Why the demand is flawed?

1. At a time when govt is putting excessive focus on development of NE, such barriers can prove to be counter productive
2. 'Act East' policy alongwith pacts like BCIM requires NE states to emerge as a unified economic zone
3. Most of the migration is via railways and so huge coordination (b/w Railways and local authorities) and manpower will be required to see if ILP is implemented properly, such problems have been
experienced in Arunachal Pradesh.
4. ILP if enacted will be very difficult to implement as it is nearly impossible to detect "outsiders" in the state
Strengthening economy through judicial reform..

Some areas of concern-
1. Inadequacy in judicial manpower.
2. Non implementation of existing provisions at expeditious disposal of cases.
3. Indiscriminate use of writ petition jurisdiction
4. Need for bar reforms.
5. National and state litigation policies.
6. Lack of comprehensive and accurate data relating to court.
What is/will be done-

1. Improving judicial productivity.
2. Timely and effective enforcement of commercial contacts with setting up of specialized commercial divisions at high Court level to deal with commercial cases and encouraging arbitration to resolve
contractual disputes.
3. Adequate number of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) providing for training of mediators and arbitrators and creating awareness about ADR process. It will reduce balance on courts.
4. Road transport and safety bill, 2014 wool introduce provisions of reduction in traffic cases without resorting to litigation and also expeditious disposal of motor accident cases.
5. Many laws that were outdated and no longer relevant will be cleaned up from statute book.
6- ICT- it will help in revamping court process, overall process re engineering of judicial system. All this can be done through e-courts mission mode projects.
Initially, it will be focused on computerization of subordinate courts followed by setting up of centralized filling centers, digitization of documents, adoption of document management system, creation of e-
filling and e-payment gateways.
E-court portal aims at creating national judicial data grid, providing citizens with online information about case filings, case statute and electronic copies of orders and judgement..
+ves-
Improve transparency.
Increase accountability
Encourage research and studies.
Future-
Ensuring availability of real time access to judicial data grid..
disaster and national calamity..

3) What is a disaster? Examine the aspect of National Calamity and the reason for it
being in news.
A Disaster is a natural / man-made event the occurrence of which causes widespread damage to lives, property and environment like earthquakes, tsunamis, gas leak, industrial disaster, etc.
Then term natural calamity has not been defined by the National Disaster Management Act. It is mentioned in the 10th Finance Commission report which provides for a Natural Calamity Contingency Fund as
a distinct funding mechanism for calamities of severe nature.
Natural calamity can thus be said to be an event which causes severe loss of life and livelihood, affects the economy and is a constrain on the respective governments to execute rescue, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
works.
The hudhud cyclone of Andhra Pradesh brought the issue of natural calamity in news. The state wanted the cyclone to be declared as a national calamity so that additional funds and support could be
obtained for reconstruction work.
In case of such a declaration , the central government would have to take more responsibility for the rehabilitation and reconstruction as the states are not capable to do so also .
Such an event calls for a national response. This invokes a emotional cord to the people so that they hellp the victims wholeheartedly in the form of money, clothes, food , beddings etc. The PM Relief Fund
also becomes a medium to help the victims.
Thus national calamity creates a feeling of collective responsibility for the nation and helps generate better response to the disaster.
need to review constitution

3. Do you think there is a need for periodic review of Indian constitution?
Need for Review

- An amendment can only reflect the views of the executive, but a review reflects the larger public opinion hence it becomes important.
- When government responsibilities increase, administration becomes complex. The existing features becomes less effective and require reforms and replacements.(e- governance, good governance)
- Criminalisation of politics, executive corruption, election malpractices can only be addressed by constitutional reforms, which cannot be expected from the political parties through amendments (Right to
recall, referendum)
- Freedom of speech and expression and human rights should reflect contemporary developments in technology and ideologies (social media, RTI)
- Repeated amendments and ordinances on particular provisions, diluting credibility of the constitution and bypassing democracy can be avoided
- Federal disputes endangering cooperative federalism can be effectively addressed by redefining federal setup (article 365, 370)
Our constitution has always been successful in protecting the national interest and reflecting people's aspirations. However the fast changing political environment requires more periodic expert reviews than
frequent executive amendments.
comprehensive on nepal const

It bestows fundamental rights and freedoms on its citizens and provides for specific constitutional commissions to take care of discrimination against women and marginalised groups. The
President would be the constitutional head of the state, elected by a collegium of central and provincial legislative bodies. The head of the executive will be the prime minister
elected by parliament through a majority vote. There would be an independent judiciary, nominated by a Judicial Commission. In the interest of stability, neither the prime minister will be
able to dissolve the parliament on his own nor will the parliament accept a no-confidence motion against a prime minister before the lapse of two years.
Despite these impressive features, the new Constitution has become a highly controversial document. It has been disapproved by the large constituencies of the marginalised groupsthe Madhes, Janjatis,
and women. They are agitating as their aspirations have not been substantially addressed. There are six main agitating groups, namely, the Madhes parties, the Janjati groups, women,
monarchists, Hindu fundamentalists and splintered extremist Maoists. It is true that many Constituent Assembly members belonging to these groups voted for the new Constitution but most of
them did so under the fear of their respective party bosses and for saving their political careers. The differences of these agitating groups from those of the Constitution makers lie in five
areas. These are, (i) the carving of federal provinces, (ii) proportional representation, (iii) citizenship rights, (iv) the identity of the Nepali State, and (v) its ideological parameters.
The Madhes parties have disapproved of the seven province structure of federalism and the manner in which their boundaries have been carved out. From the beginning they were asking for
at least a 10 province structure with one single Madhes province. Later, they were ready to settle for two Madhes provinces. They were however never taken on board while deciding constitutional issues
and the federal structure. When they knew that the dominant parties had decided on a six province model, they started abstaining from the Constitutent Assembly proceedings.
The Tharu leader Gachchdar of the Madhes Forum, who had joined hands with the dominant parties, also withdrew from the process when six provinces were changed to seven provinces, but without the
accommodation of Tharu majority districts (Kanchanpur and Kailali) in the western Terai province. The other Madhes parties have objected to three of the eastern-most districts (Sunsari, Morang and
Jhapa) being kept out of the eastern Terai province. Their objections are also related to the adding of the hill districts in the western Terai province (Figure 1, p 17). Their allegation is that carving out of
the Terai provinces boundaries have been dictated by narrow interests of a few dominant parties leaders belonging to upper hill castes.
The Janjati groups are upset for being denied identities to the provinces and also that their boundaries have been drawn in a manner that the upper hill castes will continue to
dominate the provinces politically. They also oppose the reduction of the proportionate representation in parliament from 58% under the interim constitution to 45% under the new
Constitution. This will affect them adversely. Women who have otherwise been assured of 33% representation in the central legislature and the post of either chief or deputy chief are angry on the
question of citizenship because motherhood was not considered as the basis of citizenship. This was done largely to keep out such children who are born of a Nepali mother and a
foreign father. Only those with citizenship by descent will be entitled to high posts. There are also a number of Indians married to Nepali spouses who will have to go through complicated legal
procedures for acquiring naturalised citizenship. There is fear among the Madhesis, who are affected most by such provisions, that a large number of such persons (estimates vary from 14 million people)
may remain stateless.
The monarchists and Hindu fundamentalists are working together to ask for making Nepal a Hindu state and reinstating monarchy. There are reports that these groups had received
extensive moral and material support from India, particularly from the Hindutva sections.
The last group protesting against the new Constitution are the breakaway Maoists. They have been against the very process of writing the Constitution through the Constituent Assembly,
since they did not participate in the elections.
International reactions to Nepals new Constitution have been mixed. China and the European Union have welcomed the new Constitution. The Chinese are particularly happy that their concerns to
avoid an identity-based federal structure have been taken care of.
India and the United Nations have only taken Note of the new Constitution, without welcoming it. Both have expressed concern for violence and emphasised the importance of dialogue and
negotiations between the government and the agitating parties.
Strong Indian reaction is focused on violence and instability in the Nepal terai. This has implications for the adjoining Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Though Indias frustration with Nepali leadership may be justified, there is need for India to calibrate its reactions and responses with some caution. The adoption of a democratic
Constitution in Nepal, howsoever imperfect, has been a historic achievement which should have been welcomed by New Delhi.
While conveying its preferences for an inclusive constitution, Indian diplomacy, through its unfolding stages, failed to follow the internal dynamics of Nepali politics. It failed to grasp the direction of posturing
and power sharing among the dominant political players and stake holders, so as to move them in the desired direction. Conflicting and confusing messages from the formal policymaking establishments
and from the diverse constituencies of the BJPs ideological affiliates were going to Nepal. It was not clear as to what were Indias priorities: an inclusive constitution addressing Madhes
concerns or an accommodation of Hindutva and monarchical preferences, or perhaps both. Lapses on the part of Indian diplomacy now pushed it in the company of Nepali Hindu fanatics and left
extremists on the one hand and marginalised forces on the other. This situation is being exploited by the traditional anti-Indian constituencies in Nepal.
There is an urgent need for India to extricate itself from this unfortunate situation. India needs to change its diplomatic posture from a hardline position to quiet and creative initiatives where
it can nudge both the marginalised and the dominant governing groups in Nepal to engage with each other meaningfully to work out credible and lasting compromises. The Nepali Constitution is flexible, it
has ample room for amendments and given the political will, reasonable solutions would surely be possible.
indigenization of defence
2. While we realize the significance of indigenization of technology in strategic areas,

our imports of arms, military vehicles, aircraft and carriers are increasing. Do you find a
dichotomy in our indigenization objectives and our growing dependence on imports?
Critically examine.
India is the largest importer of defence equipment. We do realize significance of indigenization of technology in strategic areas and have achieved it in a few fields Space technology. However, dichotomy
continues in defence sector. Some reasons:
-- Issues with DRDO and other Defence PSUs Failure to implement projects on time due to lack of all-round professionalism (Missile program has been a success), involvement in too many
projects (e.g. bio-toilets projects), failure to attract the best technical talents in the country e.g. Not
many IITians join them.
-- Absence of effective and regular information sharing between the MoD and the industry. The acquisition plans are shared at the last minute leaves the DRDo or industry with little time to
plan.
-- Monopoly enjoyed by DRDO in defence research In USA the private sector is an active participant in not just defence manufacturing but also research.
-- Indigenization cannot happen overnight, while there cant be delay in addressing defence needs. Urgent need of Jet fighters led to the diluted Rafale deal off-shelf buying without technology transfer.
-- Improper implementation of the 30% Offset policy under foreign defence deals which was aimed at giving a fillip to domestic manufactures.
-- Private sector involvement in manufacturing is impeded by lack of modern technology. For, this they need foreign support in the initial stages.
-- Sector is not fully open to FDI only 49% (100% in some cases) absence of majority stakeholder powers discourages foreign players from entering.
Way forward:
DRDO restructuring is a must. Monopoly of DRDO in research should end and private participation in R&D should be encouraged. FDI cap should be relaxed to truly encourage private
participation in defence manufacturing and success of Make in India and indigenazation.
Missions :constraints and measures

Map
Answer may not be completely sound..
4) Why many government schemes are named missions? What is their objective? Considering many missions that government has launched in recent years, examine their constraints and suggest how can
government improve their success rates.
Mission is an important assignment which is being communicated to organisations with a greater focus on result oriented outcomes to be completed within time-frame. They are normally short
and simple statements which outlines what the organisations purpose is and combine clarity of purpose, accountability for delivery, a clear leadership structure with intermediate milestones
that needs to be achieved.
Constraints:
Ground realities are often difficult to evaluate, which brings differentiated outcomes of after prescribed time frame.
Funds dispersed frequently fall short during implementation, mainly due to excessive leakages.
Institutional structures and line staff members are quite lenient while implementing the mission, which excessively increases the time frame to reach specified targets.
No encouragement or help from the civil societies.
Way forwards:
Integration of multiple agencies and institutional alignment at all levels of government.
Proper implementation of mission should be encouraged through separate Executive Agencies that try to bring in participation of experts, civil societies and other stakeholders.
Mission should be properly designed before it is being implemented, and should be built after surveying ground realities thoroughly, using Bottom to Up approach.
Roles of different participants must be articulated beforehand.
Lead agencies should have proper autonomy in financial and monitoring matters.
Missions should be evaluated on yearly basis, and if they are not working adequately they must be shutdown immediately or proper changes must be made.
Feedback procedures to be setup, to get timely updates of the missions.
Leveraging technology like web apps, e-surveys, monitoring applications etc. to oversee the missions progress.
Thus, the focus should now be to make the missions unidirectional, participative, technology intensive with effective monitoring to ensure that development moves from paper to ground.
Better ways of job generation

Map
Answer may not be completely sound..
Insufficient opportunities for youth to earn incomes commensurate with their aspirations is the root cause of social atrophy, degenerating into violence in many parts of the country, including Jammu and
Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat, and in Indian cities everywhere. Do you think conventional methods of job creation have worked in favour of Indias youth? From where should jobs come? Discuss. (200 Words)
Today, market and economies are becoming more and more dynamic. Due to the evolution of seamless internet and technology, the conventional methods of job creation have failed to deliver, owing to
their inefficacy and inability to adopt to these emerging trends.
Large scale unemployment and melancholic large number of unskilled workforce are a testament to this.
traditional drivers of job growth have always followed the prolonged strategy of human capital formation. Today, when the market keeps changing its trends fastly, these models still rely on assembly-line
model of skill development which not only delays the production process but also scores low on improving the adroitness of workers.
Indias ability to create more and better jobs for a fast-growing workforce will hinge on its ability to tackle three key road blocks to
job growth: poor infrastructure (particularly poor power supply), labour laws, and land-related regulations. (means jo job dene wale h, unki problems bhi door honi chahiye job generation k liye)
Apart from this, promoting employee friendly entrepreneurial mindset (taking in account the emotions and aspirations of workers), strengthening skill development architecture can help to
impart dynamism.
At the policy level, skill development, enterprise formation and job creation must co-evolve, especially when the types of skills required will keep changing with new technologies and new forms
of enterprises.
Measures to strengthen farm credit and insurance programmes , Farming should be commercialised with more thrust for exports.
Rural artisans and locally made indigenous products should be linked with E-commerce foreign markets.
Income disparity must be tackled.
Employment surveys to provide accurate information on the growing demand for different occupational categories can help in utilisation of untapped markets and hence, job opportunities
nepal constitution
2. To what extent the newly promulgated constitution in Nepal is inspired by Indian

constitution?
The newly promulgated Nepalese constitution was inspired by Indian constitution to a major extent, but not completely. The following provisions would explain this.
Nature of the State
Similar to India, Nepal is also multi-religious, multi-linguistic, multi-ethnic country. So, the sovereignty and authority of the state is vested in the people. Besides the common features like Secular, Socialist,
Democratic, Republic etc. the Nepalese constitution went ahead and included sustainable peace, good governance, and inclusive state.
Legislature
Similar to India, it is also bicameral. But, it has novel provisions like reservation to women, election based on both First past the post and Proportional Representation systems.
International treaties
There is no influence of India on this aspect. Nepal has incorporated the provision that international treaties are to be passed by 2/3rd majority in the Parliament.
Fundamental Rights
In this regard, most of the rights incorporated are influenced by India. However, Nepal is far ahead and brought up new rights like ancestral property to women, sexual orientation is recognized in right
to equality i.e. rights to LGBT, polluter pays principle incorporated (right to clean environment) etc.
Other provisions like single citizenship, single integrated judiciary, constitutional bodies etc. are more or less influenced by Indian constitution. Thus, the extent of influence of Indian constitution is only
limited.
merits of 6th sch over 5th..

http://m.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/right-place-wrong-arrangement/article4823988.ece
read this link (imp)...
NDMA: role and bottlenecks

1) What are the components and functions of NDMA? Discuss the structural and
functional bottlenecks of NDMAs work in the past few years
NDMA is India's apex planning and supervisory body for Disaster Management. Its vision is to build a safer and disaster-resilient India by developing a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster and technology-
driven strategy for disaster management.
NDMA is operationally organized into 5 broad components,
1) Policy Planning
2) Mitigation
3) Operation Communication
4) Administration
5) Capacity Building
Functions
1) Approval of National plans and other plans created by various ministries and departments
2) Proper coordination with SDMA's to ensure holistic and distributed Disaster Management
3) Framing of National Guidelines for the states to follow
4) Provision of assistance to other countries with centre's approval
Structural Bottlenecks
1) NDMAs power to interfere in SDMA efforts is limited. Though NDMA has drawn national guidelines, it is not mandatory for the states to follow them.
2) Lack of coordination between the ministry of earth sciences, state governments and NDMA.
3) Incoherent reactions by various departments owing to a lack of standard operating procedures.
Functional Bottlenecks
1) No specific qualifications are prescribed for members nor there a selection procedure which has a direct bearing on the efficacy of the institution.
2)Absence of meetings of National Executive Committee of NDMA which impinges on the evaluation of disaster preparedness.
3)The disproportionate focus on post disaster relief ,neglecting disaster preparedness. The over emphasis on post disaster relief at the cost of building disaster resilience is putting a burden on our national
exchequer.
Thus it is high time to revamp the NDMA, so that its vision of a safe and disaster resilient becomes a reality.
$ The Sendai Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted during the 3rd UN World Conference on disaster risk reduction held at Sendai, Japan on March 14-18, 2015.It is a 15 year non
binding , voluntary agreement which recognizes that states have the primary role to reduce disaster risk.
It has 4 priorities for action which are:
1. Understanding the risk
2. Strengthening disaster risk governance
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response for recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction.
asymmetric warfare
3) What is asymmetric warfare? Explore the possible tactics and challenges involved.
Asymmetric warfare can be attributed to the ancient 'Chanakyan Tactics' of fighting the powerless. In modern times it has numerous manifestations like 'Guerrilla warfare, counter terrorism, insurgency,
proxy war etc. It is the war between two unequals in terms of power, Tactics and strategy. The world has witnessed many of them including Vietnam war, Afghan war, Philippine American war etc.
TACTICS INVOLVED
- Destruction of strategic infrastructures like roads, power stations, water storage, military bases etc (World Wars)
- Using technological advantage to make losses on the weaker side and Guerrilla warfare (Vietnam war)
- Provoking protests among representatives and public in the rival country (Recent Russian Crimean conflict)
- Propaganda and false allegations to gain international support (Iraq war and propaganda of WMD)
- Terrorists tactics and suicide bombings (World Trade Center attack)
CHALLENGES
- 'Might is right' will likely become the rule in international disputes. (Palestine Israel conflict)
- There is an increasing chance of terrorist outfits acquiring sophisticated modern technologies and weapons challenging international peace. (ISIS)
- International community can be fooled by false propaganda (Iraq war)
- Economic sanctions can destabilize weaker states (Cuba, Venezuela, Iran)
Strict enforcement of UN Arms Trade Treaty and UNSC reforms can address the issue to a great extent.
naresh chandra recommendations

4) Write a short note on the recommendations by Naresh Chandra to strengthen the

security task force of India.
Recommendation:
Institutions
1.Establishment of a National Defence University (NDU) and the creation of a separate think-tank
2. Creation of the National Intelligence Grid and National Counter Terrorism Center.
3. Creating an Advanced Projects Agency (APA) to undertake high-risk futuristic military research.
4. Increase in FDI to manufacture in india with latest Tech.
Personnel
1 A permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee and form a special command structure under it for dealing Proxy-war,combat-search etc.
2 .Induct more foreign language experts into the intelligence and security agencies.
3.Creation of a new post of Intelligence Adviser to assist the NSA and the National Intelligence Board on
matters relating to coordination in the functioning of intelligence committee.
Other Recommendation:
1. Army be given management of Sino-Indian borders and India should become more assertive in dealing with China.
2. No pre-condition on talks with Naxalities and More presence of Army.
3. By all mean make sure No Pakistani efforts would succeed in converting Afghanistan into an extremist state.
If India has to survive as a modern and progressive nation that wishes to achieve its long-cherished goal of strategic autonomy, defence and security then the reforms have to be ushered in at a faster pace
.
is india emergency proof?
is india emergency proof?
no-
-self promotion of cult figure.
-many were jailed at that time, source of funding for many has been cut now.
-authoritarianism on the rise. dictatorship.
-all basic causes which gave rise to emergency in 1975 are present-
crisis of political sys.

problems of stability and economic discontent
consequences of neoliberalism
rise of hindutva communal forces taking over print and electronic media
degeneration of political parties
corrosion of insti of state.
yes-
- pm needs approval of two third of MPs.
-far harder to supress media-specially social media.
$ after 44 amendment, now art 21 cant be restricted and art 19 cant be restricted on ground of internal emergency. its success had been seen in recent past in anna andolan where govt could neither make
arbitrary arrests nor ban public meetings.
blue water navy

Q.1) Discuss the modernization initiatives that will help the Indian Navy to become a Blue Water Navy.
Ans) Blue water navy has the capability to conduct military operations in deep sea which conventional green water navy is unable to perform due to lower capacity of warships and submarines. It implies
force protection from sub-surface, surface and airborne threats and a sustainable logistic reach. An Array of modernization initiatives is required to realize the true potential of blue water navy.
1. Aircraft Carrier: Currently India operates INS Vikramaditya and INS Viraat, while INS Vikrant is expected to be commissioned in 2018. However, it is imperative for a blue water navy to manufacture
its own aircraft carrier. This ensures the quick availability of components in war times.
2. Submarines: Indigenously built Nuclear powered submarines INS Arihant is a major achievement however indigenization efforts should be strengthened to minimise dependence on key imported
equipments.
3. Amphibious transport dock: Necessary for carrying troops to distant warzones. India currently has INS Jalashwa (Imported).
4. Battleships: Can perform short term operations in Deep Ocean and can support aircraft carrier by supplying logistics.
5. Expediting procurement process: Long procurement cycle results in delivery of obsolete equipment.
FDI in defense, Make in India, Skill India program, New Defense procurement plan, Improvement in bilateral relation with US, Israel, France are other areas through which India can become an effective
global Blue Water Navy.
BIT nd law commission report on it.

Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting Indias interests
4) What do you understand by a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)? Recently the Law Commission of India released model draft to redraft archaic BITs. Critically examine how this draft seeks to protect the
interests of both the government and investors. (200 Words)
--BIT refers to an agreement between two countries, for protecting the interests of each others investors in their countries.
--In the past few years, there have been several cases against Indian govt, for not protecting the interests of foreign investors adequately, including those of White industries, Vodafone and Telenor.
--So, new draft was proposed to protect the interest of both investors and govt in the future in the following ways:
1. LCI proposed to widen the definition of investment, to classify who does/ doesnt get protection
2. Deletion of MFN status, so that Indian govt can provide differential benefits to countries based on their domestic investment.
3. Discontinuation of benefits in case an investor is found indulging in corrupt practices.
4. Incorporation of a dispute resolution mechanism for the investors
--Such measures benefit both fronts, as the investor will be able to get more benefits with increasing extent of investment, while the govt will also not be bound to give equal treatment to all investors.
--Also, govt will be able to nab corrupt investors, while the investors will also be able to voice their concerns in the concerned tribunal.
--Such measures will ensure the safety of investment in the country, while also taking care of govts concerns regarding violation of any law, creating a win-win situation for both.
Dimensions of governance
According to quirks bank, six dimensions of overall governance -
1. Absence of violence
2. Strength of institution
3. Government effectiveness
4. Control of corruption
5. Voice and accountability
6. Rule of law
Different committees..
Dhar commission ( linguistic provinces commission)-1948..
JVP commission on linguistic provinces- 1948-49..
Fazl Ali commission (state reorganization commission)-1953..
Administrative reform commission-to examine centre state relations-1966..
Rajamannar committee- tn govt for centre state relations-1969
Anandpur sahib resolution- demanded center's jurisdiction restricted to defence, foreign affairs, communication, currency-1973..
West Bengal memorandum- on centre state relations- 1977..
Sarkaria commission- centre state relations- 1983..
Punchhi commission- centre state relations- 2007..
J&k resolution- for greater autonomy of state but union rejected it- 2000..
Balwant rai mehta committee- recommended democratic decentralisation, three tier panchayati tak- 1957..
Ashok mehta committee- revive and strengthen panchayati Raj system- 1977..
GVK Rao committee- panchayati Raj institutions related- 1985..
LM singhavi committee- development of panchayati Raj system-1986..
1st backward classes commission- kaka kalelkar- 1953..
2nd backward classes commission- bp mandal recommended reservation- 1979..
National commission to review working of constitution- mn vainkatchaliah- to examine as to how far existing provisions of constitution are capable of responding needs of development of modern India-
2002..
sachar commission-on muslim backwardness
rangnath mishra commission-on religious and linguistic minorities-2007
nanavati commission-anti sikh riots-2004
srikrishna committee-1993 blasts
schemes for under nutritioned children

programs to reduce growing rate of under nutrition children-
1. mid day meal scheme-mhrd
2.integrated child development schem (icds)- a program called Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) in the year 1975. ICDS has been instrumental in improving the health of mothers and children
under age 6 by providing health and nutrition education, health services, supplementary food, and pre-school education.The ICDS national development program is one of the largest in the world.
3. national chilren's fund-This Fund Provides support to the voluntary organisations that help the welfare of kids.
4. national plan of action for children-India is a signatory to the 27 survival and development goals laid down by the World Summit on children 1990. In order to implement these goals, the Department of
Women & Child Development has formulated a National Plan of Action on Children. Each concerned Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments/U.Ts. and Voluntary Organisations dealing with
women and children have been asked to take up appropriate measures to implement the Action Plan.
5. UN's children fund
6- NRHM-
The subset of goals under this mission are:
Reduce infant mortality rate (IMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
Provide universal access to public health services
Prevent and control both communicable and non-communicable diseases, including locally endemic diseases
Provide access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare
Create population stabilisation, as well as gender and demographic balance
Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH
Finally, to promote healthy life styles
What not in constitution.

Federation but union of states.
Secular, socialist, integrity but added by 42nd amendment, 1976 and enacted by 44th amendment, 1978.
Untouchability . Referred as the social disabilities imposed on certain classes of persons by reason of their birth in certain caste..
Minority..
martial law..
Budget but annual financial statement is used..
Judicial review..
No specification of the caste and tribes which are to be called as sc and st..
Contempt of court not defined.. But later defined by act..
Basic structure..
Minority schemes..
1) Schemes for educational empowerment
Ministry implements Pre-matric, Post-matric, Merit-cum-Means based scholarships and Maulana Azad National Fellowship. Under these schemes, 30% seats are earmarked for girl students. Assistance for
free coaching is also provided to students for competitive examinations.
A new scheme Padho Pardesh has been launched for Interest subsidy on educational loans for minority students for their overseas studies.
Another Scheme Nai Udaan has also been started for giving financial support to minority candidates clearing preliminary exams conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), Staff Selection
Commission (SSC) and State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs).
Further, to strengthen educational infrastructure, construction of schools, additional classrooms and toilets are taken up under Multi-sectoral Development Programme.
2) Scheme for economic empowerment -

National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC) provides for concessional loans to minorities.
Seekho aur Kamao (Learn & Earn) for placement linked skill development of minorities.
A new Scheme Upgradation of Skills & Training in Traditional Arts/ Crafts for Development (USTTAD) aims at capacity building of minority artists and craftsmen including lesser known artists/ craftsmen.
3) Scheme for area development

Multi-sectoral Development Programme (MsDP) launched in 2008-09, is the flagship programme of the Ministry to address the development deficits by creating socio-economic infrastructure and providing
basic amenities in identified minority concentration areas. Digital literacy under Cybergram as one of the components of the scheme is also being implemented.
4) Scheme for Women empowerment -

Nai Roshni, an exclusive Leadership Development Programme for Minority Women. The scheme aims to empower and instill confidence among minority women by providing knowledge, tools and
techniques for interacting with Government systems, Banks and other institutions.
administrative tribunal tussle.
Topic: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
5) The tussle between the government and the judiciary has been going since the 1990s when tribunals began to be set up to ease the burden on the regular courts. Elaborate the statement by giving
examples of recent such tussles and critically comment on the view of the Supreme Court on the issue of setting up of tribunals. (200 Words)
Article 323 B allows the parliament to establish tribunals to deal with certain issues. Using this provision, several tribunals such as NTT (national taxation tribunal), NGT, ITAB (industrial training appellate
board) etc have been formed. Tribunals are formed with the objective to reduce the burden on courts, use administrative expertise in adjudicating issues, quicken dispute resolution. However, tribunals
have been a reason of dispute between the government and the judiciary.
The issues being raised by the judiciary are :

1) It is not against the formation of tribunals. It is a constitutional right and hence alright. But, it is against the composition of them.
2) Since tribunals deal with matters dealt with courts, they should have the same composition, autonomy, character, competence as the judiciary.
3) SC says they should enjoy the same constitutional rank as the courts and should be headed by people with such capability.
4) The tribunals should be institutionally as string, should not depend on parent departments, impartial and independent.
5) Judicial wisdom is more important than administrative experience in adjudicating disputes. SC cites the cases of 2G spectrum and other cases to show their capability.
The arguments of the government are :

1) Tribunals are necessary for speedy resolution which the judiciary is not able to provide.
2) Adminsutrative experience is more important in dealing with the present complex issues.
The balance of the argument however lies with the judiciary. The issues being raised by them are in line with the separation of powers which is a part of the basic stricture of the constitution. The
Government should address these concerns amicable with the judiciary and not misuse the tribunal to enter into the realm of justice delivery.
debroy committee recommendations.

The Debroy committee has based its recommendations on railways on three pillars -
1. Commercial Accounting - The panel favours a shift to a modern IFRS type commercial accounting which will provide better information about the cost-benefit analysis of different activities and thus help
railways take sound operational decisions based on its merits.
2. Changes in Human Resources - The Committee recognizes that the 16 zones of Railways have evolved in different ways and have different requirements. Thus it favours substantial decentralization of
powers to DRMs and General Managers.
It is also in favour of lateral entry for various specialists that the railways requires.
3. Gradual Liberalisation - The committee is in favour of gradual entry of private operators in freight operations, but only after an independent regulator with statutory backing is appointed to ensure that the
Ministry does not continue to do both the jobs of policy formulation as well as regulation.
4. Restructuring - The committee favors a separation of the core functions of railways from its additional responsibilities like running schools, hospitals etc.
5. Merging the Railway budget into the general budget after all such reforms are done in a time frame of 5 years.
In order to make the railways efficient, the following steps could be taken -
1. An statutarily backed independent Railway Tarriff Authority (RTA) should be established to ensure that setting fares becomes depoliticised.
2. Railways must make more investments in track modernisation and must decongest the popular routes.
3. Small tweaks could ensure that the average speed of passenger trains could rise to 160-200 kmph. This could be an interim measure before more modern 'bullet trains' are inducted.
right to clearance..
merits/demerits of right to clearance policy as introduced by telangana govt.-
This policy has have the following impact-
1. It will improve accountability as any delay in clearance of a project will have to be accompanied by the reasons for such a delay.
2. It will promote investment and provide a conducive environment for industries.
3. The provision of fine of Rs 1000 per day on the offending officer will ensure timely clearances.
4. Such out-of-the-box thinking will act as an example to other states and will force them to match or exceed this offer for fear of losing investments to Telangana.
On the other hand, the policy can have the following ill effects -
1. The same timeline to evaluate different types of projects is a big problem. Some projects might genuinely require more time for proper evaluation.
2. It might lead to incomplete evaluation by the bureaucrats for fear of the fine.
3. Such fast track clearances might have unwarranted environmental effects as they might not be properly studied.
Commissions full info

why to create chief of defense staff (CDS)..
Following are the reasons for the need of CDS:
1)It will provide the three arms with a unity of purpose required in operations involving more than one form of military and establish a synergy between three forces.
2) It will act as the direct link between the defence ministry and the country's military.
3) It will help the ministry in drafting better defence policies as the CDS would be able to provide a larger picture of the condition of military.
4) It will also help in fixing accountability as in multi-dimensional operations, CDS will be responsible for is success or failure.
However, a CDS may not have the full experience of every force except his own in which he served. This may lead to friction between CDS and the head of other two forces and may prove counter-
productive. Also, concentrating power, as well as responsibility, in one person may not produce desired result. A body like a Coucil headed by CDS can produce desired results.
changes in NPS.
Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
6) The committee under G.N. Bajpai, former chairman of Life Insurance Corporation of India and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi), has recommended some major changes to the existing
National Pension Scheme. Discuss these recommendations and their likely impact on subscribers if these recommendations are implemented. (200 Words)
National Pension has been the topic of debate from a long time debating investment of its fund. The committee under G.N Bajpai, has recommended certain changes impacting both the pensioner, receiving
a little extra tham the prefixed amount and government, utilizing its stored fund for more holistic and overall development. They are
1. The pension fund investment must be liberalized so that the pensioner has the provision of investing it in other options and not limited by one.
2. It also mentions that the government fund must be handled and taken care of by the private manager and investor other than government investors solely.
3. The investing rules and regulations must be eventually be same for both private and government.
4. This may be implemented in six years to come after proper 'wait and watch' scrutiny.
Parts of constitution
1. 1-4 union and it's territory
2. 5-11 citizenship
3. 12-35 fr
4. 36-51 dpsp
4A. 51a FD
5. 52-151 union govt
a. Executive 52-78
b. Parliament 79-122
c. Legislature power of President123
d. Union judiciary 124-147
e. Cag 148-151
6. 152-237 State govt
a. General 152
b. Executive 153-167
c. State legislature 168-212
d. Legislature power of governor 213
e. Hc 214-232
f. Subordinate court 233-237
7. 239-242 ut
8. 243-243o panchayats
9. 243p-243zg municipalities
10. 244-244a scheduled and tribal areas
11. 245-263 relations btwn union nd state
a. Legislative reforms 245-255
b. Administrative reforms 256-263
12. 264-300a Finance, property, contacts, suits
a. Finance 264-291
b. Borrowing 292-293
c. Property, contracts, rights, liabilities, obligations, suits 294-300
d. Right to property 300a
13. 301-307 Trade, commerce, intercourse within India
14. 308-323 service under union and state
a. Services 308-314
b. Public service commissions 315-323
14a. 323a-323b tribunals
15. 324-329a elections
16. 330-342 Special provisions relating sc,st,obc, Anglo indian
17. 343-351 official language
a. Language of union 343-344
b. Regional language 345-347
c. Language of sc,hc, and so on 348-349
d. Special directives 350-351
18. 352-360 emergency provisions
19. 361-367 miscellaneous
20. 368 amendment
21. 369-392 temporary, transitional, special provisions
22. 393-395 short title, commencement, authoritative text in hindi and repeals
MERITS/DEMERITS OF DEFENSE PROCUREMENT POLICY
Topic: Indigenization of technology and developing new technology
9) Critically analyse the merits and demerits of Indias defence procurement policy (DPP) and discuss the steps needed to address demerits of this policy. (200 Words)
India has been the largest importer of world of defence products accounting to 10% of total import. In 2013 a defence procurement policy was released to increase the domestic share in defence
procurement which will provide impetus to domestic manufacturing and will reduce the import bill. It asked for preferntial treatment of domestic producer, minimum content in production of 30% and
provision of penalty if not followed, preference to lowest level of sub vendor.
Though progressive in nature it has many loopholes. First it did not talk about transfer of technology in case of foreign manufacturer. Second, though it asks for increasing the share of indigenous
technology, no major incentive was provided to domestic industry. Third, it provided no platform where innovative small firms can meet big firms having capital to invest.
Capital requirement of small firms which generally contribute to innovative idea is a major fault of no small-medium enterprise coming forward. Given that technlology in defence changes quickly, constant
source of capital is required because mass procurement is not the norm of this sector. A enterprise need to evolve with changing requirement.
To build manufacturing base in India, it is also required to ask transfer of technology from foreign companies. India asks for ToT but the profit motive of companies do not lead to any advance in this
direction. India need to force for ToT and it should be a major instrument while procuring.
Incentives in term of tax benefits should be given and companies should be asked to place their order of small if not big part of product with small and medium enterprises of India.
MDG
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development
Following measures have been taken by the Government to curb the depression amon
SourceURL: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=121700
Following measures have been taken by the Government to curb the depression amongst the personnel of paramilitary forces (i.e. CAPFs and AR) :-
Implementing a transparent, rational and fair leave policy;
Regular interaction, both formal and informal, among Commanders, officers and troops to find out and address their problems;
Revamping of grievances redressal machinery;
Regulating duty hours to ensure adequate rest and relief;
Improving living conditions through provision of basic amenities/ facilities for troops and their families;
Motivating the forces through increased risk/hardship and other allowances such as Detachment Allowance, Kit Maintenance Allowance, Washing Allowance, Ration Money Allowance,
MARCOS Allowance etc;
Better medical facilities for troops and their families
Yoga and meditation classes for better stress management;
Schemes have been implemented for facilitating the women personnel i.e. Gender Sensitization, Health care Centre, improvised service, Nutritional care Centre etc;
UGC- recommendations
SourceURL: http://disqus.com/embed/comments/?base=default&version=90661a01651ab58cd54f8e1069e1742e&f=insights20&t_i=56388%20http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightsonindia.com%2F%3Fp%3D5638
reform%2F&t_e=5)%20Recently%20a%20review%20committee%20constituted%20by%20the%20government%20in%202014%20suggested%20that%20there%20is%20a%20need%20for%20restructuring%
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education, Human Resources.
5) Recently a review committee constituted by the government in 2014 suggested that there is a need for restructuring and reforming the University
Grants Commission (UGC). In your opinion, what reforms does UGC require to ensure quality higher education in India? In the light of the
committees recommendations, critically analyse. (200 Words)
The UGC has become a stronghold of bureaucratic imperialism. It has sidestepped its function of creating quality institutes and has become a funding organisation of ad hocism. The commission on UGC has
given the following reccomendations
- The commission recognises immense demographic potential of India and English as an asset, with linkages to diaspora, which can potentially turn it into knowledge
superpower. Thus Reforming UGC can lead it into a globalised world order.
-The adaptation of measures for student mobility and internationalisation of education
-Reinvigorated teaching methodology capable of dealing with emerging complexities
-Insuring market linkages and dynamic exchanges with the knowledge economy of the world to ensure capital infusion
- Setting up of world class institutes, providing quality education that propels India in university rankings
- Unified regulator like National commission ofr higer education and research which is based on liberal administrative principles rather than stifling regulatory ones
However, this hackneyed approach cannot be said to be free of flaws,

- India is a mulitlingual country with english proficiency limited for rural graduates and 80% population excluded from knowledge generation sphere due to historical limitations
-The commission report ignores the interests of rural folks and focusses on middle class aspirations, primarily with the aim of corporitisation of education.
- A single regulator is meant to play to corporate lobby, who treat knowledge as an investment to generate revenues and not about furthering the discipline.
- Poor quality education system, churning out mechanical graduates, without application of the critial faculties and bereft of understanding of the political structures is making
labroures out of the students and perpetuating inequities in the world through brain drain. The committee reccomendation furthers these trends
amendment in whistleblower act.

Topic: transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
3) Recently the union cabinet approved amendments in the Whistle Blowers Protection Act of 2011 by moving an amendment Bill in Parliament during the Budget Session, 2015. In the light of these new
amendments, critically comment on the salient features of the bill. (200 Words)
With lack of safety and rising episodes of threatening,harassment and murders of whistle blowers,lead to passing of a progressive Whistle blowers Protection Act 2011 to safeguard them
The recent amendments have been brought about to address concerns relating to national security.
It would strengthen the safeguards against disclosures which may prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of the country, security, strategic, scientific or economic interest of the state, relations with
a foreign state or leads to incitement of an offence.
The salient features of act include:

1. Any public servant or any other person including a non-governmental organization may make such a disclosure to the CVC
2. Every complaint has to include the identity of the complainant.
3. The VC shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. penalizes any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.
4. prescribes penalties for knowingly making false complaints.
some of the limitations with the act include

>The power of CVC is limited to making recommendations and does not have any power to impose penalties
>non admission of anonymous complaints
>no provisions for penalties for victimization of complainant
the recent amendments appear progressive as it will prevent the leakage and misuse of sensitive information which can be a threat to security if used by anti national elements.
However,on close observation, the proposed amendments have many loopholes which can be used against public interest.
>The national security related grounds are so broad that a public authority may connect any whistleblower complaint to these interests and prevent competent authorities like the CVC from inquiring into it.
>empower the Government to frustrate inquiry into a whistleblower complaint at every stage on grounds of national security.
To serve the public interest as well as balance,the security concerns,the amendments should be re looked into and the national security clause should be as precise as possible. Also the amendments
should first strive to correct the basic lacunaes in the original act.
AFSPA: abstract
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act:
It is an Act empowering armed forces to deal effectively in Disturbed Areas. Any area which is declared Disturbed under the disturbed areas act enables armed forces to resort to the provisions of AFSPA.
Who declares an area as disturbed?
The choice of declaring any area as disturbed vests both with state and central government.
Special powers provided to armed forces:
After an area comes under the ambit of AFSPA, any commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer or another person of equivalent rank can use force for a variety of reasons while still
being immune to the prosecution.
Ambit:
The act was passed on 11 September 1958 by the parliament of India to provide special legal security to the armed forces carrying out operations in the troubled areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura (seven sisters).
In 1990 the act was extended to the state of Jammu and Kashmir to confront the rising insurgency in the area.
In Manipur, despite opposition from the Central government, state government withdrew the Act in some parts in Aug, 2004.
The government can declare AFSPA in the following conditions:
When the local administration fails to deal with local issues and the police proves inefficient to cope with them.
When the scale of unrest or instability in the state is too large for the police to handle.
Legal provisions of AFSPA:
In an area declared, disturbed an army officer is legally free to carry out following operations:
Fire upon or otherwise use force, even to the causing of death, against any person who is acting in contravention of any law against assembly of five or more persons or possession of deadly
weapons.
Destroy any shelter (private or govt.) from which armed attacks are made or likely to be made or attempted to be made.
Arrest any person without warrant who has committed a cognizable offence or against whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed or is about to commit a cognizable offence.
Enter and search, without warrant, any premises for purpose of arrest or to recover any person, arms, explosives.
To search and seize any vehicle suspected to be carrying an offender or any person against whom any reasonable suspicion exists that he has or is about to commit an offence.
To provide legal immunity to the army personnel found involved in any violation or ethical breach i.e., they cannot be sued or prosecuted.
Why do armed forces need AFSPA?
The forces are aware that they cannot afford to fail when called upon to safeguard the countrys integrity. Hence, they require the minimum legislation that is essential to ensure efficient utilization of
combat capability. This includes safeguards from legal harassment and empowerment of its officers to decide on employment of the minimum force that they consider essential.
The absence of such a legal statute would adversely affect organizational flexibility and the utilization of the security capacity of the state. This would render the security forces incapable of fulfilling
their assigned role.
Common people see it as Right to Kill Act. Since its inception many Human Rights organizations and civil societies have been opposing it for the following reasons:
It makes no distinction between a peaceful gathering of five or more people and a berserk mob.
The law also states that, no prosecution can be initiated against an officer without the previous sanction of the Central government.
The decision of the government to declare a particular area disturbed cannot be challenged in a court of law.
In 2005 the Jeevan Reddy Commission said that AFSPA should be repealed and the clauses that are required should be included in other Acts.
recommendations of punchhi commission

The major recommendations may be enumerated as follows
1. There should be an amendment in Articles 355 and 356 to enable the Centre to bring specific trouble-torn areas under its rule for a limited period.
2. The commission has proposed localising emergency provisions under Articles 355 and 356, contending that localised areas either a district or parts of a district be brought under Governors rule
instead of the whole state.Such an emergency provision should however not be of duration of more than three months.
3. The commission however supports their right to give sanction for the prosecution of ministers against the advice of the state government.
4. To make an amendment in the communal violence Bill to allow deployment of Central forces without the states consent for a short period. It has proposed that state consent should not become a hurdle
in deployment of central forces in a communal conflagration. However, such deployment should only be for a week and post-facto consent should be taken from the state.
5. Among the significant suggestions made by the Commission is, laying down of clear guidelines for the appointment of chief ministers. Upholding the view that a pre-poll alliance should be treated as one
political party, it lays down the order of precedence that ought to be followed by the governor in case of a hung house:
a) Call the group with the largest prepoll alliance commanding the largest number;
b) the single largest party with support of others;
c) the post-electoral coalition with all parties joining the government; and last
d) the postelectoral alliance with some parties joining the government and remaining including Independents supporting from outside.
6. The panel also feels that governors should have the right to sanction prosecution of a minister against the advice of the council of ministers. However, it wants the convention of making them chancellors
of universities done away with.
7. As for qualifications for a governor, the Punchhi commission suggests that the nominee not have participated in active politics at even local level for at least a couple of years before his appointment. It
also agrees with the Sarkaria recommendation that a governor be an eminent person and not belongs to the state where he is to be posted.
8. The commission also criticises arbitrary dismissal of governors, saying, the practice of treating governors as political football must stop. There should be critical changes in the role of the governor
including fixed five year tenure as well as their removal only through impeachment by the state Assembly. It has also recommended that the state chief minister have a say in the appointment of governor.
9. Underlining that removal of a governor be for a reason related to his discharge of functions, it has proposed provisions for impeachment by the state legislature along the same lines as that of President
by Parliament.This, significantly, goes against the doctrine of pleasure upheld by the recent Supreme Court judgment.
10. Endorsing an NCRWC recommendation, it says appointment of governor should be entrusted to a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Home Minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and chief minister
of the concerned state. The Vice- President can also be involved in the process.
The National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms

Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Judiciary
5) What are the goals and objectives of the National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms scheme of government of India? Evaluate its performance. (200 Words)
The National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms (NMJDLF) was initiated with the twin goals of
(A) Reducing delays and arrears in judicial the system in order to increase access to courts; and
(B) Enhancing judicial accountability through structural changes.
It aims to achieves these goals by meeting the following objectives:

(A) Bringing about policy and legislative changes including policy initiatives to reduce government litigation, introducing amendments to important legislations besides bringing about legal education reforms;
(B) Addressing the problem of delay by reforming court procedures, promoting ADR method, fast tracking court processes, and the use of information and technology.
(C) Focussing on human resource development by filling in vacancies, strengthening judicial academies and training of court functionaries.
(D) Promoting research and studies on judicial reforms.
(E) Improving the physical infrastructure of district and lower courts besides the creation of special courts including e-courts.
body mounted cameras on cops.

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
3) In the West, especially in America, a heated debate is going regarding the merits and demerits of using body-mounted cameras (Cop-Cams) on police officers. Critically examine why this ideas has been
mooted and what are the main concerns with this strategy. Do you think such a policy can be used in India as a tool to bring reforms in policing? Comment. (200 Words)
Body mounted cameras attracting attention in west especially in USA. Their usage have both positives and drawbacks. these helped in solving several cases like: attack by cop on indian person, attack by
cop on african origin young boy etc..
Positives include:
1.Minimise time of investigation
2.control the authority of police
3.acts as investing tool
4.minimise loss of evidance as a result of human memory etc...
drawbacks include:
1.dependency on body camers more than persons involved undermines individual professionalism
2.unless incident is recorded in camera, events happened can go unnoticed
3.disturbs privacy during inquiry by recording during investigation and it can add insult in cases which involves nacked victims etc..which will go viral on online
hence, policing with body cameras can be implemented in india to some extent with considering drawbacks during investigation,special cases. prior to this security has to be increased by installing sufficient
number of CCTVs in public places and providing latest transport facilities to cops to reach incidental spots as soon as possible.
law commission on electoral reforms

recommendations are as follows-
1.Election Finance
reforms on the issue of candidate expenditure limits; disclosure obligations of individual candidates and political parties; and penalties imposable on political parties; as well as examining the issue of state
funding of elections.
2.Regulation of Political Parties and Inner Party Democracy
the ECIs power to de-register a party in certain cases of non-compliance.
4.Anti Defection Law in India
it recommends to vesting the power to decide on questions of disqualification on the ground of defection with the President or the Governor instead of speaker to keep the integrity of speaker intact.
5.Strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India
The ECI should be strengthened by first, giving equal constitutional protection to all members of the Commission in matters of removability; second, making the appointment process of the Election Commissioners an
the CEC consultative; and third, creating a permanent, independent Secretariat for the ECI.
6.Paid News and Political Advertisements
In order to curb the practice of disguised political advertisement, disclosure provisions should be made mandatory for all forms of media. The purpose of disclosure is two fold; first, to help the public identify th
nature of the content (paid content or editorial content); and second, to keep the track of transactions between the candidates and the media.
7.Opinion Polls
The regulation of opinion polls is necessary to ensure that first, the credentials of the organisations conducting the poll is made known to the public; second, the public has a chance to assess the validity of th
methods used in conducting the opinion polls; andthird, the public is made adequately aware that opinion polls are in the nature of forecasts or predictions,
8. Election Petitions
The introduction of one or more election benches in each High Court, The procedure for presenting election petitions should be made simpler and less formalistic
The trial of election petitions by the election bench of the High Court should be expedited by providing for
i. daily trial;
ii. minimising adjournments
10. The Right to Recall

The Law Commission is not in favour of introducing the right to recall in any form because it can lead to an excess of democracy, undermines the independence of the elected candidates, ignores minority interest
increases instability and chaos, increases chances of misuse and abuse, is difficult and expensive to implement in practice, especially given that India follows the first past the post system
11. Totaliser for Counting of Votes
suggestion for introducing a totaliser for the counting of votes recorded in electronic voting machines to prevent the harassment of voters in areas where voting trends in each polling station can be determined
12.Restriction on Government Sponsored Advertisements
The Commission recommends regulating and restricting government sponsored advertisements six months prior to the date of expiry of the House/Assembly to maintain the purity of elections; prevent the use o
public money for partisan interests of, inter alia, highlighting the governments achievements;
14.Independent Candidates
independent candidates be disbarred from contesting elections because the current regime allows a proliferation of independents, who are mostly dummy/non-serious candidates or those who stand (with the sam
name) only to increase the voters confusion.
difference between indian and south african fundamental rights.

Topic: Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
4) The South African Constitution says that its Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of democracy in South Africa. Critically discuss similarities and differences between Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Indian
Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the South African constitution. (200 Words)
Similarities:
(1) Both FRs and BoRs form the bedrock of the constitution and democracy under the Indian and SA Constitutions respectively.
(2) Just as the FRs under Indian Constitution, the BoRs under the SA Constitution are available against the State. In fact some limited rights under both Constitutions are available against private citizens
also.
(3) Under both Constitutions, while most rights are available to citizens alone, some universally recognised rights such as the right to life and equality are available to all persons.
(4) Neither the FRs nor BoRs are absolute. Both are subject to reasonable restrictions and limitations.
Differences:
(1) Given the SA Constitution was framed in 1996, it had the benefit of hindsight and was able to learn lot more from experiences of other vibrant democracies like India. This advantage is reflected in the
fact that the BoRs is the most elaborate and extensive set of rights endowed upon citizens anywhere in the world including India. For e.g., rights such as the right to privacy and the right to healthy
environment which had to be read into FRs in India by the judiciary are explicitly mentioned in the BoRs.
(2) Right to vote which finds a place in the BoRs is only a statutory/legal right in India i.e., it does not have the status of a FR.
(3) Right to property, which finds a place in the BoRs, was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44nd Constitutional Amendment and has been placed under Art 300A thereby reducing its status
to that of a legal right.
(4) Right to information, which is included in BoRs, is only a statutory right in India.
(5) The SA Constitution provides for creation of a special constitutional court for the enforcement of BoRs. This court has jurisdiction only over constitutional matters and controversies. Under the Indian
Constitution, the Supreme Court is endowed with writ jurisdiction. However, it also exercises many other kinds of jurisdictions concurrently. This makes a difference because the special constitution court is
less burdened and therefore can spend larger amount of time and expertise in adjudicating and interpreting the provisions of BoRs.
ebiz
eBiz-
1. part of e- governance.
2. G2B ( government to business) model.
3. creates a virtual interface between business men and the government.
advantages-
1. easy availability of any information related to 'business related governance' on website
2. reduces bureaucratic interaction
3. makes things faster, no more red tape. the officials must answer the proposals in queue.
4. reduces chances for corruption. more transparency.
5. reduces burden of making consultations at various levels.
6. improves more investments into india. FDI improves.
7. positive effect on new employment.
8. easy one step licence/ winding up. also improves tax returns to the government.
gram nyayalaya..
Important features of Gram Nyayalayas:
Gram Nyayalaya are established generally at headquarter of every Panchayat at intermediate level or a group of contiguous panchayat in a district where there is no panchayat at intermediate level.
The Gram Nyayalayas are presided over by a Nyayadhikari, who will have the same power, enjoy same salary and benefits of a Judicial Magistrate of First Class. Such Nyayadhikari are to be
appointed by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court.
A Gram Nyayalaya have jurisdiction over an area specified by a notification by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court. The Court can function as a mobile court at any
place within the jurisdiction of such Gram Nyayalaya, after giving wide publicity to that regards.
The Gram Nyayalayas have both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the offences. The pecuniary jurisdiction of the Nyayalayas are fixed by the respective High Courts.
Both the Central and the State Government can add or remove items in the Schedule. While the Central Government can amend the list in Schedule I and II, by notifying them and thereafter laying it
in the Parliament, the State Government can amend the items in Part III of Schedule I or II, in the areas of law which the state is competent to enact law after due consultation with the respective
High Court and notifying it. Such notification has to be laid in the State Legislature.
Gram Nyayalayas can follow special procedures in civil matters, in a manner it deem just and reasonable in the interest of justice.
Gram Nyayalayas allow for conciliation of the dispute and settlement of the same in the first instance.
Gram Nyayalayas has been given power to accept certain evidences which would otherwise not be acceptable under Indian Evidence Act.
Appeals in criminal matter can be made to the Sessions Court in the respective jurisdiction and in civil matters to the District Court within a period of one month from the date of judgment.
questions..
4) The poor health of children and pregnant women in India, even after decades of robust economic growth, is one of the worlds most perplexing public health issues. Critically discuss the magnitude and
causes of this problem and why government interventions have failed to address this issue. (200 Words)
5) Many advocate that a solution to the Kashmir dispute would necessarily have to include Pakistan. Do you agree with this view? Substantiate. (200 Words)
6) The new federalism, comprising the combination of the GST (Goods and Services Tax) and the FFC (Fourteenth Finance Commission), creates the framework for both mobilising more resources by
government and spending them with greater impact. However, like all good things, realising these potential benefits will require several conditions to be fulfilled. Examine these conditions and exaplain how
they can be fulfilled. (200 Words)
7) Why is Chinas Silk Route project compared to the Marshall Plan of post Second World War? Critically examine. (200 Words)
nuclear deal points..after obama visit..

The government has said that operator of the nuclear installation shall be liable for nuclear damage caused by nuclear incident. The liability of the operator shall be strict and shall be based on the
principle of no fault liability.
The operator shall also take out an insurance policy covering his liability. But the operator, after paying compensation for nuclear damage can have right to recourse in cases where the nuclear
incident is due to the supplier, including defective or sub-standard services or where it is with an intent to cause nuclear damage.
Now, foreign suppliers of atomic reactors to India cannot be sued for the damages by victims of a nuclear accident but can be held liable by the operator who has the right of recourse.
It has also said that Indias Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act is compatible with the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC) and hence there would be no
change in the Act.
The liability in case there is a nuclear incident will be capped at $300 million SDRs or Rs. 2,610 crore. The NPCIL is only liable up to Rs. 1,500 crore, and the Union government will pay the balance
Rs. 1,110 crore. Any damages above this will come from an international fund, once India ratifies the international convention on supplementary compensation for nuclear liability. This effectively
means that the supplier will not be liable, and even the operator will be liable only for a small fraction of what victims will need.
The Ministry makes it clear that immediate liability for any incident will be channelled only to the operator in this case the public sector unit Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd.
The government had assured the U.S. and other suppliers that their liability would be paid out of an insurance pool of approximately $250 million (Rs.1,500 crore), to be funded equally by the government
and the government-owned insurance companies. The issue was discussed when Prime Minister of India met the US President last month and they jointly announced reaching a breakthrough on the 123
Agreement of September 2008.
Benefits of insurance pool:

1) compensation in case of accident can be easily availed.
2) synchronizes CLND act with CSC
3) Will have positive psychological effect on residents in area of power plant.
4) Reduce burden on government in case of compensation and also government can generate revenue by its investment in insurance pool.
5) Will help in further negotiations with countries like France,Australia,Japan, Russia etc in civil nuclear deal.
6) Improves India's initiative in clean energy campaign and may help in further leverages in nuclear technology.
The CNLD law affects average Indian in following ways:
1. The CNLD law capped all the liabilities to 300 million Special Drawing Rights or Rs 2610 crore. The government will create an 'Nuclear Insurance pool' of Rs 1500 crores of which it will contribute Rs 750
crore. In case of Nuclear damage government will be liable to additional Rs 1110 crores (1500+1110=2610). Hence in doing all these, the government will end up spending the Indian taxpayers money
which should be the suppliers liability.
2. The suppliers will be paying nominal premium to the 'Nuclear Insurance Pool', hence this cost will be added in the total cost of building a nuclear plant and thus will finally have to bear by Indian
consumers.
3. The capped amount of Rs 2610 will not be sufficient in case of a Nuclear accident as we have seen in the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The potential victims will suffer due to this.
4. The section 17 of CNLD acts specifies that the right to recourse of an operator is not mandatory but merely an enabling clause. This it will prohibit operators to sue suppliers. Thus overall it will make
victims more vulnerable to potential accidents.
5. Section 46 prevents the Indian victims from moving to a foreign court. It also prohibits from claiming compensation under other laws.
nuclear liability problem. (before obama visit)..just check..

A target of installing 63 Gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2032 has been reduced to 27.5 Gigawatts and none of the landmark deals under Ind0 US nuclear deal envisaged has been struck. The Civil
Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act, 2010 which contains a speedy compensation mechanism for victims of a nuclear accident has been deemed responsible for this deadlock. Analyse why.
The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act which was done make sure that India achieve its nuclear energy target but due to
issues with few of the clauses of this act things have not progressed and India is still not getting Nuclear fuel.
1) Non- Compliance with International Treaties: 17(b) says the nuclear incident has resulted as a consequence of an act of supplier or his employee, which includes supply of equipment or material with
patent or latent defects or sub-standard services. It contradicts Article 10 of the Annex to the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC), an international treaty which India has
signed.
There are ways to solve it : 1) CSC allows reservations to some of the certain provisions.2) Article XV of the CSC implies that the rights and obligations of States under general rules of public international
law are exempt from the application of the CSC. Using "polluter pays principle" it can be solved.
2) Rule 24 deeply problematic. First, it limits the amount which can be claimed by exercise of the right of recourse to the extent of the operator's liability or the value of the contract. Second, the Rule limits
the time during which the right of recourse is available to operators to the product liability period in the contract or the period of initial licence issued under the Atomic Energy Rules, 2004 (a maximum
period of 5 years), whichever is higher.Rule 24 arguably violates Article 14 of the Constitution of India because there is no specific power in the CLND Act to limit liability in the manner that Rule 24 does.
3) Section 46 says Act shall in be addition to and not in derogation of any law.
Therefore, an individual affected by an nuclear incident would be within its rights to move an action in tort against a supplier notwithstanding any contract between the supplier and operator since there is
no contract privity between supplier and individual.
To solve this, Section 46 should thus be limited to criminal liability, and should clarify that victims who suffer on account of nuclear damage can institute claims for compensation only under the CLND Act
and not by recourse to other legislations or Courts.
India need to solve these issues to fullfill its ambitions and to do deals with US, Australia, france etc.
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill 2014:

Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill 2014:
Objectives of the bill:
To provide both deterrent and reformative options for overall development of children.
The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children as ratified by India in December, 1992. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in
conflict with law.
It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc.
The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.
Important provisions in the Bill:
The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year olds committing heinous offences, as adults. A
heinous offence is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.
States shall constitute one or more Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) for each district for dealing with children in need of care and protection.
A Special Juvenile Police Units (SJPU) will be established in each district, consisting of a police officer and two social workers. One Child Welfare Police Officer will be present in every police station.
Prospective adoptive parents must be consenting. A single or divorced person can also adopt, but a single male cannot adopt a girl child. Parents must be physically fit, financially sound, and mentally
alert and motivated to adopt. Regulations regarding adoption shall be framed by the Central Adoption Resource Authority.
Any official, who does not report an abandoned or orphaned child within 24 hours, is liable to imprisonment up to six months or fine of Rs 10,000 or both.
One or more Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) to be constituted, for each district, for dealing with children in conflict with law. JJBs are composed of a Metropolitan or Judicial Magistrate and two social
workers, one of whom shall be a woman.
measures to check School dropouts..
measures to stop it-
This includes inter-alia strengthening of school infrastructure and facilities,
residential hostel buildings for children in habitations not covered by regular schools, provisioning for additional teachers,
regular training of teachers,
provision for free text books and uniforms to children.
The Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme provides for setting up of residential upper primary schools for girls from SCs, STs, OBCs and Minority communities.
The Mid Day Meal Scheme is also being implemented with a view to enhance enrolment and retention of children in schools.
for girls-(elementary level)

To encourage the participation of all girls at elementary level, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) provides for the opening of schools in the neighborhood to make access easier for girls,
the appointment of additional teachers including women teachers,
free textbooks, free uniforms,
separate toilets for girls,
teachers sensitization programmes to promote girls participation,
gender-sensitive teaching learning materials including textbooks and
the scheme of Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas as residential upper primary schools for girls belonging to SC/ST/Minority Communities, BPL families and girls in difficult circumstances.
(higher level)
Under the Rashtriya Madyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) interventions to promote girls participation in secondary schools include the opening of new schools,
the strengthening of existing schools,
the appointment of teachers,
the construction of residential quarters for teachers in remote/hilly areas,
hostel facilities for girls,
teacher sensitization programmes and
separate toilet blocks for girls.
In addition, the National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education (NSIGSE), exemption from paying tuition fee in Kendriya Vidyalayas, and 33% reservation for girls in Navodaya Vidyalayas,
have been implemented.
issues of women empowerment

1. permanent commission for women in army.
2.women can be make up artist
PSL..changes proposed
The following changes are being proposed in the Priority Sector lending:- (dont look for stats)
To enhance credit to Small and marginal farmers, a separate sub limit of upto 8% (for 1st year - 7% and 2nd year - 8%) is being introduced for the first time.
Loans for agri-processing & agri-infrastructure would be included in PSL without any limit on the size of loans.
Loans to Medium Enterprises being included in PSL.
For the first time a separate sub limit of 7.5% of ANBC (adjusted net bank credit) is being created for the Micro Enterprises.
Loans upto Rs.5 crore for Social infrastructure, like schools and health care facilities, drinking water facilities, sanitation facilities etc. are being included under PSL, for towns of less than 1 lac
population.
Renewable Energy sector is being added to the PSL, upto Rs.10 crore loans.
Introduction of Priority Sector Lending Certificate (PSLCs), which will provide a market-driven incentive for efficiency, will enable banks to sell their surplus lending and thus earning a premium for their
efficiency/geographical spread.
Progress to be monitored quarterly and not at the end of the year.
issue of official secrets act,1923

Topic:Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability
4) It is often argued that the Official Secrets Act (OSA) which is of 1923 vintage and a complicated piece of legislation has no reason to remain on our statute books after the Right to Information Act of
2005. In the light of leak of important information from key ministries of the union government, critically comment. (200 Words)
The recent leaks of Official Secrets from key ministries have once again brought to the fore the controversial debate on the utility of the Official Secrets Act, 1923. The OSA was enacted keeping in view the
National Security and Sovereignty.It made an offence to obtain, collect, record, publish a secret document. However, it was so vast in its scope that it made it prone to misuse and gave the executive a carte
blanche to act arbitrarily.
This situation gave rise to many problems. Some of which are as following:
1. Problem of classification of information as the word Secret was no where defined in the Act. Govt. has a wide discretion to classify any information as secret.
2. The excessive discretion many a times lead to arbitrariness which can give rise to discrimination and subvert the right to equality under Art. 14.
3. It also violated the freedom of speech and expression under Art. 19(1)(a).
4. As Right to freedom of information has been incorporated under broad ambit of Right to Life, the OSA,1923 violated Article 21.
5. There were many ambiguities regarding determination of an offence, prosecution procedures etc. It being a Penal law, the ambiguities favoured the accused.
Many of these problems are now taken care of after the advent of RTI Act, 2005 which expressely provided that the RTI Act will override any other Act to the extent of conflict. However, a nation cannot just
wish away a statute of the nature of OSA,1923. Such an act is imperative in the matters of national security, friendly relations with foreign nations & maintenance of law and order. Even some pro-
information SC judgements like that in the S.P. Gupta Vs UOI have upheld the need for such law. But at the same time, it is equally indisputable that fundamental rights of citizens cannot be compromised.
The RTI Act,2005 plays a vital balancing role here. To protect the national interests, it provides for necessary exemptions to the disclosure of information which support the OSA, 1923. At the same time, it
checks the arbitrariness of the OSA,1923 by making the procedure and intent of secrecy transparent and accountable.
Niti aayog
The NITI Aayog comprises of the Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson; Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories with the
Regional Councils formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region. Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees
nominated by the Prime Minister will assist this think tank comprising Vice Chairman, two fulltime and part time members among others.
Differences between NITI and Planning Commission
While Planning Commission enjoyed the powers to allocate funds to ministries and state governments, NITI Aayog will be an advisory body, or a think-tank. Under Planning Commission, States' role was
limited to the National Development Council and annual interaction during Plan meetings and the commission reported to National Development Council that had state chief ministers and lieutenant
governors of UTs. But Niti Aayogs Governing Council has state chief ministers and lieutenant governors as the all powerful body. Under Niti Aayog states are consulted while making policy and deciding on
funds allocation. Final policy would be a result of thatconsultations unlike under Planning Commission when policy was formed by the commission and states were then consulted about allocation of funds.
While Niti Aayog is a think-tank and does not have the power to impose policies, Planning Commission decided policies for states and tied allocation of funds with projects it approved, a methodology driven
by "one size fits all" concept.
Objectives of NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog envisages providing a critical directional and strategic input into the development process. The centre-to-state one-way flow of policy, that was the hallmark of the Planning Commission era, is
now sought to be replaced by a genuine and continuing partnership of states. The NITI Aayog will also seek to put an end to slow and tardy implementation of policy, by fostering better Inter-Ministry
coordination and better Centre-State coordination. It is expected to help evolve a shared vision of national development priorities, and foster cooperative federalism, recognizing that strong states make a
strong nation. In addition, the NITI Aayog will monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes, and focus on technology upgradation and capacity building.
why planning c was better than niti-
The reason of despair was, some believed it would lead to more centralization by:
1) Being only a think-tank, resource allocation will be handled by finance ministry, where no say of states is present.
2) Abolition of National Development Council- where plan document used to passed by consensus. The new aayog will only be a formal deliberative body.
3) Due to immense discretion in fund allocation, small states, backward states, conflict ridden states or states ruled by parties other than central party may not get a fair deal.
soil health c
About the Scheme:
It is a scheme to provide every farmer a Soil Health Card in a Mission mode. It is a scheme under which the Central Government provides assistance to State Governments for setting up Soil Testing
Laboratories for issuing Soil Health Cards to farmers.
The scheme will be implemented in all states to promote soil testing services, issue of soil health cards and development of nutrient management practices.
State Governments have adopted innovative practices like involvement of agricultural students, NGOs and private sector in soil testing, determining average soil health of villages, etc., to issue Soil
Health Cards.
The state governments will prepare yearly action plan on the issue and the cost will be shared in the ratio of 75:25 between the Centre and states.
The scheme assumes importance as the imbalanced application of fertilisers have caused deficiency of primary nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), secondary nutrients (such as
sulphur), and micro-nutrients (boron, zinc, copper etc.) in most parts of country.
Though a few states like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh have made progress in soil testing but no uniform norms are followed in the country for soil analysis and
distribution of soil health cards. The central scheme aims to address this issue.
Soil Health Cards:
A Soil Health Card is used to assess the current status of soil health and, when used over time, to determine changes in soil health that are affected by land management.
A Soil Health Card displays soil health indicators and associated descriptive terms. The indicators are typically based on farmers practical experience and knowledge of local natural resources.
The card lists soil health indicators that can be assessed without the aid of technical or laboratory equipment.
The card, which will carry crop-wise recommendation of fertilisers required for farm lands, will help farmers identify health of soil and judiciously use soil nutrients.
post-retirement savings products scenario

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection
and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
6) India has a long history of retirement savings products. Unfortunately, this history is one of allowing continuous fitful additions by different players. In the light of the statement, critically comment on
the post-retirement savings products scenario in India. (200 Words)
History of Retirement saving products in India::: Introduced by british in 1880s for civil services, later extended to various other public sector services like Railways, Telegraph etc. After Independence
benefits extended to private sector as well. However mostly organized sector ppl are covered under various retirement products.
Current Scenario ::
1)Pension for various sector Employees ::
--- Govt Employees/PSUs/ Govt. Banks : For Govt. sector employs 3 kind of retirement benefits are there. (a) Gratuaty and General Provident Fund: provided as lumpsum at retirement (b) Monthly pension
after retirement.
Remark :: So overall a gud structure is there to take care of govt. employees.
--- Organized sector Pvt. Employees: Recently contrubutary PF is compulsorily being deducted to provide a lumpsum at retirement time. Monthly Pension is not there. However an employee may voluntarily
opt for monthly pension by subscribing to various market products like LIC, NPS etc.
--- Old age pension schemes : welfare policies of govt. like Rashriya Bridhavasta pension yojana.
2) Players :: Govt. + Pvt. both like EPF, GPF, CMPF, LIC and various insurance companies provides a variety of products.
Challenges ::
1)Low return on pension products : as pension products don't invest in mutual funds or other risky adventures.
2) Unorganized sector workers are left out of it.
3) Poor Investment in pension sector :: a high amount of FDI is needed.
Solution :: 1) A comprehensive national policy shd be there to promote pension sector.

2) Pension products shd be encouraged to take risks so their operations could be viable.
3)Govt. also may take leading step as it has recently took in JAN DHAN YOJANA by providing insurance cover.
supreme court:reforms needed

The Supreme Court was meant to be a constitutional court by the founding fathers. However, only 7 per cent of its judgements deal with constitutional issues. Make a case for SC to deal mainly with
only constitutional issues. Suggest innovative solutions to reduce the backlogs of cases at all levels.
Under, Article 32 it acts as protector of Fundamental Rights of every Indian citizen. Article 131 gives exclusive jurisdiction to solve disputes between states and centre or between states on all matters.
Article 137 provides powers to review its own judgements. SC also has advisory jurisdiction under 143 on matter of constitution and law to President of India.
If constitution repeals Article 132-134 (Appellate jurisdiction), then only above mentioned constitutional load will remain on Supreme Court.
Indian constitution attempts to provide a panacea for the many political, economic and social ills the country had been plagued with. Supreme Court of India in its constitutional field has yet to register 500
cases a year.
So, if Appellate jurisdiction repealed India will not need 26 judges of SC to deal with just 500 cases a year. Size of SC will reduce drastically.
Though, SC is working slow, appellate jurisdiction is vital for public remedies because most cases are registered under Article 226 and not under Article 32 for constitutional remedy.
Pending cases (Backlog) remedies for Courts :
-establish lok-adalats frequently (thrice a year)
-Establish E-Courts for specific jurisdictions (small cases)
-Denounce pleas for leave which seems farce and unethical (save courts time)
-Stop bureaucratization of criminal justice system (police reforms)
-Stop inclusion of faulty PILs
-Increase timing of work, and reduce vacations
innovations in improving pendency of cases with judiciary

1)structural reform in proceedings:
a)upper limit on litigation time
b)deliberate and arbitrary adjournment issues
2)technological innovations- emailed summons and messages,text messages of case updates etc.
3)strengthening alternate dispute redressal mechanisms- lok adalats as well as PRIs and TAC should be more involved in non court dispute settlement.
4)Special morning and evening courts for traffic/police challan cases as one third of cases is these only.
besides these improving judicial infrastructure,pending vacancies as well as creating indian judicial services
role of ngo, shg and development industry

NGOs-add acc to need..
NGOs come in all sizes, shapes, ideologies, nationalities, organizing structures and styles. NGOs are usually formed among private groups of individuals sharing specialized interests in regards to issues that
can be local, national or international.
after independence, Many Gandhi followers established voluntary agencies to work closely with the governmental programs on social and economical issues.
in 1960s, These groups formed organizations that worked on behalf of the poor, the landless, the tribals, the bonded labourers, and many other social groups that were being discriminated against by the
policies of the state and social structure.
In 1980, however, with the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), the government identified new areas in which NGOs as new actors could participate in development. These areas included:
1. Optimal utilization and development of renewable source of energy, including forestry through the formation of renewable energy association at the block level
2. Family welfare, health and nutrition, education and relevant community programs in the field
3. Health for all programs
4. Water management and soil conservation
5. Social welfare programs for weaker sections
6. Implementation of minimum needs program
7. Disaster preparedness and management (i.e. for floods, cyclones, etc)
8. Promotion of ecology and tribal development, and
9. Environmental protection and education.
In the Eight Five Year Plan the importance of NGOs is further enhanced, paying particular attention to the role of these agencies as participants in rural appraisal for drawing up development plans at a very
low cost and involving the rural community.
adv-
1. NGOs because of their situation and interaction with local people can be very effective in bringing change since they are able to address issues that governments are often not able to comprehend. That
is, because these organizations work at the grass roots level they are able to sense the urgency of issues and prioritize into the problem solving mode at a quicker pace.
2. the involvement of NGOs in making decisions on the environment, sustainable development, human rights and women have increased the legitimacy and transparency of intergovernmental deliberations.
3.ability to represent civil society organisations without larger racial or ethnic agendas.
disadv-
1. larger ngos prone to corruption.
2. they often promote ideologies which are in direct conflict with local govt,s political aims.
3. at times, their poor oversight and management obstruct their value.
difference between icj and icc

There is a wide difference between ICJ and ICC, which makes ICC a dwarf body in International Politics.
Features of International Court of Justice ICJ
1. It is the primary judicial branch of United Nations and settles legal disputes and provides advisory opinions submitted to it by its member states. ICJ is a civil court.
2. UNSC enforces its courts rulings.
3. International Court of Justice is one of the most important guarantors of peace, security and co-operation among states.
4. Funded by UNGA, all UN members are also member of ICJ.
Features of International Criminal Court ICC
1. It was set up after the ad hoc tribunals to deal with Rwanda war crimes proved ineffective. ICC is a criminal court. But most nations are not a signatory to ICC including India, China, USA, Russia.
2. ICC is based on the principle of complementarities. ICC was not created to supplant the authority of national courts. However, when a states legal system collapses or when a government is a
perpetrator of heinous crimes, the ICC can exercise jurisdiction. ICC is a court of last resort.
3. ICC ensures that those who commit serious human rights violations are held accountable. Justice helps promote lasting peace, enables victims to rebuild their lives and sends a strong message that
perpetrators of serious international crimes will not go unpunished.
4. Funded by contribution from state parties to the Rome Statute; voluntary contributions from the U.N; voluntary contributions from governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations and
other entities.
From above mentioned differences it believed that ICC ruling are not binding on any state except parties, while UNSC is bound to judgement of ICJ. Thus there is wider scrutiny of ICJ then ICC. So,
importance of ICC for many countries is not visible.
All India judicial services: adv,disadv

All-India Judicial Services
The creation of an All-India Judicial Services is not a new idea. It has already been mentioned in Article 312 of the Indian Constitution as an all-India service similar to the Indian Administrative Service &
Indian Police Service. The creation of an All-India Judicial Services does have some definite advantages
Our current judicial set-up suffers from a severe deficiency of manpower as a result of which we have many thousands of pending cases. Creation of an All-India Judicial Service will provide a regular
recruitment procedure for recruiting talented, deserving and competent candidates to the judiciary and help expedite the outstanding cases by a long margin.
Recruitment can also be regularized and centralized since it will be conducted by an impartial body like the UPSC which will guarantee a clean and efficient system of recruitment to the services.
Eliminating favouritism and nepotism in recruitment to the judiciary one problem that cannot be ruled out in the current recruitment format.
Candidates who are recruited into such an All-India Judicial Services will also be more open to transfers to different regions of the country compared to the existing system which is pretty narrowed down
based on region
A few disadvantages of an All-India Judicial services would be
Additional burden on an already overloaded UPSC to conduct the recruitment process.
Posting of judges not local to the region might affect judgements due to lack of knowledge of the regions language, culture & sensitivity.
Smart cities.. Requirements

100 smart cities need to be promoted, equipping other identified cities with basic infrastructure under National Urban Development Mission, revive heritage cities under HRIDAY (Heritage Development and
Augmentation Yojana), ensure cleanliness in the next five years in all the 4,041 census towns under Swachh Bharat Mission, enhance livelihood opportunities in urban areas through skill development under
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana and ensure decent houses under Housing for All by 2022.
our smart cities shall be financially and ecologically sustainable so that future generations are not deprived of their right to quality living.
beijing declaration,1995
Gender Budgeting is a powerful tool for achieving gender mainstreaming so as to ensure that benefits of development reach women as much as men. It is not an accounting exercise but an ongoing process
of keeping a gender perspective in policy/ programme formulation, its implementation and review.
women all over globe suffer in following cases which are needed to be taken care of.
(just check the topics)
Indias stand at Beijing+20 Asia-Pacific meeting

1. Yes, our country has deep rooted gender inequalities in education, employment, decision and health care.
2. Therefore, we are unable to translate economic growth into inclusive development.
3. But there is no armed conflict in the country. In other words, UN and foreign NGOs need not poke their head in alleged women-abuse during operations against Maoists, secessionists and terrorists in
India.
4. In the ministerial declaration, India forced the panel members to change the word caste to social origin.
5. In other words, Caste is not a factor for gender inequality in India (!). Perhaps this wordplay was done to ensure UN racial discrimination Committees and foreign NGOs do not poke their head in
caste-based violence in of India. In 2001 too, India followed the same line: caste-discrimination is not same as racism.
6. Weve take many initiative for women safety and women empowerment: Nirbhaya fund, Beti bachao, Janani Suraksha, women reservation in local bodies and so on.
Criteria
Criminal proceedings
Answerable
Arrest

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MSP:recommendations

i) Asset Reforms covering land, water, livestock, fisheries and bio-resources.

wto decision on solar panels

However, this ruling is opposed by India on following grounds :

This ruling has given rise to various issues :

Snapshot @ Indore, Madhya Pradesh

to improve urban governance, following steps should be taken.

Note @ Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh

fundamental duties and DPSP

What needs to be done now?

Following duties can be considered in this regard:

National Court of Appeal

Topic: Functioning of the judiciary

The proposal is significant for various reasons in present context :

The criticism against such a monitoring agency are

However, there are certain benefits to such an agency as well

provided with 30% of total central assistance

$ naga problem- issue dhyan me rakhna h jo

$ lotteries- some states permitted, some only governmental, some banned.

$ water tribunals problem-

inefficiency of functioning of tribunals.

- comprehensive review of interstate water dispute resolution.

$ prasar bharti issue-

$ educational reforms in higher education-

quality, equity,access and financing

$ stages followed by left wing-

$ north east vision 2020-

1. catching up with rest of country

plan vs non plan expenditure

FFC recommend to disco

why being continued:

Amendments in mining laws

points points everywhere..

inner line permit issue

Topic: issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure

what went wrong-

Why the demand is flawed?

Strengthening economy through judicial reform..

What is/will be done-

disaster and national calamity..

need to review constitution

3. Do you think there is a need for periodic review of Indian constitution?

Need for Review

comprehensive on nepal const

2. While we realize the significance of indigenization of technology in strategic areas,

Missions :constraints and measures

Better ways of job generation

Income disparity must be tackled.

2. To what extent the newly promulgated constitution in Nepal is inspired by Indian

Nature of the State

merits of 6th sch over 5th..

NDMA: role and bottlenecks

NDMA is operationally organized into 5 broad components,

3) Framing of National Guidelines for the states to follow

4) Provision of assistance to other countries with centre's approval

3) Incoherent reactions by various departments owing to a lack of standard operating procedures.

naresh chandra recommendations

4) Write a short note on the recommendations by Naresh Chandra to strengthen the

crisis of political sys.

blue water navy

BIT nd law commission report on it.

schemes for under nutritioned children

The subset of goals under this mission are:

What not in constitution.